;* ¿¿.*）- , √3, ' ' ）.Ř **ė （, , ， ， ſae ſº ſae. '. , … --~~）; .„ ， ！ - -aer"*¿.*,… · · *Es）, ！ - - - x - - - - ... - r -- - t - : 2. ... " f -: -*. A . . . * * .. - - * , - * •. : ..." - r * - i - | t , - - - t - HPº! ÉET - E. E LIBRARYºgº of the RSITY OF MICHIGA, JA*-> ~ ) "...~~~~ - - ,” \ …º.º. tº.Tºm, ... *,272 °s. '^^ jºyº’s * , Š ., º - fº, X % --s eº § \ q x > 0, i t #: § º hà W sº -s -** -- '... £3.8 ºr . . . . - TTTTTTſºtſiſſiſſiſſiſſiſtini Tºr. I-I-I-I-I-T-C-T- Tº ſº -----º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º- ºw ſº fºº --- ãºff :-º: : j º º | 3. * . quºtiºn Suuhº §§ ..º. ; ººg z. º NASS #: sº º C. Qcu MS Plºt AP s: - *... . º i - iſſ H # –4 i i - |#: - " ; ! - y . . . ". - -- , -- . " . - ... . .*.* - .." p * , • A • r. * , - * , * - - S- t * . . . . * * A. . . . . - * * * : * … ". . . : ‘. sess--sºmºre-see-º'- i ...t n , a i. • ? t i * , 4. - y . . . . . r a t - w y - Soº, .N \3 W,\ - - - . .. - - - OKONA. - *— - - º -- - - º/º Printed for Richard PHILLIPS, Bridge Street. - Blackfriars, London. º ºnanº- tºº. ADVERTISEMENT. -º- FOR most of the materials which compose these volumes, the Editor is indebted to large and Scarce publi- cations, as well as to MSS. depo- sited in the Bodleian Library. To exhibit a view of the customs and manners which have prevailed at different periods, has always ap- peared to the Editor not only the most useful, but the most pleasant, employment of the antiquary. To this subject he has been particularly attentive; to this most of the anec- dotes bear some reference ; and, he Y O L. I. A ii hopes, that as they relate to the first University in the world, they will Inot be entirely destitute of interest. In a collection of separate and unconnected anecdotes, but little method will probably be expected. Without an ostentatious display of it, however, it has been by no means overlooked. The first volume will be found to contain historical and antiquarian articles relative to the University in general, while the second is confined to those of the different colleges. The third and fourth volumes, after having noticed some of the public establishments, such as the Bodleian Library, the Picture Gallery, the Theatre, &c. contain letters from eminent men, curious articles of biography, miscel- laneous anecdotes, and a collection iii of historical memoranda ; all of which are more, or less illustrative of the manners of our academical predeces- sors. To this latter circumstance must be attributed the notice of many events, which, independently of this consideration, and a certain degree of interest they may excite by their locality, might be thought of too trifling a nature for publica- tion. In making extracts from MSS. and old printed books, the Editor has been careful to preserve, in most in- stances, 11ot only the quaint and obsolete style, which is often pecu- liarly adapted to the narrative, but the original spelling, for ortho- graphy it cannot be called; the same word being found spelled, by the A 2 iv same writer, in a very different man- ner. The same attention has been paid to the old punctuation, which, as may reasonably be supposed, ap- pears to have been not less arbitrary than the spelling. A table of contents is prefixed to each volume; besides which, from thegreat variety of matter contained in this work, it appeared necessary to conclude the whole with a general index. * The Editor has thought proper to say thus much in explanation of his design, to which he has only to add, that should these volumes prove as amusing to those who may honour them with a perusal, as they did to him, while he was employing his lei- W. sure hours in their compilation, he shall at least have the satisfaction to reflect that those hours were not entirely useless. CONTENTS OF THE F T R S T V O I, U M E. -º- Y. ANTIQUITY of Oxford º sº *... º. º II. Oxford Castle R- * - * . . * sº III. Osney Abbey s gº º tº *E* IV. Osney Bells * wº tº *. *E= V. Oxford Towers - tº sº * sº VI. University Degrees 3-º º tº- *-*. VII. University Dresses or Habits * dº VIII. University at Stanford * tº sº IX. State of Learning in the University at the latter end of the Thirteenth Century sº X. State of Learning in the University at the be- ginning of the Sixteenth Century dºs wº YI. Halls or Inns * sº tº iº XII. Whence certain Halls obtained their Names XIII. Chimney Hall * sº * tº- YIV. The Jews numerous in Oxford º * XV. A three-fold division of Clerks • * Lº Page, . 1. 6 24 26 28 30 31 34 viii XVI. Story of Friar Bacon and the Cambridge Scholars - t- * --> XVII. Story of two Itimerant Priests * -F XVIII. Pauperists * tº- -> XIX. Rivalry between the Mendicants and Monks XX. The Franciscans and Roger Bacon * -- XXI. Feasts of Inceptors - - - XXII. Oxford Scholars received at Northampton XXIII. Disputations in Parvisiis º sº XXIV. Austin Disputations - º - XXV. Quadrivials and Trivials -- - * XXVI. Poeta Laureatus * * * -*. XXVII. Determining Bachelors - sº º XXVIII. Culet - - - * XXIX. Grammar Schools and Degrees in Grammar XXX. Antiquus Domatus &= sº º- * XXXI. Specimen of Latinity - tº- - XXXII. University Discipline in the time of Henry VIII. - - gºs - XXXIII. Devastations committed by the Visitors in the reign of Edward VI. and Amecdotes relative to the scarcity of Books in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries *- XXXIV. Glossed Manuscripts sº - XXXV. The Old Convocation House tº- - XXXVI. The Wakening Mallet - yº ºr XXXVII. Coursing in Lent, and Wall Lectures XXXVIII. The University Statutes º' - *- XXXIX. On Strengthening the Schools - - XL. Custom of sitting covered at St. Mary’s XLI. A ridiculous Accident in St. Mary's Church 50 50 51 52 53 54 55 59 60 50 6-1 69 64 65 Page. XLII, Plate a - 4- - '72 XI.III. Spices - tº tº- - '72 XLIV. On Bedels superintending the Press - '74 XLV. Pronunciation of Greek * tºº - '75 XLVI. Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer º - '79 § 1. Latimer's Dress while a Prisoner at Oxford 79 §2. Cranmer seeth Ridley and Latimer going to their burning - - - 80 §3. Cranmer's talk and behaviour at the Stake 80 §4. Curious particulars relative to their man- ner of living in Prison - - 82 §5. The last disbursements º • 84 XLVII. Election of a Chancellor ſº- - 86 XLVIII. The Caroline Cycle tº- * - - 88 XLIX. Election to the Office of Bedel º - 90 L. State of Music in Oxford in the Middle of the Seventeenth Century gº º- - - 93 LI. Bachelor in Music tº. - * - 102 LII. Terrae Filius - e- tº - 104 LIII. Mother Louse and Mother George 4- - 1 1 0 LIV. Academical Dissentions - - - 1 l 1 LV. Oxford Riots in the Thirteenth Century T 12 LVI. The great Riot in the year 1353, 27 Edw. III, 119 LVII. James the First at Oxford sº - - 129 LVIII. William the Third at Oxford * - 140 LIX. Translators of the Bible dº ſº - 144 LX. Regent Masters º º tº- - 151 LXI. Qxford Markets tº- º * - 152 XII. Price of Provisions in Oxford jº - 155 LXIII. Manciples * sº … - i 63 X !.XV, The Miut at ()xford I.N.V. Coſfee Houses in Oxford J.XW H. The Origin and Progress of Newspapers in l l #2. The London Gazette HXV l. Q 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 8, 9. 0. 1. II Oxford previously to the publication of the #: zºtte wº * Mercurius Rusticus Mereurius Aulicus Mercurius Britannicus Mercurius Pragmaticus Mercurius Politicus we . Mercurius l'usticus, the Second Part Parliamentary Intelligencer Mercurius Publicus Public Intelligencer The News gºs The Oxford Gazette- . Oxford Almanacks * * º gºe * LXVIII. Religious [Iouses in Oxford before the Re- l º formation º . St. Frideswide's - . St. George's College . Osency - - Rowley gºs . St. Bernard’s College . Canterbury College . Durham College . London College St. Mary’s College . Głocester College or Hall 188 IS3 1989 xi Page. 41. St. Bartholomew’s Hospital sº - 191 12. St. John's Hospital sº * tºº - 191 13. Austin Friars º gºs sº - 1992 14, Black Friars * * sº sº - 199 15. Grey Friars * * $º - 193 I 6. White Friars Asºº # * *s - 193 17. Crouched Friars sº * º - 194 18. Friars de Sacco gº * sº sº - 194 19. Trinity House * wº º - 195 LXIX. Monastic Economy * *-* tºº - 195 LXX. Curious Ecclesiastical Constitutions - 219 LXXI. Fair Rosamond and the Nunnery of God- stowe, Medley, and Binsey - – 216 § 1. Mr. Stow's Account of the death of Rosa- mond * * *-*. – 216 $2. His account of her body’s being removed out of the quire of the Church of Godstowe 219 $3. Innocent diversions allowed to the nunns of Godstowe * * gº - 22 | $4. Rosamond used to solace herself with the nunns at Medley * * º - 222 JXXII. Modius Salium º * * - 227 1.xx III. A Companion to the Guide, and a Guide te the Companion *ge wº - 233 OX ONIANA. 1. ANTIQ U 1 ºr Y OF Oxfo R D. THIE foundation of Oxford, like that of most ancient places, is involved in great uncertainty; in which, in all probability, it will now for ever remain. Few subjects have been more frequently discussed ; but this, unfortunately, is one of those subjects from which discussion has not been able to elicit any new light. One difficulty has given rise to another, till the whole matter is become extremely confused. Some pretend to trace the foundation of Oxford back to the very remote period of eleven hundred years before Christ. Their account, of course, is so extremely fabulous, as not to claim any serious attention. They W. Q. L., I, B Q say, that when “ Brute and his warlike Trojans came into this island,” they were accompanied by some Greek philosophers, who settled at a place, from that circum- stance, called Greek lade,” and that after- wards disliking that place, they removed to another, to which, on account of its pleasant situation, they gave the name of Bellositum, which was afterwards called by the Britons, Rhedychen, and by the Saxons, Oxenford, a word of the same sig- nification as that which it had previously obtained from the Britons. This opinion is maintained by John Rouse, the Warwick Antiquary, who lived in the reign of Ed- ward the Fourth, with the curious and im- probable addition, that certain physicians, who were among these philosophers, Se- lected for themselves a place near Greek- lade, to which they gave the name of Lechlade, that is, the place of leeches or physicians. *– :-ur- jº + Now Cricklade, in Wiltshire. # Leachlade, in Gloucestershire. 3 In Brompton's Chronicle, written before Rouse's time, it is asserted, that before the year of Christ 632, (between which and the period mentioned in the last account, it will be observed, there is a very great in- terval) certain schools for Greek and Latin were established at Greeklade and Latin- łade, or Leachlade; but there is not a word about their being removed to Bel- lositum, Rhedychen, or Oxenford. Leland and Bale mention these circum- stances, without affixing any date to them ; they are, however, supported in their full extent by Cay, Pox, and Twyne. Wood brings forward an old Saxon ma- nuscript, in which Greeklade and Oxenford are mentioned together, as having some connection with one another. It seems to be the opinion of most writers on this subject, whose credulity does not carry them so far as to place any confidence in the story of “ Brute and his warlike Tro- jans,” that some schools existed at Oxford before the time of Alfred, which having been reduced to a very low state by the B $2 4. 2)anish wars, were restored by that great man, who, at the same time, founded others, and allowed them all certain privi- leges, besides which, he obtained for them immunities from Pope Martin the Second, about the year eight hundred and eighty- three. - The Schools erected by Alfred are said to have been called the Great Hall, the Lesser Hall, and the Little Hall. The Great Hall was set apart for the Study of l)ivinity; the Lesser Hall for Logic, Music, Arithmetic, Geometry, and Astronomy ; the Little Hall for Grammar and Rhetoric ; and each consisted of twenty-six scholars. St. Neot and Grimbald were the first pro- fessors of Divinity. It was at the request of the former that Alfred instituted these schools; the latter he sent for from abroad to preside over them. The first reader in Logic, Music, and Arithmetic, was John, a Monk of St. David's ; another Monk, of the same name, who was the companion of Grimbald, was the reader in Geometry and Astronomy; and Asser read in Grammar & and Rhetoric. These schools do not ap- pear to have been endowed with any grant of lands, but were supported by an annual allowance from the Exchequer, which was regularly paid till the time of Harold or William the Conqueror, by one of whom it is said to have been discontinued. The learned Selden being asked his opi- nion of the relative antiquity of Oxford and Cambridge, replied that “ the best argu- ment why Oxford should have the prece- dency is the Act of Parliament, by which Oxford is made a body, made what it is ; and by which Cambridge is made what it is ; and in the Act Oxford takes precedency. I3esides, added he, Oxford has the best monuments to shew.” - We may collect from Doomsday Book, 1st, that in the Conqueror's time there were in Oxford two hundred and forty-three houses, either within or without the walls, which paid taxes, and that there were at heast five hundred and twenty-two more, which were so wasted and destroyed as not to be able to pay taxes. in * M B 2dly, That there were some mansions called mural, which were appropriated for the repairs of the walls. 3dly, That the burgesses had pasture in common without the walls, which pasture was most probably Port Meadow, or the Meadow of the Town, as the name implies, having been given and confirmed to them by several kings before the Conquest. Oxford appears in MSS. and old authors, to be called indiscriminately, Civitas, Urbs, Pilla, and Burgus. II. O X F O R D C A S T L E. Mr. King, in his “Vestiges of Oxford Castle,” supposes that “ a Saxon Castle was originally built here long before D’Oily's time: a castle which contained such a sort of tower as was deemed, in those days, fit for royal residence. “For that both Offa, and Alfred, and his sons, and Harold Harefoot, actually re- sided in the castle itself, and not, as some of the Norman Kings afterwards did, in 7. any adjoining palace, is most evident, be- cause in the survey taken just after the conquest, no mention is made of the re- mains of any other palace, or place of royal residence at all, that they could possibly have dwelt in at Oxford ; but only seven hundred and fifty houses, and those com- mon houses, within and without the walls are described, besides twenty-four man- sions on the wall. “Considerable Saxon remains have lately been discovered, by digging within the castle area; and plain common sense alone might easily lead us to conclude, that there must have been in Saxon times some kind of buildings of stone, fit for the purpose of royal residence, within the walls of this castle, when it is actually ascertained by ancient records, that even beyond the walls a Saxon tower of stone was really standing in the time of King Ethelred, at a distance far on the outside, on Grand Pont bridge, in the very place where, in subsequent ages, the Norman tower, called Friar Bacon's Study, was built. R 4 S “ There is, therefore, every reason to believe, whatever additional ditches D'Oily might make for perfecting the works, and for conveying the river round the whole, that there must have been a great sur- rounding ditch and wall long before, formed by King Offa, who is well known to have raised many great earth works elsewhere, and to have built great edifices of stone, at St. Alban's and other places, and who, we are positively told, built walls at Oxford, where also he fought with the Kentish Men.” Those who wish for a more particular account of the Castle, the Keep, and the Crypt, may consult the original. In his researches into the antiquities of the Castle, Mr. King acknowledges to have received very material assistance from “ the inde- fatigable labours of Mr. Harris, who has the present custody of it, and whose skill as an architect and builder enabled him to search out every part with minuteness.” In the Castle was a College, founded by Robert D'Oily in 1074, which after some O time was translated to Osney; after which the Castle was possessed by Scholars of the University, as appears by the statutes, in which mention is made of Custos, Socii, Sacerdotes, Scholares, et Commensales. The Custos or Warden was always to be one of the Canons of Osney, (to whom this place belonged) who although he did not always reside here, yet he had his deputy to per- form his office in his absence, and once a week, or commonly more, would lodge here to see good order kept, and whenever he eame between the Nativity and Epiphany, the Scholars, having notice of it, would after supper go to Osney, and there wait till he came out into the court, from whence they followed him hither, con- ducted by the Pauperculus, or the Sexton of this place, with a burning torch in his hand, and when they came to the Hamel, which is the midway between Osney and the Castle, they would, by the Warden's appointment, begin and sing a hymn all together, till they came to their college, and so up to his chamber door, where, with B 5 1 () all due reverence, they left him to his repose.* III. O S N E Y A B B E Y. The following account of this magnificent Abbey is extracted from Wood’s MS. in the Ashmolean Museum. The entrance into the Abbey was through a great gate, which stood on the north side of the Abbey Church. This gate opened into a spacious quadrangle, built for the most part of free-stone, and from it you went through a spacious cloyster into the church, which stood on the left hand. This cloyster was decked and beautified with a boarded roof, having the arms of benefactors carved thereon, with several rebusses, and allusions to their names who contributed to the building: the chiefest of them was Abbot John Leech, who built three parts of the cloysters, through which * MS. in the Bodleian Library. 1 : you went also another way to the refectory, which was on the south side of the quad- rangle: this was a large curious building, and rebuilt about the year 1247, by the said Abbot Leech. About the middle of the court was a lavatory or conduit, from whence water was conveyed into the kit- chen, which was ample and convenient, and adjoined to the refectory on the west side; and behind, more to the south, stood the infirmary, where was a meat chapel or oratory, for the sick monks to attend divine service as long as they were able. The next place observable was the dor- mitory, which was a long room divided into several partitions; but the most re- markable building of its kind was the Ab- bot's lodgings, which were without the common court or quadrangle, near the great gate. These were spacious, fair, and large, and had a hall more befitting a com- mon society than a private man. The great stairs leading up into it were broad enough to contain five or six persons walking up a-breast. Between the two gates was a row B 6 19 of buildings allotted to poor clerks and other indigent persons, and these had also a chapel adjoining their habitation, dedi- cated to St. Nicholas. The fabrick of the Abbey Church was Inore than ordinary excelling, and not only the envy of other religious houses in England, but also beyond the seas, it being equally admired by foreigners, as well as our own neighbouring inhabitants, for the curiousness of its architecture, according to those times, the variety and exquisiteness of every window, the uniformity of the pillars and pinnacles, two stately towers, one at the west end, and another between the body and chancel or choir ; neither was it more rare for the elegancy without than within. Had Osney Abbey (says Willis") been suffered to continue, and the four Oxford Triary Churches to have stood, scarcely any place whatsoever would have been * Survey of Oxford Cathedral. I 3 adorned with such stately churches as Ox- ford : for it is certain these excelled what are left standing, as much as the best church now in being does the meanest in that city. After the dissolution of monasteries by Henry VIII. the king, to make some amends, was pleased to project the erection of some new collegiate churches and bishop- ricks, and to endow them out of the re- venues of the late religious houses. These he in some measure effected by adding six episcopal Sees to the old number, five of which yet remain, viz. Chester, Gloucester, Bristol, Oxford, and Peterborough, that of Westminster, after ten years continuance, having been abolished by his son and suc- cessor, Edward VI. How five other in- tended bishopricks came never to be settled, viz. Dunstaple, Colchester, Shrewsbury, Bodmin cum Launceston, and Southwell, to which he had appointed bishops, is said to have been owing to the king's luxury, who had found other means for his money, which unhappily occasioned him, at the lat- ter end of his reign, to make several al- 14. terations, and strip many episcopal Sees of their best estates and patrimonies, parti- cularly this of Oxford, and alter and re- move the first settlement of it from the most magnificent Abbey Church of Osney, to the Priory Church of St. Frideswide, not half so large or beautiful a fabric as where it was first fixed. I V. O S N E Y BE L L S. The invention of bells, that is to say, such as are hung in the towers or steeples of Christian churches, is, by Polydore Vergil, and others, ascribed to Paulinus, Bishop of Nola, in Campania, about the year 400; it is said that the names Nolae and Campanae, the one referring to the city, the other to the country, were for that reason given to them. In the times of popery, bells were bap- tized and anointed. They were exorcised and blessed by the bishop, from a belief, that when these ceremonies were performed, they had power to drive the devil out of 15 the air, to calm tempests, to extinguish fire, and to recreate even the dead. The bells of Osney Abbey, near Oxford, were very famous; their several names were Douce, Clement, Austin, Hautecter,” Gabriel, and John. Near Old Windsor is a public house, vulgarly called the Bells of Bosely; this house was originally built for the accom- modation of bargemen, and others navi- gating the river Thames between London and Oxford. It has a sign of six bells, i. e. the bells of Osney. From the dexterity of the English in composing and ringing musical peals, wherein the sounds interchange in regular order, a practice which is said to be pe- culiar to them, England has been called the ringing island. V. O X F O R D TO W ER. S. * In conformity to the pedantry of the * Potius Hautcleri, I6 times, Archbishop Warham, Chancellor of Oxford, at his feast of enthronization, is the year 1503, ordered to be introduced in the first course a curious dish, in which were exhibited the eight towers of the University. In every tower stood a bedel, and under the towers were figures of the King, to whom the Chancellor Warham, encircled with many doctors, properly habited, presented four Latin verses, which were answered by his Majesty. The eight towers were those of Merton, Magdalen, and New College, and of the Monasteries of Osney, Rewley, the Dominican, Au- gustine, and Franciscan Friars, which five last are now utterly destroyed.* VI, UN IV E.R. SITY DEGREES : It does not appear that there were any degrees in either the Greek or Roman Academies; the only distinction was that of Masters and Scholars. The first semi- * Wood—Warton’s History of English Poetry. 17 maries of learning among Christians were the Cathedral Churches and Monasteries,” but in process of time the schools belonging to them were regulated, and the men of learning opened others in places where they could find encouragement. Hence the origin of Universities, which at first were merely a collection of those schools, to which princes and great men gave liberal endowments, and granted particular immu- nities and privileges. Degrees were not conferred till the Universities were incor- porated ; a circumstance extremely proba- ble, when we recollect that all civil honours * Besides the mode of educating youths in religious houses, it was usual to receive them into the houses of the Bishops and Nobility, where they were instructed in learning, and occasionally filled up the retinue of the master. Pace, one of the restorers of letters in England, a friend of Erasmus, imbibed the rudiments of learning in the palace of Langton, Bishop of Winchester. Sir Thomas More was educated as a page with Cardinal Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, about 1490, who was so struck with his genius, that he would often say at din- ner, “This child here waiting at table is so very ingemi- ens, that he will one day prove an extraordinary man.” 18 must be derived from the supreme magis- trate. The most ancient degrees were those of Bachelor and Master of Arts. Before the existence of a certain statute, which obliged the Theologists to be Regents in Arts pre- viously to their ascending the chair of Doc- tor, they were only Students, and Bache- lors, or Masters of Divinity, without read- ing the Arts. At that time the degrees in arts were held in such estimation, as to be thought superior to that of Doctor in any other faculty. The Degree of Doctor was not known in England till the Time of Henry II.” It afterwards became common, and was taken not only by Professors of Divinity, Law, and Medicine, but by those of Grammar, Music, Philosophy, Arts, &c. As the Doc- tors, however, of these professions seldom obtained great honour or riches, they de- * Hence the stile or name of the University is, The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University qf Oxford. 19 clined and fell into neglect. That of Mu- sic is the only one which has survived. VI I. U N IV E R SITY DIRESS ES OR H A BITS, The Scholars are supposed in their dress to have imitated the Benedictine Monks, who were the chief restorers of Literature. Their gowns, at first, reached not much lower than their knees. The shoulders were but a little, or not at all, gathered; neither were the sleeves much wider than an ordi- nary coal, but were afterwards much en- larged. When degrees became more fre- quent in the reigns of Richard I. and John, other fashions were invented for the sake of distinction, not only with respect to degrees but faculties. The wide sleeves are still worn by Bachelors, and by those undergraduats who are on the foundation at different colleges. The gowns were at first black, afterwards of different colours. In the Chancellorship of Archbishop Laud, all were confined to black, except the Sons of Noblemen, who were allowed to wear Q() any colour. The gown used at present by Masters of Arts is not ancient, and never known to have been worn before the time of John Calvin, who, as it is said;- was the first who wore it. The ancient gown had the slit longways, and the facing lined with fur. With respect to caps; the square form with the upper part pointed is supposed to have been the most ancient; but on the in- troduction of the faculties of Divinity, Law, and Medicine, the doctors in them wore round caps. The two latter still retain them. Some years before the Reformation, the Theologists wore square caps, without any stiffening in them, which caused each corner to flag. They were such as the Judges now use. It was the custom for the Clergy to preach in caps, and for their au- ditors, if scholars, to sit in them; which continued till the troubles in the time of Charles I. On the Restoration of Charles II. the auditors sat bare, lest if covered, they should encourage the laity to put on, their hats, as they did during the Rebellion. Ø i The most ancient form of the Hood was that which was sowed or tied to the upper part of the coat or gown, and brought over the head for a covering, in the same manner as a cowl: but when caps were introduced, the hoods became only an ornament for the shoulders and back; they were then en- larged and lined with skins. The Boots were introduced by the Bene- dictines. The ancient form or fashion of them was but small, and came up to the middle of the leg, with little or no tops to them. They were worn by Masters of Arts at their inception; which custom continued till the introduction of the Degree of Doc- tor, when they were used by them, and the Masters wore Pantables or Sandals.” V III. : U N IV E R SITY AT STAN FOR D, Anthony Wood assigns the date 1291, 20 Edward I. as the commencement of the University at Stanford, “Let us examine,’ * Wood's Iſistory of Oxford. 92 says he, “ its first original, as far at least as can be discovered by ancient registers; rejecting in the mean while the authority of those writers, who refer its institution to Bladud, 870 years before the birth of our Saviour. And why should we not be of opinion that it was begun by Mr. Robert Lutterel, who studying for a time at Oxford, became afterwards rector of Ensham in this County For in the 20th of Edward I. he made over the manor which he held in St. Peter's parish in Stanford, to the prior and convent of Sempringham, devoting it equally to the increase of the said convent, and support of such as should here study divinity and philosophy, and also for the maintenance either of a regular, or secular clerk, who should celebrate mass within the chapel of the Blessed Virgin in the said Manor. From this gift therefore of the said Mr. Robert Lutterel (which I find con- firmed on the 29th of November, 1303, by John d'Alderby, Bishop of Lincoln) I do not at all doubt began these schools at Stanford, which the Oxonians (frequent- 23 ing the place) finding it become famous, especially as it is probable, the northern men, they removed to it, not at all driven thither by any disturbances in their own University, but chiefly allured by the newness of the place, and other induce- ments.” Peck, however, in his History of Stanford, attributes the foundation of it to Henry de Hanna, early in the reign of Henry III. It appears to have been sup- pressed by Edward III, in favour of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, from the former of which there happened at that time, in consequence of a riot, to be a great secession. IX. STATE OF L E A R N IN G IN T H E U N IV ER = SITY AT THE LATTER END OF THE THIRT E E N T H C E N T U R Y . In the year 1284, John Peckham, Arch- bishop of Canterbury, came to Oxford to visit Osney Abbey. Which being finished, he called together the Masters of the Uni- versity, who appearing before him, he made Q4 a grave speech ; then told them of divers erroneous opinions, which they, not becom- ing their wisdom, did maintain, and that neither by reason, nor upon any scholastical ground, but for the cause of commotion did imprudently affirm and defend against the instructions and lessons of the ancient philosophers and other wise men. Among their grammatical errors, it seems, they held “ego currit,” “ego legit,” to be good latin.” º x. STATE OF LEARN IN G IN THIS UN IV E R- SITY AT T H E B E G IN N IN G O F THE S I XT E E N T H C E N TU R Y. At this time there were in Oxford some men of real learning, among whom were conspicuous the names of Grocyn, Latymer, Colet, and Linacre; men who in the schools of Italy had studied the Greek language with indefatigable industry, and who were ausing all their exertions to promote its -º-º: * Wood's Annals, 25 cultivation in our own country, and particu- larly in this University. They had however to oppose numerous and violent prejudices, few were anxious to acquire the knowledge of what a great majority loaded with con- tempt; few could be induced to labour in pursuit of an object, by which in the opinion of some, they were liable to incur the odious charge of heresy. The study preparatory to the degrees in Arts, seems to have been confined to the miserable translations and more miserable comments of Ptolemy's as- tronomy, Aristotle's logical and metaphy- sical works, somethiog of natural philoso- phy and ethics, the two first books of Eu- clid, and a little grammar and rhetoric. The regular time of conferring degrees, upon the payment of certain variable pecu- niary fines, was allowed to be anticipated. For the higher degrees, these fines some- times amounted to a considerable sum ; for a doctor's degree in divinity twenty pounds have been given. On these occasions, at first the ordinary perquisites, were liveries. knives, gloves, and cloth for gowns, to the Y O L. I. C 26 regents; afterwards, instead of these, it was common to substitute a literary exercise, some part of Cicero, or a book of Sallust, to be read to the undergraduates; a copy of Latin verses, or a comedy, with a fine of a few shillings to repair the convocation house, to glaze a window, repair a dial, or mend a bedel's staff. XI. H A L L S OR IN N S. Before the foundation and endowment of colleges, the students in Oxford used to lodge in the citizens' houses, as is the pre- sent custom in foreign Universities. After- wards, several tenements were set aside for their use, that they might live together in societies, which being distinguished from the private houses of the citizens, were called either halls from the German, inns from the Saxon, or hostels from the French. Of these there were no less than three hun- dred at one time, in the reign of Edward I. The proprietors of these houses, after they had once become halls, were not allowed 27 to apply them to any other purpose thala the reception of students, nor demise them without this exception, “ in case the Uni- versity had no occasion of the same.” That they might not become ruinous through want of repairs, it was agreed between the parties, that the Principal of each building should give notice to his landlord of what was necessary to be done, who should upon such notice, apply the rents thereof to the reparation of it; but upon neglect of such admonition, the cost and charge fell wholly upon the Principal, without any abatement of the rent. Neither were the proprietors at liberty to raise tº rents at pleasure, the king having established by his charter, an office, to be discharged by two masters on the one side, and two citizens on the other, who were upon oath to make a just taxation of houses; which persons being chosen, in the first congregation after Michaelmas, were obliged by statute to deliver in, at the end of every term, an account of what houses, or schools, belonged to the scho- C 2 2S lars, in what parishes they were, and how taxed; which account was always registered by the chancellor and proctors. Of this office the name still continues, taskers or taxers, in the University of Cambridge, though its nature is now altered, and cor- responds to our Clerks of the Market. In these Hospitia did the students live at first, by the contribution of the nobility and great men in church and state, and after- wards at their own expence, till the pious and munificent patrons of learning thought fit to settle for ever upon them certain and plentiful revenues, and to enlarge and beau- tify their habitations.” x II. when ce CERTAIN HALLs OBTAIN EB THEIR N A M ES. In consequence of a great fire in Oxford, in the year 1190, by which St. Frideswyde's *- slº- * Peashall's History of Oxford. 29 church and many houses were destroyed, the inhabitants began to build with stone and slate, instead of wood and straw. In those parts inhabited by poor people, who could not afford to build in that manner, a high stone wall was erected, for the most part, between every four or six houses. On the introduction of this fashion of building with stone, such tenements as were so built, were for the better distinction from others called and written Aulæ Lapidea, and Aulæ Tegulata. Some of these appear to have been in being before this time, and seem to have been built after the deplorable fire that happened in K. Stephen's reign. Some of those Halls, that were not slated, were stiled Thatched Halls, and in evi- dences Aula cum stramine cooperta. Like- wise when glass came in fashion, for before that time our windows were only laticed, that Hall which had its windows first glazed was stiled Aula vitrea, Glazen Hall. In like manner, it is probable, that those which had leaden gutters, or any part of their roofs of lead, were stiled and written, Aula: G 3 30 plumbed, for several of that name appear in antient evidences.* x III. CHIM N EY HAL L, Or, Aula cum Camino, was so denominated from its having a chimney, a circumstance, in those days, sufficient to distinguish and give name to one of the academical hospitia. The custom of having a central fire of charcoal in the College Halls, with a cu- pola over it, fenced with shelving boards to exclude the rain, and give a vent to the smoke, was preserved in some College Halls till within a few years; chimneys were by no means general in this kingdom till the time of Queen Elizabeth. “ There are old men yet dwelling in the village where I re- maine, which have noted three things to be marvellouslie altered in England within their sound remembrance. One is, the mul- titude of chimnies latelie erected, whereas in their yoong daies there were not above * A. Wood's History. 3 I two or three, if so many in most uplandish townes [villages dispersed in wastes] of the realme, the religious houses, and manour places of their lords, alwaies excepted, and peradventure some great personages; but eche one made his fire against a rere dosse [raised back] in the hall, where he dined and dressed his meat.”* x 1 v. The J Ews NUMER O U S IN ox Forn. About the year 1075, the Jews, in great numbers began to settle in Oxford, and chiefly in the parishes of St. Martin, St. Edward, and St. Aldate; the two last of which were afterwards called the Great and Little Jewries. In one of them they erected a synagogue or school, and expounded the opinions of the Rabbins to the Academians. Several of their houses were inhabited by Clerks, who read and taught in them, and which were afterwards known by the names -y- * Harrison's Description of England, Preface to Holinshed B, 11. C, 12. edit. 1586, C 4 ºx 32 of Halls, as Lombard Hall, Mossey or Moyses Hall, Jacob's Hall, Sºc.” In Henry the third's reign, “Oxford flourished,” says Fuller, “ with a multitude of students, the king conferring large fa- vours upon them, and this amongst the rest, that no Jews living at Oxford should receive of scholars above two-pence a week interest for the loan of twenty shillings, that is eight shillings and eight-pence for the in- terest of a pound in the year. Hereby we may guesse how miserably poor people in other places were oppressed by the Jews, where no restraint did limite their usury; so that the interest amounted to the half of the principal.” In another place, however, speaking of the misdemeanours charged on the Jews, he allows that “ in such cases weak proofs are of proof against rich offenders. We may well believe,” says he, “if their per- sons were guilty of some of their faults, their estates were guilty of the rest.”f * Wood’s Annals. + Fuller's Ch. Hist, 33 In consequence of the enormities and crimes said to have been committed by them, they were banished from England in the reign of Edward I. “This circum- stance,” says Wood “ was highly favour- able to the circulation of their learning in England. The suddenness of their dismis- sion obliged them for present subsistence, and other reasons, to sell their moveable goods of all kinds, among which were large quantities of Rabbinical books. The monks in various parts availed themselves of the distribution of these treasures. At Oxford, great multitudes of them fell into the hands of Roger Bacon, or were bought by his brethren, the Franciscan friars, of that University.” They had a burial place without the East gate, on which St. John's Hospital (on the site of which Magdalen College now stands) being afterwards built, they buried in a piece of ground now occupied by the l’hysic gar- den ; of which sufficient testimonies not only appeared when the foundation of the wall of that garden was dug, but also when C 5 34. the bulwark was raised between the North wall thereof, and the East bridge in the year 1642; at which times the bones of men, women, and children were dug up.” XV. A T H R E E – F O L D DIVISION OF C L E R K.S. In the twelfth century, the study of the Civil Law came into great repute to the discouragement and detriment of the other sciences. At that time there is said to have been a three-fold division of Clerks. In the first division were the Superseminati, that is, such who neglecting the necessary found- ation of literature, built various sciences and faculties without any bottom, and so remained superficial. In the second were the Pannosi, that is, those who obtained learning particulatim et quasi per particu- tos, appearing only in singulars, and having an absolute perfection in nothing. In the * Wood.—Near this spot more bones were taken up this present year, 1806, in making the new drain or com- Ex100 sewer. 35 third and last were the Massati, that is, those who built a stable and unshaken edi- fice upon the solid foundation of literature, as well of the divine as human law, and other faculties. But these last were very few and rare in this age.* XV I. S TO R Y O F FR I AR B A C O N A N D THE C A M B R I D G E S C H O L.A. R.S. “There goes a ridiculous story, which, because I find it among the ludicra of an eminent person, remembered by him from other papers about 70 years ago, I shall therefore now insert. Once upon a time several scholars of Cambridge came to dis- pute with the scholars of Oxford, with fair promises to themselves of returning con- querors, the which Fryar Bacon hearing, feigned himself a thatcher, and when he was upon a house at Oxford Towns' end, he, upon the approach of the Cantabrigians, came down to meet, and drawing near to - - - - - - - - - - - -- * *- - * Wood’s Annals. c 6 36 them, one of the Cantabrigians said to him “Rustice quid quaeris?” Bacon the thatcher answered, ‘Ut mecum versificeris.’ Then quoth another of the Cambridge scholars, ‘Versificator tu ?' Bacon answered Melior non Solis abortu.’ Whereupon the Canta- brigians seeing that Oxford Thatchers were so good versifiers, and being more afraid of the Scholars themselves, returned to Cambridge re infecta.” XV II. STORY OF TWO IT IN E R A N T P R I EST. S. Wood relates a story of two itinerant priests coming, towards night, to a cell of Benedictines near Oxford, where, on a sup- position of their being mimes or minstrels, they gained admittance. But the cellarer, sacrist, and others of the brethren, hoping to have been entertained by their buffoon- ery, and finding them to be nothing more than two indigent ecclesiastics who could only administer spiritual consolation, and * Wood’s Annals. 37 being consequently disappointed of their mirth, beat them and turned them out of the monastery.* XVI I I, P A U P E R N STS. The name of Pauperists was given to those Civilians who read and taught in Libro Pauperum, a book in great repute in Henry the Second's time, as the other called The- saurus Pauperum, was in the next century, composed by Johan. Petrus, Bishop of Fraschati (Joh. Petrus episcopus Tuscula- mensis) afterwards Pope John xx II, f X I X. R IV A L R Y BET W E E N T H E M E N DI- C A N T S A N D M O N KS. In the rivalry which subsisted between the Mendicants and the Monks, the latter sometimes availed themselves of their riches, and with a view to attract popularity, and to eclipse the growing lustre of the former, * Wood’s Annals. + Ibid. 3S proceeded to their degrees in the univer- sities with prodigious parade. In the year 1298, William de Brooke, a Benedictine of Saint Peter's abbey at Gloucester, took the degree of doctor in divinity at Oxford. He was attended on this important occasion by the abbot and whole convent of Glou- cester, the abbots of Westminster, Reading, Abingdon, Evesham, and M almesbury, with one hundred noblemen and esquires, on horses richly caparisoned. These were entertained at a sumptuous feast in the re- fectory of Gloucester College. But it should be observed, that he was the first of the Benedictine order that attained this dignity.* - | XX . THE FR A N C I S C A N S A N D R O GER BAC O N. The most learned scholars in the univer- sity of Oxford, at the close of the thirteenth * Wood's Hist, Warton's English Postry, 39 century, were Franciscan friars;* and long after this period, the Franciscans appear to have been its sole support and ornament. Hence it was that bishop Hugh de Balsham, founder of Peter-house at Cambridge, or- ders in his statutes, given about the year 1280, that some of his scholars should an- nually repair to Oxford for improvement in the sciences, that is, to study under the Franciscan readers. Such was the eminence of the Franciscan friary at Oxford, that the learned bishop Grostěte, in the year 1253, bequeathed all his books to that celebrated seminary. This was the house in which the renowned Roger Bacon was educated, who revived, in the midst of barbarism, and brought to a considerable degree of perfec- tion, the knowledge of mathematics in En- gland, and greatly facilitated many modern discoveries in experimental philosophy. The celebrity of the Franciscans roused the monks from their indolence, and induced * The Dominicans, Carmelites, and Austins were like- wise established there. 40 the greater monasteries to procure the foundation of small colleges for the edu- cation of their novices.* X X | . FEAST'S OF IN C E H TO H. S. In the year 1268, the inceptors in civil law at Oxford were so numerous, and at- tended by such a number of guests, that the academical houses or hostels were not suf- ficient for their accommodation : and the company filled not only these, but even the refectory, cloisters, and many apartments of Oseney abbey, near the suburbs of Ox- ford. At which time many Italians studying at Oxford were admitted in that faculty. It appears that the Mayor and citizens of Oxford were constantly invited to these so- lemnities. In the year 1400, two monks of the priory of Christ Church in Canter- bury, were severally admitted to the degree of Doctor in divinity and civil law at Ox- ford. The expences were paid by their * Warton's Hist, of Engl. Poetry. 41 monastery, and amounted to 1181. 3s. 8d. At length these scholastic banquets grew to such excess, that it was ordered in the year 1434, that no inceptor in arts should expend more than “3000 grossos Turonen- ses.” But the limitation was a considerable sum. Each is somewhat less than an En- glish groat. Notwithstanding, Neville, afterwards archbishop of York, on his ad- mission to the degree of master of arts in 1452, feasted the academics and many strangers for two successive days, at two entertainments, consisting of nine hundred costly dishes.* Y X 1 I, OXFORD SCHOLARS RECEIV E D A.T N ORTH A M PTO N . “The King [Henry III.] now at Wind- sor, understanding by the advice of his council, that troubles were daily added to the Clerks of Oxford by the multitudes of people there gathered together, either to * Wood's Annals.-Warton’s Hist, Engl. Poetry, 49 study or to transact business in relation to the government of the nation and liberty of the subject, and also from controversies among themselves (which multitudes of people, unless diminished, might prove turbulent in divers respects) did grant li- berty to the Masters and Scholars on the first of February, 1260, to found certain schools of learning and make profession thereof in the town of Northampton. For which purpose, that they might be the bet- ter welcome, the king at the same time com- manded the Mayor, Bailiffs, and other le- gal men of the same place to receive them courteously and accommodate them with those things fit for scholars.” XXIII. D IS PUTATIONS IN P A R WIS II S. In the Statute, De Exercitiis praestandis pro Gradu Baccalaurei in Artibus, the ex- ercises required are Disputationes in Par- visiis. * Wood's Annals, 43 Chaucer, in the Prologue to the Canter- bury Tales, characterizing the Sergeant at Law, says, A Sergeant of Law, ware and wise, That often had ben at the pervise. And in the glossary at the end of Urry's edition, the word Pervise is explained, a church porch, contracted from Paradisus, i.e. locus porticibus et deambulatoriis cir- cumdatus, and Spelman says that our law- yers used formerly to walk in such a place to meet their ciients. Before the schools were erected the young students held their disputations in Parvisiis in the porch of St. Mary's church. There they sate, vis-a-vis, one opposite the other. This might be expressed in the Norman French of those times perhaps by Par-vis, and this again in barbarous Latin would be rendered by in parvisiis. Another writer says of this word, that it signifies the nether part of a church, set apart for the teaching of children in it, and that thence it is called the Parvis, a parvis 44 pueris ibi edoctis; adding that this sense of it explains the following story in Matthew Paris. “In the reign of king Henry III. the pope's collector met a poor priest with a vessel of holy water, and a sprinkler, and a loaf of bread that he had gotten at a place for sprinkling some of his water; for he used to go abroad, and bestow his holy water, and receive of the people what they gave him, as the reputed value thereof. The pope's collector asked him what he might get in one year in that way The priest an- swered about twenty shillings, to which the collector presently replied, then there be- long as due out of it, as the tenths, two shillings to my receipt yearly, and obliges him to pay it accordingly. Upon which [Cogebatur ille pauperculus, multis diebus scholas exercens, venditis in Parvisio libel- lis, vitam famelicam protelare pro illä sub- stantiá persolvendà, the poor priest, to en- able him to pay that imposition, and to get a sort of livelihood, was constrained to take up the trade of selling little books at the 45 school in the parvise. And hence it is, as some think, that the French call the Proanos, le Parvis.” Staveley's History of Churches. XXIV. A U ST IN DIS PUTATION S. In the University Statutes we meet with the term Disputationes in Augustinensibus. These were disputations with the Augustine monks, who had acquired great reputation for exercises of this kind, and had formerly a monastery in Oxford, on the site of which Wadham College is erected. Some traces of this practice still remain in the Univer- sity exercises, and the common phrase of scholars “doing Austins” has a direct al- lusion to it. xxv. QUADRI v I A LS AND TRIVIALs. The four mathematical arts are arithme- tic, geometry, music, and astronomy; these were anciently termed the quadrivium, or fourfold way to knowledge; the other three, grammar, rhetoric and logic, completing 46 the number of the seven liberal sciences, were termed the trivium or threefold way to eloquence. This scholastic division is recognized in an ancient monumental inscription in West- minster Abbey, in memory of Gilbert Cris- pin, who died abbot of Westminster, in 1 117. Mitis eras, justus, prudens, fortis, moderatus, Doctus quadrivio nec minus in trivio. And these are the arts understood in the academical degrees of bachelor and master of arts; for the ancient course of scholastic institution required a proficiency in each. XXVI. POET A L A U R E ATU S. “ Degrees in grammar, which included rhetoric and versification, were anciently taken in our Universities, particularly at Oxford ; on which occasion, a wreath of laurel was presented to the new graduate, who was afterwards usually styled poeta law- 47 reatus. About the year 1470* one John Watson, a student in grammar, obtained a concession to be graduated and laureated in that science, on condition that he com- posed one hundred Latin Verses in praise of the University, and a Latin Comedy."f Another grammarian was distinguished with the same badge, after having stipulated, that, at the next public act, he would affix -* * Mr. Warton is wrong in the date, it ought to be 1511. + The nature and subject of Dante's Comedies, as they are styled, is well known. The comedies ascribed to Chaucer are probably his Canterbury tales. We learn from Chaucer’s own words, that tragic tales were called Tragedies. In the Prologue to the Monkes Tale. Tragedy is to tell a certaine story, As old bookis makin ofte memory, Of hem that stode in grete prosperite, And be fallen out of her high degree. Some of these, the Monk adds, were written in prose, others in metre. Afterwards follow many tragical mar- ratives, of which he says, Tragedies first wol I tell Of which I have an hundred in my cell, 48 the same number of hexameters on the great gates of St. Mary’s church, that they migh- be seen by the whole University. This was at that period the most convenient mode of publication. In the same year one Mau- rice Byrchensaw, a scholar in rhetoric, supplicated to be admitted to read lectures, that is to take a degree, in that faculty, and his petition was granted, with a provi- sion, that he should write one hundred verses on the glory of the University, and not suffer Ovid's Art of Love, and the Ele- gies of Pamphilus, to be studied in his audi- tory. Not long afterwards, one John Bul- man, another rhetorician, having complied with the terms imposed, of explaining the first book of Tully's Offices, and likewise the first of his Epistles, without any pecu- niary emolument, was graduated in rheto- ric; and a crown of laurel was publicly placed on his head by the hands of the Chancellor of the University. About the year 1489, Skelton was laureated at Oxford, and in the year 1493, was permitted to wear his laurel at Cambridge. Robert 49 Whittington affords the last instance of a rhetorical degree at Oxford. He was a se- cular priest, and eminent for his various treatises in grammar, and for his facility in Latin poetry: having exercised his art many years, and submitting to the custom- ary demand of a hundred verses, he was honoured with the laurel in the year 1512.” Warton, from whom the preceding account is taken, imagines that the king's laureate was nothing more than a graduated rheto- rician employed in the service of the king, and is of opinion that “it was not customary for the royal laureate to write in English, till the reformation of religion had begun to diminish the veneration for the Latin language : or rather till the love of novelty, and a better sense of things, had banished the narrow pedantries of monastic erudi- tion, and taught us to cultivate our native tongue.”f * It was the year after, 1513. He was not the last, John Ball and Thomas Thomson occur in 1514. + Hist. of Engl. Poetry, W O L. I , l) 50 X XVI I. D. ET E R MIN IN G B A C H E L O RS, “ It was a custom in old time for the Determining Bachelors, every Lent to chose themselves a Captain (whom they commonly styled by the name of Chancellor) and Beadles or Serjeants, which proved, at length, to be so prejudicial to the Univer- sity (for great disorders were occasioned by this practice) that the University made a particular statute against it, injoyning, that such as were guilty for the future of creat- ing such officers (which tended so much to the disturbance of the common peace, and to the scandal of the University) should be imprisoned and excommunicated, the im- prisonment to continue ten days, which time of imprisonment was likewise allotted for the beadles, if they could be appre- hended.”* X X W I I I. C U L ET. “ In old time there was a collection made * Hearne's Appendix to ſlist. Rob, de Avesbury. 51 every year for the Doctors, Masters, and eadles, and this was called Collecta or Culet, which word Culet is used to this day for a customary fee that is paid to the Bea- dles. I suppose, that when this was ga- thered for the Doctors and Masters, it was only for such Doctors and Masters as taught and read to scholars, of which sort there was a vast number in old time, and such a collection was therefore made, that they unight proceed with the more alacrity, and that their dignity might be better support- ed.”* 3 * 1 N. C R A M M A R Scil oo LS AND Dºg a ges I N G R A M M A T. Among the old regulations for the ma- nagement of the Grammar Schools in Ox- ford, we find that all Grammar Masters were “to declare to their Scholars the man- dates of the Chancellor twice or thrice every term, that they might know how to obey, * j, carvi 's App II lix to Hist. Rob. de Avesbury. D Q */ 52 to instruct them in Latin Authors, and to make them construe the said authors in Trench as well as in English, least that tongue should be utterly forgotten. That the said Masters read their cursory Lectures in their respective Schools, and not suffer Ovid de arte amandi,” or Pamphilus * de amore,' or any other books that should pro- voke their scholars to love-passion, to be read or discoursed in their schools.”* Per- sons were anciently admitted to be Licen— tiates in Grammar, in the Convocation House, by putting into their hands a ferula and a rod. xxx. A NT 19 U Us Do NATUs. In the statutes of New College, grammar is called, Antiquus Donatus, i. e. the old donat, or the name of a system of grammar. formerly in vogue. The French have a book entitled Le Donnet, traité de gram- * Wood’s Annals. 53 maire, baillé à feu roi Charles viii. Among Rawlinson's Manuscripts at Oxford, is a manuscript on wellum, called Donatus op- timus noviter compilatus, given to Saint Alban's, by John Stoke, abbot, in 1450. In the introduction, or lytell Proheme, to Dean Colet's Grammatices Rudimenta, we find mention made of “certayne introdu- cyions into Latyn speche called Donates,” &c. Among the books written by bishop Peacock, there is the Donat into Christian Religion, and the Folower to the Donat. Cotgrave quotes an old French proverb, Les diables estoient encores à leur Donat. The devils were but yet in their grammar. The name arose from AElius Donatus, who was a grammarian in the fourth century. X X XI. S P E CIM E N OF LAT IN IT Y. We have the following specimen of ele- gant Latinity in a work intitled Breviarium Bartholomei, which was written by John Merfield in the reign of Henry VI. It oc- curs in a chapter in which he treats of the D 3 54 cure of the jaundice. “Item pediculi ovi- uni triti et distemperati cum Hydromelle, habent curare yetetitiam, unde Mr. Nicho- laus Tyngewick narravit in Cathedra sua Oxon quod equitawit x L. milliaria ad unam vetulam quae curavit per hoc quasi infinitos homines, et dedit ei unam summam pecu- niae pro doctrina istius curae.” X X X II. UNIVERSITY DISCIP L IN E IN THE T J M E O F H E N R Y W III. In a sermon of “ Maister Thomas Leuer, preached at Poulis Cross the xiiii day of December, 1550,” is the following descrip- tion of University discipline. “ There be diuers which rise dailie be- twixt iiii and fyve of the clocke in the mor- mynge, and from fyve until syxe of the clocke use common prayer, with an exhor- tation of God’s word, in a common chapell, and from syse untoo ten use euer eyther private studie or commune lectures. At ten of the clocke they go to dinner, where as they be contente with a penie peice of 55 befe amongest iii, havinge a few potage made of the brothe of the same beefe, with salt and oatmeal, and nothing elles. After this slender dyner they be either teachinge or learninge until v of the clocke in the euyn- ing, when as they have a supper not muche better than their dinner, immediatelie after the which they go either to reasoning in problemes, or unto some other studie, until it be nyne or tenne of the clocke, and there beynge without fire, are faine to walk or runne up and downe halfe a houre to get a hete on their fete when they go to bed.” X X X I I I. D. E. V. A STAT I O N S CO M M ITT E D BY T H E VI SITO RS IN T H E R El GN OF ED WA R D. V l ; A N D AN EC DOTES RE LATIVE TO THE S C A R CITY OF B O O KS IN T H E F O U R- T E E N T H A N D FIFT E E N T M C E N T U R H E S. About the year 1440, Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, gave to the University of Oxford a library containing six hundred volumes, only one hundred and twenty of which were valued at more than one thou- D 4 56 sand pounds. They were the most splendid and costly copies that could be procured, finely written on vellum, and elegantly em- bellished with miniatures and illuminations. Among the rest was a translation into French of Ovid's Metamorphoses. Only a single specimen of these valuable volumes was suf- fered to remain ; it is a beautiful manuscript in folio of Valerius Maximus, enriched with the most elegant decorations, and written in Duke Humphrey's age, evidently with a design of being placed in this sump- tuous collection. All the rest of the books, which, like this, being highly ornamented, looked like missals, and conveyed ideas of popish superstition, were destroyed or re- moved by the pious visitors of the univer- sity in the reign of Edward the sixth, whose zeal was equalled only by their ignorance or perhaps by their avarice. A great num- ber of classics, in this grand work of refor- mation, were condemned as anti-christian. The following remarkable instance of the inconveniences and impediments to study, which must have been produced by a scar- 57 city of books, occurs in the Statutes of St. Mary’s college at Oxford, founded as a se- minary to Osney Abbey, in the year 1446. “Let no scholar occupy a book in the li- brary above one hour, or two hours at most ; so that others shall be hindered from the use of the same.” About the commencement of the four- teenth century, there were only four clas- sics in the royal library at Paris. These were one copy of Cicero, Ovid, Lucan, and Boethius. The rest were chiefly books of devotion, which included but few of the fathers; many treatises of astrology, geo- mancy, chiromancy, and medicine, ori- ginally written in Arabic, and translated into Latin or French; pandects, chronicles, and romances. This collection was princi- pally made by Charles V. who began his reign in 1865. This monarch was passion- ately fond of reading, and it was the fashion to send him presents of books from every part of the kingdom of France. The En- glish became masters of Paris in the year 1425. On which event the duke of Bed- £) tº 58 ford, regent of France, sent this whole If- brary, then consisting of only eight hun- dred and fifty-three volumes, and valued at two thousand two hundred and twenty- three livres, into England ; where perhaps they became the ground work of Duke Humphrey’s Library.* In Hearne's Curious Discourses, there is “A Note” which says that the Divinity School and Library were founded in the year 1478, not by one but many benefac- tors. John Kempe, Cardinal and Arch- bishop of Canterbury ; and John Kempe, Bishop of London, contributed a thousand marks, for which reason a decree was made by the University that “between the feasts of St. Luke and all Sayncts, Solemne Dirige and Masse should be sounge for their soules, and that they should be remembered in everye Sermou in Oxford, at Paules Crosse, and the Hospitall in London. Also a Chap- lein of the Universitie was chosen, after the * Warton’s Hist, of Engl. Poetry, 59 maner of a Bedell, and to hym was the Custodie of the Librarye committed, his Stipend—cv Is. and v IIId. his apparell found hym de secta generosorum.” X X X I V, G L O S S E D M A N US C R. I b'TS, Many of the glossed manuscripts, so common in the libraries, were the copies with which pupils in the University attend- ed their readers or lecturers; from whose mouths paraphrastic notes were interlined or written in the margin, by the more dili- gent hearers. In a latin translation of some of Aristotle's philosophical works, once be longing to Rochester priory, and tran- scribed about the year 1350, one Henry de Rewham is said to be the writer, and to have glossed the book, during the time he heard it explained by a public reader in the schools of Oxford. “ Et audiwit in scholis Oxonie, et emendavit et glossavit audiendo.” The word reader seems to have taken its rise from a paucity of books, when there was only one book to be had, which a pro- D 6 *- 60 fessor or lecturer recited to a large audi- ence.* XXXV. THE OLD CON WOCAT I O N H O U S I. This was the room adjoining St. Mary's church. Wood says that Dr. Edward Powell, supposed to be a fellow of Oriel College, expended at least thirty pounds about the time when he was licensed to proceed, in putting up in it a double roof, with painting, gilded knots and lead. This Dr. Powell was executed in Smithfield in 1540, for denying the King's Supremacy. X X X W I. T H E W A K E N IN G M A L L ET. Bingham, in his Ecclesiastical Antiqui- ties, informs us of an invention, before bells, for convening religious assemblies in monasteries. It was going by turns to every one's cell, and with the knock of a hammer calling the monks to church. The instru- ment was called the night signal and the wakening mallet. Till within a few years, # Warton's Hist, of Engl. Poetry, 61 it was the custom in many of the Colleges at Oxford for the Bible Clerk to knock at every room door with a key, to waken the students in the morning, previously to his ringing the chapel bell; and in one of the largest and oldest colleges in Oxford,” the custom still continues of the porter knock- ing with a mallet at the bottom of each stair-case, at seven, and at half past seven o'clock in the morning, when the first and second peals are rung; and at other times too the fellows are called together in this manner to attend any meetings which may be held on College business:—a vestige, it seems, of the ancient monastic custom. XXXVII. COURS ING IN LENT, A N D w ALL LECT U R E.S. Dr. Fell, when Vice-chancellor, reformed several abuses in the schools, and “ because coursing in the time of Lent, that is, the endeavours of one party to run down and confute another in disputation, did com- * New College. 62 monly end in blows, and domestic quarrels (the refuge of the vanquished side) he did by his authority annul that custom.–Dr. Fell, that he might as much as possible sup- port the exercises of the University, did frequent examinations for degrees, hold the examiners up to it, and if they would, or could uot do their duty, he would do it him- self, to the pulling down of many. He did also sometimes repair to the Ordinaries (commonly called Wall Lectures from the paucity of auditors) and was frequently pre- sent at those exercises called disputations in Austins, where he would make the dispu- tants begin precisely at othe, and continue disputing till three of the clock in the after- noon ; so that upon his appearance more auditors were then present, than since have usually appeared at those exercises.” X X X W I l I. T H E U N IV E R SITY STATU T. E. S. “ Dr. Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, had an especial respect for our Author, i * Ath. Oxon. Vol. II. 796. 63 [Brian Twyne, fellow of C. C. C.] and em- ployed him in drawing up the University Statutes now in use; which were afterwards corrected, methodized and furbished over with excellent Latin, by Dr. Peter Turner, one of the Savilian Professors. In the said moble work of gathering the Statutes toge- ther, our author being the chief, if not the only, drudge, for he transcribed them all under his own hand, he was rewarded with the place of Custos Archivorum, founded and established by the Chancellor and Scho- lars of the University after the Statutes were completed, an. 1634.”* The abridgment of the Statutes, was made, at the suggestion of the Chancellor, Archbishop Laud, by Mr. Thomas Crosfield, of Queen's College, and was printed and published in January 1638, but according to the old style in England, 1637. It con- tains those statutes which relate to manners and exercises, and was chiefly designed for the younger part of the University. * Ath. Oxon. II. col. 51, 64 XXXIX. O N STRENGTHEN ING THE S C H O O L S. “ I am glad, you and the heads are sen- sible of the weakness of the schools in the point of their timber, and certainly Dr. Hawley's memory will suffer in it, who was trusted with that work. I am of opinion, (for ought appears to me yet) that no other way but posts will secure the business, and there must be two posts in every school, where there are more than one beam. I know there are other devices which car- penters may mention ; but they are to me as great eye-Sores, as a post can be, and yet will not secure the work, for neither clamping with iron, nor bracers from the wall to the beams, or two half posts close to each wall, can secure the middle of the beam, where the greatest weakness is, and whence the danger will come.” ” * Letter from the Chancellor, Archbishop Laud, to the Vice-Chancellor. 65 X L. CU STOM OF SITTING CO W ER E D AT St. M A R Y’s. From the following letter to the Vice- Chancellor, from the Chancellor, Arch- bishop Laud, it appears that it was former- ly the custom for the masters to sit with their caps on at St. Mary's church. “ Sir, “ I am informed, that the masters, many of them sit bare at St. Marie’s, hav- ing their hats there, and not their caps; rather choosing to sit bare, than to keep form, and then so soon as they come out of the church, they are quite out of form all along the streets. I am likewise told, that divers of the younger sort, and some masters, begin again to leave the wide-sleev- ed gown apace, and take up that which they call the lawyer's gown. If both or either of these be, you had need look to it in time, before it gather head. And if it be true for the gowns, you must chide the 66 - taylors that make them very severely, be- sides what you do to the scholars. W. CANT. Lambeth, Feb. 20. 1638-9. In the margin he observes—“ I approve their sitting bare, so long as they go along the streets in their caps, and keep form, which the Vice-Chancellor assures me they do.” + X L I. A R ID I C U L O U S A C C ID ENT IN ST. MARY'S CHURCH. In the year 1541, a ridiculous accident is related by Fox, in his ecclesiastical his- * “ The custom of men's sitting uncovered in church is certainly very decent, but not very ancient. Richard Cox, Lord Bishop of Ely, died 22 July, M, D, LXXXI. (xxiij. Eliz) and was afterwards very solemnly buried in his own cathedral. I have seen an admirable fair, large, old drawing, exhibiting in one view, his funeral proces- sion; and, in another, the whole assembly, (and as ap- pears by the drawing, a very great one two) sitting in the choir to bear the funcral sermon, all covered nd having their bonnets on.” Peck’s Dsiderata Curiosa, Lib, RX, 67 tory, to have happened in this church. “ There was one Mr. Malary, master of arts in Cambridge, who for certain opinions was convened before the bishops, and then sent to Oxford, openly to recant, and car- ry a faggot, to the terror of the students of this university. On a sunday he was brought into this church, many doctors, divines, and citizens being present. Dr. Smith preached the recantation sermon, and Mr. Malary stood before him with his faggot. About the midst of the sermon, there was of a sudden heard in the church the voice of one crying Fire 1 Fire! in the streets, occasioned by a person who saw a chimney on fire in Allhallow’s parish, and so passing by the church, cried Fire, think- ing no hurt. This sound of fire being heard in the church, went from one to another, till at length the doctors and preacher heard it themselves, who amazed with sudden fear, began to look up to the top and walls of the church, which others seeing, looked up also ; upon which some began in the midst of the crowd to cry out Fire, Fire t 68 where f' says one and another.—‘ In the church,' says one, the word church was scarce pronounced, when in a moment there was a great cry, “ The church is on fire,’ ‘The church is set on fire by hereticks.’ This in- expressible horror and confusion, raised the dust like a smoke, which with the out- cries of the people, made them all so afraid, that leaving the sermon, they began to run away; but so great was the press of the multitude crowding together, that the more they laboured, the harder it was to get out; for they stuck so fast in the door, there was no moving forward nor backward. They ran to another little wicket on the north side, from thence to a door on the west; but there was so great a throng, that with the force thereof a great bar of iron, which is almost incredible, was pulled out and broken by the strength of men's hands, and yet could not the door be opened for the vast concourse of people : at last des- pairing of getting out, they in great amaze- ment ran up and down, crying out, that * the hereticks had conspired their death : 69 one said he plainly heard the fire, another af- firmed he saw it, and a third swore he felt the melted lead dropping on his head and shoul- ders; none made more noise than the doctor that preached, who first of all cried out in the pulpit, “ These are the subtleties of the he- reticks against me, Lord have mercy upon me,’ &c. In all this consternation nothing was more feared than the melting of the lead, which many affirmed they felt drop- ping on their bodies. The doctors finding authority and force could not prevail, fell to entreaties, one offering twenty pound, another his scarlet gown, so that any man would pull him out, though it were by the ears. A president of a college pulling a board out from the pews, covered his head and shoulders there with against the scalding lead, which they feared much more than the falling of the church; one thought to get out of a window, and had broken the glass, and got his head and one shoulder out, but then stuck fast be- tween the iron bars, that he could move 70 aneither way; others stuck as fast in the doors, over the heads of whom some got out. A boy had climbed up on the top of the church door, and seeing a monk, who had got over men's heads, coming to- wards him, with a wide cowl hanging at his back, he thought it a good opportunity to make his escape, and prettily conveyed him- self into the monk’s cowl. The monk got out with the boy in his cowl, and for a while felt no weight, but at last feeling his cowl heavier than ordinary, and hearing a voice behind him, he was more afraid than while in the throng, believing that the evil spirit which had fired the church had flown into his cowl, whereupon he began to ex- orcise; “ In the name of God, and a (/saints I command thee to declare what thout a t be- hind my back.’ ‘ I am Bertram's boy,’ said the other. ‘ But I,' said the monk, adjure thee, in the name of the inseparable Trinity, that thou wicked spirit do tell me who thou art, and from whence thou comest, and that thou go hence.’ I am Bertram's 71 toy,' said he, and I pray, good master, let me go.' When the monk perceived the matter, he took the boy out, who ran away as fast as he could. In the mean time those without the church, seeing all things safe, made signs to them within to . be quiet, but the noise being so great that no word could be heard, these signs in- creased their fear, supposing all the church without to be on fire, and that they were bid to tarry, within, and not to venture out, because of the dropping of the lead, and the fall of other things; this hurry lasted many hours, but at length the mistake was discovered. The next day, and week fol- lowing there was an incredible number of bills set upon the church doors, to enquire for all manner of things then lost, there being but few in this garboyle who either through negligence lost or through obli- vion, left not something behind : the poor heretick's penance being then disturbed, was perfected the next day at St. Frides- wide's church.” 72 XLII. P1, ATE. It is well known that all the Colleges in Oxford contributed their plate to Charles the First's necessities. A laudable and very seasonable proof of loyalty, says Mr. War- ton, but much regretted by the lovers of ancient art, as it destroyed many valuable specimens of curious workmanship not else- were preserved, in an article which our magnificent ancestors carried to a most su- perb and sumptuous excess.” X LIII. SPI C E S. In the rolls or accompts of some colleges which are of ancient foundation, we fre- quently find a sum of money charged pro speciebus, that is, for spices, used in their entertainments; for in those days spiced- wine was a very fashionable beverage. It * Warton's Life of Sir T. Pope. 73 appears from a passage in Froissart, that the spice for this mixture, was served often separately, in what they called a spice- plate. In the Computus of Maxtoke pri- ory, an. 1447, we have the following cu- rious Latin entry, “Item pro vino cretico cum speciebus et confectis datis diversis ge- nerosis in die sancti Dionysii quando Le fole domini Montfordes erat hic, et faceret jo- cositates suas in camera Orioli.” Vinum creticum is supposed to be raisin-wine, or wine made of dried grapes, and the mean- ing of the whole seems to be this:—“ Paid for raisin wine with comfits and spices, when Sir S. Montford’s fool was here, and exhibited his merriments in the oriel- chamber.” * Warton's History of English Poetry. An oriel was a recess in a chamber, or hall, formed by the projec- tion of a spacious bow window from top to bottom. $' O. L. I. E 74 XLIV. O N BE DELS SUPERINT EN DING THE PIR ESS, “I am very glad I put that to the ques- tion, concerning the joyning of the other two Bedels with the law Bedel, to assist at the learned press, considering that it jumps so well with your care and thoughts in the same kind; and yet, though I think their assistance may be very useful to that work, it will certainly be necessary, that the statute be observed, and the main trust be left upon the law Bedel. For else you know, between many stools, what's like to go to ground. But indeed, if the Univer- sity would set sadly to it, and bring in some batchelors of arts to be yeomen Bedels, which are well grounded and towardly to serve that press as composers, or otherwise, it would in time be of excellent use. And they, which thrived well and did good ser- vice, might after be preferred to be esquire Bedels, and so that press would ever train up able men for itself. And though there be 75 time enough to think of this business; yet certainly it would not be amiss, now while it is res integra, to propose it, (in general at least) to the heads, that every man may have his eyes upon, and help to perfect so good a business, which yet I leave to your free consideration.” * X L. V. P R O N U N C I ATION OF G R E E R , On the reformation of the pronunciation of the Greek language, which, although it first took place at Cambridge, cannot fail to be interesting to our readers, we have the following curious account in Strype's Life of Sir John Cheke, who was appoint- ed the first Greek lecturer in the year 1540. “ Cheke, together with his learned con- temporary Smith, (who ever went along with him in promoting good literature) was highly instrumental in bringing into more request the study of Greek, in which lan- + - —ºr- * Letter from the Chancellor, Archbishop Laud, to the Vice-Chancellor. E 2 76 guage all learning anciently was contained ; and from Greece it flowed into Italy, and other parts of the world. This language was little known or understood hitherto in this realm. And if any saw a piece of Greek, they used to say, ‘ Graccum est, mon potest legi, i. e. “It is Greek, it can- not be read.’ And those few that did pre- tend to some insight into it, read it after a strange corrupt manner, pronouncing the vowels and dipthongs, and several of the con- sonants very much amiss: confounding the sound of the vowels and dipthongs so, that there was little or no difference between them. As for example, 2, was pronounced as ; o; and e, as iala: ; *, *, v, were expressed in the one and the same sound; that is, as idºla. Also some of the consonants were pronounc- ed differently, according as they were placed in the word; that is to say, when 1 was placed after p, it was pronounced as our d. And when ºr was put after y, then it was sounded as our b. The letter x was pronounced as we do ch, 3 as we do the v consonant. But since different letters must make different sounds, Cheke with his friend Smith, concluded 77 these to be very false ways of reading Greek, and sounds utterly different from what the ancient Greeks read and spake. But what the true way was, that they both earnestly set themselves to consider, and find out; which at length they did, partly by considering the power of the letters themselves, and partly by consulting with Greek authors, Aristophanes, and others; in some whereof they found footsteps to direct them, how the ancient Greeks pronounced. “ These errors then Cheke in his lec- tures plainly discovered, and at length ex- ploded. And the more studious and ingeni- ous sort of scholars being convinced, most gladly forsook their old way of reading Greek, for this more right and true, though new found out, shewn them by their learned reader. But there was a party in the Uni- versity, who disliking any thing that was new, and dreading alterations, and blindly admitting every thing that was old, would by no means allow of this pronunciation, but opposed it with all their might, by disputing against it, and at last by com- E 3 78 plaining to Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, the Chancellor of the University, against Cheke and his adherents for this great mis- demeanor. Who being of the same mind with the complainants, and fearing inno- vation more than was need, made a solemn decree, dated the calends of June, 1542, confirming the old corrupt sounding of Greek, and enjoining the scholars to make no variation, and that upon these pains, viz.-If he were a regent, to be expelled out of the senate; if he stood for a degree, not to be adunitted to it; if a scholar to lose his scholarship; and the younger sort to be chastised. And in short, the degree ran, ‘That none should philosophize at all in sounds, but all use the present. And that if any thing were to be corrected in them, let it all be left to authority.’ * * * * But whatever opposition of injunctions, decrees, and penalties were made against it; yet as it was said of truth, it is great and will prevail, so this true way of speaking and reading Greek got the day in the University. And those that were the 70 greatest ornaments of learning then in Cambridge, Redman, Smith, Ponet, Pick- ering, Ascham, Tong, Bill, and all others, who either read any thing publicly in the schools, or privately in the colleges, gave themselves wholly to this correct way.” XLVI. CRAN MER, RI DLEY, AND LATIMER. The particulars of their martyrdom may be seen in Fox's Acts and Monuments, and in Strype's Memorials of Archbishop Cran- mer. Trom the latter work are extracted the following curious anecdotes: § 1. Latimer's Dress while a Prisoner at Oxford. “I cannot here omit old Father Latimer's habit at his appearing before the commis- sioners, which was also his habit, while he remained a prisoner in Oxford. He held his hat in his hand; he had a kerchief on his head, and upon it a night cap or two, and a great cap such as townsmen used, with two broad flaps, to button under his E 4 80 chin: an old threadbare Bristow freez gown, girded to his body with a penny lether girdle, at which hanged, by a long string of lether, his testament, and his spectacles without case hanging about his neck upon his breast.” §2. Cranmer seeth Ridley and Latimer going to their burning. “In October [1555] Ridley and Latimer were brought forth to their burning; and passing by Cranmer's prison, Ridley looked up to have seen him, and to have taken his farewell of him ; but he was not then at the window, being engaged in a dispute with a Spanish Friar. But he looked after them, and devoutly falling upon his knees, prayed to God to strengthen their faith and pa- tience in that their last, but painful passage.” §3. Cranmer's talk and behaviour at the Stake. “Coming to the stake [from St. Mary's church where he had heard a violent sermon preached against him, March 21, 1555-6] with a chearful countenance, and willing 81 mind, he put off his garments with haste, and stood upright in his shirt; and a Bache- lor of Divinity, named Elye, of Brazen-nose College, laboured to convert him to his former recantation, with two Spanish friars. But when the friars saw his constancy, they said in Latin one to another, ‘Let us go from him ; we ought not to be nigh him ; for the Devil is with him.’ But the Ba- chelor in Divinity was more earnest with him. Unto whom he answered, ‘That as concerning his recantation, he repented it right sore, because he knew it was against the truth;’ with other words more. Where- upon the lord Williams cryed, “ Make short, make short.’ Then the Bishop took certain of his friends by the hand. But the Bachelor of Divinity refused to take him by the hand, and blamed all others that so did, and said, he was sorry that ever he came in his company. And yet again he required him to agree to his former re- cantation. And the Bishop answered, shewing his hand, “ This is the hand that E 5 89. wrote it, and therefore shall it suffer first punishment.’ “ Fire being now put to him, he stretch- ed out his right hand, and thrust it into the flame, and held it there a good space, be- fore the fire came to any other part of his body; where his hand was seen of every lman sensibly burning, crying with a loud voice, “ This hand hath offended.” As soon as the fire got up, he was very soon dead, never stirring or crying all the while.” §4. Curious particulars relative to their 272 (17?? (??” of living wn prison. “Though these three martyrs, Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer, were parted asunder, and placed in separate lodgings that they might not confer together; yet they were suffered sometimes to eat together in the prison of Bocardo. I have seen a book of their diet every dinner and supper, and the charge thereof; which was at the expence of Winkle and Wells, Bailiffs of the City at that time; under whose custody they were. As for example in this method : 83 THE FIRST OF O CTO B E R D IN NER. Bread and Ale . . . . . . . . . iid. Item, Oisters . . . . . * e º ºs e e id. Item, Butter . . . . . . . . . . . iid. Item, Eggs . . . . . . . . . . . . iid. Item, Lyng . . . . . . . . . . . viiid. Item, A piece of fresh salmon . xd. Wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiid. Cheese and Pears . . . . . . . . iid. From this book of their expences, give me leave to make these few observations. They ate constantly suppers as well as din- ners. Their meals amounted to about three or four shillings; seldom exceeding four. Their bread and ale commonly came to two- pence or three-pence. They had constantly cheese and pears for their last dish, both at dinner and supper, and always wine; the price whereof was ever three-pence and no more. The prices of their provisions (it being now an extraordinary dear time) were as follow. A goose 14d. A pig 12 or 13d. A cony 6d. A woodcock 3d. and some- times 5d. A couple of chickens 6d. Three E 6 84 plovers 10d. Half a dozen larks 3d. A dozen of larks and two plovers 10d. A breast of veal l l d. A shoulder of mutton 10d. Rost beef 12d.” §5. The last disbursements. “The last disbursements, (which have melancholy in the reading) were these 3. d. For three loads of wood-fagots to Q 12 O burn Ridley and Latimer . . . $ Item, one load of furs-fagots . . . . 3 4 For the carriage of these four loads . 2 O Item, A post . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 4 Item, Two chains . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4. Item, Two staples . . . . . . . . . . O 6 Item, Four labourers . . . . . . . . . 2 8 Then follow the Charges for burning Cranmer. S. d. For an 100 of wood-fagots . . . . . . O6 O For an 100 and half of furs-fagots . . 03 4 For the carriage of them . . . . . . . O 8 To two labourers . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4. 85 The bailiffs expences altogether amount- ed to £63. 10s. 2d. which, it seems, they had great difficulty in getting reimbursed; for “ the Superiors in those days were more zealous to send these three good men to Oxon, and there to serve their ends upon them, and afterwards to burn them, than they were careful honestly to pay the charges thereof.” It appears rather singular that no monu- ment should ever have been erected in Ox- ford, to commemorate these great Martyr, of the Protestant Church. Their fame, in- deed, will survive any memorial which can be raised by hands; but, as in all ages, it has been usual to express our respect and gratitude to the memory of those who have contributed to the glory or welfare of their country by erecting monuments or statues; surely this custom might be observed, with the greatest propriety, towards those whose time and talents were dedicated to the es- tablishment of our pure religion, and whose lives were sacrificed to its continuance and preservation. 86 XLVII. ELECTION OF A CH AN C E L LOR, Russel, Bishop of Lincoln, at the end of the fifteenth century, was the first perpetual Chancellor. After having filled the office with great credit for ten years, he found himself infirin, and signified his intention to resign. By a letter to Henry the Seventh he solicited and obtained the royal appro- bation, previously to relinquishing his post. The King, then at Woodstock, being in- formed that the University were preparing for the election of a Chancellor, desired them to suspend their proceedings till Rus- sel should have resigned in form, when they should be acquainted with his further pleasure. The University expressed their thanks to his Majesty for this gracious con- descension to their affairs, and he promised speedily to recommend “ some substantial, wise, and virtuous person to be Chancellor.” It does not appear whether Russel re- signed or not; but on his death which took place about the end of December, 1494, 87 his Majesty recollected his promise of re- commendation and fulfilled it in these words: “ To thentente yow shulde haue such an honorable actyff and discrete per- son to be your hede and gouernor, as myght bothe ouerse [oversee] yow, promote your causes vnto vs, and defende yow in your ryghts and priveleges; we recommende unto yow the ryght reuerende fadres in Gode, our full trusty and ryght welbe- louyde the byshoppis of Chestyr and Ro- chestyr; for yow to chese, sithems they both be of yow and browght vpp among yow, the oon of them to be your Chaun- celer.” The King's letter arrived just as the Uni- versity, having waited as long as the Sta- tutes permitted, were singing mass, on hav- ing unanimously elected Cardinal Merton, Archbishop of Canterbury, to the Chancel- lorship. This circumstance they laid be- fore his Majesty, and humbly requested that he would confirm their choice. As the two Bishops seconded their request, no change took place in the election, and the 88 affair was settled to the satisfaction of all who were concerned. XLVIII. T H E C A R O LIN E CY C L E. The Caroline Cycle, so called in honour of Charles the First, was introduced by Archbishop Laud, when Chancellor of the University, and is said to have been formed by Dr. Peter Turner, Fellow of Merton College, Savilian Professor of Geometry, at Oxford, and Professor of Geometry in Gresham College. Before the introduction of this Cycle in the year 1629, the Proctors were chosen out of the whole body of the University, and as the office was an object of great ambition, the candidates were gene- rally persons of superior learning. It fixes the time when the election shall recur to each college; which election, being pri- vate, has had the effect of terminating those violent contests, which, on similar occasions, used frequently to happen. It is recorded that at the election for Proctors in the year 1624, there was a 89 greater canvass than had been previously known. There were, at that time, four candidates:—Escote, of Wadham College, who had 255 votes; Hyll, of Brazen-nose, 253: Parsons, of St. John's, 247; and Warner, of the same College, 229; amount- ing in all to 984 votes. The two former having the majority, were elected. The scrutiny continued till after nine at night. In the year 1626 a still greater canvass took place, there being then 1078 votes given. Previously to the year 1568, the method of election is said to have been conducted in the following manner. At the time the Proctors resigned their office, there were two Scrutators, called Procuratores Nati, appointed; who elected two Regent Mas- ters, known by the name of Instantes. This being done, the Instantes constituted six other Masters, who, with the Vice-Chan- cellor or Commissary,” were the electors of the new Proctors. * The name of Commissary was discontinued in 1574, and that of Vice-Chancellor only retained, 90 A method somewhat similar, used to be adopted in the election of Chancellor. XLIX. E L ECTION TO THE OFFIC E OF B E DEL. The Election to the office of Bedel, has more than once, from the circumstance of great personages interfering in behalf of different candidates, become a matter of considerable importance, and has created no small degree of interest, far beyond the limits of the University. In the year 1501 the office of superior Bedel of divinity became vacant, by the death of Henry Muchgood. The Prince of Wales, with the concurrence of the Bi- shop of Lincoln, President of his council, and Chancellor of the University, wrote from Bewdley, requesting that his trusty servant, John Stanley, might be elected to the office; and he was pleased to assure them, that he would so remember the favour, that they should have reason to think their readiness to oblige had been well employed. 91 The University, in their reply, inform his Highness, whom they style “ the lumi- nary of learning and asylum of scholars,” that the plague had so wasted and dispersed the students, that there were scarcely any left to conduct the necessary business of the place. They therefore were not able to comply with his wishes; and, besides, it was vacation, during which, it seems, as the statutes then stood, there could be no election. There is a letter of the same date, August 18, to the Chancellor, which, no doubt, has reference to the same business; but un- fortunately the letter from the Chancellor, to which it is an answer, does not appear. The assembly of regents signify to his Lord- sl..p, that persuaded as they were before of his boundless affection towards them, his letter however had not been in vain. By she wing his unceasing attention to what- ever might redound to their honour or ad- vantage, it shewed that he performed the part of a good magistrate, and was most worthy of the post which he held. In re- 92 turn they promise to be careful to follow his wise counsel; to do nothing precipi- tately, nor enter upon any election without consulting him. And so they bid him fare- well in the Lord. The next solicitation, but in behalf of another candidate, was from the Countess of Richmond. She, especially tendering the credit and advancement of divinity, recommended Richard Wotton to the favor of the University, being credibly informed by Fitzjames, Bishop of Rochester, and certain others, “ verray louers of the said faculte,’ 2 that he was an extremely proper person for the office. On the twenty-eighth of September the Queen, then “at my Lordy's manor of Ry- chemont,” by her royal letters desired and prayed the University, that John Greton, servant to Dr. Mayow, privy Councellor and Almoner to his Majesty, might be pre- ferred to the vacant place, before any other. And four days after this his Majesty, from the same favourite residence, recommended the same candidate, almost in the same 03 words. The answers to these letters, if the University, as we may presume, did answer them, are not recorded. - The Prince of Wales, having in the mean time honoured the University with a visit, repaired to the neighbouring monastery of Eynsham, of which Miles Salley, Bishop of Landaff, was abbot; and from thence he enforced his former recommendation, chiefly on this ground, that it was the first request, which he had ever made to the University, for any servant of his. When personages so august, the Mother of the King upon the throne, the King him- self, and the Prince of Wales, with the in- ferior but illustrious auxiliaries of each, pa- tronising three distinct candidates, conde- scended to canvass for an academical office, it may well be supposed the University found themselves in no small difficulty how to proceed. They wished to oblige the Chancellor, to whom they were much de- voted, and whose application, in conjunc- tion with the Prince, was the first in point of time; but when their great benefactress, 94. the Countess of Richmond, intreated them to favour a different person, they were at last carried almost unanimously to espouse her candidate. So they inform her, in a letter, dated October 16; in which also they extol the learning, mildness, and virtue of Wotton, the new Bedel. But it was ru- moured, that the Chancellor was much dis- pleased with them for what they had done; and if his good will, which before they en- joyed, should now be turned into serious antipathy, the burden, which they had brought upon them, was more than their shoulders were able to bear. They there- fore implore the Countess, who could so easily assuage anger and mollify resentment, to interpose her good offices with the 13i- shop in their behalf. However they did not confide their cause solely, even to such a powerful advocate; but apologized for themselves in a very sub- missive letter to the Chancellor. No one, say they, was ever so uniformly fortunate, as not to find it necessary, in certain con- junctures, to yield both to times, and to 95 men. Cicero, with his consummate elo- quence and wisdom; Pompey, with all his humanity and prowess; and Caesar himself, unparalled in his exploits, his genius and valour; were yet not able, in every instance, to atchieve their purposes, nor to serve their nearest friends. Of this they had now an example before their eyes, when, by a great majority of votes, they were driven from their hopes and intention of complying with his wishes. Nor would this appear matter of surprise, when it was considered, that the king's mother, to whose kindness and munificence they were so much indebt- ed, pressed and entreated them to prefer a different candidate. They therefore earn- estly beseech him to continue, as he had begun, to be their most kind patron; pro- mising, that they would, at another time, with the applause of all good men, punc- tually perform whatever he should command. Wotton, who was chosen in preference to candidates so powerfully recommended, appears to have been inferior Bedel of divi- nity some years prior to this election. He 96 was present, and bore the more honourable staff in that faculty, March 6, 1507-8; when a decree was made, that the superior Bedels should pay annually to the inferior, the sum of forty shillings for their com- mons. His name occurs on other occasi- ons; and he enjoyed the office many years. This was not the first instance in the pre- sent reign of a royal, but unsuccessful, can- vass for a subordinate academical office. The King, ten years before, recommended Mortimer, servant to the same Dr. Mayow, then chaplain in ordinary, to be yeoman Bedel in divinity; and his Majesty, as far as appears, had then no royal or noble com- petitor in his suit; yet John Johnson, Wood says, carried it by an unanimous election. It should therefore be noted to Henry's honour, that repeated disappoint- ment did not alienate or abate his princely and paternal regard for the University. Very soon afterwards, while Smyth was still Chancellor, he had it in contemplation to bestow on the University some permanent mark of his royal grace and approbation. * -*, 97 He was pleased to transmit a letter on the subject by Fox, Bishop of Winchester; probably, (for the letter itself does not ap- pear) in order to consult the University, in what manner his intended bounty might be best applied. They acknowledged, with exuberant gratitude, his majesty's goodness; and desired Fox also personally to signify their just sense and unanimous acceptance of the royal favour. At the same time they wrote to Warham, now bishop of Lon- don; and Fitzjames, bishop of Rochester; to act for them, referring the whole matter to their judgment and discretion. Wood thinks this promised donation, whatever it might be, never took effect; which perhaps is true. The intention itself, which from the date and object of it is con- nected with our subject, sufficiently evinces, that there was no diminution of kindness in the royal breast towards Oxford, in con- sequence of the election before mentioned. Of this indeed we have additional proof in the benefaction of ten pounds a year, for an annual mass at the University church, V O L. K. - F 98 which his Majesty bestowed the ensuing year.” L. STATE OF MUSIC IN OXFORD IN THE M ID D L E OF THE SEVENTE ENTH C E N T U R Y. Our Musical Readers may perhaps be pleased with the following account of the state of Music in Oxford in A. Wood's time. “By this time [1656] A. Wood had some genuine skill in musick, and frequented the weekly meetings of musilians in the house of Will. Ellis, late Organist of St. John's Coll. situat and being in a house, opposite to that place whereon the Theater was built. The usual company that met and performed their parts were Joh. Cock, M. A. Fellow of New Coll. by the authority of the Visi- tors. Joh. Jones, M. A. Fellow of the said Coll. by the same authority. George Croke, M. A. [Fellow] of the said Coll. * Churton's Life of Bishop Smyth. 99. by the same authority. He was afterwards drown'd with Brome, son of Brome Whor- wood of Halton neare Oxon, in their pas- sage from Hampshire to the Isle of Wight, 5 Sept. 1657. Joh. Friend, M. A. Fellow also of the said house and by the same au- thority. George Stradling, M. A. Fellow of Alls. Coll. an admirable Lutinist, and much respected by Wilson the Professor. Ralph Sheldon, Gent. a Rom. Catholic of Steple Barton in Oxfordshire, at this time living in Halywell neare Oxon. admired for his smooth and admirable way in play- ing on the Viol. Thom. Wren, a younger son of Matthew Wren, Bishop of Ely. Tho. James, M. A. of Magd. Coll. would be among them but seldom played. He had a weekly meeting in his chamber at the Coll. practised much on the Theorbo Lute, and Gervace Westcote being often with him as an Instructor, A. W. would sometimes go to their meeting and play with them. “The Musick Masters, who were now in Oxon. and frequented the said meeting, were Will. Ellis, Bach. of Musick, owner F 2 100 of the house wherein the meeting was. He alwaies play’d his part either on the Organ or Virginal. Dr. Job. Wilson, the public Professor, the best at the Lute in all Eng- land. He somtimes play’d on the Lute, but mostly presided the consort. —- Cur- teys, a Lutinist, lately ciected from some choire or Cath. Church. Tho. Jackson, a Bass-Violist. Edward Low, Organist late- ly of Ch. Church. He played only on the Organ; so when he performed his part, Mr. Ellis would take up a Counter-Tenor Viol, and play, if any person were want- ing to perform that part. Gervace Little- ton alias Westcot, or Westcot alias Little- ton, a Violist. Will. Glexney, who had belonged to a choire before the warr. He was afterwards a Gent. or singing man of Ch. Ch. He played well upon the Bass- Viol, and somtimes sung his part. Proctor, a yong man and a new comer. John Parker, one of the Universitie Musi- tians, would be somtimes amongst them, but Mr. Low, a proud man, could not en- dure any common Musitian to come to the 1 () 1 meeting, much less to play among them. Among these I must put Joh. Haselwood, an Apothecary, a starch'd formal clister- pipe, who usually play’d on the Bass-Viol, and sometimes on the Counter-Tenor. He was very conceited of his skil (tho’ he had but little of it) and therefore would be ever and anon ready to take up a viol before his betters: which being observed by all, they usually call'd him, Handlewood.” The following is the account he gives of his own progress in music while learning. He says that in the year 1651 he began “ to exercise his natural and insatiable genie he had to musick. He exercised his hand on the violin, and having a good eare to take any tune at first hearing, he could quickly draw it out from the violin, but not with the same tuning of strings that others used.” In another place he says, that “he set and tuned in strings in fourths, and not in fifths according to the manner: and having a good eare, and being ready to sing any tune upon hearing it once or twice, he would play them all in short time F 3 } ()2 with the said way of tuning, which was never knowne before.” After he had spent the summer of 1653 at Cassington, in “a lonish and retir’d condition, he return'd to Oxon. and being advised by some persons, he entertain’d a Master of Musick to teach hiin the usual way of playing on the violin, that is, by having every string tuned 5 notes lower than the other going before. The Master was Charles Griffith, one of the Musitians belonging to the City of Oxon. whom he thought then to be a most excel- lent artist, but when A. W. improv’d him- self in that Instrument, he found him not so. He gave him 2s. 6d. entrance, and 10s. quarterly.” I, I. B A C H E LOR IN M U S I C. By the statutes of the University, it is required of every proceeder to the degree of bachelor in music, that he employ seven years in the study or practice of that faculty, * A. Wood's Life, written by himself. | O3 and at the end of that term produce a testi- monial of his having so done, under the hands of credible witnesses; and that previous to the supplication for his grace towards this degree, he compose a song of five parts, and perform the same publicly in the music-school, with vocal and instru- mental music ; first causing to be affixed on each of the doors of the great gates of the S notice of the day and hour of the perform- ance. Of a bachelor, proceeding to a de- gree of doctor, it is required that he shall study five years after the taking his bache- lor's degree; and produce the like proof of his having so done, as is requisite in the case of a bachelor ; and further, shall com- schools a programma, giving three days pose a song in six or eight parts, and pub- licly perform the same “tam vocibus quam instrumentis etiam musicis,” on some day to be appointed for that purpose, previously notifying the day and hour of performance in the manner before prescribed. Such ex- ercise to be performed in the presence of Dr. Heythers' professor of music. This F 4 - 104. being done, the candidate shall supplicate for his grace in the convocation-house, which being granted by both the Savilian professors, or by some master of arts de- puted by them for that purpose, he shall be presented to his degree. LII. TERRAE FILIU.S. Of the different Terra Filii the following anecdotes are all which the Editor has been able to collect; they are taken chiefly from the works of A. Wood. John Hoskyns, fellow of New College, was the Terra Filius in 1591, the Act after he had taken his Master's Degree ; on which occasion he was so “bitterly satyri- cal,” that he was not only denied the com- pletion of that degree by being admitted to his regency, but was expelled the Uni- versity. He was afterwards intimate with Sir Walter Raleigh, and revised his “His- tory of the World.” “ -º- –4– * Ath. Oxon. Vol. I. 614. 105 In a convocation on Wednesday, April 4, 1638. Mr. Masters was restored to the University, who was banished thence in the year 1632 for abusing some of the Heads the year before in his speech, as being then Terra Fiſius.* Thomas Careles, of Baliol College, was chosen Terrae Filius, with William Levinz, of St. John's College, “to speech it in the act celebrated in 1651, being the first act that was kept after the Presbyterians had taken possession of the University.”f Robert Whitehall, Student of Christ Church, was one of the Terra Filii, in 1635, when the Acts were kept in St. Mary’s Church. He wrote a poem called The Marriage of Arms and Arts, which was occasioned by the following circumstance. “As there had not been an Act solemnized for several years, it was such a novelty to the Students of the University, that there was great rudeness committed both by them, * Laud's Hist, of his Chancellorship. + Fasti Ox, Vol. II. 70. F 5 I O6 and by the concourse of people who attend- ed, in getting into places and thrusting out strangers, during the time of that solem- nity. Whereupon the Vice-chancellor, Dr. Greenwood, of Brasenose, a severe and choleric governor, was forced to get seve- ral guards of Musquetiers out of the Par- liament garrison then in Oxford, to keep all the doors and avenues, and to let no body in, except those whom the Vice-chan- cellor or his Deputies appointed. There was then great quarrelling between the Scholars and Soldiers, and thereupon blows and bloody noses followed.* The other Terræ Filius this year was John Glendall, M. A. and fellow of Brasenose College. “He was a great mimic, and acted well in several plays, which the scho- lars acted by stealth, either in the stone house behind and southward from Pembroke College, or in Kettle Hall, or at Halywell Mill, or in the Refectory at Gloucester Hall. A. Wood was well acquainted with him and delighted in his company.”f * Ath, Ox. Vol. II. '86, † Wood's Life. I O7 Thomas Pittis, first of Trinity, and after- wards of Lincoln College, was Terræ Filius in 1658, but his speech “being much dis- liked by the godly party of those times,” he was expelled the University. The other Terrac Filius in this act was Lancelot Addison, M. A. of Queen's Col- lege, but “ his speech reflecting much on the then saints in the University, he was compelled to make a recantation.”* He was afterwards dean of Litchfield, and fa- ther of the celebrated Joseph Addison. He died in 1703. John Shirley, of Trinity College, was Terra Filius, in 1673, he gave great offence to A. Wood, by reflecting on his History, of which the Latin translation was then pre- paring for the press. He asserted, says Wood, that “ the Society of Merton would not let me live in the College for fear I shou; d pluck it down to search atter Anti- quities, that I was so great a Lover of Anti- quities that I loved to live in an old Cockle *- -º-º- * Ath, Ox. Vol. II. 970, F 6 I O.8 loft rather than in a spacious chamber, that I was Vir caducus, that intended to put into my book the pictures of Mother Louse and Mother George, two old wives, that I would not let it be printed, because I would not have it new and common.” 1681, “ More, Terra Filius of Mer- ton, came up on the Saturday very dull, and because he reflected on Sir Tho. Spen- cer's doings with Souch his wife, his son, who was there, cudgelled him afterwards in the Row Buck Yard.”-F “Monday, Henvill of New Inn Hall (a married man) and the other Terra: Filius made up what was wanting on Satur- day, full of waggery and roguery, but little wit.”f Act 1682, Terra Filii, “ of New Coll. on Saturday, much against Ch. Ch. James Allestree of Ch. Ch. Mon– day, much against New College, and the Terra Filius of Saturday, but replyed by the said Terra Filius being Pro-proctor, Bowles * Wood's Life, F Ibid. : Ibid. 100 for Dingley, Jun. Proctor, both very well, and gave great content.” The following memorandum is taken from a MS. book of Dr. Rawlinson's : “ Oct. 3. 1713, Dr. Gardiner chosen Vice- Chancellor again the third time for the year ensuing. At the same time a Libel called a speech that was intended to have been spoken by the Terrae Filius, was by order of the convocation burnt by the hands of the common Bedel in the Theatre yard.” In the Bodleian Library there is a Terra: Filius speech written by the celebrated Dr. South. It is very deficient in wit, and its topics are low and vulgar. The custom was discontinued about the beginning of the last century. A collection of essays under the title of Terra Filius was publish- ed in two volumes 12mo, in 1726, by Ni- cholas Amherst, who on account of his irregularities, had been expelled from St. John's. These essays contain much low abuse, and are destitute of all pretensions * Wood’s Life, | 10 to wit or humour. Like most other satires of a local and personal nature, they are now become uninteresting, and are fallen into that contempt, which their malignancy and virulence so justly deserve. “This manner of sportive wit,” says Ayliffe, speaking of the speeches of the Terrae Filius, “ had its first origin at the time of the Reformation, when the gross absurdities and superstitions of the Roman Church were to be exposed, and should have been restrained to things, and not have reached men's persons and characters; yet it has since become very scandalous and abusive, and in no wise to be tolerated in an University, where no- thing ought to appear but Religion, Learn- ing, and good manners.” Hist. of Oxford. LIII. MOT H E R LO US E AND MOTHER G.E.O.R. G.E. Of these two matrons, mentioned in the preceding article, the best accounts we can procure, at this distance of time, are as follow. The former was the mistress of a 1 1 1 little ale-house, situated at the further end of a row of tenements, at the bottom of Headington Hill, near the lane leading to Marston, now, not unaptly, called Harpsi- chord Row. Granger in his Biographical History of England, informs us that she was probably the last woman in England that wore a ruff. She gave a name to her habitation which it retained for many years, and was called Louse Hall. Mother George lived in Black Boy Lane, and afterwards in the parish of St. Peter's in the Bailey, where she died by an acci- dental fall which injured her back. She retained the use of her faculties to the age of an hundred and twenty years; a circum- stance which occasioned a great resort of company to her house. She used to thread & very fine needle, without the help of spectacles, and to present it to her guests, who in return, gave her some gratuity to- wards her support. Ll V. A C A D EMIC A. L. D 1 SS EN TI O N S. When the Divinity School was building I 19 so great was the jealousy between the aca- demics of the northern and southern coun- ties, that two Masters of Arts, one from each district, were appointed to superintend the work. A similar mode observed in electing proctors, appears to have been very necessary, but it had the effect of perpetu- ating the difference. In those days parties were likewise formed according to the fa- culties in which they studied, and the Ju- rists, on account of their superiority in numbers, are said to have been the most formidable. LV, O XFO R D RIOTS IN THE THIRT E E N TH, C E N T U R Y . “In the year 1238, Cardinal Otho, the Pope's legate came into England to correct the vices of the clergy, and coming to Ox- ford to visit the University was kindly re- ceived into Osney Abbey by the Abbot and Canons. To him straightway the Clerks of the University sent several presents of meats and drinks before dinner, to the end that after, they might come and compliment, | 13 and render their service to him, with all reverence that was fit to be given to such a personage. But when they eame (not with- out solemn procession) to the door of the Guests Hall, the Porter, who was an Itali- an belonging to the Cardinal, spake with a loud voice after the Roman fashion (by no means fit and opportune in this solem- nity) and rudely asked them their business, what they would have, what they came for, &c. To which the Clerks gave answer, ‘ that they might approach the presence of the Lord legate and offer him their devoirs;’ for they confidently believed that they should be received with honour, forasmuch as they had before sent in their presents. But the said Porter speaking tauntly to them, denied entrance with great haughti- ness and scorn. The Clerks taking this for a great affront, forcibly rushed in, and those Italians, the Legate's servants, that would have thrusted them back and were ready to oppose them with their swords (the Chro- nicles of Osney tell us they actually did it) they beat with their fists, and staves that 1 14 they then had. While these things were in doing, it happened that a certain poor Chaplain of Ireland, at this time a student in the University, was standing at the kit- chen door, and, after the manner of a poor hunger-starved wretch, was begging for God’s love some boon to relieve his hungry stomach ; but him, when the Master or Clerk of the Legate’s Cooks (brother to the said Legate, whom he had appointed in that office lest poison should be mingled with his meat) heard, and not able any longer or at least would not, endure his so- licitations, being at the same time or soon after, that the Scholars had beaten the Italians, took scalding liquor out of a cal- dron wherein some fat meat had been newly boiled and cast it into his face. A Welch Clerk who stood by and beheld this injury, cryed out, “ Fie for shame, shall we suffer this fº and so being not able to endure that affront given to his Fellow-academian, bent his bow which he had with him (for it was now the fashion for secular Academians to carry arms about them) and shot the said I 1.5 Master or Clerk thro’ the body dead in the place. The man being then killed, a great noise was made in the Abbey; at which the Legate being amazed, and jealous lest the same fate should befal him, puts on his ca- nonical cope and locks himself up safe in the tower of the Church; where he abiding till night, at which time certain soldiers were sent by the King from Abendon for his relief, came forth, puts on his canoni- cal vestments, and mounting the best horse which he had, was conveyed over the rivers adjoining by a guide that knew where they were fordable. Soon after be came puf- fing and blowing to the King [Henry III.], then with his court at Abendon Abbey, five miles from Oxford, and without any demur or patience entering his presence, relates to him and the standers-by, as well as tears and sighs would permit, the great abuses that he had received from the Clerks of . Oxford.”% In consequence of this riot an interdict * Wood’s Annals, 1 | 6 gº was for a long time laid on the University, many scholars seceded to study at North- ampton and Salisbury, and many who were active in the affair were imprisoned. “A. D. 1263, 47-48, Henry III. To- wards the latter end of this year, a little be- fore the feast of St. Mathias, Prince Edward the King's son returning from Paris, took his journey with his army towards the marches of Wales, and passing to Oxford, the Burghers thereof shut up their gates against him (certain discomposures, occa- sioned by the Barons, being then on foot) so that he was forced to go through the northern suburbs to the King's Hall in Magdalen parish, and there to continue till the next morrow, at what time he and his retinue departed. “ In the mean time the Clerks being shut within the town, and denied a sight of their Prince (whose company they much desired within the walls) and their usual and daily sports in Beaumont, came to Smithgate to have permission to go out for that purpose, i 17 but one of the Baillives being there, flatly denied them and bid them begone to their respective linns. Upon this they returned, and having got axes, sledges, and other weapons, as also bows and arrows, which they by force took from the Fletcher's shops, came in great multitudes and broke the gate open. - “This being done, the Mayor, named Nicholas de Kingeston, laid hands on and imprisoned them : with which being not contented, albeit the Chancellor desired to have them set at liberty, he the said Mayor and the Commonalty of the Town, with banners displayed and in order marshalled, intended to have set upon the Scholars to beat, wound, and despitefully use them be- fore they were aware. But being espied at their appearance in the High-street, by All Saint's Church, a certain Clerk ran and rang the Scholar's bell at St. Mary's to give notice to his fellows, being then generally at dinner; and no sooner the bell rang a minute but they all left their meat, ran to 118 their bows, swords, slings, bills, &c. and gathering together in a body fought most courageously against them, wounded many and made the rest fly. “In the conclusion the Clerks finding none to oppose them, they went about the streets, brake up many houses, spoiled and took away divers goods, and did what pleased them without any opposition. At length they went to the house of Jeffry de Henksey, one of the Provosts of the Town, and burnt it to the ground. Then to the house of William le Espycer the other Pro- vost, which being situated in the Spycery, they brake it up with all the Spycery itself from one end to the other, and spoiled most of the goods therein. Then did they hasten to the house of the Mayor aforesaid, by trade a Vintner, situated in the Vintrey, which place also they brake up, drank as much wine as they could, and wasted the rest.”% * Wood's Annals, 119 Lv I. THE GREAT RIOT IN THE YEAR 1353, 27 E D W. III. “On Tuesday, 10 Feb. (being the feast of S. Scholastica the Virgin) came Walter de Springheuse, Roger de Chesterfield, and other Clerks, to the tavern called Swyn- dlestock (being now the Meermaid Taveria at Quartervois, stiled at this day in leases Swindstock) and there calling for wine, John de Croydon the Vintner brought them some, but they disliking it, as it should seem, and he avouching it to be good, several snappish words passed between them. At length the Vintner giving them stubborn and saucy language, they threw the wine and vessel at his head. The Vintner there- fore receding with great passion, and ag- gravating the abuse to those of his family and neighbourhood, several came in, encou- raged him not to put up with the abuse, and withal told him they would faithfully stand by him. Among these were John de Bere- ford (owner of the said tavern by a lease from the town) Richard Forester and Re- I Q0 bert Lardiner, who out of propensed malice seeking all occasions of conflict with the scholars and taking this abuse for a ground to proceed upon, caused the Town Bell at St. Martin's to be rung, that the common- alty might be summoned together into a body. Which being done they in an instant were in arms, some with bows and arrows, others with divers sorts of weapons. And then they without any more ado did in a furious and hostile manner, suddenly set upon divers scholars, who at that time had not any offensive arms, no not so much as any thing to defend themselves. “They shot also at the Chancellor of the University and would have killed him, though he endeavoured to pacify them and appease the tumult. Further also though the Scholars at the command of the Chancellor did presently withdraw them- selves from the fray, yet the townsmen thereupon did more fiercely pursue him and the scholars, and would by no means desist from the conflict, The Chancellor perceiving what great danger they were in, caused the University Bell at St. Mary's to *. | 2 | be rung out, whereupon the scholars got bows and arrows, and maintained the fight with the townsmen till dark night, at which time the fray ceased, no one scholar or townsman being killed, or mortally wound- ed, or maimed. “On the next day, being Wednesday, albeit the Chancellor of the University caused public proclamation to be made in the morning both at St. Mary’s church in the presence of the scholars there assem- bled in a great multitude, and also at Qua- tervois among the townsmen, that no scho- lar or townsman should wear or bear any offensive weapons, or assault any man, or otherwise disturb the peace (upon which the scholars, in humble obedience to that proclamation, repaired to the Schools, and demeaned themselves peaceably till after dinner) yet the very same morning the townsmen came with their bows and arrows, and drove away a certain Master in Divinity and his auditors, who were then determin- ing in the Augustine Schools. The Bail- lives of the town also had given particular VO L. I. G I 22 warning to every townsman, at his respec- tive house, in the morning, that they should make themselves ready to fight with the Scholars against the time when the town bell should ring out, and also given notice before to the country round about, and had hired people to come in and assist the towns– men in their intended conflict with the scholars. In dinner time the townsmen subtily and secretly sent about fourscore men armed with bows and arrows, and other manner of weapons into the parish of St. Giles in the north suburb; who, after a little expectation, having discovered certain scholars walking after dinner in Beaumont (being the same place we now call St. Giles's fields) issued out of St. Giles's church, shooting at the same scholars for the space of three furlongs: some of them they drove into the Augustine Priory, and others into the town. One scholar they killed without the walls, some they wounded mortally, others grievously, and used the rest basely. All which being done without any mercy, caused an horrible outcry in the town : 193 whereupon the town bell being rung out first, and after that the University bell, di- vers scholars issued out armed with bows and arrows in their own defence and of their companions, and having first shut and blocked up some of the gates of the town (least the country people, who were then gathered in innumerable multitudes, might suddenly break in upon their rear in an hos- tile manner and assist the townsmen who were now ready prepared in battle array, and armed with their targets also) they fought with them and defended themselves till after Vesper tide; a little after which time, entered into the town by the west gate about two thousand countrymen, with a black dismal flag, erect and displayed. Of which the scholars having notice, and being unable to resist so great and fierce a company, they withdrew themselves to their lodgings: but the townsmen finding no scholars in the streets to make any oppo- sition, pursued them, and that day they broke open five inns or hostels of scholars with fire and sword. Such scholars as they G 2 194 found in the said halls or inns they killed or maimed, or grievously wounded. Their books and all their goods which they could find, they spoiled, plundered and carried away. All their victuals, wine and other drink they poured out; their bread, fish, &c. they trod under foot. After this the night came on and the conflict ceased for that day, and the same even public pro- clamation was made in Oxon, in the King's name, ‘ that no man should injure the scho- lars or their goods under pain of forfeiture.” “The next day being Thursday (after the Chancellor and some principal persons of the University were set out towards Woodstock to the King, who had sent for them thither) no one scholar or scholar's servant so much as appearing out of their houses with any intention to harm the townsmen, or offer any injury to them (as they themselves confessed) yet the said townsmen about sun rising, having rung out their bell, assembled themselves together in a numberless multitude, desiring to heap mischief upon mischief, and to perfect by 195 a more terrible conclusion that wicked en- terprize which they had begun. This being done, they with hideous noises and clamours came and invaded the scholars' houses in a wretchless sort, which they forced open with iron bars and other engines; and en- tering into them, those that resisted and stood upon their defence (particularly some chaplains) they killed or else in a grievous sort maimed. Some innocent wretches, after they had killed, they scornfully cast into houses of easement, others they buried in dunghills, and some they let lie above ground. The crowns of some chaplains, viz. all the skin so far as the tonsure went, these diabolical imps flayed off in scorn of their clergy. Divers others whom they had mortally wounded, they haled to prison, carrying their entrails in their hands in a most lamentable manner. They plundered and carried away all the goods out of four- teen inns or halls, which they spoiled that Thursday. They broke open and dashed to pieces the scholars' chests and left not any moveable thing which might stand G 3 | Q6 them in any stead ; and which was yet more horrid, some poor innocents that were fly- ing with all speed to the body of CHRIST for succour (then honourably carried in procession by the brethren through the town for the appeasing of this slaughter) and striving to embrace and come as near as they could to the repository wherein the glorious Body was with great devotion put, these confounded sons of Satan knocked them down, beat and most cruelly wound- ed. The Crosses also of certain brethren (the friers) which were erected on the ground for the present time with a ‘procul hinc ite profani, they overthrew and laid flat with the cheynell. This wickedness and outrage continuing the said day from the rising of the sun till noon tide and a little after without any ceasing, and there- upon all the scholars (besides those of the Colleges) being fled divers ways, our mo- ther the University of Oxon, which had but two days before many sons, is now al- most forsaken and left forlorn. “ In consequence of these violent pro- ceedings the town was laid under an inter- 127 dict, and a large fine was imposed on the corporation, which was afterwards remit- ted upon these conditions of repentance to be by them and their successors always performed, viz. that the Mayor for the time being, the two Baillives and threescore of the chief Burghers (sworn to the Uni- versity according to the ancient use) shall personally appear in St. Mary's church on St. Scholastica's day, and there at their own charges celebrate a mass with a Dea- con and Sub-deacon, for the souls of the said scholars that were slain (unless a ra- tional cause approved by the Chancellor be given for their absence) and that the said Laics or Durghers shall be present at the said mass from the beginning to the end, and after the Gospel is read, every one of the said Laics shall offer at the great Altar in the said church one penny: of which oblation forty pence shall presently after be distributed to forty poor scholars of the University by the hands of the Proctors, and the residue of the oblation shall be given to the curate of St. Mary's church. G 4. 198 “This ceremony was regularly observed till the Reformation, when it was omitted for fifteen years, whereupon the University suing the City for fifteen hundred marks (for by the original agreement they were released from the payment of a hundred Inarks a year on condition of performing this ceremony) the Citizens answered that it was meant literally in the bond, of a mass, which was against the law, and therefore they shunning the performance of this their duty upon that account, it was ordered by the lords of Queen Elizabeth’s council an. reg. 17. that the City should be discharged from that arrearage, and that afterward they should yearly procure a sermon or communion in St. Mary’s church upon St. Scholastica's day, offering each a penny at least. Which sermon or communion last- ing several years, was at length changed into the common service now used,” which, with the offering continueth to this day.” * It is the custom now, on this occasion, to read the Litany at the Altar. LVII. J AM E S T H E FIRST AT OXFO R. D. The following curious articles are select- ed from the account of “The Preparations at Oxford in August 1605, against the com- ing thither of King James, with the Queen and young Prince, together with the things then and there done, and the manner thereof.” They will serve to shew the manners, not only of Oxford, but of the times, and the extreme pedantry which then prevailed in our Court. Among the Advertisements sent from the Earl of Dor- set, Chancellor of Oxford, about the 15th. of June, “ for the Heads of Houses to de- liver with great charge unto their company,” were the two following: - “ 1. Imprimis, That they admonish all Doctors and Graduates, Fellows, Scholars, and Probationers, to provide before the 1st. day of August next, Gowns, Hoods, and Capps according to the Statutes of their Howses, and Orders of the University; and that all Commoners and Halliers do wear G 5 130 rounde capps, and such Colours and Fashions in their Apparell as the Statutes do pre- scribe. . “ 9. Item, That University College, All Soules, and Magdalen College do sett up Verses at his Majesties Departure, upon such places where they may be seen as he passeth by. - “ Dr. Parry to preach a Latin Sermon 3 Quarters of an Hour long.” Then follow the subjects for public dis- putations in Theology, Medicine, Civil Law, Moral Philosophy and Natural Phi- losophy. A stage was erected in the hall at Christ Church for acting plays, and others in St. Mary's church for the disputations. “Veneris 23 Augusti, 1605.” “This day very late at night the Earle of Dorset, Lord Treasurer of England and Chancellor of Oxford, came to Oxford, and was entertained at Christ's Church with an Oration which he heard very unwillingly, because he commanded the contrary. He lodged at New College.” | 3 | “Sabbati 24 Augusti, 1605, being the Feast of St. Bartholomew.” Sermon at St. Mary's Church by Mr. Gryme. “Solis 25 Augusti, 1605.” The Lord Treasurer went to the Court at Woodstock. There were two learned sermons at Oxford. “Lunae 26 Augusti, 1605.” “This Day at Seven of the clock in the Morning there was an English Sermon at All Hallowes, a Church near unto St. Marie’s, which was continued at the same Houre for Foure Days next after, in the same Church. At 8 of the Clock all publick Lectures were read in their severall schooles, and from Nine till Eleven they continued their Dis- putations, which they call Quodlibets, in every severall School of Arts, which Dis- putations were in this manner, viz. First a Master of Arts replyeth upon a Batchelor, and after a while another Batchelor say th, Placet tibi Domine, and then the Batche- lor replyeth, and perhaps a Second, and a c. 6 I 32 Third, the Master of Arts then sitting as Moderator, but if no Batchelor desire a Placet, the Master of Arts must continue the Time. And in the same schooles from One till 3, Disputations were by Batchelors and Sophisters continued. This Day the Lord Chamberlain and diverse other Earles and Lords came to Oxford and reviewed the King's and Queen's Lodgings in Christ Church, and the Prince's Lodginge in Mag- dalen College, and dined all with the Chancellor at New College in the Warden's Lodging, where the Vice-Chancellor and some other Doctors with the Bedells dined. They spared not to pull down a Wall or Study in Christ Church, to enlarge the roomes for the King's and Queen's estate.” “Martis 27 Augusti, 1605.” At one o’clock in the afternoon the Vice- Chancellor and Doctors went to the Chan- cellor at New College, and thence attended him, in their scarlet gowns, preceded by the Bedells, all on horseback, to meet the King: whom the Chancellor first addressed 183 with a speech and afterwards the Vice- Chancellor, and whom they presented with a Greek Testament in folio washed and ruled, and two pair of Oxford gloves, with a deep fringe of gold, the turnovers being wrought with pearl. They also gave unto the Queen two pair of gloves much like the former, and a pair unto the prince. On the road they had a dispute with the Mayor and Corporation who had overtaken and passed by them, but who afterwards fell into the rear again. “This being done, the King rode on un- till he came unto St. John's College, where coming against the gate, three young youths in habit and attire like nymphs con- fronted him, representing England, Scot- land, and Ireland, and talking dialogue- wise each to other of their state, at last concluded yielding up themselves to his gracious government. The Schollers stood all on one side of the street, and the Stran- gers of all sorts on the other; the Schollers stood first, then the Batchelors, and last the Masters of Arts. At Carfax the Greek 134, reader, standing in one of the answerers seats with a desk before him, made an ora- tion in Greek, with good action and elo- cution and (as Dr. Hamond say’d) in good familiar Greek. The King heard him wil- lingly, and the Queen much more, because she say’d, she never had heard Greek.” At Christ Church at the bottom of the hall stairs they were addressed by the Pub- lic Orator. They then went to prayers, “The Service was very solemn, the Quire full, and excellent Voices mixt with Instru- ments.” Their Majesties were then attend- ed to their lodging in Christ Church, and the Prince to his at Magdalen College. “The Comedy began between 9 and 10, and ended at 1, the name of it was Alba, whereof I never saw reason ; it was a Pas- toral much like one which I have seen in King's Colledge in Cambridge. In the act- ing thereof they brought in five or six men almost naked, which were much disliked by the Queen and Ladies, and also many rusticall Songes and Dances, which made it very tedious, insomuch that if the Chan- 135 cellors of both the Universities had not in- treated his majesty earnestly, he would have been gone before half the comedy had been ended.” “Mercurii 28 Augusti, 1605.” The morning and afternoon were passed in hearing sermons and disputations. “The same day after supper about nine of the clock, they began to act the Tragedy of Ajax Flagellifer, wherein the stage varied 3 times; they had all goodly antique appa- rell, but for all that, it was not acted so well by many degrees as I have seen it in Cambridge. The King was very weary be- fore he came thither, but much more wearied by it, and spoke many words of dislike.” “Jovis 29 Augusti, 1605.” “The like was done at the Physic Act on Thursday Forenoon which began at nine and lasted till twelve : the Earl of Worces- ter being Sword Bearer for that day. It was very well performed, and concluded 136 with a discreet and learned speech by Dr. Warner. He disswaded men from tobacco by good reasons and apt similes, persuad- ing them, especially noblemen, to imitate their Prince, and do as Alcibiades did with his pipes being a boy. He concluded his speech with a prayer, that God should give all blessings and such health of body to his excellent Majesty, that he might never stand in need of any of them. From thence the King went to New College, and dined with the Chancellor in great state. In the afternoon were two Philosophy Acts very well performed; that of Natural Philosophy first and better, after which the Queen and Prince went away immediately. The second replyer excelled (viz. one Mr. Baskerville) after 20 syllogisms the proctor cut him off, but the King sayd, Imo vero procedat hic, so he disputed again till the King cut him off. After he said to the nobles about him, God keep this Fellow in a right course, he would prove a dangerous heretic, he is the best disputer that ever I heard. Of the next he said at the first, he never heard a 137 worse, who would have proved by enume- ration or induction that tobacco must need be good, because Kings, Princes, Nobles, Earles, Lords, Knights, Gentlemen of all countries and nations, reckoning a number, loved it. The King gave instance that there was one King that neither loved nor liked it, which moved great delight.”—They dis- puted till it grew dark, when the King dis- missed them with a Latin speech. “That night after supper, about nine, began their Comedy called Vertumnus, very well and learnedly penned by Dr. Gwynn. It was acted much better than either of the other, and chiefly by St. John's men, yet the King was so overwearied at St. Marie's, that after a while he distasted it and fell asleep, when he awaked, he would have bin gone saying, I marvell what they think me to be, with such other like speeches shewing his dislike thereof, yet he did tarry till they had ended it, which was after one of the clock. The Queen was not there that night.” I 38 “Veneris 30 Augusti, 1605.” in the morning Degrees were conferred on many Noblemen and others. “ About nine the King came to the library, and from thence returned by Brazen-Nose Col- lege where he heard an oration. He came out of his coach, and walked about the square, viewed their College, and commend- ed the garden within the square, which at that time was finely kept. From thence he went to All Soules College where he heard an oration, and from thence to Mag- dalen College, and there heard an oration, and from thence returned to Christ Church to dinner, where in time of dinner Dr. Lylly of Baliol College made unto him a learned oration, but too long. “After the King had dined, there was posting to horse; at the stairs foot where the King entered into the court, the Junior Proctor made a short oration, and deliver- ed it with good audacity. That done their Chancellor having the grant of the Perpe- tuity to the University for the use of the King's reader, delivered it to his Majesty 130 X- in a long box, who took it in his hand, and gave it to the Vice-Chancellor, but sayd little or nothing that I could learn; only he and the Queen gave their hands to be kissed of the Vice-Chancellor and the rest of the Doctors, and bade them farewell and trouble themselves no further, who other- wise had their horses and foot clothes ready to have carried him out of their liberty. Then the King, Queen, and Prince went all into one coach, and passed through the Town, by Magdalen College, not staying any where. “ The schollers were uncivill at St. Ma- rie's, for the morning before the King came they sat at the sermon hard by the Vice- Chancellor with their hatts on ; and after- wards whether they scorned or were unpro- vided of capps, I know not, but there were above one hundred of them sent to prison. Nay one of them told me there were an hundred and forty sent to prison by com- mand upon their oathes, and so they went without any officer, of their own accord, after they were so commanded.” 140 LVIII. WILLIAM THE THIRD AT OXFORD. Dr. Gibson's” account of King William's and the Chancellor's reception at Oxford, 1695. Oxon. Nov. 9, 1695. The Duke of Ormond, Chancellor of the University, having acquainted his Vice- Chancellor with his intention to appear with the University at the reception of the King; on Friday, Mr. Albermarle Bertie with se- veral others, met the Chancellor on his road from London, and conducted him to his lodgings at the Warden of All Souls. Upon his arrival, the Vice-Chancellor, with the Doctors and Proctors in their ha- bits, waited upon his Grace, with the pub- lic Orator, who delivered the thanks of the University to his Grace, for the great fa- vour of his presence on this solemn occasion. The next day the Vice-Chancellor, with the Doctors and Masters appointed to ride * Afterwards Bishop of London. From the original MS. in the Bodleian Library. 14 l out in their gowns to meet the King, came early to All Souls to wait on his Grace the Chancellor; who rode in his Doctor's robes at the head of them, a mile out of town, to wait for his Majesty. About ten, his Majesty came in his coach from Woodstock : the Chancellor and the rest alighting, paid their duty to his Ma- jesty, and the Vice-Chancellor, presented by the Chancellor, made a speech to the King in Latin ; the beedles having first de- livered up their staves, which his Majesty was graciously pleased to return. At some distance the Earl of Abingdon, High-Steward of the City, presented the Mayor and his Brethren to his Majesty, to whom the Recorder gave the thanks of the City with the usual presents. Then the Duke of Ormond and Earl of Abingdon riding before the coach, after them the Vice-Chancellor and Mayor, then the Doctors, Masters, Aldermen, and Ci- tizens, proceeded in great order through High-Street to the East gate of the schools. His Majesty alighting, passed directly from 149 thence to the Theatre, where a large ban- quet was provided, with variety of musick during his Majesty’s stay. Mr. Codrington of All Souls, in a very elegant oration, ex- pressed the public joy of the University to see his Majesty. The Chancellor on his knees presented his Majesty with a large English Bible, a large Common-Prayer- Book, and the cutts of the University, all richly bound and printed in folio at the Theatre; with a pair of gold-fringed gloves. His Majesty arising, the Vice-Chancellor, Noblemen, and Doctors, had the honour to kiss his hand; and so waited upon him to the gate of the Theatre to see his Majesty take coach for Windsor. In the afternoon, the Chancellor held a convocation ; wherein the Duke of Leeds, the Earl of Denbigh, the Heer Overkirk, Brigadeer Fits-Patrick, Col. Cholmondly, Col. Tidcomb, Sir Godfrey Kneller, and others of the nobility and genury, were pre- sented with the degree of Doctor in Laws: Sir Charles Holt and Dr. Hutton with the degree of Dr. in Physick. 143 Next day being Sunday the Vice-Chan- cellor and Heads of Houses attended his Grace the Chancellor to St. Marie's, where he took his seat, and heard an excellent sermon, preached by Dr. Finch, Warden of All Souls. After sermon, his Grace went to view some new buildings at the Physic- garden, University, Trinity, and New Col- lege. His Grace went in the same manner to afternoon sermon; at which, as well as the other, were variety of music and anthems provided to entertain his Grace. After ser- mon, the Chancellor and such of the no- bility and gentry as staid in town, were entertained by the University at a dinner in the publick hall of All Souls College; the Noblemen, Heads of Houses, Profes- sors and Proctors present. The Vice-Chancellor presented his Grace with the volume of the cutts of the Univer- sity and Dr. Wallis's Mathematical Works, lately printed at the Theatre. - His Grace took coach that evening for London, extremely satisfied with his en- tertainment. 144 Y, IX. TRAN SLATOR'S OF THE BIBLE, The chief Oxford divines concerned in the Translation of the Bible which was un- dertaken by the command of James I. were the following: Dr. George Abbot, Dean of Winchester, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. Dr.Thomas Ravis, Dean of Christ Church, afterwards Bishop of London. Dr. Giles Thompson, Dean of Windsor, afterwards Bishop of Gloucester. Dr. Miles Smith, of Brazenose Coll. af- terwards Bishop of Gloucester. Sir Henry Saville, Warden of Merton Coll. Dr. John Harding, President of Magd. Coll. Dr. John Reynolds, President of C. C. C. Dr. Thomas Holland, Rector of Exeter Coll. and Professor of Divinity. Dr. Richard Kilby, Rector of Lincoln Coll. and Professor of Hebrew. Dr. Aglionby, Principal of Edmund Hall. 1.45 Mr. Harmar, Fellow of New Coll, and afterwards Warden of Winchester College. The Rules to be observed in this Translation Zºë 7°6 (1S follow : 1. The ordinary bible read in the church, commonly called the Bishop's Bible, to be followed, and as little altered, as the truth of the original will permit. 2. The names of the prophets and the holy writers, with the other names of the text, to be retained as nigh as may be, ac- cording as they are vulgarly used. 3. The old ecclesiastical words to be kept, viz. the word church not to be translated congregation, &c. 4. When a word hath divers significa- tions, that to be kept which hath been most commonly used, by most of the ancient fathers, being agreeable to the propriety of the place, and the analogy of the faith. 5. The division of the chapters to be al- tered, either not at all, or as little as may be, if necessity so require. 6. No marginal notes at all to be affixed: W O L. I. H 146 but only for the explanation of the Hebrew or Greek words; which cannot without some circumlocution, so briefly and fitly be expressed in the text. 7. Such quotations of places to be mar- ginally set down, as shall serve for the re- ference of one scripture to another. 8. Every particular man of each company to take the same chapter, Or chapters, and having translated or amended them seve- rally by himself where he thinketh good, all to meet together, confer what they have done, and agree for their parts what shall stand. 9. As any one company hath dispatched any one book in this manner, they shall send it to the rest, to be considered of se- riously and judiciously, for his majesty is very careful in this point. 10. If any company, upon the review of the book so sent, doubt or differ upon any place, to send them word thereof, note the place, and withal send their reasons; to which if they consent not, the difference to be compounded at the general meeting, 147- which is to be of the chief persons of each company at the end of the work. 11. When any place of special obscurity is doubted of, letters to be directed, by authority, to send to any learned man in the land, for his judgment of such a place. 12. Letters to be sent from every bishop, to the rest of his clergy, admonishing them of this translation in hand ; and to move and charge, as many as are skilful in the tongues, and have taken pains in that kind, to send his particular observations to the company, either at Westminster, Cain- bridge, or Oxford. 13. The directors in each company, to be the deans of Westminster and Chester, for that place; and the king's professors in the Hebrew or Greek in either University. 14. These translations to be used where they agree better with the text than the bishop's bible, viz. Tindall’s, Matthew’s, Coverdale’s, Whitchurch's, Geneva. 15. Besides the said directors before mentioned, three or four of the most an- cient and grave divines, in either of the y] 2 14.S Universities, not employed in translating, to be assigned by the vice-chancellor, upon conference with the rest of the heads, to be overseers of the translations, as well Hlebrew as Greek; for the better observa- tion of the 4th rule above specified. The first time any part of the Holy Scrip- ture was printed in English was in the year 1526, when the New Testament, translated by William Tindal, was published at Ant- werp. Of this impression almost the whole was bought up and burnt at St. Paul's Cross by Bishop Tunstal and Sir Thomas More. He afterwards revised and corrected his translation and printed it again about the year 1530. In the year 1532 Tindal published a com- plete translation of the Bible, except the Apocrypha. While a second edition was preparing, he was taken up and burnt in Flanders for heresy. This work, however, was carried on by John Rogers, who was superintendant of a church in Germany. He translated the whole of the Apocrypha, revised Tindal’s 149 translation, and dedicated it to Henry VIII. under the borrowed nauſe of Thomas Matthews, for which reason it has been commonly called Matthews's Bible. It was printed at Hamburgh, in 1587, by Grafton and Whitchurch. In the reign of Edward VI. Rogers came into England, and was appointed to a prebend of St. Paul's, and to the Vicarage of St. Sepulchre's. He was the first martyr that suffered in the reign of Queen Mary. - When it was resolved to print the Bible in a large volume, and to procure an order to have it set up in all churches, for public use, Miles Coverdale (who was afterwards Bishop of Exeter, and who in the reign of Queen Mary fled and settled at Geneva) was employed to revise Tindal's translation, which was reprinted in 1540. As Crammer was concerned in this edition, it has gene- rally gone under his name. Some English who fled to Geneva, to avoid the persecutions of Queen Mary, translated the New Testament into their native language. It was printed at Geneva, H. S F50 by Conrad Badius, in 1557, and was the first New Testament in English, with the distinction of verses by numeral figures. This division was first made by the cele- brated Robert Stephens in 1551, and four years after that the vulgar Latin Bible was divided in the same manner. But it was not till the year 1560, that the whole Bible was printed at Geneva, which edition is in quarto. - The next revision and publication of the Bible was made under the care and direc- tion of Archbishop Parker, and as several bishops were employed in that revision, it is called the Bishop's Bible. This was printed by Richard Jugge in 1568 in fol. and had several impressions afterwards. The last translation of the Bible is that which was produced from the conference at Hampton Court in 1608, by command of James I. and of which an account is given above. This work was not begun till the spring of the year 1607, and was printed in: less than four years afterwards. 1 & 1 LX. R. E. G E N T M A STERS. “Before we had such plenty of Colleges as now,” says Dr. Wallis, “ with fellow- ships endowed, (where tutors might be had for instructing of young students) every master or doctor in each faculty, was oblig- ed, upon taking such degree, to be a Re- gent for some number of years; that is, to have a school and there to read lectures constantly (during his necessary Regency) for instructing young students in those fa- culties; and each student to be entered in some such school, under one of these Ma- gistri Scholarum ; and after such necessary Regency, were for some longer time Re- gentes ad placitum ; and afterwards (except the doctors in the superior faculties) Non- regentes. And hence it is, that the collating degrees is intrusted to the Congregation of Regent Masters, as being best acquainted with the diligence and proficiency of their respective scholars, while yet the greater affairs of the University are dispatched by H 4 } 59. - º º * * 4. " * f - T - * s - the Convocatio (or magna Congregatio y Magistrorum Regentium et non Iregen- t; unfº.”% LXI. O X FO.R D M A R K ETS. The sellers of different articles were for- merly consigned to different stations, which are pointed out in Ayliffe's and Peashall's histories, both of which are taken from An- thony Wood. The tailors, for instance, had their shops in the north-east ward in St. Michael's parish. “ There prevailed among them, in ancient time, what they called revelling, particularly on the vigil of St. John the Baptist. They caroused themselves at that time with all joviality in meats and drinks, took a circuit through all the streets in the city, accompanied with divers musical instruments, and using cer- tain sonnets in praise of their profession and patron. This encreasing more and more, to the disturbance of the people, beating * Ex Archiv. Univ. Oxoe. 153 the watch, to blows often, and murder, as appears by an inquisition, it was, with ano- ther revelling circuit of some other profes- sion, on the vigil of St. Peter and St. Paul, prohibited by the king [Edward the Third] in his letters sent to the chancellor of the University for this purpose.” After the order formerly observed in their stations was discontinued the market was chiefly held in the parish of St. Peter in the Bailey and St. Ebbe's, to the west gate. “It was a full market of beasts and hogs, and continued in request till the reign of Henry VII. when failing in its resort, the ground of it, which for the most part belonged to the City and Osney Abbey, and afterwards to Christ Church, was by them demised to private persons who divided it into garden plots, and afterwards built cottages thereon.” “ There was a weekly market on Wed- nesday in Broken Heys and Gloucester Green, granted by Queen Eliz. 14th of her reign, to the citizens of Oxford; but this was but once or twice observed.” II 5 I54 “There was also a wool-market on Holt- well Green; part of the ground, since inclu- ded in Magdalen College grove, was known by the 11ame of Parry's Mead.—Here, ac- cording to an old book which belonged to the weavers of Oxon, twenty-three looms were working at once, and barges passed hereby and came up to it, on the river Char- well; and from a note that I have seen, seventy fullers and weavers were altogether there sometime inhabiting.—Hence a street of houses called Beanwall-street, and a large cross of stone stood in the said green, expressed occasionally in several scripts.” “A wool-market was also in north-gate bundred, called Forum Parvys;–by some, Little Market.—In a roll, 31st. Ed. I. J. Pylle was attached for receiving a piece of woollen cloth, containing six ells and a half, stolen in Oxford, in the market called Parvy.—A proof that this was a Staple Town.” The New Market on the north side of the High-street, was opened in the year 1774. 1 55 LX 1 I. PRIC E O F PROVIS [O N S IN O X F O R D. “ In the year 1315, 8-9 Edw. II. great complaints being made by the Chancellor to the King of the scarceness of vendibles in Oxford market, and the unreasonable rates that they were sold at, to the wrong- ing of the scholars, and the dispersion of the poorer sort of them that lived upon ex- hibitions, he sent out his Breve dated Apr. 1. directed to the said chancellor, that he publicly proclaim the prices of vendibles as they were set by him and his parliament, after this manner, viz. a good living Ox that is stalled or corn-fed, to be sold at the price of 16s. and no higher : if fatted with grass, then at 14s. a fat Cow 12s. a fat Hog of two years old 3s. 4d. a fat Mutton corn- fed, or whose wool is not grown, 1s. 8d. a fat mutton shorn 1s. 2d. a fat Goose 2d. a fat Capon 2d. a fat Hen ld, two Chickens 1d. four Pigeons id. twenty and four Eggs ld. Thus I find in the said writ, which being also directed to other Mercat Towns H 6 f56. (with some things charged therein) was the reason certainly why these prices were re- membered by certain” historians.#" It appears by Fleetwood’s “Chronicon Preciosum” that in the year 1351, it was regulated by Parliament, that workmen were to take their wages in wheat, at the rate of ten pence the bushel, which is 6s. 8d. the quarter. Sarclers, (that is, weeders) and hay- makers by the day * = - O O } Mowing meadows, 5d. the acre, or by the day - tº- - - 0 O 5 Reapers of corn, in the first week of August, ditto - sº - O O 5- In the second week, and third, and so on to the end of it, ditto - O O 3 without meat, drink, or other courtesy demanded. For threshing a quarter of wheat or rye * * - 0 O 2; For threshing a quarter of barley, beans, pease, or oats gº - O 0 14 * Th, Walsyngham sub hoc am, et alii, F A. Wood, 157 A master carpenter, mason, or tyler by the day sº - sº- Other carpenters, masons, or tylers Their servants, or boys º º- Plaisterers, workers of mudwalls, and their knaves, or servants at the same rate, without meat or drink demanded In 1360, master carpenters. º Öthers sº -> -- Their servants - * -> In 1389, the bailiff for husbandry's yearly wages, together with his cloathing, once by year at most, and his diet, which is supposed in the following cases - - The master hind, or chief husband- man labouring * - The carter and the shepherd, each by the year a-ºº: -- The oxherd, cowherd, each by the year - a- -> The swineherd, by the year * A woman labourer, the dairy woman, each ditto - -> The plough driver, at most - In 1446, the wages of a bailiff of husbandry, per ann. -- aº <--> O O O O O T3 1 O IO 3 # 4. . 4. I 5.8 His cloathing, diet still supposed - The chief carter and chief shepherd, each == º º- Their cloathing each «- sº A common servant of husbandry - His clothing sº - i- A woman servant tº º Cloathing wº sº º ¥m infant (i.e. one under 14 years of age) s * <- Cloathing (with diet) ºt - The servants of hostlers (i. e. inn- keepers) victuallers, and artificers, at the same rates. From Easter till Michaelmas, A free-mason, or master carpenter, with diet, by the day * * Without diet - - * A master tyler, slater, rough mason, a mean carpenter, and other arti- ficers, building by the day, with diet gººm * *- Without diet * gº * Other labourers, with diet 2d, with- out diet º cº- :- From Michaelmas to Easter they had a penny by the day less, the days being then shorter, O : O 1 O O 54. * F59 But in time of harvest a mower had, with diet -> •º- 4-r Without diet -> - - A reaper and carter, with diet - Without diet sº º - A woman labourer and other labour- ers, with diet º º Without diet by the day gº *- In 1514, a bailiff of husbandry's yearly wages º - - His cloathing (diet supposed) - Chief hind, carter, and shepherd, each º- º - Cloathing (with diet) -> tº- Common servant of husbandry - Cloathing - * - º Women servants yearly wages wº- Cloaths - º - A child (i. e. a servant) within 14 years of age tº - - Cloathing sºme * - From Easter to Michaelmas, the daily wages of masons, carpenters, bricklayers, &c. with diet 4d. without diet - - From Michaelmas to Easter, with diet 3d. without diet º - : O : O. ººO: I O . 2 : 4. . . 8. 5 160. * The reader is not to think that these rules were every where observed ; but no body could demand or sue (I suppose) for greater wages, than were here allowed : and yet the different cheapness or dearness of provisions in several counties, must be al- lowed to make amends for different wages; and therefore these rules could not be uni- versally reasonable. “ In 1533 it was enacted that butchers should sell their beef and mutton, by weight: beef for a half-penny the pound, and mut- ton for three-farthings: which being de- vised for the great commodity of the realm (as it was thought) hath proved far other- wise. For at that time (i.e. 1533) fat orem were sold for xxvis, v 1.11d. fat weathers for 1 11s. Ival. fat calves for the like price. A fat lamb for x 11d. The butchers of London sold Penny pieces of beef, for the relief of the poor; every piece two pound and an half: sometimes three pounds for a penny. And 13, sometimes 14 of these pieces for x 11d. mutton w111.d. the quarter. And an 100 weight of beef for 1 vs. v. 11d. “In 1444, wheat, per q1.4s. 4d. Malt, 16.1 per q1. 4s. A calf 2s. A porker 8s. A goose 3d. An ox 11, 1 1s. 8d. Cloth for surplices for scholars, the ell at 8d. and that you may not think this cloth to be very coarse, I assure you it was the same with the napkins used at the altar; and that, if you know the religion of those days, was certainly fine. “In 1457, Agallon of ale 1d. In 51 H. VIII. it was determined by authority that when a quarter of barley was sold at 2s. the ale might be afforded 4 quarts for 1d. and when barley was at 2s. 6d. the quarter, then ale was to be seven quarts for 2d. and so to increase and decrease, after the rate of 6d. the quarter. “In 1504, red wine, per dolium, 41. Cla- ret wine 3!. 13s. 4d. White wine 3!, 6s. 8d. Malvesy 4!. Ale of London, per do- lium, Il. Ale of Canterbury 11. 5s. Beer ll. 3s. 4d. Dolium I believe, here signi- fies a pipe or butt, 126 gallons. So that the ale of London comes very near 3d. the gallon. The red wine at 7, d.” * Fleetwood's Chronicon Preciosur. 162 •y LX II. I. M. A N C I P L E S, Manciples, the purveyors general of colleges and halls, were formerly men of so much consequence, that to check their am- bition, it was ordered by an express statute, that no manciple should be principle of a hall. Chaucer, in delineating the manners of the times, describes the manciple of the Temple, as not only in his occupation a pattern to all caterers, but “ passing the wisdom of a heap of learned men,” and able to “set the cap” of the whole legal 22 fraternity. A gentil MANCIPLE was then of a temple, Of which achatours mighten take ensemple. For to ben wise in bying of vitaille, For whether that he paide, or toke by taille, Algate he waited so in his achate, That he was ay before in good estate. Now is not that of God a ful fayre grace, That swiche a lewed mannes wit shal pace The wisdom of an hepe of lered men. “Of maisters had he mo than thries ten,_&c. Cant, Tales. Prol. 5696 I63 LX I V . T H E M I N T A T O X F O R D', The mint which was established at Ox- ford during the rebellion in Charles the first's time, was at New Inn ; for A. Wood says that in the year 1643, the plate which had been given him by his Godfathers and Godmother, which was considerable, was, (with all other plate in Oxon) carried by his Majesty's command to the mint at New Inn, and there turned into money to pay his Majesty’s armies.* LX V. CO FF E E H O U S E S IN O X FOR O , The first coffee house in Oxford was opened in the year 1650, by Jacob, a Jew, “ at the Angel, in the Parish of St. Peter in the East, and there it was by some, who delighted in novel tie, drank. When he łeft Oxford, he sold it in old Southampton buildings in Holborne, neare London, and was living there 1671.” In the year 1654, “ Cirques Jobson, a * Wood's Life, 164 Jew and Jacobite, borne neare Mount-Li- banus, sold coffey in Oxon, in an house between Edmund Hall and Queen's Col- lege corner.” “ In this year [1655, Arth. Tillyard, Apothecary and great royallist, sold coffey publickly in his house against All-Soule's Coll. He was encouraged so to do by som royallists, now living in Oxon, and by others who esteemed themselves either Vir- tuosi or Wits; of which the chiefest num- ber were of Alls. Coll. as Peter Pett, Thom. Millington,Tim. Baldwin, Christoph.Wren, George Castle, Will. Bull, &c. There were others also, as Joh. Lamphire, a Phy- sician, lately ejected from New College, who was sometimes the natural drol of the company, the two Wrens, sojourners in Oxon, Mathew and Thomas Wren, sons of Dr. Wren, bishop of Ely, &c. This coffey house continued till his Majestie's returne and after, and then they became more frequent, and had an excise set upon coffey.”* * A. Wood's Life, written by himself. 165 I, XVI. T H E O RIG IN AN ID PROGRESS OF NEWSPAPERS IN OXFORD, PREVI- O U S L Y TO THE PU B L I CATION of THE G AzETTE.” The following anecdotes relative to the origin and progress of newspapers previous to the gazette, with brief notices of their authors, are selected from Wood's Athenae Oronienses. I. MERC URIUS RUSTICUs : or the Coun- tries complaint, recounting the sad events of this unparalleled warr—which Mercuries, in number at least 19, commencing from 22 Aug. 1642, came out in one sheet, some- times in two in 4to. * Before the introduction of printed news-papers it appears that great families had a sort of gazetteers in London, who transmitted to them the news of the day in written letters. This custom accounts for the following memorandum preserved in the Clifford family. “ To captayne Robinson by my lo. com'ds for writing letters of news to his l’p for a half year, 5 l.” See Whitaker’s IIist. of the Deanery of Craven. * {S6 II. MERCUR1Us Rusticus: the second part, in number 5, giving an account of sacrileges in and upon several cathedrals.- After the war was ended, all these Mercu- ries were printed an. 1646 and 47 in 8vo. The edition which came out in 1647 had more in it than that of 1646. However Richard Royston the bookseller being minded to make another edition, he fol- lowed only that which came out in 1646, so that the third edition which he made in 1685 hath less in it than that of 1647. The above Mercuries were written by Brune Ryves, who was born in Dorsetshire, made one of the clerks of New Coll. in 1610, where continuing till he was bachelor of arts, became one of the chaplains of Magd. Coll. 1616. Soon after he proceeded in arts, became a most noted and florid preacher, vicar of Stanwell in Middlesex, rector of St. Martin's de le Vintry in Lon- don, chaplain to his Majesty Charles I. and in 1639 proceeded Doct. of Div. But the rebellion breaking out soon after, he was sequestered of his rectory by the Presby. 167 terians, plundered and forced to fly, and at length losing his vicarage, he shifted from place to place, and by the favour of his Majesty had the deanery of Chichester, and the mastership of the hospital there, conferred upon him, tho’ little or no value accrued thence till after the restoration of K. Ch. II. About which time being sworn chaplain in ordinary, he had the deanery of Windsor conferred on him, in which he was installed 3 Sept. 1660, and so conse- quently was dean of Wolverhampton in Staf- fordshire. Afterwards he became rector of Acton in Middlesex, was sworn scribe of the most noble order of the Garter, 14 Jan. 1660, and about that time was made rector of Haseley near to, and in the county of, Oxford; which, I think, is annexed to his deanery, as the deanery of Wolverhampton is, but all separated by Mr. Barter,” there- by to make him a great pluralist, without any consideration had to his great sufferings * In his additional notes on the life and death of Sir Matthew Hale, Lond, 1682, oct. page 25. 168 occasioned by the Presbyterians. He died at Windsor on the 13 day of July 1677, and was buried in the alley or isle joyning on the south side to his Majesty's chapel of St. George there. III. MERC U RIUS AU LI CUS : communi- cating the intelligence and affairs of the court [at Oxon] to the rest of the king- dom.—The first of these was published on the first of Jan. 1642 and were carried on till about the end of 1645; after which time they were published but now and then. They were printed weekly in one sheet, sometimes in more, in quarto, and contain a great deal of wit and buffoonry. MERCUR1- us BRITAN NICUs pen'd by foulmouth'd Nedham, no more his equal than a dwarf to a giant, or the goodness of his cause to that of the King's, tells us that the penning of these Mercurii Aulici was the act of many, viz. Birkenhead the scribe, secretary Nicholas the informer, and George Digby the contri- ver. Also that an assessment of wits was laid upon every Coll. and paid weekly for the communion of this thing called Mercurius 109 Aulicus. Butlet this liar say what he will, all that were then in Oxford knew well enough that John Birkenhead began, and carried them on, and in his absence P. Heylin sup- plied his place and wrote many of them. Jo HN BIRKEN HEAD, son of Randall Birkenhead, of Northwych in Cheshire, sadler, was born there, became a servitor of Oriel Coll. under the tuition of Hum- phrey Lloyd (afterwards B. of Bangor) in the beginning of the year 1632, aged 17 years; where continuing till he was bache- lor of arts, became amanuensis to Dr. Laud, archbishop of Cant. who taking a liking to him for his ingenuity, did by his diploma make him master of arts, an. 1639, and by his letters commendatory thereupon, he was elected probationer fellow of Atl Souls Coll. in the year following. After the re- bellion broke out, and the King and his court had settled themselves at Oxford, this our author Mr. Birkenhead was appointed to write the Mercurii Aulici; which being very pleasing to the loyal party, his Ma- jesty recommended him to the electors, that W O L I. I 170 they would chuse him moral philosophy reader; which being accordingly done, he continued in that office, with little profit from it, till 1648, at which time he was not only turned out thence, but from his fellowship. Afterwards he retired to Lon- don, suffered several imprisonments for his Majesty's cause, lived by his wits in help- ing young gentlemen out at dead lifts in making poems, songs, and epistles, on, and to, their respective mistresses, as also in translating and writing several little things, and other petite employments. Af- ter his Majesty's restoration he was by vir- tue of his letters sent to the University, actually created doctor of the civil law, and in 1661 he was elected a burgess for Wilton. In 1662, Nov. 14 he received the honour of knighthood from his Majesty, King Charles II. and in Jan. 1663 he was constituted one of the masters of requests, he being then also master of the faculties, and a member of the royal society. He died within the precincts of Whitehall, on the 4 of Dec. 1679, and was buried in the church-yard of St. Martin's in the Fields. 171 IV. MERCURI Us BRIT AN NICUs, com- municating the affairs of Great Britaine for the better information of the people.—These Mercuries began about the middle of Oct. 1643, and were carried on thence week by week every Monday, in one sheet, to the latter end of 1646, or beginning of 1647. V. MIER C URI Us PRA GM ATI cus, com- municating intelligence from all parts, touching all affairs, designs, humours and conditions throughout the kingdom, espe- cially from Westminster and the head-quar- ters.-There were two parts of them, and they came out weekly in one sheet in 4to. The former part commenced the 14 Sept. 1647, and ended the 9 Jan. 1648. The other which was intitled MERCURIU's PRAG- MATICUs For K. CHARLES II, &c. com- menced 24 Apr. 1649, but quickly ended. There were now and then other PRAGM A- T1c1 that peeped forth, but they were counterfeit. VI. MERCURI Us Politicus: comprising the sum of foreign intelligence, with the affairs now on foot in the three nations of I Q 179 England, Scotland, and Ireland. These Mercuries came out weekly every Wednes- day in two sheets in 4to. commencing with the 9 of June 1649, and ending with the 6 of June 1650. These MERCUR11 Po LITICI (wherein were many discourses against mo- narchy, and in behalf of a free state, espe- cially in those that were published before O. Cromwell gaped after the supremacy) were constantly carried on till about the middle of Apr. 1660, when then (as several times before) the author was prohibited by order of the Council of State. By virtue of which order, Hen. Muddiman and Giles Dury were authorized to publish their Intelligence every Monday and Thursday, under the titles of VII. PAR LIAMENTARY INTELLIGENCER, and VIII. M. ERCURIUS PUBLICUs, which continued (Dury soon after giving over) till the middle of August, 1663, and then Roger L’Estrange published the Intelli- gence twice every week in quarto sheets, under the titles of 173 IX. THE PUBLIC INTELLIGENCER, and X. THE NEws. The first of which came out 31 of Aug. and the other on the 3 of Sept. an. 1663. These continued till the 29 of Jan. 1665, at which time L’Estrange desisted because in Nov. going before, were other kind of News-papers published twice every week in half a sheet in folio. These We ſe XI. THE Oxfor D GAze TTE, and the first commenced 7 Nov. 1665, the King and Queen with their Courts being then in Oxon. These for a little time, were writ- ten, I think by Hen. Muddiman: but when the said Courts removed to London, they were intituled and called XII. THE LoN Do N GAzETTE ; the first of which that was published there, came forth on the 5 of Feb. following, the king being then at Whitehall. Soon after Mr. Joseph Williamson, Under Secretary of State, procured the writing of them for him- self; and thereupon employed Charles Per- rot, M. A. and fellow of Oriel Coll. in Oxon, who had a good command of his pen I S F74 to do that office under him, and so he did, tho’ not constantly, till about 1671. After which time they were constantly written by Under Secretaries, belonging to those that are Principal, and do so continue to this day. The MER curl Us BRIT ANN Icus, MER- c URIUS PRAGMATICUs, and MERCURI Us Po LITICUs were written by MAR CHAMont NED HAM, who was born at Burford in Oxfordshire in 1620. At about fourteen years of age he was sent to All Souls Coll. where being made one of the Choristers, continued there till, 1637, at which time he took the degree of Bache- lor of Arts. So that being not capable of keeping that place any longer, because in- consistent with his degree, he retired to St. Mary’s Hall for a time. At length being invited to London, he had conferred upon him an usher’s place in Merchant Taylor's School, then presided by one Mr. Will. Staple ; but how long he continued there I cannot justly tell. Sure it is, that upon the change of the times, he became an un- 175 der clerk in Grey's inn, where by virtue of a good legible court hand, he obtained a comfortable subsistence. Soon after sid- ing with the rout, and scum of the people, he made them weekly sport by railing at all that was noble in his intelligence called MER curius BRITAN NICUs, wherein his endeavours were to sacrifice the fame of some lord, or person of quality, nay of the King himself, to the beast with many heads. About that time he studied physic, follow- ed the chymical way, and in 1645 began to practise it, and by that and his writing maintained himself in very genteel fashion. But so it was, that whether by his impri- sonment in the gate house for his aspersions of his Majesty, in the opening or explaining his cabinet letters, an. 1645, or for some scorn or affronts put upon him, he forth- with left the blessed cause, and obtaining the favour of a known royalist to introduce him into his Majesty's presence at Hamp- ton Court, an. 1647, he then and there knelt before him, and desired forgiveness for what he had written against him and his I 4 | 76 cause: which being readily granted, he kissed his Majesty’s hand, and soon after wrote M E R C URI Us PRA GM ATI cus : which being very witty, satyrical against the Pres- byterians and full of loyalty, made him known to and admired by the bravadoes and wits of those times. But he being nar- rowly sought after, left London, and for a time sculked at Minster Lovel near Burford in Oxfordshire, in the house there of Dr. Pet. Heylyn. At length being found out, imprisoned in Newgate, and brought into danger of his life, Lenthall the Speaker of the House of Commons, who knew him and his relations well, and John Bradshaw Pre- sident of the High Court of Justice, treat- ed him fairly and not only got his pardon, but with promises of rewards and places, persuaded him to change his stile once more, meaning for the Independents, then carrying all before them. So that being brought over, he wrote MERCURI Us Poli- ticus, so extreme contrary to the former, that the generality for a long time, especi- ally the most generous Royalists, could not 177 believe that that intelligence could possibly be written by the same hand that wrote the MERCURI Us PRAGMATICUs. The truth is, these last were written for about an year and a half, and were endeavoured by the Parliamenteers to be stifled, but the for- mer (the Po LITIC I) which came out by au- thority, and flew every week into all parts of the nation for more than ten years, had very great influence upon numbers of in- considerable persons, such who have a strong presumption that all must needs be true that is in print.—He was a person en- dowed with quick natural parts, was a good humanitian, poet, and boon droll : and had he been constant to his cavaliering princi- ples he would have been beloved by, and admired, of all; but being mercenary, and valuing money and sordid interest, rather than conscience, friendship, or love to his prince, was much hated by the royal party to the last, and many cannot yet endure to hear him spoken of. He died suddenly in the house of one Kidder in D’Evreux court I 5 178 near Temple Bar, London, in 1678, and was buried in the church of St. Clement’s Danes. LX W II. OXFOR D A LM A N A C K S. The first Oxford Almanack was drawn up by Maurice Wheeler, one of the minor canons, or chaplains, of Christ Church, for the year 1673, in 8vo. It was adorned with hieroglyphical figures, which dean Aldrich was famous for contriving, and seems to b 3 have contained a short history of the Uni- versity taken from Wood’s History and An- tiquities. “ There were,” says Wood, “ near thirty thousand of them printed, be- sides a sheet almanack of two-pence, that was then and there printed for that year: and because of the novelty of the said al- manack, and its title, they were all vended. But the printing of it being a great hin- drance to the sale of other almanacks, the society of booksellers in London bought off the copy for the future; so only a sheet 179 almanack wrought off from a copper plate, was afterwards printed by the curators of Sheldon's press.” The first of these was engraved in 1674, by Robert White, and is adorned with the twelve greater Pagan gods, accompanied by Atlas, Ceres, and Pomona, above the calendar; with the Saxon deities beneath, and various Tritons and Nereids at the foot of the sculpture, No Oxford Almanack was published for 1675. From the year 1676 to the present, they have been continued in a regular an- nual series. The prints in the forty-seven earlier numbers consist chiefly of allegori- cal figures, engraved for the greater part by Michael Burghers. From 1723 to 1751 inclusive, most of them are by George Wer- tue, who, says lord Orford, “ instead of insipid emblems that deserved no longer duration than what they adorned, intro- duced views of public buildings and his- toric events; for he seldom reaped benefit * Ath. Ox. Vol. II. 1127. * * * I 6 180 from the public, without repaying it with information.” They have been since exe- cuted by Hulett, Green, Cole,” Wale, Miller, Malchair, the Rookers, Harris, Taylor, Dixon, Lowry, Dayes, Dadley, Basire, and Turner. We are sorry to observe that the Oxford Almanacks, for some years past, have been executed in a manner which is neither cre- ditable to the University, nor the engravers. Whether the fault is to be attributed to any parsimony in the former (which we can hardly imagine to be the case) or to the i negligence of the latter, we presume not to inquire. # Cole seems to have engraved only the Calendar. In some years there were two editions of the Almanack, with the same design executed by different hands. At the end of a letter from Fulman to A. Wood, dated Dec. 13, 1677, is the following postcript: “There were last yere certain of your Oxford Alma- nacks printed on handkerchiefs: if there be any such to be procured for money, pray send me two with speed, and I will repay what they cost.” 181 LXVIII. RELIGIOUS HOUSES IN O'Y FOR tº B E FORE T H E R E FORMATION. 1. St. FRIP eswi DE’s, now CHR1sº CHURCH. About the year 730, Didanus, a petty king in these parts is said to have founded a nunnery here to the honour of St. Mary and All Saints, which consisted of twelve religious virgins of noble birth, under the government of his own daughter Frideswide, who being buried here and afterwards canonized for a saint, this mo- nastery in process of time was dedicated to her memory, and called almost always by her name. The nuns having been dispersed by the Danish wars, this church came into the possession of secular canons, and was burned to the ground, A. D. 1004, after- wards it was rebuilt and better endowed for them by king Ethelred. A certain king, before the Norman Conquest, is said to have expelled those canons, and to have given this monastery to the monks of Ab- bingdon, for some few years, and then to 182 have restored the canons. After the Con- quest the seculars were again ejected, and an abbot and monks possessed it some time; then the priests obtained it once more, and continued till A. D. 1111 or 1121, at which time Roger bishop of Salisbury placed in this church a convent of regular canons of the order of St. Austin, under the care of Guimond, a learned clerk and chaplain to Henry the first, who became the first prior. The annual revenues of this religious house before its suppression were valued at £224 4s. 8d. This priory was suppressed by vir- tue of a bull from pope Clement VII. dated 3 non. Apr. 1524, allowed and confirmed May 10, by Henry VIII. who by letters patent dated July 1, 1525, granted the site and lands to Cardinal Wolsey, who there- upon began the foundation of a noble col- lege for a dean, subdean, one hundred ca- nons, thirteen chaplains, professors in divi- nity, law, physic, and all the liberal arts, and for other persons, to the number of one hundred and eighty-six, which was dedicated to the Holy Trinity, the Virgin 183 Mary, St. Frideswide, and All Saints. But before this, and his other vast designs could be perfected, he lost, in the year 1529, not only the king's favour, but incurred a prae- munire, upon which all his estates real and personal, became forfeited ; and among his other lands, those appointed for the better endowment of this college, called Cardinal college. In 1532, it was augmented with Canterbury college and Peckwater inn, and re-established for a dean, twelve canons, &c. under the title of “ Kyng Henry the eighthis college in Oxford” which was sur- rendered up again into the king's hands 18 July 1545. The see of the bishop of Ox- ford being the next year removed from Os- ney, this priory church was made his ca- thedral, by the name of Christ Church; and Henry VIII. refounded the chapter and college, which at present consists of a dean, eight canons, one hundred and one students, eight chaplains, eight clerks, eight cho- risters, twenty-four almsmen, &c. 2. ST. GEORGE's Co LLEGE. Robert D’Oily and Roger Iveri founded in 1074 I 84 and endowed out of their estates the cof- legiate church of St. George within the castle for secular canons, who were dis- persed about 1149, when this church with all its revenues was annexed to the house of regular canons at Osney. The buildings were afterwards used for students, and there were for some time the warden and scholars of St. George within the castle of Oxford. It is said that Henry V. intended to have built a noble college both for artists and divines within this castle, and to have en- dowed the same with the revenues of the alien priories, but was prevented by death. 3. Os N E Y. A UST IN CANo Ns. Robert D’Oily the second, nephew to the first of that name, at the desire of his wife Edith, (who had been concubine to Henry the first,) built in 1129, upon one of the islets made by the river, not far from the castle of Ox- ford, a priory of canons Augustines to the honour of the blessed Virgin Mary. This house in some short time after became an abbey, and at the dissolution had yearly revenues worth £664 10s. 2d. Upon the | 85 creation of the new bishopricks by Henry the eighth, in the year 1542, this abbey was changed into the cathedral church of Christ and the blessed Virgin, wherein were set- tled a dean and six prebendaries, &c. who were to be the chapter of the bishop of Oxford, whose palace was to be at Glo- cester hall : but this establishment did not continue above three or four years, when, in 1546, the conventual church of St. Frideswide, then called King Henry the eighth's college, was made the cathedral and called Christ Church. The abbots of Osney were sometimes summoned to Par- liament, but were not barons. 4. REw LEY, or DE REGAL I Loco, in North Osney. Richard, king of the Ro- mans, having by his will directed a found- ation for some secular priests to pray for his soul, his son and heir, Edmund Earl of Cornwall, thought his father's desire would be better fulfilled by regulars, and there- fore in the year 1280, he built a monastery here for an abbot and fifteen monks of the Cistertian order. Its tutelar saint was the 186 blessed Virgin Mary. It was rated, 26 Hen. 8, at £174 38. Od, and granted, 33 Hen. 8, to Dr. Geo. Owen; and 38 Hen. 8. to the dean and canons of King's college, or Christ Church in Oxford. The walls and part of the house are still remaining, in the western suburbs, beyond Worcester college. 5. ST. BERN A RD's Co LLEGE was found- ed in the parish of St. Mary Magdalene in 1436 by Henry Chicheley archbishop of Canterbury, for student monks of the Cis- tertian order. After the dissolution the site was granted to the dean and chapter of Christ Church, Oxford, 38 Hen. 8, and being purchased of them by Sir Thomas White, knt. on its site he built and endowed St. John's college, 1555. 6. CAN TER BURY Co LLEGE. Symon de Islip, archbishop of Canterbury, in the year 1363, founded this house for students both religious and secular, chiefly in the canon and civil law, consisting of a warden and eleven clerks. He shortly afterwards ap- pointed the famous John Wickliffe to be head of this society, who with the rest of 187 the fellows being seculars, was, by sentence in the court of Rome, at the instance of the Founder's successor, Symon de Lang- ham, then cardinal, removed, and the go- vernment and revenues of it put into the hands of four monks of Canterbury, one of whom was to be warden. From that time this house became an habitation chiefly for the student monks of Canterbury, and was subject to the archbishop and to the prior and convent of that church; and, as part of the possessions of the priory of Christ Church in Canterbury, this college was granted to the dean and chapter of Canter- bury, 33 Hen. 8. The dean and canons of Christ Church, Oxford, afterwards obtain- ed the grant of it, and it now forms part of their college. 7. DURHAM Co LLEGE was founded about the year 1290, by Richard de Hoton prior, and the monks of the cathedral con- vent of Durham, for their young student monks. It was afterwards increased in buildings, revenues, and books by Richard de Bury, the learned bishop of that see : I 88 but more amply endowed for eight Bene- dictine monks, and eight secular students, &c. by Thomas Hatfield, bishop of Dur- ham, in 1370. It was dedieated to their patron St. Cuthbert, and valued, 26 Hen. 8, at ºf 115 4s. 4d. Upon the dissolution it was granted to the dean and chapter of Durham, and came afterwards into the possession of Sir Thomas Pope, knt. who on its site founded Trinity college. 8. GLoc Ester Co LLEGE or HALL. Sir John Gifford, lord Brinsfield, gave in 1283 a piece of ground and several tenements in Stockwell Street, which he had purchased of the Knights hospitalers and others, to the monks of the Benedictine order within the province of Canterbury, for an habita- tion for their students in this University. The prior and first twelve monks being taken from Glocester Abbey,” it had thence * The abbot and monks of Glocester early dis- claimed any property in this house, which belonged to the whole order within the province of Canterbury, and was entirely subject to the regulations of the general 189 also its name. After the suppression Henry VIII. granted it for the house or palace of the bishop of Oxford, not only while the see was at Osney, but in the first grant also after the see was removed to Oxford; but it was soon taken away, and in the begin- ning of Queen Elizabeth's reign sold to Sir Thomas White, who gave it to his college of St. John Baptist, and ordered it to be continued for an house of learning. It has since been converted into a College, by the name of Worcester college. 9. LoN Do N Co LLEGE. From the year 1421, when Richard Clifford, bishop of London, bequeathed a legacy of one thou- sand marks to the scholars of Burnell's inn, in St. Aldate's parish, that old house began chapters of that order. “This may appear partly,” says Dr. Hutton, “from those diverse fashions and names of buildings which are yet extant in this hall, some being called Glocester lodgings, some Westminster lodgings, some Winchcomb lodgings, &c.” “Glocester hall,” says Brian Twyne, “conteined five or six halls in it belonging to divers abbies, who severally kept house by them- selves,” * 190 to be called London college, and was inha- bited both by black monks, and by secular clerks students in the civil law, till its sup- pression, which was early in the reign of Henry VIII. 10. St. MARY’s College. Thomas Holden, esq. and Elizabeth his wife gave in 1435 tenements and ground in the pa- rishes of St. Peter in the Bayly and St. Mi- chael northgate, to found a college for student canons of the order of St. Austin. It was dedicated to the blessed Virgin Mary, and subject to the general chapter of the order. The site of it was granted, 38 Hen. 8, to William Ramesden and Ri- chard Vavasor. Its gate way, nearly op- posite New Inn hall, is still standing. The materials of the chapel, which is said to have been a very fair fabric, built of free stone, with very good workmanship, were given to Brazenose college to be used in the building of their chapel. St. Mary college was honoured by the residence of Erasmus, who studied in it during the years 1497 and 1498. | 9 | 11. ST. BART Ho LoM Ew's Hospit A L. About half a mile eastward of this city was the little hospital of St. Bartholomew, as ancient as the reign of Henry the first, and probably founded by that prince, when he built his palace at Beaumont. It consisted formerly of a master who was a priest, two healthful brethren, six infirm or leprous brethren, and a clerk. It being of royal foundation, Edward the third gave it in 1828 to Oriel college, on condition that they maintained in it a chaplain and eight poor brothers. 12. St. John's Hospital, without the east gate, consisting of a master and seve- ral brothers and sisters, was in being in the reign of king John, who was a benefactor to it. Henry the third new founded, or at least new built it in 1233, laying the first stone himself. Henry the sixth gave the master and brethren leave to give up and convey this house and all the estates belong- ing to it, to William Wainfleet, bishop of Winchester, about the year 1456, who on or near the site of it laid the foundation of 192 his magnificent college with the hall adjoin- ing, to the honour of St. Mary Magdalene. 13. AustiN FRIA Rs. Henry the third, at the instance of Sir John Handlo, after- wards of Borstall, knt. gave in 1268 the friars eremites of the order of St. Austin, a piece of ground in the parish of Holy Cross or Holywell, whereon to build a cha- pel and lodgings, which they perfected by the bounty of the said Sir John, and other charitable persons. Here they continued till the general suppression, and the site of this priory was sold, 6 Edw. 6, to Henry, duke of Suffolk, from whom it came to Dorothy Wadham, who upon part of it founded Wadham college. 14. BLAck Fr IARs. The Dominican, preaching, or black friars, in the first year of their coming into England, viz. in 1221, repaired to Oxford, where, by the munifi- cence of Isabel de Bulbec, widow to Robert, earl of Oxford, they obtained ground in the parish of St. Edward, whereon to build an house and chapel; but this situation be- ing too confined, about forty years after, 193 they removed their habitations to a little island near the water-gate, in the parish of St. Ebbe, which was given them by Henry III. Here the brethren of this order, many ef them eminent for their learning, con- tinued till the dissolution. XV. GREY PR1ARs. The Franciscan, Minor, or Grey Friars, came to Oxford in 1224, and settled in St. Ebbe's parish, in houses and pieces of ground assigned them by Richard le Mercer, Richard le Miller, &c. which were confirmed and enlarged by Hen. III. who was their chief founder or benefactor. This friary, with the fine chapel and the large inclosures belonging to it, was granted, together with the Black Fri- ars, 36 Henry VIII. to Richard Andrews and John Howe, who alienated them in the same year to one Richard Gunter. XVI. WHITE FRIARs. The Carmelite or White Friars, first settled in this city about the year 1254. Their habitation at first was near the river opposite to Rewley, in a house given them by Nicholas de Meules or Molis, sometime governor of W O L • I , R 194 the castle of Oxford, on the west side of Stockwell Street, now part of Worcester College. But sixty years after, Edward II. gave to twenty-four of these Friars, the royal palace of Beaumont, which Henry I. had built in the north part of the city. Here they continued till the general disso- lution, and then this friary, with all its appurtenances, was granted to Edward Powell of Sandford, 33 Hen. VIII. XVII. CROU ch ED FR IARs. The crouch- ed or crossed Friars, had in Grandpont, not far from Broadgate Hall, in the parish of St. Michael, at Southgate, an habitation of the gift of Richard Cary, sometime mayor of the city, temp. Edw. I. but about the year 1348, they procured a house and chapel in the parish of St. Peter in the East, near the church. - XVIII. FRIARS DE SAcco. Just with- out the west gate, near the castle, in a place where formerly the church of St. Benedict, or St. Budoc, stood, Henry III. placed the Friars de Penitentia Jesu or de Sacco, who continued here till they were suppressed 195 with some other mendicant orders in 1307, and then the site of this house and their other possessions were annexed to the Grey Friars. XIX. TRINITY-Hous E. On the south side of the street, without the east gate, opposite Magdalen Hall, near the lane which leads from Magdalen College to the field behind Merton College, Edmund Earl of Cornwall founded a small house and chapel for Trinitarian Friars of the re- demption of captives, A. D. 1291. They had likewise a chapel within the east gate, which, together with several halls, was pur- chased by William of Wykeham, to make room for his foundation of New College. What became of this monastery, which was very poor, or when it was suppressed, does not appear. - LXIX. M ON A ST 1 C CE CON O M Y. As in the course of this work, frequent mention may be made of Monasteries, &c. a brief account of these establishments' K 9. 106 and of the officers which belonged to some of the largest of them, as well as of their different buildings and apartments, it is presumed, will not be uninteresting, and may serve to convey some idea of the in- ternal Ceconomy of those institutions. Under the general name of RELIGious Hous Es are comprehended cathedral and collegiate churches, abbies, priories, col- leges, hospitals, preceptories, and friaries. IN Con v ENTUAL CATHE DRALs the bi- shop was in the place of an abbot, and had the principal stall on the right hand of the entrance into the choir. CoLLEGIATE CHURCHES AND Co L- LEGEs consisted of a number of secular canons, living together under the govern- ment of a dean, warden, provost or master; and having, for the more solemn perform- ance of divine service, chaplains, singing- men, and choristers belonging to them. AN ABBEY was a society of religious people, having an abbot or abbess to pre- side over them. Some of these were so considerable that their abbots were called 197 to parliament, and had seats and votes in the House of Lords. They had the power and authority of bishops within the limits of their several houses, gave the solemn benediction, conferred the lesser orders, wore mitres, sandals, &c. and carried crosses or pastorals in their hands; and some of their houses were exempted from the juris- diction of the archbishop and bishop, and subject to the pope only. Their mitres differed a little from those of the bishops, who carried their crosiers in their left hands, but the abbots carried them in their right hands. Fuller says, that, 49 Hen. III. sixty-four abbots and thirty-six priors were called to parliament; but this number be- ing too great, Edward III. reduced it to twenty-five abbots and two priors, to whom were afterwards added two abbots. So that there were twenty-nine in all, and no more, who constantly enjoyed this privi- lege, viz. the abbot of Tewkesbury, the prior of Coventry, the abbots of Waltham, Cirencester, Saint John's at Colchester, Croyland, Shrewsbury, Selby, Bardney, St. K 3 198 Bennet's of Hulme, Thorney, Hide, Win- chelcombe, Battel, Reading, St. Mary's in York, Ramsey, Peterborough, St. Peter's in Gloucester, Glastonbury, St. Edmunds- bury, St. Austin's in Canterbury, St. Al- ban's, Westminster, Abingdon, Evesham, Malmsbury, and Tavistock; and the prior of St. John at Jerusalem, who was styled “Primus Angliae Baro;” but it was with respect to the lay barons only, for he was the last of the spiritual ones. The first twenty-four of these are placed in the order in which they went to parliament, 3 Hen. VIII. Hearne thinks that they took place in the House of Lords according to the se- niority of their creation; but Anstis is of opinion, that “ some of the abbots, like the bishops, had by virtue of their abbies, a certain fixed precedency, and that others of them took place according to the priority of their creation.” Many have assigned the first place to the abbot of St. Alban's, because St. Alban was the first martyr in this kingdom. A PRIon Y was a society of Religious, 199 where the chief person was termed a prior or prioress, and of these there were two SOrtS. FIRST. When the prior was chief govern- or, as fully as any abbot in his abbey, and was chosen by the convent. SEco NDLY. Where the priory was a cell, subordinate to some great abbey, and the prior was placed and displaced at the will of the abbot. But there was a considerable difference between some of these cells. For some were altogether subject to their respective abbies, who sent them what of. ficers and monks they pleased, and took their revenues into the common stock of the abbies. But others consisted of a stated number of monks, who had a prior sent them from the abbey, and paid a pension yearly as an acknowledgment of their sub- jection, but acted in other matters as an independent body, and had the rest of their revenues for their own use. These priories or cells, were always of the same order with the abbies on whom they depended, though sometimes of a different sex, it be- K 4 & 30() ing usual after the conquest, for the great abbies to build nunneries in some of their manors, which should be priories to them, and subject to their visitation. PRI of 1 Es A Li EN were cells to foreign monasteries ; for when manors or tithes were given to foreign monasteries, the monks either to increase their own rule, or perhaps rather to have faithful stewards of their revenues, built convenient houses for the reception of a small convent, and then sent over such a number as they thought proper, constituting priors over them. And there was the same difference in these cells as in the former. For some of them were conventual and had priors of their own choosing ; and these were entire societies within themselves, and received the re- venues belonging to their several houses for their own use and benefit, paying only the ancient apport, or what was at first the surplusage, to the foreign house. But others depended wholly upon the foreign houses, their priors were set over them, their monks were often foreigners, and re- 901 moveable at pleasure ; and they returned all their revenues to the foreign head houses. For which reason their estates were generally seized during the wars be- tween England and France, and restored to them again on the return of peace. These alien priories were most of them made by such as had foreign abbies of their own, or some of their family's foundation. PRECEPTORIES were manors or estates of the Knights Templars, where, erecting churches for the service of God, and con- venient houses, they placed some of their fraternity under the government of one of those more eminent Templars, who had been by the grand master created “prae- ceptores templi,” to take care of the lands and rents in that place and neighbourhood, and so were only cells to the principal house at London. CoMMAND RIEs were the same among the Knights Hospitalars, as preceptories were among the Templars, viz. 'societies of those knights placed upon some of their estates in the country, under the govern- ºr K O $200 inent of a commander, who were allowed proper maintenance out of the revenues un- der their care, and accounted for the re- mainder to the grand prior at London. Hos PITALs were such houses for the relief of poor and impotent people as were incorporated by royal patents, and made capable of gifts and grants in succession. In these there were generally two or three Religious ; one to be master or prior, and one or two to be chaplains and confessors. Hospitals were originally designed, in a great measure, for the relief and entertain- ment of travellers, and particularly of pil- grims. In every abbey the chief officer was the ABBot or A B B Ess, who presided in great pamp, was generally called Lord Abbot, or Lady Abbess, and had a kitchen and other offices distinct from the common ones of the Society. In every priory the chief officer was the PRI or or PRIo RESS, who had the same power in priories, as abbots and abbesses had in abbies, but lived in a less splendid 203 and expensive manner; though in some of the greater houses they were called Lord Prior, and Lady Prioress. Next under the abbot in every abbey, was the PRI or, who in the Abbot's ab- sence had the chief care of the house, and under him was the sub-prior, and in great abbies, the third, fourth, and even fifth prior, who had their respective shares in the government of the monks, &c. and were removeable at the will of the abbot, as all the other obedientarii or officers were. In every priory, next under the prior, was the sub-prior, who assisted the prior whilst present, and acted in his stead when ab- SC Int. The greater officers in the monastery of Croyland (and perhaps in most others) Were, I. MAG 1st ER OPER is, or master of the fabric, who probably looked after the buildings, and took care to keep them in good repair. II. ELEE Mos YN ARIUs, or the almoner, who superintended the alms of the house K 6 204 (which were every day distributed at the gate to the poor) who divided the alms upon the founder's day, and at other obits and anniversaries, and in some places pro- vided for the maintenance and education of the choristers. III. PITANTI ARIUs, who had the care of the pitancies, which were allowances upon particular occasions over and above the common provisions. IV. SACRISTA, or the sexton, who took care of the vessels, books, and vestments belonging to the church, looked after and accounted for the oblations at the great altar, and other altars and images in the church, and such legacies as were given either to the fabric or for utensils; he like- wise provided bread and wine for the sacra- ment, and superintended the funerals. V. CAM ERA RI Us, or the chamberlain, who had the chief care of the dormitory, and provided beds, bedding, and cloathing for the monks. VI. CELLAR ARI Us, or the cellarer, who procured provisions for the monks, and for 205 strangers resorting to the convent, viz. all sorts of flesh, fish, fowl, wine, bread- corn, malt for their ale and beer, oatmeal, salt, &c. as likewise wood for firing, and all utensils for the kitchen. VII. THEs AURARI Us, or the Treasurer or Bursar, who received all the common rents and revenues of the monastery, and paid all the common expences. VIII. PRECENTOR, or the Chaunter, who had the chief care of the choir ser- vice, and not only presided over the sing- ing men, organist, and choristers, but pro- vided books for them, paid them their sa- laries, and repaired the organs; he had also the custody of the seal, and kept the Liber Diurnalis or chapter book, and pro- vided parchment and ink for the writers, and colours for the limmers of books for the library. IX. Host I LARIUs, or Hos PITILARIUs, whose business it was to see strangers well entertained, and to provide firing, napkins, towels, and such like necessaries for them. 206 X. INFIRMARIUS, who had the care of the Infirmary and of the sick monks who were carried thither. XI. REFECTION ARI Us, who looked after the hall, provided table-cloths, napkins, towels, dishes, plates, spoons, and all other necessaries for it, even servants to wait there ; he likewise kept the cups, salts, ewers, and all the silver utensils belonging to the house, except the church plate. These were the principal officers who were monks. There were others of inferior note, beside lay-officers and servants. Among the different buildings and apart- ments, may be reckoned, I. THE GATE-Ho Us E, where the porter resided. II. Til E REFEcto R1 UM, or common hall, where the monks dined together, and where on great solemnities the abbot honoured them with his presence. III. THE Loc UTo RIUM, or parlour. IV. THE OR1 or I UM, or the Oriol, so called from its bay, or projecting window. 207 “The use hereof,” says Fuller, “is known for monks, who were in latitudine morbi, rather distempered than diseased, to dine therein, it being cruelty to thrust such into the infirmarie, where they might have died with the conceit of the sicknesse of others.” V. THE DoRM 1 To RIUM, or Dormitory, in which were placed their beds. VI. THE LAVATORIUM, or Laundry, where their cloaths were washed, and where they washed at the conduit. VII. In every great abbey there was a large room called the SCRIPTO RIU M, where se- veral writers made it their whole business to transcribe books for the use of the li- brary. They sometimes indeed wrote the leiger books of the house, and the missals, and other books used in divine service; but they were generally employed on other works, viz. the Fathers, Classics, Histories, &c. John Whethamstead, abbot of St. Alban's, caused above eighty books to be transcribed during his abbacy. Fifty-eight 908 were transcribed by the care of one abbot, at Glastonbury ; and so zealous were the monks in general for this work, that they often got lands given, and churches appro- priated for carrying it on. VIII. THE LIBRARY, which in most of the great monasteries was furnished with a variety of choice manuscripts. IX. “ All is marred,” says Fuller, “if the kitchen be omitted, so essential a re- Quisite, with the larder and pantry, the necessary suburbs thereof.” In a conventual or abbey church, we find, 1. THE CLoist ERs, or the place for burial, and in which the monks walked and studied. 2. NA v Is Ecc LEs i E, the nave or body of the church. 3. THE Roo D-Lo FT, which contained the crucifix and the music. 4. GRADATORIUM, a space containing the ascent out of the nave into the choir. 5. PRES BYTERIUM, or the Choir, on the 209 right side of which was the abbot's stall, and that of the prior on the left; the monks were on each side, and chaunted the service alternately. 6. VESTIA RIUM, the Vestry, where their copes, &c. were deposited. 7. WAULTA, or vault, being an arched room over part of the cuurch, which in some abbies, as at St. Alban's, was used to enlarge their dormitory, where the monks had twelve beds for their repose. 8. Co Ne AM ERATIO, being an arched room between the east end of the church, and the high altar. The remaining rooms of a monastery stood at a distance from the main struc- ture : such &lS 1. THE ELEE Mosy NARIA, or Almonry, where they maintained the poor. 2. THE SAN CTUARY, where debtors and malefactors obtained refuge. 3. THE INFIRMARx, in which the sick were attended. 4. At a distance from these stood the STA- £2 1 0 BLEs,over which the Stallarius, or the master of the horse presided, and under him the Provendarius, who, as his name imports, provided provender for the horses. These were divided into four ranks, and as Fuller observes, “ It would puzzle all the jockies in Smithfield to understand the meaning of their names :” 1. Manni, being geldings for the saddle, of the larger size. 2. Runcini, runts, small pad-nags. 3. Summarii, sumpter horses. 4. Averii, cart or plough horses. Besides the forementioned buildings, there was a prison for incorrigible monks ; the abbot had “ tetrum et fortem carcerem, a strong and hideous prison, where their obstinacy was corrected into reforma- tion.” They were obliged to attend service in the church or chapel, seven times within the four and twenty hours. The services were arranged in the following manner : 21 1 First, at cock-crowing, or the nocturnal ; this service was performed at two o'clock in the morning. Secondly, The Mattins: these were at the first hour, or, according to our com- putation, at six o'clock. Thirdly, The Tierce, at nine o'clock. Fourthly, The Sext, at twelve o'clock at I). OOI). Fifthly, The None, at three in the after- Il OOIl. Sixthly, The Vespers, at six in the after- In OOIT . Seventhly, The Compline, soon after Se Véll. The monks were always to walk two to- gether. This was to guard their conduct, and furnish them with a witness to defend their behaviour. From Easter to Whitsuntide, they dined at twelve and supped at six. In this inter- val, they observed no fasts. At other times they were bound to fast till three o'clock, on Wednesdays and Fri- 212 days. The twelve days in Christmas were excepted in this canon. Every day in Lent they were enjoined to fast till six in the evening. They were not allowed to talk in the re- fectory at meals. They were likewise to attend to the Scriptures read to them at that time. The Septimarians were to dine by them- selves, after the rest. These Septimarians were so called, because their office conti- nued but a week, such as the reader, wait- ers, cooks, &c. The superior was never to dine alone; when there were no strangers, he was to invite some of the brothers to his table. Lx x. CURIO US EC C L E S I ASTICAL CONSTI- TUT 1 O N S. \ Among the constitutions made in a solemn synod, which was summoned by Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, and held at Westminster, in 1102, are the following: 9. 13 That no clerks be provosts or proctors of ‘eecular matters, or judges in blood. This is the reason, saith the Appendix to Harpsfield (reporting is no approving of his judg- ment) why bishops being arraigned for their lives, are not to be tried by their peers, but by a jury of ordinary men; because debarred by their canons to be judges of lay-peers in like cases, and therefore it was conceived unfitting that they should receive that honour, which they could not return *. That priests should not go to public drinkings, nec ad pinnas bibant, nor drink at pins. This was a Dutch trick (but now used in Eng- land) of artificial drunkenness, out of a cup marked with certain pins, and he accounted the man, who could nick the pin, drinking even unto it ; whereas to go above or beneat, it, was a for- feiture. Hence probably the proverb: He is in a merry pin +. * Fuller’s Ch. Hist, + Ibid. \ 2] 4. That abbots make no knights, and that they eat and sleep in the same house with their monks, except some necessity forbid. It appeareth it was the ancient custom of ab- bots in this age to make knights. Thus Brando the abbot of St. Edmund’s-Bury, knighted Hew- ard his nephew, having first confessed his sins, and received absolution. Indeed in those daycs men's minds were so possessed, that they thought nothing well and fortunately done, but what came from church-men. Whereupon he that was to be made a knight, first offered his sword upon the altar, and after the gospel read, the priest put the sword first hallowed upon the knight's neck with his benedictum, and so having heard mass again, and received the sacrament, he became a lawful knight. And seeing the holy war was now begun, no wonder if church- men made knights: and that age conceived that a knight's sword, dipt in holy water, was well tempered and became true metal indeed : why abbots were loow prohibited to confer this ho- nour, the cause is not rendered ; whether because it made knighthood too common, or that this priviledg was reserved only for higher prelates, such as bishops, and archbishops were, or that it 9. 15 was an incroachment upon the royal dignity, it being as proper for kings to ordain priests, as for abbots to dub knights. This is most sure, that notwithstanding this canon, King Henry I. some years after granted, and King John confirmed to the abbot of Reading, the power of knighting persons, with some cautions of their behaviour therein *. That crimiti, such as wear long hair, be so shaven, that part of their ears may ap- pear, and their eyes not be covered. Criniti-as-opposed to tonsi, extended to all lay-persons. If any demand how it came within the cognizance of the church to provide about their trimming (which might well have been left to the partie's pleasure, and his barber's skill) know this canon was built on the Apostle's words, doth not even nature itself teach you, that if a man have long hair, it is a shame unto him. And the church forbad whatsoever was a trespass against ehristian decency. Gildas giveth this character of the Picts: furciferos magis vultus pilis quam corporum pudenda vestibus tegentes, that they * Fuller’s Ch, Hist, 216 rather covered their thievish eyes with their hair, than their shame with cloaths: which ruffian-like custom of long hair, now used by the Normans, was here justly restrained *. - LXXI. FAIR ROS A M G N D A N D THE NU N- NERY OF GO DSTOWE, MEDLEY, AN o B I NS EY. Bxtracts from “ A Discourse about fair Rosamond and the Nunnery of Godstowe, with occasional notes about Binsey; written in the year 1718,” by Thomas Hearne, and printed in his notes to Gul. Newbrigensis. Mr. Stow's Account of the Death of Rosa- mond. It is well known that Rosamond Clif- ford is reported to have been one of the concubines of King Henry II. a prince of very great virtues, though noted also for -several vices, and that too by coeval writers, among whom is that most impartial and excellent historian, William of Newbo- * Fuller’s Ch. Hist. c 17 rough. As he was naturally inclined to an immoderate love of women, so he could not resist the charms of this young lady, who is said to have been the master-piece of nature, and to have been the most com- plete beauty of that age. I shall not here amass together all that is transmitted to us about her *. That would be only to con- found and perplex the reader. But I shall content myself with what Stow has written concerning her, and with some short ob- servations that I have made myself, which must be looked upon as an addition to what I printed about her a few years since at the end of the second volume of Leland's Itinerary. The passage in Stow is in page 154, of the folio edition of his Annals, in these words: “Rosamond the fayre daugh- ter of Walter, Lord Clifford, concubine to Henry II. (poisoned by Queene Elianor 3. She is said to have been born in Clifford Castle, in Herefordshire, of which some picturesque ruins remain near the banks of the Wye, and which was the baronial residence of the Lords de Clifford, E. V () I., . I . [, 218 as some thought) dyed [A. D. 1177] at Woodstocke, where King Henry had made for her an house of a wonderful working, so that no man or woman might come to her, but he that was instructed by the king, or such as were right secret with him touching the matter. This house after some was named Labyrinthus or Dedalus worke, which was thought to be an house wrought like unto a knot in a garden, call- ed a maze; but it was commonly said, that lastly the queene came to her by a clewe of thridde, or silke, and so dealt with her, that she lived not long after ; but when shee was dead, shee was buried at Godstowe, in an house of nunnes, beside Oxford, with these verses upon her tombe: “Hic jacetin tumba, Rosa mundi, non rosa munda, Non redolet, sed olet, quae redolere solet. “The rose of the world, but not the cleane flowre, Is now here graven, to whom beauty was lent ; In this grave full darke now is her bowre, That by her life was sweete and redolent. But now that she is from this life blent, Though shee were sweete, now foully doth she stinke, A mirrour good for all men that on her thinke.” 2 19 §2. His account of her body's being removed out of the quire of the church of Godstowe. This lady's father having been a great friend to this nunnery, and she having spent part of her time among the nunns, who, during the innocent part of her life, were mightily delighted with her conversa- tion (for her parts were equal to her beau- ty) no one will wonder, that, after her death, her body was conveyed hither (es- pecially since she herself was likewise a considerable benefactress to the place) and buried in one of the chief parts of the church. History informs us, that it was laid in the middle of the quire, and that there was a very handsome tomb erected to her memory, with very fine lights all about it constantly burning. King Henry himself had also a particular affection for the place, as well as he had for this most accomplished lady. No scruples, there- fore, hindered the abbess and nunns from permitting her to be laid in so sacred a part of the church, especially since there L 2 Q90 was a very handsome gratuity left by her to pray for her after her death. But then after her body had continued in this man- ner for about fourteen years, Hugh Bishop of Lincoln (a man of a very holy life) caused it to be removed, as is noted by Hoveden and other historians, among whom we ought to reckon Mr. Stow, who hath left us the fol- lowing account of this transaction, which seems to me to be also taken from Leland’s Memoirs, though he hath not been pleased to name his voucher. “ Hugh Byshop of Lincolne came [A. D. 1 191] to the abbey of the nunnes, called Godstowe, betweene Oxford and Woodstocke, and when he had entered the church to pray, he saw a tombe in the middle of the quire, covered with a pall of silke, and set about with lights of waxe. And demanding whose tombe it was, he was answered, that it was the tombe of Rosamond, that was sometime lemman to Henry II. of that name, King of Eng- land, who for the love of her, had done much good to that church. Then quoth the bishop, take out of this place the har- 22 l lot, and bury her without the church, least Christian religion should grow in contempt, and to the end that through example of her, other women being made afraid, may beware, and keepe themselves from unlaw- full and advouterous company with men.” §3. Innocent diversions allowed to the numns of Godstowe. It is a common report among some, that the nunns of Godstowe were so confined, as to be hindered from any kind of recrea- tion. But there is no ground for this. They had all the liberty that was proper to be allowed, which brought great reputa- tion to the place, as well as satisfaction to the parents and relations of such as were educated and bred up here. They were not abridged even the privilege of spending one day in the year at Godstowe fair. But then there was a particular caution used, that they should not transgress the rules of mo- desty. Godstowe itself wanted nothing that was requisite for pleasure. Here were fine recesses and delicate walks ; but then. I. 3 222 even the most exquisite things of this kind by degrees grow tiresome, unless attended with variety. For that reason the nunns here were permitted to go to neighbouring places (as well as to places of a more re- anote distance) on purpose to prevent the ill consequences of a too confined life. And, at such times, they omitted no kind of mirth that was innocent. This was a method that could not but engage people to enter into a religious course of life. Nor can any one justly blame whatever of this kind is managed with discretion, inno- cent diversions being contrary neither to scripture nor primitive practice. §4. Tosamond used to solace herself with the mumns at Medley. One of the places where the nunns used to recreate themselves was Midley, or Med- ley, a large house between Godstowe and Oxford. Being in the midway, it thence received the name. In some writings, I have seen, it is called the townlet, or town- ship, of Midley. Whence I gather, that 223 here were formerly more houses than one. It belonged to Godstowe, being given to the nunnery in King Henry the second's time, by Robert de Witham, who had three daughters that were nunns at God- stowe. This donation was afterwards con- firmed by Vincent de Witham, son to the said Robert. Vincent likewise gave lands, situated in another place, to the nunnery ; and this he did, not only upon his father's but also upon his own account, he having two daughters that were nunns here. The Wighthams were persons of great note and distinction. Rosamond was well acquaint- ed with the family, and she received signal favours from it. She became acquainted there by her interest with the nunns of Godstowe. The same acquaintance made the family respected by King Henry II. It was customary for Rosamond to come to Medley with the nunns, and much mirth passed on such occasions, the place being very pleasantly situated just by the river, and care being taken that no disturbances should be given to them, whenever they L 4 224. had a mind, which in summer time was frequent, to solace themselves here. There was the more need for preventing such disturbances, because of the great con- course of persons that came from Oxford and other places, to divert themselves here, it being celebrated for its pleasantness; as it hath been since also a famous place for recreation in summer time ; whence it is that George Withers writes thus in a love sonnet, printed in the year 1620. In summer time to Medley My love and I would goe, The boate-men there stood ready, My love and I to rowe : For creame there would we call, For cakes, for pruines too, But now alas sh'as left me, Falero, lero, loo. This place having formerly belonged to the nunnery, some have thence concluded, upon a view of it, that it was a sort of reli- gious house itself. But that is a mistake, there never having been so much as a con- $295 * secrated oratory there, that ever I could hear of. Yet the nunns had their private devotions here in some particular room set apart for them, if they happened at any time to stay longer than ordinary, which might now and then be occasioned by un- foreseen accidents. But though there was no oratory at Med- ley, yet there was a small chapell or church at Binsey, not a great way from it, and this chapell or church (being one of those churches, as Sandford near Oxford was another, that the ancients called Feldcirce, or Feldchirches) stood then, as it does now, in the same place where there was an ora- tory built by St. Frideswide. For the sake of St. Frideswide, the nunns came often to Binsey, as did likewise Rosamond, and *any pious descants were made at such times, particularly about St. Frideswide, and her adventures to secure her chastity when she was attacked by Algar, who was a petty king, and courted her for his wife, she being also the daughter of a petty king named Didamus, who often resided in Ox- ford. One reason too of their coming thi- L 5 226 ther was for the sake of the well (called to this day by the name of St. Margaret's JWell) which is on the west side of the chapell, and is said to owe its original to the prayers of St. Frideswide, who, in her afflictions, addressed herself to St. Marga- ret. The place where this chapell or church is built was formerly called Thornebyri, being at that time full of thorns (as the famous parliamentary mitred abbey of Thorney in Cambridgeshire was) and so wooded as to afford an admirable shelter for this religious and very devout lady. And though there be no houses now by the chapell, yet in those times there were seve- ral, being built also by St. Frideswide her- self. I have heard of foundations of build- ings, which confirm this assertion. -*- -ms- As a contrast to the quaintness of the preceding narrative, we will here insert the following beautiful Latin verses, written many years ago, by the present venerable and learned Archbishop of York, which resent a picture of the ruins of Godstowe 227 nunnery, “ drawn,” says Dr. Warton *, “it should seem on the spot, and worthy the hand of Paul Brill :” Quà nudo Rosamunda humilis sub culmine tecti Marginis obscuri servat inane decus, Rara intermissae circum vestigia molis, Eł sola in vacuo tramite porta labat: Sacrae olim sedes rigua convallis in umbra Et veteri pavidum religione nemus. Pallentes nocturna ciens campaila sorores, Hinc matutinum saepe momebat av cm ; Hinc procul in media tardae caliginis horá Prodidit arcanas arcta fenestra faces : Nunc muscosa extant sparsim de cespite saxa, Nunc muro avellunt germen agreste bowes. Forset tempus erit cum tu, Rhedycina, sub astris Edita, cum centum turribus, ipsa cades. E, XX II. M. O. DI U S S A L I U M . 5. A collection of anecdotes and jests, under the above title, appeared in print in the year 1751. It was published from Anthony * Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope, vol. I, p. 21. 1, 6 228 Wood's own manuscript papers. They are in general very coarse, but some are curi- ous, being descriptive of the manners which prevailed at that time in a place, concerning which the most minute circum- stances cannot fail to be interesting. As a specimen of the latter kind, we have se- lected the few which follow. . 1. In the year 1603 were proctors of the University of Oron, Mr. Christopher Dale, of Merton College, and Mr. William Laud", of St. John's. The former was a very se- were man in his office, and thereby got hatred of many : the other was a very little person in body, but civil and moderate. Whereupon Dale, when he made a speech in convocation at the giving up of his of fice, was not only hiss'd and hooted at by the undergraduates there, but in his way home; and thereupon it was said by a Merton College man, that he was proctor cum parvá Laude. Mr. Aler. Fisher, of * Afterwards Archbp of Cant, 229 Merton College, used often to tell this story. 2. The vice chancellor meeting a bache- lor of arts in his boots, told him that they should cost him ten groats; I thank your worship, saith the bachelor, my shoemaker told me they should cost me ten shillings. N.B. There was a statute against bache- lors and undergraduates wearing boots, and the mulct was, as I think, ten groats. 3. Mr. John Day, of Oriel College, pub- lished certain sermons on this text, Are there not twelve hours in the day; and he entitled it Day's Dial, and hath a dial in the title page. - 4. On Merideth, organist of New Col- lege. Here lies one blown out of breath, Who liv'd a merry life, and dy’d a merry death. He was the miller's son of Oseney, and died, as I remember, about 1657. He was a good scholar, but managed and spent his time so, that he comprehended it in these tWO VerSeS : 236) Morn. mend hose, stu. Greek, breakfast, Austin quoque dinner. Afternoon, walk me. cra. nu, take a cup quoque Supper. That is, in the morning mend his hose, study Greek, breakfast, study Austín ; then go to dinner. In the afternoon, walk in the mead of Christ Church, crack nuts, and drink, and then for supper. 5. What's your name, quoth proctor Fell, to a scholar of Merton, when he met him late at night; Gall, answered hc. Out you rascal, replied the proctor, do you jeer me 2 and forthwith committed him. These matters pass'd between Sam Fell, the proctor of the University of Oron, 1614, and Thomas Gaule, or Gall, afterwards, or at that time, fellow bac. of Merton. 6. The Gentlemen Commoners of the Uni- versity of Oxford, petitioned to sit with their caps on their heads, at St. Mary’s church, as the masters and bachelor's did, alledging some of them to have been their servitors but the other day. This, as it seems, being denied, these verses were made. 231 Rather then we’ll be made, Such slaves to this trade, And suffer such abuses, We'll go to All-Hallowes, And the Church by the Gallows To hear doctrines and uses. The church by the gallows is Holywell, for then the gallows stood where the corner house by the tower or turret in Magdalen College wall now stands. 7. Under the dial in All Souls qua- drangle, is written, pereunt et imputantur, and et is just under the figure XI. where- upon Mr. Prestwich used to say, when the shadow of the guomon came to et ’twas Eating-time *. * It was the custom for colleges, and indeed for most other people, till towards the middle of the seventeenth century, to dine at ten or cleven o’clock in the forenoon. “With us (says the preface to Holingshed) the mobilitie, gentrie, and students, do ordinarilie go to dinner at eleven before moome, and to supper at five, or between five and six, at afternoone. The merchants dine and sup seldome before twelve at noome and six at night, especiallie in London. The husbandmen dine also at high-moone, as they call it, and sup at seven or eight; but out of the terme, in our universities, the scholars dine at ten.” 232 8. In the year 1649, the new president and fellows of Magdalen College, caused the picture of our Saviour to be taken down out of the window of their chapel, (in which is represented the day of judg- ment) but left the picture of the Devil standing; whereupon a countryman seeing what had been done, said : Blez ſta, what a revormation is here ; what 1 pluck down God and set up the Devil. But this picture was again set up in 1675. 9. A waggish scholar, of Christ Church, did thus characterize the Doctors Fell, Dolben, Allestry, 1664. Dr. John Fell, who was a long lean man, a Jack or Pike; Dr. John Dolben, a fat round man, the Chubb ; Dr John Allestry, a lean man with a red face, a Red Herring. The Terræ Fil. had, I remember, this in his speech. 10. One of the fellows of Ea'eter, when Dr. Prideaur was rector, sent his servitor after nine o'clock at night, with a large bottle to fetch some ale from the alehouse. When he was coming home with it under his gown, the proctor met him, and asked him what he did out so late, and what he -- 233 had under his gown 2. He answered, that his master had sent him to the stationer's to borrow Bellarmine, which book he had under his arm; and so went home. Whence a bottle with a big belly is called a Bellar- mine, to this day, 1667. Lxx III. A co M P AN I O N TO THE GUIDE, A N D A G U I DE TO THE COMPAN I O N : B E H N G A C O M P L ET E SU P P L E M E N T TO A L L T H E A C C O U N T S OF O X F O R D H I- THERTO PUBLISHED, &c. &c. Tu tibi Dux CoMITI, Tu CoMEs ipsa DucI OvID. Epist, xiv. v. 106. The Jeu d'Esprit under the above title, is generally attributed to the pen of the late Rev. THo M As WAR.To N, fellow of Trinity College, and poet laureat. We have selected his account of the libraries and schools, which is replete with wit and humour. “The prevailing notion is equally errone- ous with regard to the number of our L1- BRARIES. Besides those of Radcliffe, Bod- 234. ley, and the private colleges, there have of late years been many libraries founded in our coffee-houses, for the benefit of such of the academics as have neglected, or lost, their Latin and Greek. In these useful repositories, grown gentlemen are accom- modated with the Cyclopædia, in the most expeditious and easy manner.—The MAG a z1 N Es afford History, Divinity, Phi- losophy, Mathematics, Geography, Astro- nomy, Biography, Arts, Sciences, and Po- etry.—The Rev 1 Ews form the complete critic, without consulting the dry rules of Aristotle, Quinctilian, and Bossu ; and enable the student to pass his judgment on volumes which he never read, after the most compendious method.—No v ELS Sup- ply the place of experience, and give lec- tures of intrigue and gallantry.—Occ A- sion AL Po EMs diffuse the itch of rhy- ming, and happily tempt many a young fel- low to forsake logic, turn smart, and com- mence author, either in the pastoral, lyric, or elegiac way.—Po LITICAL PAM PHLETs teach the inexpediency of continental con- 235 nections; that for the punishment of French perfidy, we should wage perpetual war with that nation ; and that our conquests in America will raise the jealousy of all Eu- rope. “As there are here books suited to every taste, so there are liquors adapted to every species of reading. Amorous tales may be perused over arrack punch and Jellies; in- sipid elegies, over orgeat or capilaire; po- litics, over coffee ; divinity, over port ; and defence of bad generals and bad ministers, over whipt syllabubs. In a word, in these libraries instruction and pleasure go hand in hand ; and we may pronounce, in a lite- ral sense, that learning remains no longer a dry pursuit. “The most ancient and considerable of these, is that in New College Lane *, founded by the memorable Mr. Johnson. He was accordingly constituted the first * “Sinceour last edition it has obtained a Liceat mi- grarc, and now subsists in a commodious stone edifice at the entrance of Holiwell.” 236 librarian, and upon his retiring to the Isle of Wight, for the private pursuit of his studies, was succeeded by librarian Hadley, who, though now removed, still accomo- dates students on their way to London: and a female librarian at present fills this im- portant department with applause. “That the reader may not be surprized at our mentioning a female librarian in Or- ford, (which would be perhaps less uncom- mon, if fellows of colleges were allowed to marry) it must be remarked, that the other libraries, established on this plan, viz. Tom's, John's, &c. &c. are also conducted by females; who, though properly the sub- librarians, have usurped the right of their husbands in the execution of this respect- able office. “With regard to the numerous manu- scripts of these libraries, they are oblong folios, bound in parchment, lettered on the plan of Mr. Locke's Common Place Book, and kept under the sole and immediate inspection of the librarian. •. “These manuscripts, which are daily in- 237 creasing, are carefully preserved in the archives of each respective library. Few of the students are fond of consulting these manuscripts; and the librarians are often obliged to force them into their notice, by circulating, from time to time, detached specimens of their contents. “The Schools of this University are also more numerous than is commonly suppos- ed; among which we must reckon three spacious and superb edifices, situated to the southward of the High-Street, one hundred feet long, by thirty in breadth, vulgarly called Tennis Courts, where erer- cise is regularly performed both morning and afternoon. Add to these, certain schools, familiarly denominated Billiard Tables, where the laws of motion are exem- plified, and which may be considered as a necessary supplement to our courses of ex- perimental philosophy. Nor must we omit the many Nine-pin and Skittle-alleys, open and dry, for the instruction of scholars in geometrical knowledge, and particularly for proving the centripetal principle. 938 “Other SC Hoo Ls, and places of academi- cal discipline, not generally known as such, may be mentioned. The Peripatetics exe- cute the courses proper to their system upon the Parade. NAVIGATIo N is learnt on the Isis; GUNNERY on the adjacent hills; HoRs EMAN's HIP on Port Meadow, Bullingdon-Green, the Henley, Wycombe, Woodstock, Abingdon, and Banbury roads. The Axis in Peritrochio is admirably illus- trated by a scheme in a phaeton. The doctrine of the Screw is practically ex- plained most evenings in the private rooms, together with the Motion of FLUIDs.” £ N O OF WO L. I. Ž /zz - 4....//// % ... /z ž.7% %// tº * 2 CO yº. ok- Two OTU tk.e. * |- gian, *adº by loaWe, 9. ſard. &A. A Bekº lar. A. ko Monk, ºf £º fażkſ 24. lengeaºlº 7, Wºunandy, **) k gave lhow Wºolen a- **** > ſº. 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J’ ^^) f /24/ / . . 3/22 * #2,” * 2°) 92.6 º,22,99, 2) A ſº, s/4”/7/9*** *** **, 2, o 23 2 57.7 193 / , …?', zººr ºf fºº 04 & ŽA. 6 & 4%. 3% nº 2 \ 11 prox **- tº: ... ... (y-º-ºººº...", ...] …??? CL/M^ /~~ ~sſ,” . ~UY 4, 2-rº. Jºela.” 4-rrº Arº- wº ~ re- %r-ºry 2. 400% }...….*&^. Ao 92 a. …tº 8% C, /~"? , 26%, % yº, wº sound in Leºnary. . . JUN 6, 1902 UNIVERSITY OF MICHICAN BOUGHT IN EUROPE *...* * * . . . . . . . . • *-* . . . , ..) y • { - - . . ** THIS BOOK FORMS PART OF THE ORICINAL LIBRARY OF THE º |838 TO 1839 BY ASA GRAY （ º ， , º xºT^ • • ► ~~~~