INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNLA REPORT OF THE Industrial Accident Commission OF THE State of California From July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916 COMMISSIONERS : A. J. PILLSBURY, Chairman. WILL J. FRENCH MEYER LISSNER 525 MARKET STREET SAN FRANCISCO 26488 exe), * \}. 2.Jr.) ºr *-n-o-º-º. CONTENTS. PAGE REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMISSION X COMPENSATION ACT STILL GROWING IN FAVOR * EXPENSES OF THE COMMISSION < * DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME AND APPELLATE COURTS 7 12 t 4- 09 COMPENSATION DEPARTMENT { ſº PERMANENT DISABILITY RATING DEPARTMENT 18 21 (j) 10 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT INSURANCE * * * *m. 26 30 SAFETY DEPARTMENT : 3S STATISTICAL REPORT - *-* * REPORT OF THE INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION FROM JULY 1, 1915, TO JUNE 30, 1916. HoN. HIRAM W. Johnson, Governor of California. DEAR SIR: In obedience to the requirements of section 88 of the Work- men’s Compensation, Insurance and Safety Act, we herewith submit a report of the work of the Industrial Accident Commission for the period, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, inclusive. The report for the year gives not only a recital of the work of the Industrial Accident Commission in its various departments, but also a brief review of the rulings of the Supreme Court of the state upon questions which arose in cases taken up on writs of review. Organization of the Commission. The Industrial Accident Commission during the year consisted of the following members: A. J. Pillsbury, chairman; Will J. French, vice chairman; Harris Weinstock, member (to November 11, 1915); Meyer Lissner, member (from November 11, 1915). The persons whose names are appended had supervision of the various departments of the Com- mission during the year: H. L. White, secretary; J. S. Thomas, assistant secretary; H. H. Kinney, secretary Los Angeles Branch; Christopher M. Bradley, attorney; F. B. Lord, manager Compensation Department; Dr. Morton R. Gibbons, medical director; C. W. Fellows, manager of State Compensation Insurance Fund; John R. Brownell, superintendent of safety; H. M. Wolflin, mines inspector (to January 1, 1916); Edwin Higgins, mines inspector (from January 1, 1916); C. B. Hensley, statistician; Monroe C. Kidder, superintendent of the Permanent Dis- ability Rating Department. The principal offices of the Commission are located in the Underwood Building, 525 Market street, San Francisco. A branch office, for the convenience of residents of the southern portion of the state, is located in the Union League Building, Los Angeles. Compensation Act Still Growing in Favor. In our last annual report, we called attention to the fact that the jurisdiction of the Commission had been extended by the filing of voluntary acceptances by 6,858 employers to cover classes of labor specifically exempted under section 14 of the Act. During the year from July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, this number was increased to 17,891 (showing a gain of 11,033), distributed as follows: Farming and kindred occupations, 10,397; domestic, 1,139; casual, 6,252; unclassified, 103. 6 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. - The attitude of employers of farm and kindred labor, indicated by the filing of these acceptances, is both gratifying and significant. The United States census for 1910 showed that there were in this state 88,197 farmers who either owned or operated land. Of this number 10,593 operated farms of nine acres or less, and probably were not employers of labor, while the remaining 77,599 can reasonably be pre- sumed to be employers. The 10,397 farmers who have elected to come under the law represent approximately 14 per cent of the whole number of employers who were engaged in the occupation of farming in this state at the time the last census was taken. The rapid increase would seem to indicate, therefore, that the Act is being received with increas- ing favor and that there is ground for the belief that the time is not far distant when farming may be eliminated from the exempting clause of the Act. - Expenses From July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Salaries of three commissioners $14,958 35 San Francisco Office. Salaries -------------------------------------------------------- $105,734 91 Office expense - 3,825. 81 General expense –––––– - 3,646 52 Postage 3,373 59 Telephone and telegrams –––––––––– 1,431 56 Express - - 594 47 Stationery and printing -- - - - - 10,634 94 Rent 10,504 32 Traveling expenses - 12,851 00 Library - - 310, S6 Furniture and fixtures — - - - - - 3,928 16 Medical referees ––––––––––––– - - 2,397 70 Referee's hearings ------------------------------------------ 2,456 25 Cost and maintenance of automobiles –––––––––––––– 6,991,39 Los Angeles Office. Salaries $18,585 05 Office expense —— - - - 863 56 General expense 95 83 Postage --------------- 310 OS Telephone and telegrams –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 762 04 Express 52 45 Stationery and printing - - 67 88 Rent 3,218 00 Traveling expenses - *-* * 1,573 01 Library º 35 00 Furniture and fixtures 1,903. 80 Cost and maintenance of automobile - - - 1,084 29 Total — $212,190 82 Less collections, fees and refunds – 6,287 22 $205,903 60 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 7 DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT AND DISTRICT COURTS OF APPEAL. The year covered by this report has been fruitful in important decisions by courts of last resort in California, passing upon the validity of the statute, which has been attacked from many sides by litigants alleging its unconstitutionality, and, also, passing upon questions of statutory construction having a vital bearing. It is gratifying to be able to report that the Supreme Court has established the validity of the statute as against attacks made upon it which, if successful, would have defeated the entire compensation plan. If the principle of compulsory compensation for industrial injury and death had been held to be violative of the federal and state constitu- tional provisions enjoining due process of law, or violative of the federal constitutional inhibition against the denial of equal protection of the laws, or the state provisions against special legislation, the result would have been to nullify all that has been done to establish and maintain a thoroughgoing compensation system in California. However, a divided court has found full sanction for the statute, under these heads, in the police power, and in the right and power of the legislature to classify occupations for the purposes of this kind of legislation. Western Indemnity Co. vs. Industrial Accident Commission (151 Pac. 398). The case first decided, passing upon the constitutionality of the statute, was one involving injury only. There yet remained the ques- tion whether it was competent for the legislature to extend the statute to cover indemnity to dependents, both domestic and alien, where the injury resulted in death. It was strongly argued that no sanction could be found for such extension in view of the express provisions of section 21 of Article XX of the Constitution, which contained the fol- lowing language: “The Legislature may by appropriate legislation create and enforce a liability on the part of all employers to compensate their employees for any injury incurred by the said employees in the course of their employment, irrespective of the fault of either party.” But in presenting constitutional questions to the court, and especially in searching for sanction for the legislation, the Commission saw fit to rely rather upon the general police power than upon the express language of the constitutional amendment, only using the amendment as having expressed, in general language, the policy of the people of the state to enable compensation legislation to be enacted. A divided court upheld the validity of the extension, by the Legislature, to cover 8 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. death benefits to dependents of a workman fatally injured, and upheld the further extension for the benefit of alien dependents, both resident and nonresident. Western Metal Supply Co. vs. Imdustrial Accident Commission (51 Cal. Dec. 447). While the court decisions have established the statute, and so have established the Commission on firm ground in the general administra- tion of the law, this does not mean that other decisions of the Supreme Court have not hampered and restricted the application of the statute, and administration under it, so as to defeat, to an appreciable extent, the beneficent purposes of the legislation. - A recent decision of the court has placed a severe limitation upon the jurisdiction of the Industrial Accident Commission by holding that it can not settle a controversy between an employee of a subcontractor and a general contractor or owner, as provided in section 30 of the Compen- sation Statute. The court has not held that the IJegislature may not fix an obligation against the general contractor or owner, who is not the immediate employer, but has held that the Commission has no jurisdic- tion to determine the controversy and make an award against parties secondarily liable. The court bases this decision upon a strict construc- tion of section 21 Article XX of the Constitution, the first sentence of which defines the scope of the legislation, and the second sentence of which defines the investiture of jurisdiction. The court took the view that inasmuch as the liability was to be fixed against employers to com- pensate their employees, jurisdiction could be invested in the Commis- sion to take cognizance only of a dispute between these immediate parties to the relation. The decision is a serious handicap in the administration of the statute, as it removes the protection, found to be very substantial, of insurance to employees and their dependents to secure to them the indemnities fixed by the law, either by making the party secondarily liable the insurer for his contractor, or giving him the greatest incentive to see that the one who undertakes to perform work for him provide insurance coverage for the men employed in the execution of the work. Sturdivami vs. Imdustrial Accident Commission (51. Cal. Dec. 573); Carstems vs. Industrial Accident Commission (51 Cal. Dec. 574). If the cases last cited are carried to their logical conclusion the courts may hold that the Commission has no jurisdiction to entertain a case against a compensation insurance carrier, to construe its policy, or to make an award against it. The same result may be reached as to settling disputes in cases where there is involved a question between an employee and a physician or hospital which provided the treatment prescribed by law. It will be readily understood how seriously these restrictions will impair the efficient administration of the statute. The courts have not yielded to exhaustive arguments and authorities to the effect that the Industrial Accident Commission is essentially an REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 9 administrative body vested with incidental judicial attributes,“to enable it to pursue a simple and efficient course of administrative work, which is necessarily incident to the expeditious and inexpensive application of the statute. On the contrary, the Supreme Court leans strongly toward the position that the Industrial Accident Commission is “in legal effect” a court, because it is invested with many of the formal functions of a judicial tribunal. The court has not yet held that the Commission is judicial to the extent of being a constitutional court, and, in that sense, a part and parcel of the judicial department of the state, which can not, as such, exercise other than judicial power. In the event the court should so hold it would seem that as the Workmen’s Compensation, Insurance and Safety Act stands at present, two of its vital and essen- tial constituents, insurance and safety, must fail for want of adminis- tration, because a pure court can not manage a great insurance business and can not supervise and regulate the vital matter of industrial safety. Any comprehensive system of compensation must carry, as essential compliments, a thoroughgoing safety program and provisions for insur- ance coverage and regulation. The three things, compensation, in- surance and safety are so intimately related and so interwoven as parts of an adequate compensation system as to require intimate knowledge and close contact with all three departments of the work by the same administrative body to bring about the greatest measure of administra- tive economy and efficiency. One of the defenses to a claim for indemnity is that the employee is chargeable with wilful misconduct, which the statute does not define. This defense was one of the first put forward before the Commission in a case of disputed liability. The defense was sustained. (Annual Report of the Industrial Accident Commission, 1914—1915, p. 8). This defense is becoming of more and more frequent occurrence in cases before the Commission. It usually involves the breach of a rule or a statute and is most frequently set up as a defense in cases of serious disablement or death. While the courts can not be said to look with favor upon this defense, the fact remains that it has been sustained in a number of cases annulling the awards of the Commission where great hardships have resulted. It was this same situation which was most strongly persuasive in influencing the British Parliament to change the British Workmen’s Compensation statute to provide that wilful mis- conduct should not be a defense to a claim for indemnity where the injury resulted in death or serious permanent disablement. Under the provisions of section 34 (e), 1 and 2 of the statute an employer may be relieved from liability and his insurance carrier sub- stituted in his place by the giving of certain prescribed notices after the happening of the injury. The Supreme Court has held that the giving 2—26438 10 - REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. of the notice is effective to relieve the employer from liability even though the notice is given after the insolvency or failure of the insur- ance carrier. This decision overruled that of the Commission which had held that the notice must be given by, or to, an insurance carrier Qualified to do business as such under the laws of this state, and that one which had had its license revoked did not bear the character of an insurance carrier which could give or receive the notice prescribed by the statute. The decision of the court was rendered in a test case arising out of the failure of the Commonwealth Bonding and Casualty Insurance Company of Fort Worth, Texas. There were a number of cases in which no notice had been given to effect the substitution of the insurance carrier prior to its failure and prior to the cancellation of its permit to do business in this state, but the notices given subse- Quently relieved the employers of liability and left the injured employees and their dependents without relief. Weiser vs. Industrial Accident Commission (51 Cal. Dec. 553). There are three classes of cases involving jurisdictional questions pending before the Supreme Court for decision which have been a source of great difficulty in administering the statute. These are: 1. Cases of extraterritorial jurisdiction, 2. Railroad employees, and 3. Maritime employees. 1. The Commission has consistently held that the compensation statute extends to cover injuries and death suffered by employees with- out the physical boundaries of the state where the contract of hire is made within the state and the employee is a resident of the state. The Supreme Court sustained this view in a decision rendered March 31, 1916, North Alaska Salmon Co. vs. Pillsbury et al. (51 Cal. Dec. 473). The employee suffered an injury on a California ship while working in Alaskan waters. However, the decision has not become final for the reason that the court granted a petition for rehearing and the case is still pending. - 2. There is the greatest confusion in the cases of employees injured in railroad work. Congress has enacted a negligence law applicable to the employees of railroads engaged in interstate commerce who suffer personal injury while employed in such commerce. It is contended that a compensation law can not operate in the field covered by Con- gress, that is, where an employee is injured while doing anything in connection with interstate commerce. The difficulty is to determine, in the most numerous classes of cases, whether or not the particular service in which the employee is engaged when he suffers injury is connected with, or colored by, employment in interstate commerce. Each case must be determined upon its own particular facts and the REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 11 courts are in great confusion with respect to what is and what is not, employment in interstate commerce. There are a number of cases pending for decision in the Supreme Court of the United States, decisions which may result in formulating some sort of a workable rule for commissions and courts. The only case decided by the Supreme Court of the state of California was one overruling the award made by this Commission. Southern Pacific Co. vs. Industrial Accident Com- mission (151 Pac. 277). In that case the deceased employee was a truck builder and repairer of trucks for locomotives. He worked in Roundhouse No. 1 of the Southern Pacific Company at Roseville. At the time of the accident which caused his death he was engaged in repairing a switch engine. The roundhouse was used for housing switch engines which were operated in the yards at Roseville Junction in handling both inter- and intrastate commerce. At the time of the accident the company was not using the switch engine in any kind of commerce. It had been withdrawn from service on January 13th, and was not returned to service until January 19, 1914, three days after the accident occurred. The Commission decided that the deceased was not engaged in any kind of commerce at the time of his death. The court held that he was employed in interstate commerce and annulled the award of the Commission. - 3. The maritime cases, involving injuries to stevedores and sailors on California ships, in which the injuries occur on the navigable waters of the state, within the three-mile limit, on the high seas, in foreign waters and in foreign ports, make up another class of cases in which there is competing jurisdiction between the Commission and courts sitting in admiralty. The Commission has taken the position that its jurisdiction is concurrent with that of admiralty courts in all cases where the ship is a California ship owned in this state, and the injured or killed employee is a resident of this state. The Supreme Court has not yet decided any of the eight cases which have been taken up on writs of certiorari. The decisions of all state courts, except one, have uniformly sustained the position taken by the Com- mission. There are, at present, on appeal in the Supreme Court of the United States, two cases, from New York and Connecticut, deci- sions of which should go very far to clear up this important question of competing jurisdiction. - 12 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. COMPENSATION DEPARTMENT. Increase of Applications. Why does the number of cases before the Commission increase and continue to increase? . In the five years the state has had a Compensation law, it would seem that the general public, the employers, the insurance companies and the wage earners of the state should have become, to a great extent, familiar with the principles of compensation and therefore able to settle most cases “out of court’’. We would expect to find a decrease rather than an increase of cases to be adjudicated by the Commission. There is no doubt that many claims are now paid without question which would formerly have been disputed. Border-line cases there will always be, but the number of that class of cases should be about the same. The probability is that the increase comes from the spread of the knowledge of the law among the people. The wage earner has learned that he has certain rights under the law and that it is no longer useless for him to demand an enforcement of those rights. Under the old liability law, the cost of a suit made the law prac- tically useless to the employee, especially in small claims. Again, the employee in many cases clashed with his employer and the resulting antagonism often cost the workman his employment which was more valuable than all he could obtain from a suit. Today, that feeling is passing away. Familiarity with the Compensation Act and its working has changed the attitude of the employer very materially. He more generally believes that his men should be cared for and protected as well as his machinery and other equipment. In fact, compensation has taught that efficiency is increased because the employee feels that he will be cared for if injured. These conditions are probably the chief reasons for the increase in the number of cases filed. - Time Consumed in the Adjustment of Cases. Compensation is intended to be quick in action, so that the injured man may receive his money while he is disabled and most needs it. While over 90 per cent of the compensable injuries are not disputed, and are paid with little delay, the aim of the Commission is to give quick relief even in disputed cases. Every energy is, therefore, being exerted to shorten the time between the filing of the application and the decision. Postponements are refused for any except the most urgent reasons, and where further evidence is imperative, a definite time is given for its production. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 13 The statement that the Commission has, during the past year, adjudicated 1,392 new cases and 510 supplementary proceedings per- haps best shows the great volume of work which passes before the Commission. Stated in another way, this means that the Commission has to hear, decide, and prepare the necessary papers in seven cases on each working day during the whole year. It was necessary, in order to decide 1,392 cases, to hold 1,577 hearings before either a Commissioner or a Referee. In addition, many hearings were neces- sary in order to dispose of 510 supplementary proceedings filed. To facilitate the decision of medical questions involved, 230 medical exam- inations were ordered on behalf of the Commission. Besides handling the cases, this department must keep files and records of all notices of assumption of liability sent in by insurance carriers and employers. These notices are filed in order that employers may be relieved from liability and their insurance carriers substituted in their places. Many appointments of guardians and trustees for minors and incompe- tents are made in order that payment of compensation may be made for injuries where there is no dispute and no need of adjustment of claim, but where it is necessary to have someone authorized to receive payments. Acceptances of the Compensation Act by employers who were without the jurisdiction of the Commission were filed in the past year to the number of 11,033. * For the past year the ordinary time in an ordinary case between the filing of the application and the sending out of the decision has been 75 days. This period is divided as followed: 18 days from the filing to the hearing, and 57 days from the first hearing to the decision. It is impossible to decrease the time between filing and hearing to any great extent, because, where hearings are held outside of San Francisco and Los Angeles, considerable time is consumed in making the necessary arrangements to hold hearings at distant and often almost inaccessible places. It will be the aim of the Commission to reduce the time between hearing and decision as much as possible. Every endeavor will be made to have the hearing held at the time first set, though frequent necessity for exhaustive medical examination will lengthen the time in many cases. After hearing and submission of the case it often takes considerable time to have the transcript written. The Commission, therefore, can not have the final papers prepared and take the case up for decision immediately. The average number of days between submission and decision has been 29.31 days. During the next fiscal year, we trust that the time consumed in adjudicating a case will be materially lessened. 14 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. Cases Filed July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. º," | Hº" || Total 1915–July - - ----------- 80 80 August ------------------------------------------------------ 107 107 September mº º mºn 107 107 October --------- mºm, 152 152 November -------------------------------- --- sº 140 140 December - 120 120 1916—January ___ 120 120 February * * * 111 111 March --- * as 110 110 April - 119 119 May - F- - - - 1 114 115 June - - - - 123 123 1 1,403 1,404 Statistics of Cases Filed Under Law of 1911 and Law of 1913, to June 30, 1916. * | * | Total Cases filed to December 31, 1913 69 i---------- 69 Cases filed from January 1, 1914 to June 30, 1914----- 32 291 323 Cases filed from July 1, 1914, to June 30, 1915________ 23 1,128 1,151 Cases filed from July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916--------- . 1 1,403 1,404 Total cases filed- - - 125 2,822 2,947 Average per month, January 1 to June 30, 1914 - 56 Average per month, July 1, 1914, to June 30, 1915 96 Average per month, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916----------------------— — — — 117 JPercentage of increase . - - 22 In 813 cases (58.4 per cent) the decision was for the applicant and in 337 (24.2 per cent) for the employer. The percentage of cases decided against the applicant (24.2 per cent as against 24.5 per cent last year) has not changed, while the percentage of awards has decreased slightly. This is accounted for by the increase in those cases settled and dismissed (often without a hearing). The Commission endeavors both before and after an application has been filed to settle a claim without hearing, wherever possible. At the beginning of the fiscal year there were 330 cases pending, and at the close 342, showing that the Commission had adjudicated in the year the equivalent of all the cases filed. Hernias have been a constant cause of dispute. The number of these cases has been nearly doubled. Those brought in this fiscal year constituted 6.4 per cent of the total number, as compared with 3.8 per cent of the previous fiscal year. . REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 15 classification as to Decisions of Decided Cases from July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. * | * | Total Awarded compensation as sº * * =s - 1. so 813— 58.4% Denied compensation 337 337— 24.2% Settled and dismissed 3 145 148— 10.7% Dismissed 1 93 94— 6.7% Totals 5 1,387 1,392—100 % Cases pending June 30, 1915 5 325 330 Cases filed 1915–16 1 1,403 1,404 Total cases before Commission------------ 6 1,728 || 1,734 Cases adjudicated . 5 1,387 1,392 Cases pending June 30, 1916 1 341 342 Classification as to Principal Questions Involved in Decided Cases from July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Iºt Lºgº Total Extent and duration of disability 2 416 418 Extent of disability__ 2 133 135 Whether disability was result of injury 81 81 Whether injury was in course of employment 178 178 Jurisdiction . 1 107 108 Extent of permanent disability 162 | 162 Hernia. - 91 91 Wilful misconduct 22 22 Intoxication - - sº º Eº º 13 13 Fayment of medical bills - - - 50 50 Average annual earnings---- - 20 20 Whether employee or independent contractor------|---------- 38 38 Lump sum settlement - 8 8 Statute of limitations------. - 36 36 Refusal to submit to medical treatment 8 8 Dismissed for want of prosecution 4 4 Who was employer 10 10 Whether notice was given employer 3 3 Liability of principal or subcontractor * * * * 1 1 Election of remedies - - - 2 2 Iliability for funeral expenses 2 2 Whether compensation becomes part of estate of dependent - 1 1 Liability for unpaid compensation at time of death ---------- 1 1 Cases decided sm. 5 1,387 1,392 Cases pending - - 1 341 342 Total cases before Commission - 6 1,728 1,734 Fatal injuries before the Commission numbered 239. Of these, nine were dismissed, and compensation denied in 52, leaving 178 death cases, in which $369,672.88 was awarded to dependents. This is an average of $2,077.13 in each case, or $208.16 per case less than for the 16 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. previous fiscal year. The awards on permanent disabilities also show a decrease in the amount of disability indemnity per case, that is, from $1,136.65 to $976.47 per case. The total amount awarded to employees to enable them to accommodate themselves to their new condition on account of permanent disability was $206,036.11, divided among 211 applicants. Of the 904 cases involving temporary disabilities, 68 were dismissed, and compensation denied in 264. Of the 572 cases in which the injured party was entitled to a disability indemnity, in 389 a definite termina- tion of the disability was made, and 183 involved an indeterminate award continuing until the injured man should recover. The average amount of disability indemnity in the completely determined cases was $93.06, or $20.64 less than last year; while for the 183 inde- terminate cases, the amount ordered paid shows an increase per case of $41,09; that is, $178.28 per case. The grand total ordered paid by the Commission as an outcome of contested cases for the support of the injured or their dependents was $643,437.02. Employers were ordered to pay for medical services to the amount of $8,922.75. This covers but a small part of the cost of the medical services to which the injured applicants were entitled, because of the fact that in most cases the defendants had furnished the medical services and such services were a matter of contract and outside of the jurisdiction of the Commission. Classification as to Injury and Award of Decided Cases, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, Temporary Permanent Total Grand Ilaw Law Law | Law LaW | Law total () of Total of of Total Of of Total 1911 || 1913 1911 1913 1911 1913 Compensation a Warded ------- 1 || 480 || 481 ||----- 180 | 180 ||_____ | 152 152 || 813 Compensation denied ---------|----- 264 264 ||_____ 21 21 ||----- 52 52 || 337 Cases Settled ------------------ 1 90 91 ||_____ 31 || 31 2 24 26 || 148 Cases dismissed --------------- 1 | 67 | 68 ||_____ 17 | 17 ||----- 9 9 94 904 249 239 || 1,392 | Value of Awards in Decided Cases from July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Law of 1911 Law of 1913 Total Deaths ------------------------------------ $1,100 00 $368,572 88 $369,672 88 Permanent disability -------------------|--------------- 206,036 11 206,036 11 Temporary disability ------------------- 200 00 35,999 22 *36,199 22 $1,300 00 $610,608 21 *$611,908 21 *Plus payment till recovery in 183 cases, $31,528.81 ordered paid. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 17 * Miscellaneous statistics of Cases Decided. Rehearings granted ------. - -— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 64 Rehearings denied - *** * = = < --------------------------------------- 155 Rehearings asked amº ms sº as as ºf sm as as sº sº as sº sºme sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ------------------ 219 Other supplementary proceedings.---------------------- — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 291 Total supplementary proceedings-------------- am m im ºm mºtº ºf sº, sm * * ame me - sº sº me * = me sº me me smºs ºn m sm mºs 510 Appeals taken ------- * * = mº º sº ºn amº - sº * * * * *- := m, º sº º ºs º º º ºsº ºm * * * *-* * *** *** - 48 Medical references ordered--- * * * * - - - - - - - - - - -- — — — — — — — — — — - - - - - - - - - - 230 Cases involving insurance carriers------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------- 858 Cases Without insurance carriers---------------------------------------------- 534 Hearings held in 1,392 cases--------- *ºr ºm sms mº sº sº mº m ms sm sºme as sº mº sº sºme m ms º ºs * - - - - - - - - - - - 1,577 Distribution aS to Location of Cases Decided from July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. | **, ff Lºgº Total San Francisco and vicinity - * * * * * 453 453 Los Angeles and vicinity--------- * -am ºr ºsts 1. 341 342 Remainder Of State * = ** = = - -, - - - - - - - - - - 4 593 597 5 | 1,387 1,392 18 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. REPORT OF PERMANENT DISABILITY RATING DEPARTMENT. Organization. The Permanent Disability Rating Department was organized in July of 1913 to put into practical application a plan for rating permanent disabilities. - . . . - Need of a Proper Method of Rating. . A proper method of rating permanent disabilities adds much to the efficiency of a workmen’s compensation act, for while the number of such injuries is relatively small as compared to all injuries, the effect of accidents of this character upon the working population is most important. Faults of Previous Rating Schedules. Permanent disability schedules have been used in connection with many compensation laws in the United States, but most of these schedules are based upon physical loss only, and award varying amounts for injuries enumerated as causing permanent disability. These amounts are paid to all employees who sustain the same kind of injury, irrespective of the employee's age and his occupation, and other factors which we have found in California to be of the utmost importance. A rating at best can only be approximately right; so much for an arm and so much for a leg, is so crude that it will work injustice in a very large proportion of cases. The index finger is more valuable to a typesetter or a stenographer than it is to a laborer, and the loss of a leg to a bookkeeper is not so serious a mis- fortune as it is to a stevedore. Accornmodation. The previous bulletins have discussed the bearing of age, occupation, physical requirement and nature of injury, upon the percentage of permanent disability rating. As we gather experience and see the accommodation which some persons get in comparatively short periods of time and the prolonged period of time that it takes others to get accommodation with substantially the same injury, and when we see the excellent anatomical results and restoration of the major part of the function in some cases and quite the reverse in others—the injury suffered being to the same part of the anatomy—we at once realize the necessity of making the schedule elastic. This has caused the Commission to formulate rules whereby minimum and maximum limits are established as represented by lines in the REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 19 schedule. If the deformity, due either to poor treatment or marked frag- mentation or infection, etc., results in the injured person having a very marked disability, so that objectively it can be seen that he has only a small amount of function in the injured member, the maximum line under the particular classification would be applied. . Whereas, if another person were injured and suffered the same anatomical damage without infection and with excellent surgical results, with only a slight loss of function accompanied by possibly some pain, and an occupation which would measure a considerable physical requirement, we would read the minimum line in one of the higher tables. At any rate, our experience has taught us that mere anatomical description of the orig- inal injury in itself need not result in the maximum of disability for that group of injuries, the measurement of permanent partial disability being guided frequently by the duration of the temporary disability. The measurement of disability for decreases of vision is made by means of applying certain lines in the schedule in the particular table under which applicant falls, depending upon his occupation. This same rule is being worked out in cases of vertigo, the basis of which is nystagmus reaction. Although the schedule was completed and ready for use January 1, 1914, we have found it necessary to make provision for additional injuries, and to make the schedule more elastic. To do this we read lines in the schedule between the minimum and maximum limit, these limits being established by the Commission. Changes are being con- sidered and recommended from time to time in both the classification of occupations and the classification of injuries, as experience warrants. With the information collected covering a period of three and a half years, we have been able to avail ourselves of much interesting and valuable data with which we will be enabled to work out and tabu- late the results of schedule rating. Tables. The following tables summarize and analyze to some extent the results of our efforts during the past eighteen months. The experi- ence for 1914 shows that out of 1,292 permanent injuries reported to the Statistical Department, the Permanent Disability Rating Depart- ment rated upon formal application 618, or 48 per cent. This year, out of 1,264 permanent injuries reported to the Statistical Depart- ment, this department rated 866, or 68% per cent. A glance at these percentages shows that the work of this department is constantly increasing, and that employers, insurance companies and injured work- men are coming to rely more and more upon the Commission to deter- mine the amount of compensation due for permanent injuries. 20 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. Reference to Table I shows that accidents occurring under the Rose- berry Act are being referred to this department for rating, the parties concerned wishing to have their liability determined under the Work- men's Compensation, Insurance and Safety Act rather than under the Roseberry Act. Table I also shows that during the first six months of the year 1916 we have considered approximately 634 per cent as many cases as were considered during the whole year of 1915. Under Table II, 78 cases are classified as “Not Ratable.” This means that although the injury is permanent, it is not considered ser- ious enough to entitle the injured man to any permanent disability compensation. TABLE I. A Summary of Cases Considered. Accidents Accidents Accidents Accidents occurring occurring occurring occurring Disposition of cases considered under Rose- during during during Totals berry Act 1914 1915 1916 Cases considered during 1915– - Rated ---------------------------- 6 375 486 |---------- 867 Open October 1, 1916-------------|---------- 2 7 ---------- 9 Not permanent ------------------|---------- 13 11 ---------- 24 Closed for lack of data.---------|---------- 7 3 ---------- 10 Totals ------------------------- 6 397 507 ---------- 910 Cases considered during first Six months Of 1916— - - Rated ------- 1. 39 328 181 549 Open October 1, 1916-------------|---------- 3 17 8 28 Not permanent -----------------|----------|---------- 12 6 18 Closed for lack of data.---------|---------- 1 2 ---------- 3 Totals ------------------------- 1 43 359 195 598 TABLE II. A Study of 1,416 Cases Rated. 1915 1916, first, 6 months Fº & Fºº- Rating groups Number *ś Average || Number *ś Aver- of cases | number | rating || Of cases number *:: of cases of cases | rating rated rated | Rated ----------------------------------- 867 100.00 | 19.72 549 100.00 | 18.35 Rated as “not ratable”------------------- - 44 5.07 ------- 34 6.19 |______ Rated over no rate and less than 5%----, 128 14.76 3.45 78 || 14.21 || 3.51 Rated at 5% or over and less than 10%- 157 | 18.11 7.09 110 | 20.04 7.02 Rated at 10% or over and less than 20% - 179 20.65 || 14.71 125 22.77 15.57 Rated at 20% or over and less than 30% - 159 | 18.34 24.25 102 | 18.58 || 23.71 Rated at 30% or over and less than 40%- 91 || 10.50 || 33.80 52 9.47 || 34.14 Rated at 40% Or Over and less than 50%- 49 5.65 43.54 21 3.83 || 43.45 Rated at 50% or over and less than 60%- 24 2.77 53.90 14 || 2.55 54.20 Rated at 60% or over and less than 70%- 24 || 2.77 || 61.98 4 .73 || 64.75 Rated at 70% or Over---------------------- 12 1.38 89.58 9 1.64 || 93.06 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. - 21 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. The organization of the medical affairs of the Industrial Accident Commission remains substantially the same as described in report of 1914—1915. The professional force has been augmented to meet the requirements of increasing number of cases, broadened scope of the law, and accumulated information. Statistics of the department show an increase in the number of cases in which special medical examiners were appointed at the request of the Commission, in which opinion involving research was requested of the Medical Department, and in which examination of the individual, by the medical staff was requested. On the other hand, the number of cases examined for employers or for insurance companies has diminished slightly. The most notable increase has occurred in the number of cases actually examined by the medical staff. This has promoted dispatch in transaction of business and is a method applicable to cases which are fairly clear and of comparatively minor importance. Those cases, however, which require very considerable investigation and observation must be sent to medical examiners, specially equipped to handle cases under examination. - The following report will be a discussion of the problems of the medical side of the duties of the Industrial Accident Commission and the State Compensation Insurance Fund together. It will be apparent that the interests of the Industrial Accident Commission and the State Compensation Insurance Fund lie parallel to a large extent. The Commission feels that the Workmen's Compen- sation, Insurance and Safety Act places an obligation on it which is not specifically defined in the text of the law. That is, it feels respons sible for the surgical results to the injured workingman coming under its care. It feels that besides scrutinizing results from the standpoint of indemnities deserved, it should scrutinize them from the standpoint of good surgery and surgery which might have been accorded. The Commission, when it began to administer the Workmen's Com- pensation, Insurance and Safety Act, found itself confronted with a problem which was comparatively unknown. There were few commis- sions in this country. The laws in existence had less scope than the California law. No similar commission had gone very far and all were pioneering. The foreign laws helped little because of differences in the basic principles of government. Our Commission had to make all the rules of procedure and establish its own precedents. A parallel condition existed in the medical affairs of the Commission. Very few men in this country had ever been called upon to meet great 22 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. responsibility in the question of trauma and its results. The books, when they mentioned trauma at all, merely ‘‘mentioned it’’. They did not give responsible information. - The Industrial Accident Commission gathered a group of medical men to which the task of advising it in these subjects has fallen. These men, by their studies of the cases, and the needs of the Commission, and by their general familiarity with the work, have become most valuable. They would be surprised to learn the change in their point of view in the last two and one-half years, and surprised to realize their greater facility in handling the ordinary run of cases. However, just because the medical experts are scientific and conscientious men, the Commission is sometimes left in a dilemma. Medical and surgical information is not complete. Little of it is exact science. A given train of events will not necessarily lead to a given issue. Some things may not be stated positively by men who regard their reputations. The Commission sometimes finds a conscientious equivocal statement confronted by a comparatively irresponsible positive statement on a point in which there is not much knowledge. Of course the Commission must listen to interested parties. Some doctors are not above serving a cause which is not scientific ; some are willing to make positive statements without positive knowledge, and some seem to forget that they are responsible for their words. It is in this matter and kindred matters that the group of specialists with which the Commission has surrounded itself is most valuable. The Commission, by referring to its special medical examiners, obtains authoritative information from the standpoint of the highest surgical knowledge, and armed with this knowledge is able to make decisions which are just and accurate, in spite of contrary information. A parallel condition of things applies to the State Compensation Insurance Fund. The Fund has access to exactly the same group of specialists and experts that the Commission has. Just as the experts of the Commission are called upon to scrutinize the results of Surgery, good and bad, coming before it, so these experts are called upon to scrutinize and frequently to correct the results of surgery, good and bad, performed for the Fund. - - The Industrial Accident Commission has, under the law, no authority directly to influence the choice of a surgeon by the employer. The law provides the employer with this authority. The best that the Commis- sion can do when it witnesses results of poor surgery is to invite atten- tion to the fact and to impose upon the employer the penalty of the indemnities due because of loss of function which results. The State Compensation Insurance Fund, on the other hand, by virtue of the contract which the law permits it to make with the employer of the injured man, has power to select the surgeon. - REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 23 Because of the public character of the State Compensation Insurance Fund, it has never been deemed advisable to make contracts with a group of doctors to carry on all of the work of the Fund, although it is recognized that such a course, from the standpoint of efficiency, might be the best. - The Fund has accepted the services of the physicians called by the employers and in doing so has experienced practically the same results in costs and in disabilities as have the other insurance companies. Some very interesting suggestions come from the study of the experi- ence of the insurance companies. The statistics of costs of compensa- tion and the proportion of costs of medical service to indemnity can not be at all accurately determined until some years after the experi- ence. From the statistics at hand which serve to guide, but do not confirm, it appears that employers who carry their own insurance and who provide their own medical service through contracts with medical men show the lowest medical cost. The insurance companies which are most liberal to the doctors and which allow the greatest latitude in the selection of doctors, experience the largest medical cost. The Fund does not appear to have found medical service as costly as have several others of the insurance com- panies, which have adopted methods similar to those of the Fund. It is a noteworthy fact that the proportion of indemnity paid for injury remains practically the same in the experience of more import- ant companies. Of the insurance companies which partially, or wholly, contract their work, some have experienced high medical costs and high indemnities, above the average. Others have experienced medical costs and indemnities considerably below the average. In this fact there seems to be some significance, since the character of the medical men appears to play a part. The company with the closest personal scrutiny by its medical chief, and the highest type of medical men to do the work, seems to obtain the cheapest and best medi- cal results. - As indicated above, the statistics lead only to impressions. They are incomplete and those dealt with include only the more minor injuries. It is obvious that in the more serious injuries, the better the surgery, the better will be the result, and the cheaper the total costs. - There is a difference between the exactions of medical work and of accident surgical work. Ordinarily in medical work the emergency is not in the beginning. It does not matter very much what the treat- ment is or what the exact diagnosis is as early as it does in surgical work. Frequently the course of a surgical case is determined by the first treatments. This leads to the thought that to obtain the best surgical results in accident cases, the injured must fall into the hands 24 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION, of a competent surgeon with the least possible delay. Furthermore, it leads to the thought that unless a doctor is qualified to do major surgery he should not attempt to handle a major surgery case except in emergency, and if he is not able to handle major surgery or to per- form major surgical operations, he is ill-equipped to make surgical diagnosis or even to recognize major surgical conditions. A minor surgical case frequently develops into a major case. The less skilful the surgeon the more frequently this happens. The State Compensa- tion Insurance Fund has planned to put into effect an arrangement substantially as follows: - - The well-equipped surgeons in all communities will be invited to do the work of the State Compensation Insurance Fund under certain restrictions. They must cooperate in the matter of reports and infor- mation furnished the home office of the Fund. They must be willing to keep adequate records for future reference and to cause X-ray examina- tions to be made in accordance with modern surgical precepts. They must be willing to accept the fee schedule. It will be seen, then, that in each community there will be a number of physicians appointed to whom those insured in the Fund will be directed to send their injured employees. These doctors will be directly responsible to the State Compensation Insurance Fund. - The character of the medical service rendered the individuals who have been injured determines to a larger extent than would appear on the surface, the length of disability. The question is not only one of recovery from the injury with the least possible deformity. It goes further than this. It involves the restoration to full function which often depends on complex psychic conditions. The function of the surgeon is more than mechanical. He must be the physician and he must be in sympathy with his patient. He must treat him as his mental endowment and his mental attitude require. Many of the insurance companies have had a great deal of trouble with disabilities resulting from accidents in which the original injury is really not the source of great difficulty. They have had the greatest trouble with traumatic neurosis. They have besides had a great deal of difficulty in restoring to function individuals who will not try to help themselves; who can not be detached from the idea that mere pain and discomfort without inability to labor are compensable. It must be the effort of the Industrial Accident physicians to encour- age the injured, to allay their fears regarding their rights and their future, and to counteract the effect of the pernicious activity sometimes displayed by well-meaning friends. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 25 The Industrial Accident surgeon should be quick to detect evidences of mental depression. One of the most difficult subjects is the restora- tion of injured individuals to function when such restoration necessi- tates the experiencing of pain and discomfort. The more personal the contact between the doctor and his patient, the more confidence will be established and the better and quicker will be the result. The same theory applies equally well to the relation between the State Compensation Insurance Fund and its doctors. The establishment of confidence and understanding and the avoidance of bickering and technicalities will produce an ideal situation. The plan which the State Compensation Insurance Fund will adopt involves more medical supervision and more accurate contact and observation of cases than has heretofore been attempted. Many insurance companies have joined together to contract for medical service. This system should be deplored. It tends to lead, and has led, to exactly the situation alluded to before. It has led to dissatisfaction among the injured, to injustice and to misunderstanding. It has led to disabilities from neurasthenia. Our belief is that such a system is the most important cause of neurasthenia. Such “whole- sale” medical treatment is good for neither the doctor, the injured, the insurance company, the Workmen’s Compensation, Insurance and Safety Act, nor society. Cooperation of the Commission, insurance companies, employers, injured men and medical profession, is the ideal situation. 26 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. INSURANCE. Solvency of Insurance Carriers of Paramount Interest. Considerable publicity has been given to the failure of one of the carriers, which engaged extensively in the business of compensation insurance in California. This failure resulted in widespread loss throughout the state, not only loss to employers born of the necessity of paying premiums to other carriers to protect them for unexpired terms of policies in force, but the very serious loss suffered by injured work- men and dependents of the killed for whose benefit the compensation system was designed and whose claims for indemnity were left unpaid. As a commentary upon our supervisory system it should be stated that those conversant with the subject fully realize that much of that loss and suffering could have been prevented had our statutes been less lenient with tottering insurance institutions and had more power been vested in the State Insurance Commissioner to deal with such situations. - It is generally understood that insurance concerns have been per- mitted to operate in California under conditions which would prevent their securing a license in states, such as New York and Massachusetts, where more stringent statutory requirements are in effect for the pro- tection of the public. The State Insurance Commissioner devotes a short but spirited paragraph of his latest annual report to this situation and it is to be hoped that the condition may be remedied at the next session of the Legislature. - The rating statute, which became effective since the failure herein referred to, is expected to be of great assistance in the prevention of indiscriminate rate cutting and has already resulted in improved con- ditions. It has minimized discrimination; it has brought about more uniformity in the collection of statistics to indicate the true cost of compensation in each classification; and as the rates have undergone another general revision downward, the total cost of insurance to employers of the state has, no doubt, been reduced rather than increased under this statute. It must be admitted, of course, that those employers who had previously enjoyed material cuts under standard rates have been obliged to pay more for their insurance, but considering the increased value of the protection, the increased value of statistics for better relative adjustment of rates, and the general downward revision which rates have undergone, it can not be recognized that those em- ployers have any just ground for complaint. - As suggested in previous report, the rating statute is a step in the right direction but it is not sufficient of itself to prevent a repetition of failures such as have occurred in the past. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 27 General Report of State Compensation Insurance Fund. That the State Compensation Insurance Fund of California has proved a pronounced success is now generally conceded by all who have been in a position to watch its progress. Since the end of its first year, when its volume of compensation premiums exceeded that of any other insurance carrier operating in the state, its commanding lead over competitors has steadily increased and its assets have grown to an amount exceeding $1,000,000. While the expense ratio of the Fund increased somewhat the second year, this was inevitable because of the necessity of auditing pay rolls of employers during the preceding annual period and because of exten- sive safety work undertaken by the Fund independent of the safety organization of the Industrial Accident Commission proper. This in- creased expense for auditing and safety work will, of course, be more than offset by its effect in keeping down the loss ratio. . During the first half of the current year (ending June 30, 1916), the expense ratio Of the Fund is shown to have been less than in the year 1915, as may be noted from the statistical report of the Fund hereinafter given, and during no period has the expense ratio even approached a figure of one-half the average expense ratio of corporate insurance carriers. At the close of the year 1914 the Fund declared a dividend to policy- holders amounting to 15 per cent of premiums earned in that year, and at the close of the year 1915, despite lower rates having been in effect, the same average refund was allowed, though the latter was appor- tioned to policyholders on a varying scale, dependent upon the loss experience of the individual risks within the several hazard groups. On June 30, 1916, $134,381.98 had been actually paid in refunds to policy- holders for the two years mentioned and additional refund payments are being made as the balance of 1915 earned premiums are accurately determined by pay roll reports and audits. The total for the two years will probably exceed $170,000. Attention is particularly called to the fact that the actual refunds made to policyholders do not constitute the entire saving for patrons of the Fund, and that the percentage returned really represents a saving in operating cost only. Under the California reserve require- ments it is now necessary to maintain a loss reserve equal to 75 per cent of the earned premiums, less losses and loss expenses actually paid, this leaving only 25 per cent (plus income from investments) with which to meet administration expenses and pay dividends to insured employ- ers. The actual indicated profit, basing outstanding liabilities upon most liberal estimates for open cases, exceeds 40 per cent. The differ- ence between the profit and the amount returned can not be released to surplus or for further dividends to those policyholders who contributed 28 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. to its accumulation until the fifth year following the year in which the policies were issued. As this reserve so far exceeds the ratio of loss anticipated in rate calculations, it is generally considered excessive and it is hoped that this statute can be modified without impairing the pro- tection of claimants for which reserve requirements are intended. This statute was originally enacted on the assumption that corporate insurance carriers would be able to reduce operating expenses to 25 per cent, and the rates could be based upon a loading of 75 per cent for losses and 25 per cent for expenses. This expectation has not been realized and rates have been promulgated upon the theory that 40 per cent would be necessary for expenses and 60 per cent for losses. We are now informed, however, that the Workmen's Compensation Service Bureau of New York has quite recently changed its loading to 62% per cent for losses and 373 per cent for expenses. This would indicate that the corporate companies have been able to reduce their expectancy of expense only 2% per cent while the State Compensation Insurance Fund (paying its entire expenses from premiums) shows a total average expense ratio, including Claim Department expense, of only 14.47 per cent, or only 10.15 per cent excluding claim adjustment expense. The investment income of the Fund alone will meet approximately one-half of this latter expense for the current year. FINANCIAL REPORT. State Compensation Insurance Fund. Statement Covering Operations from January 1, 1914, to June 30, 1916. Appropriation (Chapter 180, laws of 1913) --________ $100,000 00 Premiums written, less premiums returned__________ 1,679,582 16 Interest received, due and accrued----------________ 58,178 54 — $1,837,760 70 Fxpenses and salaries (including adjustment expenses) $213,736 05 Compensation and statutory medical payments______ 396,803 06 Unearned premium reserve ------------------------ 202,717 51 Statutory reserve for outstanding losses (75 per cent of - earned premiums less losses and loss expenses paid) 647,048 49 All other disbursements and liabilities______________ 1,010 24 —— 1,461,315 35 Total surplus -------------------------------------------- $376,445 35 Less dividends to policyholders---------------------------------- 134,381 98 Net surplus ---------------------------------------------- $242,063 37 The above statement is based on the statutory reserve of $647,048.49, to cover outstanding liabilities. If the indicated amount of such STATE COMPENSATION INSURANCE FUND. Statistical Report Covering Period from January 1, 1914, to June 30, 1916. 1 2 3 4 5 ,6 7 8 9 10 | 11 12 13 iMet surplus, Expenses sº Year s excluding appropriation TMean Pºlis Pºs º: #:a Dividends nºis *:::: * Claim All other Total L. R. B. E. O. B. 1914 $547,161 24 $496,142 29 | $12,191 00 $192,961 84 $18,458 76 $44,306 18 $62,764 94 $74,475 88 $17,444 52 $178,130 63 $310,297 85 $232,757 50 1915 655,676 55 604,983 20 27,761 76 318,217 34 27,628 64 65,925 19 93,553 83 59,906 10 $89 14 53,087 13 160,978 55 685,287 85 552,342 92 1916% 476,744 37 375,739 16 18,225 78 227,174 38 17,709 54 39,707 74 57,417 28 ---------------- 921 10 71,531 72 108,452 18 Totals $1,679,582 16 $1,476,864 65 $58,178 54 $738,353 56 $63,796 94 $149,939 11 $213,736 05 $134,381 98 $1,010 24 $142,063 37 $447,561 36 Percentages. 3 × 100 4 × 100 5 × 100 6 × 100 7 × 100 8 × 100 10 × 100 11 x 100 3 × 100 3 × 100 Columns 3 to 11 to Written premiums p { 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 13 1914 2.23 35.27 3.37 8.10 11.47 13.61 3.19 32.56 3.93 5.24 1915 4.23 48.53 4.21 10.05 14.27 9.14 8.10 24.55 4.05 5.03 1916% 3.82 47.65 3.71 8.33 1204 ---------------- 15.00 22.75 Totals 3.46 43.96 3.80. 8.98 12.73 8.00 8.46 26.65 PercentageS. ſ 3 × 100 4 × 100 5 × 100 6 × 100 7 × 100 8 × 100 10 × 100 11 x 100 Columns 3 to 11 to earned premiums 3. * l 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1914 2.46 38.89 3.72 8.93 12.65 15.01 3.52 35.90 1915 4.59 52.60 4.57 10.90 15.46 9.90 8.77 26.61 1916% 4.85 60.46 4.71 10.57 1528 ---------------- 19.04 28.86 Totals 3.94 49.99 4.32 10.15 14.47 9.10 9.62 30.30 *The year 1916 includes only the first six months. f'The net surplus, excluding appropriation, has been shown on two bases. The initials L. R. B. indicate legal reserve basis, actually paid. The initials E. O. B. indicate estimated outstanding basis. 26438 On this basis the reserve for outstanding losses has been taken as 75 per cent of the earned premiums less losses and loss expenses On this basis the reserve for Outstanding losses has been taken as the estimated cost of settling all outstanding claims, including very liberal estimates to cover undetermined cases. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 29 liabilities ($341,550.50, including liberal estimates for all undetermined cases) were used, the surplus would be as follows: Total surplus ------------------------------------------------- $681,943 34 Less dividends to policyholders -------------- 134,381 98 Net surplus —— * * * * * * * * * * *-s sº tº sºm, sºme ºm --- *-* - - $547,561 36 The increase of $305,497.99 in net surplus indicated by the last figures is available as an additional protection against catastrophe pending further distribution to policyholders when reserves have been held the statutory time. Meantime these funds are invested in approved Cali- fornia securities and drawing interest for the further benefit and pro. tection of policyholders. 30 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. SAFETY DEPARTMENT. The past year has been marked especially by the work of various committeees in aiding the Commission in preparing Safety Orders. The tentative general safety orders, covering hazards including gears, belts, pulleys, shafting, etc., were presented for public hearing on August 25, 1915, and September 3, 1915, in San Francisco and in Los Angeles, respectively. As very little criticism was offered at either of these public hearings, the Commission adopted them practically without change and set January 1, 1916, as the date on which they would become effective. Subcommittees presented tentative safety orders for laundries, engines, woodworking and elevators. The personnel of these subcommit- tees was as follows: San Francisco Subcommittee on Laundry Safety Orders. Charles Hawley (chairman), business agent Laundry Workers' Union, represent- ing the Laundry Workers; Frank Huebsch, Metropolitan Laundry, representing the Laundry Owners' Association ; H. H. Buddington, vice president Western Laundry Machinery Co., representing Manufacturers of laundry machinery ; John R. Brownell (secretary), superintendent of safety, Industrial Accident Commission. Los Angeles Subcommittee on Laundry Safety Orders. W. H. White (chairman), Western Laundry Machinery Co., representing the Manufacturers of laundry machinery; G. A. Miller, president Troy Laundry Co., representing the Southern California Laundrymen’s Association ; Samuel Cozad, superintendent Munger's Laundry, representing the Laundry Workers; H. L. Boyd (secretary), safety engineer, Industrial Accident Commission. San Francisco Subcommittee on Engine Safety Orders. IT. H. Warney (chairman), chief engineer operation and maintenance, Pacific Gas and Electric Co.; (F. W. Small, Pacific Gas and Electric Co., alternate to Mr. Warney); E. A. Selfridge, Jr., Northwestern Redwood Co.; W. R. Towne, represent- ing the International Association of Steam and Operating Engineers, Local No. 64; J. T. Thorpe, representing the International Association of Machinists; W. H. Healy, president Healy-Tibbitts Construction Co.; R. I. Hemingway, safety engineer, Industrial Accident Commission ; John R. Brownell (secretary), superintendent of safety, Industrial Accident Commission. Los Angeles Subcommittee on Engine Safety Orders. W. Lewis Bell (chairman), president Fulton Engine Works; George S. Graham, Fairbanks-Morse Co.; David Brian, chief engineer Hotel Clark; George C. Flint, erecting engineer Los Angeles County; J. A. Young, chief engineer Western Gas IEngine Co.; IIenry Wiatt, superintendent electric manufacturing, Los Angeles Gas and Llectric Corporation ; Ernest Powelson, representing Machinists’ International Union, No. 311 ; H. L. Boyd (secretary), safety engineer, Industrial Accident Commission. San Francisco Subcommittee on Woodworking Safety Orders. John P. Lorden (chairman), J. P. Lorden Mill Co., representing San Francisco I’laning Mill Owners’ Association ; John A. Koster, vice president California Barrel Co., representing the cooperage interests; Walter A. Chowen, manager California REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 31 Inspection Rating Bureau, representing the Casualty Underwriters’ Association of California; Charles A. Smith, secretary California. Metal Trades Association ; Frank C. Miller, business representative Pattern Makers’ Association ; John R. Brownell (secretary), superintendent of safety, Industrial Accident Commission. Los Angeles Subcommittee on Woodworking Safety Orders. Charles J. Woerner, representing the Western Cooperage Co.; A. J. Koll, repre- senting Southern California Mill Owners’ Association ; Henry Holland, superintendent southern California, California Inspection Rating Bureau, representing the Casualty Underwriters’ Association of Southern California; E. L. Bruck, representing Pat- tern Makers' Union; J. W. Buzzell, representing Metal Trades Council; H. L. Boyd, (secretary), safety engineer, Industrial Accident Commission. San Francisco Subcommittee on Elevator Safety Orders. Dr. T. B. W. Leland (chairman), coroner of San Francisco County; S. P. Oppen- heim, manager David Hewes Building, representing the Building Owners and Managers’ Association of San Francisco; Earl A. Stem, member Local Union No. 8, I.U.E.C., representing the International Union of Elevator Constructors; (E. W. McGee, member Local Union No. 8, I.U.E.C., alternate to Mr. Stem); John P. Horgan, chief building inspector of San Francisco, representing the Board of Public Works of San Francisco ; Warren Hilleary, superintendent, Division of Accident Prevention, Royal Indemnity Company, representing the Casualty Underwriters’ Association of California; (T. C. Thayer, engineer, Pacific Division, London and Lancashire Indemnity Company of America, and A. F. Skaife, inspector, Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland, alternates to Mr. Hilleary); O. J. Smith, superintendent of inspection, California Inspection Rating Bureau ; Herbert S. Snead, engineer, Otis Elevator Company; E. C. Wood, elevator safety inspector, Industrial Accident Commission ; John R. Brownell (secretary), superintendent of safety, Industrial Accident Commission. Los Angeles Subcommittee on Elevator Safety Orders. Frank G. Cox (chairman), local manager Otis Elevator Company; (D. W. Lever, construction superintendent, Otis Elevator Company, alternate to Mr. Cox) ; Roy C. Seeley, secretary, Building Owners and Managers’ Association of Los Angeles ; (J. M. Best, member Building Owners and Managers’ of Los Angeles, altenate to Mr. Seeley); H. A. Shurtleff, Elevator Constructors' Union, No. 18; J. J. Backus, chief inspector of buildings, city of Los Angeles; William H. Carter, city boiler and elevator inspector, city of Los Angeles; Charles H. Gray, Maryland Casualty Company, representing the Casualty Underwriters' Association of Southern Cali- fornia ; Roy L. DeCamp, Baker Iron Works, Los Angeles; Ira J. Francis, John A. Roebling’s Sons Company; H. L. Boyd (secretary), safety engineer, Industrial Accident Commission. Public hearings on these various safety orders were held in San Francisco and in Los Angeles as follows: San Francisco - Los Angeles Laundry Safety Orders - Apr. 24, 1916 || May 8, 1916 Engine Safety Orders Apr. 25, 1916 May 9, 1916 Woodworking Safety Orders ___| Apr. 26, 1916 May 10, 1916 Elevator Safety Orders Apr. 27, 1916 May 11, 1916 32 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. Following the public hearings, the safety orders for laundries, engines and woodworking were adopted with very few changes from the tenta- tive form, and the Commission fixed August 1, 1916, as the date on which they would become effective. There was much discussion at the public hearings on the proposed elevator safety orders, and a number of sections were referred back to the committees, after which the Com- mission adopted the elevator safety orders in their final form and set October 1, 1916 as the date on which they would go into effect. Tentative boiler safety orders were drawn up by the following sub- committees: - 4. San Francisco Subcommittee on Boiler Safety Orders. George A. Armes (chairman), representing the Union Iron Works, as manufac- turers of boilers; (Frederick Birdsall, alternate to Mr. Armes); J. B. Warner (vice chairman), representing the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Com- pany; E. R. Killgore, representing the Standard Oil Company, as users of boilers; D. P. Delury, representing the Board of Public Works of San Francisco; M. J. McGuire, representing the Boilermakers and Shipfitters' Union ; W. R. Towne, representing the International Union of Steam and Operating Engineers, Local No. 64; Chas. A. Smith, representing the California Metal Trades Association ; John Mitchell, representing the International Union of Steam and Operating Engi- neers, Local No. 507; R. L. Hemingway, safety engineer, Industrial Accident Com- mission ; John R. Brownell (secretary), superintendent of safety, Industrial Accident Commission. Los Angeles subcommittee on Boiler Safety Orders. Fred J. Fischer (chairman), representing the National Association of Steam Engineers, No. 2; H. L. Doolittle (vice chairman), representing the Southern Cali- fornia Edison Company ; J. J. Malone, representing the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company; William H. Carter, chief city boiler and elevator inspector, representing the city of Los Angeles; S. M. Walker, representing the Pioneer Boiler and Machine Works; J. L. Glennon, representing the Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York; M. E. Carroll, representing the Steam and Operating Engineers, No. 72; E. C. Jordan, representing the Firemen’s Local, No. 220; H. L. Boyd (secretary), safety engineer, Industrial Accident Commission. Copies of these tentative orders were widely distributed and notices sent out announcing public hearings to be held in July, 1916. The superintendent of safety delivered a number of lectures to employees of various industrial plants, and accompanied Commissioner Will J. French to Eureka to attend the Pacific Logging Congress in October, 1915. As a part of its proceedings in Eureka the Congress held a welfare dinner, during which Commissioner French gave an address on accident prevention in the woods and the superintendent of safety gave an illustrated talk, showing by photographic reproduction the various hazards incident to logging and sawmill operations, and giving the remedies which would tend to minimize accidents in that particular industry. - The Panama-Pacific International Exposition invited the Commission to hold a Safety Conference as one of the Exposition proceedings. As REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 33 a similar invitation was issued to the National Safety Council, it was decided to hold the Safety. Conference under the auspices of both the Industrial Accident Commission and the National Safety Council through its San Francisco Local Council. The Conference was held in the Civic Auditorium, San Francisco, September 27–30, 1915. The Commission’s exhibit booth at the Exposition was awarded a silver medal by the Jury of Awards. Following competitive civil service examinations, the inspecting force of the Safety Department was increased from five to nine by the addi- tion of one construction engineer, one elevator inspector and two boiler inspectors. During the year the Safety Department visited 1,589 places of employment, distributed as follows: ;. Character of industry *: 449 Metals and machinery------------------------------------------- 4,209 229 Laundries, dyeing establishments, etc.-----------------------. 5,240 202 Lumber and its products--------------------------------------- 18,281 173 Construction ----------------------------------------------------- 7,732 144 Miscellaneous ---------------------------------------------------- 1,043 141 Foodstuffs -------------------------------------- — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 6,042 59 Mercantile -------------------------------------------------------- 2,300 35 Institutions, buildings, etc.------------------------------------ 438 30 | Public Corporations, municipal water plants, etc.------------ 6,235 21 Brick, tile, pottery, etc.----------------------------------------- 1,221 18 Paper, printing, etc.--------------------------------------------- 222 12 Oil industry, asphalt paving, etc.------------------------------ 1,101 6 Transportation, railroad, etc.---------------------------------- 3,940 1,589 58,004 Numerous reinspections were made to see that the safety recom- mendations were carried out. In addition to the above list it is to be noted that 412 boiler inspec- tions were made, as well as 620 air pressure tank and 87 elevator inspections. A number of accident cases were investigated. Emphasis has been laid at all times on the importance of organizing plant safety committees. That this matter has been given serious con- sideration is attested by the following partial list of safety committees which are now well organized and active in preventing industrial accidents: American Olive Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ; Banning Canning Co., Banning, Cal. ; Bayside Lumber Co., Eureka Cal. ; Benson Tumber Co., San Diego, Cal. ; Bishop & Co., Los Angeles, Cal. : Brownstein-Louis & Co., Los Angeles, Cal.; California Industrial Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ; Union Lumber Co., Fort Bragg, Cal. ; Kullman, Salz & Co., Benicia, Cal. ; Southern Pacific Co., San Francisco, Cal. ; Golden Eagle Milling Co., Petaluma, Cal. ; Golden State Canning Co., Ontario, Cal. ; Humboldt 3—26438 34 - REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. Cooperage Co., Arcata, Cal.; Great Western Milling Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ; Griffin Steel Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ; Hercules Powder Co., Hercules, Cal. ; Hotpoint Electric Heating Co., Ontario, Cal. ; Johnson Foundry and Machine Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ; Lane & Bowler Corporation, Los Angeles, Cal.; Key Route–Oakland Terminal Rail- ways, Oakland, Cal. ; Los Angeles Can Co., Los Angeles, Cal.; Los Angeles Planing Mill, Los Angeles, Cal. ; Los Angeles Soap Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ; Los Angeles County Repair Shops, Los Angeles, Cal.; McCloud River Lumber Co., McCloud, Cal.; Moreland Motor Truck Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ; McKay & Co., Eureka, Cal. ; Northern Electric Railway Co., Sacramento, Cal.; Northern Redwood Lumber Co., Korbel, Cal. ; Pacific Light and Power Corporation, Los Angeles, Cal.; Pacific Gas and Electric Co., San Francisco, Cal. ; Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co., San Fran- cisco, Cal.; Pasadena Manufacturing Co., Pasadena, Cal.; Pacific Sash and Door Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ; Pacific Lumber Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ; Pacific Electric Railway Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ; General Petroleum Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ; Standard Oil Co., El Segundo, Cal. ; Savage Tire Co., San Diego, Cal. ; Sierra Nevada Wood and Ilumber Co., Hobart Mills, Cal. ; Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery Co., Mills Building, San Francisco, Cal. ; Diamond Laundry, Los Angeles, Cal. ; P. A. New- mark & Co., Los Angeles, Cal.; Edison Electric Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ; Standard Portland Cement Co., Napa Junction, Cal. : Salt Lake Roundhouse, Salt Lake tracks, Los Angeles, Cal. ; Southern Sierras Power Co., Riverside, Cal.; Montebello Oil Co., Fillmore, Cal.; California Barrel Co., San Francisco, Cal. ; Natomas Company of California, Natoma, Cal. - - - During the year a special investigation was conducted by two of the safety engineers into the problems in connection with preventing acci- dents in the logging and sawmill industry, and a set of tentative logging and sawmill safety orders were issued in the early months of 1916, for discussion with the various lumbering concerns during the visits of the safety engineers. A committee representing both employers and em- ployees of sundry lumber companies operating sawmills will later meet with the Commission’s representatives to draft safety orders for pre- sentation at public hearings. r A very important part of the safety department’s work has been in moving the location of and enlarging the Safety Museum in San Francisco. - - In January, 1916, an opportunity was offered of securing the whole ground floor of 529 Market street, one of the store spaces of the Under- wood Building. The Safety Museum was thereupon moved to the new location, where ample room is afforded for displaying the increasing number of interesting exhibits of safety devices, which now total 115. The Safety Museum in Los Angeles is situated on the fourth floor of the Union League Building, this being the same floor as that on which the offices of the Industrial Accident Commission are located. A set of seven cardboard construction bulletins were issued to build- ing contractors throughout the state, and by means of illustrations showing hazardous conditions which can readily be eliminated, have served to educate both employers and employees in safety first prin- ciples. These bulletins are posted in conspicuous places on construction jobs. - - . . . . . . . * - * REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 35 Cloth bulletins were also issued, calling attention to safe practices in boiler rooms, and another set giving instructions in the storage and use of explosives. Throughout the school year the travelling exhibit of safety appliances which the Commission prepared was sent to a large number of schools by the Extension Division of the University of California. Pupils were required by their teachers to write safety essays after studying the exhibit, thus gaining an idea of “Safety First” which we may con- fidently expect to bear fruit. - MINING DIVISION. Following were the outstanding features of the work of the Mining Division during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916: Adoption of the Mine Safety Rules by the Industrial Accident Commission. - Inauguration of a safety campaign among mine operators and miners. Inspection of a total of 355 mines, quarries and dredges. Training of 711 miners in first aid to the injured. As in the previous year, the work of the Mining Division was carried on in cooperation with the federal government. Under this arrange- ment the work of mine inspection is carried out under the supervision of a mining engineer of the United States Bureau of Mines. On September 25, 1915, the fourth public hearing was held on the Mine Safety Rules, and on October 13, 1915, a final draft of the rules was prepared to present to the Industrial Accident Commission. This final draft was adopted by the Commission on November 1, 1915, and became effective January 1, 1916. Up to the end of the fiscal year, no difficulties were experienced in the administration of the Mine Safety Rules. That the new system was not burdensome to mine operators is evidenced by the fact that a total of only twelve exemptions from the rules were asked for and granted. The mine operators of the state evidenced a sincere desire to cooperate with the Mining Division in its work. While it is too early to make definite statements regarding the effect of the mine rules, it is significant that the statistics of fatal accidents, given on page. 63, show an appreciable reduction as compared with the figures of the previous year. The first half of the year 's work was carried on under the supervision of H. M. Wolflin, who was assigned on January 1, 1914, to the work of investigating conditions and preparing the Mine Safety Rules. Mr. Wolflin at that time was a mining engineer of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. On January 1, 1916, Mr. Wolflin was promoted to the position 36 . REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. of Mine Safety Engineer of the Bureau of Mines and was succeeded by Edwin Higgins, who was given the title of Chief Mine Inspector. Mine Inspection Work. During July, 1915, G. Chester Brown and J. W. Gebb were perman- ently appointed deputy mine inspectors. On September 1, F. L. Lowell received a similar appointment. During the first half of the fiscal year these deputies inspected 200 mines which employed a total of 8,000 men. More than 1,400 suggestions for safety were made as a result of these inspections. - On the adoption of the Mine Safety Rules on January 1, 1916, it became necessary to so systemize the mine inspection work that none of the requirements of the rules would be overlooked. The office system was changed somewhat and mine inspection blanks were put in use. It became necessary to spend more time on inspections than had hitherto been devoted to this work. During the second half of the fiscal year, complete inspections were made of 155 mines; 15 fatal accidents were investigated and reports made thereon; numerous partial mine inspec- tions were made in connection with requests for exemption from the Mine Safety Rules, and for other purposes. The Safety Carmpaign. Early in 1916 a safety campaign was inaugurated. This embraced the issuance of bulletins to mine operators on safety and efficiency in mining, and the organization of what is known as the Miners' Safety Bear Club. Problems and matters of interest relating to safety and efficiency in mines were discussed in the bulletins. . In addition, there was published, at the end of each bulletin, a list of sketches and clip- pings relating to safety and efficiency which could be obtained free of charge by California mine operators. Up to the end of the fiscal year, 285 blue prints and photostat copies of these sketches, and 300 of the clippings had been mailed to operators of the state. In an attempt to secure the cooperation of California miners in the work of accident prevention, a letter was written and sent to prac- tically every miner in the state. The purpose was to establish a channel through which the miner could be appealed to directly. By the end of the fiscal year more than 5,000 miners had joined the Safety Bear Club and four letters, containing matter relating to safety and welfare, had been mailed to each member. The Safety Bear Club has no officers, constitution or by-laws, and its members are not required to pay dues. Each member wears what is known as a Safety Bear Button. Judging by the interest displayed by miners in this movement, it is believed that considerable good will result. * - - REPORT of INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 37 First Aid to the Injured and Mine Rescue Work. During the year, first aid and rescue training was given in California by Geo. W. Riggs, S. C. Dickinson, and Joseph Woods, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines; and by Messrs. Brown and Lowell, deputy mine inspectors. The complete course of first aid training was given to 281 miners; 430 were partially trained. Mine rescue training was given to 15 miners. The fact that oxygen breathing apparatus were not in- stalled at the mines until well toward the end of the year accounts for the small number of men trained in mine rescue work. Oxygen breath- ing apparatus were installed at mines employing more than 30 men on one shift. In Amador County a cooperative rescue station was estab- lished. - - In August, 1915, a first aid contest was held at Jackson, in Amador County, four teams participating. In September, the state and national mine rescue work and first aid contest was held in San Francisco. Nine first aid teams and one mine rescue team from California partici- pated, as well as 16 first aid teams and 11 mine rescue teams from other states. . The participants in this contest came from as far east as West Virginia and Illinois, and as far north as Alaska. Approximately 100 mining companies were represented and about 170 men comprised the contesting teams. This meet was financed by the California Metal Producers Association, which contributed about $1,250. The Panama- Pacific Exposition Company contributed $100. Toward the end of the fiscal year arrangements were well in hand for preliminary first aid contests at Nevada City and Kennett, and for the second annual Cali- fornia contest to be held at Sacramento, September 6, 1916. 38 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. STATISTICAL REPORT. Time Covered by this Report. - . This report concerns itself chiefly with the 67,538 industrial injuries which occurred during the year 1915. However, in many of the charts and tables the figures of 1914 are included to facilitate comparison. Also, a general statement has been made of the 40,269 injuries occurring during the first six months of 1916, and the industries wherein they happened. - p What to Remember When Reading These Figures. It must be remembered when reading these figures that they do not contain all the factors, which would render them bases for safe con- clusions. The number of working men and working women employed in this state is still an unknown quantity. Number of Employees in State. - The last United States census places the number above the million mark; others have made estimates of six hundred thousand to eight hundred thousand employees. If we assume that the experience in this state is similar to that of Europe and the number of injuries reported during the first six months of 1916 is normal, the estimate of the United States census for 1910 is perhaps the better guide. No Bureau for Determining Exposure and Experience. There is no bureau with sufficient power to collect and compile this data. The nearest approach to anything of this kind is found in the office of the State Insurance Commissioner which receives pay roll statements or their equivalents from the companies writing compensa- tion insurance. Only a Little More Than Half of Injuries Covered by Insurance. But only about two-thirds of the injuries occurring in the state are protected by insurance companies, privately owned, or by the State Fund, and it is safe to say that many of the most hazardous employ- ments are not included in this number, which renders calculations, based on this experience and exposure, only partially true. On the other hand, two of the largest groups of employees are engaged in interstate commerce and agriculture and are exempted from the compensation provisions of the Act, unless the injured em- ployee be engaged in some occupation which is disconnected with inter- state commerce in the first instance, or in the second instance, a farm employee whose employer has voluntarily accepted the provisions of the Workmen’s Compensation Act. About nineteen per cent (18.99%) of all the injuries reported in 1915 were injuries to employees of these REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 39 two mentioned classes. Allowing, therefore, that two-thirds of all the injuries to farm employees which are reported are injuries subject to the Act's compensation provisions, and that only a negligible number of the injuries to interstate employees are in this class, then only about eighty-four and one-half per cent (84.5%) of the industrial injuries occurring in this state are compensable according to the terms and pro- visions of the Compensation Act. Basing the probable number of employees engaged in these two exempted groups on the conservative estimate for this state that one out of every twelve workmen is injured, we have 125,000 employees who are without the pale of the Act. It is important to keep these three things in mind when analyzing these figures: (1) That no method or means is yet available to calculate the number of employees working in given occupations and at given times in this state. (2) That only 66.34 per cent of the injured are covered by private or state insurance. (3) That only 84.5 per cent of the industrial injuries in the state are covered by the Act. Increase in Injuries Reported for First Six Months of 1916. Attention is called to chart No. 1, which shows an increase of 5,314 injuries reported in 1915 over 1914, and a very much larger average increase of reporting for 1916 over both the preceding years. This increase, however, is confined principally to the temporary injuries and may be accounted for in several ways. It may be due to a wider understanding by employers of their obligations under the law, or to an increase in the number of workers during 1916 due to increased activity in industry throughout the state. It is not likely that it is due to any percentage increase in the number of injuries which do occur yearly in the state, whether reported or unreported. Turning to the serious injury cases, it will be noted that there seemed to be a substantial decrease in the number of deaths for 1915 Over 1914, while the number of permanent injuries remained close together for both years. But the 1916 figures for the first six months show a decided average increase in the fatal injuries over 1915. This is explained in part by the frightful disasters at sea during the early months of 1916. It is probable that the number of industrial deaths occurring on coastwise vessels during the months mentioned will total 55. This number is not definitely fixed, due to the status of some of the cases being still in question before the Commission and the courts on the issue of jurisdiction. Before concluding our conjectures as to the decreases and increases in the number of injuries, we would like to call attention to the fact º COMPARATIVE CHART OF 3 YEAR'S INJURIES 1914. Get . FATAL 533, NjößEs 99. 1910 & 325 |9| 4 || 12s2 PERMANENT1915 - 126 ſºloism 2ea [916. Z 535 1914 - eo24- TEMPORARYisis * * - - G5,74- |NJURIES - . . . . . . . . . . * ~ * * 1916m35A35ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ NOTE. 1916 Figures are for the first 6 months. Total Average for 1916 at same ratio shown thus ZZZZZZZZZZZ Chart No. 1. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMIMISSION. 41 that the years of 1914 and 1916 are signalized for their industrial activity; 1914 was the year in which the most hazardous part of the construction work of the Exposition was done; 1916 is marked for a general increase in manufacturing activity, perhaps due in some measure to the European conflict. There are no figures upon which to base the assumption that 1915 was a less active year industrially than 1914 or 1916, other than estimates of contracts and construction plans, etc., which were a source of general complaint during the year 1915. It was also a general sentiment that eastern activity due to the war had hardly been reflected in the West till early in 1916. So in spite of these uncertainties of data, marine catastrophies, expositions, wars and the general increase of injuries reported in 1915 Over 1914, we are unable to explain why there is such a slump in the number of temporary injuries due to the workmen falling from eleva- tions, etc., together with a consistent decrease in all three of the other factors of (1) time lost due to the injury, (2) amount of compensa- tion required by law, (3) medical fees for recovery from such injuries. This decrease can not be attributed solely to the absence of construc- tion work done in 1915 as can be seen from the fact that while there Was a decrease during 1915 of 1,282 temporary injuries in construction Work, only 426 of these injuries were due to the workmen falling, leaving 895 “personal fall” injuries distributed through the other industries in which there was a general increase in injuries reported. The decrease in personal fall injuries in 1915 reduced the compen- sation and medical costs paid in such cases, $42,956.98, while in every other instance there was a general increase in compensation and medical costs. Safety. C From the foregoing it would seem that the “safety first” idea was boring, logically, into the human side of the problem, engendering a spirit of caution which will produce the proper results. Chart No. 2. A close study of chart No. 2 should be made in connection with the foregoing. This chart compares the 1914 with the 1915 experi- ence respecting (1) the number of injuries due to any chief cause in the respective years, (2) the time lost in each year due to the chief cause, (3) the compensation, (4) and medical costs by chief cause. The small numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 refer to the position on the chart of the foregoing items as they occur under each main cause group. The solid black line refers to 1915 experience. The scale is not exactly true, as it suffered in photographic reduction. The num- ber of injuries per each main cause, the days lost in time, and the costs, appear in the broken part of the lines. For further analysis of this chart, see tables in the back of the report. 4—26438 42 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. Some Salient Points of the Year's Experience. - There are close to one million wage earners in this state. Sixty- seven thousand five hundred thirty-eight injuries to employees of this number were reported during 1915. Five hundred thirty-three of these injuries proved fatal. - Twelve hundred sixty-four left some permanent effect upon the injured workman. * The remaining 65,741 injuries, though causing only temporary dis- ability, caused a loss of time equal to 2,380 years; 13,244 workmen were disabled fifteen days or more. The wage loss to workmen due to these temporary injuries amounted to $2,142,000. For all injuries, the wage loss created in 1915 by industrial injury ran close to $18,250,000. The total compensation paid to injured workmen or their dependents in the 67,538 cases was $1,150,503.56. The payments to physicians, hospitals, etc., for these injuries amounted to $852,202.48, or a grand total of compensation and medical payments of $2,002,706.04. Seven hundred thirty-nine people were either totally or partially dependent for support upon the deceased employees; 247 of this number were wives and 379 were children. Of the 1,264 injuries leaving permanent effects on injured, the follow- ing are typical: & One hundred seventy-five eyes suffered an impairment of the vision or removal of the eye. (This was also true of 172 eyes during 1914.) Thirteen arms of workmen were amputated in 1915 and 28 in 1914. Twenty-eight legs or feet were cut off in 1915 as against 45 in 1914. Forty toes were lost in 1915 as against 54 in 1914. There were 10, curvatures and contractions of different members of the body in 1915 against 11 in 1914. The most striking regularity occurs in the amputation of fingers: 1915. 1914. Loss of one finger -------------------------- 422 482 TIOSS of two fingers --------------- 79 81 Loss of three fingers ------------ 35 30 Loss of four fingers ----------------------------------------- 12 18 Loss of five fingers ––––––––––––––– - 4 3 Loss of some and stiffness of rest------- - 45 51 For further study of these injuries see the manikin chart No. 3, also table of permanent injuries in back of report. INDUSTRIAL ADDIDENT COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF CALIFORNIA'S INDUSTRIAL INJURY EXPERIENCE FOR THE TWO CALENDAR YEARS, ISI4 AND IS15 NUMBER OF TEMPDRARY INJURIES OCCURRING IN ISI4, - S0,241, IN 1815, – 55,741; FATAL AND PERMANENT INJURIEs NoT considered CDRRELATION OF CALSES WITH NUMBER OF INJURIE’s, TIME Los T, conviPENSATION PAID AND MEDICAL CDSTs PERSONAL FALLs FALLING, ROLLING, & FLYING OBJECT5 DANGEROUS substanICES MACHINERY COLLISIONS - MISCELLANEOUs a & ALL OTHERS - ANIMAL 5. TOOLS UNKNOWN CAUSEs Chart No. 2. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 43 occupationAL DISEASEs. The Workmen’s Compensation, Insurance and Safety Act as amended effective August 8, 1915, provides this Commission with the power to require reports of occupational diseases and industrial injuries to employees in the state of California. - Since this amendment became effective, the Statistical. Department has received reports in the following cases which are likely to be classed as occupational diseases or injuries: Pneumonia.” 3 Anthrax 2 Typhoid *— - 2 Metal poisoning 1. Diphtheria. -. 1 Mercurial poisoning 2 Ptomaine poisoning 1 Sulphur poisoning 1. Lead poisoning - --- 10 Lumpy-jaw 1 Pleurisy. - 2 Poisoning resulting from handling hops Tuberculosis * 1 which are used in the manufactur- Neurosis 1 ing of malt liquors –––––––––––––– 425 Heat exhaustion - 1 *One of these was fatal. The Commission may reject many of these cases as not arising out of or occurring during the course of employment, after the facts in each case have been thoroughly reviewed. However, until the Commission reaches a decision these cases received from employers who were in doubt as to the status of the case, will be included in the records of this department as bona fide cases of occupational diseases. - A Statement of Compensation and Medical Payments in the 67,538 Injury Cases - During 1915. Reports of payments to injured workmen or to physicians for their services were not included in the totals of this report if they reached the Commission after June 30, 1916. Except in the comparatively small number of fatal and permanent injury cases where payments were com- muted to lump sums at the request of the insurance company, or of the injured or dependent, the payments in these cases extend over a period of from four and one-half years from date of injury to the death of the injured workman in some cases. The caution required in concluding upon figures, averages, etc., in connection with figures of fatal and permanent injuries, need not be exercised in the case of temporary injuries—as nearly ninety-eight per cent (97.7%) of the temporary cases were closed in time for tabulation. - Compensation and Medical Payments. - Total payments of compensation and medical benefits $2,002,706 04 (1) 533 fatal injuries –. $239,288 36 (2) 1,264 permanent injuries, including 13 pen- - . . sion cases 451,223 76 (3) 65,741 temporary injuries . 1,312,193 92 44 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. CHART OF 1264. INJURIES IN 1915 AND 1292 INJURIES IN 1914. RESULT ING IN FERMAN ENT DISABILITY GROUPED BY PART of BoDY AFFECTED NUM |N lel R I 4– GROUP INJURIES YES | 7 R | T l CHEST ARM AMPUTATIONS ARM ANKYLOSIS + NE PELVIC REGION PUTATIONS UTATED: NGER ATION OF | FIN ATION OF 2 FINGERS A OF 3 FINGERS ATION ATION BOTH HANDS E. EOUS 4. PUTATIONS 4O 4. |ED 28 O TOTAL 1294 ||292 NOTE - In 28 Unclassified Injuries for 1915 the exact nature and degree of permanent impairment is still undeterrnine d. * Groups marked thus include limitation of motion, loss of function, etc. Chart No. 3. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 45 Medical Payments. Total payments for medical, surgical and burial benefits---------- $852,202 48 (1) 583 fatal injuries –––––––––––––––––––––– $36,001 89 (2) 1,264 permanent injuries------------------ 106,485 67 (3) 65,741 temporary injuries ----------------- 709,714 92 - Cornpensation Payments. Total payments to injured or dependents----------------------- $1,150,503 56 (1) To dependents in 313 fatal injury cases______ $203,286 47 (2) 1,264 permanent injury cases____________--- 344,738 09 (3) 65,741 temporary injury cases-------------- 602,479 00 Regularity of Ratios in Payments, etc. From the foregoing statement of payments and also from the graphic chart which follows, it will be seen that there is a striking regularity or consistency of ratios between (1) the total medical payments to the total compensation payments in the years of 1914 and 1915; (2) the medical payments to compensation payments according to the character of the injury for both years; (3) the number of injuries under insurance and not under insurance; and (4) the disbursements. Increase in Medical Costs for 1915. The upper half of the circles on chart No. 4 shows a slight increase in 1915 over 1914 of the percentage of medical payments, the medical costs in 1915 being 42.55 per cent of the total payments made as against 39.20 per cent for 1914, an increase of 3.35 per cent. Percentage of Injuries Covered by Insurance. Something has been said previously concerning the number of in- juries which are covered by insurance, but not in connection with 1914 figures which show the fixedness between the lines of insurance and noninsurance. Sixty-six and thirty-four hundredths per cent (66.34%) of the injuries were covered in 1915 and sixty-six and twenty hundredths per cent (66.20%) in 1914. Payments by Insurance Companies and Companies not Carrying Insurance. Considering the total money paid to physicians, injured workmen or their dependents, insurance companies sustained seventy-three and seven hundredths per cent (73.07%) of it, and employers who could not or preferred not to insure, sustained the remaining twenty-six and eighty-one hundredths per cent (26.81%). Nearly the same conditions existed in 1914 as will be noted from the chart No. 4, where insurance companies shouldered seventy per cent (70.04%) of the losses and non- insuring employers shouldered thirty per cent (29.96%). Payments Proportioned by Character of Injury. Combining the losses paid by both insurance companies and non- insuring employers and proportioning the payments for physicians, hospitals, etc., and the payments to injured workmen who received only 46 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. temporary injuries we find that fifty-four per cent (54.08%) of the total losses due to this class of injury went to physicians and hospitals while forty-six per cent (45.91%) went to the workmen. In the 1,264 cases of permanent injuries, twenty-three and one-half per cent (23.59%) of the losses incurred due to this class of injuries went to the physician and hospitals and seventy-six and one-half per cent (76.4%) went to the injured workman. It must be borne in mind, however, that this condition will change in these cases as the compensa- tion payments will extend over many years in some cases while the medi- cal costs will not be materially increased. - There is little need for medical aid over a long period of time in case of fatal injuries. Only burial costs are required in the majority of cases of this kind. One notable exception, however, occurred in the northern part of the state where a workman lingered ten or eleven months from a mortal wound. The medical and surgical bill in this case was $819.60 and burial expenses amounted to $245. Usually where there are dependents left and an award is made no specific mention is made in the report of final settlement of the amount expended by the dependents for burial rites. Where no dependents are left, however, the usual amount allowed is $100. This accounts for the comparatively low figures given herein for medical and burial benefits. Burial benefits amounted to fifteen per cent (15.05%) of the total losses paid for fatal injuries occurring in 1915 and reported as paid up to June 30, 1916. Eighty-five per cent (84.95%) of this total went to dependents. With the exception of a minor portion of the cases where dependents required a lump sum settlement, this percentage will be greatly increased in the succeeding four and one-half years. Percentage of the Total Losses Paid in 1915 for Compensation and Medical Services for Each Injury Class. Looking at the problem from another angle we see that the total losses paid in 1915 which amounted to $2,002,706.04 were distributed in the following manner: (1) For compensation in fatal injury cases - 10.15 per cent (2) For compensation in permanent injury cases 17.21 per cent (3) For compensation in temporary injury cases ––– 30.08 per cent (4) For medical services in fatal injury cases 1.80 per cent (5) For medical services in permanent injury cases------------ 5.32 per cent (6) Tor medical services in temporary injury cases–––––––––––– 35.44 per cent Total * , 100.00 per cent Seen in this light, the largest item of the year's total losses paid for industrial injuries was medical services to cure and relieve men suffer- ing from injuries which have no permanent effect. Second in import- ance is the payment, to these same men, of compensation for time lost by them. - REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 47 INDUSTRIAL INJURIES INCLUDING FATAL AND PERMANENT INJURIES 6753& INDUSTRIAL INJURIES IN 19 (5 ©22 || INDUSTRIAL INJURIES IN IS 14. i. tºº?!!NG A4 &\\? BY 944 ; ge | £ºgn - & INJURIES MEDICAL A- 70s,714.92 lºse PAYMENTS &/COMPENSATION35,447. Ž p 1, -r-, ze 552,2O2.4-9 un-E/FOR TEMPORAR C- - 242.55% or'ſ Nº. C • *-J ºf ſº 2 9:Uſ 69%. 3399 20 st §". F05 c. 0) MEDICA MPORARY, INJ./ º' tº º COMPENSATION §§erºrs/ 2 Wºbo *šš º \T39,7256 32.47% 㺠g * *. s & Q-Z Z & ºr . T 6ö. 8O7, 39.2O7 is ſh cº-R 615 706.24 66.347, tº 2: 33,087, 2 F (t. ##, 3:43 n & Ri * > N §§§ 5: R tº - vſ) - UNKNOWN :; ſº *5 BY |NSU Alzao (85% \3 OF RA }~ Šiš. Kº - AP © SC.5 3 NY - - Šo ~( - 47 *-53 / coverED BY tºgº.6MPNS #3 é |NSURANCE .*ś”/ś"NON }; § 44,808 INSURANCE\ ##3 > z 32 NON INSURANCE 4- Z. O Lſ) - 359.972.04 90 Z 5 Laº, a.) risº U) _2? IT69,481.92-39.437. º: X- 2. - sºme==- 3 - NON | NSURANCE § St COMPENSATION PAID *::s 7. COVE RED BY 2IO19 SS 0) \ BY INSURANCE : £f 4- INSURANCE 65 – ##3 - 4] .92 C £g° © (3.2O7. *. ! #3 SUNM N/A FY - IS 15 |S}4. TOTAL INSURANCE CO PAYMENTS 1,463,286,00|73.07% (1,303,236.36||70.04% by NON INSURANCE 99 536,588.73 |26,817. 558,472.99 |29.967. *7 UNKNOWN INS, ºr 2,431.31 .127, ... - — - TOTALS 2,002.70604 |,861,80955 | Chart No. 4. 48 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. MAP OF CALIFORNIA. Chart No. 5 shows how the money paid out in compensation and for medical services, due to industrial injuries occurring in the twenty-four months of 1914 and 1915, was spread out over the state into every county. During these twenty-four months, a total of $3,864,515.39 was distributed throughout the state to workmen and physicians; $2,282,- 134.35 going to the injured men, and $1,582,381.04 going to the physi- cians, hospitals, etc. This money covered in part the losses arising out of 129,740 industrial injuries for twenty-four calendar months. Of the total paid during these two years, $754,869.75 was paid to employees and physicians in the county of San Francisco, and $704,497.32 went to employees and physicians of the county of Los Angeles. Alpine County, with a population of about 400 inhabitants, came in for $680.20 of this total, as a result of seventeen accidents for the two years, nine of which occurred in 1914, and eight in 1915. Two counties, San Francisco and Los Angeles, each had an injury experience for these two years of 20,000 and more injuries, and thirteen other counties each had an injury experience of not less than 2,000 and not more than 20,000 injuries for the twenty-four months. These last mentioned fifteen counties represent the chief centers of industrial activities throughout the state—for the middle part of the state, or central part of the state—San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, San Joaquin, Sacramento, Nevada and Fresno. In the northern part of the state, Humboldt County is the only county in which 2,000 to 20,000 injuries were reported for the two years. In the southern part of the state, Los Angeles comes first, Kern second, San Diego third, San Bernardino fourth and Orange fifth. All the remaining counties of the state had less than 2,000 injuries during the twenty-four calendar months of 1914–1915. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 49 Number of Injuries 125,749 F L U NA A 5 re ºr , so at sea, outside of state and 22, c. 50.32 n&# * * * * * -] 2993, s , M i O D. O. C. J H ***** MAP OF CALFORNIA s <> * SHO WING Q & -] Monex PAD ouT DURING is 14 AND is is S. X on S H As TA ||L Ass E N | FOR INDUSTRIAL INJURIES IN EACH po ſº) Eº 43,75e. c.7 14,56, i.e6 | count Y of THE st ATE 5 § z; - ! Total payments for the two years $ 3,864 51539 Sº gº | * Compensation # 2.282,134.35 I #o i Medical 1,582,381.O4. ſº | no? specified 1931. . - Compensation and medical costs for these injuries 1986.599) i SAN FRANC is COO 7S 4, & 3 5, 75 tes, is 4 e o - * s A N tº E Fr. N A R D No to 7. e o s. c. 7 s. 3 s. s.3 R v v e R s D & 1 Na Fe E R A \- 4.1, s 2 & 23 SAN D t E GO its 3 is es Chart No. 5. 50 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 533 FATAL INJURIES IN 1915. There were twenty-two and eight-tenths per cent (22.8%) fewer men killed in California’s industries during 1915 than in 1914. As has been said already, this may be due to many different factors which slowed industry up for the year, but whatever it was, the effect was so general that every industry, with one exception, in the state was affected as respects an actual reduction in the number of employees killed. And with one exception the experience for 1916 appears to be better than 1914 although it may exceed the experience of 1915. This may be expected where such small numbers are involved and which can be greatly affected by one catastrophe on sea or land. If the industries of the state increase their activities, the actual number of men killed may be greatly increased and still be considered a reduction in the number of workers killed per thousand employed. This will always be a matter of some doubt till some way is opened to determine an “exposure” to the hazards of the state's industries. Another important item to keep before us is that the population in this state is increasing from year to year at the rate of about four to four and one-half per cent and this feature alone will operate against a very great and general reduction in the number of injuries yearly. There will be a source for satisfaction if the number of injuries is kept from increasing, leaving a reduction out of the question. The following table compares the fatalities for thirty calendar months—1914, 1915 and six months of 1916—by the industries in which the injuries happened: Industry 1914 1915 sis ºths. All agricultural pursuits * * 62 55 20 All forms Of Construction Work----------------- 115 78 36 Mining Of minerals and Oil, also Stone and rock Quarrying 86 71 31 Manufacturing º 121 99 - 54 Businesses which Sell Only a form Of Service and Which do not manufacture, produce Or dispense commodities * * * 24 25 19 Mercantile trades (COmmercial)----------------- 24 20 | 5 Transportation (Steam and Waterways), also, public utilities 239 172 140 Unknown industry ------------------------------- 20 13 2 Unclassified as yet-------------------------------------------|------------ 18 TOtals - . . . * * *- :- - 691 533 325 69 - FATAL INJURIES IN 1914 are 533-IN 1915 - | ONs 1915 col-Lis S | 9 |4. Misce LLAN Edus ALL OTHER5 DANGERous soBSTANces FALLING, FLYING, & Rol LING OBJECT5. PERSONAL FAL L3 MACH IN ERY AN l NAA LS TO O LS UN rº NOWN TRAN's Popº TAT I on MAN UFACTU) R. l N G, Con STRUCT loſQ QUARRYING - MI N IN G - AGP1 cu LTURE. 3 ER2 V1 CE. TT F2 A DES, UNKNOWN CHARTED BY CHIEF CAUSES A 21- 22.70% 162 - 23.44% Z (Z". Z. 2', 'Z axºlex - 31 - 4.49 % (34 - 25. 14-72 CZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ | 3 G 19.66% - - 2 - ©2 - 15.39%, g ZAZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ, 1 12- 16.21% J2 - 49. 'o ZZZZZ ::...” % a 7 – 12.57% - ZZZZZZ 14-2 - 20.55% axº-e is: 27 - J.2 7A, © 2 - .29% 3 - . 54%, 2.1 - 3.10% Łº CHARTED BY |NDUSTR |ES - - 172. 32.27% ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ2s2-34.39% - w im w 99 - || 3.57% - * axºliº” - 78 - 14.63 °/o ZZZZZZZZZZZZ 115-16.64% ZZ ZZZZZZZ Z ZZZZZZZ Zee - 12.45% ... " * * .55 - Jo. 32% Zaz - e.97% - 24- 2.47 7% *::::3% Paa...: 2c -2.90% Chart No. 6. § 52 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. Chart No. 6 compares the 533 fatal injuries of 1915 with the 691 fatal injuries of 1914 by the chief industry and cause groups respon- sible. The solid top line is for 1915 and the cross hatched line is for 1914. The length of the lines are determined on a percentage basis which is the number of fatal injuries for each year. Unless this is realized it will be confusing in some instances. - Dependents Left in 533 Fatal Injury Cases in 1915. Seven hundred thirty-nine people who were dependent on workmen and work women to feed, clothe and shelter them, had this support taken from them during 1915, due to about 313 accidents. Six hundred forty- one of this number were totally dependent upon the deceased. Ninety- eight others were not adjudged as being in this class, but yet having some need for additional help to keep them. This latter class is com- posed chiefly of aged fathers and mothers, invalid brothers and sisters or relations left to the care of the workman’s family by others who are gone. There were 379 children left totally dependent, and experience collected by this Commission shows that the average age of such children is around nine years. There was an 8.4 per cent increase in the number of married men killed in 1915 over 1914, but a reduction of 16 in actual number. The percentage of cases where no dependents were left remained about the same for the past two years. Chart No. 7 may be studied with profit in this connection. - 533 FATAL | NJ U R. E.S. Dependents in 313 of the 533 industrial Death Cases. Number of total and partial dependents––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 739 Total dependents ----------------------------------------------- 641 Partial dependents ------------------------------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 98 Relationship of 641 Total Dependents. Wives ----------------------------------------------------------------- 247 Children -------------------------------------------------------------- 379 Male----------------------------------------------------- 173 Sex Female--------------------------------------------------- 158 | Unknown------------------------------------------------- 48 Sisters ---------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Mothers --------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Fathers ------------------------------- — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 6 Relationship of 98 Partial Dependents. Mothers --------------------------- 48 Sisters ---------------------------- 13 Fathers --------------------------- 25 Brothers -------------------------- S Nieces------------------------------ 4 The Remaining 220 of the 533 Industrial Fatal Injuries Show the Following Conditions of Dependency. No dependents were left in------------------------------------------ 150 cases Condition of dependency unknown in--------------------------------- 48 cases Incomplete returns as yet in----------------------------------------- 22 cases REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 53 FATAL INJURIES 69 FATAL INJURIES IN |S|4. 533 FATAL (NJURIES IN ISIS COMPENS ATION – – — — — — |--- 243, 366 20 5 203,286.47. MEDICAL AND BURAL CHARGESL - - - 34, 75 23 36, OO | 89 TOTAL 278, 7 49 || $239,288,36 COMPE NSAT I O N AVA/A R D E. D $ 574, 3 G3, 2 O 77 2 7. A NAO U NT PA I D $ 2 O 3.28 G.47 27 3 O 7. O 2 C, @ 4– 38.4 5 7. 5S 8,54-7. 8 S. 5 O 7. Z | 2 | Nº. |7.5 ! 7, 29.9 G*7. | S 4- (3 2 5 TOTAL DEPENDENTS IS 14 WHERE TOTAL DEPENDENTS Ø 63 © tº wº §§nº; LEFT Ø | | | FARTIAL ph 1914– o 2 WHERE PARTIAL [[III] 98 $º 1915.j"*bºnbºº"Wºrf LEFT - , a WHERE DEPENDENCY Nº.3 is UN DETERNMINED WHERE NO DEPENDENTS N N84 Wº ". Fºr VV - E RE NO KNOVVN E ** DEFENDENT: wěšš EFT Chart No. 7. 54 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. Liability and Compensation Awards for Fatal Injuries. The total liability created by the 533 fatal injuries in 1915 is smaller by about $100,000 than that for 1914, when it was $844,181.57. The amount of compensation payments recorded as of June 30, 1916, shows a little less paid at that date than for a similar period the year before. The difference is so slight that it might be accounted for by lump sum settlements. Seventy-seven per cent (77.12%), or $574,363.20 of the total compensation liability ($744,741) in the 533 fatal injury cases, was determined by awards before the Commission or on the Commis- sion’s advice. Sex, Nativity and Marital Condition of Those Killed in 1915. Two women workers were killed in 1915 and two in 1914. A little less than sixty per cent of those killed were Americans (57.22%), and fifty-one and twenty-two hundredths per cent (51.22%) of them were married. In reviewing chart No. 8, keep in mind that the size of the circle is determined on a 200 per cent basis, including both years experience for comparison, and that the top half of the circles represents 1915 experience and the bottom half, 1914. This Table Correlates the Iterms of Sex, Nativity, Conjugal Condition and the Industry in Which the 533 Fatal injuries Occurred. Married Single - TJnknown * | 3 || 3 || B | 3 || 3 || | | | | 5 || 3 Industry ; à § ; as § ; 3 ă § # 5 || | | # | 5 || | | # | # | 3 | " # | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Agriculture ---------- Male ------ 12 9 || 21 17 | 11 || 28 2 2 || 1 5 Female----| 1 |-----| 1 |-----|----------|-----|-----|----- - - - - TotalS___| 13 9 22 || 17 | 11 || 28 2 2 1 5 Construction Male 18 || 17 | 35 | 17 | 20 37 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 6 Extraction Male 20 | 16 || 36 18 || 14 32 1 2 -----| 3 Manufacturing ------ Male ------ 25 || 23 || 48 21 | 24 45 2 4 ----- 6 Service Male 11 4 || 15 . 6 3 9 1 ---------- 1 Trades --------------- Male ------ 11 4 15 4 1 5 --------------- *mº m 'm * Transportation ----- Male ------ 72 || 23 95 || 30 || 32 62 || 3 || 11 |_____| 14 I'emale----|----------|----- 1 ----- 1 ------------- --|---- Totals---| 72 || 23 95 || 31|| 32 63 || 3 || 11 |----- 14 Unlºn OWn ------------ Male ------ 4 3 7 5 !----- 5 1 ---------- 1. Totals (533) ----------------- 174 99 || 273 || 119 || 105 224 12 22 2 || 36 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 55 : 533 INJURIES IN 1915 & 691 INJURIES IN 1914. RESULT ING FATALLY - pºT OF S OF NA )– N/ALE S 5.32% :-- OREIGNERS 531 4-2.4-O 7, u) - FEN/ALE . 22 (3. o r UNKNovvN o 2 O.38 7. UNKNOWN 2 ºd 38% ! NKNOWN 7 loſ 7. NAALE EMALE S8.70 7. \2 O29 7, 282 . Sl. 72%, 273 UNKNOWN 12.157. 84. o, 268 MARRI ED MARRIED 38.787. : 18 2. G | */e FOREIGNERs / UNKNOWN 6.752, 3G Chart No. 8. 56 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. AGE OF THOSE FATALLY INJURED IN 1915. The Following Distribution is by Industries and Ten-year Age Groups. 20 Age groups Industry Un- |.... ... - - ... - - • knºwn ||10 to 19|20 to 29 |30 to 39 40 to 49 |50 to 59 |60 to 69 |70 to 79 Totals Agriculture --------- 3 2 14 14 7 10 5 ------- 55. Construction -------- 7 4 27 17 12 8 8 ------- 78 Extraction ---------- 1 ------- 18 33 13 || 5 1 ------- 71 Manufacturing ------ 3 5 27 26 20 9 7. 2 99 Service --------------- 2 1 7 5 5 3 2 ------- 25 Trades ---------------|------- 1 6 2 | 6. 4 1 ------- Transportation ---- 10 1. 40 58 37 14 9 3 172 Unknown ------------ 1 ------- 2 3 2 3 2 ------- 13 Totals ----------- 27 | 14 || 141 | 158 102 || 56 30 || 5 || 533 The average age Of those injured in 1915 Was 38 years; in 1914 it was 39 years. R GROU l CHART OF AGE BY IO YEA |PS | - . l w) RT 222*7 Average A24 of Aerozzarzeſzz/, //rez/ # *2/ºr w) & Å ** 9 g 72/7222 Z / ºre #/. ** .N $7.24% 367, S. i \, # is /72%.2// pie 3 ,, 367. $ , Average ºf 'S J wº z - S. W ** gº S. ſ \ * \ w/ 's ; , 'S \ A. ſ \ S | \ Qu | \ Q} º *Q. ſ \ SS \ 07. § | frºx. *I' 307. § \ Ti 12328 § ſ S. tº 1764- & S. N N. ſ P-372 &rA/ /2/2/~/2 s show/7 7/s ^ || - } $ 1 : /*/~/.3/zezzº , *g & º § S | \ 7ez/Porary ** #6 & Jº I sº sm ºm dº sº $. . 's |-º - 's * 747. SS | ſize \ 242 & | \ | 7272/ /???/ 6.9/ /*37.5/ 5.33, | ” Aea/772/7”/77* /392 Aerzzzzer” (224 | • 72722-#7 6424/ |ſºmeozºr 6:57.9/ 187. il 19% j | - | : } . : - . . . - ef, ”S6 | i i |ſty. Mº y |27. º |f F = 76 - | ** t W \| .I. \ \P. !? 198 \ | * i #|..}} \ \ i * |67. \ F: 39 Ø% - A T s 353 \, \, f : 27 \ * F; 2) \\tº T - 2583 r: Isaº..., ^ | T. loss. Sº F = 1ſ P-71 T.ua N - * P. Ta 6 SJ Pr2 . 1.53St.-->''' T. lº T,7 , Tai UNKNOWN 0-9 20:29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 10-19 60-69 UNKNOWN 0-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 S0-93 19 | 4. Age of //rea' ſo year; | Sl 5 Age of Ž//rez /7/ears Chart No. 9. S. # Isla ; earned//2er *- z- Chart No. 10. CHART OF WEEKLY VVAG# BY $|O GROUPS |60% 607, - - . . P. art | 2. : • Average M42e of Azziz/ /2/2/ed. A /9 t Aeerage haze of /2/2//, //zrºy ; /5/ *z ** * ** /?”/. a z # /9 T. 384:14 ** w 72.7°27%. , A /* ty ! ~ 72/22/2/ 2 || 3 /& , - ' * ~ 72.742.2/ . f /* 50% A - six f. T * . * , , I —— —w 3|| : § ‘SI - ; N . S - ºl Sk . § N | SI 40%. , || | 1 ! ^ - - - - ST. ! - i s %273/ //zrºes shàºz ºvs –H S 7 of 2/ /*27.3/ 333 \ Žºr//72/7e/77* , ſº ºw ** * * * = Q) a - § 7-772erały wiz ** * * > * * * * § 72/72/77° Z264 : § S - 22-22 6.57% $ Š | ^: - Q Tºisils M |S 7 ozº/ /27a;/ 6.9/ § 'rºus $ • Aºrazzazzezzi/z.92 § º 20 2. 207, -- * … * 10% ' ' . ºp '87 F, 7 3 * . \ F: 43 r • T 7 Jºes { #ss \ Tº 234.6. _Ti_28.85 P = 57 AF * 36 - F, 23 - - - - vzºsº - - PºsëSS "FFZE r: SVNotº º: p: , ::$ -ºšº - º gº- - - *— ºrs Hº ºf lºt ºf T & 9 Ps 37 P. ººks: F# tº 39_*** F.5 ris 0-3 (0%) woº 3039 40-43 50:59 go-tº 7078 80-39 3032 UNKNOWN - 049 ſo-19 2029 30-39 4049 % & 70-79 8:39 3039 whkinown - AM2/2/. week 4, 2/4-ea/ , - | . 22/2c, ºrzeź Aer mee/ 4.4%re. REPORT or INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 59 WAGE OF THOSE FATALLY INJURED IN 1915. The Following Distribution is by Industries and Ten-dollar Wage Groups. Wage groups Industry - $10 $20 $30 $40 $50 $60 Con- TJn- - tract knºwn | * | *; sº | # sº sº | # * Agriculture ------------ - 2 7 13 31 2 55 Construction 1 1. 57 14 4 1 78 Extraction ------------ 1 4 26 35 2 2 ------ 1 71 Manufacturing -------- 8 4 5 59 16 5 ------- 2 ------ 99 Service ----------------- 2 1 || 3 9 7 1 1 1 ------ 25 Trades 1 2 10 6 1 20 Transportation ------- 1 9 10 76 63 8 4 1 ------ 172 Unknown 2 2 5 2 2 13 Totals -------- ------ 15 28 36 273 145 23 8 4 1 || 533 The average wage for fatal injuries was $19.00 per week in 1915. 538 FATAL INJURIES. . Time : 12 months—January 1 to December 31, 1915. Grouped by Main and Specific Causes. 52 Fatal Injuries Due to Machinery. Parts of body or clothing caught in machinery, with protruding set screws, exposed gears, belts or shafts, 10. Crushed by falling or breaking derricks, 3. Fell into dredge machinery, 1. Caught and crushed in elevator shafts, doors. etc., 5. While walking in front of caterpillar engine to get warm, stumbled and was run over, 1. Fragments of wood kicked back by saws, planers, etc., 4. Struck by pulleys, or ends of chains or ropes, which broke while the machinery of which they were a part was in operation, 6. Falling from, or being caught between skip and shaft, 4. Struck by sling-load of lumber, 2. Caught in sweep of stump puller, 2. Caught and crushed by traveling cranes, 2. Struck by detached or broken parts thrown off by machinery in operation, 5. Crushed by sudden fall of boom, 1. Crushed by sack conveyor, 1. Struck by cables or chains which slipped off logs or other large objects while they were being hauled, 5. 90 Fatal Injuries Due to Dangerous Substances Such as Electric Currents, - Caustics, Poisonous Gases, Etc. Delayed blasts which exploded from contact with pick or steam shovel, 10. Pre- mature explosion while blasting, 9. Slight injuries which resulted in blood poison or tetanus, 4. Struck by flying rock from blast, 1. Explosion of powder during process of manufacture, 3. Explosion of powder or dynamite due to careless handling, 2. Explosion of powder during the production of battle scene in moving picture play, 1. Asphyxiated by fumes from dynamite explosion in powder drift of a mine, 4. Overcome by acid fumes, 1. Overcome by gas in street main, 1. Overcome by fumes from wine wats, vaults, etc., 4. Overcome by smoke at fire, 1. Explosion of boilers, etc., 5. Explosion of illuminating gas underneath a dwelling where injured was repairing a leaking pipe, 1. Explosion through accidental ignition of gasoline and distillate, due principally to the careless handling of lanterns in the vicinity of open tanks or where the fluid had been spilled, 9. Scalded by steam escaping from bursted pipes, tanks, etc., 4. Surrounded while fighting brush fires, 2. Trapped in burning structures, 4. Fell into kettle of glue, 1. Tire rim blew off, striking in face and severing artery, 1. Linemen handling wires which came in contact with high-power wires, 5. Backed against unprotected 6() REPORT OF INDUSTRIAI, ACCIDENT COMMISSION. switchboard, fuse boxes, etc., 3. Came in contact with high-power wire while working around pumps and fell into well pit, 2. Working on piling machine and hand touched live wire, shock caused injured to fall, 1. Doing odd jobs adjacent to switchboards or other electrical apparatus, came in contact with high-power wire, S. Sunstroke while working in the fields, 3. 71 Fatal linjuries Due to Falling, Rolling and Flying Objects. Caving of sewer trenches, embankments, etc., 11. Caught under falling wall, 1. Caught under falling sacks of cement, 2. Caught under bale of hay, 1. Caught under falling lumber, girders, etc., 5. Caught under falling tree, 13. Caught under logs which rolled or fell from loaded cars, 6. Struck by objects, such as bricks, pipes, scantling, etc., which fell from structures in course of construction, 5. Keg fell down shaft in mine, 1. Condenser bed fell on injured, 1. Water tank fell on injured, 1. Falling and flying rock, and sliding earth loosened by blasting from the face of banks or cliffs, 23. Struck by grindstone which flew to pieces, 1. 67 Fatal injuries Due to Personal Falls. Supposed to have walked into elevator shaft thinking elevator was there, as body was found at bottom of shaft, 3. Fell down shaft in mines by slipping on timbers, or through the breaking of same, 4. Fell from wagonload of hay, 4. Swept from top of box car by telephone wires, 1. Fell from bridge during course of con- struction, 4. Fell when flooring of porch gave way, 1. Fell from lifting apparatus such as cranes or derricks, 4. Fell from ladders, 4. Fell from seeder drill, 1. Fell into ship's hatch, 3. Lost balance or slipped and fell from scaffolds, platforms, etc., 10. Falls through the slipping or breaking of some part of scaffold, 4. Lost balance and fell from height by being struck by some moving or falling object, 7. Lost balance and fell from walls, buildings or other structures, 12. In the production of a moving picture play, actor jumped from stagecoach into river and struck rocks, 1. Fell from aeroplane in production of moving picture play, 1. Fell through skylight while hanging out clothes, 2. Slipped and fell from chair, lacerating leg, infection set in and death resulted, 1. - 202 Fatal Injuries Due to General or All Other Causes. Chain on casting slipped, and injured was crushed between two castings, 1. Run over by a disc harrow, 1. Thrown from seat when team ran away, 14. Hand- cars and velocipedes collided with trains, 6. Collisions between trains and wagons, 2. Driving motor vehicles which were struck by trains, 4. Struck by train or run over while crossing or working on track, 19. Jumped from engine of runaway train, 1. Knocked from side ladder on train and rolled under another car, 1. Alighted from engine and stepped in front of moving train, 1. Brakeman attacked and thrown from car by hoboes, 1. Boarding or alighting from train, 3. Fell from moving locomotive while riding on running board, 4. Tell or were jolted from moving cars, cabooses, or locomotives, 15. Fell from moving car, 1. Caught under rolling log or crushed between log and other object, 8. Struck on board ship by heavy sea sweeping over deck, 2. Shot by holdup men, 2. Shot while making arrests, 11. Gored by bulls, 2. Handling a Gila monster in sideshow, 1. Struck by lightning, 1. Struck by sling-load and thrown into hatch, 1. Fell from aloft to deck, 1. While riding bicycle, collided with automobile, 2. While riding motor- cycle collided with automobile, cars or poles, 7. Explosion of gun during produc- tion of moving picture play, 1, Jammed in stall, or jumped on and kicked by horses or mules, 6. Thrown from wheel horse he was riding and run over, 1. Thrown by saddle horse, 2. Caught and buried in flow of rock from chute, 1. Derailment of engines or motor cars, 7. Caught between railroad rolling stock and platforms, 3. Collisions on railroads, 7. While on traveling train, struck by protruding objects such as posts, brace, etc., 3. Train operators crushed between cars, 4. Automobile collision, 3. Was struck and knocked down a shaft in a REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 61 mine by a fellow workman who had fallen from height above, 1. While driving a wagon was struck by street car, 2. Fell or was jolted from seat of wagon through the sudden lurching of the team, driving into a chuck hole, or from some other cause unknown, 22. Automobile accidents, such as collisions, the breaking of steering gear, or the overturning of machines, 13. Struck by racer car speeding around track, 1. Overcome by gas and dust in kiln, 1. Hand bruised while sweeping, infection which permeated the entire system, 1. Strains from lifting or sudden wrenches which caused internal injuries, 11. Sunstroke while working on roof, 1. Pneumonia contracted from exposure, 2. Affected with mercurial poison- ing, 1. - 48 Fatalities Due to Drowning. Fell from aeroplane into bay and was drowned, 1. Overtaken by a flood of soft mud during construction of tunnel, 2. Fell into sump of mine and was drowned, 1. Taking a line ashore, small boat capsized, 2. Left disabled vessel to go ashore in a small boat, was never heard of, 1. Drowned while fishing from a small boat, 4. Crossing a river in basket and cable, fell out, 1. Clearing debris from arch of bridge when rush of flood waters carried them down the river, 4. Drowned while crossing slough on horseback, 1. Jumped overboard from burning launch and were drowned, 3. Small boat swamped, man was drowned, 1. Drowned in wreck of vessel, 2. Fell from vessel or washed overboard in heavy sea, 23. Fell into hold of vessel and was drowned in bilge water, 1. Fell and was drowned in tank of oil, 1. - Dead bodies of workmen found, cause of death a matter of conjecture, 3. Analysis of Compensation Awards, Payments and Medical Costs by Chief Causes and l ndustries Where Fatalities Occurred in 1915. The following nine tables analyze and correlate the awards, payments of compensation, medical and burial benefits with the industries in which the injuries occurred and with the chief causes of the injury. The first two tables are a summary of the succeeding seven: TABLE No. 1. 533 Fatal Injuries—Main lndustry, Awards, Compensation and Medical Costs. Numb C Burial and Total §. Industry . Award tº- ...“. . . . medical - | Agriculture ----------- 55 $16,767 63 $8,588 02 is 5,235 08 || $13,823 10 Construction --------- 78 83,057 99 23,248 95 5,416 23 28,665 18 Extraction ----------- 71 93,289 64 35,054 33 6,123 17 41,177 50 Manufacturing ------- 99 102,174 97 26,454 07 6,625 91 33,079 98 Service ---------------- 25 44,010 37 11,794 86 2,063 50 13,858 36 Trades ---...------------ 20 44,213 34 7,863 82 2,054 66 9,918 48 Transportation ----- 172 190,849 26 90,282 42 8,174 34 98,456 76 Unknown -------------- 13 --- |- 309 (0. 309 00 Totals ------------ 533 $574,363 20 $203,286 47 $36,001 89 $239,288 36 62 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. TABLE No. 2. 533 Fatal Injuries—Chief Causes, Awards, Compensation and Medical Costs. Burial and Total colm- Chief cause §. Award Cº- medical §º medical Machinery ------------ 52 $67,653 98 $22,660 70 $4,831 53 $27,492 23 Dangerous Substances 90 108,801 52 40,801 31 6,769 65 47,570 96 Falling, rolling and - r: - flying Objects ------ 71 82,493 47 19,787 83 4,286 75 24,074 58 Personal falls -------- 67 83,411 52 24,521 73 4,483 96 29,005 69 General Or all Other - CallSeS -------------- 202 196,178 97 86,957 49 13,494 25 100,451 74 Unknown -------------- 3 6,425 00 1,304 02 250 00 1,554 02 Drowning ------------- 48 29,398 74 7,253 39 1,885 75 9,139 14 Totals ------------ 533 $574,363 20 $203,286 47 $36,001 89 $239,288 36 The average award made in fatal cases was $2,353.94. The average compensation paid in fatal cases Was $899.49. The average burial and medical costs in fatal cases were $131.75. and its Neighboring Pursuits, Chief Causes o TABLE No. 3. Analysis of 55 Fatal Injuries Occurring to Employees Engaged in Agriculture pensation and Medical Costs. f the Injuries, Awards, Com- Total com- Cause *... Award º' | * | * medical Machinery ------------ 5 $900 00 -------------- $468 50 $468 50 DangerOuS SubStan CeS 13 5,257 23 $2,782 23 1,488 10 4,270 33 Talling, rolling and - - - flying ObjectS ------ 4 1,000 00 -------------- 146 78 146 78 Personal falls ------- 6 1,800 00 1,617 95 414 50 2,032 45 General Or all Other - - - CallSeS --------------- 26 7,810 40 4,187 84 2,592 20 6,780 04 Drowning ------------- 1 | - . * * * - - - - 125 00 125 00 sm, sºme ame mºst sº sº, sº sº me as * * 55 $16,767 63 $8,588 02 $5,235 08 $13,823 10 and Medical Costs. TABLE No. 4. Analysis of 78 Fatal Injuries Occurring to Employees Engaged in All Forms of Construction Work, Chief Causes of the Injuries, Awards, Compensation Total com- Cause *... Award Cº. ºld ºi medical Machinery ------------ 6 $3,292 52 $907 79 | $738 71 $1,646 50 DangerOuS Substances 9 9,906 25 2,167 65 690 10 2,857. 75 Falling, rolling and - - || flying Objects ------ 19 15,714 00 6,248 90 1,031 30 7,280 20 Personal falls -------- 19 30,001 34 6,069 27 1,582 32 7,651 59 General Or all Other - . CallSeS --------------- 17 19,768 88 5,730 34 842 80 || 6,573 14 Drowning ------------- 8 4,375 00 2,125 00 531 00 2,656 00 Totals ------------ 78 $23,248 95 $5,416 23 $28,665 18 $83,057 99 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 63 TABLE No. 5. Analysis of 71 Fatal injuries Occurring to Employees Engaged in the Mining of Minerals, Oil, Rock and Stone, Chief Causes, Awards, Compensation and ‘Medical Costs. ºr C ‘ial and º; Cause §º Award * *:::::::: É. - medical Machinery * - * * * * * * * * * * 9 $10,215 50 $2,914 61 $1,695 97 $4,610 58 Dangerous Substances 20 35,588 79 12,842 81 2,001 65 14,844 46 Falling, rolling and flying objects ------ - 18 23,346 00 6,006 40 1,342 00 7,348 40 Personal falls -------- 11 13,762 73 10,546 59 411 75 10,958 34 General Or all Other CallSeS --------------- 11 10,276 62 2,643 92 593 80 3,237 72 Drowning ------------- 2 100 00 100 00 78 00 17800 Totals ------------ 71 $93,289 64 $35,054 33 $6,123 17 $41,177 50 TABLE No. 6. Analysis of 99 Fatal Injuries occurring to Employees Engaged in AII Kinds of Manufacturing, Chief Causes, Awards, Compensation and Medical Costs. Total com- Cause *... Award Cº. Pºd tº - medical Machinery ------------ 14 $17,802 80 $5,466 07 $1,065 60 $6,531 67 Dangerous substances 21 14,678 69 6,791 40 1,050 90 7,842 30 T'alling, rolling and flying objects ------ 13 15,810 00 2,507 33 766 00 3,273 33 Personal falls -------- 8 9,337 40 2,503 02 746 15 3,249 17 General or all other CauSeS --------------- 32 33,216 08 7,237 95 2,125 51 9,363 46 Drowning ------------- 9 4,905 00 644 28 671 75 1,316 03 Unknown -------------- 2 6,425 00 1,304 02 200 00 1,504 02 Totals ------------ 99 $102,174 97 $26,454 07 $6,625 91 $33,079 98 Hotels, Office Buildings, Clubs, TABLE No. 7. Analysis of 25 Fatal Injuries Occurring to Ermployees Engaged in Specialized Occupations or Businesses Where No Commodity is Manufactured or Pro- duced, But Where Service is Sold, Skilled, Unskilled, Professional, Etc., i.e., Resorts, Hospitals, Schools, Churches, Libraries, Amusement Places, Etc., Chief Causes, Award, Compensation and Medical Costs. Number C Burial and *::::::::. Cause . Award .#. ...' j. - medical Machinery ------------ 3 $5,495 46 $609 80 $410 00 $1,019 80. Dangerous substances 3 6,943 86 1,085 35 363 90 1,449 25 Falling, rolling and ..flying objects ------ 2 3,690 00 659 58 105 50 765 08 Personal falls -------- 8 18,352 05 2,370 49 783 00 3,153 49 General or all other - CallSeS --------------- 8 9,529 00 7,069 64 351 10 7,420 74 Unknown ------------- 1 50 00 50 00 Totals ------------ 25 $44,010 37 $11,794 86 $2,063 50 $13,858 36 64 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. tile Trades, TABLE No. 8. Analysis of 20 Fatal Injuries Occurring to Employees Engaged in the Mercan- Compensation and Medical Costs. No Manufacturing, No Construction, Only Light Forms of Transportation Where Own Teams are Operated. Chief Causes, Award, Numb C Burial and ... Cause §º Award º ...i. §. medical Machinery ------------ 4 $9,576 00 $2,613 18 $339 00 $2,952 18 DangerOuS Substances 1 ---------------------------- 268 00 268 00 Falling, rolling and flying Objects ------ 1 2,618 00 292 88 179 00 471 88 Personal falls ------- 5 10,158 00 1,414 41 237 00 1,651 41 General Or all Other CallSeS --------------- 8 16,861 34 3,543 35 1,031 66 4,575 01 Dr.OWning ------------- 1 5,000 00 * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * sº, sº ma mº ms Totals ------------ 20 $44,213 34 $7,863 82 $2,054 66 $9,918 48 Etc. TABLE No. 9. Analysis of 172 Fatal Injuries Occurring to Employees Engaged in All Forms of Transportation Service Such As Steam and Electric Railroads, Ocean and River Steamers, Ferry and Bay Boats, Stage and Auto Bus Lines, Included in This Total Are Fatal Injuries Occurring to Employees Engaged in Public Utilities,<-Water and Lighting Plants, etc., Chief Causes, Awards, Compensation and Medical Costs. Total com- Cause ... Award | Cº." | *...* | *.*. * medical Machinery ------------ 10 $20,371 70 $10,149 25 $113 75 $10,263 00 Danger OuS Substances 23 36,426 70 15,131 87 907 00 16,038 87 Falling, rolling and flying Objects ------ 12 20,315 47 4,072 74 616 17 4,688 91 Personal falls -------- 7 ---------------------------- 309 24 309 24 General Or all Other CallSeS --------------- 94 98,716 65 56,544 45 5,748 18 62,292 63 Drowning ------------- 26 15,018. 74 4,384 11 480 00 4,864 11 Totals ------------ 172 $190,849 26 $90,282 42 $8,174 34 $98,456 76 NOTE.—Thirteen fatal injury reports did not bear sufficient data at time of this report to classify the industry in which they occurred. payments of $309 for burial expenses. Eight of these cases totaled A Study of 1,264 Permanent Injuries Occurring in 1915. Wage Loss and Liability. The 1,264 injuries under consideration here involve an approximated wage loss or impairment of the earning capacity running well over four million dollars ($4,123,800). The liability, itself, which in all likelihood will be assumed by employers and insurance companies is estimated to be $824,760, and if this amount should be paid and each of the 1,264 men who were hurt should receive an average share, this would be about $652.50. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 65 Injuries in 1914 and 1915 Compared. There were 28 more permanent injuries in 1914 than in 1915. Although there seems to be a slight lessening in the severity of the injury judging from the average percentage of impairment for both years, yet the 146 permanent injuries which were not rated in time for this report may be so severe in nature as to raise this average consider- ably for 1915. The one factor that lends strength to this position is that in 1914 the number of pension cases was 31 while in 1915 only 13 have been rated as pension cases at this time of writing. The following figures compare the permanent injury experience for 1914, 1915 and the first six months of 1916. It is pretty safe to say that we are getting fairly accurate returns on the serious injury cases and that the normal for any year is approximately established. ; IFirst six Industry - 1914 1915 months. 1916 Agriculture --------------------------------------------- 92 123 41 Construction - : 193 172 65 Mining, oil and quarrying----------------------------- 184 158 64 Manufacturing --------- 450 452 184 Service (laundries, hotels, etc.) * - 41 68 23 Mercantile trades -------- ---- - - 78 99 36 Transportation (railroads and waterways), also public utilities - - —- | 245 192 91 Unknown and unclassified----------------------------- 9 ---------- - 31 Totals w". - - 1,292 1,264 535 t It will be seen from chart No. 11 that each five per cent group (with two exceptions) of injuries has some injuries under it for both years, 1914 and 1915, and that the lengths of the lines in each group are so nearly even that the rating of the 146 undetermined injuries will prob- ably affect each group. The two exceptions are groups of injuries rated from 80 per cent to 90 per cent impairment. There were no injuries in 1915 which received this rating. It will be noted also that only six cases of 100 per cent or permanent total disability occurred in 1915 as against 13 such cases for the same period of time in 1914. It is early to say, but we do not look nor hope for any permanent total disability cases to appear in the unrated cases which yet remain to the credit of 1915. - - The largest group of permanent injuries as seen from chart No. 11 is composed of injuries which were rated from twenty-five hundredths of one per cent to five per cent. This class of injuries comprises 19.3 per cent of all the permanent injuries in 1915. In pursuing the scheme of comparison on chart No. 11, read the solid line for 1915 and the hatched line for 1914. 5—26438 66 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. u- © }= złº § ?!?！ bų CA. E915 urias in 1914 nj rº- jº PERMANENT INJURIES 1292 Permanent 5| - 3.96% 47 - 3.72% 14-gº z 11.5S 7. Chart No. 1 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 67 TABLE No. 10. 1,264 Permanent Injuries. Distribution in 5 Per Cent Groups of Physical Impair- ment and the Industries in Which the Injuries Occurred. - Industries Percentage of ** | #, ºn | * | ºne service | Trades ºn| Totals Unknown ------------| 26 26 14 32 12 11 25 146 0% -------------- 14 21 29 71 11 19 35 200 1- 5% -------------- 33 26 33 99 11 15 28 245 6-10% -------------- 14 22 19 90 12 23 27 207 11- 15% -------------- 6 14 10 28 4 5 13 80 16- 20% -------------- 8 16 13 36 6 5 15 99 21- 25% -------------- 12 10 12 27 1 10 9 81 26- 30% -------------- 3 8 11 24 1 3 10 60 31-35% -------------- 3 9 7 12 6 4 6 47 36-40% -------------- 1 4 2 13 1 1 9 31 41–45% 4 -------- 9 2 1. 2 18 46–50% -------------- 1 2 3 -------- 1 5 12 51-55% -------------- 2 3 3 1 2 11 56–60% ... 2 7 ---------------- 3 12 61–65% 1 1 -------- 1 3 66–70% 1 1 71– 75% 1 1 76–80% 2 2 91–95% 1 1 2 96–100% 2 2 6 Totals ---------- 123 172 158 452 | 68 99 192 1,264 The foregoing table is an extension of the analysis begun in chart No. 11, and carries the distribution into the industries responsible for the permanent injuries. It is interesting to note that only three indus- tries are responsible for the most serious injuries. Construction has three injuries to its credit ranging from 91 per cent to 100 per cent impairment. Mining of minerals and oil has five injuries ranging from 76 per cent to 80 per cent impairment. Transportation has two injuries rated at 96 per cent to 100 per cent impairment. - Age of Those Permanently Injured in 1915. The average age of those receiving permanent injuries was 36 years. Sixty-one permanent injuries occurred to employees under 19 years of age, and some of this number were not over 10 years old. Of this number 25 occurred to employees engaged in manufacturing establish- ments. - 68 REPORT of INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. TABLE No. 11. - The Following Distribution is by Industries and Ten-year Age Groups. Age groups Industry Un- || 10 to 20 to 30 to 40 to 50 to 60 to 70 to 80 to known | 19 29 39 49 59 69 79 §§ |Totals Agriculture ------------ 6 5 29 32 27 16 7 ------ | 1 | 123 Construction ---------- 3 4 43 54 38 23 6 || 1 |----- - || 172 Extraction ------------ 1 5 61 49 31 9 || 2 |------|------ 158 Manufacturing -------- 3 25 164 129 80 38 11 2 452 Service ----------------- 3 6 10 29 13 4 3 ------------ 68 Trades ----------------- 4 15 25 23 16 || 12 3 1 ------ 99 Transportation ------- 1 1 71 50 37 22 8 1 1 | 192 Totals -------------- 21 61 | 408 366 242 | 124 | 40 || 5 || 2 |1,264 Wage of Those Permanently Injured in 1915. The average wage of those permanently injured in 1915 was nineteen dollars ($19) per week. There were only four cases where wages wer on a contract scale rather than by day or week. - - TABLE No. 12. The Following Table Shows a Distribution of Wages in Ten-dollar Groups by the Industries in Which the linjuries Occurred. Wage groups - Industry. * - e sao - §: tºwn $9 $10 to * sº sº Totals Agriculture --------- 3 20 16 62 18 3 | 1. 123 Construction -------|-------- 6 1. 88 59 13 5 172 Extraction mº mº 5 2 80 57 10 4 158 Manufacturing ----- 1 11 26 256 135 20 3 452 Service --------------|-------- 4 7 32 13 12 -------- 68 Trades --------------- 1. 7 12 55 21 2 1 99 TranSportation ----|-------- 8 13 104 62 5 -------- 192 Totals ---------- 5 61 || 7 || 67 || 365 || 65|| 14 | 1,264 SEX, NATIVITY AND MARITAL CONDITION OF THOSE PERMAN ENTLY |NJ U RED IN 1915. Sex. Twenty-four women and girls were permanently injured in 1915 against nineteen in 1914. Some of the severe hand injuries shown in the pictures which follow are women and girl workers’ hands. most frequently receive these injuries while engaged in laundering clothes with machines either improperly designed or protected. Nativity. They Sixty-four and four-tenths per cent (64.4%) of those permanently injured were Americans. About the same proportion existed in 1914. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 69 . Marital Condition The married men did not seem to get off any lighter than the single men, the assumption that they are more cautious to the contrary not- withstanding. - The circles on chart No. 12, which follows, are drawn to include both years’ experience and therefore represent 200 per cent. The top half of the circles include 1915 experience and the bottom half, 1914. 264 NJURIES IN 95 ° 292 NJURIES IN 94 RESULT ING IN PERMANENT DISABILITY oxº A- & §§ N/A LE S8. IO 7, | 24-O FEN/ ALE UNKNowN 24- ).SO Z Y. : FEMALE - IS I.477, UN }< NOVVN - JS C, º a *7e NMALE 58.15°7, |2 (2.8 MARRIED 4.7.15% 5S6 MARRIED -4S.22% 636 Chart No. 12, 70 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. In the following table, No. 13, the items of nativity, marital condition, sex and industry are correlated with subtotals for each industry group of married, American males, females, etc. The only industries in which women were not permanently injured while employed were construction, mining and transportation. The other industries are not free from this charge, and “service” has the highest number, 12, to its credit: TABLE No. 13. This Table Correlates the Items of Sex, Nativity, Conjugal Condition, and the Industry in Which the 1,264 Perrmanent injuries Occurred. Married Single TJnknown b- brj | He brj | H br; H Industry ă : # # : # # : # 3. § | f | 3 | tº i 3. & it § | H | | | g | H | | | | | | | | F | : F ; | P ; ; Agriculture --------------- Male ------ 33 7 40 42 26 | 68 5 9 || 14 Formale---- 1 ----- 1 -----|-----|--------------- * = * * TotalS___| 34 7 || 41 || 42 26 | 68 5 9 || 14 Construction ------------- Male ------ 52 || 33 || 85 41 || 25 | 66 | 16 5 21 Extraction --------------- Male ------ 35 | 27 | 62 || 47 40 | 87 4 5 9 Manufacturing ----------- Male ------ 150 | 72 222 121 || 82 203 || 13 7 | 20 Female---- 3 2 5 2 ----- 2 ---------- * * * *-* TotalS___: 153 || 74 227 | 123 || 82 | 205 || 13 7 20 Service -------------------- Male ------ 22 6 28 16 8 24 4 ----- 4 Female---- 5 1 6 6 ----- 6 ---------- * * * * Totals---| 27 7 || 34 22 8 30 4 ----- 4 Trades -------------------- Male ------ 27 10 || 37 33 15 || 48 6 4 || 10 Female----| 1 1 2 1 1 2 -----|----- * * * * Total S___| 28 || 11 || 39 || 34 16 || 50 6 4 10 TranSportation ---------- Male ------ 73 || 35 | 108 || 49 27 | 76 6 2 8 Totals (1,264) ---------------------- 402 194 || 596 || 358 224 582 54 32 86 The following chart, No. 13, is a graphic representation of the number of permanent injuries resulting from general causes in each industry. The unit determining the size of the square is the number of injuries occurring in both the years 1914 and 1915, due to machinery used in manufacturing. The two parallelograms should equal this square unit and the surface of each parallelogram is blocked out in proportion to the number of injuries occurring under any chief cause and any given industry. The top parallelogram in each block is for 1914 experience and the lower half is for 1915. It is interesting to note the regularity of the conditions causing injuries in both years: REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 71 CHART OF |N |S|5 AND |292 |9|4- BY CAUSE AND INDUSTRY |264 PERMANENT INJURIES |N z ld 2. v3 9 S Oſ O - . S 2 º O # |# Z: | tº S LLl Uſ) 2 or ºn 3 2 ti | E Oſ 2 Z Y 2 Im) = 2 Z TOTALS <[. S or 2 5 || > J) H. H. ID - 5 1914 36 | *º *- 88 2] [ _ *m * - [ . 58 4- MACHINERY O 57 53 54 2] 45 4-8 sºft" || |*|| |*|| & ‘'m |*|| |*|| 54-8 |4|| || 18 |& 7 4. 22 2 - bang=Rouş"" = |* m |*m ſºm O = | 12 BSTANCES 5 12 2O || |O } | 2O O SUBSTAN |s|T = m [*m | | | @ • 14- 14. 47– 5S 57 3. 10 6| O FALLING º "I |T| | |" * 25i OBJECTS ſte 4-l 47 7 {4 15 57 o 268 ..]" = |*m "'m |*|| |* = |*m "m 1416 a '9 m lº - *m | - 7 = " - 19 Q55 TOOLS - 15 ° a 7 m. 7 m. **m |9 19 m ||*m 19 77 |4. * = |* = O ^ - O 2 - * = O 28 ANIMALS : - 2| G O 2 - 3 - | - O O 33 l5 ſº — 14- 2 º - '*m *** £5m | 4. 2 & *7 | * * 122 19 - . - - - 14|4 - |3 |3 |4. - |* - |3 | - PERSONAL - 9m | | | " * - - | O 8 F S 3. 24. 7 |5 13 | | | @ O S ALL 12| * | 14|3 2 - |O gº ! . . 2 - |O MISC. & | * | O ALL OTHERS5 - |3 - |o 5 = |O o |2 - |o |S |S .. 14|3 . C ! . ^ - O 2 - O |O 8 vº. 3 - * = * = 2 . 2: . O O 16, 1914 52 | Sl | 5 4 || 4-5 C , || 4-l 75 2 * > - Cause ..., | “º *:::::: | total Machinery --------------------------- 4,310 $3,788 00 $4,953 60 $8,741 60 Dangerous substances ------------- 6,744 4,318 00 9,379 89 13,697 89 Falling, rolling and flying objects 1,464 564 00 1,621 09 2,185 09 Personal falls ---------------------- 13,463 17,234 00 16,738 66 33,972 66 General Or all other causes-------- 13,353 11,894 00 18,222 15 30,116 15 Unknown ---------------------------- 392 112 00 441 05 553 05 Totals --------------------------- 39,726 $51,356 44 $89,266 44 $37,910 00 TABLE No. 28. Analysis of 6,283 Temporary Injuries Occurring to Employees Engaged in the Mercantile Trades; No Manufacturing, No Construction, Only Light Forms of Transportation Where Own Teams are Operated—Chief Causes, Losses in Time to Workman and Also the Losses in Money to Employers and Insurance Companies. - Time - - Cause º, ‘º *:::::::: Total Machinery -------------------------- 5,548 $4,544 00 $6,761.87 $11,305 37 Dangerous Substances ------------- 9,877 4,180 00 13,444 89 17,624 89 Falling, rolling and flying Objects 3,078 2,113 00 | 5,262 39 7,375 39 Personal falls ---------------------- 14,661 13,786 00 14,658 89 28,444 89 General Or all Other Causes-------- 30,140 23,246 00 35,849 00 59,095 00 Unknown _| 1,490 1,156 00 | 1,772 49 2,928 49 TOtals --- ----| 64,794 $77,749 03 || $126,774 03 $49,025 00 | f REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 97 TABLE No. 29. Analysis of 15,655 Temporary Injuries Occurring to Employees Engaged in All Forms of Transportation Service, Such as Steam and Electric Railroads, Ocean and River Steamers, Ferry and Bay Boats, Stage and Auto Bus Lines, etc.; Included in This Total are Temporary Injuries Occurring to Employees Engaged in Public Utilities, Water and Lighting Plants, etc.—Chief Causes, Losses in Time to Workman, and Also the Losses in Money to Employers and Insurance Companies. Time -- Medical Cause mºs Cº. . Total Machinery -------------------------- 11,560 $10,612 00 $7,969 27 $18,581 27 Dangerous Substances ------------- 17,246 11,593 00 || 13,857 83 25,450 83 Falling, rolling and flying Objects | 19,277 15,674 00 11,997 10 27,671 10 Personal falls ---------------------- 36,060 29,456 00 21,527 89 50,983 89 General or all other causes-------- 93,328 62,456 00 55,123 54 117,579 54 Unknown * ºme as sm amºº smºs mºms m sº sº ºm m sº ºr ºsmº - * 1,148 650 00 1,035 97 1,685 97 Totals 178,619 $130,441 00 $111,511 60 $241,952 60 NOTE.-Nine temporary injury reports did not bear sufficient data at time of this report to classify the industry in which they occurred. The time lost due to these injuries was 84 days, payments for compensation amounted to $109, and medical benefits totaled $48.10. . Number of Compensable Injuries in 1915. Of the 65,741 temporary injuries occurring in 1915, 13,254 or 20.16 per cent, were injuries causing a disability of fifteen days or more and were therefore, compensable cases. These compensable and noncom- pensable cases divided up by the industries in which they occurred, show the following interesting order of responsibility: Industry I 9 §s #'. |Unknown Total Manufacturing - 3,593 17,037 642 21,272 Transportation --- * smºs 3,321 11,703 631 15,655 Construction ----- 1,941 5,251 526 7,718 Mining and quarrying---------------- 1,409 6,526 253 8,188 Mercantile trades -------------------- 1,282 4,649 352 6,283 Agriculture - 988 1,851 410 3,249 Service - - mº mº - 718, 2,423 226 3,367 Unknown ------------------------------ 2 5 2 9 Totals — 13,254 49,445 3,042 65,741 Disability Chart No. 14. Chart No. 14 compares the 1914 and 1915 temporary injuries by time lost in day periods up to the fourteenth day. Cases over fourteen days are compared on a weekly time loss basis. The solid line is for 1914, and the hatched line for 1915. The scale is 4,000 injuries per inch of height. - - - 7—26438 98 - REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. CONMPARATIVE CHART OF TINME LOST IN DAYS AND VEEK5 (TEMPORARY DISABILITY) |S|4. – GO 24 m 1915. – 35,74 THE LENGTH OF THE LINE IS DETERNMINED BY THE TIME LOST IN DAYS AND IN WEEKS NOTE: – 37] CASES IN 1914. CAUSED A LOSS OF 20 TO 95 VVEEKS. 325 CASE5 IN IS 15 CAUSED A LOSS OF 2] – 6.3 VVEEKS. #-# #- ; # § - -:i| 1||||Bºb 2 2 2 - 2 #########B are a jº º º aſ tº 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |0 || 12 lº 4 -4 5-8 9-20 21-63 z \'. ~~---. —” S-V-' 3 % DAYS WEEK5 5 Chart No. 14. Table No. 30 is a distribution of the 65,741 temporary injuries in 1915 by two-day periods of disability. It will be noted that many cases of temporary injuries run well over the two hundred mark, and eigh- teen cases show a disability of from 300 to 440 days. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 99 TABLE No. 30. - 65,741 Temporary Injuries. Time: 12 Months—January 1 to December 31, 1915. Table showing Disability by Two-day Periods. Period of disability Number Period of disability TNumber Period of disability INumber in days of cases in days of cases in days of cases Unknown ------- 3,053 || 101–102 ---------- 36 || 207–208 ---------- 3 None ------------ 20,700 || 103–104 ---------- 35 || 209–210 ---------- 7 1- ? ----------- 7,076 || 105–106 ---------- 27 || 211-212 ---------- 3 3- 4 ----------- 6,021 || 107–108 ---------- 24 || 213–214 ---------- 6 5- 6 ----------- 4,495 || 109–110 ---------- 31 || 215–216 ---------- 1. 7- 8 ----------- 3,743 || 111–112 ---------- 27 || 217–218 ---------- 5 9- 10 ----------- 2,942 || 113–114 ---------- 21 || 219–220 ---------- 4 11-12 ----------- 2,188 || 115–116 ---------- 21 || 221–222 ---------- 3 18- 14 ----------- 2,279 || 117–118 ---------- 15 || 223-224 ---------- 2 15- 16 ----------- 1,284 || 119–120 ---------- 36 || 225–226 ---------- 2 17- 18 ----------- 984 || 121–122 ---------- 12 || 227–228 ---------- 3 19– 20 ----------- 888 || 123–124 ---------- 17 || 229–230 ---------- 2 21- 22 ----------- 1,015 || 125–126 ---------- 30 || 231–232 ---------- 2 23–24 ----------- 757 || 127–128 ---------- 17 || 233—234 ---------- 3 25–26 ----------- 626 || 129–130 ---------- 9 || 235–236 ---------- 2 27-28 ----------- 749 || 131-132 ---------- 8 || 239–240 ---------- - 4 29– 30 ----------- 636 || 133–134 ---------- 15 || 241-242 ---------- 1 31-32 ----------- 512 iſ 135–136 ---------- 10 || 243–244 ---------- 1 33-34 ----------- 395 || 137–138 ---------- 11 || 245–246 ---------- 3 35-36 ----------- 495 || 139–140 ---------- 25 || 247–248 ---------- 3 37- 38 ----------- 323 || 141–142 ---------- 14 || 249–250 ---------- 3 39-40 ----------- 284 || 143–144 ---------- 11 || 251–252 ---------- 3 41-42 ----------- 359 || 145–146 ---------- 8 || 253–254 ---------- 1 43-44 ----------- 279 || 147–148 ---------- 14 || 257–258 ---------- 2 45-46 ----------- 246 || 149–150 ---------- 17 || 259-260 ---------- 4 47-48 ----------- 225 || 151–152 ---------- 14 || 265–266 ---------- 2 49–50 ----------- 257 || 153–154 ---------- 11 || 267–268 ---------- 2 51-52 ----------- 153 || 155–156 ---------- 6 || 269-270 ---------- 2 53-54 ----------- 147 || 157–158 ---------- 8 || 271-272 ---------- 2 55-56 ----------- 182 || 159–160 ---------- 9 || 273–274 ---------- 1 57-58 ----------- 155 || 161–162 ---------- 11 || 279-280 ---------- 3 59–60 ----------- 159 || 163–164 ---------- 3 || 283–284 ---------- 1 61-62 ----------- 128 || 165–166 ---------- 7 || 293–294 ---------- 1 63-64 ----------- 135 || 167–168 ---------- 8 || 295–296 ---------- 2 65–66 ----------- 96 || 169–170 ---------- 6 || 299–300 ---------- 1 67–68 ----------- 90 || 171–172 ---------- 7 || 303-304 ---------- 1 69–70 ----------- 108 || 173174 ---------- 6 || 307-308 ---------- 1 71-72 ----------- 88 || 175—176 ---------- 8 || 311-312 ---------- 1. 73-74 ----------- 68 || 177–178 ---------- 2 || 313–314 ---------- 1 75-76 ----------- 62 || 179–180 ---------- 5 || 321–322 ---------- 1 77-78 ----------- 85 || 181–182 ---------- 5 || 329–330 ---------- 1 79-80 ----------- 52 || 183–184 ---------- 9 || 339–340 ---------- 1 81-82 ----------- 44 || 185–186 ---------- 4 || 349-350 ---------- 3 83–84 ----------- 58 || 187—188 ---------- 2 || 369-370 ---------- 1 85-86 ----------- 56 || 189–190 ---------- 7 || 379–380 ---------- 1 87-88 ----------- 39 || 191—192 ---------- 4 || 381–882 ---------- 1 89–90 ----------- 51 || 193–194 ---------- 1 || 389–390 ---------- 1 91–92 ----------- 58 || 195–196 ---------- 2 || 405–406 ---------- 1 93-94 ----------- 33 || 197–198 ---------- 3 || 413–414 ---------- 1 95–96 ----------- 37 || 199–200 ---------- 3 || 439–440 ---------- 1 97-98 ----------- 56 || 203–204 ---------- 2 *-*. 99-100 ----------- 34 || 205–206 ---------- 5 Total.-------- 65,741 100 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. Disability by Character of Medical Treatment. In the foregoing we have considered the injuries with respect to the time lost and the chief causes for the loss, also the industries in which the injuries occurred by the periods of disability, but in the following chart, No. 15, and Table No. 31, the injuries for 1914 and 1915 are analyzed with a view to showing the effect in loss of time due to the character of the medical treatment. The 1915 experience is a little better basis for the averages as the reporting was better, as is seen from the fact that 65.05 per cent of the cases of temporary injuries were reported as cases cared for by a private doctor paid a specific fee, while in 1914 this class amounted to only 53.62 per cent of the total. It will be noted that there was little change in the number of injuries cared for under contract or by company hospitals, especially if this difference is looked at in the light of the increase in the above- mentioned class. - There was a day less time lost on an average among the cases cared for by private doctors paid a specific fee; the average time lost in this class of cases being 20 days in 1914 and 19 days in 1915. Where the injuries were cared for by contract or in company hos- pitals, both years’ experience shows a decrease in the average time lost, due to this class of treatment over the former class, of five days, the average time lost being 15 days in 1914 and 14 days in 1915. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 101 6574] INJURIES IN IS15 AND CO24. IN 1914. RESULTING IN TENMFORARY DISABILITY - CHARTED BY CHARACTER OF MEDICAL TREATMENT FRIVATE sº FAl D A 5PEcli Fic F.E. E. P PRIVATE DocToRN - S 32,287 § AID A speci F1 c FEE 3.Q.,72%, N 427 es § S %. SN N G5, OS 7, N Ø W COMPANY HOSPITA of CONTRACT DOCTOR N 2%ZZ» N0 MEDICAL FEE COMFANY HOSPITA R REPORTED PAID o CONTRACT DOCTOR le, 312 24: 817, MEDICAL FEES NOT SPECIFIED AND NMEDICAL FEES NOT A MOUNTS UNKNOWN SF EC | F | E D A ND NO MEDICAL FEE REPORTED PAID J9 G UNT NKN 3: • AMO jeº KNOWN 5.96 7, g e 4: I s 7e |Se 14- | E 5 CHART SHOWING AVERAGE TIME Los T PEIR CASE EY CHARACTER OF MEDICAL TREATN/IENT. PRIVATE DocToR FAID A specific FEE ºx-je, Rºx= '**'.5 2/22/22/2ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ, is DAY s NTEDICAL FEES NOT SPECIFIED AND AMOUNT5 UNKNOVA/N gºax_2_Pºi - 1 5 I SEZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 2 DAYS NO N/ EDICAL FEE REPORT ED AS PAID ºxº, º Pºrs * 9 | | C D ANY S. com/PANY HospitaL OR CONTRACT DocTOR |S 157 AZ - | 4- DAYS Chart No. 15. 102 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. Table No. 31 will be found useful when more extended and detailed studies in this direction are desired. TABLE No. 31. . 65,741 Temporary Injuries. Time: 12 Months—January 1 to December 31, 1915. Table Showing Character of Medical Treatment by Days and Weeks of Disability. Where com- Where private Period of disability *:::::::::" ...; mºai | *::::: * | total, doctors cared and amounts fee specific fee - for injured unknown paid for services Unknown ----------------- 249 | 1,877 274 653 || 3,053 None ---------------------- 5,746 283 301 14,370 20,700 1 day 905. 58 428 2,180 3,571 2 days -------------------- 1,064 42 413 1,986 3,505 3 days -------------------- 1,002 39 386 1,812 3,239 4 days - 840 28 271 1,643 2,782 5 days -------------------- 727 20 238 1,427 2,412 6 days -------------------- 57.1 29 206 1,277 2,083 7 days — * * * * smº 560 29. 192 1,582 2,363 8 days -------------------- 361 13 115 891 1,380 9 days -------------------- 346 16 107 893 1,362 10 days -------------------- 355 18 122 1,085 1,580 11 days -------------------- 279 17 69 742 1,107 12 days 251 15 86 729 1,081 13 days - 226 13 65 685 989 14 days -------------------- 242 19 93 936 1,290 3d Week 844 57 219 2,651 3,771 4th Week ------------------ 477 48 || 110 1,897 2,532 5th Week ------------------ 344 - 32 65 1,387 1,828 6th Week 220 10 40 906 1,176 7th Week ------------------ 161 20 38 675 894 8th Week ------------------ 112 10 17 456 595 9th Week ------------------ 88 11 12 406 517 10th Week ------------------ 58 9 11 276 354 11th Week ------------------ 58 2 1. 208 - -269 12th Week ------------------ 37 8 6 137 188 13th Week ------------------ 33 - 2 9 130 174 14th Week 32 3 2 119 156 15th Week 22 1. 3 92 118 16th Week ------------------ 18 1 3 74 96 17th Week ----------------- - 9 1 ------------ 58 68 18th Week 7 5 1 71 84 19th Week ------------------ 6 2 1 34 43 20th Week ------------------ 11 |_ 41 52 21St Week 7 1 ------------ 29 | 37 22d Week 8 2 1 41 52 23d Week 8 1 2 16 27 24th Week 3 22 25 25th Week 5 | 2 | 1 || 17 | 25 Over 25 weeks------------- 20 4 8 131 163 Totals ---------------- 16,312 || 2,748 3,916 42,765 65,741 Average time lost per in- . - jury 14 days 21 days 10 days 19 days Grand average time lost per injury 17 days REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 103 Character of Coverage and Costs. In the 43,610 cases of temporary injury reported in 1915 as being covered by state and private insurance companies, $450,314 were paid to the injured workmen and $565,668.29 were paid to physicians and hospitals for their services. If we consider the total number of cases reported under the requirements of the law, and draw our average costs from them, we have an average of $10.33 for compensation costs per case, and $12.97 for medical costs. However, it must be remem- bered that only 20.16 per cent of the injuries were compensable and that 65.5 per cent were cases upon which a specific fee for medical Services was paid, and average costs in compensation and medical fees based only on these cases would naturally be higher. Considering only these cases we have an average of $51.36 for compensation and $16.60 for medical costs, the average being based only on cases considered and not the total number reported. In 20,885 cases of 1915, injuries insurance was not carried. This class of injuries consisted largely of injuries to employees engaged in the transportation industry, public utilities, mining, oil fields, farms, etc. Considering the average for this class in the same manner as above, we find that compensation payments amounted to $7.23 per case and the medical costs per case amounted to $6.83. The total compensa- tion paid in these cases was $151,072, and the total medical payments amounted to $142,708.32. In 1,246 injury cases it could not be determined in time for tabulation whether insurance was carried or not. These amounts and averages for this group are added only for the sake of record as the number is too Small to mean much; $1,093 was paid in these cases for compensation or an average of 87 cents per case. The medical costs were $1,338.31 with an average of $1.07 per case. Injuries to Employees Engaged in Interstate Commerce. It is difficult if not impossible to discriminate between employees engaged in interstate traffic and those who are not so engaged. But for our purposes of segregation of injuries cared for under “company hospital’’ and “contract doctor” plans, this discrimination is not necessary as nearly all employees of the large railroads are cared for in this manner irrespective of their occupational classification. The number of injuries to this class of employees reported during 1915 was 9,348; 162 of these were permanent injuries and 98 were fatalities. Considering the different classes of injuries and the different condi- tions of medical treatment and drawing averages therefrom, we have the following: & Temporary injuries treated at company hospital were 7,754. The average cost per case for medical treatment in these cases has been vari- 104 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. ously estimated from 18 cents to $1.46. Although the estimated aver- age is not official, it comes from good authority on the subject. The average time lost in these 7,754 temporary injury cases receiv- ing treatment at company hospitals was 8.7 days and the average com- pensation reported paid was $1.86. - There were 933 temporary injuries in which a specific fee was paid for the physician’s services, at an average cost of $22.45. The average compensation payment in these cases was $25.64, and the time lost averaged 19.08 days. . ... Four hundred one cases did not bear sufficient evidence of the character of the medical treatment or the time loss or compensation payments, to be properly classified. In 52 cases of permanent injuries to employees engaged in interstate traffic and which were treated at company hospitals—average cost of medical attention not known—the compensation payments averaged $667.04 per case. . In 95 other cases of injury of the same or similar character and to the same class of employees, who received treatment by physicians paid a specific fee, the average was only $9.79, and the compensation averaged $49.76. These figures are too small and contain too many unknown factors of special contracts and circumstances to reflect any true lines of the actual conditions. Information of 15 other permanent injuries was too abridged to be of value. Considering the 98 fatal injuries to this class of employees, we find burial and medical payments so irregular as to be misleading. The same is true of the compensation payments in these same cases where a division into character of medical treatment renders an average of $145.45 for compensation in eight cases, $808.22 in seven cases, and $216.85 per case in 19 cases. Average Costs by Insurance Cormpanies. This study of average compensation and medical costs is based upon groups of insurance companies whose experience for 1915 was (1) 4,000 or more injuries; (2) from 3,000 to 4,000; (3) 2,000 to 3,000; (4) 1,000 to 2,000; (5) 400 to 1,000; (6) all others. Further, the averages are derived from the total number of injuries reported as bona fide under the terms of the Act and without regard to whether or not some pay- ment was made in each case. In view of this fact it must be added that the chief service of these averages is one of ratios and that they do not reflect the actual conditions in the manner that the second set of averages does which follows these, and which were determined on a proper segregation of the cases giving due regard to whether each and every case bore evidence of compensation and medical payments or not. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 105 The insurance companies covering 43,610 injuries are divided into six groups: - (1) Those who had an injury experience of 4,000 or more: - A Ayer . soºn *::::: (*) ------------------------------------- 4,594 $12 25 $12 30 (b) ----- sº tº ::=º sm 4,394 10 26 14 28 (2) Those who had an experience ranging from 3,000 to 4,000 injuries: * A A . sºon *::::: (6) ------------------------------------- 3,895 $10 29 $12 35 (d) ------------------------------------- 3,047 10 32 13 42 (3) Those who had an experience ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 injuries: ...; soºn *::::: (e) ------ 2,383 $7 21 $12 31 (†) ------------------------------------- 2,361 8 40 11 10 (g) - tº º 2,322 12 61 12 81 . (4) Those who had an experience ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 injuries: e A . sºon *:::: (h) ------------------------------------- 1,844 $8 16 $11 65 (i) ------------------------------------- 1,524 14 90 17 18 (j) ------------------------------------- 1,498 11 67 14 36 (k) – gº- 1,406 8 95 12 83 (l) — * * 1,363 12 66 14 93 (m) - *. * 1,340 4 57 8 41 (n) --- 1,250 10 51 13 20 (o) 1,223 9 00 12 62 (p) 1,167 13 88 15 33 (q) --ºr- 1,145 9 42 14 66 8—26438 106 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. (5) Those who had an experience ranging from 400 to 1,000 injuries: Number Average Average of cases comºtion mºl (r) 925 $883 $12 02 (S) 751 8 49 10 15 (t) 706 6 90 11 58 (u) 406 6 98 7 05 (6) All others: Average Average . comºtion mºl (v) - 4,066 $11 43 $13 53 Average Compensation and Medical Costs by Insurance and Noninsurance. The following averages are based only on cases in which either com- pensation or medical payments were made, and do not include all injuries reported. The number of cases in which compensation was paid was 11,730, at an average of $51.36, including all compensation cases under insurance and not under insurance. The average medical costs on the 42,765 cases where fees were paid was $16.60 per case, considering insurance cases and cases not covered by insurance. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 107 Number Number Average Insurance company class number ãºn coßion :*::: medical Was paid was paid costS 2 535 $58 80 2,629 $16 60 3 - 117 54 50 601 12 68 4 127 48 22 1,230 9 16 8 287 59 86 2,009 14 60 9 386 51 35 2,002 13 09 10 405 56 07 1,396 18 76 11 159 51 38 840 13 24 13 262 61 82 1,046 17 09 14 893 62 99 3,345 16 90 15 292 59 89 1,385 15 54 16 335 51 51 1,072 18 98 17 229 47 11 1,096 15. 32 18 315 47 74 1,584 13 57 23 122 49 90 628 13 02 24 196 56 21 867 17 80 27 636 63 11 2,966 16 22 28 257 51 11 1,100 15 00 30 879 51 43 3,743 16 79 33 457 64 11 1,820 16 76 34 268 46 87 1,038 17 48 All Others 859 57 4U) 3,528 16 41 Unknown 17 64 29 64 20 91 Noninsurance 3,697 40 86 6,756 21 G6 108 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 6574. INJURIESTEMPORARY RE. TION | O9 || 158 i 9 || 5 5HOCK CHARTED ex PART or BODY INJURED.ſºſºl INJURIES Tol 777 908 || THE BODY /5 *\ }rº- 2 HEA 0 . &# ) | | NECK 5795 5665 / Wéſ \ FACE - - N=3 Cº-> 2| EYE 5251 |646 fy IllshouldeR lio32 lit46 CHEST 3| BACK ABDON18 N 12 (IAT sº W \? // §Sº W ELBow #4 Kºś ſº º FINGERS |W 5 y/|7|LEG : t: | U - º, I N P- º /0 Øſ YTIſ No ſ WWNU/ſ!! ſ §X& { Zºš §§ : § %. NS ; ; ; ; ; 3 \º $º/ 6 * 3:2; , sº º :::::s:#sº - :***:::: śāśss , - : 1; I : **, 3’ ºss - 6 FOOT 78.35|T121 ſº > © ! | | | | | | | | 1: ... º S • * : : : : : :*, *::::3% YSS Q Jo sis g t tº “f 3:07 (0 • * * S S Sº.S. J. ;|;|}|;| | | | |: º3.j || ; : | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1s: ºssºs? t . . . . ; ; ; I || | | | o , , T ~ So Gooe : ! | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ili | | | | 1: ! 265||353] & J & 0 || | | | | | 8 a & J tº g i º ; , ; ; ; , , t o uo o cu o – tº e < 0) o - St le s to - - - - - - Chart No. 16. REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. 109 65,741 Temporary Injuries by Parts of Body Injured. . Chart No. 16 locates the kind of injury the workman received by the part of the body injured. It also compares the 1914 data with the 1915 experience. It seems very remarkable that there should be such a slight difference in the number of times that any one given part of the body was injured in each of the two years. The difference in many cases is measured in tenths and hundredths. For example: In 1914, 0.18 per cent of the injuries reported were sunstrokes, exhaus- tions and shocks to nerves, while in 1915 this class reached only 0.21 per cent. Hernia injuries in 1914 were 0.71 per cent of all the injuries and 0.78 per cent in 1915. - The parts of the body most frequently injured are the hands and fingers, provided, of course, we consider injuries to feet, knees, ankles and legs separately. The finger injuries in 1914 were 21.95 per cent of the total and in 1915 they were 22.69 per cent. The frequency with which any part of the body is injured determines the position of the solid and dotted lines in the lower left-hand corner of this chart. E TABLE No. 32. 65,741 Temporary Injuries in 1915. Table Showing Part of Body Injured, Nature of Injury, Avetº §§ in Compensation and Medical Payments and Average Time ost in Days. Trunk Head, (chest, Čſ. &: Shoul- Miscel- Un- Nature of injury neck or inities abdo- ºw Hands | Fingers º derS Herniae i. known Total face § Wrist) feet) ack) | Bruises, cuts, burns and crushes— e Number Of cases 5,238 259 2,324 3,109 5,648 || 12,636 10,833 548 --> ---- 761 -------- 41,356 Average compensation $4.85 $3.74 $11.99 $4.90 $3.60 $2.99 || $7.44 || $10.53 |________ $26.71 -------- $5.66 Average medical ----- $8.82 $8.27 $9.16 $8.89 $7.04 $5.99 || $8.95 $9.86 -------- $29.76 |-------- $8.16 Average time lost in days----------------- 7.29 6.33 13.72 8.69 7.74 6.35 28.40 13.91 -------- 22.78 13.42 Infections, Skin disorders, etc.— - g . Number of cases 80 15 38 335 1,092 1,571 429 5 -------- 3 -------- 3,568 Average compensation -------------------- $6.62 $1.26 || $14.71 $5.61 $6.40 $5.03 || $12.94 |--------|-------- $17.33 -------- $6.57 Average medical ----- $12.30 $8.95 $31.84 $12.64 $12.75 $11.14 $21.37 $12.74 |________ $11.16 |------- $13.21 Average time lost in days----------------- 11.45 6.00 || 23.28 11.56 | 12.16 || 10.75 19.80 8.02 -------- 38.33 |-------- 12.49 Dislocations and strains— . Number of cases 86 -------- 2,777 1,222 148 288 2,880 474 -------- 50 -------- 7,925 Average compensation $6.25 |-------- $9.54 $8.04 $6.93 $6.51 $11.73 || $17.40 |________ $18.10 -------- $10.43 Average medical --- $8,97 -------- $9.42 $8.20 $6.03 $5.68 $10.93 $15.29 |________ $20.95 $10.00 Average time lost in days 12.20 -------- 13.56 12.81 | 10.51 8.07 17.72 1851 -------- 18.44 |-------- 15.00 Fractures— - - Number of cases__ 191 -------- 911 839 138 414 1,205 108 -------- 39 3,845 Average compensation $38.03 |-------- $29.15 $62.19 $34.16 || $19.54 $88.72 $78,34 |________ $73.53 |-------- $56.44 Average medical $60,31 |-------- $28.12 || $45.61 $21.42 $15.45 $68.97 || $51.51 |________ $53.63 |-------- $45.64 Average time lost in days 34.22 27.62 44.25 28.25 23.87 58.44 49.43 |-------- 55.33 –––. ---- 41.74 IEye injuries— - - Number Of cases 6,858 --------|--------|--------|---------------- 6,353. Average compensation $140 --------|-------- * * * * = ** = { * * * = ** = * * : * * * * * = a-, * = = ma = a -s ºr sº, $1.40 Average medical $4.62 $4.62 Average time lost in days 4.52 -------- 4.52 Ruptures— . Number of cases Average compensation Average medical Average time lost in dayS Injuries from poisonous Sub Number Of cases Average compensation Average medical Average time lost in days Asphyxiation, SunStroke and heat pros- tration— Number of cases Average COmpensation Average medical Average time lost in days Miscellaneous— Number of cases Average compensation Average medical Average time lost in days Unknown— Number of cases Average compensation Average medical Average time lost in days TotalS— Number of cases Average compensation Average medical Average time lost in dayS * sº smº m sºme mº sºme sºme 629 629 - $23.63 $23.63 * - - $18.15 $18.15 22.65 --------|-------- 22.65 StanceS, etc.— - 18 -------- 12 26 10 ---------------- 147 213 $3.83 |-------- $4.75 $2.50 $0.90 ---------------- $1.95 |-------- $2.28 $5.95 |-------- $5.29 || $10.68 --------|-------- $6.83 $7.69 $7.73 10.66 |-------- 9.33 923 ---------------- 7.08 ---------------- 747 -------- 8.04 - * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * B = * * * * * * * * * * *s ass m ms sº sº I am ºm sº sº sm ºre as sº as sº wº sº m a.m. ºn sºme as * * * * = * * 86 -------- 86 * E ºm º gº º º ſº º tº - $2.92 |-------- $2.92 * * * * * * * * | as me amº sºme sº me sºme ºs || s =s sm *s ºs sº as as * $9.08 $9,08 * * * * * * * * } = m, am, as was s as as = as sº m as as sº as 8.92 |--------| 8.92 l 26 -------- 38 30 17 8 71 6 -------- 108 -------- 304 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $13.99 |--------| $3.50 $4.43 $2.05 || $14.00 || $18.56 $96.33 |--------| $9.62 |--------| $11.95 $8.82 |-------- $27.56 || $10.54 $9.58 $16.80 $19.15 $16.54 |-------- $13.50 -------- $15,81 * * * * * * * *s ºs s nº sºme ºf ºs º ºs == 16.69 |--------| 14.97 | 11.00 6.76 15.25 || 23.97 | 69.15 |--------| 13.01 |--------| 16.74 5 5 23 6 21 3 65 3 -------- 1 | 1,330 | 1,462 ams sº sº sº *s sºme ºme mº me assº as sº * * * * * sºme tº ºs : * * * * * * * * as sº as sº º --- $23.74 $15.00 $2.76 || $47.00 || $41.92 $1079.33 |-------- $9.33 $3.75 $8,06 $1.65 $0.60 || $14.63 || $18.65 $5.07 || $26.58 $28.56 $67.35 |-------- $93.25 || $3.65 $5.23 3.40 | 21.43 | 16.00 | 11.90 || 41.66 28.40 | 73.33 |--------|-------- 2.69 4.53 --- 5,644 | 6,632 6,123 5,567 7,064 14,920 15,498 | 1,144 629 1,195 1,330 65,741 $6.05 || $1.49 || $13.42 || $12.09 || $4,69 $3,74 || $15.90 $22.98 || $23.63 || $21,54 || $3.75 $9.08 $10,60 || $4.77 || $12.38 $12.31 $8.18 $6.80 || $14.46 || $16.24 $18.15 $24.50 $3.65 $10.58 sms ºr * * * * * * *ms sº * * * * *- := * 8.38 4.59 || 15.80 | 12.84 8.89 7.34 28.48 || 19.59 22.65 | 19.91 2.69 14.24 | E 112 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. Average Costs of Injuries to Any Part of the Body. The preceding table, No. 32, and charts Nos. 17, 18, 19 and 20, set forth five very interesting items: (1) The number of injuries occurring to any part of the body; (2) the nature of the injury; (3) the average time lost in recovery; (4) the average amount of compensation paid to the workman during this period of recovery; (5) the costs of the medi- cal attention for relief. - * Correlations of the injuries and parts of body, costs and time lost are set forth in both table and charts, but the charts make use of the third dimension to aid the senses in quick comparison. The height of the column in chart No. 17, subnumbered 1, is deter- mined by the number of injuries occurring to any particular part of the body due to any particular cause. - The height of the column in chart No. 18, subnumbered 2, is deter- mined by the average time lost in days due to any given group of similar injuries occurring to any particular part of the body. The heights of the columns in charts Nos. 19 and 20, subnumbered 3 and 4, respectively, are determined by the average payments of com- pensation and medical fees for any given group of injuries to any given part of the body. - - There were some mechanical difficulties encountered in the construc- tion of these charts which necessitated an arbitrary grouping of injuries and parts of body injured in order that some columns would not oblite- rate others. In one case a column was so high that it had to be broken and part of the top section omitted. One other column was too long to stand in front of the others and was broken off and raised up out of position. Both of these columns occur in chart No. 19, sub- numbered 3. - It would have been easier to read the four charts in combination if the correlated factors had followed a scale of ascension or descension, but on account of the irregularity of the relationship of some classes of injuries and their severity measured in costs, the position of some of the groups had to be changed. For example, in chart No. 17, sub- numbered 1, eye injuries take third place in the order of “Nature of Injury”, and “Part of Body’’, while in chart No. 18, subnumbered 2, these injuries take tenth place. The highest column in chart No. 17, subnumbered 1, refers to the 12,636 bruising and cutting injuries occurring to the fingers, and the very short and obscure column in the block at the junction of line four, “fingers”, under “Part of Body”, and line six, “Cuts and Bruises”, under “Nature of Injury” on chart No. 18, subnumbered 2, shows that the time lost due to cuts and bruises of fingers, averages about six days (6.35 per cent). The third correlated factor of average compensation o-o-o- ooo- 5 x- ß r-r--r-）！+++++º ſº� ！·3, 4;'''"，|5&�Ø� saevd -- Q ± − × p g|-0 £ºØ� ¡ ¿ $¢ £ € NATURE OF INJURY |N DAYS LOST HEIGHT OF COLUMN DETERMINED EY TIME PART OF BODY NATURE OF INJURY HEIGHT OF COLUMN DETERNMINED BY COMPENSAT|ON PAYMENTS n-r）！+++++ cae：caels.� S \! º TT Oq ）, o q mwy ºg PART OF BODY >- Dr. D → Z u- O LLI Cr D H- ~ « L’ę o €'ſ 4; DaesiNMONXN^ E+ . 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