. 34, $. *f º i. ****. ** 42-fºru r - - #orton HAwari. = THIRD REI t ** == - - º - - ºf EPARTMENT or commence AND LABOR. CS B 369790 BULLETIN * * * =, OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. * Yºu \ No. 66–SEPTEMBER, 1906. ISSUED EVERY OTHER MONTH. wASHINGTON: MENT PRINTING OFFICE. GovāRA 1906. - }. § t REPORTS PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR. ANNUAFL, 1886. First, Industrial Depressions (out of print) -------------- 496 pages. 1886. Second, Convict Labor (out of print) ---------------------- 612 “ 1887. Third, Strikes and Lockouts (Jan. 1, 1881, to Dec. 31, 1886) (out of print) ---------------------------------- 1172 . . 1888. Fourth, Working Women in Large Cities (out of print) -- - - 631 “ 1889. Fifth, Railroad Labor (out of print) --------------------- 888 ‘‘ 1890. Sixth, Cost of Production: Iron, Steel, Coal, etc. (out of print) ----------------------------------------- 1404. “ 1891. Seventh, Cost of Production: The Textiles and Glass (2 vols.) (out of print) ----------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2048 “ 1892. Eighth, Industrial Education (out of print) ---------------- 707 “ 1893. Ninth, Building and Loan Associations (out of print) - - - - - 719 1894. Tenth, Strikes and Lockouts (Jan. 1, 1887, to June 30, 1894) (2 vols.) (out of print) ------------------------- 1909 “ 1895–96. Eleventh, Work and Wages of Men, Women, and Children (out of print)--------------------------------------- 67]. “ } 1897. Twelfth. Economic Aspects of the Liquor Problem (out of ſº Print) ----------------------------------------- 275 “ 1898. Thirteenth, Hand and Machine Labor (2 vols.) (out of print) -- 1604 “ 1899. Fourteenth, Water, Gas, and Electric-light Plants under Private and Municipal Ownership (out of print) - - - - - - - - - 983 “ 1900. Fifteenth, A Compilation of Wages in Commercial Countries from Official Sources (2 vols.) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1642 “ 1901. Sixteenth. Strikes and Lockouts (Jan. 1, 1881, to Dec. 31, 1900). 1053 “ 1902. Seventeenth, Trade and Technical Education (out of print) - - - - - - 1333 ) 1903. Eighteenth, Cost of Living and Retail Prices of Food (out of print) ----------------------------------------- 865 '2" 1904. Nineteenth, Wages and IHours of Labor - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 976 • 1905. Twentieth, Convict Labor ----------------------------------- 79.’ “ SPECIAH4. 4 * * 1889. First, Marriage and Divorce (out of print) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1892. Second, Labor Laws of the United States (second edition 1074 pages. revised, 1896) (Out of print) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - l, 1893. Third, Analysis and Index of all Reports issued by Bur--- 1383 “ of Labor Statistics in the United States pºreauS Nov. 1, 1892 (out of print). --------------prior to 1893. Fourth, Compulsory Insurance in Germany, etc.-- - - - - - - 376 Print) -----------------------------. J. (out of 1893. Fifth, The Gothenburg System of Liquor T- - - - - - - - - - - 370 * * print) -------------------------- 1raffic (out of 1893. Sixth, The Phosphate Industry of the Ur- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 253 “ maps and illustrations) (out of ited States (with 1894. Seventh, The Slums of Baltimore, Chica’rint).----------- 145 “ Philadelphia (out of print) -- 30, New York, and 1895. Eighth, The Housing of the Working P - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 620 “ illustrations) (out of print) Ople (with plans and . Ninth, The Italians in Chicago (out o- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 461 “ . Tenth, Labor Laws of the United Staprint) ------------- 409 “ . Eleventh, Regulation and Restriction oes (*) -------------- 1413 ‘‘ . Twelfth, Coal Mine Labor in Europe º (*) ---------- 932 * * *) ------------------- 547 § { & No supply for distributic m authorized. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU () F LABOR. No. 66–SEPTEMBER, 1906. ISSUED EVERY OTHER MONTH. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1906. *--. ~ R Y 7 C O N T E N T S. Third report of the Commissioner of Labor on Hawaii: Page. Orientalization of laboring population and its results. ----. - - - - - - - - - - - - 366–416 Dominance of the sugar industry - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 366, 367 Asiatic character of labor in sugar industry----------............. 367, 368 Increasing proportion of Asiatic population - - - - - - - --------------- 368–377 Competition of local and Pacific coast industries with sugar industry for Asiatic labor - - - - - - - - - - - - - * → • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , , -- 878–380 Control of plantation labor situation by Asiatics - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 380–383 Invasion of trade and skilled occupations by Asiatics--- - - - - - - - - - - - 383–394 Asiatics in small farming- - - - - - - - - -------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 394–397 Efforts to control plantation labor - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 397–402 Efforts of merchants and mechanics to resist Oriental competition. - 402–404 Proposed admission of Chinese as plantation laborers. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 404–406 Property interests of Asiatics-------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 406-409 Oriental population and political control - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 409–413 Effect of Orientalization of population upon character of citizenship. 413,414 Effect of Asiatic pupils upon School system - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 414–416 The Chinese question ----------------------------------------------- 416–421 The board of immigration------------------------------------------- 421–425 Resident labor ---------------------------------------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 425—437 Land and settlement---------------------------------------- * - - - - - - - 437–440 Small farming------------------------------------------------------ 441–447 The field of employment-------------------------------------------- 447–467 The sugar industry ------------------------------------ - - - - - - - - - 447–456 Stock raising ---------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------------------ 456, 457 Rice cultivation ------------------------------------------------ 458–460 Coffee ----------- • * * * sº gº gº º sº ºs º ºs º ºs gº sº sº tº º º ºs º sº gº º sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 460,461 Fruits --------------------------------------------------------- 461, 462 Miscellaneous rural industries - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 462 Transportation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -... 462,463 Other nonurban employments.----------------------------------- 463,464 Urban employments.-------------------------------------------- 464–467 The cost of living--------------------------------------------------- 467–476 Health and sanitation ---------------------------------------------- 476–480 Education --------------------------------------------------------- 480–483 Benefit societies---------------------------------------------------- 483–487 Trade unions------------------------------------------------------- 487–492 Strikes------------------------------------------------------------- 493–501 Japanese immigration----------------------------------------------- 502–511 General tables— Analysis of tables----------------------------------------------- 512–515 Table I.—Occupations, wages, hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry, 1905 ------------------------------ 516–591 Table II.-Occupations, average wages and hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry, 1900–1901, 1902, and 1906--------------------------------------------------------- 592–662 Table III.-Retail prices of commodities, 1890 to 1905 - - - - - - - - - - - - 663–671 Laws relating to labor ------------ ----------------* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 672–679 III I 55593 . º BULLETIN BURE AU O F LA BOR. No. 66. WASHINGTON. SEPTEMBER, 1906. THIRD REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. This report upon the commercial, industrial, social, educational, and sanitary condition of the laboring classes of the Territory of Hawaii was prepared in accordance with the provisions of “An act to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii,” and was transmitted to the House of Representatives on March 2, 1906. The detailed pro- visions of the act directing this report are contained in section 76 thereof, as amended April 8, 1904, and are as follows: It shall be the duty of the United States Commissioner of Labor to collect, assort, arrange, and present in reports in nineteen hundred and five, and every five years thereafter, statistical details relating to all departments of labor in the Territory of Hawaii, especially in rela- tion to the commercial, industrial, social, educational, and sanitary condition of the laboring classes, and to all such other subjects as Con- gress may by law direct. The said Commissioner is especially charged to ascertain the highest, lowest, and average number of employees engaged in the various industries in the Territory, to be classified as to nativity, sex, hours of labor, and conditions of employment, and to report the same to Congress. This is the third report of this office relating to labor in Hawaii. The first report was transmitted to the Senate under date of February 4, 1902, and was printed as a Senate document, the edition being limited to a small number of copies. The second report was trans- mitted to the Senate February 26, 1903, and no provision having been made for the printing of an edition large enough to supply public . 365 366 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. demands, it was printed in Bulletin No. 47 of this Bureau, in order that the many calls for it might be satisfied and that it might receive more general circulation. The present report is printed here for the same reason. ORIENTALIZATION OF LABORING POPULATION AND ITS RESULTS. DOMINANCE OF THE SUGAR INIDUSTRY. The Territory of Hawaii is unique among our insular dependencies in the labor problem which it presents. Unlike Porto Rico and the Philippines, it has no native population large enough to supply the demand for workers which the developed resources of the islands have created. Unlike them, also, it is wholly dependent upon a single industry, not only for its economic prosperity, but even for the sub- sistence of its population. While most other tropical countries have diversified their forms of agriculture, Hawaii has specialized until now the Territory is practically one vast sugar plantation. The total value of all the crops taken from the soil of the Territory in 1899, as shown by the Twelfth Census, was $21,292,422. Of this total the products of the sugar-cane fields represent $18,762.996, leaving only $2,529,426 to represent the entire value of all other crops taken together—and of these crops the products of the rice fields repre- sented $1,562,051. The entire value of the product of live stock for the year 1899 was only $623,215, and the total value of all the live stock on farms in the islands was $2,570,142. The figures strikingly illustrate the dominant position of the sugar industry in the agri- culture of the islands. - Agriculture, furthermore, represents the only resource of Hawaii. Owing to their volcanic origin, the islands are without mineral resources, and their geographical isolation cuts them off from any development of manufacturing, leaving them dependent for economic prosperity upon agriculture alone. The census of 1900 gives the entire capital invested in mechanical and manufacturing industries in Hawaii as $11,541,655. Of this amount $7,991,642 represents capital invested in sugar factories, leaving $3,550,013 to represent the entire capital invested in manufacturing and mechanical industries other than the manufacture of sugar. These other industries are, moreover, in very large part subsidiary to the sugar industry. Thus under the classifications “Fertilizers” and “Foundry and machine-shop prod- ucts”—both of which are almost entirely adjuncts to the sugar planta- tions—the capital represented is $915,304 and $607,883, respectively, or a total of $1,523,187. Aside from sugar, therefore, and two indus- REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 367 tries maintained almost entirely by sugar, a capital of approximately $2,000,000 represents the entire manufacturing industry of the islands. The dominance of the sugar industry in the economic structure of the islands is equally indicated by their export statistics. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905, the total value of the export products of the Territory was $36,123,867. Of this amount sugar alone repre- sented $35,113,409. - Directly or indirectly all industries in the Territory of Hawaii are ultimately dependent upon the sugar industry—the social, the economic, and the political structure of the islands alike are built upon a foundation of Sugar. The production of sugar cane is carried on upon a larger scale than on the mainland. A single plantation often contains thousands of acres, stretches for several miles along the seacoast, numbers its employees by the hundreds and sometimes by the thousands, produces in a single year up to 40,000 tons of sugar, and represents a capitaliza- tion of millions of dollars. ASILATIC CHARACTER OF LABOR IN SUGAR INIDUSTRY. The growth of the sugar industry in Hawaii has been conditioned by the importation of cheap labor. Although the earliest plantations were worked by natives, the native Hawaiian population has decreased to such an extent, and the area under cultivation in cane has so increased, that all the workers of that race in the islands would not now provide more than one-seventh of the men needed in the cane fields. During the continuance of the Hawaiian monarchy and, to a certain extent, up to the time of annexation, plantation interests con- trolled the policy of the local government toward immigration, and the convenient and inexhaustible cheap labor markets of Asia were left open to the island employers. . Thus stimulated, the sugar industry became abnormally profitable and expanded in response to expectations based upon legislative and political rather than upon natural advantages, and the labor markets of Asia were drawn upon without stint. For nearly forty years prior to annexation coolies from China and Japan were imported for the Hawaiian plantations under a form of contract which prescribed the condition of workers under a penal sanction. The term of these con- tracts, however, was fixed and comparatively brief. The laborers were free to return to their native land at the expiration of their period of service, and so great a proportion availed themselves of this privilege that these imported workers did not, like the West Indian slaves, leave a resident population behind them. Consequently, Hawaii is to-day a country with a demand for labor such as usually follows a period when development and settlement have gone hand in hand; but partly because employing interests have followed a policy * C 368 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. which gave large immediate profits without forecasting possible future embarrassments, and partly from other causes, settlement of the Ter- ritory has been retarded rather than furthered by industrial expansion, and the planters are still largely dependent upon imported laborers. The following tables, giving the number and nationality and the percentage of each nationality of sugar plantation employees in speci- fied years from 1892 to 1905, show the Asiatic character of that body of workers, together with the very large preponderance of a single nationality: NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH NATIONALITY ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS IN SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892–1905. [Figures for 1892 to 1902 from Hawaiian Annual.] Nationality. 1892. 1894. 1896. 1898. 1901. 1902. 1904. 1905. Japanese---------------------------- 13,009 || 13,884 || 12,893 16,786 27, 537 31,029 || 31, 841 31, 735 Chinese----------------------------- 2,617 | 2,786 6,289 || 7, 200 4,976 3,937 3,677 4,409 Korean ---------. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,666 4,683 Portuguese-------------------------- 2,526 2, 177 2,268 2,064 2,417 | 2,669 2,805 3,005 Hawaiian and Part-Hawaiian - - - - - - 1,717 | 1,903 | 1,615 1,482 | 1,470 | 1,493 1, 207 1,452 Porto Rican-------------------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2,095 || 2,036 2,101. 1,907 Caucasian (*) ----------------------- 516 563 600 979 991 | 1,032 | 1,015 1,006 Negro, South Sea Islander, and Other- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 141 181 115 68 101 46 44 32 Total.-------------------------- b20, 526 c21,494 || 23,780 28,579 || 39,587 42,242 45,356 48,229 a Excepting Portuguese and Porto Rican. b Given in the Hawaiian Annual as 20,536. c Given in the Hawaiian Annual as 21,294. PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH NATIONALITY ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS IN SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892–1905. Nationality. 1892. 1894. 1896. 1898. 1901. 1902. 1904. 1905. Japanese--------------------------- 63. 38 || 64. 60 54.22 || 58. 73 || 69.56 | 73.46 70. 20 65.80 Chinese ----------------------------- 12.75 | 12.96 || 26.45 || 25. 19 12. 57 9.32 8. 11 9. 14 Korean -----------------------------------------------------|----------------|-------- 5, 88 9.71 Portuguese-------------------------- 12. 31 || 10. 13 9. 54 7. 22 6. 11 6. 32 6.18 6.23 Hawaiian and Part-Hawaiian - - - - - - 8. 36 8.85 6. /9 5. 19 3.71 3. 53 2. 66 3.01 POrto Rican........ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5. 29 4.82 4, 63 3.95 Caucasian (q)----------------------- 2. 51 2.62 2. 52 3.43 2. 50 2.44 2.24 2.09 Negro, South Sea Islander, and . Other- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69 84 48 . 24 26 11 10 07 Total.-------------------------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 || 100.00 || 100.00 || 100.00 100.00 a Excepting Portuguese and Porto Rican. - INCIREASING IPROPORTION OF ASIATIC POPULATION. Not only is the plantation working force overwhelmingly Asiatic, but a secondary Asiatic population, living largely on the first and sup- plying its needs, has come into the islands, has invaded all lines of industry, and the two combined now form the largest element in the total population. From a total Asiatic population of less than 6,000 in 1878, forming only 10.2 per cent of the population of the islands, the number of Asiatics had increased to 18,000 in 1884, and formed over 22 per cent of the total population. By 1890 the foreign-born Asiatics had increased to 27,000, and constituted over 30 per cent of the popu- lation. During the next six years their numbers had increased to over 41,000, and they formed sover, 38 per cent of the population. In June, REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 369 1900, the month in which the organic act creating Hawaii a Territory went into effect, the number of foreign-born Asiatics had increased to over 77,000, and formed more than 50 per cent of the entire popula- tion. The gradual growth of the Asiatic population to its present numerical preponderance is given in the following table, showing the population at the census periods from 1853 to 1900, together with the racial elements composing it: POPULATION AT CENSUS PERIODS FROM 1853 TO 1900, BY COLOR OR RACE. [The data for population from 1853 to 1896, inclusive, have been taken from the Hawaiian Annual for 1901, and those for 1900 from the records of the Twelfth Census.] Color Or race. 1853. 1866. 1872. 1878. 1884. 1890. 1896. 1900. Hawaiian --------------------------- 70,036 57,125 49,044 || 44,088 40,014 || 34,436 31,019 29, 799 Part-Hawaiian---------------------- 98 1,640 1,487 || 3,420 4, 218 6, 186 8,485 7,857 Foreign-born Chinese. -----......... 364 1, 206 | 1,938 5,916 || 17,937 15, 301 | 19,382 21, 746 Foreign-born Japanese -------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 116 12,360 22,329 56,230 All other---------------------------- 1,755 2,988 a 4,428 || 4,561 |a|18,293 az1,707 || 27,805 || 38,369 Total.------------------------- 73,138 62,959 56,897 || 57,985 80,578 | 89,990 109,020 154,001 a These figures are necessary to make the totals given, but they do not agree with details as found in the Hawaiian Annual. PER CENT OF EACH SPECIFIED COLOR OR RACE OF TOTAL POPULATION FOR EACH CENSUS YEAR, 1853–1900. Color Or race. 1853. 1866. 1872. 1878. 1884. 1890 1896 1900. Hawaiian --------------------------- 95.76 || 90. 73 || 86. 20 76.03 || 49.66 || 38. 27 | 28.45 19. 35 Part-Hawaiian ---------------------- 1, 34 2.60 2. 61 5. 90 5. 24 6. 87 7. 78 5. 10 Foreign-born Chinese......... ------ . 50 1.92 3.41 | 10.20 22.26 || 17.00 || 17.78 14. 12 Foreign-born Japanese-...-------- |--|-------------------------------- . 14 || 13. 74 | 20.48 36. 51 All other---------------------------- 2.40 4.75 7.78 7.87 22.70 || 24, 12 || 25, 51 24.92 Total.-------------------------- 100.00 || 100.00 | 100.00 100.00 100.00 || 100.00 | 100. 00 100.00 The preponderance of Asiatics is even more marked in the census figures showing sex. As will be seen from the following table, out of a population of 106,369 males, the native and foreign-born Asiatic element taken together represent 69,804, or 65.6 per cent of the total male population: - POPULATION IN 1900, BY SEX AND COLOR OR RACE. [The data included in this table have been taken from the records of the Twelfth Census.] Color or race. Males. Females. Total. Hawaiian --------------------------------------------------------------- 15,642 14, 157 29,799 Part-Hawaiian ---------------------------------------------------------- 3,971 ,886 } Caucasian --------------------------------------------------------------- 16,531 , 288 28,819 South Sea Islander ------------------------------------------------------ 263 152 415 Negro ------------------------------------------------------------------- 158 75 233 Chinese ----------------------------------------------------------------- 22,296 3,471 25,767 Japanese ---------------------------------------------------------------- 47,508 13,603 61,111 Total -------------------------------------------------------------- 106,369 47,632 154,001 The Asiatic preponderance in the population of Hawaii appears still more significantly in the figures giving adult males alone. In 1900 the total male population 18 years of age or over was 85,136, of which number Chinese and Japanese made up sº ga • º * • º º * * •. : º * e : . º º * & : tº e e 63,444, or 74,52 per cent of 370 - BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. the total. The following table shows the male population 18 years of age or over by races: NUMBER AND PER CENT OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN 1900, BY RACES. [The data included in this table have been compiled from the records of the Twelfth Census.] Color Or race. - Number. Per cent. Hawaiian ------------- - e º 'º e º gº º ºs e º sº gº tº sº tº e º sº º is º gº tº e º sº e s sº us tº sº sº ºn e ºs & s tº us & sº us s m e º sº s = * * * * * * * * * * 9,856 11.57 Part-Hawaiian......... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,497 1.76 Caucasian-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9,994 11. 74 South Sea Islander----------------------------------------------------------------- 237 . 28 Negro ------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108 13 Chinese ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19,691 23, 13 Japanese --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43,753 51. 39 Total.------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85, 136 100.00 This abnormally large proportion of Asiatic nationalities among the adult male population is due to the fact that Asiatics have been brought over as laborers, and that able-bodied men have consequently, until very recently, formed almost the entire body of immigrants, the immigration of women and children having been discouraged. It is not possible to determine with any approach to exactness the present population of the Hawaiian Islands, but sufficient data have been secured to form an approximate idea as to whether any consid- erable changes have taken place in the relative numbers of different nationalities in the population as the result of immigration. The fol- lowing table shows the additions to the population other than Hawaiian and Asiatic due to the immigration of foreigners to Hawaii since the census of 1900: ALIENS ADMITTED TO HAWAII, 1901 TO 1905, BY RACES OR PEOPLES (EXCEPTING CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND KOREANS). [From reports of the Bureau of Immigration.] During year ending June 30– Race or people. Total. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. Bohemian and Moravian --------------------------------------|------|-----. 1 ------|------ 1 Bulgarian, Servian, and MOn tenegrin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 ------|------|-----. 3 Croatian and Slavonian ---------------------------------------|------|------|------ 6 |------ 6 Dutch and Flemish -------------------------------------------- 2 l 1 5 |------ 9 East Indian....... ---------. ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * 2 ------|------|------ 2 English -------------------------------------------------------- 219 283 || 193 109 92 896 Filipino--------------------------------------------------------|------|------| 1 ||------|------ Finnish -------------------------------------------------------- 1 - - - - - - 16 1. -----|-----. 17 French. -------------------------------------------------------- 5 4 7 6 6 28 German ---------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 20 43 26 28 139 Greek ----------------------------------------------------------|------|------ 3 1. ----- 2 5 Irish ------------------------------- , sº º sº e º sº tº e º e º ºs e º ºs e s ∈ s is sº sº tº º ſº ſº º 11 l I0 2 6 30 Italian (north)------------------------------------------------- 3 1. ----. 4 2 2 11 Italian (South) -------------------------------------------------|------|--|--|--|------|------ 2 2 egro - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I 4 |. -----|------ 5 Pacific Islander------------------------------------------------ 7 6 1. 3 2 : . 19 Polish ---------------------------------------------------------- 1 |------ 2 ------|------ 3 Portuguese----------------------------------------------------- 85 35 12 12 3 147 Russian -------------------------------------------------------- 5 l 23 2. l. ----- 31 Scandinavian (Norwegians, Danes, and Swedes)........ -----. Il 4 65 7 9 96 Scotch --------------------------------------------------------- 14 6 25 37 36 118 Spanish ------------------ ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 ------ 1 ------------ 3 Spanish-American ------------------------------------- • * ~ * * * * * 1 - - - - - - I - - - - - - 13 ------|------ - 13 Turkish --------------------------------------------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * •º tº º ºs e º I gº º ºs º º is 1 ------ 1 Welsh ... ---. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * s -º ºs º ºs ºr sº 4-> -º ºr º º 3 1 1 5 West Indian . --------------------------------------------------|------|------ 4 ------|------ 4 All other peoples.... --- - - - - - - is s = º e º 'º gº tº e º ſº us ºn e º dº º ºs -º º ºs sº tº dº e º 'º º sº e º me is º ºs e º & & 115 16 ------|-----. 131 Grand total -------- -º-, - sº-, -, -º •e º 'º º a º ºs e º sº º $ “º sº, º ſº s s , tº sº gº tº * * * * * * * ....| 390 480 448 219 | 189 1,726 * * & º e & REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 3.71 The above table does not, of course, include any Americans who have come from the mainland to settle in Hawaii, as the immigration records show only the admission of aliens. The white immigration into the Territory has been comparatively slight, and since 1902 has been steadily diminishing in numbers. The total increase in the Caucasian population through immigration, as shown above, has been comparatively small at the best, but the figures of arrivals are, to a considerable extent, offset by the steady departure of whites, which has been going on since the cessation of the excitement attending annexation. No figures are available show- ing the extent of the loss to the white population through this emi- gration, but the departure in considerable numbers has been a very noticeable fact. The principal movement of population by immigration and emigra- tion has, however, been among the Asiatic elements. The records of the immigration service give complete and accurate data as to arrivals of Asiatics; but, unfortunately, no record of departures to the Orient is kept by the immigration service, and as Hawaii and the mainland are integral parts of the United States there is still less occasion for keeping any record of travel between these points. Figures have been secured, however, from several sources showing the departures of Asiatics from Hawaii, both to the Orient and to the Coast, and are believed to be approximately correct. It was not possible to secure these figures for departures, either for the same divisions of time or under the same sex classifications as the official figures for arrivals, but the form in which they have been secured permits of some general comparisons with the table of arrivals. The statistics of departures of Orientals begin with June 14, 1900, while those for arrivals begin with the date of July 1, 1900. With this exception, the arrivals and departures are comparable for the period from the date of the census up to December 31, 1905. ARRIVALS OF CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND KOREANS IN THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII FROM JULY 1, 1900, TO DECEMBER. 31, 1905. [From the records of the Bureau of Immigration.] Chinese. Japanese. ROrean. Total. Period. Un- Un- Un- Un- TO- TO- TO- TO- M. F. Cler| M. | F. der M. F, deri M. F. Cler tal. 14. tal. 14. tal. 14. tal 14. Year ending— - - June 30, 1901-1,060. 341,094|... . . 226, 112 338|.... 4.- - - - 4}.... 1, 290 146; 1,436|.... June 30, 1902. 262 35 297-...] 5,5533.572 9, 125|.... 12..... 12....] 5, 8273,607 9, 434}.... June 30, 1903. 544, 29. 573|.... 9,8353,21013,045....| 454 61|, 515 . . . .10.8333 300||14, 133|.... June 30, 1904. 402 10 412 7| 5,626 961 6,587 761,700 1831.883. 133,7,7281, 154|8,882. 216 June 30, 1905. 198 4| 202 4 5,979| 708 6,687, 594,471. 411 4,882 314|10,6481, 12311,771 377 Total...... 2,466 1122,578. 1127,219.8, 563:35,782. 1356,641 6657,296 44736, 3269,33045,656 593 July, 1905........ 8 1 9 . . . . . . 214|| 48 262 7| 71| 21| 92] 17| 293| 70 363 24 August, 1905..... 19| 1 #: 263 451 808, 6.... - .....]..... [.... 282 46, 328| 5 September, 1905- 16]-.... 16..... l.20 22, 142] I 2 1 3| 1 || 138] 23, 161| 2 October, 1905. - - - 18 1| 19| 2 143| 28, 171| 4 ll----- 1|....| 162| 29, 191| 6 November, 1905. - 14 ..... | 14|....] 553| 106] 659 10|..........!.....l.... 567; 106| 673 10 December, 1905.. 7|----- 7| 1 || 644 61| 705. 4 2|----- 2]. ... 653. 61' 714. 5 Total (July | 1, 1900–Dec. 8,873|38, - 1666,717 6777, 394 9, wº 086 645 31, 1905).... 2, 548 1152, 663 1429, 156 465.38, 421 372 * BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. DEPARTURES OF CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND KOREANS FROM HAWAII TO THE ORIENT AND THE COAST FROM JUNE 14, 1900, TO DECEMBER 31, 1905. Chinese. Japanese. KOrean. Total. Period. tº .: - s •= Chil- TO- Chil- Chil- TO- Chil- M. F. dren | tal. M. F. dren Total. M. F. dren | tal. M. F. dren Total. Juine 14, 1900, to June 30, 1902 ...|3,734. 491 (a) |4, 225 6,6271,442 (a) 8,069. . . . . . . . . . . . . ....|10,361 1,933 (a) [12,294 July 1, 1902, to - . . . - & Sept. 30, 1902...] 489 22 68 579 1,410 253| 177| 1,840. ---|--|--|- - - - - ....] 1,899| 275] 245 2,419 Oct. 1, 1902, to - Sept. 30, 1903...]1,333. 101| 1961,630 5,0001, 140 804 6,944. ...|- ...|-----|-...| 6,333.1,241||1,000 8,574 Oct. 1, 1903, to - June 30, 1904...] 952 57| 1291, 138; 4,769 869 708 6,346 6 1 1| 8 5,727 927 838 7,492 July 1, 1904, to . . . " - June 30, 1905...|1,019 71, 1861,27611,2331,6931,32814,254; 350 23, 13 38612,6021,787|1,52715,916 July, 1905........ 71 7| 19 97 723. 111| 93 927 79| 3 5| 87| 873 121 117. 1,111 August, 1905..... 41| 1 7| 49 665. 131|| 139| 935. 51| 3 2 56 757 135. 148 1,040 September, 1905. 84| 3 11| 98 636. 162. 192 990 74 5 3| 82 794, 170 206| 1, 170 October, 1905 . . . . 136 12 26, 174 446 98 90 634 40 4 4|| 48 622 114 120 856 November, 1905 - 75. 8, 25 108. 278 33 24, 335 33 1|- - - - - 34|| 386 42. 49 477 December, 1905. - 97 . . . . 2| 99 257| 39| 25 321| 20 - . . . . . . . . . 20|| 374| 39| 27| 440 By Matson Line b|... . . * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * (a) (a) (a) 7181----|--|--|----- .... (a) (q) (a) 718 & G G C | C: C Total...... 8,031 773 669;9,47332,0445,9713,580,42, 313| 653. 40 28 721|40, * 784|4,27752, 507 a Not reported separately. b Figures are for 1903, 1904, and to June 30, 1905; figures for each year and for age and sex not sepa- rately reported. c Not including data for 718 Japanese, age and sex not reported. The tables given above show that from the date of the census up to December 31, 1905, the total arrivals of Chinese were 2,663, as against 9,473 departures for the period embraced in the table of departures, a loss in the Chinese population of 6,810.() The total arrivals of Jap- anese to December 31, 1905, were 38,029, as against 42,313 departures, (*) a decrease in the Japanese population of 4,284. The Koreans dur- ing this period show 7,394 arrivals, as against 721 departures, (*) an increase in that nationality of 6,673. The net result, considering the three Asiatic nationalities, is a decrease of population through emi- gration of 4,421 during this period of five and one-half years. It is worthy of note that in the six months from July to December, 1905, there was an excess of departures over arrivals of 3,382, or over three-fourths of the total decrease for the whole period shown in the tables. Of this latter number 540 were Chinese, 2,613 were Japanese, and 229 were Koreans. - Although there are no figures available upon which to base an esti- mate as to the absolute growth of population in Hawaii during the period under consideration through natural increase, it is possible to arrive at a general idea of the probable relative changes among the various elements of the population due to the different ratios of births and deaths. The Hawaiians are a rapidly vanishing race, having diminished steadily from 70,036 in 1853 to 29,799 in 1900, a disappearance of a This table of departures, as noted in the text, embraced the period from June 14 to June 30, 1900, which is not included in the period for which arrivals are given. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 373 º 57.45 per cent of that nationality in a period of less than fifty years. This diminution is due to the excess of the death rate over the birth rate, a condition still continuing, with no prospect of cessation. This element in the population of the Territory is therefore steadily growing Smaller. As for the Caucasians, the birth rate in general is probably higher than it is in this country, as the climate of Hawaii, like that of all tropical countries, is conducive to fecundity. The Portuguese element of the white population in particular have unusually large families. This higher birth rate, as compared with the United States, is, how- ever, slightly modified by the lower proportion of married females to the total white population. The table below gives the proportion of married females to total population for the principal elements in the Hawaiian population: - - MARRIED FEMALES AND TOTAL POPULATION OF HAWAII, BY NATIONALITIES. [These figures are compiled from the records of the Twelfth Census.] –4 i i Total Per centº º • Married Ot.8, Ill3, Erie Nationality. popula- females of females. | *. total population. Hawaiian ....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e º gº tº sº tº e º 'º - ºr - - - ſº * * * * 6,590 29, 799 2 Part-Hawaiian -------------------------------------------------------- 1,001 7,857 1 Caucasian ------------------------------------------------------------- 4,730 28,819 1 Chinese---------------------------------------------------------------- 1,409 25,767 Japanese -------------------------------------------------------------- 10,232 61,111 1 NOTE.-The per cent of married females to total population in the United States is 18.1. The distribution of the population in Hawaii by certain age groups is also given in the following table, and as the distribution of Cau- casians differs very slightly from the corresponding age groups in the United States as a whole, the death rate among the Caucasian element of the population would probably not differ greatly from the death rate of a similarly situated population in the United States. The white element of the population in Hawaii is probably increasing by the excess of births over deaths a little more rapidly than would be the case with a similar population on the mainland. PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION UNDER EACH AGE GROUP. Hawaii. - - United Age groups. gº º Part- º * States FIawaiian. Hawaiian. Caucasian. Chinese. Japanese. Under 10 years......... ------ 21.52 40. 17 27.49 11.36 9. 35 23. 69. 10 to 20 years. ---------------- 22.42 28. 89 21.92 11.25 7. 14 22. 56 21 to 44 years. ---------------- 34. 16 . 26.17 35.40 61. 26 80. 95 35. 76 45 to 54 years.---------------- 8.98 2.99 8, 59 9.79 2, 22 8.41 55 to 64 years................. 5.98 1. 14 4.36 5.14 .21 5. 25 65 years or over.............. 6.13 .42 1.96 .84 .02 4.04 Age unknown ........ • . . . --- ... 81 . 22 . 28 . 36 . 11 , 29 Total.------------------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 374 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. & The very small percentage of married females in the Chinese popu- lation indicates that the increase of this population through births will be comparatively slight. Although 7,394 Koreans had come into the islands from July 1, 1900, to December 31, 1905, only 677 females were included in this number. The addition to the Korean population through native births will therefore probably be insignificant. On the other hand, the percentage of increase in the Japanese population through the excess of births over deaths will probably be higher than the percent- age of increase in the Caucasian population. The birth rate among the Japanese is high. On one plantation with a Japanese population of 436 there were 120 children, and of these 45 were less than 6 years old. The percentage of married females in the total Japanese popu- lation is very slightly higher than it is in the Caucasian population, so that with a higher birth rate and an equal death rate the Japanese population would increase more rapidly proportionately than the whites; but the death rate among the Japanese is probably far lower than among any of the other nationalities in the islands. Normally the death rate of those below 10 years of age and those above 45 would be higher than for any corresponding period between these limits. As will be seen by the table above, the proportion of the Japanese population under 10 is far below the proportion of the Caucasian population under 10, and the same is true of the numbers over 45. Over 80 per cent of the Japanese population is included in the age period from 21 to 44, and since the sick and disabled Japanese return home and their places are supplied by strong and able-bodied men, the death rate among this population in Hawaii would be abnormally low. Therefore, with a little larger per cent of married females in the Japanese population, with a higher birth rate, and a very much lower death rate, the growth of the Japanese population through natural increase would be far higher than that of any other nationality in the islands. Moreover, the figures for immigration and emigration show the addition of over 2,900 female Japanese to the Japanese population since the date of the census, thus increasing largely the per cent of married females among that element of population. This complete Orientalization of the islands and the resulting char- acter of the working population has created an acute labor problem in Hawaii that presents three phases, according as it is considered from different view points. For the employer, represented chiefly by the sugar planter, the problem is one of securing a sufficient and a stable labor force; for the white and native wage-earners and small merchants the problem is one of survival in the face of an increasing, irresisti- ble, and disastrous competition of Asiatics with their lower standard of living; and from the view point of the citizens of the Territory— REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 375 and of the people of the United States—the problem is one of secur- ing a working population with the civic capacity necessary to the upbuilding of a self-governing American commonwealth. The labor problem has been increasingly perplexing since Hawaii became a portion of the United States. Previous to that time, viewed purely from the employers’ standpoint, the planters were in an ideal sit- uation. With inexhaustible markets from which to draw cheap labor, and with penal contracts which gave them many of the advantages of slavery without its disadvantages, they were free from the perplexi- ties of the labor problem as employers know it in a free country. Annexation changed these conditions. While it assured a protected market to the planters, it cut off entirely the supply of Chinese coolies and revolutionized the relations of employer and employee by abol- ishing the penal contract. As an integral though somewhat isolated part of the United States, the Territory of Hawaii necessarily became subject to legislation and to policies not primarily destined for the support of its special industries; and it is beginning to feel strongly the influence of that subtle but insistent impulse toward homogeneity of institutions and of sentiments with the mainland which constitutes the essence of national assimilation. Every separate element of this change, however desirable from a civic viewpoint, is more or less a disturbing factor in business. It creates uncertainties, and the plant- ers no longer control their own destiny. The soil and the climate remain essentially unchanged, the material conditions of production are better than ever before, transportation facilities are increasing, and the cost of marketing their product is decreasing. All of the purely economic conditions of cane planting and sugar making are improving; even in the administration of labor there is progress, and it is doubtful if increased wages have generally resulted in an equally increased cost of production. But the problem of plantation manage- ment as a whole, and especially the problem of a labor supply, is more exigent than ever before. In spite of the large Asiatic population, there is frequently a very real and a keenly felt shortage of labor on the sugar plantations. The labor demand for plantation work has been a rapidly growing one, the number of plantation laborers having risen from 24,653 in 1897 to 48,229 in the year 1905. At the time of the report on Hawaii in 1902 there was a marked shortage of labor on the plantations, amounting to about 5,500 men, or 12 per cent of the total force employed. This shortage seemed to have disappeared in 1905, as the only cases in which complaint was heard of lack of laborers were upon a few of the plantations in the immediate vicinity of Hilo. The increase of about 6,000 employees since 1902 has been largely in response to a demand existing at that time, and is due only slightly to an expansion of the 376 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF TABOR. sugar industry. The restored equilibrium in the plantation labor force has been due to several causes. There was less development work going on in 1905 than in 1902, and the ravages of the leaf hopper had affected the crops on some plantations to an extent that appreciably diminished the demand for laborers. On the other hand, the widespread depression in the rice industry—which is almost exclusively carried on by the Chinese—had sent some of this race back to work in the cane fields, and the importation of Koreans had also added to the available labor supply. So far as the plantations are concerned the arrival of any number of Koreans at a given period will more than offset the departure of an equal number of Japanese. Not all of the Japanese leaving are adult males, nor do all the adult males represent losses to the plantations, because a proportion of the men leaving are from the Asiatics not engaged in plantation labor. On the other hand, the Koreans. represent almost entirely adult males, and practically the whole number go at once to work on plantations. The Korean immi- gration has thus been the principal factor in easing the labor situation for the planters. But while the actual scarcity of labor complained of in 1902 has been remedied, the instability and the aggressiveness of the Asiatic labor force have increased, and in the minds of the planters have become a serious menace to the continued prosperity of the sugar industry. The instability in the labor supply is due to a double competition which the planters have to face. There is competition between them and the other industries in Hawaii, and competition with the industries of the mainland. Although in 1900 the Asiatic male population of 18 years or over numbered 63,444, there were employed on the planta- tions only 32,513 Asiatics; and as numbers of women and also of males under 18 are at work on the sugar plantations, it is apparent that not quite 50 per cent of the male Asiatic labor supply was available for the planters. The small proportion of Chinese population employed on the sugar plantations is still more noticeable. There were only 4,976 of that nationality on the plantations in 1900, although there were 19,691 Chinese males 18 years of age or over in the islands. Not only have the various trades and mercantile pursuits absorbed a large per cent of the Oriental population, but the census figures show further that Asiatics are also among the owners and tenants in agri- culture. Seven hundred and fourteen Chinese and 530 Japanese were owners or tenants in 1900, holding 24,466 acres. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 377 The table of occupations of males given below, taken from the census of 1900, will show the various trades and occupations in com- petition with the plantations for the services of Orientals: NUMBER OF MALES 10 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS, 1900, Per gent Chinese o Occupation. White. (a)] Negro. 8.In Total. Chºe Japanese. Japanese Of total. AGIRICULTURAL PURSUITS. Agricultural laborers ------...--------------------. 1,503 14 44, 370 45,887 96. 69 Farmers, planters, and Overseers................... 2,602 4 3,654 6,260 58.37 Gardeners, florists, nurserymen, etc................ 83 1 531 615 86. 34 Lumbermen, Wood choppers, etc................... 56 ---------- 69 125 55.20 Stock raisers, herders, and drovers................. 841 ---------- 72 413 17.43 Other occupations --------------------------------- 31 l 48 80 60.00 Total.----------------------------------------- 4,616 20 48,744 53,380 91. 32 PROFESSIONAL SERVICE. Cler en,--- :: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 132 ---------- 35 167 20. 96 Engineers (civil, etc.) and Surveyors .............. 186 ---------- 1 137 0. 73 Lawyers------------------------------------------ * * 165 ---------- 5 170 2.94 Officials (government) ----------------------....... 172 1 12 185 6.49 Teachers and professors in Colleges................ 172 |---------- 29 201 14.43 Other occupations------------------ ---------------- 341 22 71 434 16, 36 Total ----------------------------------------- 1,118 23 153 1,294 11. 82 DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE. - - Barbers and hairdressers-------.................... 35 2 163 81. 50 Laborers (not specified) --------------------------- 5,875 28 3,493 9,396 37. 18 Launderers-----------------------------------... • * * * * * 16 ---------- 572 588 97.28 Restaurant and Saloon keepers--------------------- 30 I---------- 113 143 79. 02 Servants and Waiters------------------------------. 147 5 2,611 2,763 94.50 Soldiers, sailors, and marines (United States) ..... 244 1 ---------- 245 l.--------. Stewards ------------------------------------------- 26 l---------- 102 128 79, 69 Watchmen, policemen, firemen, etc ............... 449 1 63 513 12.28 Other occupations---------------------------------- 114 1---------- 131 245 53. 47 Total ----------------------------------------- 6,936 37 7,248 14,221 50. 97 TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION. - Bankers, brokers, officials of banks, etc.... ....... 153 1 34 188 18.09 Boatmen and Sailors ----------...... --------------- 395 5 70 470 14.89 Bookkeepers, Clerks, Stenographers, etc............ 1,068 ||---------- 645 1,713 37. 65 Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc................ 796 6 460 1,261 36. 48 Hostlers -------------------------------------------- 85 |---------- 162 247 65. 59 Hucksters and peddlers ---------------------------. 85 |---------- 165 200 82. 50 Merchants and dealers----------------------------. 339 1 1,122 1,462 76. T4 Messengers, packers, porters, etc.------------------ 50 ---------- 74 124 59.68 Salesmen------------------------------------------- 164 l---------- 397 561 70. 77 Steam railroad employees............ ----------.... 86 ---------- 76 162 46, 91 Other occupations............. ------------. e º ºs s = e º s 289 l---------- 41 280 14. 64 Total ----------------------------------------- 3,410 12 3,246 6,668 48.68 MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PURSUITS. Bakers --------------------------------------------- 18 ---------- 139 157 88. 54 Blacksmiths---------------------------------------- 271 ---------- 125 396 31.57 Boot and shoe makers and repairers............... 37 l---------- 89 126 70. 63 Hutchers ------------------------------------------- 89 1.--------- 119 208 57.21 Carpenters and joiners----------------------------- 972 ---------- 983 1,955 . 28 #. and firemen (not locomotive)........... 442 2 195 639 30. 52 Fishermen and Oystermen ......................... 596 |---------- 461 1,057 43. 61 Iron and steel Workers.................... • - - - - - - - - 167 ---------- 5 172 2.91 Machinists ----------------------------------------- 187 ---------- 24 161 14.91 Manufacturers and Officials, etc.................... 113 ---------- 107 220 48.64 Masons (brick and stone) -------------------------. 182 1 47 230 20.43 Painters, glaziers, and varnishers .................. 270 2 130° 402 32. 34 Printers, lithographers, and pressmen.............. 117 1 17 135 12. 59 Sugar makers and refiners. -----------------------. 102 2 508 612 83.01 Tailors ....... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38 l---------- 530 568 93, 31 Other occupations............ tº tº e º 'º º Gº e º 'º e º ºs º e º 'º - - ºn s e 758 ---------- 693 1,446 47.93 Total ----------------------------------------. 4,304 8 4,172 8,484 49. 17 Grand total.----------------------------------. 20, 384 100 63,563 84,047 '75, 63 a The word “white,” Hawaiians, and South Sea Islanders, 25—No. 66–06—2 as used in this table, includes not only Caucasians but also Hawaiians, Part- 378 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. COMPETITION OF LOCAL AND PACIFIC COAST INDUSTRIES WITH SUGAR INDUSTRY FOR ASIATIC LABOR. The competition with local industries, however, is permanent and more or less uniform. It does not, therefore, constitute the same kind of a menace to the planters as does the competition which has recently developed on the mainland, and which has rendered the plan- tation labor force peculiarly unstable and insecure. The Asiatics are no longer-attached to the plantations by any legal bonds, and there are no natural ties that bind them to the islands. Their migration to Hawaii itself is an uprooting, and a breaking of the ties that attach them to their place of birth and their homeland. They come to Hawaii impelled by a purely economic motive, expecting to return to their native land. They are a body of industrial excursionists, and form consequently an unusually mobile population, peculiarly responsive to any economic stimulus to further migration. They move freely to any new labor market offering more favorable terms than Hawaii, and the planters of the Territory now find themselves obliged to compete actively for workers with the orchardists and farmers of California and with the railway builders and other large contractors of the West and Northwest. Therefore the planters not only must offer higher wages than formerly, but they must adapt their methods of control- ling and disciplining their employees to the freer standards of the mainland States. Conditions of employment for a mobile popula- tion—like that which the labor policy of the planters has encouraged in the Territory—tend to reach a state of equilibrium over a much broader area than the Territory itself. Hawaii has been industrially as well as politically annexed; and in response to laws more potent than legislative enactments a uniform status of labor is being created throughout all our western country, even to these islands in the mid- Pacific. This effect of annexation is as permanent as it is revolution- ary. Henceforth the Hawaiian planters must bid against the Pacific Coast for their immigrant labor not only in money but in manner of treatment. The tables on pages 371 and 372, showing arrivals and depart- ures during a period of five and one-half years, show how transient and unstable is the Japanese element in the population of Hawaii. The fol- lowing table gives departures from Hawaii to the mainland, and shows how this mainland competition is growing and becoming a more and more serious menace to the plantation interests: DEPARTURES OF ORIENTALS FROM HAWAII TO THE MAINLAND. Period. Number. January 1, 1902, to September 30, 1902. ------------------------------------------------------- - 1,054 October 1, 1902, to September 30, 1903 . . . . . . . . . . .-----------------. --------------------------. 2, 119 October 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904 -------------------------------------------------------------- 3,665 July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 182 July 1, 1905, to September 30, 1905 ------------------------------------------------------------ 1,798 October 1, 1905, to December 31, 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 379 Since the figures in the foregoing table include perhaps 300 Koreans and less than 75 Chinese, it may be taken practically to represent the migration of Japanese from Hawaii to the Coast. It shows the rapid increase in the number of Japanese leaving Hawaii up to June 30, 1905, and explains the uneasy and apprehensive state of mind in which the planters were in the first half of that year. While the entire num- ber of Asiatics leaving for the mainland for the two years and a half ending June 30, 1904, had been less than 7,000, the number increased in the following year alone to over 11,000. In July, 1905, the number of departures was 697; but during the months of August and Sep- tember the number dropped to 660 and 441, respectively, while in the last three months of the year 1905 there was a still further decrease. This migration to the Coast is due chiefly to economic causes. The Japanese have learned that they can earn more money in California than in Hawaii; but it is partly due to social causes. The conditions of labor are freer in the Pacific States than on the large plantations of Hawaii, where the traditions of penal contract days have not entirely disappeared. To a large extent this movement has been prompted by immigrant agents, analogous to the Italian padrones in New York, who have business connections in San Francisco and Seattle and work in the interest of contractors and other large employers on the Coast.(?) a The following translations of advertisements calling for laborers to go to the mainland, published in Japanese papers, printed in Honolulu in the spring of 1905, show the positive inducements offered to laborers in the islands by Japanese labor bureaus in America: - RECRUITING LABORERS TO AMERICA. For the S. P. R. R. Co., 800 men; for Alaska, 200 men. Advance $20 for passage to San Francisco. Applications for Alaska close 28th inst. Egi. Kyujiro, Prop. Shiranui Hotel, San Francisco. Apply to the below mentioned hotels in Honolulu (followed by the names of 11 Japanese hotels).-From Hawaiian-Japanese Chronicle of March 22, 1905. GREAT RECRUITING TO AMERICA. Through an arrangement made with Yasuzawa, of San Francisco, we are able to recruit laborers to the mainland, and offer them work. The laborers will be subjected to no delay upon arriving in San Francisco, but can get work immediately through Yasuzawa. Employment offered in picking strawberries and tomatoes, planting beets, mining, and domestic service. Now is the time to go! Wages $1.50 a day. Tokujiro Inaya—Niigata Kenjin—Care of Nishimura Hotel. Apply to the Honolulu agency for further particulars, giving the name of your plantation.—From Hawaiian- Japanese Chronicle of March 22, 1905. The undersigned has appointed Harutada Yasumura agent for recruiting laborers for the mainland. Any laborer will be given work upon presentation of a letter of introduction from the above agent. We guarantee that the laborers receive work from only responsible parties. Tooyo Boyeki Kwaisha (Oriental Trading Company), Seattle. Honolulu agency at Hong Song Hotel.—From Hawaiian-Japanese Chronicle of March 22, 1905. - SPECIAL NOTICE. In the next three months we shall recruit 1,000 laborers of Niigata Province, Japan, for the mainland. Apply to the hotel below. Don't miss a good chance! The Indus- 380 BULLETIN of THE BUREAU of LABOR. But once started this migration is likely to continue without artifi- cial stimulation. Plantation employees in Hawaii reported that they and their friends were constantly receiving letters from Japanese who had gone to California, telling them of the high wages and generally favorable conditions in that country, and advising them to come over and share these advantages. & - - - The increasing emigration to the Coast is a source of worry and apprehension to the planters. Up to the present time they have been able to supply the places of those departing for the mainland by fresh importations from Japan and Korea, but changed conditions in Japan and Korea restricting emigration, or the beginning of any unusually large development work on the Coast may at any time so check the tide of immigrants or stimulate the flow to the mainland as seriously to interfere with the carrying on of plantation work. - contRoL of PLANTATION LABor SITUATION BY ASIATICs. Another aspect of the labor situation as it affects the planters arises out of a preponderance among their laborers of a single nationality. As a result of the exclusion of Chinese since annexation, the supply of imported labor for the plantations was confined entirely to the Japanese, until the beginning of Korean immigration was brought about in 1903. The Japanese have secured a preponderance among the plantation workers which creates serious difficulties of administration, renders the plantations liable to great loss by strikes, and to a certain extent takes trial Corporation of Japanese of Niigata Province have sent a representative to Hawaii to encourage their countrymen to go to America. This representative, Mr. Seisaku Kuroishi, assists applicants in every way. Yamaichi Hotel. Feb. 1, 1905. (Pro. Fuse Totazo.)—From Hawaiian-Japanese Chronicle of March 22, 1905. Arrangements have been made with the Japanese-American Industrial Corpora- tion of San Francisco, whereby any one leaving Hawaii for the mainland through us can find work. Naigwai Benyeki Shosha.-From Hawaiian-Japanese Chronicle of March 22, 1905. NEW STEAMSHIP LINE OPENED. With the S. S. Centennial we shall inaugurate a new line between San Francisco and Hawaii, and will take freight and passengers. For the convenience of Japanese we have appointed two agents, one at Honolulu and the other at Hilo. This is a large steamer of 3,000 tons, well built and perfectly safe for carrying passengers, making monthly voyages and passage within a week. Passage is cheap. No deposit of $50 required. Cooks and waiters Japanese, and Japanese food furnished. First Sailing March 25. Applications received until day before sailing. S. N. S. S. Co. Agents, Honolulu, Yukinosuki Shibata; Hilo, Yasikichi Toda. — From Hawaii Shinpo of February 27, 1905. - SPECIAL STEAMER FOR AMERICA–SAILING DIRECT FOR SEATTLE. S. S. Olympia. Accommodates 500 passengers. Fare, including commissions, $28. Sails April 18, 1905. Applications for passage received up to April 10, 1905. All wishing to go to America apply to the undersigned, or to the following hotels (list of 16 Japanese hotels in Honolulu). Seattle Occidental Steamship Company, office Han Sang Hotel, Honolulu.-From Hawaii Shinpo of February 27, 1905. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 381 out of the hands of overseers and managers the control of administra- tion. As shown in the table below and on page 368, the Japanese in the plantation labor force represent nearly double the number of other nationalities combined. The following table shows the distribution of labor on the Hawaiian plantations by groups of occupations and by nationalities in 1902 and 1905: DISTRIBUTION OF LABOR ON HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTATIONS, BY GROUPS OF OCCU- PATIONS AND NATIONALITY, 1902 AND 1905. & Me- Admin- g g Super- Trans- g g tº Culti- Irriga- || Manu- chan- |: Unclas- Nationality. º “vation.] tion. |facture.] ical * º §: Total. * trades. º * Caucasian: (a) 1902--------------------- 173 107 b1 146 129 353 50 23 1,032 1906--------------------- 195 96 38 146 114 328 || 42 47 1,006 Portuguese: 1902--------------------- 43 2,011 54 63 148 202 117 31 2,669 1905--------------------- 43 2,076 49 85 154 266 171 161 3,005 Porto Ricans: 902--------------------- 4 1,962 1. 10 18 11 29 1 2,036 1905------------ e s = < * * * * * 4 | 1,722 |-------- 70 4 7 .. 79 21 1,907 Hawaiians and Part-Ha- waiians: - 1902--------------------- 30 994 51 32 87 103 154 42 1,493 1905--------------------- 39 861 36 39 84 114 193 86 1,452 South Sea Islanders and Negroes: 1902 (9)-----------------|-------- 33 ---------------- 5 l-------- 2 6 46 1905 § * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 22 l---------------- 2 l 4 3 32 Chinese: 1902--------------------- 11 3,294 134 286 33 28 64 31 3,881 1906--------------------- 5 3,962 69 269 11 23 39 31 4,409 Japanese 1902 (3).----------------- 121 25, 849 869 1,640 751 129 1,627 99 || 31,085 1905--------------------- 132 23, 461 608 || 2,830 590 121 || 3,709 284 31,735 Korº; 1905--------------------- 10 || 4,384 1. 19 |-------- 4 248 17 4,683 Totals * = - 1902--------------- 382 34,250 | 1,160 2, 177 | 1, 171 || 826 2,043 233 || 42,242 1905--------------- 428 36,584 801 || 3,458 959 864 || 4,485 650 || 48,229 a Not including Porto Ricans and Portuguese. b Including 7 Filipinos. - * c Including 4 Filipinos. dIncluding 445 Chinese and Japanese employed in cultivating; mostly Japanese. The relatively larger number employed in transportation and manu- facturing in 1905 is due to the fact that the information was taken in that year during the height of the grinding season, while in 1902 the figures were compiled at a time when many of the mills were not run- ning. The gains, therefore, of the Japanese in these two fields of employment probably represent laborers transferred from the group of cultivators, but the figures show that the Japanese are still in such large preponderance in several of the most important operations as to practically control the labor situation on the plantations. Thus in cultivation they represent 23,461 out of 36,584, or nearly 65 per cent of the total force employed in that branch of work. In this group, owing to the influx of Koreans, the Japanese have lost slightly in their preponderance, but in the increase in the force in manufacture and transportation due to the grinding season they have made more than 382 * BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. compensatory gains, and in 1905 represented 2,830 out of a total of 3,458 employees in the sugar mills, and 3,709 out of 4,485 in the work of transportation. They now represent over 50 per cent of those employed in the mechanical trades on the plantations. Taking all occu- pations together, the Japanese in the plantation force increased only 650 between 1902 and 1905, while the total working force arose from 42,242 to 48,229. By far the greater part of this increase was made up of Koreans, so that the actual numerical preponderance of Japanese in the plantation labor force was slightly less in 1905 than it was in 1902, but on the other hand the preponderance of Japanese is becom- ing more and more a conscious preponderance. While no distinctively labor organizations could be found among the laborers on the planta- tions, the blood unionism of the Japanese has shown itself even a stronger bond than the trade unionism of American and European workmen. What might properly be termed sympathetic strikes have already occurred on many plantations where a grievance of a small group of Japanese or sometimes of a single worker has resulted in a cessation of work by all the Japanese workers on the plantations, and even the Japanese domestics in the house of the manager have with- drawn and remained away until the settlement of the strike. Sporadic efforts to induce sympathetic strikes on plantations adjoining those on which the Japanese had gone on strike have already been made, and, while not successful to any extent, it is more than probable that sympathetic strikes of Japanese will soon begin to ignore plantation boundaries. - With the growth of a more or less permanent Japanese population in Hawaii, not directly dependent upon the plantations, and with the changes that are taking place in the system of immigration since the abolition of penal contracts (*) a different class of Japanese is migrating to the Territory. Among these are to be found men with education and a capacity for leadership hitherto exceptional among the immi- grants. There is also a strong probability that some Japanese work- men who have resided on the mainland for a time and absorbed more or less knowledge of the trade-union movement from American sources will ultimately disseminate these ideas among their fellow-countrymen in the islands, either personally or through the active correspondence already existing between laborers of that nationality in both places. At least, all these evils—from the employer’s standpoint—are antici- pated by the more thoughtful plantation people; and during the study of labor conditions in the Territory instances were found of Japanese, not connected with the plantations, engaging actively in the stimulation and direction of plantation strikes. It is everywhere con- ceded in Hawaii that the present preponderance of Japanese among a See section on Japanese immigration, pp. 502–511. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 383 plantation workers constitutes a source of increasing embarrassment for the sugar interests. Evidence both direct and indirect presented itself in 1905 to show that plantation employers were beginning to fear the power of their Japanese employees, and to placate them by concessions not dictated primarily by regard for efficient service. It is generally predicted that difficulties in plantation management on this score are in future more likely to be accentuated than alleviated. INvAsIon of TRADE AND SKILLED occupATIONS BY ASIATICS. Embarrassing as it has become in many ways for the planters, the Orientalization of the islands is reacting still more disastrously on the white and the native wage-earners, merchants, and even farmers, than it is on the planters. As has been shown, the adult male Asiatic pop- ulation employed on the plantations was, in 1900, Scarcely 50 per cent of the available workers of those races. The remaining thousands, as shown by the census of occupations, given on page 377, are in active competition with the whites in almost every form of industry for which the islands offer facilities. The first effect of the incoming of the Asiatics was the taking over of unskilled labor of every sort, but the competition has now extended until it has become active in nearly every line of trade and in nearly all the skilled occupations. Most of the competition in the skilled trades comes from the Japanese, and it is insisted everywhere throughout the islands that this compe- tition is growing rapidly, and that the number of Japanese in skilled trades is larger now than it was in 1900. * It is probable that part of the distress attributed by white traders and white artisans to an increase in Japanese competition is in reality the result of the depression that Hawaii is feeling on account of the reaction from the “boom” that marked the early period following annexation. This depression in any event adds to the acuteness of the competition. Increasingly successful competition on the part of the Asiatics, if it corresponded with an increasing demand for labor, would not be so severely felt nor so quickly observed, but with trade and work falling off the competition is more keenly felt and more quickly resented. It is probable that in some lines the Japanese are actually displacing white labor and that in other lines they are merely holding their own, while diminishing business is driving the whites out of the occupation and sending them back to the mainland. In either event the percentage of Japanese in the various trades might be increasing, even if their absolute number were stationary or even diminishing. In some lines of work the Asiatic competition is of very early date, and not only is an increasing control of these trades evident, but new trades are being invaded. The clothing trades are almost entirely in the hands of Asiatics. A few white tailors are engaged in business in Honolulu, and there are several white tailoring firms in the town of Hilo, but all of these, with the exception of one firm, are reported to 384 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. employ Chinese or Japanese workmen. There are practically no white wage-earners engaged in making men's garments or boots and shoes, although a few whites find employment independently in repairing and cobbling. The preparation of food and drink affords employment to a number of workers, who are mostly Asiatic. The Chinese take nat- urally to culinary vocations, often graduating from domestic service into the systematic manufacture of food products. Most of the baker- ies, confectionery shops, and hotels and restaurants employ Chinese help, or, as a second choice, Japanese. Practically all domestic ser- wants are Asiatics. On account of the restricted field of employment, plumbing and tin- ning are usually carried on in conjunction as a single trade. The Japanese have for some time been steadily invading this field. They are now strong competitors in the plumbing trade, and in some places they have practically monopolized the work of making tinware for sale at plantation stores and elsewhere among the working people. This latter has been a profitable field of industry for the whites, but they are being driven from it rapidly. The building trades have also been invaded aggressively by Asiatic workmen. The effect of Asiatic competition in this field has attracted particular attention on account of the fact that white mechanics in the various building lines have been steadily giving up the field in Hawaii and forming a procession back to the Coast. When the Territory was annexed a decided building boom occurred at Honolulu, accompanied by a considerable influx of mechanics from the Pacific Coast. It took only a few seasons, however, to supply the city with about all the business structures it was likely to need for a number of years to come. The construction of cottages and small residences has continued since that time, but this is a field of work where the Asiatics compete most successfully with white workers, and in which they are gaining con- trol. As a result of failing employment large numbers of working- men have left the islands and returned to California, and the popula- tion of white mechanics has fallen off considerably. Part of this movement undoubtedly represents merely a reaction from the abnormal condition produced by the excitement attending annexation. But the fact remains that building is still going on in the Territory to a con- siderable extent, and that Asiatic workmen are successfully competing for the work with white mechanics. The procession of unemployed back to the Coast, therefore, represents to some extent the displacement of whites by Asiatics. Not only are they successful competitors in the construction of cottages and small residences, but they are making their competition strongly felt on larger and more important building work. A white contractor in the islands, who used white and native labor only, reported that he had not had a contract of any importance for nearly a year and a half because he had been ruinously underbid either \ REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 385 N by Japanese contractors or by white contractors using Asiatic labor exclusively. He called attention to a large building being constructed upon which about 35 workmen were employed. Although there were white and native workers idle in the town not a single workman was found on the building except Asiatics. It was stated that the masonry, carpentering, plastering, plumbing, and painting—in a word, every detail of the building—was to be done by Asiatic labor. It was not possible to secure exact and complete statistical data deal- ing with this displacement of white and native labor in skilled trades by Orientals, but some data were secured indicating the extent to which white mechanics are abandoning the field in Hawaii. The pay rolls for 1881 of one of the largest building firms in Honolulu showed 44 white carpenters and 7 white laborers employed in that year. This is 17 more than all those employed in 1905 by 7 of the largest building establishments in Honolulu. In 1881 the same firm referred to above employed 6 white bricklayers and 1 white laborer, while the 7 estab- lishments reported in 1905 only 3 white bricklayers. Even allowing for the fact that the number of employing builders was smaller in 1881 than in 1905, and that the pay roll of a single firm was, therefore, probably somewhat larger at the earlier date, still an absolute decrease in the employment of white mechanics, or the “displacement” of white by Oriental labor, is clearly indicated. The establishment whose pay roll was taken for 1881 was one of the 7 establishments reported for 1905. The continued falling off in employment since annexation is given in the following table, showing the number employed by 7 firms in 1900–1901, 1902, and 1905: WHITE MECHANICS (INCLUDING FOREMEN) EMPLOYED IN SEVEN IDENTICAL ESTAB- LISHMENTS IN THE BUILDING TRADES, HONOLULU, 1900–1901, 1902, AND 1905. Occupation. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Bricklayers.------------------------------------------------------------- 11 ---------. 8 Carpenters -------------------------------------------------------------- 53 32 27 Foremen, bricklayers --------------------------------------------------- 1 ----------|---------- Foremen, Carpenters ........... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 i 3 Foremen, masons, Stone ------------------------------------------------- 2 ----------|---------- Foremen, painters, house.----------------------------------------------- 2 ----------|---------- Foremen, plasterers ----------------------------------------------------- 1 ----------|--...----- Foremen, plumbers ----------------------------------------------------- 2 2 1 Masons------------------------------------------------------------------ 37 2 2 Painters----------------------------------------------------------------- -- 16 14 1 Plasterers ---------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - 9 2 2 Plumbers---------------------------------------------------------------- \ 16 5 4 Total -------------------------------------------------------------- 159 58 43 The relatively large number of employees in 1901 is to be ascribed largely to the boom in the building trades at that time. But the fall- ing off in employment between 1902 and 1905 appeared to be fairly representative of the general condition of trade in the latter year as compared with the former, according to the testimony of employers, and mechanics in Honolulu, “e 386 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. The only urban occupations not subject to Asiatic competition are the English printing trades and some forms of employment in machinery and metal working. Some forms of furniture are made in Asiatic shops in Honolulu, and Asiatics compete with whites in carriage mak- ing and repairing, wheelwright work, and in millwork and joinery. In the passenger carrying or hack business, both in Honolulu and throughout the islands, the Japanese are rapidly gaining complete control. Oriental blacksmiths and horseshoers have shops in Hono- lulu, and the Japanese compete with boiler makers in making the large tanks used as receivers for the fuel oil now employed for steam making in the islands. Although the language difficulty as yet forms an insurmountable obstacle to the employment of Asiatics in English printing offices, there are several Japanese and Chinese newspaper and job printing establishments in the Territory, catering chiefly to the needs of the Oriental population, that occasionally do English work. The manufacture of sugar-mill machinery, skilled electrical work, brewing, and a fraction of the building trades where the most highly-skilled workmen are employed, are the main branches of industry not invaded by Asiatic working people. The following views upon Asiatic competition are from memoranda of conversations with both employers and employees in Hawaii. They are fragmentary, but they present some interesting aspects of the problem as seen by those most directly interested. An American carpenter in Honolulu stated: “When I was at plantation, twenty-five years ago, 50 of us white employees used to sit down together at the boarding-house table, and there was quite a village of white and other citizen employees who were married. There were several hundred white carpenters in Honolulu and the other towns at that time. As late as fifteen years ago about all the carpenters were whites, and received $4 a day. Now we have a lot of Kanaka and Portuguese helpers at lower wages. In our carpenters’ union we have only about 40 members, of whom not a dozen are able to earn the standard union wage.” Another American carpenter said: “The Japanese can compete against us and underfigure us at carpentering, because people will accept work from Japanese that they would not accept from white carpenters.” - Several instances of very poor construction, in residences occupied by whites, but built by Japanese labor, were observed in Honolulu. Defective roofs and window joinery, cheap devices in framing, and the use of poor materials were all noticed. The Japanese can under- bid whites at frame construction, however, even where they are held strictly down to specifications. One gentleman, intending to erect a frame tenement and store building in Honolulu, allowed a margin of REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 387 $800 to contractors employing only white labor. In spite of this handicap the Asiatics secured the contract. An American builder, employing all Japanese labor, said: “The cost of construction in Honolulu with Japanese labor is less than it is on the Coast with white labor. I erected 24 houses last year with Japanese workmen. Six of them are now occupied by white carpen- ters, who are paying $20 a month rent, where they would have had to pay $30 or $40 a month if white labor had been used. The carpenter work and painting of a five-room house, with Japanese labor, costs $300, which includes making doors and window frames from long stock, cloth covering, papering, and interior painting. The cost of the same house in California would be: Carpenter work, $300; mill- work, $185 to $200; plastering, $150; painting, $150. So, in Hono- lulu, allowing for the fact that one house has cloth and the other plas- ter under the paper, we can do for $300 what would cost $800 or thereabouts in California. My Japanese are steady and reliable, and can make anything. They are now making the furniture for a house I am building.” • , , A white contractor mentioned a case where the bids for erecting a residence in Honolulu stood as follows: “White builder employing only Japanese, $6,050; Japanese builder, $6,100; Chinese builder, $6,150; Japanese builder, $6,300; white builder employing citizen labor, $8,000; white builder employing citizen labor, $8,200.” An American builder in the same city said: “Orientals get all cot- tage work and small jobbing. . We can stand off the Chinese and Japanese when they are left to themselves, but when they are directed by white builders, we can’t compete.” The same employer who uses only white labor said: “Some Japanese carpenters do very fair work, and more work than many white car- penters.” This does not accord with the statement of a white carpen- ter already quoted, but there are degrees of skill among the Asiatic mechanics, and they do not turn out uniform work; so that a person is apt to form a general opinion of their craftsmanship from examples that are not representative of their highest skill. In fact, a good deal of the work done by Japanese under white builders is undertaken by “artels” at contract rates; and the builder has no interest in econo- mizing time or allowing short cuts in construction or finishing. A prominent builder and official of an employers’ organization in Honolulu said: “White men have left the country by hundreds on account of the competition of Asiatics.” The Japanese do not always bid intelligently, and they have a sys- tem of subletting contracts that often leads to getting the work into the hands of sweated workmen or laborers who do not make a living wage out of the job; all of which is prejudicial to the interest of the person having the work done. On the other hand, the efficiency and 388 PULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. skill of the Japanese in Hawaii is probably increasing, and they are becoming better prepared to compete with white men for all grades of work. They are very ambitious to learn. Fathers bring their sons to builders and employing mechanics, soliciting instruction for them, and offering to let them work for nothing in return for what they can learn. Many large employers are decidedly opposed to having a Japanese on their force for the very reason that they realize that they are training up future competitors in their business. “I won’t teach men to cut my throat,” was a typical expression from a large employer, when asked why he had no Oriental labor on his pay roll. A plumber said: “When I was doing work on the Sanitary Laundry, a Jap offered me $50 to teach him to wipe a joint. Some white plumbers who came down here in 1900 and 1901 made a good deal of money teaching their trade to Japs.” A mechanic in Honolulu said: “This country is really a sort of kindergarten for Japanese mechanics.” This remark was a very apt one, and exactly describes the opportunity which plantation life, with its large employment of semiskilled workers and mechanics’ helpers, affords for the Asiatic workman. An American mechanic who had been employed on a number of plantations said: “The white mechanics on the plantations have an easy job. I never did a real day’s work myself when I was out on the plantations. We get used to sitting around and seeing Japs work, and so get lazy. A good many men get too lazy even to lay out work, and leave it to the Japs. So by and by they find they have trained up mechanics just as good as themselves.” The Japanese in Hawaii are alert to seize every opportunity to advance themselves in the knowledge of the skilled trades and mechan- ical industries. Both on and off the plantations wherever a Japanese is given a position as assistant to a skilled worker or in a mechanical position he becomes a marvel of industry, disregarding hours, working early and late, and displaying a peculiarly farsighted willingness to be imposed upon and do the work which properly belongs to the work- man he is assisting. - The competition between Asiatics and white and native workingmen has been felt in some degree ever since the Asiatics first began to come into the islands, but not only is this competition now felt through all grades of labor, but it has also spread out into commercial lines. White merchants are now complaining of the effect of Oriental com- petition as vigorously as are the white mechanics and white laborers. In the end the competition will be more disastrous to the merchant than to the mechanic. The mechanic can gather up his tools—his working capital—and return to the mainland, suffering, it is true, from the time lost and from the fact of having practically to start anew where once he may have had a patronage established, and embittered by the feeling that in an American territory there was no room for REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 389 him, an American citizen, on account of the economic dominance of aliens. But the white merchant can not so easily withdraw from trade without such a sacrifice of his stock as may represent ruin to his small fortune. Many small merchants are now feeling the effects both of the depression and of encroaching Asiatic competition, and are dog- gedly carrying on a struggle which they believe to be hopeless, but still unable to bring themselves to the point of sacrificing their stock and withdrawing from business. A number of merchants were inter- viewed, outside of Honolulu, who felt that they had held on too long already and had allowed to pass the favorable moment for retirement. The Territory licenses several kinds of business, and the license statistics afford some measure of Asiatic mercantile activity in Hawaii. But these figures do not represent the exact amount of competition encountered by citizen merchants, hackmen, and other license holders. In some cases, like hotels and lodging houses, there is no real compe- tition between the two races for the same trade; in other lines, as in steam laundries, there is competition not given in the following table: NATIONALITY OF LICENSE HOLDERS. 1885. 1889. 1898. * 1899. 1904. *** |Chi: ; Chi. ##|Chi-Japa: ; Chi. Japa: ; Chi. Japa-lº. nese. ers |nese. ers. |nese, nese. ers. |nese, nese. ers. |nese. Inese. ers. Auction ------------|------|------|---- * = i = • * * * * | * * * * * * | * * * * ~ * 12 ------|------ 10 ------|------ 7 Banking------------|------|----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 6 |------ 2 7 ------ 3 5 Billiards.-----------------|------|------------ 2 3 10 1 2 9 |------ 5 9 Boat ----------------|------|------|---- tº gº | as º is e s sº 3 |------ 64 2 ------ 36 ------|------ 21 Boatmen -----------|------|------|------|------|------ 2 96 1 ------ 58 ------|------ 20 Bowling alley ------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------ 1 2 Brewing, malt------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|- ... sº e º º ºs I e º E sº º sº I gº ºn tº ſº tº gº i º ºs º º sº º 1 Butcher, beef....... 12 60 20 77 20 1 50 38 8 42 29 9 58 Butcher, pork...... 35 9 46 2 68 3 14 60 2 14 78 3 11 Dray---------------- 7 26 10 45 24 23 || 104 33 52 157 39 45 149 Driver -------------- 40 || 352 56 || 457 95 72 270 115 82 || 323 || 112 || 322 319 Hack --------------- 29 || 115 36 93 75 63 | 120 83 57 || 148 58 218 151 Hotel and restauranti------|--|--|--|--|--|--|------ 169 34 30 187 56 39 || 168 86 38 Livery (a) .......... 31 || 104 13 21 |------|------ 6 ------------ 13 ------|------ 11 Lodging house -----|------|------|------------ 57 7 28 90 38 54 74 48 62 Merchandise ....... 391 || 301 | 405 272 509 || 126 276 593 | 160 | 360 (b) (b) (b) Milk----------------|------------|------------ 1 16 89 2 18 98 1 45 106 Notary public ------|------|------|------|------|------|------ 91 ------|------ 105 3 1 185 Peddling cake...... 24 |------ 29 |------ 26 10 l.----- 29 7 |..... : 19 37 2 Poison, drug--------|------|------|------|------|------|------ 5 ------|------ 6 ------ 5 c 4 Salmon -------------------|------|------|------ | 11 ||------ 25 12 |------ 29 145 87 122 Steam laundry -----|------|------|------|------|------|------ 1 ------|------ 1 ------|------ 1 Spirit, wholesale ... 5 6 4 3 3 1 4 3 1 7 3 1. 4 Spirit dealer--------|------|------|------|------|------ 1 7 l.----- l 8 |------ 7 25 Spirit, retail--------|------|------|------|------ 2 ------ 19 1 ------ 23 || 1 |... --. 33 Tobacco and cigars... -----|------|------|------ 401 87 | 155 || 537 || 119 163 || 556 || 310 228 Wine and beer (d) --|------|------|------|------ 2 1 9 2 ------ 17 2 8 || 5 Total --------- 574 973 || 619 || 970 1,468 || 452 |1,491 1,789 || 600 1,722 |1,288 1,241 |e 1,629 a In 1885 and 1889 “Horse hiring.” b Merchandise license abolished. - c Six establishments (counted in total); two establishments had refused to take out licenses in order to test validity of law. d Including “Malt liquor, retail ' licenses issued in 1904. e See note c. This table records number of establishments rather than volume of business or capital invested. For instance, there are a half dozen Caucasian firms in Honolulu the value of whose stock aggregates more 390 BULLETIN OF THE BURE AU OF LABOR. than all the stock carried by Japanese stores in the Territory. Some of the Oriental establishments are really distributing agencies for cen- tral firms owned by white merchants. The number of Caucasian and Hawaiian license holders grew very rapidly between 1898 and 1899. The absolute decrease in their number in 1904 is accounted for by the abolition of the merchandise license. In 1899 the number of licenses of the latter kind issued to Caucasians and Hawaiians was equal to 25.2 per cent of all other licenses issued. If this proportion held good in 1904, the whole number of license holders would have been 2,029, upon the 1899 basis. The number of Chinese license holders has fallen off Somewhat for the same reason, though estimated upon the 1899 basis there has been a slight increase, despite the decrease in the Chinese population of the Territory. The number of Japanese license holders shows a remarkable growth, quite out of proportion to the increase in numbers of residents of that nationality, which the immigration statis- tics show to have been very slight since 1900. However, this increase is due to exceptional conditions not likely to be permanent. Prior to 1900 a large number of the Japanese in Hawaii were contract laborers, who had no opportunity to engage in outside occupations. This was not equally true of the Chinese, who had been established in the Ter- ritory for a longer period. With the change in the condition of the Working classes and the character of Japanese immigration following annexation, there has been a rapid expansion of miscellaneous activities and petty trading among them. Unless there is some future increase in the Japanese population not predicted in present immigration statistics, the field of employment and business opportunity represented in the table does not promise to expand, or to afford a chance for the successful establishment of many new enterprises. Certain licensed occupations, like driving, draying, and hack driv- ing, are subject to Oriental competition, though even in these cases each nationality deals largely with persons of its own race. Retail stores conducted by Orientals do a good deal of business with Hawa- iians, Portuguese, and the lower-paid classes of white workers. White mechanics receiving good wages, and men who inveighed violently against the Oriental in Hawaii, were observed on some occasions patronizing these stores. In most country districts the retail trade is almost wholly in the hands of Chinese merchants. But it must be remembered always—and the fact should be considered in reviewing the table given above—that many persons rated as “Chinese” are American citizens, and some of them have Hawaiian blood in their veins. In Hawaiian statistics the race classification is often made upon a basis of proper names, and Chinese names are now borne by many natives of the islands having but a fraction of Asiatic blood. The Chinese, or those classed as Chinese, also control the food-purveying / REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 391 business in many sections, catering to both whites and Orientals. The Japanese retail dealers, except those selling curios and specialties imported from Japan for the white trade, find their custom almost entirely among people of their own nationality. - It was the general testimony of both white merchants and the edu- cated Japanese residents of Honolulu that the better class Japanese patronized Caucasian stores. This is due to the fact that the white establishments import a rather better line of goods, have a greater variety, and in such matters as clothing and furnishings keep up with the styles more closely than their Oriental rivals. A leading drug merchant in Honolulu said: “The better class Japanese trade generally with white firms. The responsible Japanese physicians patronize us, but those to whom we don’t care to give credit go to stores kept by people of their own nationality. The coolies, when they have a small prescription to be filled, go to stores kept by their own people. These Japanese drug stores buy some of their goods from us and import some from Japan. Japanese goods are put up just like American goods, and their druggists employ the same remedies and chemicals as ourselves. The Chinese, however, have their own pharmacopoeia.” It is significant, however, of the growing aggressiveness of the Japa- nese competition that at the time of the investigation in the islands pre- paratory to this report a Japanese druggist was preparing to open several stores in the white sections of Honolulu with the avowed pur- pose of securing white patronage. -- Oriental competition in mercantile lines is undoubtedly growing keener and more pressing, and the white merchants of Hawaii are growing more concerned as to the possible outcome for them. They have recently very emphatically voiced their growing dissatisfaction with present and prospective conditions in the islands. Even assum- ing that the white residents continue to trade with merchants of their own race, this does not relieve the situation if the white population is stationary or decreasing while the Oriental population is increasing. . The Honolulu Merchants' Association, in a recent correspondence with the Planters’ Association, thus expressed their views upon the immigration and competition of Asiatics: This country has been inundated with an influx of Asiatic popula- tion that threatens to undermine its political security, so far as the ascendency and control of the white race is concerned. For the pur- pose of obtaining cheap labor there have been introduced here twice as many Asiatic laborers as have been necessary for working the planta- tions, and this has resulted disastrously to all but immediate sugar interests. The surplus labor, which numbers in the neighborhood of 50,000, is engaged in professional, mechanical, and mercantile pursuits that in a Territory of the United States or in any country legitimately belongs to its citizens. * 392 BULLETIN OF TEIE BUREAU OF LABOR. The predominance of Asiatics in the population of Hawaii has thus come to be regarded not only as a peril to immediate trade interests, through the competition already existing, but as creating a grave menace to business security for the future. -- Industries conducted on a small scale afford the best opening for the Japanese and the Chinese. The corporate organization, the large capi- tal, and the extensive scope of sugar planting have kept its control wholly in the hands of Caucasians. The same rule holds generally true in mercantile pursuits. Oriental competition is soonest felt in those pursuits that are conducted on a small scale. Petty traffic goes to the Asiatic. The wholesaler and the large department store owner do not as yet seriously feel his presence. In conversing with Honolulu merchants upon the question of Oriental competition it was noticeable that the hostility of the speaker was usually in about inverse ratio to the extent of his business. Thus while the Caucasian working class has been reduced to a minimun, even in skilled occupations, and has lost ground in administrative positions; and while the smaller mer- chants and traders are struggling doggedly in a doubtful effort to maintain their own, the Caucasian employers who employ labor on a large scale have maintained their position almost unimpaired, owing to strong corporate organization and an exceedingly close community of interest—a community of interest whose solidarity has been strength- ened by interwoven family ties and by the close association which long years of residence in a small and isolated community produce. It does not necessarily follow that this condition will be permanent; the growing Asiatic mercantile community supported by the patronage and cooperation of the greater part of the producing population may ultimately develop an employing class of considerable wealth and influence, and may reproduce in this island Territory of the United States conditions now prevailing in the Straits Settlements, where Chinese merchants are commercially dominant. It is not easy to give an adequate idea of the resentment and the bitterness felt by the white mechanic and the white merchant who see themselves being steadily forced to the wall, and even driven out of the Territory, by Asiatic competition. They feel that they are being defeated in the struggle, not because of superior mechanical skill or superior business instinct on the part of their successful competitors, but because of a lower standard of living, in the face of which they are helpless. They feel, furthermore, that the white citizen who goes into new American territory to cast his lot with a new community and to join in its upbuilding on American lines is entitled, if not to favored treatment, at least to protection against the kind of competition that the Asiatic alien represents. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 393 In an interview one evening with a white plumber and tinner and with a white tailor, they both spoke with bitterness of how their trades were steadily being taken from them. The plumber and tinner said that he was still holding his own to some extent in plumbing, but that this branch alone could not maintain him, and that the tinning work— the manufacture of small tinware—had been taken from him entirely by Japanese. He said that he had let go most of his white workers and had little trade left. That day had been an idle one in his shop, but, although it was then past 10 o’clock in the evening, Japanese tin- smiths with their helpers were found still working busily trying to fill orders, and early in the morning nearly every stage leaving that village was found carrying bags of tinware from these same Japanese shops to white plantation stores in the island. The tailor told a similar story. He had manfully made his struggle and refused to employ Asiatic help, but he said his business was a dwindling one; that many of the well-to-do whites patronized Asiatic or white employers of Asiatic labor, and that his only custom was from a few whites who were trying to maintain white artisans, and who patronized him even though they paid more for his goods. The day had been a dull one for him, but in the street below at that late hour were several Asiatic tailoring shops in which the working force was still busy making clothing. r There was a fine sense of patriotism that rose above the considera- tion of profits shown in more than one case on the part of whites who had come from the mainland about the time of annexation. One large contractor, who used only white and Hawaiian labor and who was steadily losing ground before the double competition of Japanese bidders and white contractors using Japanese labor, said that he would continue the struggle a little longer, but that he would face ruin and go back to the mainland to start over again rather than succeed in Hawaii by abandoning the use of citizen labor and employing the cheaper Asiatic. He was unwilling, he said, to contribute to the success of the Asiatic alien in wresting from the citizen his birthright. In discussing the question of Asiatic competition, attention was called to the aid that the Federal Government might render in the struggle of the white and native population. Large sums of money will probably be needed in the near future for improving the harbors at Honolulu and Hilo and at the naval station in Pearl Harbor, while considerable sums will be expended upon fortifications, military posts, and other defenses. A number of public buildings will probably be erected in time, and already some are under contract. There is con- siderable current employment at the quarantine and immigration sta- tions and upon the naval and military reservations and upon the docks where the transports are coaled. Those who presented this matter were not alone laboring men, but contractors employing American 25—No. 66–06—3 394 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. labor and merchants who looked for their custom to the white popula- tion of the islands. They argued with considerable reason that the Government should, as far as possible, employ only citizens or persons eligible to become citizens upon Federal works—first, because the Federal Government should be especially interested in maintaining and strengthening in Hawaii a community politically competent and as nearly as possible homogeneous in race and tradition with the citi- zens of the mainland; second, because the strategic value of the islands is lessened by having its military and harbor works constructed by aliens and dependent upon an alien labor supply for maintenance either in time of war or of peace; third, because the market for American goods in Hawaii is decreased in the same proportion that Oriental labor is employed in preference to white labor. It was stated by reputable contractors in Honolulu that all of the millwork on the new immigration station was done by a Chinese firm and that Orientals were employed otherwise in its construction. Several of the improve- ments about the naval station were done entirely by Asiatics. Laborers of that race also coal the Army transports and some ten of them are employed as boatmen and fumigators at the quarantine station. Atten- tion was called to stage lines carrying the United States mail that utilize the services of Asiatics as drivers. The field of employment of which citizen labor is deprived in these instances may seem insig- nificant and the matter a petty and trivial one from a national point of view, but in a small and isolated community where there is a desperate and pathetic struggle of a few thousand Caucasian working people to maintain their standards and to build up a typical American democracy in the face of almost overwhelming Asiatic competition, the disheart- ening effect of an apparently unsympathetic attitude on the part of the Federal Government is a matter worthy of serious consideration. ASLATICS IN SMALL FAIRMING. The invasion of the mechanical trades and mercantile pursuits by the Asiatics and the consequent displacement of whites finds its counter- part in the domain of small farming. Throughout the islands many experiments in small farming undertaken by whites have failed and have been abandoned by the farmers. On the other hand, Chinese and Japanese are steadily taking up small patches of land and are suc- ceeding in their farming undertakings. On the island of Maui an effort was made to establish a white community of small farmers on the uplands. This community was visited during the preparation of this report, and it was found that where whites had failed their places had been taken by Asiatics. One unusually intelligent Japanese, an educated professional man, whose ill health had led him to take up farming, expressed himself that the effort must fail on the part of the whites, because the returns were too small to support white families REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 395 in the standard of comfort that they demanded, but that the Asiatics, with their cheaper standard of living, could maintain themselves satis- factorily on the holdings given up by the whites, and that in the end the experiment must inevitably develop a farming community almost exclusively Oriental. The same thing has been already strikingly illus- trated in the coffee industry. At one time this was a promising industry, and coffee trees were set out everywhere in the parts of the island of Hawaii where conditions were favorable. The industry practically failed on account of the low price of coffee, and at the present time many acres of what were once flourishing coffee farms have been abandoned and given over to weeds. A few successful coffee farms remain, but, with probably one marked exception, they are Japanese successes. The brief history of the coffee industry in Hawaii is sig- nificant. Coffee planting was first promoted there as a white man’s industry. In one sense it is so, since there is no work necessary in connection with raising coffee that a white man can not perform with- out difficulty in Hawaii, especially at the altitudes where the trees flourish best; but so far as actual conditions existing in Hawaii at the present time are concerned, coffee is cultivated with Asiatic labor to the same extent as sugar cane. On none of the larger and really successful coffee plantations are whites employed as field hands in actual cultiva- tion. Even the picking is now done for the most part by Asiatics; and, so far as actual control is concerned, the Japanese have a securer hold upon coffee planting than they have upon cane cultivation. Although the plantation system, involving large investments of capital under a central administration, corporate organization, and specialized industrial methods applied to agriculture, is responsible largely for the present dominance of Asiatic labor in Hawaii, the same system sets more or less of a limit to the extent of alien control. So far, at least, the employing side of the industry has remained intact from Oriental influ- ence; but small farming, on the other hand, is an occupation in which the Asiatic is apt to displace the employer as well as the laborer. This is what happened at the outset in the rice industry, which fell entirely into the hands of the Chinese, and it appears to be what is occurring at the present time in coffee planting. Some of the largest producers have leased all their lands, and in one instance even the coffee mill, to Japanese contracting companies. These companies take over the plantation and plant, cultivate, harvest, and prepare for market the crop, selling to the owner and former man- ager, who thus becomes merely a merchant, interested in the exchange but not directly concerned in the production of coffee. Another planter has an arrangement by which Japanese laborers plant, culti- Vate, and pick coffee upon his land, delivering it to him at a fixed - price, which is said to average about 88 cents a hundredweight of berry. These contracts run for ten years, and at the end of that 396 BULLETIN of THE BUREAU of LABOR. time the planter may resume the ground and acquire ownership of the trees. - The banana industry was also urged as a profitable field for small homesteaders, and the cultivation of the fruit was taken up chiefly by Portuguese and Japanese homesteaders, but this industry, equally with other minor rural industries, appears to be falling into the hands of Asiatics. Should the Japanese in California develop the same commercial instincts and perfect the methods of the Chinese mer- chants in Australia, and enter the retail fruit business upon the Pacific Coast, patronizing their own countrymen in Hawaii, they might estab- lish a pretty effective monopoly of this form of fruit exchange in California and the Northwest, at the same time placing this industry upon a secure basis within their own control in Hawaii. It seems to be the general opinion that, with equal facilities for marketing, the Hawaiian growers can compete upon more than equal terms with the fruit companies of the mainland. - As in the case of coffee, the cultivation of pineapples is beginning to fall into the hands of Japanese companies, and one of the larger tracts in the Wahiawa colony, which has made a specialty of pineapple raising, is now leased to a Japanese planter. The pineapple canneries are owned as yet by the whites. The census figures for 1900 showed over 1,200 Asiatics engaged in small farming in Hawaii, and there is every evidence that their num- bers have increased since then. The breaking up of the land into very small holdings has given opportunity to the Asiatic, but has not suc- ceeded in building up a white farming community. - The most recent developments in this line seem to indicate that the Asiatics are going into agriculture on a still larger scale. Since the report for 1902 was written, a Japanese cultivation company of some 55 members has taken a five-year contract to raise all the cane upon one of the smaller plantations. They thus gain control of all field operations, including administration, subject to the general supervi- sion of the plantation manager. If this system should extend—and it has proved more profitable than the old in the case in question—the control of cane growing would be as fully in their hands as is coffee raising. In a Japanese paper published in Honolulu, under date of January 8 of the present year (1906), it is reported that a company has been organized in Tokyo for the purpose of leasing lands belong- ing to one of the large plantations and cultivating cane to be sold to the mill. The company has a capital of $250,000, and is reported to have secured 1,600 acres of land from this plantation, under a twenty- years' lease, and to have begun to clear it. The announcement contin- ues: “The Japanese concern will furnish their own labor, build their own houses, furnish their own implements of agriculture, food, etc.” REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 397 Thus, in mercantile lines, in the field of hand labor, and in small farming alike, the experience is the same. Between depression and Asiatic competition the whites are being driven out, and the Asiatics are succeeding. It is a struggle for survival, with the white element slowly and steadily losing ground. - IEEFORTS TO CONTROL, PLANTATION LABOR. The overwhelming influx of Orientals into Hawaii has created a situation menacing alike to the interests of the planter, the small farmer, the citizen merchant, and the citizen artisan. All these groups now agree as to the extent and the seriousness of the evil, but their grievances are not identical, and the remedies that would be wel- comed by each class are different. - - The problem of the planter is to keep a sufficient labor supply, to insure stability in his working force, and at the same time find relief from administrative embarrassments due to the present labor monopoly of the Japanese. But until some method of escape from this last pre- dicament can be devised, it is essential to the prosperity of the planta- tion interests to retain the Japanese laborers in the islands in order to maintain an adequate labor supply. Efforts to check the emigration of Japanese to the mainland have been made by increasing wages, giving better living conditions, and in general endeavoring to give better treatment to the Japanese on the plantations. In May of the present year the wages of all field hands were increased $2 per month, an increase on the whole of something over 10 per cent. The planters had the support of the Territorial government in their efforts to stop the emigration of J apanese that threatened to deplete their labor force. The following act licensing emigrant agents was passed by the Territorial legislature, in the hope of lessening the activities of those stimulating emigration to the coast: (*) + ACT No. 57.-Emigrant agents. SECTION 1... The annual fee for a license for each emigrant agent, or employer or º of such agent, doing business in this Territory; shall be five hundred ollars. - - - SEC. 2. The said license shall be issued in the same manner as is provided for the issuance of other licenses by chapter 102 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii, 1905. SEC. 3. Any person who shall engage in business as an emigrant agent without first obtaining a license, issued in conformity with the provisions hereof, and of said chapter 102, or who shall violate or fail to observe any of the provisions hereof, or of said chapter, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined in a sum not less than the annual fee, and not more than twice the annual fee herein provided for the carrying on of such business. - SEC. 4. The emigrant agent, as used in this act, shall be held to mean a person engaged in hiring laborers in the Territory of Hawaii, to be employed beyond the limits of the Territory, or engaged in inducing laborers in the Territory of Hawaii to go beyond the limits of the Territory of Hawaii for the purpose of being employed. Approved this 25th day of April, A. D. 1905. - a See advertisements given on pages 379 and 380. 398 - BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Further efforts, both in the direction of lessening the departures of Japanese to the Coast and of tempering their growing aggressiveness, were made through an organization established in the latter part of the year 1903 and known as the Central Japanese League. (*) The Japanese consul-general was made president of the league and thus stated its principal purposes: - 1. In conjunction with the representatives of the Japanese Govern- ment to prevent the emigration of the Japanese to the States. 2. To instill into the laborers an attachment to the localities where they are working. - 3. To promote a feeling of mutual obligation and regard between employer and employee. . - 4. To secure a speedy adjustment of any difference that may arise between the members of the league and outsiders and among the mem- bers themselves. - 5. To give advice in all cases when called upon by members of the league, and render financial assistance to such members as deserve it. 6. To establish and maintain Japanese schools wherever needed. The convention assembled to organize the league discussed the ques- tion of Japanese emigration, and appointed a committee, consisting of 15 delegates, to suggest and devise ways and means of preventing the Japanese exodus from the islands. The president of the league gives the report of the committee as follows: “That they will request the Imperial Japanese consul-general to issue advice to the Japanese laborers, setting forth in plain language the many advantages of their remaining in the islands; that they will take all necessary measures to induce the Japanese boarding-house keepers and others to refrain from giving assistance to those intending to sail for the American coast; that the principal officials of the branches of the league be instructed to use their influence over the laborers in order to prevent the emi- gration; and that they will make some arrangement with the local steamship companies whereby to diminish the Japanese laborers going to the States.” The assistance of the Japanese consul-general was also brought directly into play to stem the migration of his fellow-countrymen to the Coast and at the same time to temper their aggressiveness. In May and June a notice (*) from the Japanese consul-general urging his countrymen not to leave Hawaii for the mainland was found con- spicuously posted throughout the islands, in both English and Japanese. & See also page 485. - * Notice.—Despite the suspension by the Japanese Government of the emigration of Japanese laborers to the United States, * * * there is a large numbergoing to California or other Pacific States immediately after their arrival in Honolulu, thus deceiving the home authorities and being false to their declaration to come to and to remain in Hawaii. Although, as a matter of course, it is natural for the laborers to be inclined to go to places where they can get higher wages, yet they ought to have great considera- REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 899 The Central League was organized in the latter part of the year 1903, and whatever efforts it made to restrain the Japanese from leaving Hawaii for the Coast were apparently unsuccessful, since departures on an increasing scale continued through the year 1904 and the first half of 1905. Neither did the effort of the consul-general through his circular of April, 1905, nor the increase in wages granted on May 1, operate immediately to check the departure of Japanese. The follow- ing figures show Japanese departures for the Coast from May, 1905, to the close of the year: - May--------------------------------------------------------------------- 1, 109 June -------------------------------------------------------------------- 856 July -------------------------------------------------------------------- 642 August ------------------------------------------------------------------ 628 September--------------------------------------------------------------- 409 October------------------------------------------------------------------ 383 November --------------------------------------------------------------- 233 December ---------------------------------------------------------------- 211 The number leaving in May was greater than that for any month previous to April, 1905. The months of April and May mark the high tide of this migration. The figures show a decided diminution in the travel of Japanese from Hawaii to the Coast since May, 1905, but it is too early to say whether this is a temporary cessation due to labor demand ceasing after summer contracts let in California, or whether it marks the end of the migration that has been going on increasingly since 1902. However, it is evident that the contractors on the mainland are not going to leave the planters in peaceful posses- sion of their labor force. A notice appearing in a Washington paper under date of January 23, 1906, states that a special steamer has been chartered for a period of three months to make trips to Honolulu “for the purpose of bringing into this country Japanese laborers.” The notice further adds, “The fact that Hawaii is American territory will enable contractors to bring in alien laborers without infringing the immigration law against contract laborers.” tion for the policy of their own Government. It is, probably, no exaggeration to affirm that most of those who emigrate to the mainland are beguiled by the honied words of interested and irresponsible employment agencies. In view of the present state of affairs, His Imperial Majesty's consulate-general has held conferences with the Hawaiian Planters' Association with the result that it has finally come to the conclusion to increase wages of the Japanese laborers on the plantations through the Hawaiian Islands from the 1st of May 1905. - I hereby request with all the earnestness in my power that the Japanese laborers may be diligent and faithful to their various lines of work on the plantations and not to act contrary to the policy of the Japanese Government by going to the mainland, thus violating their tacit promise to the home Government and violating good faith to their employers. April 20, 1905. • tº H. I. M. JAPANESE Consula.TE-GENERAL, Honolulu, Hawaii. : ; . e ‘. : > * : . : i 400 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Another function of the league was indicated by its president, at the time of its organization, as follows: “The officials of the league will act as a conciliation board in all matters of dispute between labor- ers and their employers, so that their acts may not be in conflict with the laws and regulations of the Hawaiian Islands, and in any conflict with the legitimate interests of their employers.” Some six months after its organization the league endeavored to emphasize this concil- iation feature, and a letter sent under date of June 2, by the president of the league to each of the branches reads, in part, as follows: HONOLULU, HAWAII, June 2, 1904. To the — Branch of the Central Japanese League GENTLEMEN: We view with profound regret the late unhappy occur- rences akin in nature and appearance to “strikes” among the mem- bers of the Central Japanese League on some of the plantations. This is especially to be regretted at the very moment when the organi- zation of the league has barely been perfected, and stands on the threshold of its new life, ready for the execution and the improvement of its high moral purpose. We beg to call your attention to the fact that such occurrences can not fail to injure the reputation of the organization in the eyes of the public, particularly of the employers of the Japanese laborers, with whom we earnestly wish to maintain just and cordial relations. * * * * * * # Strikes and all other violent acts, especially for trivial causes, are, in their nature, like the doings of unruly children or like the acts of barbarians, rather than of civilized men. We are absolutely opposed to them. - - * * *. * # # ... * With the foregoing spirit in view, the board of officers of the Cen- tral Japanese League, assembled on the 2d of June, 1904, made the following declarations in respect of strikes and measures of such nature, which we herewith transmit to you with the view of provid- ing a guide to your conduct and ours. .# irst. “In case there should arise any difficulty or misunderstand- ing between the employers and the employees, the branch having juris- diction over the district, shall ascertain the grievances of the laborers and pass upon the reasonableness thereof, and to eliminate therefrom all and every frivolous, unreasonable and imaginary grievance; and to acquaint the employers with those grievances only of a reasonable and substantial nature; with the suggestion for the peaceful settle- ment thereof; and to endeavor with all the means at its disposal to remove the causes of the difficulties and to establish cordial relations between them. • “Should it find the matter too difficult for the branch to settle, after all the means at its disposal have been exhausted, it shall submit to the central office of the Central Japanese League a categorical state. ment of all the ; ievances which, in its sound judgment it shall deem reasonable, with the concise statements of facts explaining and "gº; ; : - econd “Confiderit that the measures above suggested will prove equal to all emergencies and settle all troubles that may arise, we REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 401 hereby declare that there is no occasion for the recurrence of strikes or of any other acts of a like nature. Third. “Should laborers strike or resort to anything of a like nature, without first invoking the assistance of the measures herein suggested, the Central Japanese League shall absolutely refuse to lend any assist- ance to them.” - - Yours, respectfully, 2 Central Japanese League. The efforts of the league to temper the “aggressiveness” of the Japanese on the plantations seems to have been as unsuccessful as were its efforts to check emigration. The abolition of penal contracts resulted in a good deal of friction during the process of readjustment of relations between employers and employees, and there were accord- ingly 18 strikes reported on the sugar plantations after June 14, in 1900. Only two strikes were reported during the years 1901 and 1902. Two strikes were reported during the year 1903. The league was organized during the last two months of 1903, and in spite of its design to bring about harmonious relations between employers and employees, 5 strikes were reported in 1904 and 5 during the first five months of 1905. In May, 1905, a Japanese paper of Honolulu deplored the fact that the Central League had “departed from its original path and become a power for evil,” and that it had “become an organiza- tion in which actual trouble makers are in power.” The efforts of the Japanese consul-general to lessen the friction between the planters and their Japanese plantation workers have like- wise met with only partial success. The consul-general was made the object of bitter and persistent attack by the Japanese paper in Hono- lulu, and the plantation laborers in many cases showed a disposition to act with unexpected freedom and independence. They very flatly pro- claimed their right to do as they pleased in this country and resented what they considered the interference of the representative of their own Government. In one instance an attaché of the Japanese consu- late, in addressing a meeting of strikers and urging them to return to work, had a narrow escape from rough handling by the strikers. The official assistance thus rendered in the attempt to relieve the plant- ers from administrative embarrassments has not been more successful than the efforts to prevent the plantation laborers from leaving the islands. - * - In order to replace their losses in the cane fields, the planters have recruited their forces by means of further immigration from the Orient, and at the same time an effort was made to break up the solidarity of the Japanese by stimulating Korean immigration. The success of this effort is seen by reference to page 371, where the table of immigrants shows the arrival of 7,394 Koreans from July 1, 1900, to December 31, 1905; and the table on page 368, giving plantation * 402 - BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. * labor force, shows 4,683 Koreans in the employ of the plantations in April and May, 1905. If the immigration of Koreans continues at the same rate, the planters will have succeeded before long to a con- siderable extent in breaking up the solidarity of the plantation-labor force and the consequent economic control now held by the Japanese. on the plantations. - - But all these efforts to restrict Japanese departures and to temper Japanese aggressiveness have been mere palliatives and temporary expedients in the minds of the planters. Their great remedy, the one which would at one stroke solve their labor problem in its various aspects, consists in such modification of the Chinese-exclusion law as would permit the admission of Chinese coolies to the Territory of Hawaii. It is urged by the planters that the bringing in of Chinese would at once break up the race solidarity of the present plantation- labor supply, destroy the monopoly now held by the Japanese, temper their aggressiveness, and very much simplify the problem of planta- tion discipline and plantation management. The Chinese, it was everywhere asserted by the planters, are far more reliable and more docile laborers than the Japanese, and their exclusion from the main- land would give a stability to the labor of that nationality which would be of great importance from the planters’ viewpoint. It was further insisted that the Chinese laborers were less ambitious and less aggres- sive than the Japanese, and that they would not prove the same menace to the other interests in the islands. On most of the plantations the managers were insistent on the necessity for the admission of Chinese and eloquent in their encomiums of the characteristics of the coolie of that race as a laborer. Undoubtedly the Chinese are cheaper labor than the Japanese. They are more docile and lend themselves with less friction to the older methods of plantation administration. They make less demand for housing accommodation, because they herd together, while the Japanese prefer private rooms. Probably a plantation manager could sum up his view of the subject by the statement that the Chinese are cheaper, more reliable, and in every way less troublesome than other workers. - EFFORTs of MERCHANTS AND MECHANICs To RESIST or IENTAL COMPETITION. Like the planters, the merchants and mechanics of the Territory have been invoking every means to protect themselves against the aggressiveness of the Japanese. Efforts have been made through the machinery of the Government to secure protection for white and native laborers against the competition of Orientals. In 1903 a law was passed providing that “no person shall be employed as a mechanic REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 403 or a laborer upon any public work carried on by this Territory, or by any political subdivision thereof, whether the work is done by con- tract or otherwise, unless such person is a citizen of the United States, or eligible to become a citizen: * * * * This leaves the field open to all whites and natives, excluding practically only the Orientals. (*) Numerous efforts at further legislation intended directly or indi- rectly to favor white and citizen labor in the contest with the Orientals were evident during the legislative session of 1905. Acts providing for stringent tenement house and building regulations were intro- duced. These looked primarily to the general welfare, but they never- theless received the main part of their support in Hawaii from those whose first object was to limit the field of employment of unskilled Orientals and incompetent Asiatic contractors in the building trades, and to compel conditions of living in Honolulu and other towns that would make the price of house accommodations for the Japanese and Chinese approach the cost of such homes as are demanded by white workmen. - Efforts at still more drastric legislation were made in a bill intro- duced in the Territorial house of representatives in April, 1905, and entitled “An act to regulate the following trades, namely, black- Smith, carpenter, electrician, engineer, harness maker and saddler, machinist, mason, painter, plumber, and tailor, and to license persons to carry on the same so as to secure greater efficiency in said trades and protect the public from imposition by reason of the inefficiency of persons engaged therein.” The act created a board of 10 citizen jour- neymen to act as a board of examiners for applicants for license in each of the above-named trades. The board was authorized to pre- scribe the regulations for carrying on each of the trades, and an annual license fee was fixed at $2 for a journeyman and $1 for an apprentice, with the further provision that “if the applicant be an alien ineligible for citizenship the license fee for a journeyman shall be $20 and for an apprentice $10.” This bill failed of passage. Another bill introduced on the same day provided a double license fee, and in some cases more than double the regular license fee, for persons ineligible to citizenship engaged in any of the following pursuits: Sale of methylated spirits and alcohol, conducting billiard hall or bowling alley, plying boats for hire, keeping livery stable, sale of poisonous drugs, acting as boatman, sale of tobacco and cigarettes, for freight vehicles, and for driving licensed vehicles. This bill also failed. 4 Under date of August 7, 1905, a Japanese paper of Honolulu published a signed opinion by the United States district attorney that this act is unconstitutional, being in contravention both of the Constitution of the United States and of the treaty of 1895 between the United States and Japan. t 404 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A bill introduced earlier in the same session forbade the purchase of material and supplies by the government of the Territory from any person not a citizen of the United States. This bill also failed of paSSage. - - These bills, although they were not enacted into law, indicate strongly one phase of the feeling in the Territory on the subject of Asiatic competition. - Another method of resistance to the Asiatic competition is repre- sented by the Federation of Allied Trades of the town of Hilo.(4) Hilo is the next largest town in the islands after Honolulu, and is the port for the large island of Hawaii. This Federation of Trades had a mem- bership of 594. Its membership was restricted to whites and natives, and although it was called a “Federation of Allied Trades,” it embraced not only every class of skilled and unskilled laborers, but also clerks, plantation overseers, policemen, farmers, farm hands, independent barbers, and a few small merchants. The federation was not a trades organization as it is understood in this country. It was an association whose main purpose was to resist the encroachments of Orientals in any form of labor or mercantile pursuit, and its method was to urge discriminatory legislation and also to withhold the patronage of its members from those employing Asiatics or trading with Asiatics or with the employers of Asiatics. The organization, however, did not maintain itself, and met with little practical success in its endeavors to check Asiatic competition. All of these efforts at discriminatory legislation and at protective organizations were regarded by merchants and artisans as only tem- porary and palliative, and they, like the planters, were anxious for some remedy which might prove permanent and effectual. In the minds of the merchants and artisans alike, the best remedy for the evils that the Orientalization of the Territory had brought upon them was the stimulation of white immigration, the development of diver- sified agriculture, and the supplanting of the Asiatic by the building up of a community of small farmers similar to what we know on the mainland. - PROPOSED ADMISSION OF CHINESE AS PLANTATION LABORERs. It was everywhere admitted that a white population, with a higher standard of living and a consequent greater consuming power, was desirable alike from the viewpoint of the merchant, the mechanic, and even the unskilled laborer, and offered the only promise of a large citizenship suitable for the development of a self-governing American commonwealth. But until recently such a remedy for the ills of the a See page 488. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 405 merchants and workingmen has been spoken of by them only as an ideal condition to which they considered it impracticable for Hawaii ever to attain. Sugar is the one source of the wealth and strength of the Territory, and not only nothing is considered practicable which appears to strike a blow at the prosperity of the sugar industry, but it seems also to have been pretty generally conceded that the present system of sugar production—the large corporate plantation—is to be accepted as inevitable. Assuming the present system in the sugar industry as final, some form of cheap Oriental labor is the necessary consequence, and many in Hawaii outside the plantation interests seem to have conceded that a modification of the Chinese-exclusion act and the admission of Chinese coolies to Hawaii is possibly the best prac- tical means of escape from the present evils of Japanese competition and economic domination. & - In discussing the admission of Chinese as an offset to the Japanese, many white merchants, and even some white mechanics, agreed with the planters as to the docility and the lack of aggressiveness of the Chinese coolie as compared with the aggressive attitude of the Japa- nese, which had made them competitors in nearly every line of indus- try. It seems to have been forgotten that the earlier experience of Hawaii with the Chinese had not been altogether without friction. In 1887 and 1888 restrictions had been placed by the native Govern- ment of Hawaii on the immigration of Chinese, and in 1889 a petition was presented by citizens of Honolulu asking for the removal of the restrictions on the admission of Chinese laborers. In reply to the petition, the King's cabinet, consisting of John Austin, L. A. Thurs- ton, S. M. Damon, and C. W. Ashford, stated: - º There can be no competition between a Chinese and a white mechanic. It is simply a process of substitution of the former for the latter. * * * The result in this country, especially in the towns and in Honolulu, has been that by the gradual process of substitution Chi- nese have taken the places and are doing the work which but for their presence would be filled and performed by whites and natives. It is true that the number of white and of native mechanics has decreased but little, but the increase of Chinese has taken up all and more than the increase in business. And but for the 600 Chinese mechanics in Honoluluthere would be at least 400 or 500 white and native mechanics. Unless protective measures are taken, this process will continue in increasing ratio. We are on the highway which the footsteps of Singa- pore have trodden, and a like policy will produce like results so far as Chinese ascendency is concerned. An excellent opportunity has been afforded in Hawaii of observing workers of the two nationalities under similar conditions, and it is the universal testimony that the Japanese are more ambitious and more enterprising than the Chinese. The Japanese diffuse themselves more widely in a competitive sense, not only with different classes of work- ingmen, but with employers as well, They appear in the field as 406 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. manufacturers and contractors, at first in a small way, but with grow- ing capital and influence. They enter the skilled trades, trying every occupation that offers instead of confining themselves to unskilled labor and a comparatively limited range of employments. Further, the Japanese know how to take systematic advantage of emergencies to extend their economic control of an industry. As illustrating this disposition two instances were reported where Japanese orchard laborers in California, upon finding that they controlled the labor situ- ation in the vicinity, forced the orchard owners to sell them the crops at a very low price under the threat of letting the fruit spoil on the trees if this demand was not conceded. The Japanese are not content to remain in an inferior status as are Chinese coolies, nor are they willing to remain wage-earners permanently. They are enterprising, alert, keen, intelligent—shrewder in many instances than their Cauca- sian overseers or employers. - During the controversy in regard to the commercial and industrial encroachments of the Japanese and the recent agitation for the admis- sion of Chinese much apprehension was expressed and considerable capital was made of the possibilities of the Asiatics acquiring a com- mercial and a political control equal to the control they now exercise over the labor field. It is more than probable that in some quarters this fear of political and commercial control is partly assumed, and that the possible danger was exaggerated in order to win favor for the proposal to admit Chinese, since the limited stay allowed the Chinese coolies, their restriction to the field of unskilled labor, and the impor- tation of men alone, would eliminate the possibility of either com- mercial or political control by Chinese. But there is no doubt also that a large part of the apprehension expressed is honest, and is due to the increased activity of the Japanese in all lines of trades and industry, and to the growing number of native-born Japanese. But in order to acquire this apprehended control of Hawaii, the Asiatic population will have to become the dominant element in more than mere numbers. It will have to secure possession of a proportionate share of the wealth of the Territory, and the natural increase of the Asiatics will have to represent a permanent population in the islands. PROPERTY INTERIESTS OF ASIATICS. The extent to which the Orientals in Hawaii have acquired control of the wealth of the Territory is very slight in comparison to their numbers. By far the greater portion of the property held by Asi- atics is owned by Chinese, who are in most cases permanent residents, and in many instances American citizens. An accurate statement of the valuation and distribution of property is given in the taxation figures. For taxation purposes property in Hawaii is assessed for its REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 407 full value, and its appraisement is said to be very complete and exact. The taxation rate is 1 per cent upon both real and personal property. The personal and real property of corporations is assessed directly against the companies. The following tables show the number of payers of personal tax and property tax, by nationality, for the years 1901 and 1904, the valuation of personal and real property for the same years, and also the payers of poll tax for the year 1904: NUMBER OF PAYERS OF PERSONAL TAX AND OF PROPERTY TAX, BY NATIONALITY, 1901 AND 1904. Number of payers of personal tax. (a) Number of payers of property tax. Nationality. 1901. 1904. 1901. 1904. Corporations ------------------------------------------ 153 |------------ 198 585 Caucasians-------------------------------------------- 7,251. 6,604 3,365 4,861 Hawaiians -------------------------------------------- 3, 679 5,375 5,980 6, 713 Total.-------------------------------------------- 11,083 11,979 9, 543 12, 159 Chinese ----------------------------------------------- 12,926 7,745 1,115 2,267 Japanese ---------------------------------------------- 26,560 33, 376 870 1,955 Total Oriental ---------------------------------- 39,486 41, 121 1,985 4, 222 Grand total ------------------------------------- 50, 569 53, 100 11,528 16,381 a The classification of taxpayers in this column is apparently not the same for the two years; in 1901 payers of taxes upon personal school taxes, being entered. property and in 1904 payers of personal taxes, i. e., poll, road, and VALUATION OF REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY, BY NATIONALITY, 1901 AND 1904. Real property. Personal property. Nationality. 1901. 1904. 1901. 1904. Corporations ------------------------------------------ $21,777,913 $29,092,293 $49,436,326 $51,624,966 Caucasians-------------------------------------------- 19,890, 011 || 20,846,022 || 5,370,684 || 3,651,934 Hawaiians -------------------------------------------- 12,817,278 | 16,098, 538 959, 1,296,204 Total.-------------------------------------------- 54,485,202 | 66,036,853 55, 766,398 || 56, 573, 104 Chinese ----------------------------------------------- 1,320,084 1,705,641 3,287,802 4,090, 504 Japanese ---------------------------------------------- 128, 163 68,545 1,268, 180 1,591,125 Total Oriental ---------------------------------- 1,448,247 1,874, 186 4, 555,982 5,681, 629 Grand total ------------------------------------- 55,933,449 || 67,911,039 || 60,322,380 | 62,254,733 PAYERS OF POLL TAX, BY NATIONALITY, 1904. Island. Caucasian.|Hawaiian. Chinese. Japanese. | Total Hawaii --------------------------...-------- 2,076 1,942 1,619 12, 556 18, 193 Kauai -------------------------------------- 581 1,285 5,694 8,415 Lanai--------------------------------------- 2 29 |------------------------ 31 Maui --------------------------------------- 676 519 695 5,798 7,688 Molokai ------------------------------------ 8 94 20 1 141 Niihau.------------------------------------- 1 24 |------------'------------ 25 Oahu --------------------------------------- 3,260 • 1,912 4,126 9,407 18,705 Total --------------------------------- 6,604 5,375 7,745 33,474 53, 198 Honolulu only -------------------...------- 2,785 1,428 2, 181 2,688 - 9,032 The figures indicate a wider distribution of property among Asiatics than there was four years ago, though with a comparatively slight 408 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. increase in the aggregate amount of such property. In 1901 one payer of property taxes in every six was an Oriental, while in 1904 one payer in every four—or less than that number—was of that race. The personal property owned by Asiatics had increased from $4,555,982 to $5,681,629, or $1,125,647 during the period, and the value of real property owned by them has risen from $1,448,247 to $1,874,186, or $425,939. The amount of real property owned by Japanese is still insignificant, being assessed at but $168,545, or less than one-fourth of 1 per cent of the total real estate in the islands. They own less than one-tenth the amount held by Chinese residents. Asiatics of all nationalities own 2.77 per cent of the real property and 9.18 per cent of the personal property reported. The transient char- acter of the Japanese as compared with the Chinese population now in Hawaii is indicated by the fact that while the latter own $2.39 worth of personal property for every dollar’s worth of real property that they hold, the Japanese own $9.44 worth of personal property for every dollar they have invested in lands or buildings. But this con- dition is partly accounted for also by the fact that Chinese have been in the islands for a much longer period, and have bought property, while the Japanese came in at a later period, and a large part of their holdings represent property leased rather than owned. While the number of Caucasians and Hawaiians paying a property tax almost equals the number paying personal taxes, the proportion of property to personal taxpayers among the Asiatics is but a trifle over 1 to 10. The valuation of the personal property owned by Caucasians has decreased remarkably during the four years reported. This is probably due in part to the practice of incorporating private business firms and personal estates, which transfers such property to the cor- poration schedules. Most of the increase in the valuation of personal property occurring during the period, however, is among Asiatics. This may be accounted for by the great depreciation in sugar stocks since 1901. But the chief addition to the wealth of the Territory has resulted from the growing value of real property, and this has been almost entirely to the advantage of corporations and citizen residents. While the real property owned by Orientals has increased in value by the amount of $425,939, that owned by Caucasians, Hawaiians, and corporations has increased $11,551,651. Among personal owners, the Hawaiians have benefited most from this increase. While the number of Oriental property taxpayers has grown, the average amount of property owned by them has fallen from $3,025 in 1901, to $1,790 in 1904. The portion of the total property of the Territory owned by Orientals rose from 5.16 per cent in 1901 to 5.8 per cent in 1904; but a large part of this increase was due to the growing estates of the Chinese, many of whom are American citizens. Still, the proportion of the whole assessment owned by Japanese alone rose from 1.21 per REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 409 cent to 1.35 per cent during the same period. These figures show that while there has recently been a very slow relative increase in the amount of property held by Asiatics as compared with that held by other races and nationalities in Hawaii, the question of direct economic control of wealth and wealth-producing resources by Orientals is not yet a pressing one in the Territory. or IENTAL POPULATION AND POLITICAL controL. The danger of political control, however, by native born of Asiatic descent has been emphasized more than the danger of Asiatics acquir- ing a commercial supremacy. The statistics showing the increase of. the various nationalities in the schools of the Territory have caused a growing apprehension, and are frequently pointed to as an evidence of the danger of this future political domination. - From 1902 to 1905 the increase in the number of Hawaiian pupils in the schools of the Territory was less than 2 per cent, and the increase in the number of Part-Hawaiians was only 14 per cent. The increase in all the other nationalities in the islands, exclusive of Asiatics, was only 3 per cent, while the increase in Chinese pupils in 1905, as against 1902, was 42 per cent, and the increase of Japanese pupils 81 per cent.(?) In spite of this rapid increase, however, the Japanese pupils in the schools in 1905 numbered only 3,609 and the Chinese 1,985, out of a total school attendance of 20,406. In 1900 the number of Japanese chil- dren in the schools of Hawaii was 1,352, while the number of native- born Japanese in the islands, as reported by the census, was 4,881. There were, therefore, in the schools 27.7 per cent of the total number of native-born Japanese. If the same proportion held good for 1905, the number of native-born Japanese in the Territory would be over 13,000, but it is not safe to assume that this is the case. A large number of Japanese children have left the islands, and it is more than likely that the proportion of all the Japanese children in the Territory who are of school age is larger than it was five years ago, and that the per- centage of Japanese children of school age who are attending school is also larger than it was then. - - - The study of such data as are available does not entirely warrant the apprehension that the electorate in Hawaii will be dominated by citi- zens of Asiatic descent in the near future. As was pointed out in discuss- ing the probable increase in the various elements in the population, (*) the rate of increase in the Chinese population through native births will probably be a diminishing one, and as there were only 677 females in the Korean arrivals up to the end of the year 1905, that nationality is not an appreciable factor at the present time. On the other hand a A table showing the number and nationality of pupils in the public schools will be found on page 482. b See page 374. • 25—No. 66–06—4 410 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. there can be no doubt that there has been a considerable increase in the Japanese population through the birth in the islands of Japanese chil- dren, who in the course of time will be entitled to suffrage; and it is this race especially that is in the minds of those who point out the fear of political control by Asiatic citizens. But this native-born population does not give evidence of becoming a permanent population. The figures giving the departures of Japa- nese, both to Japan and to the mainland, show a large percentage of women and children among the departures, thus indicating that the Japanese families in the Territory are as mobile and as transient as are the unmarried Japanese. If the prospect of citizenship for their chil dren were at all important in the eyes of the Japanese, it is plain that the departures would be almost entirely made up of single men, and would include few women and fewer children. Another feature of significance is that the departures of Japanese women and children, particularly the latter, for the Orient are far larger than similar departures for the Coast. Thus during the period from July 1, 1902, to December 31, 1905, a period for which separate and comparable figures were obtained, 4,529 Japanese women and 3,580 children left Hawaii. Of these, 3,033 women and 3,101 children returned to the Orient, while only 1,496 women and 479 children migrated to the Coast. (*) This very large preponderance of children being taken back to the Orient indicates that the prospect of citizenship for their children does not at all tend to lessen the desire of the Japanese immigrants to return to their home land when they have accumulated something in Hawaii. As very few children are included in the Japanese immigrants enter- ing Hawaii, only 135 having arrived in the five years ending June 30, 1905, the greater part of the children going to the Orient or the Coast must represent Japanese born in Hawaii. Again, the statistics of registered births strengthen the conclusions suggested by these figures of departures. The following figures of registered births in the city of Honolulu for the years 1901, 1902, 1903, and 1904 are given as pos- sessing some interest and as bearing upon the point under discussion: REGISTERED BIRTHS IN HONOLULU, BY RACE OR NATIONALITY, 1901 TO 1904. Race or nationality. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. Caucasian, male -----------------------------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82 93 92 81 Caucasian, female ------------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -------------------...----- 72 107 71 74 Hawaiian, male ----------------------------...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 62 33 40 Hawaiian, female -----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 56 51 43 Part-Hawaiian, male ---------------------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 45 51 40 Part-Hawaiian, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 62 51 49 Chinese, male -----------------------------................................... 154 | 151 125 93 Chinese, female . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 70 83 68 60 Japanese, male -----------------------------.................................. 26 35 25 37 Japanese, female ---------------------------................ ...... ----------. 23 30 23 17 Asiatics -------------------------------------............ --------...----------. 273 || 299 || 241 207 All others------------------------------------................................. 285 || 425 || 439 327 “These figures do not include any of the 718 Japanese who left for the Coast by the Matson Line, age and Sex not separately reported, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAwAII. 411 The preponderance of Chinese births in the table above is due to the fact that in practically all cases the Chinese register their children and take birth certificates in order to assure the child the rights of a citi- zen of the Territory and the privilege of entering and leaving the coun- try and of visiting the mainland of America without hindrance. The Japanese population of Honolulu is as large as the Chinese popula- tion, and the registration of only 54 Japanese children as against 153 Chinese indicates that only a small portion of the Japanese births have been registered. In these cases it is possible that the parents intend their children to claim—or to have the right to claim—American citi- zenship upon reaching maturity, but the figures on the whole indicate no evidence of a growing desire on the part of Japanese residents to have their children qualified to become citizens of the United States. On the other hand, it must be remembered that heretofore most of the Japanese have been hired laborers, anxious to return to their native land as soon as they had saved a small competence. At the present time wherever possible the Japanese are securing land through pur- chase or lease. Many of the leases are for ten or even twenty years, and it is probable that in nearly all cases where land is owned or held under long leases by Japanese they will remain in the islands and rear families, and that this native-born population will be one day added to the voting population. * The electorate in Hawaii is small, there being only 12,550 voters in 1902. This number is made up almost entirely of Hawaiians and Cau- casians. The Hawaiian element is steadily becoming smaller, since the losses to the electorate through deaths are larger than the addi- tions through youths attaining voting age. The increase in the Cau- casian voting population will probably be slow, as the number of those attaining a voting age will be partly offset by the deaths of those now included in the voting population. On the other hand, not only are the native-born Japanese probably increasing more rapidly than any other nationality, but as there are practically no Japanese included in the electorate, additions to the voting population due to the native- born Japanese attaining a voting age would not be in any degree offset by deaths of men of that nationality now exercising the franchise. A native-born Japanese element may be added to the electorate very rapidly after a comparatively short period, and if the Japanese born in the islands become a permanent population eager to claim its citi- zenship, the fear of future political domination by a single nationality will become a reality. - But there are aspects of the question of Oriental control other than appear in a statistical presentation of the subject, and which go far to justify the growing dissatisfaction with existing conditions and the increasing fear of the Orientals now so widespread in the Territory of Hawaii. There are purely competitive factors in the problem that 412 ... BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. do not depend upon the movement of the Asiatic population or the extent to which the latter has engrossed the wealth of the Territory. As one persistent undercutter may lower conditions of trade over a wide area, exerting an influence out of all proportion to his business standing or the capital invested in his enterprise, so an alien laboring population with a lower standard of wages and of living than other residents of a country may disturb all conditions of labor and mercan- tile competition. The influence that such a population exerts may become so great as to enable it to exercise many of the functions of property owners without possessing property, and to determine the Sociological conditions that are to prevail in a country over the laws and institutions of which it has no direct control. Although the Asi- atic population of Hawaii is not being reenforced to any alarming extent from the Orient, yet its power and influence are growing more rapidly than its numbers. Prior to annexation a large fraction of the Asiatic laborers were subject to penal contracts, and were in consequence under absolute control by their employers. To-day they are free workers, and can employ their race solidarity to dictate where they formerly obeyed. This aspect of the change in conditions is the one that most forcibly impresses plantation managers and others immediately inter- ested in plantations. Since annexation the Japanese have established themselves in Hawaii upon a more permanent basis. Availing them- selves of their greater economic freedom they have engaged in a variety of pursuits which their growing familiarity with the country rendered possible, and so rapid and radical have been the changes in their status that uneasiness as to the future is rapidly spreading among whites and natives. - But quite apart from surmises as to future political contingencies, even to-day the question of self-government is greatly complicated by the racial elements in Hawaii. The present government, although based upon universal suffrage of the citizen classes, is none the less a gov- ernment by a small minority of the total population, as the migratory Japanese can not become citizens and their children born in the islands have not yet reached the age when they must decide under which flag they are to cast their lot. Nominal popular government with a large unfranchised majority is in itself an evil the practical effects of which are clearly to be seen in Hawaii. Moreover, unless conditions change decidedly within a few years the native-born Asiatics undoubtedly could, if they wished, exercise considerable influence, if not complete control, over the government of the Territory. While there is no reason to assume that they would prove less intelligent citizens than descendants of other races, they would, nevertheless, from lack of common traditions and lack of opportunity to familiarize themselves with our institutions and national sentiments—due to their isolated position and consequent inability to “rub up” against the nation at REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 413 large—necessarily be less American than any other class of citizens and more affiliated in race and sympathy with their nearest Asiatic neighbor. There is no indication as yet that they will amalgamate with the Caucasians. In religion as well as in race they will differ totally and permanently from ourselves and retain their kinship with another country. The contingency here suggested offers a serious problem to the citizens of Hawaii, and one in which the whole nation is interested. The industrial and the political problems of Hawaii are at present inseparable and interwoven, and on this account the labor difficulties with which the planters, merchants, and artisans of Hawaii are wrestling—and their remedies for relief—become a matter of con- cern for the American people at large. EIFFECT OF ORIENTALIZATION OF POPULATION UPON CHARAC- TIER, OF CITIZENSIHIP. Although the Asiatics have up to the present slight control of the wealth of the Territory, and although they exercise no appreciable control through suffrage, the Orientalization of the population of the islands has already proved a serious detriment to their civic interests. It makes Hawaii a place to be exploited by a working population who endeavor to maintain the lowest standard of living in order to have the largest amount of Saving with which to return home at as early a date as possible. The earnings and savings of this population do not enter into the industry of the islands, do not go to the building up of homes, or in any way enter into the development of the community. As a further consequence of this Orientalization there is practically in the Territory of Hawaii nothing corresponding to that element of citizenship which forms the backbone of our commonwealths on the mainland. An agricultural community in America Ordinarily repre- sents a very large proportion of independent, self-reliant farmers. In no other part of the community is the proportion of men working for wages so small and the proportion of independent producers so large. But in Hawaii, although a preponderatingly agricultural community, the citizens represent largely two classes—a small group of employers and an overwhelmingly large preponderance of wage-earners. There are no successive gradations from one economic class to another, as there is on the mainland, where the higher-paid wage-earner and the smaller employer approach each other in economic importance. In Hawaii there is a wide gap between employer and wage-earner, and it was neither an exaggeration nor a figurative expression when a Hawaiian editor spoke of the Territory as composed of feudal barons and predial serfs. In American communities, however great may be the diversity or opposition of economic interests between employer and wage-earner, they have common social and political interests that draw them together and amalgamate them into the common body of 414 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. citizens. But in Hawaii, with its Oriental labor population excluded from citizenship by law and apparently indifferent to citizenship as a matter of fact, there is no common tie whatever, and the gap between employer and wage-earner is at once an economic gap, a social gap, and a political gap. There is no community of thought, nor of feeling, nor of sympathy. The character of an Oriental coolie population degrades the idea of labor, as did slave labor in the South. The Asiatic laborers are looked upon with contempt by their white employers, but they in turn reciprocate thoroughly the race contempt which the white class feels for them. Even the second generation of Orientals will develop a less desirable citizen class in Hawaii than would be the case on the mainland. The process of amalgamation and assimilation which might to some degree go on in a mainland community, with its American ideals and conditions fixed, settled, and dominant, and in which the popula- tion is overwhelmingly American, can not be expected in a community in which only a very small percentage of the population are even descendants of people who have known representative government and have long had traditions of free institutions. But even if the white population of Hawaii were larger, more homogeneous, and more thoroughly imbued with American ideals and traditions, it could still exert but little influence on the Asiatics of the second generation. The two nationalities, though living side by side, are separated from one another by every possible bar. They differ in race, and their history and traditions have nothing in common. They differ widely in their experience of political institutions. They differ radically in their spiritual ideals and their religious beliefs. They differ wholly in their moral and social conventions, in their philosophy of life, and their habit of thought. They therefore live apart, each maintaining separate and distinct its conventions and ideals. The second generation of Asiatics, therefore, however much in such a community they may conform to American business customs, remain alien in thought and sympathy. IEFFECT OF ASIATIC PUPILS UPON SCEIOOL SYSTEMI. The public school system of the islands can not be expected to cope satisfactorily with such a situation, for the influence of the school under these conditions must necessarily be slight upon children who live apart among their own people, where all the customs and tradi- tions of their home land are maintained. Further than this, the children of the Asiatic wage-earner will remain at school far too short a time to have any considerable American impress made upon them— certainly not a sufficient impress to overcome the persistent influence of their home environment. Moreover, the Japanese have been care- ful, wherever possible, to maintain Japanese schools side by side with the public schools; and indeed it is an open question whether the final REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER of LABOR ON HAw AII. 415 result in the schools will be the Americanizing of the Oriental or the Orientalizing of the schools. - At present the Asiatic pupils in the schools outnumber those of any other race, and if the present rate of increase of Asiatic pupils should continue they would within a very short period outnumber the pupils of all other races combined. How far such a swamping of the schools with Orientals will be compatible with the maintenance of an Ameri- can school system and the exclusive use of the English language in the schools is a question that can be answered only by experience. But there are some indications that the same process of displacement will occur in educational institutions that has already been observed in wage-earning and mercantile pursuits, and that white pupils, at least, will be sent by their parents elsewhere than to the public schools to receive instruction. The motive for segregating pupils of such different racial and lingual antecedents extends beyond mere color prejudice. The American pupil brought up among children of all races and attending school in a district where a majority of his schoolmates are Japanese never acquires a perfect mastery of his own language and speaks “pigeon English,” often with a foreign accent. His progress in all studies has to be regulated by the progress of classes composed in great part of young people whose knowledge of English is imper- fect and where purely linguistic training necessarily supersedes instruc- tion in the essentials of the science or other subject taught. In other than purely pedagogic ways he is at a disadvantage. In personal habits and customs and social and ethical ideals he is apt to grow like those with whom he is associated in school life. There is no analogy between the situation in Hawaii in these respects and that in an Ameri- can city having a large foreign school population. All European immigrants have a certain basis of Christian culture, taken as an ele- ment of civilization, which is a powerful aid in assimilation, and they are for the most part permanent settlers, ambitious to become like their neighbors. In Hawaii the material to be Americanized is much more intractable, and the assimilative forces are far weaker than upon the mainland. Hitherto the school system has been able to deal with the foreign element among the pupils successfully, but it is working at an increasing disadvantage. The chief danger lies in the possibility that a situation will be created where Americanization by association will become impossible through the practical exclusion of American pupils from the schools. Naturally, too, such exclusion would disincline American parents to remain in the islands, especially in isolated locali- ties. The rapid increase of Asiatic children in a country school on Oahu was given as a reason why one or two families of American settlers had left the neighborhood. Many parents referred to the unpleasant features of these Orientalized schools and spoke of the 416 . . . BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU of LABOR. educational question as oné of increasing Seriousness in their vicinity. No doubt there is a tendency—how completely realized it is hard to say as yet—for Asiatic pupils to displace American pupils in the public schools in something like the same way that their parents displace white workers in many adult occupations. THE CHINESE QUESTION. The question of the admission of Chinese has been a vital issue in Hawaii ever since annexation. In 1901, 1902, 1903, and 1904 succes- sive governors have urged in their annual reports a modification of the Chinese exclusion act which would permit the immigration of Chinese coolies to Hawaii under a legislative restriction confining them to agricultural pursuits, and thus preventing them from enter- ing into competition with citizens in mercantile and mechanical pur- suits. (*) The proposal has been stated in detail as follows: It would be of great advantage to the agricultural interests of these islands “ ” * if there could be a modification of the Chinese exclusion act permitting the immigration to these islands of a limited number of Chinese agricultural laborers, such laborers to be restricted to agricultural labor and domestic service, and strictly prohibited from engaging in mechanical and mercantile pursuits; such immigration to be so regulated that the identity of each laborer may be ascertained and a record kept thereof, and that he may be required at the end of from three to five years from the date of his arrival in these islands to depart therefrom, and that such laborer be not permitted to go from these islands to the mainland. The organic act takes care of this now. No Chinese can go to the mainland from Hawaii. (9) - The proposal to admit Chinese, with legislation forbidding them from engaging in any form of trade or labor other than domestic service or field labor, appealed alike to the plantation interests and to the mercantile classes. Not only would the coming of the Chinese destroy the present solidarity of the working force on the plantations, but the restriction on the Chinese laborers would render the plantation & “That Congress be requested to authorize the immigration of a limited number of Chinese laborers, conditioned upon their engaging in agricultural pursuits only, during their residence in the Territory, and that upon their ceasing to do so, that they shall return to their own country.” (From the report of the acting governor of the Territory of Hawaii for 1901, pp. 88 and 89.) “That a limited immigration of Chinese laborers be permitted, conditioned upon their engaging in agricultural work for hire only during their stay in the Territory and subject to deportation at their own expense upon their ceasing to do so.” (From the report of the governor of the Territory of Hawaii for 1902, p. 61.) “That a limited immigration of Chinese laborers to the Territory be permitted, conditioned upon their engaging only in agricultural, mill, and domestic work for hire during their stay, and subject to deportation at their own expense upon their ceasing to do so.” (From the report of the governor of the Territory of Hawaii for 1903, pp. 83 and 84.) - - *From report of governor for 1904, p. 11. *-* REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 417 labor supply more stable by cutting off avenues of escape to other occupations in the islands; and since the mainland is closed to the Chi- nese, both the local and the coast competition for labor that now men- aces the plantations would at one stroke be eliminated. At the same time, the proposal appealed to the mercantile classes as a means of escape from their present Asiatic competition. It acquired some slight support among the mechanics, but on the whole the working- men have always been opposed to any proposition looking to the fur- ther admission of Asiatics into the islands. In the latter part of the year 1902 the Merchants’ Association of Honolulu asked the local trade unions to indorse the proposition of the planters for the admis- sion of Chinese laborers to engage in agricultural pursuits only, with deportation as the penalty for violating this provision. At a mass meeting of white mechanics and workingmen held in December of that year resolutions were adopted vigorously protesting against “any and all legislation tending to import any more Asiatics into the Hawaiian Islands.” - At the time of annexation it was believed by the plantation interests that a modification of the exclusion act to admit Chinese to Hawaii could be secured with ease at Washington. After several years of ineffectual effort and after the difficulties in the way had been clearly pointed out by those most keenly appreciative of the American spirit, the expectation of securing Chinese began to wane, but in the second half of the year 1904, the hope of securing Chinese coolies revived and was strengthened from some cause or another, and a new and impor- tant chapter in the history of the agitation for Chinese was begun. In the summer of 1904 the governor of the Territory directed the creation of a commission consisting of representatives selected by the workingmen's organizations of Honolulu and by the Builders and Traders' Exchange for the purpose of making a thorough investiga- tion of the industrial situation of the Territory, and especially to report upon the question of labor, with a view to bringing facts before Congress in such a way as to secure the admission of Chinese to the Territory. The commission as constituted consisted of six members, three of whom were chosen by the Honolulu Trades and Labor Council and three by the Builders and Traders' Exchange. Mr. L. E. Pinkham, the president of the Territorial board of health, who was one of the representatives chosen by the Builders and Traders’ Exchange, was designated as chairman of the commission, and the commission is usually referred to as the “Pinkham commission.” The status of the commission was somewhat anomalous. Though appointed at the suggestion of the governor, the commission took the position that it was not an official body, and the compensation of its members, together with the general expenses of the commission, was defrayed from private sources. Some mystery was thrown about the 418 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. source from which its financial support came, but it was generally understood at the time, and it is now frankly admitted, that the planters supplied the funds. During the latter part of the year 1904 the members of the commis- sion visited all of the larger islands and practically every large planta- tion of importance, besides Several small farming districts. Their report emphasized the fact of Japanese domination, and pointed out the possibility of its growing day by day into “a force that may become commercially irresistible;” and concluded that the only relief from the menace now hanging over the Territory was to permit the importation of Chinese for a period of not over ten years, with the provision “that the period of residence of individuals should be further limited to a term of five years, or a maximum of ten years, if after five years he should select to remain longer.” One of the representa- tives of the labor organizations on the commission refused to sign a report recommending the admission of Chinese. The matter was referred back to the Trades and Labor Council, to have that organiza- tion, if possible, indorse the report and direct its representatives to sign it. A bitter fight inside the organizations resulted, and charges of corruption, intimidation by employers, and other similar charges were made. The Trades and Labor Council declined to indorse the report, whereupon two of the labor members of the committee signed it on their own responsibility. The report brought out with much emphasis the disastrous failures that had followed most attempts at small farm- ing in the Territory. During the controversy in regard to the signing of the report, the nature of its recommendations was made known to the leading daily paper of Honolulu, which at once took direct issue with the findings of the commission concerning small farming and fiercely attacked both the conclusions of the report and tho methods of the commission. The advocates of the encouragement of small farming and the consequent building up of a white population in Hawaii, many of whom were in favor of the recommendation of the commission for the admission of Chinese, at once lined up against that feature of the report which seemed to aim a blow at the small-farming industry. As a result of the refusal of the labor organizations to indorse the report and of the bitter attack made upon it by the advocates of small farm- ing, the report was transmitted to the governor as a private report rather than as a public one; it was not published by the Territorial Government or formally placed before the authorities at Washington, as had been originally intended. Quite apart from the fundamental conclusions and the recommenda tions which it presents, the report contains undoubtedly the most comprehensive description and statistical account of the sugar indus- try of Hawaii that has ever been compiled. The maps, the charts, and the photographs accompanying it give a graphic view of the most REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 419 important producing sections of the islands. In these respects it is a document of great potential value, but rendered of little moment by the fact that it deals primarily with conditions and questions so involved in controversy at the present time that the wisest solution must be determined by time and experience rather than by even the most unbiased investigation, and by the further fact that some of the con- ditions surrounding the investigation and the efforts to secure the indorsement of the report tended to discredit it. Many working people were found in Hawaii, both inside and outside of labor organizations, who were candidly of the opinion that only through some such arrangement as that proposed in the Pinkham report was it practicable to overcome successfully the rapidly increasing encroachment of the Japanese upon all kinds of employment. Most of those holding this view, however, are workingmen who have become resigned to Oriental competition in some form, and believe they could easier hold their own against the plodding Chinese coolie than against the ambitious and energetic Japanese. Unquestionably, however, a majority of the white workers not actually employed on the planta- tions are bitterly opposed to such a remedy, which they believe would only accentuate the present evil. They urge that the severer the com- petition for plantation employment encountered by the Japanese from the incoming Chinese, the severer will be the competition into which the former will enter with the white man, for they do not believe that the Japanese will give up their economic hold upon the islands with- out a struggle. The general sentiment of citizen labor in Hawaii is decidedly not in favor of admitting Chinese. There is also opposition in other quarters to the proposal to admit Chinese. Even on some of the plantations the proposal is regarded with but lukewarm favor. Some of the planters realize that the protective tariff on sugar of $34 perton which they enjoy is part of a system justified in the eyes of a great mass of American voters chiefly on the ground that it protects them from the competition of workers in countries where wages and the standard of living are lower than in America, and they understand fully that the tariff system does not contemplate that the producer shall have the advantage on the one hand of a protected home market, and on the other of cheap labor imported from abroad for his special benefit. They have deprecated any agitation of the proposal for Chinese, fearing that a public controversy might be started that would focus attention upon Hawaiian conditions and lead to possible legislation obstructing the present labor supply from the Orient. These planters have urged that the sooner the Chinese ques- tion is dropped and the full attention of the plantation interests turned to some solution of their labor difficulties more practicable politically, even if somewhat less desirable economically, than that previously 420 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. attempted, the brighter will be the prospect for a successful outcome. More than this, there are a few men largely interested in the sugar business in Hawaii—men whose entire fortune is directly or indirectly involved in plantation enterprises—who are emphatically opposed to the admission of Chinese coolies, and who would even view without disfavor some limitation—if not too radical—of the present Oriental immigration. These men are of deep-rooted American stock, and long residence in these islands, where commercial interests and com- mercial ideals have long dominated governmental policies, has not destroyed their American instincts. They look at the question of a labor supply from a civic as well as from a financial viewpoint, and are willing to sacrifice profits in an effort to develop a representative American community in the Territory of Hawaii. They are advo- cates, therefore, of a policy looking toward a resident labor supply. They are far-sighted enough to realize that any measures likely to increase the present dependence of the Territory upon imported labor only postpones the crisis to a day of more serious reckoning, and that the sugar business will never rest upon an assured basis until it can obtain at home the labor needed for its maintenance. The impression prevails outside of Hawaii, and even among some of the residents of . the islands, that the planters are so knit together by the identity of their commercial interests that they are in practical agreement upon every question relating to labor. As a matter of fact, this is not and never has been true. Prior to annexation there was always a dif- ference of opinion among them as to the advisability of continuing the contract system, and “free labor” had some advocates in the ranks of the planters long before the penal contracts were abolished by Congress. Likewise at the present time the same diversity of opinion manifests itself in regard to newer phases of the labor prob- lem. Some of the sugar men stated that the insistent demand for Chinese cheap labor came principally from planters who were not Americans and whose interests in the islands were purely commercial, and who were indifferent as to its civic development and the permanent prosperity of its whole population. - - It must be remembered that the Planters’ Association includes a very strong element composed of men who are citizens of other coun- tries than America, who regard tropical countries as colonial posses- sions to be exploited for the benefit of citizens of the home country. They have little appreciation of the American spirit and little sympa- thy with any effort to develop a democratic commonwealth in Hawaii— if such development interferes with the present system of sugar plant- ing. There are others interested in plantation development who are of American descent and even of American birth, but whose long resi- dence in the islands has blunted their appreciation of fundamental REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAw AII. 421 American political conceptions. Their one demand is for legislation that will assure them Chinese labor, and at one stroke simplify plan- tation administration and increase profits. They are impatient of any viewpoint that would sacrifice in any degree commercial interests to civic ideals. Both these groups regard such a viewpoint as sentimen- tal and consequently indefensible. So insistent have been the repre- sentatives of this element of the plantation interests for the admission of Chinese, that they have seriously discussed the proposition that the Territory ask Congress to diminish its status as a political community and change the islands from a Territory of the United States to a colo- nial dependency, in order that its special industry might more easily secure special legislation permitting importation of Asiatic labor, and the reestablishment of some form of contract system. They do not appreciate the full force of the obstacles in the way of such a proposal, nor realize that an agitation looking to the disestablishment of an existing Territory of the United States in favor of a form of govern- ment receiving no recognition in our organic law, might rouse the popular democratic spirit of the nation, not only in opposition to this specific proposal, but to an extent that might insist upon changes in Hawaii quite the reverse of those sought by existing industries. There are now very few in the islands who seriously entertain the hope of securing the admission of Chinese coolies to the Territory of Hawaii. Any proposal to admit Chinese without restricting them to agricultural labor and domestic service would arouse the united oppo- sition of all the interests in the islands other than the plantation inter- ests; and the only basis on which plantation interests could hope to secure the support of the mercantile and the labor interests of the islands was the plan to admit Chinese coolies, restricting them by law to field labor and domestic service, and making expulsion from the islands the penalty for any attempt to go into other lines of work than these. For a long time a large element of the plantation interests seriously believed that this provision to create what was practically a servile status for the Chinese would commend the proposal to the opposition, both in the islands and on the mainland. But within the past year very direct and forceful expressions of views with regard to this proposition from authoritative sources have forced upon Hawaii a realization of the futility of any hope that an American Congress could be induced to pass a law creating on American territory a status of legalized servility. THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION. As a result, all the elements of the plantation interests have agreed to cooperate with the other interests of the islands in a strong effort to induce white immigration into the Territory. The Federal immigra- tion laws against assisted immigration have heretofore seemed to stand 422 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. in the way of successful efforts by individuals or corporations to stimu- late white immigration to Hawaii. To obviate this difficulty, the leg- islature in April, 1905, passed an act creating an official board of immigration for the Territory. The board consists of five members appointed by the governor, and it is given power “to make contracts with railroads, steamboat lines, and other transportation companies, either for securing a low rate of fare to immigrants or for paying the pas- sage money of desirable immigrants, and to make the necessary prepara- tion for their reception and temporary accommodation.” One section of the law requires the board to open books and solicit subscriptions of money and other material aid from persons and corporations, to be used in promoting immigration to the Territory, and provides that any money so received shall be spent before drawing upon the appropria- tions made by the legislature. Under this act a board has recently been organized and has been assured both of the moral and financial support of the Planters’ Association in its efforts to secure a white population for the Territory. It is yet too early to judge what policy the board will adopt in carrying out its objects, or how successful it will be in accomplishing them. The ostensible and doubtless the primary purpose of the immigration board is to promote white settlement in the Territory, especially from the Azores and those countries of southern Europe likely to supply labor that can compete successfully with the Japanese. So far as pro- moting Japanese or even Korean immigration is concerned, it would appear to be a superfluous organization at present. The growing need of a diversified labor supply has so impressed itself upon employing interests that they are likely to regard with sympathy every effort to further white immigration of the proper kind to Hawaii. It would be a disaster of the first magnitude, both to the immigrants themselves and to the community, for the board to bring into the Territory a lot of people of the soft-handed class, or even to encourage at present a movement of laborers from any country where the working people were not accustomed to an extremely simple and frugal scale of living. Only such frugal laborers can survive under the conditions of economic competition now existing in Hawaii. In the same way that in forest- ing an area already in the possession of hardy but less desirable growths, it is necessary to select seedlings of an unusually sturdy and aggressive stock, so in creating a resident supply of citizen labor in Hawaii it will be necessary to introduce workers of those nationalities best fitted not only to thrive under the climatic conditions prevailing in the Territory, but also to meet the competition of labor already in the field. The creation of this board of immigration, and the united support of which it seems assured, mark an epoch in the development of Hawaii alike with respect to its labor conditions and to its civic growth. The REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 423 new experiment has aroused enthusiasm, and high hopes are enter- tained of its success; but the problem of securing immigrants of the most desirable class for Hawaii is a very complex one, and there are very serious considerations involved in this movement which can not be overlooked. Difficulties will arise, and serious ones, and unless the support behind the immigration board is sincere, persistent, stout- hearted, and, above all, unanimous, the effort will fail. It has been suggested by Some long familiar with the history of the islands that there is still an element of importance in the Territory which would not regret to see it fail, since in that case the need for Chinese coolies could again be insisted upon and be urged as the one salvation for the sugar industry of Hawaii. - - Although the act creating the board provides that it shall “solicit subscriptions of money and other material aid from persons and cor- porations,” it is of course plain that the only persons and corporations —that can either supply the money to assist immigrants to the Territory or offer the means of earning a livelihood are the plantation owners. At present there seems to be a complete harmony among all the inter- ests of the Territory in the effort to encourage the upbuilding of the Territory through white immigration, but there has always been a very clear-cut antagonism between the commercial interests of the planters and the civic needs of the Territory, and the present experi- ment through the immigration board will not have gone far before this antagonism of interest will again obtrude itself. The prime need of the planters under the present system of cultivation is a class of immigrants who will furnish cheap labor for the cane fields; but the mere substitution of a Caucasian wage-earning population for a body of Asiatic wage-earners will only advance the civic interests of the Territory by a short step. What the Territory needs is not a small employing class and an overwhelmingly large proportion of day labor- ers, but a body of independent land-owning farmers, together with the mechanic and mercantile community that such a population would maintain. - * Even if the first immigrants are satisfied with a homestead and a garden patch and steady employment in the cane fields, their descend- ants, under the influence of a public educational system and the stimu- lating influence of American institutions, will not be satisfied to accept the permanent status of field hands. This has already been demon- strated by an earlier experiment. The Portuguese were brought in for the purpose of supplying plantation laborers, but most of these are engaged in skilled or semiskilled occupations, and even when the demand for field labor was most pressing the second generation of Portuguese were leaving the islands, seeking employment on the main- land. If a Caucasian people can be found with the humility of ambi- tion that will permit them and their descendants to remain satisfied 424 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. with the permanent status of field hands, they will prove sorry stuff out of which to build up a self-governing American commonwealth. As Hawaii is and must remain preponderatingly agricultural, the only direction for the ambition of most of the white population will lie in securing the land to enable them to become independent farmers. If they can not secure this a steady outflow toward the mainland of the United States will draw away from the Territory the best material for its citizenship. A population clamoring for land is the last thing the plantation interests could desire. Considerable of their present hold- ings represent public lands held under lease, but even if these were gradually withdrawn to meet the demand of a growing white popula- tion it would stay the demand only temporarily. There could be no permanent peace in the affairs of the Territory so long as a few indi- viduals held immense tracts of arable land under cane cultivation, while at the same time ambitious and desirable citizens were steadily leaving the Territory to seek openings elsewhere; such a loss to the Territo- rial population must inevitably lead to political agitation looking to the breaking up of the large plantations. The planters naturally have no desire to see such a condition brought about, and it would be only natural for them to grow lukewarm in their financial support of an immigration board the efforts of which, if successful, must inevitably lead to such a situation. The attitude of the planters toward such an outcome of white immi- gration is based not alone upon a selfish care for their own interests, but is likewise due to a feeling on their part that they have rights in the matter based upon a sense of justice. Much of the present sugar land of Hawaii was made productive at enormous expense and great risk by those who undertook the development. Millions of dollars have been spent in great irrigation works to gather the rainfall from the mountains, in sinking wells, and in the building of pumping plants sufficient in some cases to supply the water for a large American city. The planters therefore naturally resent any proposition that looks to the breaking up of the plantations that they have thus developed. It is further insisted by them, and seems to be nearly an accepted dogma throughout Hawaii, that in the climate of Hawaii white men can not do the work in the cane fields, and that any proposition looking to an increase of white settlers and the breaking up of the plantations must prove futile. It is needless to discuss this proposition here. It is unquestionable that under the present system of cane raising white men will not work in the cane fields of Hawaii, but the reasons for this are social and psychological as much as they are physical. The experi- ment was tried several years ago on the Ewa plantation of bringing farmers from California and giving them holdings on that plantation. The experiment proved a failure, and is cited everywhere by the planters to-day as a proof of the utter futility of any hope that any REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 425 considerable white laboring or white farming population could be built up in the Territory of Hawaii. The only thing that the experiment did prove was that white men can not fit into the present plantation régime. If it is seriously maintained that this experiment is conclusive, not only as concerns the problem of a stable labor supply for the planters, but also as to the further problem of building up a self-reliant population of independent farmers, it can only be said that never before has a large and vital problem in state building been dismissed as settled by so trivial an experiment. That such evidence should be cited as conclu- sive is still more surprising when it is recalled that there are now men in Hawaii who saw the pioneer days of California and the great West, and who know, therefore, what is possible for a determined people. If the board of immigration, therefore, has a large measure of success in meeting the civic needs of the Territory, just to that degree will it hasten the time when civic interests and commercial interests come into conflict. The labor problem and the civic problem of Hawaii are in reality only two aspects of a single problem. Its settlement will not be reached without both struggle and sacrifice, and will be brought about by forces which have not yet been seen in operation in Hawaii. RESIDENT LABOR. The natives have nearly vanished from field occupations, forming a constantly decreasing portion of the semiskilled and skilled workers in the sugar industry, and all the labor in Hawaii comes from immi- grant sources. Many of the white wage-earners were originally con- tract laborers or are descendants of men brought into the country to work on the plantations. This applies to Germans and Scandinavians as well as to Portuguese. The Porto Ricans are the most recent arrivals of this class. Nearly all of these workers were, therefore, in the first instance, imported labor. On the other hand, many of the alien Chinese and practically all the Hawaiian-born Chinese, as well as a smaller number of Japanese, intend to make their home in Hawaii. Some of these Orientals are American citizens by nativity or because they were citizens of the Hawaiian kingdom prior to annexation, and enjoy full political rights in the Territory. Nevertheless in a broadway Oriental labor may be classed as imported labor, and plantation workers of all other nationalities as resident labor in Hawaii. The Asiatics come over as temporary visitors, incapable of acquiring citizenship, and not disposed to settle permanently in the country. The immigrants of other races either come with the intention of making Hawaii their permanent abiding place, or acquire that intention after a few years’ residence; they can become citizens, and they or their children exercise this right. One population is migratory, the other settled; one remains unassimilated and alien, the other becomes assimilated 25—No. 66–06—5 426 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. and American. Considered under a civic aspect, then, one is alien, and the other is citizen; but considered from the purely economic point of view of labor supply, one is imported and the other is resident labor. The supply of workers more or less permanently attached to the islands consists of Porto Rican, Hawaiian, and Portuguese field hands, with a slight sprinkling of other Europeans; and of both Hawaiians and white men of various nationalities in skilled occupations. On account of their numbers and their adaptability to plantation work, the Portuguese are by far the most important element among resident laborers. - The Portuguese were originally brought from the Azore Islands, excepting a few recruits from the mainland of Portugal, who proved far less satisfactory than their island countrymen. The number of residents in Hawaii who reported their birthplace as Portugal at the time the census of 1900 was taken was 6,512. Practically all of these came to Hawaii prior to 1886, and as the total importation of Portuguese was less than 11,000, it is evident—after allowing for the deaths occurring during an average residence of more than fifteen years—that compara- tively few of the original immigrants have left Hawaii for other countries. The birth rate among the Portuguese is very high and the population of Portuguese descent probably exceeds the number who were born in Portugal. In 1900 there were 3,809 “Portuguese” children attending school in the Territory. This number had increased to 4,448 in 1904. Evidently, therefore, this element of the population is not only permanent but it is increasing. The same inducements have existed to attract the Portuguese to the Pacific coast that have recently influenced such large numbers of Japanese to migrate to that country, but they have never had the same effect upon the Portuguese population. Occasionally a temporary movement toward California has been started among them, but home ties and habits have checked this tendency before it assumed important proportions. In the report of the president of the bureau of immigra- tion for 1894, it is stated: “A large number of Portuguese have left for the States, thinking to better themselves, but with no such result.” A somewhat similar state of affairs existed eleven years later, in 1905, due partly to increasing Japanese competition, and partly perhaps to a sympathetic movement started by the example of the Japanese labor- ers going to California. But so large a portion of the adult Portuguese workmen now employed on the plantation occupy positions above those of ordinary field laborers, and the advantage to men with families, as they for the most part are, of having a free home and an assured posi- tion throughout the year is so great, that few of them could better themselves as unskilled laborers upon the Coast. As skilled workmen they have hardly the training and mechanical alertness needed in order REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAw AII. 427 to compete with American mechanics at an equal wage, and they encounter difficulties in entering the trade unions. Therefore, as soon as a few dissatisfied persons have left, reports of their hardships in their new home usually discourage other intending emigrants. Several instances were reported where Portuguese, who had left for California with a considerable sum of savings, had been obliged to write back to friends at home for money to return to Hawaii. One locomotive engineer who had left a position paying $60 a month to go to California, came back in a few months and gladly accepted a position at $30 a. month on the same plantation. -- The Portuguese have strong home ties and family affections. The children go to work as soon as they have left school and are often employed in the lighter forms of field labor during school vacations. Neatly clad little girls were observed irrigating cane about the edges of the fields and children often cut the cane used for planting. Even after the sons and daughters are full grown, and sometimes after they are 21, they give their wages to their parents, becoming their own masters in this respect only after marriage. Possibly this affords an additional reason, if one is needed, to account for the popularity of the institution of matrimony among them. It has been the policy at Lihue plantation for many years to give a present of $5 to every young mother among the white working people; but motherhood, likewise, hardly needs encouragement. The Portuguese consul at Honolulu related an instance that had recently come to his knowledge, in a family where he visited, of an old Portuguese woman, still residing on the plantation where she had formerly been employed, who could count 64 descendants on that and the neighboring plantations. Therefore the Portuguese are home makers. Their quarters in the plantation camps afford a marked contrast to those of other nationali- ties, on account of their neatness and well-ordered surroundings and homelike atmosphere. The people are not migratory from one planta- tion to another, and statistics show that they are the steadiest workers— in the sense of working every day—now employed in cane cultivation. While many Portuguese remain on plantations until old age, they do not care to remain field laborers all their life. In this respect they do not differ in the least from Asiatics, who are no more permanent than the same class of white labor in plantation occupations. In com- paring whites and Asiatics, or rather resident and imported labor, one important fact is often overlooked. Imported labor is temporary labor. It does not live in the country until the age of retirement. Its economic and social ambitions usually receive their satisfaction in another country. The average Japanese or Chinaman who came to Hawaii in former days seldom worked in the cane fields more than five or seven years. After that time he usually either returned to his home country with the competence he had earned, or remained and 428 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. entered other forms of employment. He contributed, if he was com- petent, to the secondary population of small traders, semiskilled mechanics, and persons engaged in personal service, which grew up in part because people tired of plantation life and being unable or indisposed to return to Asia had to be employed. It was not necessa- rily any racial peculiarity or physiological advantage of the Oriental that adapted him to cane cultivation. We have no proof that he would not break down as quickly—even more quickly—than a white man under the severe labor of the Tropics. The Japanese, like the Portu- guese, come from the temperate zone, and the Koreans now immigrat- ing are from a country possessing considerable rigor of climate. Like the Asiatics, the Portuguese—let it be repeated—tire of field labor in time, or become physically incapacitated for it, and many of them for that reason flock into Honolulu and the smaller towns. They do not return to Portugal with their savings. Some of them, failing to find employment for which they are qualified, and forced to compete with Japanese and Chinese unskilled laborers, suffer considerable distress, especially in Honolulu. This misfortune is not so great as it might be, for the children usually support their parents loyally, and the cli- mate of Hawaii prevents even acute poverty from becoming unbeara- ble. It is an evil that hardly would exist at all if it were not for Asiatic competition and the limited opportunity for obtaining rural homes. - Porto Rican immigration, which was due entirely to the solicitation and aid of the planters, had ceased before publication of the preced- ing report in 1902. The Porto Rican population appears to be decreasing, and the number employed on the plantations has fallen from 2,036 in 1902 to 1,907 in 1905. The men who remain are reported to be fairly good workers. They are more backward in mat- ters relating to sanitation and personal cleanliness than any other class of labor employed on the plantations, and the women are not home makers. Still they are reported to be improving even in these mat- ters, and those who remain on the plantations are certainly in better physical condition—better nourished and clothed—than they were in 1902. They are better off in these respects than was any similar class of labor in Porto Rico in 1899 or 1900. Most of them are restless, and they move aimlessly from one part of the islands to another. How- ever, they are gradually congregating in certain localities where they seem to find conditions most suitable or agreeable, and they will prob- ably be assimilated in time by the Portuguese and the native popula- tion. The experiment of importing Porto Ricans, or any kindred labor from the West Indies, is not likely to be repeated; and those who are at present in Hawaii will doubtless continue to constitute a decreasing fraction of the plantation force, until they finally disappear as a separate nationality from the plantation pay rolls. REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 429 The Hawaiians, like the Porto Ricans, are decreasing upon the plan- tations. The Part-Hawaiian population of the Territory, which con- tains a large admixture of Chinese blood, is growing, but these people do not take to unskilled labor as wage-earners. Many of them pos- sess small homesteads which they cultivate, and a great number of those having Chinese blood in their veins are engaged in petty traffic or even in more ambitious commercial enterprises. The Hawaiians as a whole do not afford much promise as a future source of resident labor. The white population of the Territory, apart from the Portuguese, is not available for field occupations. This may be partly because cane cultivation is more arduous work than white men care to engage in in the Tropics, but it is also due to the economic conditions and social atmosphere prevailing in the sugar industry. It is a waste of time to discuss the question whether an American or North European can or can not hoe, strip, and cut cane, for whatever the conclusion reached, the white labor question is not affected thereby. Under existing condi- tions white men of this class will not do field work in Hawaii, even though it should prove as easy and as profitable as harvesting wheat in Minnesota, for no considerable body of such white men will work side by side with Asiatics in the same occupation, especially if it be a some- what menial one, and only by so doing could a transition from the pres- ent system of employing Orientals exclusively to one where white labor only was employed be effected. Furthermore, the planters are quite justified in maintaining that with their plantations solely dependent upon one or two thousand unskilled European laborers, such as are usually found doing the ruder work of America, plantation operations would become so precarious that no one would be willing to invest money in the industry. The profits of a season on a cane plantation can be lost through a comparatively short delay in handling the crop at the critical period of its development. A lawless strike at such a time might wipe out the profits of several years. There are crops of standing cane in Hawaii that represent an investment—not a specula- tive value, but an actual expenditure—of more than $800,000. The only incendiary cane fire reported in Hawaii in 1905 was started by a disgruntled white man. The success of the plantation system is there- fore conditioned to a great extent not only by cheap labor but also by docile and law-abiding labor. The “white” labor—in the sense of the word here used—that Hawaiian plantations could substitute for Asi- atics under their present system of administration would be either too expensive or too unreliable for profitable operation. The most competent observers hold that the complete displacement of Asiatics in cane cultivation could be effected, if at all, only by a complete revolution in the method of producing cane, attended by the breaking up of the large plantations and the substitution in their place 430 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. of a small farming system of cane planting. This is a change that can occur only gradually, and that unless dictated by almost calamitous necessities will be certain to meet with powerful and organized opposition from the great corporate interests now engaged in sugar production. There is nothing in existing conditions in Hawaii to sug- gest that such a change is likely to occur immediately. Present indications are that it would extend rather than limit Asiatic control of the industry. The question has been referred to in another con- nection in this report. The practical problem in Hawaii is not so much white versus Asiatic labor as it is resident versus imported labor. Resident and imported labor stand in a competitive relation to each other different from that existing among various sections of a perma- nent laboring community. This difference, considered in detail, rests chiefly upon the following conditions: - 1. Imported labor must always represent a lower standard of living and of wages than that prevailing among resident labor of the country to which it migrates. This is particularly true of labor imported for a limited period, for the profit of the laborer comes from obtaining a higher wage in the country to which he migrates, so that in a short time he may accumulate enough to support himself thereafter in his own country. 2. Imported labor has a special incentive to retain its low standard of living in the country to which it has moved, because this in most instances constitutes its special advantage over resident labor, which otherwise could compete successfully with it. 3. Laborers working in their home country usually possess the advantage of greater familiarity with the country and its industries, with the language and system of employment, and with domestic mar- keting facilities. They are acclimatized, and often they have homes and family connections that afford them cooperative support in labor competition not enjoyed by the immigrant. Labor has hitherto been imported into Hawaii for three principal reasons: The industries of the country expanded so rapidly that they outgrew the resident labor supply; there was an accessible and abun- dant supply of cheap labor, having a very low standard of living, in neighboring Asiatic countries; and the resident labor domiciled in Hawaii has not possessed the natural advantages which resident labor in other countries enjoys, especially ample opportunity to acquire Small land holdings and build up independent homes. Expressed in a word, imported labor has hitherto been employed in Hawaii because there was no choice between resident and imported labor, and because when imported labor was tried it was found to be cheaper to continue importing than to establish a resident labor supply. It should not be forgotten that Hawaii possesses the exceptional con- dition, as compared with most other countries, that the resident labor REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 431 supply had to be created. The question remains whether changing conditions in the Territory, chiefly occasioned by annexation, have not made it cheaper in the long run to adopt a policy intended specifically to encourage and foster a resident supply of labor than to continue in sole dependence upon imported workers. In considering this question the following premises may be considered as probably true: 1. Special Federal legislation for the benefit of Hawaiian planters is too unlikely to constitute a conservative business risk. 2. On the other hand, the present tendency of American legislation is toward laws restricting immigration. While the time for extending absolute exclusion to nationalities not at present so treated has passed, there is no probability that any relaxation in existing laws applying to the entire Union will benefit the employing interests of the Hawaiian Islands, while any session of Congress may see legislation enacted that will make it illegal to subsidize emigration companies in other coun- tries or to extend assistance to immigrant labor through Korean banks. There is no object to be gained in evading these facts. The interests of the sugar industry in Hawaii demand that they be faced squarely. Furthermore, immigration restriction based upon educational and financial tests may be made more rigid. Altogether, the balance of probability points toward increasing difficulty in securing imported labor and rapidly growing expense to the planter from this source. 3. Japan appears to have the only large supply of export labor—in the sense of transient labor—likely to prove constant. But the pre- dominance of one nationality of alien laborers upon the plantations constitutes a growing danger to the business interests of Hawaii. If the immigration companies of Japan are abolished, this labor will become quite free, under no obligation to the planters, and less respon- sible and more independent than at present. 4. Any student of labor conditions in the Orient knows that the standard of living and of wages in that part of the world is rising. The demand for labor for development with the close of the war with Russia, and the industrial expansion that will probably continue with increased rapidity in Japan now that peace has been concluded, are influences quite likely to make Japanese labor more expensive than formerly. 5. Imported labor is migratory labor. Japanese immigrants to Hawaii are perfectly free to move to any new and more lucrative field of employment than that afforded by the plantations. They have no home or other social ties to hold them in Hawaii. A very slight mar- gin of wages will attract them to California, even if the freer indus- trial atmosphere of the Pacific States, the broader opportunities of a continent, and the mere love of travel and of seeing new lands do not form inducements sufficiently great to carry them farther eastward. 432 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. - * All of these considerations—and probably others could be added— - are practically new ones for the Hawaiian planters. Hardly one of them was of weight prior to annexation. And these new conditions are permanent. If they change at all, it is not likely to be in a direc- tion favorable to plantation interests. Only experience can tell whether or not they are as yet of enough importance to constitute a motive for adopting a policy looking for the substitution of resident for imported labor. This is a matter for discussion and experiment rather than for immediate legislative action. Political influences may modify the con- ditions mentioned, thereby increasing or reversing the motive for fos- tering resident labor, but with each change the planters themselves must judge which of the two policies suggested will pay them better. But the more farsighted will grasp the tendency of legislation as well as the present status of the law and discount coming conditions as well as those they are actually encountering, shaping their action by issues which they are likely to meet in the future and averting rather than awaiting a crisis, the constant fear of which will always be a disturb- ing factor in their enterprises. A clear understanding of the measures required to establish a resi- dent labor supply is important. Probably most planters agree that it would be necessary— 1. That the supply be an abundant one without creating a problem of unemployment leading to emigration elsewhere. This point would soon be attained, because the resources of Hawaii not absorbed by cane culture are very limited. At present there is enough resident labor to supply part of the demand for plantation workers; but not only is it displaced by the temporarily cheaper imported labor, but it finds employment more agreeable than cultivating cane in catering to the needs of those immigrant workers. - - 2. Resident labor must have an opportunity of gratifying ambitions that rise above mere subsistence. It must be able to provide for old age and even for retirement at some lighter occupation after a physical prime spent in the cane fields. Practically all imported workers are in the flower of their youth. In order to have an equal force of resi- dent laborers of the same age, the total resident population must bear some such relation to the whole number of field hands employed as the inhabitants of a well-settled country do to the men between 20 and 35 years of age or thereabouts. An occupation for this unemployed margin must be discovered. - 3. The labor must be attached to the country by other than purely economic ties. It must be bound to a land—beautiful enough to inspire the love of any resident—by sentimental associations. It must be a home-owning, family-raising, loyal, citizen population, whatever its original race, color, or origin. Otherwise it will imitate the Japanese and migrate to the mainland. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 433 The example of the Portuguese shows that such a population can be obtained—at least in moderate numbers. The seeds of a future labor supply already exist in Hawaii, and they simply need fostering and adding to in order to settle the question for themselves; but there is danger of their being choked out and smothered under the débris of all races heaped upon them. Despite a decrease in the Hawaiians from over 70,000 to less than 30,000 during the last forty-seven years, the resident population of the islands has increased from 72,774 to 76,025– or, in other words, the growing elements of the resident population have increased from 2,738 to 46,226. And this has been in the face of the competition of cheap labor imported under penal contracts for the whole period in question—that is, from 1853 to 1900. With sys- tematic importation and settlement of potential citizen labor in Hawaii, such as the Territorial government is attempting under the act passed by the last legislature, establishing an immigration commission, this population unquestionably could be increased more rapidly than in the past, though naturally the same percentage rate of growth could not be maintained. But it is hardly possible that the mere bringing of immigrants to the country and offering them employment at monthly wages will solve the labor problem permanently. If that is all that is done, they will remain in the status of imported labor and will be simply a new complication of the present situation, for they will migrate elsewhere in search of higher wages, and will prove more expensive than Asiatics without being of greater value to the country or to the sugar industry. They would make one more failure in the history of labor importa- tions from other than Asiatic countries, and that is all. The question of resident labor is not so much a question of the source from which it comes—so long as it forms permanent ties in the country—as it is of its treatment after arrival. - In the first place, the immigrants must have the opportunity and the desire to become citizens, or at least to see their children citizens, of Hawaii. They must adopt the country; otherwise they will not make permanent homes there. In this respect many of the Chinese have proved as good material as the Portuguese, except that the second generation of Chinese is not so ready to engage in manual labor as the second generation of Europeans. Immigrants can have this desire to become citizens only if they are treated as future citizens. Their civil dignity must be respected as well as their legal rights. Planta- tion discipline, so far as they are concerned, must be firm without being arbitrary. \ In the second place, the immigrants must have the opportunity to acquire homes—not a paper opportunity, set forth in prospectuses . and official reports, but a real opportunity that produces results in actual settlement. It is not suggested that they be given a quarter 434 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. section of land, but that they be given a sufficient holding for their partial support. The interest of the plantations demands that these homes should be so far as possible in their immediate vicinity, for thus the labor of the growing generation is the sooner at the disposal of plantations, and the attachments of habit and ties of family would operate to retain the children in the employment followed by their fathers. These homes, if they include small holdings granted exclu- sively for residential and agricultural purposes, would afford occupa- tion for the older folk in their declining years, after they were no longer capable or disposed to engage in the more arduous forms of field labor, and the products of their tillage would help to cheapen the cost of living and better the condition of labor, and to increase the incentive to remain upon the land for the coming generation. A home is an object of ambition for most workingmen, especially those residing in rural districts. Home ownership makes laborers steady and reliable and more apt to recognize the community of inter- est between themselves and neighboring employers. A laborer's homestead is a place where he can invest his savings, and therefore gives him a motive for accumulation by steady work. Since the abo- lition of the postal savings bank by the Federal Government, at the time of annexation (a most unfortunate occurrence for the Hawaiian wage-earners), the plantation laborers have had no place to invest their savings. This is especially true of citizen workers, for the Japanese have sent their money home through the banks of their own country which have branches in Hawaii. Sometimes men have left their money in their employer’s safe for-want of some opportunity to make it pro- ductive. This need would be satisfied in part by a system of providing small independent homes for working people. Of course all these suggestions appear very revolutionary to a plan- tation manager accustomed to having the full control of his employees in their camps, regulating their hours of rising and retiring, and it would be impossible to carry them out successfully where the planta- tion discipline of ten years ago still prevails. (*) A fundamental change in the attitude of managers toward labor must accompany a change in the character of the labor employed. Something of paternal discipline, inherited from the chief-like relation of the earliest planters to their a On the other hand, some plantation managers, with the active support of their employers, are adopting almost the very measures here suggested to supplement and diversify their present plantation force. Kahuku plantation, on Oahu, has recently acquired control of large tracts of land adjacent to its cane fields for the pur- pose of settling Portuguese laborers upon them as independent homesteaders; and the Baldwin plantations on Maui, having the largest output of any in the islands, are considering a similar policy. It should be added that large irrigated plantations wholly upon leased lands, like Ewa and Oahu, could not directly provide themselves with a homesteading plantation force, because they control no lands suitable for this purpose. g REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 435 Hawaiian workmen, and perpetuated by the conditions caused by the penal contracts after Orientals were introduced, still characterizes the methods of plantation administration. This attitude is changing, especially among the younger managers, and the Japanese are assert- ing themselves in a way to make it no longer politic or practicable where they control the situation. But with resident citizen labor a franker recognition of the individuality and personal dignity of the unskilled worker would be necessary. This might not manifest itself so much in the concrete relations of the employer with his men, as in the attitude of mind that lay behind these relations. Among the advantages that resident labor offers over imported labor are the following: * 1. The supply when once established would be a reasonably certain one. The solution of the labor problem which it affords would be, from the point of view of labor supply, a final solution. The worry and expensive insecurity of the present situation would be done away with. 2. The supply of labor would be more flexible throughout the year than at present. It would not be necessary to carry hands through the dull season at unprofitable work in order to have them on hand during the busy season. This consideration would not affect equally all plantations. But such instances as the case where a plantation manager recently offered to build a stone wall for a neighboring ranch at less than cost in order to keep his hands employed throughout the year show its importance to some planters. 3. The cost of supervision would be less, for labor brought up on or near the plantation would need little instruction. Costly misun- derstandings would be avoided. 4. The great expense of importing labor, advancing fares, and admin- istering a central labor agency would be eliminated. The waste of money in costly immigration experiments, like that of the Porto Ricans, would ultimately cease. - . 5. The necessity for a rigid regulation of wages by a central body would be done away with, and planters would be freer to grade their men according to efficiency, increasing the effectiveness of their labor by the very measures taken to economize its cost. 6. The cost of living would probably fall through the more exten- sive production of food supplies upon the homesteads. 7. Against a possible higher wage would be counted the lessened cost of plantation quarters, fuel, water, and medical attendance. 8. Resident labor would ultimately become much more intelligent labor than any class of workers likely to be imported. Although their standard of living should also rise, nevertheless the law of rising wages and lowering labor cost of production would, according to the analogy of other industries, in the long run prove true of cane cultivation. sº 436 - BULLETIN of THE BUREAU of LABOR. sº All these considerations are intended to be suggested rather than dogmatically stated, but they rest upon observations made in many tropical countries and after comparing different conditions of sugar production. Only by experiments, not radical and sudden, but gradual and progressive, can their truth be thoroughly tested. The practical planter will probably ask: Where shall we look for such labor? Certainly not in the United States, where wages and the standard of living are higher than in Hawaii. Not even in the South, which has a race problem that ought never to be added to the multi- tude of perplexities already embarrassing Hawaii. Probably in the Azores, whose people already know something of Hawaii, whose emi- grants would find friends of their own language and nationality in their new home, and whose labor has already proved so satisfactory on the plantations. As a second choice, Spanish Galicia, whose Gallego emi- grants have proved the best field workers in Cuba. Possibly in Sicily, whose peasantry possess many excellent qualities as laborers, but also undesirable qualities that might be remedied by considerate treatment and improved manner of living. Even Finland, though a northern country, might contribute thrifty workmen to Hawaii. The fair- haired Portuguese of the Azores, whose descendants are now growing up in the Territory, are said to have been originally of Saxon stock. There is nothing conclusive in the failure of many attempts in the past to bring immigrant labor from Europe. These attempts were made in the days when Hawaii was ruled as an autonomous state, with laws enacted in the special interest of the planters, and when this immi- grant labor competed with docile Asiatics under penal contracts. These conditions have changed, and they never will recur. In none of these attempts was a sincere and systematic effort made to give the laborers homes. If south European laborers knew that they could acquire homes in a genial climate and a beautiful country, have their children edu- cated in good public schools, and be assured of employment sufficient to support them from the start, many settlers would be attracted to Hawaii. Those who did not flock directly to the plantations would ultimately assist in creating a population dependent upon plantation employment for a living. - The exceptional position of the Territory in regard to resident labor is indicated by the following figures showing the population per square mile of Hawaii and of some of the principal sugar-producing islands; also of the islands from which white labor might migrate to the Territory: Population per Square mile. British West Indies--------------------------------------- = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 113.05 Cuba ------------------------------------------------------------ - - - - - - - - 36. 58 Haiti------------------------------------------------------------------- 126. 81 Porto Rico.-------------------------------------------------------------- 264. 35 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 437 Population per Square mile. Java ------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 591. Philippine Islands-------------------------------------------------------- 66 Azores------------------------------------------------------------------- 277. 9 Canary Islands----------------------------------------------------------- 127. 5 Madeira --------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 479. 5 Mauritius (*) ------------------------------------------------------------ 525, 6 Hawaii (*)--------------------------------------------------------------- 23.8 The great sugar-producing islands have the people at home to pro- duce their cane, and if Hawaii is to compete with them she also must have a home population. Otherwise at some time in the future a crisis may arise disastrous to her great industry. LAND AND SETTLEMENT. The public lands of the Territory of Hawaii comprise about 1,720,000 acres, of which about 500,000 acres are barren and inaccessible moun- tain tracts of no value for either tillage or grazing, and approximately 1,000,000 acres are forest or grazing lands, of which possibly 10 per cent may ultimately be brought under cultivation. The remaining land—some 220,000 acres in extent—is mostly available for cultiva- tion, though portions of it are dependent upon water supplied from adjacent tracts. A large share of the best lands is now under lease to plantation companies and already under cane. Public lands sold to homesteaders bring an average price of from $10 to $15 an acre, while grazing lands are sold for as low as $1.25 an acre. Private sugar lands are held at from $25 to $65 an acre, and fruit lands planted in pine- apples, within marketing distance of Honolulu, have sold for as much as $250 an acre. The public lands are vested in the Territory of Hawaii, which enjoys the revenue derived from their rental and sale; but the land laws can be amended only by act of Congress. The present land laws were passed in 1895 and confirmed by the Federal Government at the time of annexation. Under these laws the land is classed as agricultural, pastoral, pastoral-agricultural, forest, and waste land, of different grades. The act provides three principal methods of acquiring public lands—the homestead lease, the right-of-purchase lease, and the cash freehold. Lands can be acquired only by citizens or holders of a cer- tificate of declaration of intention who are over 18 years of age, who are under no civil disability for any offense, and are not delinquent in the payment of taxes. º The homestead lease permits any qualified person who is not already the owner of land in the Territory other than “wet” (taro or rice) land, and is not an applicant for other land under the act, to acquire home- steads not exceeding in extent 16 acres of agricultural or 60 acres of a Labor partly imported, 438 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. pastoral land upon paying an application fee of $2 and a certificate fee, upon issuance of the lease, of $5. The lease runs for nine hundred and ninety-nine years, but is subject to a number of conditions, among which are the following: The holder must make the land his home, building a house thereon within two years, and having not less than 10 per cent of the area under cultivation within six years. The holding is liable to taxation, the same as a fee-simple estate. It can not be devised, but descends to the natural heirs of the holder; neither can it be mortgaged or attached under any process of law. Neither can it be sublet either in whole or part. No rental is charged by the gov- ernment for the land, and it is subject to no other obligations than the original fees, amounting to $7 in all, and the taxes assessed against it in common with other agricultural holdings. The land may be sur- rendered to the government by the occupier, who receives the value of his improvements when the same is received by the government from a new tenant. - This method of quasi alienation was devised for the benefit of the natives, and in theory it is difficult to see how the law could be improved. The holder is protected from his own imprudence in burdening his estate with debt, and assured a home for himself and his immediate descendants during occupancy. He can not lease his holding to Asiatics, thus living indirectly upon the labor of another. The number of homestead leases appears to be increasing, having risen from 16 in 247 alienations during the eighteen months ending with June 30, 1903, to 61 in 154 alienations during the eighteen months ending December 31, 1904. Right of purchase leases are granted for twenty-one years to appli- cants having the same qualifications as those for homestead leases, except that a person already holding land may lease under this system enough to bring the area of his holding up to the maximum allowed by the law under this form of tenure. This maximum is 100 acres of first class or 200 acres of second class agricultural land, or 600 acres of first class or 1,200 acres of second class pastoral land. Where the land is of a mixed character an intermediate area may be assigned. The annual rental is 8 per cent of the appraised value, payable semi- annually. The lessee must maintain his home on the leased land con- tinuously from the end of the first year to the end of the fifth year of this term, and must have under cultivation 5 per cent of his holding at the end of three years, and 10 per cent at the end of five years, and must maintain on agricultural land an average of 10 trees to the acre. Pastoral land must be fenced. The interest in a right of purchase lease is not assignable except with the consent of the commissioner of public lands. At any time after the third year of leasehold the lessee can obtain fee simple title to his holding by paying the appraised valuation, as set forth in the lease, providing he has reduced to culti- REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 439 vation 25 per cent of the area and has performed the other conditions of the lease. During the eighteen months ending with December 31, 1904, 84 right of purchase leases were issued for an aggregate area of over 5,738 acres, having an appraised valuation of $16,027. Cash freeholds are sold at auction to the highest qualified bidder, at the appraised value as upset price. The qualifications of purchasers are the same as those under right of purchase leases. Twenty-five per cent of the agricultural land must be under cultivation before the end of the third year, and the freeholder must maintain his home on the premises from the end of the first to the end of the third year in order to perfect title. Six or more qualified persons may form a “settlement association,” and apply for cash freehold or right of purchase leases in one block. The principal agricultural settlement made in Hawaii by Americans recently has been through a settlement association acquiring cash free- holds. Public lands may also be sold in exceptional instances, with the consent of the governor, for cash. Such sales are at public auction and are for tracts not exceeding 1,000 acres in extent. These are called sales under “special agreements.” The commissioner of public lands is also authorized to lease land under what are known as general leases, in tracts of any extent, for a term not exceeding five years in case of agricultural and twenty-one years in case of pastoral land. If land leased by error as pastoral land is subsequently found to be available for cultivation, it may be resumed by the government. Much of the public land of the Territory is held under long leases at very low rentals by the sugar plantations and graziers. These leases were issued under the monarchy before the present land law was enacted. It should be placed to the credit of the Republic, which is sometimes called a “planters’ government,” that it abolished this former system, under which wealthy private enterprises were often able to profit greatly at the expense of the public. The present reve- nue of the Territory from these general leases is over $100,000 per annum, and the total revenue from the public lands, exclusive of sales, for the eighteen months ending with December 31, 1904, was $182,366. As the land sales in the aggregate returned $43,008 the total land revenue of the Territory was $225,374 for the period. The amount of land held under general leases—for the most part by sugar plantations and stock ranches—is very large. The plantations hold an area of slightly over 421,000 acres directly from the govern- ment and sublease from other government lessees an unknown amount. Besides, they have water rights covering extensive tracts of forest and mountain country. However, the arable portion of the lands leased is comparatively small, and some of the largest tracts are entirely forest and lava country, used only for grazing the plantation stock, obtaining fuel, and—what is of most importance—as catchment 440 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. areas for the water heads. One holding of 95,000 acres has about 3,000 acres under actual cultivation. Still the return that the govern- ment gets from this property—especially in case of leases made under the monarchy—is quite inadequate. The tract just mentioned is appraised at $750,000 freehold value, and is rented to a plantation for $2,000 per annum. On the other hand, there are small tracts of rice land leased to Chinese where the rental is forced up to the highest point. Less than 16 acres in one case rent for $545 per annum, and 6% acres rent for $380 per annum. The administration of the public lands of Hawaii has improved in recent years, and a much more liberal policy toward intending settlers has been adopted. Still it is a matter of common complaint among certain classes in the Territory that technical difficulties, the apathy of officials, and an unsympathetic attitude on the part of the propertied people toward an increase of small holdings, make it very difficult for persons without influence to obtain homesteads or freeholds. It should be borne in mind, however, that even the most fair and honest admin- istration of the territorial land office would be subject to criticism by people coming from the United States, where the large areas of unoc- cupied land and the traditionally liberal land policy have rendered unnecessary many of the precautions and restrictions required in Hawaii. These complaints bear a curious resemblance to those made by land seekers in Australia, where climatic conditions, the compara- tive scarcity of well-watered arable land in accessible localities, and the land monopoly established by the early settlers, have occasioned a state of affairs—though with less justification from nature—similar to that prevailing in Hawaii. There is an inevitable and unavoidable conflict of interests in Hawaii between the sugar planters and the small farmers. The plantations are so largely upon leased government land, and depend for water sources or other privileges upon the use of public property to such an extent, that their condition would in all probability be rendered worse by a growing population of independ- ent freeholders and small cultivators, who would compete with them for lands when their leases were renewed, demand the division of large holdings, put up rentals by competitive bidding, and use the franchise to control local affairs in their own interest. This division of interests creates an attitude of mutual distrust. On the one hand, the present or prospective small settler suspects the plantation people of systematically impeding his efforts to obtain a home and an inde- pendent position as a landowner, while the latter are in many cases equally convinced that an increase of settlers will create a half- indigent, dissatisfied, and factious population, hostile to the natural business enterprises of the Territory, and inclined to ruin the pros- perity which they do not share. REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 441 SMALL FARMING. Whether or not small farming is or can be made profitable in Hawaii is a matter of controversy. No question would seem at first glance more easily settled by experiment. Indeed, both parties point to examples of success and failure in farming enterprises to prove the justice of their position. But agreement is impossible, because the controversy is dictated primarily by considerations apart from the question itself. . . . . . . - The plantation system has been established in Hawaii in response to economic conditions. With cheap Asiatic labor at the disposal of employers, it is the most profitable method of agricultural production. The same was true of our Southern States prior to the civil war, and it would be true of the whole Union to-day if the people of the country were divided into two races, of which the more numerous possessed a lower political, civil, and industrial status than the other. For instance, the admission of Chinese coolies to the South would check the growing subdivision of farm land among small holders and reestablish the big plantations. In a word, while climatic conditions may have a bearing upon this result, they are not the essential cause that determines whether agriculture shall be carried on by wholesale or retail methods. But it is easy to pass from the economic to the climatic argument. It is not agreeable to base the justification of an industrial system upon the inferior status of labor. We can escape this unpleasant position by shifting the responsibility to nature, which has established the material conditions of agriculture in these islands. But if we base our argument that cane raising is possible only under the plantation system upon such general grounds as climatic necessity, consistency urges us to extend this argument to other forms of agriculture. All crop raising depends equally upon climate. The same wind does not blow hot upon the cane fields and cold upon the potato patch. So, although the fact that different kinds of agriculture are carried on under different conditions in Hawaii is of course recognized, there is a disposition to defend the plantation system for cane raising by attacking small farming in principle. This sentiment, which, though by no means universal, is widespread among residents of Hawaii interested in sugar plantations, is reenforced by the consideration that small farming if successful means ultimately keener competition for land than at present (as was mentioned in a pre- ceding paragraph) and might impair the political predominance of the sugar interests. All these influences are at work to create an uncon- scious sentiment among a large and important section of the white population adverse to diversified agriculture and an increase of small freeholds. It is claimed in Hawaii that there is an avowed and sys- 25—No. 66–06—6 * . . . . - * * 442 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. tematic effort to discourage American immigration. This charge was made by implication by the Honolulu Merchants’ Association in cor- respondence with the Planters’ Association in 1904, and was subse- quently published in the Honolulu papers. The representative of an American daily paper, who visited Honolulu some years ago in order to write up the islands with a view to promoting immigration, was informed frankly by certain business organizations in that city that they were not prepared to encourage such a movement of Americans to the islands. Although some prominent sugar people are quite out of sympathy with this attitude—and the history of the anti-American sentiment, so far as it now exists, goes back to a date prior to the annexation of the Territory and is involved with political and inter- national jealousies now dying out—the feeling that existing industries might be injured by white immigration is still strong. - While the question of the practicability of small farming in Hawaii must be judged on its own merits, yet in considering the experience of the pioneers whose example is now quoted it is only fair to refer to the open or covert hostility of plantation interests to such undertak- ings. Without a doubt many planters were and still are sincere in discouraging prospective farmers. They have seen failure after fail- ure among those who have sought to make a living by cultivating small holdings. Some men who are at present managing plantations deserted small farms, in which they had sunk all their money, in order to become field bosses or mechanics upon plantations. - Planters are to be found on all the islands who are continually experi- menting with diversified crops, and are not deterred from making new trials by years of successive failure. Some of the largest sugar fac- tors have expended large sums, in fact a private fortune, in assisting small farmers in coffee and fruit production, only losing their money for the pains. In fact, it is only just to conclude that the plantation interests fear not so much the small farmer as a small farmer—as the unsuccessful settler—the man who has made a failure and becomes a center of discontent and agitation in a community so small that every person’s influence has exceptional value. And it is safe to say that if small farming is ever proved an unqualified success in Hawaii, such opposition as exists at present will cease. For the successful farmer will be a conservative rather than a radical element in the community. Previous mention was made of the fact that the Pinkham report was adverse to small farming in Hawaii. The committee interviewed 161 small landowners of the 1,200 or thereabouts reported by the census of 1900. Of this number 10 stated that they were successful, 129 had made a failure, 22 had made a bare living, 81 partly supported them- selves by working for others; 21 leased their lands, 3 had lost every- thing, and 12 had lost in the aggregate $19,194.90. The committtee REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 443 found that many of the homesteaders were more or less dependent upon the sugar plantations for support. The planters leased 16,363 acres from 1,416 homesteaders; they employed 338 homesteaders, and they purchased cane from 494 others. The critics of this report claimed that the interviews were not impartially taken; that successful farmers were passed by without being questioned and unsuccessful ones sought out for purposes of information. One of the leading Honolulu papers published reports from a number of successful farmers. A newspa- per published on one of the other islands stated: “Kauai has not many independent agriculturalists, but we call to mind, without mentioning names, a few who have lived on their own little holdings and have been able to make a respectable living through a long course of years, and who have raised families and have educated their children in as thorough a manner as farmers on the mainland are able to do.” This last statement seems to the writer a very fair one. Some farmers, favorably situated with reference to markets, with fairly fertile holdings, who have understood the country and the conditions of tropical or semitropical agriculture, and have persevered through the many initial discouragements which such enterprises encounter, have made a success of small agricultural undertakings. Although this class is not numerous, it does exist; and it shows that it is not impossible for farming to be made a success in Hawaii. Almost all the recent changes in that country have been favorable to the small freeholder. The land laws were reformed by the Republic in 1895. Increasing facilities for marketing products place Honolulu and the Pacific Coast nearer to his doors. It is only since the abolition of the monarchy that wagon roads have been built through most of the agri- cultural districts. A Federal experiment station and a Territorial department of agriculture have been established since annexation, and systematic experiments with crops, fertilizers, and irrigation methods, and the scientific study of local pests and plant diseases, have been begun. It is almost twice as easy for the second farmer in a new dis- trict to succeed as for the first one, and with the increase of settlement many of the difficulties that have hitherto been insurmountable for pioneers will be obviated. Insect pests that breed chiefly in unculti- vated lands decrease with the growth of the cultivated area. Experience teaches how to treat the particular soils of each locality, and what crops are best suited for the peculiar climatic or marketing conditions of a district. Above all, the social support of the farmer is strength- ened with every increase in his numbers. Where he is an isolated settler of his class in a community disposed to discourage or ridicule his endeavors, he is far less likely to succeed than where he is backed up by the local sentiment of a number of his fellows, and encouraged by the record of their success. A California farmer who had taken 444 BUILLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. . up government land in Hawaii and appeared to be prospering, said: “When we came here people in the islands said that nothing would grow on these lands. We had our blue times, and had to learn by experience how to treat the soil, which is very acid. Some of our first crops failed entirely. But now we have found out how to handle our land and what to grow, and are doing well. It will require men of the true pioneer spirit to settle these islands—men who are used to failures and not discouraged when their first attempts don’t succeed.” An account of a typical colony of American farmers settled in Hawaii presents the possibilities of small farming under what are prob- ably as favorable conditions as are offered in the Territory. In 1898 a tract of land was opened for settlement by the government in what is known as the Wahiawa district, upon the central plateau of Oahu, within less than 20 miles of Honolulu. There was at the time no cul- tivation in the vicinity, the occupied land being used for grazing. A settlement association was formed by 13 California families to take up this land. As they did not have means enough to establish themselves in Hawaii, a company was formed to finance the association with $15,000 capital. The land cost from $3 to $5 an acre, and was allotted in tracts of from 50 to 100 acres. It cost about $15 an acre to clear and subdue the land, and an arrangement was made by which the near- est sugar plantation, in return for water privileges, developed sources belonging to the colony so as to provide the members without further expense with irrigation. The original plan of the colony was to sup- ply the San Francisco market with fresh vegetables during the winter season. Fair crops were raised the first year, and the members of the association made money on some consignments, but the second year the insects cleaned out everything planted that would have been sala- ble in an outside market. Upon the whole, vegetable raising proved a failure. At present the colony devotes most of its attention to rais- ing pineapples, and a local cannery has been established. Some of the original settlers, who were speculators, have sold out and left, and one or two lease their land. Seven of the original settlers are still on their holdings. Of the 22 white persons in the colony not one has suffered from illness incurred in the islands, and there has not been a death among the settlers. Their land now sells for as much as $250 an acre and leases for $20 an acre per annum. Comfortable homes have been built, groves, orchards, and shade trees planted, a school estab- lished, and the region appears as prosperous as any of the more favored farming localities of California. On the other hand, a good deal of the manual labor of the colony is done by Asiatics. The school, which for a few years was attended exclusively by white children, has a majority of its pupils from Chinese and Japanese families. Without the cheap labor imported by the plantations, the colony could not pro- REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 445 duce and can pineapples as profitably as at present, and possibly could not support itself with its present crops. - - * In the Kona district of the island of Hawaii there is a combination of climate, scenery, and good soil in places that is unrivalled elsewhere. White settlement, including the Portuguese under this term, is said to be increasing. Parts of this district, although raising no sugar cane, have as comfortable homes and as prosperous an appearance as any American countryside. But the Japanese do most of the hard work here as well as at Wahiawa. Likewise upon the slopes of the great extinct volcano of Haleakala and around its northern base there is an abundance of good agricultural land, occupied mostly by Portuguese and citizen Chinese settlers, with one or two American and Hawaiian farmers. Not far from Hilo, upon the island of Hawaii, there are considerable settlements of small farmers, including a number of Austrians and one or two Russians. Their holdings may not prove especially profitable, but the Occupants appear to make a living not inferior to that enjoyed by many farmers in the United States. Mention was made of the fact that the small farm and the plantation are in a sense competitors. They represent two different ways of con- ºducting agricultural operations that are to a degree antagonistic to each other. The plantations try to absorb the small farmers, and the small farmers to break up the plantations. So long as there were coolie contracts the latter had all the advantage. Even now, with Japanese and Korean labor abundant, they are greatly favored. But should this labor cease or be greatly restricted, or should wages and other conditions of employment be leveled up to those prevailing in California, an advantage might be given to the small holder. Quite apart from climatic considerations, it is doubtful if cane could be suc- cessfully raised under the plantation system with white unskilled employees. The industry might be too precarious to attract capital. And the nearer the Asiatic approaches the white man in his demands as a laborer, the more difficult it will be to maintain the plantation system. . -- , * Therefore it is a matter of some interest to ascertain whether a population of small farmers could make a living in Hawaii at raising sugar cane. If the plantation system should at any time become impracticable through the absence of cheap and docile labor, would the present industry of the Territory become impossible upon a profit- able basis? The testimony of two small farmers now raising cane is here given, and can be compared by American farmers with the results they obtain from other crops in the United States. . . . Farmer A has a farm of about 40 acres on the island of Hawaii. He keeps a team of horses, a yoke of oxen, about a dozen head of other cattle, about a dozen hogs, chickens, etc., for which he raises feed. 446 BULLETIN of THE BUREAU OF LABOR. About one-fourth of his holding—or approximately 10 acres—is in * sugar cane, and the cost and receipts per acre were as follows: COST OF PRODUCTION AND RECEIPTS PER ACRE OF SUGAR CANE FOR A Two-YEAR CROP IN A TEN-ACRE TRACT IN HAWAII. Item. Expense. Receipts. Plowing and harrowing ----------------------------------------------------------- $6.00 ---...--- eed-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a 36.00 - - - - - - - -.. flanting ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- 5.00 ---------- Pertilizer and fertilizing----------------------------------------------------------- 15.00 - - - - - - - - - - Cultivation ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 50.00 ---------- Taxes (two years).----------------------------------------------------------------- 2.00 ---------- Interest (two years)..... ** * * * * * * * * * * e º , s = e s , is .us.* , as “tº . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *ě s tº is tº *E. & tº ºs s. m. s. ss is gº º Aº º ºs º gº as sº a .s, e. 25.00 ---------- 51 tons cane at $4.58 a ton----------------------------------------------------------|---------- $231.03 Total------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139. 00 231. 03 a This item was unusually large, as a new kind of cane was introduced. Ordinarily it would be less than $20 per acre, and if the tops were planted after a second crop, still less. This represents a clear profit of $92 per acre for two years, which would be increased to about $150 an acre upon the rattoons. The price paid for the cane was upon a sliding scale, based upon the price of sugar, and the receipts were unusually low on account of the depressed condition of the sugar market at the time the cane was sold. Furthermore, the mill, owned by an independent corporation, made nearly treble the profit of the farmer on every ton of cane. This farmer works regularly in the fields, and all his cane was raised by white labor, except that some Hawaiians were employed in clearing land and planting. Farmer B has a small farm about 8 miles from a sugar mill upon the island of Oahu. As he had his own seed (the cost of which is not included in the estimate), and cut, loaded, and delivered his own cane at the mill (while in case of farmer A this was done by the plan- tation), the figures do not correspond in detail. Farmer B paid $6 an acre for planting, $7.50 for fertilizing, $20, “ or actually a trifle less than this,” for plowing and cultivating, and the same amount for irrigation. As he had no roads in his field, and the cane therefore had to be carried some distance to the wagons, the cost of cutting and loading was 50 cents a ton. His yield was 40 tons of bamboo or 65 of Caledonia cane to the acre, or an average yield of something over 50 tons for the entire crop. He sold his cane delivered for $8 a ton. His actual profit was more than $300 an acre on a two-year crop, or $150 an acre per annum. The mill made a net profit of about $4 a ton on the cane. This farmer employed Oriental labor. - No special effort was made to obtain the profits of small cane farmers, the figures given having been secured in connection with wage investigations or being voluntarily presented; and therefore it is impossible to say whether or not a more exhaustive investigation of the subject would give equally favorable results. But farmers have REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 447 {* raised-cane profitably in New South Wales and some parts of Queens- land, with less protection from foreign competition than that afforded the planters of Hawaii. And it would appear that in at least some instances small farming might prove successful in the latter country, even if confined to the production of the crop upon which the pros- perity of the Territory is at present based. THE FIELD OF EMPLOYMENT. Although a majority of the workers in Hawaii are engaged in cane planting, the sugar industry does not exhaust the field of employment. Stock raising and minor agricultural pursuits, transportation, and a few urban occupations purveying chiefly to the daily needs of the people, engage the serviee, in the aggregate, of many wage-earners. In the present section of the report these industries will be reviewed, the sugar plantations, as is due to their greater importance, being first considered. TEIE SUGAR, INDUSTRY. The number of sugar plantations in Hawaii in 1905 was 53, of which 8 were exclusively cultivating corporations, whose cane was ground at the mills of neighboring companies. Three plantations operated two mills, one independent milling company was grinding the cane of a cultivating planter, and one mill was standing idle, so that the number of sugar factories in the Territory was 50, of which all but one were producing sugar. One establishment refines its product in the process of manufacture. Besides large planters and incorporated companies, there are several hundred small planters and homesteaders who raise cane which they sell to the mills. All the plantations are upon the four largest islands. The total crop for 1905 is estimated at 400,000 tons of sugar. The crops for the ten years ending with October 1, 1904, are shown in the following table: TONS OF SUGAR PRODUCED IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS FROM 1895 TO 1904. [From the Hawaiian Annual.] Island. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900, 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. Hawaii.... 61,643 || 109,299 || 126,736 || 91,606 || 117,239 115,224 || 134,618 121,295 170,665 | 122,865 Maui...... 27,735 | 39,097 41,047 || 45,033 54, 389 57,347 || 58,349 || 56,726 | 84,776 || 77,985 Oahu ..... 17,433 25,782 28,929 || 34,181 || 45,820 53,625 | 99,534 || 107,870 | 121,066 || 102,019 Kauai----- 42,816 51,650 | 54,414 58,594 || 65,359 || 63, 348 || 67,537 69,720 | 61,484 || 64, 606 Total. 149,627 225,828 251,126 229,414 || 282,807 || 289, 544 360,038 355,611 437,991 || 367, 475 Within a decade the sugar production of Hawaii has expanded from 150,000 to over 400,000 tons. The largest per cent of increase has been on the islands of Maui and Oahu, where the large irrigated plantations recently opened are situated. Hawaii, where cane is raised almost 448 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU, OF LABOR. entirely in a country supplied with ample water by natural rainfall, still remains the chief sugar-producing island by virtue of its greater area; but the following table shows that in proportion to the acreage cultivated it produces less than one-half the sugar raised in Oahu. The acres of cane cut and sugar yield of plantations per acre, classi- fied by islands and as irrigated or unirrigated, for 1902 and 1903, the latest years for which figures are available, are given in the following table. These returns are not absolutely complete, as they were given by 48 plantations in 1902 and by 52 plantations in 1903, but they are representative. - ACRES OF CANE CUT AND YIELD, OF SUGAR PER ACRE, BY ISLANDS AND FOR IRRIGATED AND UNIRRIGATED LANDS, 1902 AND 1903. 1902. 1903. Acres of §. Acres of *: Cane Cut. per acre. C8, Ilê cut. per acre. Hawaii-------------------------------------------------------- 39,531 6, 48,750 7,004 Maui---------------------------------------------------------- 11,920 7,499 14,625 11,593 Oahu. --------------------------------------------------------- 15, 183 14, 196 16,684 14,513 Rauai--------------------------------------------------------- 14,320 7,774 13,291 9,252 Irrigated...... ---------------------------- --------- … . 38,987 | 11,681 || 42,097 | 12,377 Unirrigated.--------------------------------------------------- 41,967 6,015 || 51,253 6,927 Total.---------------------------------------------------- 80,954 8,744 93,350 9,385 While the expense of raising sugar cane is greatly increased by irri- gation, the yield per acre is seen to be about double that of unirrigated plantations. About one-half of the whole area under cultivation is cut each year; so it is safe to conclude that, including all the plantations in the Territory, about 185,000 acres were under cane in 1903. This area has been increased somewhat since that year, and will probably reach 200,000 acres when irrigation works now being constructed are completed. * The financial standing and the profits of the Hawaiian sugar industry for the last three years are shown in the following table: FINANCIAL STANDING AND PROFITS OF THE HAWAIIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY, 1902, 1903, AND 1904. . t 1902. 1903. - Unprofit- - Unprofit- || | |Profitable. able. Total. Profitable. able. Total. Plantations reporting... 23 25 a 48 40 12 b 52 Crop—Tons of sugar .... 240, 345 106,982 347, 327 385,093 36,185 421,278 Capital stock. ---------- ..] $26,454,755 $37,485,895 || $63,940, 650 $54,815,275 $10,063,657 $64,878,932 Profit -------------. ----- y -v ºr 3 -ºvº. I • - - - - - - - - - - - - $835,028 $5,051,463 |.......... --. $4,556,490 Loss---------------------|------------- $2,025,807 |-------------|------------- $494,973 |............ Profit perton ........... $11.90 ............. $2.40 $13.12 ------------- $10.82 L958 perton-...-----------|------------- $18.93|-------------|------------- $13.67 ---...-------- Dividends paid ......... $1,749, 520 ,000 || $1,757,520 $1,555,653 |............. $1,555,653 Dividends paid — per Cent- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6. 61 . 02 2.75 2.83 |------------- 2.40 a Ten plantations, with a total crop of 13,699 tons, not reporting. b Four plantations, with a total crop of 4,885 tons, not reporting. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 449 FINANCIAL STANDING AND PROFITS OF THE HAWAIIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY, 1902, 1903, AND 1904–Concluded. 1904. - - Unprofit- . Profitable. able. Total. Plantations reporting ....------------------. • = − = • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39 - 9 & 48 Crop-Tons of Sugar--------------------------------------------- 337,391 |...... 18, 642 356,033 Capital Stock -----........ • - - - - • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - sº s = e s = * * * * * * * * * * $59,435,275 $5,996,298 || $65,431,573 Profit------------------------------------------------------------ $4,942,903 |- . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,595,982 Loss -------------------------------------------------------------|------------- $346,921 |... -- - - - - - - - Profit perton---------------------------------------------------- $14.65 |....--------- $12.56 #!...ſºid.........: * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * = *= | * * * * * *, º. * * * * * * $18,61 |------------ Dividends paid-------------------------------------------------- $1,937, 490 |..... . . . . . . . . $1,937,490 Dividends paid—per cent...... = • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = - 3.26 ------------- 2.96 a Five plantations, with a total crop of 9,749 tons, not reporting. Although during the most profitable year of the three for which figures are given the average earnings of the plantations were less than 3 per cent upon their capital stock for the shareholders, yet their real earnings appear to have been double that amount. The surplus was in many instances absorbed by development work and improve- ments, and in some cases used to pay bonds or debts due to agents for advances made during less profitable years. It should be remembered that the above are average figures for all the plantations reporting. Individual plantations may have earned as high as 30 and 40 per cent upon their capital, while others, although not losing, barely held their own. In fact, this wide variation in earnings, not only upon different plantations, but upon the same plantation during successive years, irrespective of the earnings of neighboring plantations, is characteristic of the industry in Hawaii. Climatic conditions are so erratic, even over the smallest areas, that one plantation may be afflicted with drought when a neighboring plantation has abundant rainfall; and of two adjacent places one may suffer from an incursion of insect pests while the other remains comparatively free from them. - However, in considering all figures showing earnings in relation to capitalization upon Hawaiian plantations, certain qualifying facts need to be borne in mind. Some plantations are greatly overcapitalized, their stočk having been doubled or trebled during the boom immedi- ately following annexation, without any corresponding increase in material assets or earning capacity. On the other hand, a compensating factor is to be found in some instances in the gradual increase of plan- tation property, through clearing new land, developing water sources, rebuilding houses and machinery, and constructing roads and bridges, paid for out of operating funds or from undistributed profits, for which no stock or bonds have been issued. The enormous dividends paid by a very few plantations are to be explained in part by such a growth of material assets not represented in increased capitalization. In a word, while many of the plantations are overcapitalized, some of them are said to be undercapitalized. Nevertheless, when a balance is struck 450 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. between the two, and an average capitalization for the whole sugar industry of the islands arrived at, it is probable that the paper value of the property is considerably above the real value, and that dividend payments can not be accepted unconditionally as a true gauge of legitimate profits. - - However, these facts do not affect the validity of the table last given, which shows net earnings without reference to capitalization, and indicates that when the price of sugar is low more than half the plan- tations of Hawaii, which represent, however, less than one-third the total tonnage, are conducted at an absolute loss. Such plantations must recoup themselves for these unfavorable years during seasons when the crop is large and the price of sugar high, or discontinue business. And some plantations are known to Joe losing money at present, although the price of sugar is as high as it is likely to be at any time in the future. In 1904, which upon the whole may be considered as an average year, although some of the largest plantations lost a considerable portion of their crop through the leaf hopper, the 48 plan- tations reporting earned slightly over 7 per cent upon their capitaliza- tion. These were not representative average earnings, as profits were partly used to repay debts incurred during the two poorer years pre- ceding and did not go to the shareholders without this deduction. But then this 7 per cent is upon a capitalization supposed to be inflated. How far these two factors compensate each other, and how nearly 7 per cent represents the normal earnings of the real investment in Hawaiian plantations, it is impossible to say. Of course fortunate investors have made many times this rate and others have lost their all in speculative plantations. Like every other industry the present sugar business is found in the hands of the men who have made a success of their undertakings while the many who have failed are forgotten. In a small and insular country like Hawaii the history of the fortunate is known to everyone while the unfortunate usually insure themselves oblivion by leaving the Territory. This fact has thrown something of a glamour over the plantation business, the profits of which are probably overestimated rather than underesti- mated by casual visitors and even by many residents of the islands. Still the strenuous effort made to render productive every acre of the country where cane can be raised indicates that the Hawaiian planta- tions generally make generous returns to their owners. In considering the profit which the sugar industry brings to the community as a whole, it is necessary to look beyond the reports of the plantations themselves. These show quite accurately what the Small shareholder and the nonresident or inactive investor may expect as a return upon his plantation stock. But they do not show the full profits of the men possessing in many instances the controlling inter- est in these corporations. The supplies of the plantations are pur- REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 451 chased and their sugar is marketed by sugar factors, who are organized into a number of powerful companies in Honolulu. These companies take a profit on nearly all the freight that passes the plantation bound- aries in either direction. Their commissions, which are very liberal, are collected in bad as well as in good years. Moreover, they are the plantations' bankers, and have the pickings of their financial transac- tions. In addition to the plantation agencies, there are transportation companies, both land and marine, and irrigation companies, all living off the plantations and taking their profit in lean years as well as in fat ones. The stock of all these companies is owned by the men who are most heavily interested in plantation stocks. These inside invest- ors are therefore often making a comfortable income out of the sugar industry during years when the outside investor is receiving no return upon his capital. They can afford to have their sugar dividends passed so long as the dividends upon their railway, steamship, or agency stock continue to come in regularly. Thus the compensation that capital receives from the industry is greater than appears on the surface. Probably there is never a year when the plantations do not pay the running expenses of the people of the Territory. Unlike many tropical islands, the resources of Hawaii are largely owned by persons residing in the country. The nonresident landlord is not a serious evil in the Territory. An inspection of the addresses of the shareholders in several of the largest corporations, mercantile and manufacturing as well as sugar, showed that a large majority of the stock was owned by residents. The attractive climate and scenery and pleasant social conditions prevailing in Hawaii have contributed to keep the wealthy classes at home, or at least induced them to main- tain a legal residence in the islands. The statistics of the Territorial treasury show that of 574 incorpo- rated concerns, with a total capitalization of $187,637,125, registered in the islands, 562, with a capitalization of $123,022,625, are domestic. Most of the foreign capital is owned by five investment companies and two fuel-oil companies, the latter alone having over $10,000,000 capi- tal, doing business in Hawaii. One hundred mercantile corporations, with a capital of $12,249,150, are local, as compared with five estab- lishments, with an aggregate capital of $452,000, incorporated else- where. Of the shipping and transportation companies, 17, with a capital of $13,842,000, are Hawaiian, and 3, with a capital of $2,650,000, are from outside the Territory. There are 64 purely Hawaiian com- panies interested in raising and manufacturing sugar, whose aggregate capital is $61,388,000. The outside sugar corporations doing business in Hawaii number but 6, with a total capitalization of $24,500,000. These are all Californian concerns, and a large amount of their capital is owned in Hawaii. The sugar industry and the lines of business directly dependent upon the sugar industry and drawing profits from 452 . . . . . BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. . . . it are therefore to a great extent under the control of residents of the Territory. Some of these people are aliens, as is natural in a foreign country recently incorporated in the Union, but they are in most instances permanent residents of the Territory or of the United States, and their social and personal as well as their business interests are fixed in the islands. . . . The field of employment afforded by the sugar industry is larger in proportion to the area under cultivation than in most other agricul- tural operations. Including the milling force one laborer is engaged for about every 4 acres under crop. The rapid growth in the number of employees is realized when we consider that it has risen from 24,653 to 48,229 since 1897, the year preceding the Spanish-American ' War. - - - . - All the wage statistics for unskilled plantation labor presented in this report give a lower rate of pay than the average for the year 1905. (*) On May 1 of that year, after most of the figures here pre- sented were gathered, the planters made a uniform advance of the wages of field hands and the lower-paid classes of labor through the Territory, amounting to $2 a month. This was an average increase of about 12% per cent. It places field wages somewhat above the rate that prevailed in Hawaii in 1902. On the other hand, there has been a decrease in the number of contract cultivators, whose earnings are usually above the wages of field hands. This decrease was partly due to an easier labor market, which made it less difficult for planters to hold their men in the plantations, and partly to the uncertainties attending the crop during 1903 and 1904, when the ravages of the leaf hopper and unfavorable weather made the returns from these contracts extremely uncertain, and therefore made the men unwilling to accept them. For the immigrant laborer has no capital to risk, like the large employer, in cane raising, and though he receives an advance sufficient to pay his living expenses during the time that he is raising a crop, unless he makes some profit he can not meet his obligations to the immigration companies and the other debts that he incurs. Upon at least one plantation Japanese laborers made the abolition of the culti- vation contracts one of their demands in a strike. However, the figures of the present report show that where these agreements have been retained, as they have upon many of the large plantations, laborers are earning more under them than where they work for day wages. No important modifications have taken place in the form of the cul- tivation and planters’ contracts since 1902. They are described in detail in the report for that year. The amount of cane raised by home- steaders and sold to the mills upon the island of Hawaii, where there is natural rainfall without the necessity of much irrigation, appears to be slightly increasing. On one representative plantation having 6,859 a For plantation wages see Table I. " REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 453 acres of cane tributary to its mill, 800 acres were out under cultivation contracts and 568 acres were owned and cultivated by homesteaders. From $3.50 to $4.50 a ton was paid for cane. Upon another planta- tion of about the same size one-third of the cane ground at the mill was raised by small planters, most of whom were said to be Japanese, leasing from white and Hawaiian homesteaders. They were paid $6.50 a ton for their cane delivered at the flume. Upon another plan- tation, producing in normal years nearly 20,000 tons of sugar, more than half the cane is raised by small planters. The manager of another plantation said: “Our homestead cane is increasing. But the home- steading class has little capital and has to pay interest. We advance them fertilizers, but no money. There are 700 acres of homestead land in the crop for 1905, and for 1906 there are 336.27 acres of plant and 559.61 acres of rattoons. We harvest the cane, the homesteader receiving a net price for his crop standing; but if the cost of harvest- ing exceeds 60 cents a ton, we charge the excess to the homesteader. Besides the homesteaders there are a number of independent planters occupying plantation land who have an area of 434% acres in cane for 1905 and about the same amount for 1906.” * , One difficulty with the homestead system is that the small cane raisers can not work harmoniously together, and therefore have to depend upon an independent corporation to grind their cane. The “Portuguese Mill,” at Hilo, was started as a homesteaders’ mill, depending entirely upon cane bought from the small farmers in the vicinity of the village, but it was a failure so long as the original plan was adhered to. All the homesteaders wanted their cane ground at the same time, and it was found impossible to adjust mill operations so as to satisfy more than a small minority of the cane raisers. A sugar mill can not be run like a cheese factory, because it can not handle each day’s product the day it is delivered. But the sugar mill with land enough of its own to insure a supply of cane can use its sur- plus grinding capacity to work up the crop of small landholders in the vicinity. The only difficulty with this arrangement is that the home- steader is obliged to accept such terms for his cane as the mill is inclined to offer. - - -- - The hours of labor and general conditions of employment on sugar plantations are the same as in 1902. The rates of wages in different occupations are shown in the general tables. A ten-hour day, begin- ning with sunrise, is the rule. • . . All the employees are supplied with houses and fuel. The value of lodgings for common laborers is estimated at about a dollar a month. The rental value of cottages occupied by white employees is mentioned under “Cost of living.” . . . . . - - Men are occasionally fined, but no cases were discovered where this system has developed into a serious abuse. It came to light occasion- 454 - BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. ally when a list of grievances was presented by strikers. On one of the smaller plantations the following list of fines, for March, 1905, was taken from the books: For breaking wagon through negligence, $5; for refusal to do work as ordered, $0.25; for trespass, $0.50; for cutting harness, $2; for insubordination, $1; for neglect of duty, $0.50; for neglect of duty, $1. The two fines for injury to property, aggre- gating $7 of the $10.25, were said to have been inflicted because of gross or malicious neglect, where the loss to the plantation was considerably more than the amount collected from the laborer. Fines for “neglect of duty” are generally imposed where irrigation workers fail to water all the cane assigned to their care. The month’s pay roll for unskilled labor alone was $6,350, and the total fines therefore amounted to less than one-sixth of 1 per cent of the wages paid this class of workers. Plantation stores are still conducted by many of the plantations, but they have no monopoly of the business with their employees, as in the case of nearly every plantation in the islands Oriental shops are acces- sible to the laborers. There are 28 of these establishments, of which 14 are run by the plantation agents and are called “closed,” in the sense that they do not buy from Honolulu distributers, but import directly through a single house. The other 14 are “open,” buying their merchandise from commercial travelers. Some of the stores import- ing directly from California without transshipment from Honolulu are able to sell goods at prices lower than those prevailing in Honolulu. The store profits, as shown in the published reports of the plantations, are a source of considerable income. Reports from 14 of the 28 plan- tation stores in Hawaii show the amount of stock carried to be worth $381,918, and the net profits for the year $109,916, or over 28 per cent upon the capital invested. There is a single store, not included in the above, carrying a stock valued at over $166,000. The variation in profits is very large in different establishments. One store earned nearly 150 per cent on the capital invested, and another less than 2 per cent. The difference does notarise from a difference in prices.charged, but rather from market and freight advantages. As a rule the more remote stores pay the least profit. No instances were discovered where workmen complained of the plantation stores, or admitted that they were urged to patronize these stores. Nothing like a truck system was discovered. - About one-half of the operating expense of a plantation is repre- Sented by the cost of labor. The cost of operating 10 representative plantations was $6,077,056, and the amount of this expended for labor was $3,111,982, or 51.2 per cent of the whole. In a few cases this per cent fell as low as 44 and 47, and in one instance it rose to 61, but the average labor cost is about 50 per cent of the total cost of raising a Crop. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 455 The operating expenses per ton of sugar produced vary widely. Upon two neighboring plantations, conducted apparently under much the same conditions, they were in one case $35.73 and in the other $54.70 a ton. Upon a smaller plantation they were, for the crop taken off in 1903, $84.16 aton. This is an exact cost, including all the expendi- tures specifically devoted to raising the crop, from preparing the land to harvesting and manufacturing. As the bulk of the crop was sold in San Francisco for about $65 a ton, one plantation made a large profit, another hardly made expenses after marketing and paid no profit on capital, and the third lost nearly $20 on every ton produced. Consequently it is very difficult to say how high a wage the sugar industry as a whole can afford to pay for the bulk of its labor. A decrease in wages of 25 per cent would not have put the last plantation mentioned on a paying basis, and yet the first plantation might have raised wages 50 or even 60 per cent and still have earned 50 per cent upon operating expenses. The price of sugar reacts upon the conditions of employees upon the Hawaiian plantations. When planters are prosperous more money is spent in permanent improvements, camps are rebuilt, sanitary improve- ments made, and other measures taken to render the condition of the workers more agreeable or healthful. The influence of the manager and his personal ideas of what constitutes comfort and sanitary sur- roundipgs also affect the condition of the plantation worker. There is a good deal of difference in the character of the accommodations found for laborers upon different plantations. Upon the whole the quarters occupied by field hands are as good as those found upon the plantations in the South, or as the camps occupied by railway con- struction gangs, and other workmen in summer occupations of a like character in the West. The climate, of course, does not demand as substantial dwellings as are needed in any part of Northern America. No serious epidemics have ever been reported among plantation work- men since the islands have been annexed. No evidence has appeared, in connection with the preparation of these reports, that the laborers upon the Hawaiian plantations are not, as a rule, well treated. There have been cases where field hands have been assaulted by overseers, but of late years this has been contrary to plantation regulations, and has occasioned the dismissal of the offenders when complaint was made to the managers or to the plantation agents. Laborers are perfectly free to leave the plantations when they desire to do so. They are not treated just as American workmen would be treated, but their rights as free laborers are generally respected. They are paid their full wages, except for such fines as have been previously mentioned, which are not collected at all on many plantations and which do not represent an average discount of more than a small fraction of one per cent in any case. In all their money dealings with their employers they are 456 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU, OF LABOR. probably more justly treated than plantation workmen in the Philip- pines, Cuba, or Porto Rico. - White employees upon the plantations are usually well paid, and are seldom overworked. The main hardship of their lives is the isolation and monotony that they sometimes experience, especially in remote districts. But there is good mail service everywhere, and all plan- tations are connected by telephone with the wireless-telegraph stations, and through them with the cable to California. Outdoor workers do not have to endure the inclemencies of climate, nor are they exposed to the diseases often encountered in the Tropics. So far as the purely physical conditions of employment are concerned, the lot of the white plantation worker in Hawaii is a very pleasant one. - Many of the plantation districts in Hawaii have the appearance of a prosperous countryside in the Eastern States, except for the presence everywhere of the Asiatic. Good roads, well-tilled fields, a country diversified by hill and woodland, and the ever-present sea afford a varied and pleasant prospect to the resident. The pioneer period is long past in any part of the Territory devoted to cane cultivation. The inhabitants are law-abiding and crimes of violence are almost unknown among the citizen population. There is nothing of the fron- tier atmosphere. The large Asiatic laboring force is something apart in social and political life. For the wage-earner or the man holding a precarious position that can be filled satisfactorily by the half- trained Oriental, this population presents a threat of ever-impending disaster. But the Caucasian working force upon the plantations has now so nearly reached a minimum that those at present employed hardly look upon the Asiatic as a competitor. They are as assured of their positions as any class of workers upon the mainland. Apart from the variety and excitement of urban life, they enjoy most of the Social compensations as well as the security of any long established and civilized community. STOCK RAISING. The sugar plantations are said to produce more than 96 per cent of the wealth which Hawaii derives from the soil, but there are single stock ranches covering nearly twice the area of all the land under cane in the archipelago. These ranches are engaged chiefly in raising cat- the for beef, and the product is consumed in the Territory. The amount of wool shipped from the Territory during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, was 169,938 pounds, valued at $22,406; and the raw hides shipped weighed 970,381 pounds, and were valued at $74,331. Since these figures were compiled a tannery has been established at Honolulu, tanning local hides; and both finished leather and raw hides are now exported to California. The home consumption of leather is confined to harness making and a few shoe manufactories. The latter REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 457 are conducted by Asiatics, and make coarse shoes sold to plantation laborers. The cowboys are mostly Hawaiians, although a few Portuguese and an occasional Japanese are to be found in this occupation. The exi- gencies of ranching require long hours, and work usually continues throughout the 7 days of the week. Food is almost invariably fur- nished to employees, the nature of their occupation, which requires them to be absent from home or from headquarters much of the time, rendering it necessary to supply them with something resembling a field ration. Abundant beef is usually given, and the second article of food is usually prepared taro, or “hard poi.” Japanese workmen, who are generally employed to repair fences or clean land of noxious weeds, are supplied with rice and with a rather smaller ration of fresh meat than the natives. On one ranch cooked beef ad libitum was sup- plied the men from the ranch-house kitchen, and each married man was allowed 9 bundles and each single man 6 bundles of hard poi a month. The value of the latter was about 75 cents a bundle of 30 pounds. On another ranch the ration was from 18 to 25 pounds of fresh beef and 40 pounds of hard poi a week. The practice of dif- ferent ranches varies in the matter of supplying horses to cowboys. The older custom was for the employees to furnish their own horses, being allowed as an incident to their employment to pasture a certain number upon ranch land. But with the stricter administration and closer accounting of time and labor that has come in with the systematic organization of ranching enterprises, the graziers are beginning to supply horses to their employees. The wages of cowboys vary con- siderably with the location of ranches, those near towns or where the native population is sparse usually paying a higher rate than those in remote localities or in the vicinity of native villages. There is also a considerable variation in wages upon the same ranch. About the lowest pay for youths and less experienced or less competent adult herders is $15 a month with house and rations. Men employed by the day generally receive $1 a day and rations while on duty. Japanese fencemen were paid in one instance 9 cents a post, including wiring. Medicines and medical attendance are not regularly supplied, though practice in this respect varies not only upon different ranches, but in case of different employees upon the same ranch, at the discretion. of the manager. Work is fairly regular and reliable, qualified men having little difficulty in securing and retaining employment. The ranches have never been under the necessity of importing labor. Stock herding is an occupation that is popular with the natives, and at which they will work more steadily than at other forms of labor. 25–No. 66–06—7 - 458 BULLETIN OF TEIE BUREAU OF LABOR. IRICE CULTIVATION. Rice is cultivated on the lowlands and coast valleys of the islands of Kauai and Oahu, and to a less extent upon Hawaii and Maui. The industry is almost entirely in the hands of the Chinese, many of whom are old residents or natives of the Territory and American citizens. The area under cultivation and the product in paddy or unhulled rice, for the year ending June 30, 1904, were as follows: AREA CULTIVATED IN RICE AND TONS OF RICE PRODUCED, YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1904. Island. Acres. Tons. Oahu------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5,094} , 12,897 Kauai------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3, 581 7,759 Hawaii----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 266 665 Maui-------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8# 21 Total.------------------------------------* * * * * * * g e º ºs e º ºs ºs e as as º ºs º an ºr ºn s = * * * * * * * * * * * * 8,950 21,342 The product in cleaned rice for the year in question was estimated at 280,000 bags, or 14,000 short tons. At $3 a bag this crop was worth $840,000 to the Territory, and at normal prices would have exceeded $1,000,000. The consumption of rice in Hawaii is estimated to be about 350,000 bags per annum. But on account of the large importations of Japanese and Louisiana rice, which have reduced prices from $5 to as low as $2.50 a bag within a few years, the industry is very much depressed. The Japanese rice comes into the Territory despite a tariff of a cent a pound upon paddy, partly on account of the vigorous efforts made by Japanese merchants to promote its sale, but more largely, it is claimed, because it is preferred by the Japanese laborers on account of certain distinctive qualities, such as a larger per cent of gluten than is possessed by Hawaiian rice. Be this as it may, the Japanese product commands from a cent to a cent and a quarter a pound more than the native rice in the local market, and two Japanese mills are kept busy cleaning the imported paddy. The total importation for the year ending June 30, 1904, was 165,233 bags of Japanese and 23,496 bags of Louisiana rice. The latter evidently does not displace the local rice to the same extent as the Japanese, but it indirectly competes with the native product by closing to it a possible market upon the mainland. A slight betterment in the condition of the industry in the summer of 1905 has been due to increasing sales in California, said to be caused by a curtailed production in the Southern States. Rice can be produced more cheaply in Louisiana than in Hawaii, in spite of the lower wages in the latter country, if the methods of pro- duction and high land rentals now prevailing in the Territory aré REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 459. maintained. The cost of raising a 5-acre crop of rice in Hawaii ha been estimated to be as follows: - Land rent, at $25 per acre----------------------------------------------- $125.00 Labor, at $18 a month and board ---------------------------------------- 300.00 Care of stock, at $90 per head ------------------------------------------- 90. 00 Fertilizing, at $3.75 an acre --------------------------------------------- 18. 75 Taxes on land and improvements, at $250 per acre------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12.50 Taxes on leasehold ----------------------------------------------------- 12.00 Taxes on paddy on hand (4 tons), at $50 a ton -------------------------- 2. 06 Taxes on growing crop (64 tons), at $50 a ton ---------------------------- 3. 12 Taxes on stock, at $25 -------------------------------------------------- . 25 Transportation, at $0.15 a bag ------------------------------------------- 24, 75 Milling 165 bags, at $0.20 a bag------------------------------------------ 33. 00 Cost of crop (165 bags, or 8% tons)--------------------------------------- 621.43 Cost per bag ----------------------------------------------------------- 3. 76 This estimate was made by several rice planters and factors of Honolulu. It is probably somewhat higher than the cost of produc- tion in certain parts of the islands, and planters were found who claimed that they could make ends meet when they netted $3.25 a bag for rice. The land rentals appear exorbitant to an American, especially when it is considered that the land used for rice cultivation is for the most part almost worthless for any other purpose, and that it has been made productive at the expense of a great deal of labor on the part of the tenant. A person sometimes questions whether any- one but a Chinaman would pay such rent. A price that not infre- Quently reaches $50 per acre per annum for the use of swamp land dependent upon continued cultivation for its value is out of all pro- portion to the returns derived from rice planting at present. Two crops are raised in the course of a year. - - The laborers employed on rice plantations are almost exclusively Chinese, the only exceptions reported being one or two companies of Japanese, said to be working unsuccessfully on the island of Kauai. The hours of labor are from sunrise to sunset, and the men usually work seven days a week. The pay of field hands working by the month was reported to be $17 and $18 a month and board in the vicin- ity of Honolulu, and $15 a month with board upon the remoter plan- tations of some of the other islands. A large Chinese planter on Kauai said: “If the Chinese can’t make $18 clear a month when they work on shares they won’t sign a contract. We have to employ on an average one field hand for every 4 acres, from which we get 12,000 pounds of paddy or perhaps 4 tons of cleaned rice. During the cutting Season we must have a helper for each man, or one man for every 2acres, besides the cook and foreman who attends to the water.” The share planters earn various rates, according to the terms of their contract and the success of the crop. They are usually supplied with advances or with food and lodging while the crop is being raised. In one instance they receive $25 for the season, besides an equal share of the 460 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU of LABOR. crop. Usually the cooperators share equally with the employer. Yet in one case mentioned the owner received 30 per cent of the rice and the laborers shared the remaining 70 per cent, less advances. No deduction from the workers' share was made for seed and the use of animals supplied by the owner, which items were part of the capital- ist’s contribution to production. In another case the arrangement was similar, except that the owner received 40 per cent of the crop. The varying amount of the owner's and the laborers' share, respectively, depends upon the productivity of the land, the price of rice, and the local scarcity or abundance of Chinese field hands. Each planting company has a cook, and there is usually one man who attends to the irrigation. He is usually more responsible or experienced than the others and occupies the position of foreman, receiving from $2 to $7 a month more than ordinary hands. As to the scale of living, one large Chinese rice planter and mill owner said: “On the rice plantations we have to give the men four meals, as they work very long hours. We give one kind of meat or fish, and not less than three kinds of vegetables, one of which is generally cab- bage. The men eat before they go to work in the morning, and after they come back at night; and they also have two rests of half an hour, at about 11 a. m. and 2 p.m. for eating. . We count the cost of food and lodging to the planter at $7 a month.” coRFEE. (a) Coffee has been raised in some parts of Hawaii since the earlier half of the last century and was exported in small quantities before the sugar industry was established. It continued a relatively unimportant crop, however, until the decade between 1890 and 1900, when the high price of coffee throughout the world caused a sudden and, as ultimately was proved, unwise expansion of the industry. Trees were in many cases planted upon unsuitable lands, so that while the groves throve for the first few years, they later ceased bearing or did not have the vigor to resist blight and other plant diseases, and cultivation was undertaken subject to conditions that promised a profit only so long as the high prices then prevailing continued. When these prices dropped the boom in the industry collapsed, and a period of depression ensued in the coffee districts that has done much to discourage any attempt to diversify agriculture in those parts of the islands. Nevertheless, among the many plantations started there were a few blessed with exceptional advantages of soil, climate, and location that have survived and are in a degree prospering, but chiefly through a system of sub- leases to Japanese. Several of these are located upon the North Koma coast of Hawaii and there is one large and well-administered planta- a See also page 395. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 461 tion upon the opposite side of the same island, in the Hamakua dis- trict, that has managed to maintain itself in the midst of other failures. The conditions of employment of hired workers are governed largely by the conditions prevailing upon the neighboring sugar plantations. Wages range from $16 to $18 a month, with free quarters, water, and fuel. Pickers receive from 40 to 50 cents per hundredweight of berry. Cultivators employed in keeping the ground clear under the trees are paid 90 cents an acre a month on one plantation. One man can keep from 15 to 20 acres in good condition, working his own time. The cost of producing a pound of coffee is said to be about 74 cents in North Kona and 10 cents in the Hamakua district. Another estimate in the latter district, based upon conservative data, would make the cost of clean coffee, delivered at port of shipment, 8.7 cents a pound. The coffee crop of 1903 was the largest that the Territory ever pro- duced, exceeding 3,000,000 pounds. Ninety-five per cent of this was raised upon the island of Hawaii. The total value of the crop exported was $184,180. The land planted in coffee does not exceed 4,500 acres, but important extensions were being made of the present plantations of North Kona in 1905, and new land was also being brought under cultivation in connection with the Hamakua plantation already mentioned. • . FRUITS. A trade of some importance in bananas (between the port of Hilo, on the island of Hawaii, and San Francisco) has sprung up since the report of 1902 was written. In 1905 this industry was suffering somewhat, principally from the lack of regular and cheap transportation, which enabled the American fruit companies, with their more efficient organization and quicker deliveries, to flood the California market just prior to the arrival of Hawaiian shipments. - The growing and canning of pineapples is an expanding industry in Hawaii. Four canneries are now in operation—two in the vicinity of Honolulu, on the island of Oahu, one upon the Kona coast of Hawaii, and one undertaken by a sugar planter on the island of Maui. This industry thus starts with a wide distribution in the Territory, and it gives promise of being permanently profitable. The shipments of canned fruit rose from 8,000 cases in 1903 to 20,000 cases in 1904, and it is anticipated will approach 40,000 cases the present year. Both field labor and the work of canning are done by Asiatics, and wages and general conditions of employment do not differ markedly from those prevailing upon the sugar plantations. The field work is pleasanter and less arduous than that of raising cane. The pineapples at present are planted mostly at an altitude of 1,000 feet or over. No form of labor is employed in this industry that would present physical hard- "ships to white men. The canneries were not in operation when the figures for this report were gathered, but the prevailing rate of pay 462 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. for Japanese cannery hands was reported to be $1 a day. As in case of coffee, the cultivation of this crop is beginning to fall into the hands of Japanese companies, and one of the largest tracts in the Wahiawa colony, which has made a specialty of pineapple raising, is now leased to a Japanese planter. , An American pineapple farmer, managing his own place, employed an American teamster at $2 a day and house; an American mechanic at $2 a day, with board and lodging; and 15 Chinese laborers, who received 10 cents an hour and house. They worked nine hours a day. The usual return is from 5 to 10 tons of pineapples to the acre, and the price paid by the cannery is $30 a ton. This farmer shipped most of his fruit fresh to the mainland market, receiving a somewhat higher price. The owner of a neighboring farm, also an American, said: “From those two acres of pineapples I sold $256 worth of pines, to a man who harvested them himself. That was my winter crop. I expect to sell the summer crop from the same field to the cannery for $300.” JMISCELLANEOUS IRURAL INDUSTRIES. There are several plantations upon the islands where sisal is grown, one place near Honolulu being operated successfully by a company having $75,000 invested in the business and nearly 1,500 acres under cultivation or in process of clearing. Two rubber plantations have been started, one of which is already far enough along to indicate that the natural conditions for successfully establishing this industry exist in some parts of Hawaii. Experiments with Cuban tobacco have been conducted by the Federal agricultural station with favorable results, and some attention is being given to its cultivation by sugar planters on Hawaii. There appears to be a fairly strong movement toward a diversification of industry in the islands, though this has not passed out of the experimental or initiatory stage as yet. The low prices of sugar prevailing recently have helped to turn the attention of local capitalists toward the production of other crops. But none of the new undertakings has reached a period of development where it encounters a labor question of its own or affects the general situation in the Territory. TRANSPORTATION. The larger cane plantations upon all of the islands have their own railway systems, but these are not used for general transportation purposes. Oahu, Hawaii, and Maui also have public railways, though only upon the first of these islands does the railroad afford access to a considerable part of the country. The railway upon Hawaii is being extended, and will ultimately connect the series of plantations extend- ing for nearly 90 miles along the Hilo and Hamakua coast, or wind- ward side of the island, with a possible access to Kau, or the south- Western district, by way of the volcano of Kilauea. A franchise has º REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 463 been granted for a projected line along the Kona coast of Hawaii. A very small line, which runs trains for public service but twice or three times a week, extends along the Kohala coast of the same island, chiefly for the purpose of carrying sugar from the plantations of the district to the nearest shipping port of Mahukona. Maui has a single system, affording transportation in connection with plantation railways of the same gauge to all of the central plain, where settlement is mostly con- centrated, although the locally important town of Lahaina and its environs are not served by this company. The wages and hours of labor of railway employees, which include a complete census of these occupations so far as public roads are concerned, are given in the general tables that form the second part of this report. - | Interisland traffic is almost entirely in the hands of a single shipping corporation, which was formed by the union of the two companies that operated independently, but not competitively, until June, 1905. The terms of employment for steamship employees are also given in the general tables. There has been a partial displacement of Hawaiian sailors by Japanese, but this has not extended to skilled positions. The Asiatics are not considered as good boatmen as the natives, and their entry into this occupation is to be accounted for by other than purely economic motives on the part of the shipowners. It has been occa- sioned largely by the fact that the Hawaiians prove unreliable in a sea- port town like Honolulu, where they will often sacrifice a permanent position rather than forego the pleasure of attending some festivity among their own people or of celebrating pay day by a spree. The Asiatics are less competent, but they are always on hand when a man is wanted. - . Honolulu has an excellent electric-railway system, extending well into the suburbs, that employs only citizen labor, except in a very few unskilled positions. The rate of pay of motormen and conductors is 30 cents an hour, or higher than elsewhere in the United States, with the exception of one or two cities in Montana. The pay is the same on all runs, and the men are employed on an average nine hours a day. OTHER NONURBAN EMPLOYMENTS. Forestry and mining afford practically no employment in Hawaii, and except in remote localities the fisheries are almost entirely in the hands of Japanese. They work either independently or for a share of the catch, so that this industry also is not an employing one. It has been proposed at various times to organize the fishing business and make the islands a center for systematic food fishing by a fleet of Schooners under a single company, but this project has fallen through before proceeding beyond the stage of discussion. Most of the men working in the country who are not employed in the various agricultural industries already described or in cultivating 464 BULEETIN of THE BUREAU of LABor. small homesteads without hired service are engaged upon the large irrigation and electric power works now being constructed, or upon the public works. The irrigation ditches and reservoirs are built by Jap- anese laborers, who usually work in contracting companies under general white supervision. So much of this work is paid for on a piecework basis that actual earnings are difficult to determine; but general laborers expect to receive $1 a day for ditch digging and other kinds of excavating. They are usually supplied with shelter, but not with rations or medical attendance. Contractors sometimes earn much more than this sum, and cases are not rare where Japanese are said to have earned $2 a day on ditch and tunnel contracts. . . . . . Only citizen labor is employed upon public works, as a consequence of a law passed by the Territorial legislature in 1903. The prevailing wages and hours of labor are given in the general tables, from the pay rolls of several of the principal contractors doing work for the Gov- ernment. Unskilled labor is paid from $1 to $2 a day, according to the locality where the work is performed and the amount of resident labor in the vicinity. Rough carpenters and semiskilled mechanics receive up to $2 and skilled mechanics up to $4 or $4.50 a day. Public works undertaken by the Federal Government are still open to Asiatic labor. For reasons more fully stated in another section of this report both employers and employees in the Territory are favor- able to a policy restricting this field of employment also to citizens or persons eligible to become citizens. - - - There is no present prospect that the country population of Hawaii will ever be employed extensively in other than agricultural pursuits. There are no mineral resources, and the islands are without local fuel supplies or other sources of constant power sufficient to encourage manufacturing industries. URBAN EMPLOYMENTs. Some clothing, boots and shoes, and bamboo furniture are manu- factured by Orientals in the small shops of Honolulu, and both there and in Hilo there are Asiatic establishments that make tinware for sale at plantation stores and elsewhere among the working people. The building trades and associated occupations afford about the only field of employment for skilled white labor where a considerable num- ber of men are following the same trade, if we except two or three machine shops not employing Asiatic labor. - The wages and hours of labor of white mechanics in Honolulu and elsewhere throughout the archipelago, when considered in connection with the cost of living and steadiness of employment, present as favor- able conditions for workingmen as prevail elsewhere in the United States; otherwise white mechanics would leave for California. The high wages of skilled labor in Hawaii are due to some extent to the / { REPORT OF THE coºrºor LABOR ON HAWAII. 465 fact that much of the white labor employed in the Territory is super- visory labor, directing less skilled native and Portuguese helpers. Although but few of these superinten%ing workmen are needed, it is difficult to keep even a small number ºn the Territory. - Many carpenters are paid as high as $4 for an 8-hour day, and brick masons and plasterers from $5.50 to $6 a day. Plumbers receive from $4.50 to $5.50 for an 8-hour day. , Painters are paid as high as $3 and $3.50 a day. While work is at times irregular on account of slackness Of business, there is not the saràe seasonal unemployment as in most other parts of the United States. - The clothing trades are almost entirely in the hands of Asiatics. A few white tailors are engaged in business in Honolulu, and there is one white firm in Hilo, but they all, with the exception of the Hilo tailor, are said to employ Chinese or Japanese workmen. There are practically no white wage-earners engaged in making men's garments or boots and shoes, although a few find employment independently in repairing and cobbling. Native and Portuguese sewing girls are reported to earn $1 a day when constantly employed. Although these trades are almost monopolized by Orientals, the average rate of wages is probably not lower than in large American cities, and the econgº. condition of the Chinese or Japanese Worker in these occupatia absolutely, as well as relatively to his standard of living Rºſeſ than that of the sweat-shop workers of New York and Chicago. The preparation of food and drink affords employment to a number of workers, who are mostly Asiatics. Most of the bakeries, confec- tionery shops, and hotels and restaurants employ Chinese help, or, as a second choice, Japanese. Workers of the latter nationality are more commonly found than the Chinese in laborious occupations, such as operating aerated-water machinery. The Honolulu brewery, which is the only esta)lishment of the kind in the islands, employs only white or native laborin its manufacturing departments and delivery service. Bottlers and common laborers are paid from $1 to $1.75 a day, team- sters from $54 to $75 a month, while skilled help receives from $100 to $250 a month. Asiatic bakery and confectionery hands are paid from $20 to $40 a month, with board and lodging. - - Practically all domestic servants are Asiatics, and their rate of pay varies with their skill, reliability, and knowledge of the English lan- guage to such an extent that it is quite impossible to estimate their average earnings. Plantation cooks receive from $18 to $30 a month. Similar rates are paid in the wealthier households of Honolulu. A Part-Hawaiian stationary engineer was paying his Japanese servant, who cooked for his family, $4.50 a week and board, while in a neigh- boring family a Japanese boy who did not cook, but attended school and performed household duties out of school hours, was paid $1.50 a 466 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU of LABor. \ week and board. Domestic servants are organized into guilds. Japa- nese servants are frequently under some obligations to employment agencies kept by their countiV men, and are changed from one position to another, to serve the º of the agency or as they acquire increased skill and experience. Caucasian mercantile establishinents employ white clerks and sales- men except for dealings with Asiatic customers. As all the better houses have some retail trade with the Orientals, and sometimes sell goods regularly to Chinese and Japanese merchants, they generally have one or two clerks of those nationalities upon their pay rolls. Few, if any, whites or natives are employed in the Oriental stores. The salaries of white salesmen and office clerks are rather higher than in towns of equal size in America. Bookkeepers are paid from $100 to $250 and $300 a month, copyists and stenographers from $60 to $100, and salesmen from $40 to $100. Many retail stores have some Part-Hawaiian and Portuguese clerks who are paid a lower rate than Americans or north Europeans. Most of the mercantile establish- ments in the American quarter close at 6 p.m., but the Oriental stores, especially small shops and provision stands, are open evenings. Sun- day closing is almost universal, except for places where refreshments &-urban occupations not subject to Asiatic competition are the English printing trades and some forms of employment in machin- ery and metal working, Oriental blacksmiths antſ horseshoers have shops in Honolulu, and the Japanese compete with boiler makers in making the large tanks used as receivers for the fuel oil now largely employed for steam making in the islands. The language difficulty as yet forms an insurmountable obstacle to the employment of Asiatics in English printing offices, but there are several Chinese and Japanese newspaper and job printing establishments in the Territory, catering chiefly to the needs of the Oriental population, that occasionally do English work. The manufacture of sugar-mill machinery and the repair of mill and marine machinery and dock-yard work form the largest employing industry in Honolulu. Two principal establishments are engaged in this business, the larger of which had about 270 men and the smaller 55 men on its pay rolls in June, 1905. This total rises to over 400 men during busy seasons. No Asiatics are employed, either as mechanics or laborers, by either company. Foremen receive $6 and $7 a day, journeymen average from $3.75 to $4, and helpers, who are mostly natives and Portuguese, from $1.75 to $2. The rate varies according to individual efficiency. The trades represented are pattern makers, molders, machinists, blacksmiths, boiler makers, and shop laborers. Apprentices and youths are paid from $6 to $9 a week, and a few boys receive $3.50 to $4.50 a week. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 467 Skilled electrical work is also entirely in the hands of Caucasians and Hawaiians. Wiremen receive from $2 to $3.50 and linemen $2.50 or $2.75 a day. Some wiring in the Chinese quarter is done by Asiatics, but the amount is small and the work of a character requiring little skill. Job compositors in Small shops receive from $12 to $15 a week, while hand compositors, both job and newspaper, are paid up to $20 a week in larger establishments. Linotype men get from $20 to $34.40 a week. Press boys receive from $1 a day up, and feeders of large presses as high as $3 a day. This covers in a broad way the field of employment in Hawaii. There are many individual omissions, but the industries not mentioned are unimportant and present no conditions requiring special descrip- tion. In some trades, like carriage making and repairing, the estab- lishments conducted by Asiatics are almost, if not quite, as large as those owned by white men. The employees in the white shops are nearly all Caucasians, and in the Asiatic shops Orientals. The same is true of milling and steam joinery. Here the competition, which in a degree determines the condition of labor as represented in wages and hours of work, is among employers as well as among employees. But the effect upon wages is not marked. In brief, then, the labor demand of the Territory is found chiefly in rural industries and overwhelmingly, as compared with other fields of employment, considered either singly or in the aggregate, upon the sugar plantations. About all the study of other occupations will do is to show how closely the labor conditions in them conform to the con- ditions prevailing upon the plantations in all essential respects. THE COST OF LIVING. In considering the cost of living of the working people three dis- tinct classes must be regarded—white mechanics and skilled workers; white and Hawaiian unskilled workers, the former of whom are mostly Portuguese with a few Germans and Austrians, and Asiatics. In case of each class of workers the cost of living is different in Honolulu from that upon the plantations, and it is not uniform throughout the country districts of Hawaii. The skilled Caucasian workers of the Territory maintain quite as high a standard of living as any class of wage-earners in America. Upon the plantations they are housed in comfortable cottages, fre- Quently with garden and stable. They have free water connection and are usually supplied with fuel. Unmarried employees often board in a plantation mess, which is partly supported by the company. The cost of board runs from $20 to $25 a month and is usually about 468 BULLETIN of THE BUREAU of LABOR. as good as boarding-house fare costing the same amount in an American city. On one plantation, where several employees formed a mess and the company supplied house, fuel, water, and dishes and utensils in the first instance, it cost the men $23 a month when 8 were at the table and $20 a month when there were 12. On a neighboring plantation, where the plantation furnished the same items as in the case just mentioned, the mess expenses for food and cook's pay were $21 a month. On a small plantation upon another island, where there were 4 in a mess, the cost was $25 a month. At another place an unmarried bookkeeper, who was allowed a house and fuel and water, besides $12 a month for a cook, by the plantation, and had one boarder paying $30 a month for board and lodging, found his living expenses to be $50 a month, exclusive of clothing and laundry. This gentleman purchased the material for clothing and paid a Japanese tailor $15 for making a suit. The tailor supplied thread only. The total cost of a business suit was about $30. A new house occupied by an overseer on Lihue plantation had cost $1,900 and would rent for $20 a month. It had a large “lanai,” or veranda living room, such as are common in Hawaii, a sitting room, dining room, two bedrooms, and a bathroom, besides kitchen and outhouses in the rear. Upon another plantation two residences recently erected for white employees had cost $1,000 and $1,076, respectively. These were neat frame cot- tages of five rooms and a bath. Some of the smaller cottages cost $700. Probably the expense to the plantation of erecting these buildings was not greater than it would be in most parts of the United States. Upon all plantations a person finds as great a variety and as excel- lent food as he would be apt to get in any country town upon the mainland. Practically all the vegetables raised in the Temperate Zone are cultivated in Hawaii, besides taro, alligator pears, and breadfruit. Strawberries are grown to perfection in several parts of the islands, while native grapes, peaches, and apples are somewhat less abundant, but most of the temperate zone fruits are brought from California. Furthermore, there are several varieties of tropical fruit in season at nearly all times of the year. Cured meats, fresh meats of different kinds and often of excellent quality, fresh milk and cream, and in most places fresh sea fish are obtainable. In the matter of table supplies Hawaii resembles California much more than it does most tropical countries. And there is probably no place in the West Indies, not excepting Habana, where the same variety and quality of food famil- iar to Americans is to be found as in Honolulu. - In comparing the living expenses of a white mechanic in Honolulu with those of a wage-earner of the same class upon the mainland regard must be had for a certain difference in the style of living demanded by custom in the two places. An American carpenter in Honolulu REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAw AII. 469 *~ expressed this well by saying: “There is nowhere else so much swell- dom among the poor as in this country.” You never see a white work- man carrying a dinner pail in Honolulu. The wives of carpenters and painters often keep a Japanese servant. All the white people in the city form a sort of caste, as compared with the Orientals, and strive to maintain the dignity of their position. The wages of a skilled and reliable white mechanic, when steadily employed, afford him an income quite equal to that of many professional men and men employed in clerical occupations. In the past money has come and gone easily in the islands, and a liberal scale of expenditure was demanded by uni- versal custom. Even to-day there is no coin smaller than the 5-cent piece in circulation. These conditions do not invite to thrift and per- sonal economies. They appear as a heightened cost of living that is quite independent of the price of commodities. - A foreman plumber said: “Clothing is about as cheap in Honolulu as in San Francisco. It costs my wife and myself about $80 a month to live. A single man who lives well must pay $40 a month for board, lodging, and washing.” - - " - - An American-born carpenter, who had lived in Honolulu for twenty- seven years, and who had a family of 5 children—some of whom were in the high school—his wife being dead, said: “It costs me $75 a month to live. I pay $20 a month for my cottage (situated on a good resi- dence street within walking distance of the business portion of the city), which has 3 large and 2 very small bedrooms, a parlor, dining room, kitchen, and bath. My grocery bill averages between $28 and $30 a month. I pay from $12 to $14 for fresh meat, $3.50 for fresh milk, and buy my fresh vegetables at the door from Chinese market gardeners. So my family expenses are $75 a month, without counting clothing and extras.” - - - Another American carpenter, who had moved to Hawaii from the Middle West more recently, said: “I own a lot and have built my own house. I raise my own chickens and have plenty of eggs; and also have my own fruit, including several varieties of bananas, papayas, guavas, and mangoes; and raise such vegetables as turnips, beets, car- rots, and lettuce. If I kept a cow I should hardly have to work to supply my table. Wood costs $14 a cord, but we don’t use much of it. Electric light costs $1 a light a month. My expenses for fuel, clothing, and eatables for my family are no greater than they were four years ago in America.” - Some workingmen’s cottages in less desirable localities rent for as low as $10 and $15 a month. Very pretty cottages with all modern improvements and pleasant grounds are to be had for from $20 to $35 a month. Rents are now much lower in Honolulu than they were three or four years ago. - - 470 - BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Such quotations as the following are taken from the monthly accounts of workingmen's families in Honolulu: Fifty loaves of bread, $2.10; 26 quarts of milk, $2.60; 2 pounds butter, $0.60; 16 pounds potatoes, $0.40; 6 eggs, $0.20; 1 pound “Comet” tea, $0.65; 5 pounds roast coffee, $1; 8 pounds rice, $0.45; 20 pounds “Peerless” sugar, $0.80; 6% pounds ham, $1.20; 2 cans peas, $0.40; 1 can tongue, $0.30; 1 can tomatoes, $0.15; 2 pounds salt pork, $0.40; 1 bag “Golden Gate” flour, $1.50; 2 pounds soda crackers, $0.25; 2 packages “Force,” $0.40; 1 sack corn meal (5 pounds), $0.25; 1 gallon vinegar, $0.25; 2 packages macaroni, $0.25. These prices are from several estab- lishments, including some of the largest stores, carrying high-grade stocks, and suburban groceries supplying a workingmen's neigh- borhood. Some whites, especially Portuguese and the lower paid Europeans and Americans, patronize Oriental stores. One mechanic said: “It makes a difference of about 25 cents in a bill of $2.50 or $3 if you buy of a Chinaman, but you get stale or inferior goods. The goods are American in both cases, but of different grade or quality. My boy, who works in one of the principal American provision houses, says that when their stock gets stale on the shelves they box it up in the original cases and sell it to Chinese and Japanese dealers.” Since no coin of less value than a 5-cent piece is in circulation, prices are not usually graded down below that denomination, except where several units are sold together. For instance, in case of canned goods the price for a single can may be 15 cents, while the price of two cans is 25 cents. Consumers in Honolulu reported that it was not the cus- tom to allow for fractions of five cents when several units of different commodities were purchased. Therefore, if half a pound of cheese at 25 cents a pound and one can of tomatoes at 2 cans for 25 cents were bought, the charge would be 15 cents for the cheese and 15 cents for the tomatoes. Consequently, the quoted retail prices of commodities do not in all instances represent the actual cost to a housekeeper who neglects to consider this custom in making purchases. The cost of good board in private families and residential hotels at Honolulu ranges from $10 to $15 a week. Street-car fares are the same and cab fares are lower than in the cities of the mainland. Steam- laundry prices are much lower than in California or the Eastern States. High-grade custom-made clothing is more expensive than in most other parts of the United States, but cheaper grades of custom-made clothing and ready-made garments cost little if any more than in San Francisco or New York. The last remark applies also to furnishing goods. In fact, for all these articles, as well as for hats and boots and shoes, con- ventional prices prevail for the same brands and makes that are ordi- marily found in American stores. Unskilled Caucasian laborers, teamsters, watchmen, gang and field bosses upon the plantations, the lower paid operatives in mills, and REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 471 clerks in retail establishments are for the most part Portuguese, although an increasing number of those employed in these occupations are reported as Americans, because of the growing population of per- sons born in Hawaii of Portuguese or Part-Hawaiian parentage who class themselves under this designation. There are many Part- Hawaiians and a few workers nominally of full Hawaiian blood who are to be classed with this division of labor in considering the cost of living. There are 600 or 700 citizen Chinese or Chinese-Hawaiian families who have adopted about the same scale of expenditure, although few of these are reported in wage-earning occupations out- side of mercantile pursuits. The Porto Ricans still working on the plantations are, for purposes of convenience, considered in the same division. A representative Portuguese family of the more thrifty class, employed upon a plantation, consisted of the father, who was a laborer, and 2 sons working with teams, besides the mother and a younger son, who were unemployed. The aggregate earnings of the 3 wage-earners for a year were $742.35, besides which the family income was aug- mented by $216 derived from the sale of milk. The plantation fur- nished this family—in addition to wages—with a 4-room cottage, with detached kitchen, and about 1 acre of garden land. The rental value of the property was estimated to be about $120 a year. They owned 4 cows, 4 calves, and a horse. A German plantation watchman, with a family of 6 persons, earned $269 per annum, while two sons, the eldest of whom was 17 years of age, contributed enough to the family income to bring it up to $543.40 for the year. This family was sup- plied by the plantation with a 5-room cottage, with detached kitchen, a large garden, and pasture. They owned a horse, donkey, 2 cows, and a calf. A German field boss, with a family of 7, one of whom was a son 17 years old, working in the mill, had a family income of $646, of which $52 was derived from other sources than wages. They also occupied a 5-room cottage, with detached kitchen, garden, and pasture. They owned a horse and carriage, 2 cows, and 2 calves. No accurate account of the expenditures of these families was obtainable; but their store accounts, which included most of their cash outgo, were estimated at between $30 and $40 a month. A Portuguese night watchman, with a family of five, received $360 a year, and estimated his store account at $276 and his expenses for clothing at $33 additional. A few other items, such as lighting, which was considered to cost $8 a year, brought his total expenses up to nearly his entire income. The eldest of his 3 children was 8 years old, so none of them contributed anything to the family earnings. A ' Portuguese plantation locomotive engineer, who was a young man of 26, with a family of 4, had an income of $780 per annum, and was able to save $124 the year reported after paying all his expenses. The 472 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. plantation cottages occupied by the Portuguese laborers and teamsters usually contain 4 rooms and cost from $400 to $600. Most families keep cows, pigs, and chickens, and raise at least a portion of their own fruits and vegetables. A Spanish field boss in charge of a gang of . Porto Ricans said that the latter spent about $8 a month for board, and paid from $1 to $2 a month for 1-room cottages. These men live in houses away from the plantation by preference. Their total living expenses, except for clothing, “ drink, and tobacco” were estimated at $10 a month, or about the same as those of the better class of Japanese laborers. “Poi,” a preparation of taro root, is a staple article of diet used by the Hawaiian employees upon the plantations. This costs them about $3 a month in some places and as much as $4.50 in others. A man with a family will use about 9 bundles of hard poi, which costs from $6 to $7. At a plantation coffeehouse patronized by natives a cup of coffee, with sugar and bread and butter or cakes, costs 10 cents. The cost of food for a family—bought for the most part- from the Chinese coffee shops—was estimated at 30 cents a day, exclusive of poi. Rather neat 1-room cottages with a small veranda, occupied by Hawaiian laborers, cost the plantation $75 each. The following store accounts for a month of Portuguese and Porto Rican plantation laborers were taken at a place where, on account of the isolation of the plantation camp, it appeared probable that most of the purchases would be made at a single establishment: 1. Portuguese laborer, wife, and 4 children (monthly earnings, $25.15): 3 bags flour, $4.65; 5-gallon tin kerosene, $1.50; 50 pounds sugar, $2.25; tobacco, $0.25; matches, $0.10; 25 pounds wheat, $0.65; 5-pound tin lard, $0.60; soap, $1.25; sewing-machine oil, $0.15; blue- ing, $0.05; onions, $0.25; codfish, $1.50; canned salmon, $1; maca- roni, $0.25; coffee, $0.50; tea, $0.25; cheese, $0.25; butter, $0.10; rice, $0.50; baking powder, $0.25; salt, $0.10; honey, $0.25; bayo beans, $0.25; cap, $0.25; comforter, $1.25. Total, $18.40. 2. Portuguese laborer, wife, and 1 child (monthly earnings, $25.25): 2 bags flour, $3.10; 5-gallon can kerosene, $1.50; 50 pounds rice, $1.90; sugar, $1.25; canned salmon, $1; potatoes, $0.75; codfish, $0.75; onions, $0.55; tomatoes, $0.50; canned corn beef, $0.50; canned beef, $0.45; soap, $0.75; lard, $0.35; vermicelli, $0.25; beans, $0.10; raisins, $0.20; biscuits, $0.50; starch, $0.10; blueing, $0.10; coffee, $0.25; tea, $0.25; tobacco, $0.25; hair pins, $0.05; broom, $0.35. Total, $15.75. 3. Portuguese laborer and wife (monthly earnings, $23.40): 1 bag flour, $1.55; 5-gallon can kerosene, $1.50; 25 pounds sugar, $1.15; 5- pound can lard, $0.60; condensed milk, $0.50; 25 pounds potatoes, $0.60; beans, $0.50; codfish, $0.75; onions, $0.25; wheat, $0.25; cof- fee, $0.50; vinegar, $0.15; salt, $0.05; soap, $0.50; starch, $0.10; blueing, $0.05; tobacco, $0.75; 2 undershirts, $1; 2 plates, $0.25; cot- ton sheeting, $1; 1 pair pants, $0.90; fresh beef, $1.50. Total, $14.40. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER of LABor on HAwaii. 473 4. Portuguese laborer, wife, and 4 children (monthly earnings— father, $19.45; daughter, $12.25; total, $31.70): 4 bags flour, $6.20; 5-gallon can kerosene, $1.50; one-half bag sugar, $2.85; beans, $2; macaroni, $1.25; 5-pound can lard, $0.60; 25 pounds wheat, $0.65; 50 pounds potatoes, $1.15; onions, $0.25; garlics, $0.10; codfish, $0.25; vinegar, $0.70; coffee, $0.75; tea, $0.25; chicory, $0.10; salt, $0.15; butter, $0.10; shrimps, $0.05; soap, $1; tobacco, $0.75; brown cotton sheeting, $1; gingham, $1.25; fresh beef, $3. Total, $25.90. 5. Porto Rican laborer and 3 children (monthly earnings—father, $15.75; son, $12.30; total, $28.05): Kerosene, $0.15; one-half bag rice, $2.15; codfish, $1; wheat, $0.75; sugar, $0.75; 5-pound can lard, $0.60; canned corn beef, $0.45; beans, $0.25; onions, $0.10; garlics, $0.10; pepper, $0.05; cheese, $0.05; coffee, $0.25; condensed milk, $0.50; salt, $0.05; matches, $0.05; charcoal, $0.15; soap, $0.50; starch, $0.20; tobacco, $0.75; 1 shirt, $0.50; spoons, $0.15; fresh beef, $1.50. Total, 6. Porto Rican laborer and wife (monthly earnings, $16.90): 2 bags flour, $3.10; one-half bag rice, $1.75; kerosene, $0.30; candles, $0.25; Sugar, $1; 5-pound can lard, $0.60; onions and garlics, $0.15; pepper, $0.05; codfish, $1; potatoes, $0.15; coffee, $1; salt, $0.05; soap, $0.50; starch, $0.10; blueing, $0.05; tobacco, $0.50; thread, $0.25; bunting, $1; fresh beef, $1.50; cigarette papers, $0.10. Total, $13.40. - - Upon Koloa plantation it was estimated that a Portuguese man and wife, living economically, keeping cows and chickens, and occupying a plantation house with garden, could live with a cash expenditure not exceeding $16 a month. A Portuguese overseer with a wife and 2 children spent $40 a month. The following prices of clothing were secured at a plantation store: Stout leather shoes, with sewed soles, $1.75 a pair; black canvas shoes, nailed soles, $1.50 a pair; best work- ing shoes, American factory made; $2.25 a pair; khaki pants, made locally, $1 a pair; denim shirts, $0.50 each; denim pants, $0.75 a pair; drill shirts, $0.75 each. This store sold Hawaiian-made, all leather shoes for $1.50 a pair. - - The cost of living for the same class of labor is considerably higher in Honolulu. - Rent and fuel are more expensive and the facilities for keeping stock and chickens and raising garden crops are not quite so good. Nevertheless most of the Portuguese homes gave evidence of thrifty management, and have chicken yards and vegetable gardens in their grounds. A landlord having a number of tenements in a work- ingmen's quarter said: “I am renting 10 cottages of 4 rooms and bath, with sanitary toilet in outhouse, for $9 a month. I also have 10 smaller cottages that rent for $6 a month, which have an assessed valuation of $7,000. In addition to keeping them in repair I pay annually $70 taxes, $39 sewer rate, and $80 water rate. Seven of these cheaper cottages are now occupied by the following tenants: 1 German 25—No. 66–06—8 474 -- . BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. laborer, 1 German widow, 2 Hawaiian laborers on government works, 1 Part-Hawaiian working in the Honolulu Ironworks, and 2 Portu- guese mason’s helpers.” - An American night watchman, who raised his own garden vegeta- bles and kept chickens, estimated his grocery bill at $17 a month, and his total expenses for himself and wife at $30 a month, aside from clothing. * - The Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans are said to spend about an equal amount of money for food, lodging, and clothing, although the distribution of expenditure among these three items is not the same for all these nationalities. As a rule, the Chinese eat more expensive food—and especially consume more meat—than the Japanese, in which respect the Koreans also come to resemble the former after a short stay in Hawaii, although at first they are apt to stint themselves in the matter of provisions. But the Japanese spend more for clothing and usually demand better living quarters than do the Chinese. The mis- cellaneous expenses of the Japanese are also probably higher than those of the Chinese or Koreans, although this can be stated with less assurance, on account of the impossibility of ascertaining the channels in which these different peoples employ their surplus money. The Asiatics deal with merchants of their own nationality so exclu- sively that it is difficult to secure reliable detailed information as to their cash expenditures. The Asiatic plantation employees frequently have small gardens and, like the Portuguese, keep pigs and chickens. Chinese rice planters reported the cost of board and lodging for their field hands as $6 or $7 a month. As stated elsewhere in this report, four meals, including rice, vegetables, and fish or meat, are given laborers in these plantations, as the work is for long hours and involves constant exposure and employment in the water. A Korean overseer said: “My countrymen working here eat rice, vegetables, and fresh beef. They spend $7 or $8 a month for board, and are well satisfied. Their total expenses are not more than $10 a month. In Korea they never earn over $4 or $5 a month, and spend $2 or $3 for living. They spend more in Hawaii, but still are able to save more than at home.” The writer visited a Korean camp at meal- time. The men were boarding in a mess which they conducted them- selves, ranges and cooking utensils, as well as house and fuel, being supplied by the plantation. Their mess expenses were said by the cook to be $6 a month. The men were plentifully supplied with boiled rice, a Salad of fresh vegetables, and beef stew. The manager of the plantation said that they would buy the cheaper parts of animals, including the head and refuse meats, and that occasionally they bought fowls, which they stew heads and all. The vegetables were purchased from Japanese market gardeners. Upon another plantation, which also conducts a large cattle ranch, the Koreans buy beef on the hoof, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 475 slaughtering it themselves. It was a general opinion among planta- tion people that the Koreans spent more money the longer they remained in Hawaii, increasing their standard of living with longer residence. They buy American clothing and adopt American habits to some extent, resembling the Japanese more than the Chinese in this respect. No complaint was made of their using opium, but they are fond of intoxicating liquor, and occasionally have a lively time after pay day. Japanese plantation employees pay from $6 to $7 for board. Their quarters are furnished by the plantation. A Japanese store clerk on one plantation said in substance: It costs a Japanese man, wife, and 2 children about $10 a month to live, or a little more than this if they have more than the barest necessities. They would use every month one or two bags of rice, probably Japanese rice, which would cost $4.75 one month and $9.50 the next; besides buying soy, dried fish, a little fresh meat, a good many beans, and some Japanese canned goods and preserved provisions. Another Japanese store clerk, upon another island, said: “Japanese single men, field laborers, are charged $6.50 a month for board by Japanese boarding houses in the camps, and mill hands are charged $7 a month. The latter work longer and have better pay and so live a little better. These men lodge themselves. Tea and rice are the two biggest items of expense. The cost of Sup- porting a Japanese family of 4 persons, with rent, fuel, and light free, and not including clothing, is about $12 a month. The store account of a Japanese laborer, who was a single man, was as follows: One- half bag rice, $2.50; one-half bag flour, $0.80; kerosene, $0.25; wash- ing and bath-house dues, $1.25; tobacco, $1; medical fee, $0.35; cloth- ing, $3.50; meats and vegetables bought outside the store, about $2.70. Total, $12.35.” This would make the cost of food supplies $6, which is less than the usual price charged for board; but the last item may be overestimated, and the figures are evidently intended to be repre- sentative rather than accurate in detail. The expenses of Asiatic working people in Honolulu are somewhat higher than on the plantations, on account of rent and other items which have been mentioned in connection with other classes of labor. There are numerous Japanese hotels and boarding houses in Honolulu which charge up to 50 cents a day for accommodation. The fare is said to be more elaborate than at plantation boarding houses. Many of the Japanese laborers who are temporarily out of employment live in places run by employment agents of their own nationality, and are probably financed over a period of idleness much as American sailors and lumbermen are at the boarding houses conducted for their bene- fit—or the reverse—at points where they congregate. In these cases the charge might vary with the necessities of the laborer and his likelihood of securing immediate employment. Chinese laborers 476 . . . . BULLETIN of THE BUREAU of LABOR. . . . lodging in a village near a plantation were allowed 50 cents a month as compensation for rent. It is quite safe to say that many. Orientals in Honolulu do not spend more than $1 a month for lodging. The tables showing the retail price of commodities for a series of years indicate that the cost of food is less than it was two years ago. According to the table upon page 515, showing the relative prices of food for the sixteen years ending with 1905, the average price of provisions still remains 5.5 per cent above the average price for the ten years ending with 1899, though it is 2.9 per cent lower than in 1902. Prices appear to have been falling prior to the Spanish-American war, which event seems to have been coincident with the beginning of a marked increase in the cost of all commodities to the consumer. Probably this was in part due to the higher prices prevailing in the United States, and partly caused by the boom attending annexation. From other sources we know that rents have fallen much more rapidly than food prices during the last few years, and clothing and furnishings are probably cheaper than ever before in Hawaii; therefore the cost of living as a whole is presumably not higher than during the period of low prices in the middle of the nineties. The indications are that the trend of prices in the Territory will hereafter respond quickly to the trend of prices upon the mainland, and probably the cost of living in Hawaii will gradually approximate that prevailing upon the Pacific Coast. . . . . . • . HEALTH AND SANITATION. As Honolulu is a port of call for most steamers and many sailing vessels plying between America and Asia and Australasia, and receives immigrants and visitors from all quarters of the world, it is necessary that the Territorial authorities be constantly vigilant to provide against the introduction of contagious and infectious diseases. The presence of a large Asiatic laboring population, outnumbering the whites several fold, and living in many instances by preference, or at least with indif- ference, amid insanitary surroundings, has added to the public burden of preserving healthful conditions among the people. And the blight of leprosy—the “mai pake,” or Chinese disease, as it is called by the natives from its supposed source—has so afflicted the Hawaiian race that the government assistance rendered its unfortunate victims imposes financial responsibilities upon the community heavier in proportion to the population than those borne by any State or Territory of the main- land for sanitary purposes. The expenditures of the Territorial board of health have averaged nearly $400,000 per annum since annexa- tion, or more than those for the support of the public schools. At the same rate per capita the people of the United States would pay $200,000,000 annually for health protection. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAw AII. 477 ... The board of health has charge of food, meat, and fish inspection, plumbing permits, tenement inspection, the leper settlement, public hospitals, and health regulations affecting all residents of the islands. The Federal quarantine officers, of course, inspect immigrants, and protect the Territory so far as possible from imported diseases. Honolulu is the only population center in Hawaii where anything approaching urban conditions prevail. Prior to the outbreak of the bubonic plague in 1899 the Oriental quarter of this city is reported to have been in a condition inviting a serious epidemic. Until recently Honolulu had no sewer system, and even now many residences are not connected with the public drainage system. A fire which practically wiped out the Chinese quarter during the cleansing operations con- ducted at the time of the plague has done much to improve the sanitary condition of Honolulu, and the public improvements since completed have made it unlikely that the former evils will ever reappear. A tour of inspection of Chinese and Japanese as well as native tenements and lodging houses failed to reveal any instances of gross negligence or disregard of Sanitary rules. Some of the better class Chinese apartment houses were kept in as good condition and afforded as healthful home surroundings as many similar buildings occupied by whites in an American city; and the Japanese hotels, of which there were a large number in Honolulu, were as a rule neat and really cleaner and more sanitary than the lodging houses patronized by American laborers in the States. The absence of superfluous furniture and draperies, the clean matting floor covers, the avoidance of spitting imposed by the domestic habits of the Japanese, and the abundant ventilation which the genial climate makes an obvious luxury, all combine to prevent the worst sanitary evils of American slums from showing themselves in Honolulu. The tenement-house regulations, which appear to be fairly well enforced in that city, provide that every dwelling occupied by lodgers or contract laborers shall have a capacity of not less than 300 cubic feet of space for each adult, or 900 cubic feet for a man and wife and two children. All buildings must be separated by at least 10 feet of clear space from any adjacent building, and must have at least 20 inches of clear air space, not secured by excavation below the street level, beneath the floor, unless the floor is of concrete, asphaltum, or masonry, so constructed as to leave no openings beneath. All rooms where water is used in such quantity as to render the floor or the ground under the floor thereof damp must be made absolutely waterproof, with proper drainage. There is a further provision to the effect that there shall be at least 8 square feet of win- dow space, of which at least one-half shall be movable and available for ventilation, for every 100 square feet of floor space of any room used for human habitation, and that such windows shall have unob- structed access to the open air and be conveniently reached by the occupants of the room. 478 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Most of the tenements in Honolulu are of frame construction, and they seldom exceed two stories in height. The regulations for tene- ments outside of Honolulu are practically the same as those governing such buildings within the city. Some of the most insanitary living places seen in Hawaii were met with in out-of-the-way villages and in small towns near the larger plantations, but outside the jurisdiction of the plantation authorities. Such tenements were usually located on small freeholds and were often the resort of the lawless and vicious hangers-on, the gamblers and panderers, who gather about every large body of laborers. Some of these places were so overcrowded that there was evidently little or no attempt to enforce the law in their case, and even the construction of the buildings betokened the entire nonobservance of the legal requirements just cited. Upon the whole the Hawaiian Islands are healthful. The death rate for 1904 was 17.55 per 1,000 inhabitants. Malarial diseases are not common, and yellow fever and Asiatic cholera are unknown. The white population lives under conditions quite as favorable for health as those prevailing in any tropical country or in most parts of the American mainland. The quarters of plantation employees are usually comfortable and kept in good repair. The Orientals are fairly cleanly in their habits and those now on the plantations do not appear specially addicted to overcrowding. It used to be said formerly that the Chinese liked to be herded together in great barracks with tiers of curtained bunks one above the other. From motives of economy they will overcrowd in rented tenements unless prevented by the authorities, and it is fair to presume that they object less than many other classes of labor to lim- ited quarters. But when they are provided with ample room they occupy it as a rule—and, to say the least, they can be taught to live under better sanitary conditions. The Koreans resemble the Chinese in all these respects. The Japanese will live up to almost any standard you enable them to set for themselves, and where provided—as they are in some places—with tidy individual cottages will gradually build up attractive homes. Their domestic machinery is somewhat simpler than that of an American or European laborer, but adequate for the demands of health and no small degree of comfort. The Portuguese excel all other unskilled workers as home makers. With rare excep- tions their houses are plainly, but neatly and not inartistically, fur- nished, scrupulously clean, and surrounded oftentimes with flowers and well-tilled gardens. The Porto Ricans are the least conscious of filth and squalor of any people in Hawaii, and their quarters are seldom models for any other nationality. The Hawaiians offer examples of almost every style of living, from the half-naked mountaineer or remote coast dweller in a grass hut to the wealthy landowner, whose family enjoys all the elegancies as well as comforts of a civilized home. While as individuals they disregard many of the laws of hygiene, with REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 479 disastrous results to themselves as a people, their inherited love of fresh air and water and ample spaces is a Saving grace that prevents their degenerating into a slum population. Camp sanitation is a matter that receives careful attention upon the larger plantations, where the outbreak of an epidemic disease among the laborers would be a business disaster of the first magnitude. Reg- ular scavenger forces are employed, and the camps are cleaned daily, or at least several times a week. On all plantations water is provided in abundance from uncontaminated sources. Many of the plantations support hospitals and dispensaries for their employees, and in some instances trained nurses are in attendance. The more important plan- tations employ a physician whose services are at the disposal of all unskilled employees either gratis or for a small monthly fee. During the days of contract labor such medical attendance was required by law, and it has been continued without modification in most places since the contracts were abolished. Recently, however, especially upon the island of Kauai, the custom has arisen of charging employees 10 cents a month for medical and hospital attendance. This assess- ment does not cover the whole expense to the plantation. In some cases overseers and other salaried employees are similarly assessed 1 per cent upon their salaries for medical and hospital expenses. On one large plantation all laborers receiving not over $20 a month pay 10 cents, those receiving from $20 to $30 pay 15 cents, and those receiv- ing from $30 to $60 a month pay 25 cents for medical expenses, which entitles them to free medical attendance, medicines, and hospital accommodation for themselves and the members of their families. The medical expenses of a plantation generally exceed $2 a year for each employee, approaching $3 in several instances; so these assess- ments are not intended to cover the entire cost of this department to the employers. g Upon all the larger plantations public baths are conducted for the use of employees. Sometimes these are partly supported by the employers, and sometimes they are entirely private enterprises, except that the bath house is usually supplied by the plantation. On some plantations hot water as well as the building is provided. Other plant- ers supply free the fuel for heating the water. In other intances the bath house is leased to a contractor, who supplies his own fuel and charges the employees from 25 to 35 cents a month for bathing privileges. The Japanese bathe daily. On some plantations the Koreans have adopted Japanese customs in this respect. Hot Water is used, and a single large tub—in which both sexes bathe together indiscriminately— suffices for the needs of a number of laborers. Private bath houses, conducted in much the same manner, are common in the Oriental quar- ters of Honolulu. 486). . . . . . . . BULLETIN, ; OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. The provisions made by public authorities and private employers to protect the health of residents and working people in Hawaii appear upon the whole to be adequate and quite equal to those usual in com- munities upon the mainland. . . . . . . EDUCATION. Under the powerful and urgent influence of their rulers the Hawaiian people rapidly acquired a knowledge of reading and writing their own language during the early years of missionary propaganda. Between 1820 and 1830 there were some 900 schools in the islands, with an attendance that reached a maximum of 52,000 pupils, most of whom were adults. The earliest school laws were enacted in 1841, and for the sixty-five years since that date public schools have been continu- ously in existence, and attendance has been compulsory. The school age is from 6 to 15 years. Practically all Hawaiians under 50 years of age can read and write their native tongue, and nearly all Hawaiians and Portuguese under 20 years of age can read and write English. The number of children of school age attending school is 96 per cent of the total, and in the case of Hawaiians this proportion rises to 98, and of Part-Hawaiians to 99 per cent. There are 204 schools in the Territory, of which 147 are public and 57 private institutions. The public schools are absolutely free, and are open to the whole popula- tion regardless of race or color. The number of teachers employed in Hawaii is 646, of whom 189 are males and 457 females. The public schools are increasing in attendance and in the teaching force much faster than private schools, while the number of institutions of the lat- ter character has recently been decreasing. Higher education is as yet furnished only by private or endowed colleges, no Territorial university having been established; but there are several public high schools in the islands providing secondary courses that enable their graduates to enter American colleges and universities, and technical and agricultural courses are given in both public and endowed schools established for this purpose. There is also a public normal school in Honolulu. The organization of the public schools, their programmes and courses, the divisions of the school year, and also their material equip- ment, such as furniture, apparatus, and text-books, are identical with those of the mainland. Many of the teachers are graduates of Amer- ican normal schools and colleges. The Hawaiian school system has been since a time long prior to annexation essentially a part of the school system of the United States. By a law recently enacted the American flag floats over every public school building in the Territory. Of the 400 teachers employed in the public schools 387 are Amer- icans, the term being understood to include all persons born in Hawaii and citizens of the Territory as well as those born on the mainland. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 481. One hundred and forty-eight of these have more, or less Hawaiian blood in their veins, and 4 are of Chinese parentage. The proportion of foreign teachers in the private schools is considerably larger. Practically all the public school teachers who are not Americans under the definition quoted are of British birth and closely assimilated in language, sympathy, and educational methods with their American colleagues. The private schools, which include several missionary institutions conducted by different denominations, employ 7 Japanese and 19 Chinese teachers, whose services are required in instructing pupils of their own race. : In the remoter parts of the Hawaiian Islands it is difficult for teachers to secure comfortable board or house accommodations, and therefore the educational department is compelled to provide teachers’ residences in such localities. One assistant teacher is employed at a salary as low as $180 a year and one other at $240. Several country teachers in small districts receive $300 each. These salaries are in addition to free house rent. The larger country schools and village centers pay from $510 to $720 per annum to their teachers, frequently with resi- dence. Principals and the higher-paid special teachers in Honolulu and Hilo receive from $1,200 to $2,400 per annum. All but 64 of the teachers in the public schools are certificated. All the public schools are supported directly by the Territorial treasury and under a central administration. The annual disburse- ments for their support approximate $370,000, six-sevenths of which is paid out in salaries to teachers and the administrative staff, while the remainder is used for the purchase of materials and supplies, not including text-books. Buildings are erected under special appropria- tions. At the time the report for 1904 was rendered by the superin- tendent of public instruction, 25 school buildings, including a new normal school and several other large buildings in Honolulu and Hilo, were under construction or had been completed since the previous report. There were also 5 combined schoolhouses and residences and 6 teachers’ residences in process of erection. The appropriations for new buildings for the subsequent biennial period were $133,350. . The principal industrial and technical school conducted by the Ter- ritory is at Lahainaluna, on the island of Maui, at an institution founded by the early missionaries, but recently transferred by the controlling board to the public authorities. An endowed institution in Honolulu, known as the “Kamehameha Schools,” which receives only pupils of Hawaiian or Part-Hawaiian parentage, also has an excellent technical department and a school farm where practical and theoretical agricul- ture are taught. The government maintains two industrial schools— one for boys and one for girls—where wayward pupils are received, and the regimen is of a disciplinary as well as an educational char- acter. In the public schools proper there are pupils learning sewing, 482 … BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF • LABOR. knife work, and mat weaving, and instruction is also given in agricul- ture. A special lace teacher is employed in Honolulu, whose classes enrolled 85 in 1904. . \ . . . Some of the most significant figures presented by the educational department are those relating to the nationality and race of pupils attending school in the Territory. They are given in the following table: - * - ; - NUMBER AND NATIONALITY OF PUPILS IN SCHOOLS IN THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII IN . - . , THE YEARS 1902-1905. - - [From the reports of the governor of the Territory of Hawaii.] : . Per cent of * $ Ill CI'êa,Se Nationality. 1902. - 1903. 1904. 1905. from 1902 e to 1905. Hawaiian ---------------------------------------- 4,903 4,893 4,877 4,972 1. 41 Part-Hawaiian ----------------------------------- 2, 869 3,018 3,234 3,284 14.46 American ---------------------------------------- 812 799 877 British ------------------------------------------- 240 217 205 | German ------------------------------------------ 337 295 321 : . Portuguese ....... ------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4, 124 4, 243 4,345 |} a 6,556 3.11 Scandinavian ------------------------------------ 98 194 125 - Porto Rican ---------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 596 538 556 Others (a) --------------------• * * * * * * * * * > * * * * * * *-* = * *- 151 143 189 . Chinese ------------------------------------------ 1,395 1, 554 1,650 1,985 42. 29 Japanese ----------------------------------------- - 1,993 2, 521 2,920 3,609 81.08 a Nationalities not reported in detail. The table given shows that during the four-year period 1902 to 1905 the pupils of Hawaiian nationality attending the schools increased less than 2 per cent. The increase in the attendance of Part-Hawaiians was nearly 15 per cent. The figures secured for 1905 did not separate the races other than Hawaiian and Asiatic, but the increase in all the nationalities combined other than Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, and Asi- atic was only 3.11 per cent. As against this increase of Hawaiians and Caucasians, the number of Chinese among the pupils in the schools increased during four years over 42 per cent and the Japanese over 81 per cent. In 1905 the children of Asiatic descent formed over one- fourth of the entire school attendance. The children of the Japanese alone increased during these four years over five times as rapidly as the Part-Hawaiians and over twenty-five times as rapidly as the chil- dren of all the Caucasians combined. The increase of the Japanese during the years given has been in an increasing ratio. The increase in 1905 alone over 1904 was nearly 25 per cent. - Whether it will be possible to maintain a typical American school system in the face of such a swamping by Orientals is a question for serious consideration. Possibilities in this matter have already been discussed in the section dealing with the Orientalization of the Terri- tory and its results,(*) and, as was pointed out, the question is whether the American school system can Americanize the Orientals in Hawaii, a See page 409. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 483 or whether the school system itself will not be Orientalized through the overwhelming dominance of Asiatic children among the pupils. In addition to availing themselves of the public schools, the planta- tion Japanese support their own Schools, which are often conducted in the Buddhist temple by the priest or one of his assistants. Japanese reading charts and text-books, arranged almost exactly like those used in American schools, but published in Japan, with maps and engrav- ings that would be like our own if they were not so very Japanese, are employed, and the same subjects are taught, apparently, that would be taught in a public school in America. Usually these schools are in session only on days or at times when the public schools are closed, so that the children may attend both. The Japanese teachers are sup- posed to inculcate patriotism and loyalty to the Island Empire and the Mikado as an essential part of their instruction, and the latter’s por- trait usually hangs in the schoolroom. These schools are supported by the voluntary offerings of the Japanese and such small fees as may be agreed upon by the laborers in the vicinity, and one of the pur- poses of the Central Japanese League was the support of Japanese schools in Hawaii. (8) º - BENEFIT SOCIETIES. Several of the leading fraternal and benefit organizations of the United States have branches in Honolulu, and both the Odd Fellows and Masons own buildings and valuable property in that city. There are comparatively few lodges outside of the metropolis. None of these, however, is distinctively a workingmen’s society. The street- railway employees in Honolulu have a benefit association. Upon some of the plantations there are clubhouses and libraries for white and Hawaiian employees, but this class of workers occupies a position above that usually associated with the subjects of welfare undertak- ings. One plantation conducts a day nursery for Japanese children, where the little ones are entertained and fed during the time that their mothers are engaged in the fields. The Orientals also have temperance and religious associations, confined usually to a single plantation. Among the general societies having a chief part of their member- ship among plantation workers, the two Portuguese benefit associa- tions are easily the most important. The oldest of these is the Benefit Society of Saint Anthony, founded in Honolulu in 1876. Membership is confined to Portuguese or their descendants. Its object is to assist members incapacitated by illness, accident, or age for supporting themselves, and to provide for funeral expenses. The society is also pledged to support any movement looking to the moral and intellec- tual improvement of the Portuguese in Hawaii. During sickness or while recovering from accidents a member may receive $1.25 a day 4 See page 398. 484 BULLETIN of THE BUREAU of LABOR. . . . . . from the society, providing his condition is not caused by immoral or illegal acts, or due to drunkenness. It is left to the general assembly of the society to determine what pension shall be paid to incapacitated members who are likely to be a permanent charge upon its funds. Upon the death of a member an assessment of $1 upon each of its sur- viving members is made by the society, which is paid to the widow, or children, or parents; but in case there are no near relatives, two- thirds of the assessment is returned to the funds of the society, and the remainder expended for the funeral of the deceased. An assess- ment of 25 cents is levied for the assistance of a member upon the death of his wife. An admission fee ranging from $2.50 for children under 15 years of age to $10 for members between 35 and 45 years of age, which appears to be the maximum age of admission, is charged, and the members are liable to monthly assessments of $1, and a quar- terly assessment of 50 cents for the invalid fund, besides a limited number of special assessments in case of the death of members. This society owns a building in Honolulu, costing, with site, over $12,000, besides having over $16,000 in the bank or invested in mortgages and other property, bringing its total assets up to $28,000 above its pres- ent liabilities to members. Its total receipts for 1904 were $18,499.45, and its expenses $15,139.41. Of the latter over $2,000 was paid in pensions to invalid members, and over $8,000 for relief and medical attendance. . The membership at the close of 1904 was 1,201. The Portuguese Mutual Benefit Society of Hawaii, known in Portu- guese as the “Sociedade Lusitana Beneficente de Hawaii,” was founded in 1882, and has between 1,100 and 1,200 members. Its objects, dues, and payments to members are with unimportant modifications the same as those of the older society. Its receipts during 1904 were $17,587.90, and it spent about $15,000 in assisting its members and orphans. Its reserve fund is about $5,000. The net assets of the society over all liabilities are $45,012.50. It has about $20,000 invested in land and buildings and $22,000 in mortgages. These societies are evidently formed after the same model as the excellent benefit associations, usually organized along provincial lines, that one encounters among the Spaniards in Cuba and Porto Rico. They give evidence of a high degree of thrift and intelligence in cooperative effort among these Latin peoples. It is no small accom- plishment for a few thousand imported plantation laborers, mostly driven to Hawaii by distress in their own country and arriving in a nearly indigent condition, to have insured themselves and their fam- ilies against the worst economic consequences of illness and death, and to have accumulated so large an amount of collective funds during the two or three decades that they have been settled in the Territory. . ... • ‘ • * ~ The Japanese in Honolulu have a benevolent society, with objects similar to those of the Portuguese societies just described. During REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 485 the six months ending with March, 1905, this society received $4,544.70, and at the close of that period there was a balance of $672.13 in the treasury. The number of members aided was 51, of whom 28 were received and cared for at the Japanese charity hospital. Funeral expenses were paid for 7 and 7 received passage to Japan. - A number of other organizations of Japanese exist in Hawaii, some of which are benevolent associations, while others have social, politi- cal, and mercantile objects. One of these possesses considerable importance from a labor standpoint. Originally started as a national Society in Hawaii, with the general welfare of Japanese residents in view, it has developed in some places into something akin to a trade- union organization. This society was formed as the outcome of a convention of representative Japanese, held in Honolulu on November 30, 1903. It is known as the Central Japanese League,(*) and the pre- amble of the constitution states its purposes to be: “In order to exer- cise beneficial control, and to elevate Japanese residents, especially in matters affecting labor and trade of Japanese who are now or who may hereafter become sojourners in the Territory of Hawaii, the Cen- tral Japanese League, in a convention of delegates from all the islands assembled at Honolulu, do proclaim the objects of such league to be as follows: (1) To cultivate fraternal feelings between Japanese and others; (2) to assist in stimulating industrial and other education; (3) to elevate the moral tone in a broad and enlightened spirit; (4) to infuse into our fellow-countrymen the knowledge of self-control, fore- sight, prudence, and frugality. It will be the effort of the officials of this league to instruct all Japanese to conform strictly to the laws and regulations of the Territory of Hawaii, to encourage strict business principles and integrity in the business community, and to exercise beneficial control over Japanese field laborers in particular. The officials of the league will act as a conciliation board in all matters of dispute between laborers and their employers, so that their acts may not be in conflict with the laws and regulations of the Hawaiian Islands, and not in conflict with the legitimate interests of their employers.” - - . A committee of 15 members was appointed to suggest and devise ways of preventing an exodus of Japanese from Hawaii to California, using the influence of the Japanese consul-general at Honolulu, and if possible of Japanese hotel keepers in that city and of the local steam- ship companies, to diminish such emigration. It is made obligatory upon local branches of the league to assist newly-arrived Japanese, whether members or not, “to endeavor to reduce to a minimum the number of the lawless and idle element,” to give financial and other assistance to the sick, and to render gratis clerical assistance to mem- bers. The convention also provided for the establishment of Japanese , -— - - -y a See also page 398. 486 : BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU . OE LABOR. schools, and appropriated a sum for the support of those not at pres- ent in a position to provide for themselves. It formed a subsection, known as the Educational Association of the Central Japanese League, and made regulations to govern the qualifications of teachers and the selection of text-books in Japanese Schools. At the time the league was formed one of the considerations leading to its organization was stated to be: “When the Japanese laborers were first introduced into this country there were provided for them several official inspectors. These inspectors played an important part in settling trouble among the Japanese, as well as misunderstandings between planters and laborers. This system worked admirably, but unfortunately passed into disuse. We are cognizant of the fact that most of these laborers are in constant need of attention and advice. They are tractable under the guidance of a good leader, and equally amenable to the control of an unscrupulous schemer. Slight provoca- tions, that once would have passed unnoticed, are now sufficient to cause a laborer to desert his plantation.” It seems to have been the idea of the promoters of the league that its agents in the different parts of the Territory would take the place of the corps of official inspectors formerly employed. But they had reckoned without regard to changed conditions in the islands and the different character of the laborers themselves. The days of penal contracts and docile obedi- ence were past, and the Japanese upon the plantations entertained new views of their rights as employees and as individuals. The district agents were made elective, and instead of being controlled by the Jap- anese officials at Honolulu and exerting themselves as peacemakers in accordance with the wish of the latter, appear to have become stub- born assertors of the rights of labor and even on occasion promoters of discord. A Japanese newspaper in Honolulu, which is supposed to represent labor interests, does not spare some of these local agents of the league. “Some of them are unprincipled grafters, who are not above stirring up a strike for the sake of the money they may make out of the fees collected to support it. They are idlers and trouble- seekers, for these are the classes which have the most time to give to seeking such jobs.” . The Japanese consul-general, who is president of the league, felt called upon by the increase of strikes and other labor difficulties attributable to this organization to issue a circular letter to the branches, deploring the appearance of strikes among the members of the league and the fact that a “class of ignorant, selfish, and unreasoning persons, contrary to the principles of the Central Japanese League, secretly and sedulously attempt to divert the organ- ized power of the league in order to satisfy their greedy ends.” The well-meant efforts on the part of the chief officials of the league to prevent strikes had about as much influence over the Japanese lab- oring population of Hawaii as similar benevolent attempts to solve at *. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 487 a single stroke all the difficulties of employers and employees have had in America. Some of the most serious strikes that have occurred in the islands have taken place subsequent to the issue of this declara- tion. They will be considered in a succeeding section of this report. TRADE UNIONS. Although some independent workingmen’s societies had existed in Hawaii previously, the first charters granted to unions in the Territory by national and international organizations of which there is any pres- ent record date from about the time of annexation. In May, 1899, a year prior to that event, a charter was issued to the boiler makers' union, with 35 members. This union still exists at Honolulu, though its membership has fallen to 20. The second charter was granted in January, 1900, to the electrical workers, with 14 members. This society has since disbanded. The following December 21 the machinists received a charter from the international association. This union was broken up as a result of a strike for an eight-hour day, conducted by the general organization in 1901. The members in Honolulu now pay dues to the San Francisco lodge. In January, 1901, the plumbers, with some 40 members, were granted a charter. This union still sur- vives, with 7 active members, the loss in strength being due in great part to the return of workingmen in this trade to California after the close of the building boom. Charters were subsequently issued to the following unions in Honolulu: Blacksmiths, with 14 members, in April, 1902; carpenters, in October, 1902; to the hackmen, from the Team Drivers and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, with 8 charter members, in July, 1903, and to the longshoremen in September of the same year. Besides these societies the Sailors’ Union of the Pacific has long had resident members and a station at Honolulu, and the follow- ing local unions, some of which doubtless held charters from general organizations, were in existence: Bricklayers, car builders, iron mold- ers, painters, plasterers, and typographers. On October 11, 1901, a meeting was held for the purpose of forming a trade and labor council in Honolulu, and such an organization was perfected the following December by 11 unions. These were the black- Smiths, boiler makers, bricklayers, carpenters, electrical workers, iron molders, painters, plasterers, plumbers, sailors, and typographers. This council was reorganized and received a charter from the Ameri- can Federation of Labor in February, 1903. It now consists of dele- gates from 6 active unions, the other organizations mentioned, except the bricklayers who are still active but not affiliated with the coun- cil, having become dormant or disbanded. The approximate active membership of these 6 unions in June, 1905, was as follows: Black- Smiths, 12; boiler makers, 20; carpenters, 42; hackmen, 20; plumbers, 7, and sailors, with a varying number of resident members. The brick- 488 . . . BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU. of LABOR. layers have about 12 members in good standing upon their rolls. Besides these societies there is a Masters’, Mates’, and Pilots’ Associa- tion, and many members of unions in California keep up their dues and remain affiliated with the home organization, although they meet informally in Honolulu and hold no local charter. The decline in the number and the membership of trade unions in Honolulu is to be ascribed chiefly to the return of many of the original members to Cal- ifornia. The influx of skilled labor during the Spanish-American war. and at the time of annexation exceeded the permanent demands of the Territory, and such a back current of migration to the Coast was to be anticipated. Laboring men maintain that the growing competition of the Japanese in all classes of occupations is responsible for a part of this movement. They are doubtless right in this contention. An interesting quasi-labor agitation arose in the small town of Hilo early in 1903. The special significance of the movement lies in its having been a general organization of all classes, except large employers, against the Oriental. An association, including a few small merchants, farmers, and government employees, but predominantly composed of wage-earners, was formed for the express object of opposing the entry of Asiatics into skilled trades and mercantile pursuits. This organiza- tion, which was known originally as the Federation of Allied Trades of Hilo, was very successful for a time, attaining a membership of nearly 600, and having a considerable amount of funds at its disposal. While nominally a federation, this society was not formed of subordi- nate bodies but was an association of individuals of many different trades and professions. Many of the expressed objects of the society, as enumerated in the constitution, were evidently borrowed from the trade-union movement. Such were the nine-hour day, weekly payment of wages, a minimum wage, labor holiday, opposition to convict labor, and the establishment of an arbitration board. An apprentice system was favored. The only direct reference to Asiatic labor appeared in the preamble of the constitution, and was as follows: ‘‘We must compete with Asiatic labor. There are some of the allied trades in this federation that may have to work with Asiatics. In such case it is our duty to prove our superiority and demonstrate that the members of this organization may be depended upon in all circumstances. Therefore, whatever we undertake we must perform. If we begin a job we must complete it or secure some one to take our place.” This admonition was probably intended especially for the Hawaiian members, who are not always reliable workers. A chief difficulty of labor organ- izers in Hawaii is the instability of native, and to some extent of Portuguese, workers. - - . The following table was compiled from the records of the Federation of Allied Trades, with a view to showing the occupations, citizenship, and literacy in the English language of the citizen labor of a repre- REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAw AII. 489 sentative small town of the Territory. The term Hawaiian was used upon the rolls of this society to indicate persons born in the islands, without reference to race. Nearly all the Hawaiians under this defini- tion who do not read and write English are of Portuguese parentage. Minors born in the Territory are considered citizens if they are reported to possess the necessary educational qualifications; though there are some possible exceptions to this in case of Hawaiian-born Portuguese who have never exercised the right of suffrage and may be understood to retain their allegiance to the Crown of Portugal: OCCUPATIONS, CITIZENSHIP, AND LITERACY OF THE MEMBERS OF THE FEDERATION OF ALLIED TRADES OF HILO. 25—No. 66–06—9 •. Do not &e - ... Read and Occupation. Nationality. Citizens. N º write rººd Total. English. Eſſiºn. Bakers --------------------------- American -------. 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1. German ---------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Barbers -------------------------- American - ....... 1 ---------- 1 ---------. 1. Portuguese - - - - - - - 4 ---------- 4 ---------- 4 Blacksmiths --------------------- American -------. 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1. Galician ---------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 German ---------. 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Hawaiian ........ 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1. Portuguese - - - - - - - 1 4 4 1 5 Russian ----------|---------- 1 1 ---------- l Boatman------------------------- English.----------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Boiler maker--------------------- American ... ----- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Bricklayer ----------------------- Australian........ 1 |---------- 1 ---------- I Butcher-------------------------- English----------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- - 1 Cabinetmaker ------------------- Russian ----------|---------- 1 1 ---------- 1 Carpenters ----------------------- American - - - - - - - - 5 ---------- 5 |---------- 5 English-----------|---------- 1. 1 ---------- 1 German ---------. 2 1. 8 ---------- 3 Hawaiian - - - - - - - - 17 1 17 1. 18 Norwegian - - - - - - - 1 |---------- 1 ---------- 1. Portuguese ....... 3 10 5 8 13 Russian ---------- 1 1 2 ---------- 2 - Swedish -------... 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1.” Civil engineer ------------------- Russian ----------|---------- 1 ---------- 1 1 Clerks---------------------------- American -------. 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1. English----------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- l Hawaiian ........ 18 ---------- 18 ---------- 18 Portuguese ....... 3 1 3 | l 4 Coachman -----------------------|----- do ------------|---------- 1. 1 ---------- 1 Conductor ----------------------- Irish.------------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Confectioner--------------------- American ........ 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Electricians.---------------------|----- do ------------ 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Hawaiian ........ 2 ---------- 2 ---------- 2 Portuguese tº as º º ºs º gº 1 |---------- 1 |---------- 1 Engineers, locomotive........... American -------. 2 ---------- 2 ---------- 2 Engineers, stationary------------|----- do ------------ 1 |---------- 1 ---------- 1 Hawaiian -------- 2 ---------- 2 ---------- 2 Portuguese - ...... 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Farmers.------------------------- American ........ 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Austrian.--------- 10 ---------- 10 1---------- 10 Hawaiian ........ 1 ---------- 1 |---------- 1. Russian ---------- 2 ---------- 2 ---------- 2 Firemen ....... & ſº tº ſº tº º e º º is e º sº º is as º ºs Portuguese....... 1. 1. 2 ---------- 2 Fishermen ------------, ---------- Hawaiian ........ 2 ---------- 2 ---------- 2 Groceryman --------------------- Portuguese ....... 1 |---------- 1 |---------- 1. Guard, jail-----------------------|----- do ------------ 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Hackmen ------------------------ Hawaiian ----.... 2 || --------- 2 ---------- 2 Portuguese ------. 1. 2 3 ---------- 3 Harness makers.------........... Austrian ---------|---------- 1 1 |---------- 1 Hawaiian ........ 5 |---------. 5 ---------- 5 Portuguese - - - - - - - 2 |---------- 2 ---------- 2 Horseshoers....------------ - - - - - - American ........ 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Hawaiian ........ 2 ---------- 2 ---------- 2 Irish-------------- 1 |---------- 1 ---------- 1 Janitors-------------------------- Portuguese ....... 1 1 I 1. 2 Jewelers ------------------------- Hawaiian ........ 1 |---------- 1 ---------- 1 º Portuguese ....... 1 ---------- 1 - . . . . . . . . . 1 490. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. . OCCUPATIONS, CITIZENSHIP, AND LITERACY OF THE MEMBERS OF THE FEDERATION OF ALLIED TRADES OF HELO-Concluded. Do not :... [Read and Occupation. Nationality. Citizens. Nº. write rººd Total. * English. English. Laborers.-------......... sº º Gº & e º ſº º is American -------. 3 |---------- 3 ---------- 3 Austrian --------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Danish ----------. 1 ---------- 1 ---------- l English ---------- 1 ---------- 1 ----------| l French-----------|---------- 2 2 |---------- 2 Hawaiian -------. 1.11 6 || I68 9 1:17 Porto Rican ------|---------. 3 ---------- 3 3 Portuguese - - - - - - - 8 120 38 90. 128 Swedish .......... 2 l 8 |---------- 3 Lumberman ................----- American -------. 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1. Machinists--------------------- -------GO------------F 2 |---------- 2 ---------- 2. German ------...- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- I Hawaiian ---..... 1 ---------- i l---------- 1 Russian ---------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1. Manager, soda ------------------- Hollander.----... 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Masons, stone -------------------- American -------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Belgian * * * * * * * * * * * 1 |---------- 1 |-|-- * * * * 1 Hawaiian -....... 2 ---------- 2 ---------- 2 Portuguese ....... 1 6 1 6 7 Mill hands---------------...----- Hawaiian ........ 1 ---------- 1 ---------- I Portuguese ------- I. 1. 1. 1. 2. Molder--------------------------- Russian ---------- * & eº as sº sº ºx tº gº º 1 1 ---------- 1. Oiler----------------------------- Portuguese -------|---------- 1 ---------- 1. 1. OVerseers ------------------------ Hawaiian --------. 2 ---------- 2 ---------- 2 Norwegian ------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1. Portuguese -------|---------- 1 ---------- 1 1 Spanish ----------|----------| 2 2 ---------- 2 Painters ------------------------- American -------- 3 ---------- 3 ---------- 3 Hawaiian -------- 23 l---------- 23 ---------- 23 Portuguese -------| 1. 2 1. 2 3 Swedish ---------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1. Plumbers ------------------------| American -------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- i. Hawaiian -------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- l Portuguese -------|. 2 |---------- 2 ---------- a 3 Scotch------------l 1 ---------- 1 ---------- f Policemen ----------------------- American --------l 1 ---------- 1 ---------- l Hawaiian --------. 5 ---------- 5 ---------- 5 New Zealander...l. 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Russian ----------. 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 West Indian------|---------- 1 1 ---------- 1 Printers.------------------------- American -------- 3 |---------- 3 ---------- 3 Hawaiian --------|. 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Portuguese .... --- 3 |---------- 8 ---------- 3. Railroad employee...----.......... Hawaiian --------l. 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1. Restaurant keeper ---------------|-- - - - do ------------ 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Road superintendent ------------ Portuguese - - - - - - - I ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Saloon keepers.-----------------. Hawaiian ........I. I --------- 1 ---------- I Portuguese - - - - - - • *-*. lº 1 ---------- 1 |---------- 1. German ---------- 1 ---------- 1 --------- 1. Shoemaker ---------------------- Portuguese ... ----- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1. Singer --------------------------- Hawaiian ........! 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1. Stableman ----------------------- Portuguese ... ----- 1 I.--------- 1 ---------- 1 Stevedores.---------------------- Hawaiian ........ 17 1 17 1 18 *: Portuguese ....... * * * * * = a tº sº. º. º. 2 1. 1. a 3 Tailors.-------------------------- German ..........! 2 ---------- ? ---------- 2 Portuguese ....... 2. l---------- 2 ---------- 2 Teamsters------------------------ American -------- 2 ---------- 2 ---------- 2 French ----------- * * * * * * * * * * * 1. 1 |---------- 1. Hawaiian ........ 11 1 . 10 2 1.2 Portuguese ... ----- 5. 21 18 8 26 Tinsmith....--------------------- German ---------- 1 ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Trimmer------------------------- Hawaiian ---...-- 1 --------- 1 ---------- 1. Warehouseman. ---------------...]. . . . .do ------------ 1. ---------- 1 ---------- 1 Watchmen----------------------- Portuguese. ...---|----------| 2 |---------- 2 a 3 ºnclassified----------------------|---------------...-- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *, *, *, *, tº a s tº º º a º & & 29 29 Total-----------------------|-------------------- 360' 203 423 169 b 595 g Including one person whose citizenship and ability to read and write English are not reported. bIncluding three persons whose citizenship and ability to read and write English are not reported. This federation probably enrolled a majority of the nonoriental workers of Hilo and the vicinity. Although it represented a move- ment in favor of “citizen labor,” more than one-third of the members REPORT of THE commissionER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 491 were not citizens of the Territory. The great variety of oceupations and the comparatively small number engaged in any one trade are characteristic of a small community, and indicate the futility of attempting to form organizations on strictly trade-union lines. With over 300 votes at its disposal this association promised to be influen- tial, not so much in regulating the relations of employers and employ- ees in matters usually adjusted by collective bargains between labor organizations and employing interests as in Securing legislation favor- able to citizen labor and using trade influences to prevent the patron- age or employment of Orientals. The passage of the law requiring the employment of citizens upon public works undertaken by the Territory is said to have been due in part to the agitation conducted by this society. About six months after the federation was organized it was pre- vailed upon to change the constitution of the society, dividing it into a number of trade unions similar to those upon the mainland, includ- ing workers in single trades so far as possible, with a trades and labor council as the central organization. The parent association was thus divided into 6 unions, 4 of which—the carpenters, painters, longshore- men or stevedores, and teamsters—having the required 10 members, received charters from the American Federation of Labor. The remaining members were formed into two composite societies, known as Federal unions No. 1 and No. 2, which also received charters. The preamble of the constitution of each of these 6 societies was adopted without modification from the preamble of the constitution of the original federation. The division of forces resulting from the reorganization of the workers appears to have been impolitic, however, and under the new arrangement they never exercised effective influence either politically or along trade-union lines. All of the unions ultimately dissolved or became dormant except that of the carpenters, which, in the spring of 1905, still retained its charter and was nominally in existence, though of little importance as a factor in determining terms of employment for its members. Any effort to organize the working people of Hawaii, whether white or Oriental, meets with determined opposition from employers. This is due in part to the fact that trade unions are a rather new thing in the Territory, and their functions are but partly understood. Employ- ers who have always dealt with unorganized labor naturally distrust unions, the more because they are unfamiliar. Many of them maintain that industrial conditions differ so greatly in Hawaii from those upon the mainland that a different method of dealing with them is necessary. Most of this hostility, so far as it is different or exceeds the general opposition to labor Organization on the part of employers, is to be 492 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. ascribed to two causes. It is felt that trade unions are and always will be opposed to Oriental labor, constituting local centers of hostility to the policy of the planters; and the limited number of skilled workers in the Territory, the difficulty of securing men promptly from other sources in time of urgent need, and the extreme dependence of the sugar industry upon a reliable supply of skilled and supervisory as well as of unskilled labor, especially during the crop season, make employers extremely sensitive to any movement that looks toward united action of any kind on the part of their employees. Some excep- tions to this sentiment are to be found in Honolulu itself, especially among builders and contractors and in other industries where the com- petition of the Asiatic is felt equally by employers and employees. In such cases the former look with complacency upon any movement among their workers that looks toward the exclusion of Orientals from the occupations in which they are interested. Upon the whole the trade unions of Hawaii are imported rather than indigenous organizations. The form they have developed in the United States is perhaps not that best adapted to secure the real interests of white workers in the Territory. The primary question in the latter country is how to meet the growing competition of the Japanese workingman. That might be solved more easily by an alliance of all interests, employing and mercantile as well as wage-earning, affected by such competition, such as was attempted at Hilo, than by exclusive trade organizations, which are better adapted to fight the industrial battles of the workingmen in the other parts of the Union. On the other hand, however, the labor movement in Hawaii, whatever its purpose, is likely to be associated more and more closely with that upon the mainland. The conditions upon the Pacific Coast and in the Territory are growing more similar. Terms of employment proper are becoming more important in Hawaii, with its increasing transpor- tation facilities and consequent nearness to the labor markets of the world. Oriental competition in one form or another is forcing itself more prominently upon the attention of workingmen in all our Western States. Therefore the trade union in Hawaii will always have the advantage of being a part of the greater whole—of receiving support and exercising influence through a much more powerful national organ- ization than the Territory by itself could ever develop. Consequently it is practically certain that the trade-union movement in Hawaii has come to stay; that it will in time acquire greater importance than it has in the past, and that it must be reckoned with in forecasting future conditions of employment in the Territory. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 493 } STRIKES. The strikes affecting industries other than sugar plantations, recorded since the report of 1902 was published, were of little or no importance; but those occurring among Japanese employees upon sugar plantations have increased in frequency and seriousness. The latter are develop- ing features not hitherto observed in the Territory, and portend con- siderable embarrassment in the future. The principles underlying Japanese labor agitation in Hawaii are different from those governing similar movements in America and Europe. Japanese workers have developed as yet but rudimentary class consciousness. Few of them conceive of the labor movement as a world-wide phenomenon. Their class sympathies are not interna- tional. Coming to a land where their economic condition is nor- mally much better than in their own country, the primary motive for inaugurating a strike is not usually to secure higher wages. On account of their intense race solidarity and the powerful influence over the workers exercised by such organizations as they possess, the “closed shop’’ question does not have to be fought out with their employers. Where a difference of opinion among the laborers as to the justice or policy of beginning or continuing a strike arises, the question is usu- ally settled in their own ranks, and no appeal is made to employers in the matter. Violence among themselves sometimes occurs, but is seldom directed against workers of other nationalities or the repre- sentatives of their employers, unless there has been some special and acute provocation. - Partly because they are temperamentally a good-natured people and partly because they have little sense of class antagonism, the Japanese seldom manifest sullenness or personal ill will in their disputes with employers. They do not feel any hostility toward employers or capi- talists as a class, nor do they feel that they have economic rights to be asserted as a principle. In fact, the Japanese as a race do not take to generalities, and the working people who migrate to Hawaii have an exceedingly simple and concrete view of what is to be gained from their employers. They do assert and enforce personal rights—as men, not as workingmen—by strikes. An unjust act to one of their number, or personal violence on the part of an overseer toward a laborer of their own nationality, is resented with a vigor and directness that takes no account of economic results, either for the employer or for the strik- ers. Poor men will sacrifice a week’s or a month's wages, if necessary, to secure the discharge of a brutal overseer. A few strikes have been begun primarily for the purpose of securing a higher rate of pay or a more equitable distribution of wages. When the relations of the laborers upon a plantation with their employer once become unset- tled the occasion is used to present a multitude of demands and griev- 494 BULLETIN of THE BUREAU of LABOR. ances, many of which are of trivial importance. This usually protracts these struggles through a long period of argument and compromise. These difficulties are the greater because the Japanese have no settled labor traditions; they are not conducting a regular campaign for improving their class like American and European trade unionists, and therefore they are unsettled and capricious when it comes to con- cluding a bargain with their employers. They do not always know just what they want. Though they limit their objects to concrete things, like higher pay for some field operation, the discharge of an unpopular overseer, or an additional water pipe in their camps, and do not insist upon the recognition of their organization, the adoption of a union wage, or any concessions to the principle of the labor movement, the category of petty demands is sometimes as difficult to settle as are questions of much greater intrinsic import in strikes upon the mainland. Among the many disputes between plantation employees and employ- ers that have occurred during the three years since the publication of the last report the following two are described in detail, not because they were more important than some others, but because they are fairly representative of the causes that lead to such disturbances and developed most of the characteristic features which attend them. The first of these strikes occurred on the Waialua plantation, one of the largest establishments in the islands, employing nearly 2,000 men, in December, 1904. This was originally a strike for a higher rate per ton for cutting and loading cane. The Planters’ Association, which establishes certain maximum rates, in order to prevent friction among the managers of neighboring plantations, had allowed 32 cents a ton for cutting and loading, which was the price prevailing the previous year. The men insisted upon a higher rate, asserting that prices of sugar were 1.3 cents a pound higher than the year before, that the rate paid for cutting had been lowered in 1903 on account of the low price of sugar at that time, and that the higher rate formerly pre- vailing should therefore be restored. If a higher rate could not be paid they asked that they be paid time wages, thus indicating that in their opinion the rate paid per ton would not enable them to earn as much as the field hands employed at daily rates. The unanager refused to accede to these requests, and after several days of parley, during which they continued at work, the cutters and loaders struck. However, they waited until all the came on the tracks, which would have been damaged by standing, had been ground before calling out the mill hands. Finally, all the Japanese employed in any capacity upon one of the two sections of the plantation were prevailed upon to join the strike. Squads of men were sent out, armed with clubs and other weapons, to force united action upon the recalcitrants. But the men upon the other section of the plantation, which is about three miles. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER QF LABOR ON HAWAII. 495 from the mill, had so far refused to join the strikers. As a result, the Japanese of the first section marched in an armed body to the Kawai- loa, or second section, the following evening, and prevailed upon their fellow-workers there to join them. A force of police had been sum- moned to preserve order, but their services were not required. Men from all sections then organized a meeting and chose thirty-four del- egates, with a chairman, to consult with the manager and present their grievances. It took a continuous session of twenty-four hours to select their representatives and formulate their complaints and demands. The latter were presented the following morning, and were 32 in number, 5 being for the discharge of employees. Three of these 5 demands related to Japanese, one to an overseer, another to the hos- pital nurse, who was accused of accepting presents from patients, and the last to the preacher sent out by the mission board but paid by the plantation. The first two were ultimately dismissed. In speaking of this the manager said: “Those who are familiar with the Japanese people will know and appreciate the fact that men of the class we have here are very jealous and suspicious of any man of their own nation- ality who, by better education or greater industry, rises to a higher position.” The other two demands were for the discharge of a Chinese mill watchman who favored his friends among the Japanese at the expense of the others and an American water overseer who was charged with improper relations with female employees in the fields. The first demand was granted, and the American was to be discharged if the Japanese presented evidence that substantiated their complaints in court. - Five demands related to wages: That monthly wages be increased from $16 to $18 a month, which was refused; that rates for cutting and for loading be increased, which was also refused; that time and a half be paid for Sunday work, which was granted; and that the work- men be paid when called out at night to extinguish cane fires. The manager granted this last demand, saying at the same time, however, “That is the kind of thing that every man does for every other man; no man would stand by and see property destroyed.” The delegates reported this remark to the laborers at a subsequent meeting and they voted unanimously to cancel this demand, “and that they would always be willing to turn out and put out fires, no matter what time or place, without any pay.” - - Several demands related to plantation administration, such as the limit of distance between portable tracks in the fields when loading, the abolition of stint work, and the time and manner of paying. All of these were granted, with one or two unimportant exceptions. Eleven of the demands were for better supplies of drinking water, water tanks, water-closets, repair of leaky roofs, and replacing of broken glass in houses. These matters were brought up simply because it 496 BULLETIN OF THE BUREA U OF LABOR. was a convenient opportunity, and, according to the statement of the manager, they were never refused when brought to his attention at other times. They were all granted without discussion. At the first meeting the manager told the strikers that they had made a mistake in ordering out the men employed about the large pumping stations, as serious damage and delay might arise from the filling of the pumping pits. They agreed that this was so, and the next morning the pump men were back in their places. In describing the general attitude of the men during this strike the manager of the plantation said: “During the three days that the strike lasted there was no show of violence or bad feeling toward the planta- tion itself or to any of the men on the plantation, except to men of their own nationality who refused to join the strike, or who spoke against it. With the exception of a day that some of the leaders spent in the open land near the office, the strikers kept entirely away from the office and mill, and spent all their time down on the beach. The plantation itself was never quieter or more orderly than during the three days of the strike. The only time that there was any show of violence was on the night when the Waialua men, 400 or 500 in number, marched to Kawailoa.” The second strike of which special mention will be made occurred upon the Lahaina plantation, on Maui, late in May, 1905. The pri- mary cause of this disturbance was the brutal beating of a Japanese laborer by a plantation overseer. The men at the camp where this laborer lived were the first to go out, with a demand that the overseer in question be discharged. There was considerable general dissatis- faction among the men, however, who had other grievances to air, and when the other camps took up the matter it became impossible to set- tle the difficulty by a concession of the first demand. In fact, the overseer responsible for the trouble was arrested and fined $100 for assault, besides being discharged, two or three days before the men agreed to resume work. - . This strike was accompanied by some violence. When the men from the camp where the original trouble occurred marched down to the mill camp in order to call out their fellow-workmen, some disorderly spirits caused an attack to be made upon the mill where the men were still working, and a number of windows were broken, although no serious property damage was done. Upon a subsequent evening the men started out to kill a Japanese contractor against whom they as a body appeared to have some grievance. The laborers have a peculiar idea that although they must obey the laws of the country and not molest the citizens or people of another nationality, they have a perfect right to take any measures they see fit with any of their own countrymen with whom they have an account to settle. A body of Hawaiian police was sent to protect the contractor's house, and in the attack that followed REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER of LABOR ON HAWAII. 497 one of the strikers was killed and two others wounded. This brought about a crisis, and additional police and a company of militia were summoned by steamer from Honolulu, while a posse was raised and the local militia was called out upon the island of Maui. However, no further violence was attempted, and there did not seem at any later time to be as much tension between strikers and others as character- izes comparatively mild disturbances of a similar nature in the States. Some 800 or 900 of the laborers assembled to have a conference with the manager of the plantation and other representatives of the em- ployers and of the Government, without any appearance of ill-nature. It is doubtful if a single dangerous weapon could have been found among them. - - The men brought forward a number of minor complaints, some nine of which received consideration. The discharge of four overseers was requested. Two of these, including the man who beat the laborer, were dismissed. A demand for higher wages was refused. This was not a vital point with the strikers, but presented more or less as a matter of course, although the rate of pay of laborers had been voluntarily increased $2 a month by the planters at the beginning of the current month. Demands for more water and firewood, for a more conven- ient delivery of the latter, and for a pay day earlier in the month were all granted. One or two minor points were conceded. The Japanese had demanded the dismissal of the head overseer, who was an Austrian, but whom the laborers believed to be a Russian. This demand was not granted. They had also demanded that the white overseer of the women's gang be discharged upon the ground that he favored the pretty girls in assigning work, but this demand was refused. With reference to this growing list of grievances, presented when- ever the friction between plantation laborers and their employers comes to a head, it is only fair to give the Japanese side of this question as stated in a letter from an intelligent American-educated Japanese in one of the Honolulu papers: “The fact is that behind a strike like that at Lahaina, or like others which have recently occurred, there is always a long list of grievances which have been ignored by managers who usually do not take the trouble to understand them. The manage- ment is surprised when a strike begins by a list of 15 or 20 * demands,’ and thinks they are made up for the occasion. If he had kept in touch with the difficulties of his men, he would know that they are the accu- mulation of months, perhaps years, of small troubles which need not have existed if there was any way for the laborers to make themselves understood.” Some strikes have been accompanied by a good deal of ill feeling on the part of the laborers toward the white employees of the plantation. Usually this sentiment is justified wherever it occurs, to judge from 498 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. the opinions of those employed upon the plantations or in close touch with plantation life. On one occasion where a series of labor difficul- ties occurred it was discovered that laborers were forced to join raffles conducted by overseers and their friends; that there was practically a gambling graft upon the plantation by which the whites were profiting, and that other abuses existed of which the proprietors and agents were entirely ignorant, and which they promptly remedied as soon as they came to their knowledge. - , Moreover, plantation administration in Hawaii is at present passing through a stage of transition from the methods adopted and used suc- cessfully when the laborers were contract coolies, without many rights that employers were bound to respect compared with those of free laborers at the present time, to the methods which the changed condi- tions following annexation demand. The following quotation from a private letter from a leading official of the Planters’ Association to a plantation manager who had recently experienced a troublesome strike describes the situation in more emphatic terms than an outside observer would feel justified in using: “In times past we got too much into the habit of treating the Japanese and Chinese as if they were more ani- mals than men. We can not do this now, and it is not likely that the Japanese will stand being so treated when they themselves are an extremely polite race. So, while you must not give way to loafers for a moment, it would be well to be firm in a more kindly manner than was the custom ten years ago.” The old customs and the habit of regarding Japanese and other Orientals as people of inferior civil status as compared with whites still prevail in Hawaii and manifest themselves in a hundred uncon- Scious acts on the part of managers and overseers, who have never considered that in the strict letter of the law residents of a foreign country domiciled within our territories have the same rights to pro- tection of person and property and to privacy and respect as ourselves. At the time of the Lahaina strike militiamen and police went in squads to the rented quarters of the strikers in the town of Lahaina—not upon the plantation itself—entered without ceremony or shadow of legal right and roused the inmates, using persuasion that came but little short of force to get them out to a conference which the management desired to hold with the men and which they, in the exercise of their rights, declined to attend. One of the most liberal and progressive managers in the islands spoke with lively resentment of the criticism made by a judge of an act of one of his overseers, who had without legal authority or warrant forced open the door of a house occupied by Porto Rican laborers suspected of theft, dragged the occupants from their bed, and discovered stolen property in their possession. At the time of the Lahaina strike considerable fear was felt at first REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 499 by some of the white residents on account of the violence and the col- lision between the police and the Japanese, and it was felt that in the face of the overwhelmingly Asiatic population the whites were in some danger. The police and the troops were kept at the plantation for several days, and the plantation management and some of the police officers were insistent in urging that Federal troops should be avail- able for occasions of this kind. It was felt that these troops could handle the situation more aggressively and more quickly overawe strikers and bring them to submission. It was not known at that time that the governor of the Territory of Hawaii was vested with the power to call out the Federal troops without specific authorization for such call from the authorities at Washington. The legislature at its session of 1905 failed to make further provision for the maintenance of the Territorial militia, and a good deal of apprehension was felt over this fact until it was brought to light that the governor was clothed with unique power as regards the calling out of the Federal troops to guard property and suppress disturbances in time of strikes. Such an expedient, however, should be adopted only as a last recourse. The troops probably would overawe strikers and make them more amenable to plantation discipline, but this is not their function. More- over, the use of Federal troops in an actual conflict between employers and strikers might prove very prejudicial to the interests of the plan- tations. It has been intimated that if such a necessity ever arose Japan might at once prohibit further emigration of laborers to Hawaii, a contingency that the business interests of the Territory do not desire at present to face. . It is perhaps inevitable that for a time the technical rights of laborers under American law will be disregarded. Perhaps it would be very difficult at first to administer a plantation without occasionally exer- cising authority not strictly in accordance with law. It must be remembered that our legal codes were made for a country where social conditions prevail quite different from those in Hawaii. But these facts do not make the present situation less undesirable or lighten the difficulties of either employers or of workmen. There is hardly a doubt that strikes are promoted in some instances by Japanese hotel keepers, hackmen, gamblers, and others who are directly interested in having the men idle and spending money. At Lahaina the strikers had to move out of the plantation quarters and . go to the hotels in the village, and the Japanese hotel keepers were actively agitating a continuance of the strike until some provision had been made for the payment by the plantation of the bills incurred by the strikers, from deductions to be made from the wages of the laborers. Both at this place and at the plantation of Wailuku, on the same island, where a strike occurred about the same time, the leader of the laborers’ organization was a barber in a neighboring village not 500 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. in the employ of the plantation. In the former instance a majority of the strikers' committee was composed of men not working for the plantation. - The representatives of the Japanese consul were everywhere active in adjusting these difficulties, and their influence was important in preserving order. But the Japanese laborers are not quite so subser- vient to authority, even of their own Government, as commonly represented, or as they used to be in Hawaii before they had become inoculated with new ideas acquired in a foreign country. At Wailuku they informed the secretary of the consulate that he had no authority over them in America and no business to interfere in their disputes with their employer. In fact, that gentleman was for a time in danger of suffering personal violence from some of his irritated fellow- countrymen. It is commonly reported, and probably true, that the Japanese who have resided in Hawaii for a considerable period are less docile and tractable and more assertive of their rights than are newcomers. The changing character of the immigration, the growing number of persons not directly dependent upon the plantations for support, the effect of conditions of employment upon the Pacific Coast reacting upon Hawaiian Japanese, and the influence of the Japanese press in Honolulu, which is rapidly instructing the laborers as to the fullest limits of their rights, are all influences tending to make the Japanese workman of to-day a much more difficult person to deal with than his predecessor of ten years ago. On Maui an effort was made to call a sympathetic strike on all the larger plantations. It has even been proposed to quit work throughout the islands in order to enforce demands for an increase of pay, upon the ground that these rates were really fixed by the Planters’ Association at Honolulu, a single organization interested in all the plantations. In fact, fear that some such move might be attempted is said to have caused the voluntary increase of $2 a month made in laborers' wages in May, 1905, though this increase was in accordance with a tacit promise made when wages were reduced during the period when sugar was at a very low price, in 1902 and 1903. One finds some literature among the Japanese working people that indicates that socialistic doctrines receive some discussion among them, though these theories have hardly taken much hold of the mass of the laborers. Nevertheless, conditions are favorable for an increase of class sentiment among the Japanese. They are said to be naturally jealous of special prosperity on the part of their own countrymen of the same station, and this feeling may extend in time to include capitalists as a class. But this day has not yet come. Japanese strikes are so far race or national outbreaks, venting petty dissatisfaction, and not properly part of the great class struggle which we in America call the labor movement. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 501. Fear has been expressed that serious disturbances involving large bodies of Asiatic workmen might follow sooner or later, when the life and property of white residents would be endangered; but there are no tangible indications of such a calamity impending. With thousands of acres of inflammable cane fields in their absolute power, the Orientals have never in any disturbance reported stooped to incendiarism to vent their spite or attain their ends. There have been some disturbances involving Porto Rican and Korean laborers, but these have not had industrial import, and are to be classed as riots rather than as strikes. In the case of Koreans, these troubles have been in nearly all cases entirely among themselves. The following table gives a list of the strikes reported since 1902. All of these were upon sugar plantations, and were conducted by Japa- nese laborers. Although no establishments are reported “closed” by strikes, because under the uniform interpretation adopted by the Bureau of Labor of that term work is not supposed to have ceased until all employees are off duty. As a matter of fact, the mills were entirely closed a number of times, and practically all cultivating operations ceased; but workers of other nationalities than Japanese found employ- ment in irrigating cane, casual cultivation, and such occupations as could be carried on during the time when a greater part of the planta- tion force was idle. The table should be considered rather an enu- meration than a statistical description of the strikes that have occurred in Hawaii since the previous report was presented. sº STRIKES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS 1903 TO 1905. O ; I'- - ploy- tº beginn Pays' S i. hº * y or- Gginning U1C- thrown tº Locality. [...] j º ceeded. befºre Out Of Cause or object. Za- g strike. Wºrk tion. ‘) by strike. Kahuku, Oahu. | No. - June 12, 1903 1 || Yes..... 800 510 || For release of employee ar- rested on charge of arson. Aila, Oahu..... No...] Sept. 25, 1903 2 Partly ... 1,909 450 | For increase of wages. Okala, Hawaii. | No ... Mar. 4, 1904 2 || Yes..... 620 459 || For discharge of overseer. Waipahu, Oahul No...! May 2, 1904 4 || Yes..... 2,400 | 1,390 | For discharge of overseer. Ewa, Oahu - ...| No...] May 31, 1904 3 | No. ----. 2,469 1,949 || For discharge of overseers. Waipahu, Oahu No.. July 20, 1904 5 Partly .. 2,400 | 1,400 | For discharge of Japanese team , - “luna” (overseer). Waialua, Oahu. No. - Dec. 8, 1904 4 | No. ... -- 2,534 1, 196 || For increase of piecework rate sufficient to guarantee $16 per ‘s. month. Kahuku, Oahu. No. - Apr. 4, 1905 3 | No...... 871 166 | For guarantee of $18 per month - for cane Cutters. Wailuku, Maui. Yes.| Apr. 26, 1905 1 || Yes - - - - - 886 178 || For discharge of overseer. Waipahu, Oahu (a) | May 13, 1905 4 | No...... 2,600 316 || For increase of wages of 2 cents w per ton and pay for overtime. Lahaina, Maui. Yes. May 15, 1905 7 | Partly --| 2,228 1,589. For discharge of overseers. Wailuku, Maui.] Yes. May 15, 1905 8 Partly .. 898 562 || For increase of wages, free fuel, & medical attendance, and san- itary improvements in camps. a Not reported, 502 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OE LABOR. JAPANESE IMMIGRATION. The question of an adequate labor supply has faced the Hawaiian planters constantly for nearly fifty years. A brief account of the attempts that have been made during that period to obtain workers, to establish a resident population, to import at different periods European, Asiatic, or Pacific island field hands, and the methods adopted to con- trol labor after its arrival and retain it upon the plantations was given in the report of 1902. As a result of these various policies about 66 per cent of the present plantation force is Japanese, and nearly 85 per cent Asiatics of various nationalities. The preponderance of Japanese justifies a more detailed account of the immigration to Hawaii from that country, even at the risk of repeating some matter from the pre- vious report. The first Japanese laborers were brought to Hawaii in 1868, appar- ently without much attention having been given to the subject by the Japanese Government. This importation was confined to a single shipload, and rumors of ill treatment of these laborers having reached the Government of Japan the authorities of that country promptly sent over a vessel with orders to repatriate all of the subjects of the Mikado who desired to return to their native land. A large number, though not all, took advantage of this opportunity, and thereafter for several years no effort was made to secure labor from the Island Empire. During this period Chinese laborers acquired a preponderance upon the plantations somewhat similar to that now held by the Japanese, though this was not so embarrassing to employers as at present, because the laborers were at that time under penal contract. In 1874, of 3,786 laborers employed, 2,991 were Hawaiians and a large proportion of the remainder were Europeans and Americans in skilled positions. Eight years later the number of employees had risen to 10,243, of whom 5,037 were Chinese and 902 South Sea Islanders imported under contract. There were at this time but 15 Japanese upon the planta- tions. All the skilled positions were filled by white men or Hawaiians with the exception of 3 Chinese sugar boilers. The large immigration of Chinese then taking place was opposed by the Hawaiians, who saw the danger impending that their decreasing race might be submerged by these new arrivals. It was also viewed unfavorably by many other residents of the islands, who either regarded the question from a Hawaiian standpoint or foresaw in a continuance of existing conditions a bar to closer commercial and political relations with the United States. The planters also were quite willing to con- sider any measure likely to prevent the predominance of laborers of one nationality upon the plantations, so long as they were assured of REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 503 an adequate supply of workmen. Therefore the Hawaiian Govern- ment, practically representing the planting interests, entered into negotiations with the Japanese authorities with a view to securing a renewal of immigration from that country. At first Japan refused to consider formal treaty relations regarding this question, but expressed a willingness to tolerate the shipment of laborers to Hawaii in a tenta- tive way. This decision was announced in April, 1884. The follow- ing February the City of Tokio brought 676 men, 159 women, and 108 children from Japan. These were entered as “free immigrants,” which probably means that they were not under formal contract to work for the planters. Later the agent in Japan representing the planters and the Hawaiian Government was able to ship contract labor- ers to the islands. The sugar people paid $55 per man for these impor- tations. For some reason the Japanese Government became dissatisfied with this arrangement, and decided to suspend further emigration to Hawaii; but after lengthy negotiations the authorities reconsidered this decision, and, in response to the earnest representations of the Hawaiian sugar interests, supported by their Government, entered into a formal convention permitting and regulating the emigration of laborers to the islands. This agreement was concluded in March, 1886. Of the 14,439 persons employed on the plantations that year, 5,626 were Chinese, 1,949 Japanese, and 2,255 Hawaiians, showing that the importation of Japanese had assumed some proportions before thus formally regulated by treaty. The terms of . the original agreement were slightly modified in 1887, and in 1891, in response to political agitation in Japan against the treaty and reports that the laborers in Hawaii were subject to abuse, Japan refused to renew this agreement. These difficulties were sub- Sequently adjusted, however, and the conditions remained substantially unchanged until 1896, when they were modified somewhat by a general law, enacted by the Japanese Parliament, regulating all emigration of labor from the country. When Hawaii was annexed to the United States all such agreements expired, as the latter Government could not act as a labor bureau for private industry. The labor convention between the Government of Japan and the Hawaiian Kingdom pro- vided that contract laborers should be recruited by representatives of the latter Government, under certain express stipulations, among which were the following: . 1. Each contract was to be signed by the laborer as one party and the Hawaiian Government as the other, at Yokohama, for a period of three years, at a wage of $9 a month and $6 food allowance. The laborer was free to extend this contract for two years more at the time of its expiration. - 2. For every 100 men, 30 women were to be imported, and the duties and wages of these were prescribed. 504 BULLETIN of THE BUREAU OF LABOR. 3. A specified number of Japanese interpreters and physicians were to be employed in behalf of the emigrants, originally at the expense of the Hawaiian Government, but later at the cost of the laborers themselves. 4. Arrests of Japanese must be made by the Hawaiian Government and cases tried in the presence of a Japanese interpreter. The Gov- ernment of the Kingdom was made responsible for damages due for the cruel treatment of laborers. 5. A schedule of rates for canceling contracts, based upon the length of time they were to run, was established. 6. Twenty-five per cent of the laborer's wages were to be deposited with the Hawaiian Government, to be paid to the laborer upon the expiration of his contract, and to draw 5 per cent annual interest dur- ing the intervening period. 7. The Hawaiian Government was required to return to Japan immi- grants who, on account of permanent disability, were unable to earn their own living, even against the will of the laborer, and also all women found plying immoral traffic. The Government could also return, against his will, any immigrant who proved vicious, vagrant, or otherwise evilly disposed. - At first the Hawaiian Government met the laborer’s expense of pas- sage, but later he was required to repay from his earnings $60 of this amount. The cost to the Hawaiian Government of this immigration was met by payments by the planters, who subcontracted the laborers from the authorities upon their arrival at Honolulu. The Government thus became an intermediary or bureau through which the plantations were supplied with labor. This gave the Japanese Government a respon- sible party with whom it could deal directly in all matters relating to the condition of its emigrant citizens in Hawaii, while the planters of the latter country were convenienced by thus using the State as a recruiting organization. The farm laborers of Japan grasped eagerly at the opportunity to improve their condition offered in Hawaii. In two provinces 1,400 presented themselves as applicants within two days, and 28,000 men applied for passage during 1886. Many of these were rejected as unsuitable for the work for which they were required. This possibil- ity of selecting the best class of workers from a large available choice has been one of the advantages offered in Japan, which the planters have not had in many other places from which they sought labor. The result of this convention was that Japanese soon constituted a majority of the plantation workers. For some years a Chinese-exclu- sion law was in operation in Hawaii, and indeed such exclusion seems to have been desired by the Japanese Government, for when the authorities suspended emigration to Hawaii for a time, in 1891, a reason REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER of LABOR ON HAw AII. 505 offered was the fear that race conflicts might occur between Japanese and Chinese laborers upon the plantations. Of course this probability was increased during the hostilities that later broke out between the two countries. Shortly after the establishment of the Provisional Gov- ernment the importation of Chinese was resumed on a large scale. This labor was cheaper than the Japanese, as the Hongkong coolies received but $12.50 a month, without food. Therefore the number of Chinese plantation employees rose from 2,617 to 8,114 between 1892 and 1897, while the number of Japanese fell from 13,009 to 12,068. From 1897 to 1904 the number of Chinese decreased steadily, though 832 more were reported upon the plantations in 1905 than for the pre- vious year. During the same period the number of Japanese upon the plantation pay rolls has increased more than 150 per cent. Prior to 1896 the Japanese Government interested itself directly in the emigration of labor. The policy of that Government with regard to those of its citizens who seek residence in other lands is commend- able. Japan concerns herself to keep her undesirable and needy citi- zens under her own control, and assumes responsibility for all her people, no matter where residing, who are unable to provide for their own support. So far as it is possible to catch the national point of view of the Japanese from conversation with representatives of that people, they consider that their country is disgraced or humiliated by the disgrace or humiliation of Japanese residing in other countries, and their chief object in regulating emigration seems to be to insure the return of those who through their misdeeds or misfortunes might become unwelcome guests in foreign lands. The Government is doubtless influenced also by humanitarian motives toward its own sub- jects in its efforts to assure their relief when in distress abroad; much as our own Government is in case of shipwrecked American seamen desiring to return to a home port. With some such object as has been suggested in view, the Parliament of Japan passed, in 1896, an “Emi- grants’ protection law,” for the purpose of providing that every laborer leaving the country should have some responsible surety at home who could be required to provide for his care if he were left in need while abroad, on account of sickness or accident, change of climate, or the vicissitudes of travel, and who could even be compelled to pay his pas- sage back to his native land in extreme cases. Naturally this solicitude for the welfare of the emigrant is due partly to the assumption that the Japanese who leaves his country will, in practically all cases, retain his allegiance to the Mikado and does not emigrate with the intention of changing his citizenship or becoming a permanent resident abroad. The law requires, therefore, that every emigrant shall obtain two or more sureties, each of whom must be a person paying not less than 5 yen (about $2.50) direct national tax, and not already a surety for any other emigrant, who shall guarantee him against distress during his 25—No. 66–06—10 506 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. absence. Surety corporations, specially organized for this purpose, are accepted by the Government in default of personal sureties. These corporations are known as emigrant companies, and have extended their functions far beyond the simple objects just described. According to information received in Honolulu, 34 of these companies have been chartered by the Japanese Government. In 1902 the emi- grants to China and Korea were placed outside the restrictions of this act, upon the ground that laborers migrating to those countries were practically assured of employment, and that the local agencies already established by Japanese in those countries were able to cope with any cases of destitution or distress likely to arise among their countrymen. Hawaii, which, next to the countries justmentioned, receives the largest Japanese immigration, is the field of operation of 5 of the 34 com- panies. Some private agreement is said to exist among these societies by which they divide the business amicably and thusavoid competition. Under existing conditions the intending emigrant to Hawaii, who is no longer recruited by the labor agents of that country, almost invariably has recourse to one of the emigration companies for the sureties required by the Government before a passport is issued to him. As the association of companies is a virtual monopoly, he is obliged to conform to the conditions which any company imposes. The latter is authorized by the Government to charge a fee of 50 yen (aboutě25), which is practically an insurance premium guaranteeing him against destitution while abroad. But this authorized payment, which is presumably sufficient to cover the liabilities assumed by the com- pany, has been made the basis of a number of unauthorized perquisites, constantly increasing as the activities of the companies have extended into new channels. The result, it is claimed, has been the growth of an evil, and something of a scandal, in the mºthods of controlling Japanese emigration to Hawaii. The history of the present situation was described to the writer as follows by a Japanese gentleman in a position to be informed upon the matter, and was corroborated in detail from other sources: During the early period of Japanese emigration to Hawaii the Government looked after the migration of laborers and received from the planters—indirectly—a certain sum for each laborer, which was used to pay his fare to Hawaii and insure him against accident, sick- ness, or other trouble while he was away from home. Afterward all this work was handed over to the emigration companies, who collected the money from the planters and used it for the same purpose as before. At that time the emigrants were still mostly real farm laborers—ignorant men, but used to work—who labored in their own country from sunrise to sunset, seven days a week, for 2 yen ($1) and board a month. On account of the first laborers who went to Hawaii coming back with the money they had saved, there are now a good many people in our emigration districts who are rich, according to their ideas, where before there were only poor people. Their good ºr REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 507 luck was an advertisement for Hawaii to all the people in Japan. But since about the time Hawaii was made a part of the United States the methods used by the companies have changed. They found that a great many people wanted to go to Hawaii, and that they could choose those who had some money or whose parents or friends had money, who were people very different from true agricultural laborers. Then they began to sell as a privilege the right to go to Hawaii; for they now have got the whole thing in their own hands, and no man can go to Hawaii without their permission if he is a laborer. And the American Government had a law that every person coming into the country must have $50 “show money”. So the emigration compa- nies began to finance the laborers on a bigger Scale. They take only men who can give good security and compel them to borrow money for all their expenses and the cost of steamship ticket to Hawaii, although they have already got money from the planters for this purpose. We have sworn affidavits of laborers that the companies have made them pay, besides the fee of 50 yen ($25) allowed by the Government, 20 yen ($10) agent's commission, 5 to 10 yen ($2.50 to $5) railway fare to port of embarkation, big hotel bills at hotels connected with the companies while the men were waiting at the port and taking the medical examination called for by the American Government (where the men often suffer delays that are not necessary), their steam- ship ticket and some extras on the steamer which a free immigrant would not have to pay, and the $50 “show money” for passing the immigration inspector at Honolulu. So the whole charge against the emigrant by the company may be $200 or $250. The laborer must borrow this from a bank which the emigration companies have organ- ized. Sometimes the bank has made the men borrow even when they had some money of their own. The bank charges 12% per cent a year interest on these loans. They make the “laborer” give two respon- sible sureties in Japan for this loan. So real laborers, like those who went to Hawaii before, are shut out, because Japanese farm laborers can not get the cash or the security for the cash which the emigration companies make them pay. So the kind of emigration has changed. The laborers now emigrating to Hawaii are people who have some property and are not used to the hardest kind of work. They are ex-school-teachers, policemen, clerks, and similar classes of people. ' They are not used to hard work in the field, and so are not satisfied on the plantations, where they have to work very hard. They are leaving for California as soon as they get enough money. With a debt of $200 on their backs, which they can not pay in two years at planta- tion wages, they get discouraged and want to find some quicker way to make money. Some try to get out of paying the debt, and so we hear of lawsuits in Japan to recover the money from the sureties there. The worst thing is that this debt to the Kei Hin Bank (The Emigrant Companies’ Union Bank) is really an imaginary debt, because the companies have already collected from the planters in Hawaii money to pay all the expenses of the laborer. They put all this money in their pockets, and it is a clear profit to them besides what they make out of the laborer. The emigrant's deposit money is supplied him in the form of a cer- tificate on the Kei Hin Bank, usually running for three years and not collectible before the expiration of that period. These certificates pay 508 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. 4 per cent interest, while the emigrant is said to pay 12% per cent interest on the money he borrows from the same bank. (*) a The following translations of Kei Hin Bank certificates were furnished through the courtesy of the United States attorney at Honolulu: No. 1307. CERTIFICATE of FIXED DEPOSIT. Coin, 100 Yen. (Interest, 4 per cent per annum.) (Neither the transfer nor the use of this as collateral security is allowed.) We hereby certify that we hold the above-mentioned deposit with us during your stay abroad. After your return to this country we will pay it back to you at the Tokyo main office of this bank, in exchange for this certificate, accompanied by a certificate of your return issued by the Emigrant Agents' Union and also an advice from the Hawaii branch of this bank. Should you, however, stay abroad after three years passed from this date, the prin- cipal or any fraction thereof that is needed by you may be paid at said branch office of this bank. But if you shall have been in debt to this bank during the said three years, the counting of the date shall commence on the day when you have discharged your obligation. * The above is, however, subject to the condition that the amount of any claim the bank may have against you at the time of payment shall be deducted from the bal- ance to be delivered to you. The legal standing and also the effectiveness of this stipulation are to be subject to the laws of the Empire of Japan. OKUzo SHIODA [SEAL], Manager of the Hawaii Branch. [SEAL OF THE KEI HIN GINKo.] KEI HIN GINKo (Bank) (INCORPORATED), No. 1, 3 Chome Sukiya Machi, Kyobashi Ku, Tokyo. INo. 3862. CERTIFICATE of DEPOSIT. Coin, 90 yen. (Neither the transfer nor the use of this as collateral security is allowed.) We hereby certify that the above-mentioned amount has been deposited by you with us as an emergency fund in time of your illness or misforture during your stay abroad. Should you, therefore, become sick or meet with other unforeseen misfor- tune, any necessary amount will be paid to you out of the fund upon due notice given by you, accompanied by the certificate of the Imperial Japanese consulate and the Emigrant Agents’ Union. It is understood, however, that the amount of any claim that this bank might hold against you would previously be deducted and only the balance paid to you. In case no occasion arises for paying out from said emergency fund and you have returned to Japan after having completely discharged your obligations to this bank, the sum deposited or due you will be paid at the Tokyo main office of this bank in exchange for this certificate, accompanied by a notice from the Hawaii branch advis- ing us that you have completely fulfilled your obligations to this bank. MR. UMEKICHI YAMACHIKA. July 19, 1902. No. 2812. CERTIFICATE OF FIXED TERM DEPOSIT. Coin, 100 yen. (Neither the transfer nor the use of this as collateral security is allowed.) We hereby certify that we hold the above-mentioned sum deposited with us by you during the term of your stay abroad. After your return to Japan we will pay the same REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 509 The debts of the laborer to the Kei Hin Bank must be paid in regular monthly installments from his wages after reaching Hawaii. - A word may be ventured with regard to the relations of the planters with the Japanese emigration companies. The legislation in Japan which preceded the organization of the companies had been in exist- ence four years when annexation took place. During that interval the Hawaiian Planters’ Association is said to have subsidized the com- panies as recruiting agencies, paying them a certain sum for each laborer arriving in Hawaii. At the time of annexation, fearing appar- ently, that the provisions of the Federal immigration laws might be used against them, the planters are said to have withdrawn this bounty. The emigration companies, however, who are said to possess powerful political affiliations in their own country—or operating under the reg- ular provisions of the Japanese laws—almost completely shut off emi- gration to Hawaii, so that only 367 Japanese entered the islands the following year. By this measure they are said to have forced the plant- ers to subsidize them, though if the assertions of the opponents of the companies among the Japanese themselves are true this money is not really used to assist the laborers to reach Hawaii. Two agreements between the Planters’ Association and the emigrant companies are said to have been made since 1900, each covering a period of two years, the terms of which are not a matter of public knowledge. It is rumored that when the last agreement expired, in 1905, the Planters’ Assocation refused to enter into a further compact with the companies. The representatives of the companies were reported to be in Honolulu in the spring of 1905, but to have been unsuccessful in what was termed back to you, at the Tokyo main office of this bank, in exchange for this certificate, accompanied by a certificate of your return issued by the Emigrant Agents' Union and also an advice from the Hawaii branch of this bank. In the following cases, however, a special payment of the principal or any fraction thereof may be made at this branch: 1. In case that your illness or misfortune during your stay abroad causes the Impe- rial Japanese consulate and also the Emigrant Agents' Union to recognize the fact that you need help and protection and they certify to that effect. 2. In case that you are still staying abroad after the expiration of three years, counting from this date. If you shall have been in debt to this bank, however, the counting of the period of three years will commence on the day when you shall have discharged your obligation to this bank. The above is subject to the condition, however, that the amount of any claim that the bank may hold against you at the time of payment shall be deducted from the face of this certificate and the balance only paid to you. The legal standing and the legal effectiveness of this stipulation shall be subject to the laws of the Empire of Japan. OKUzo SHIoDA, Manager Hawaii Branch, kei Hin Ginko (Bank), Ltd. June 1, 1903. To M.R. KYUTARO KAWAMOTO. . 510 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. “holding up the planters” for a further subsidy. If this change of policy on the part of the planters has taken place, reason for such action is to be found in the agitation against the companies and their methods which has recently started among the Japanese in Hawaii, and seconded to some extent by the press of Japan; and in the further fact that since the increased migration of Japanese laborers to California and other parts of the Pacific Coast the planters have no hold upon the people whom the companies send to Hawaii. Naturally they have no interest in promoting emigration from Japan to California by way of Hawaii that justifies their spending money for such a purpose. The laborers coming to Honolulu from Japan are not treated like free immigrants upon their arrival, but are carried directly from the steamers to the various plantations to which they have been assigned. This custom, which appears to be a survival from the contract-labor days, has called forth protest from Japanese residents of Honolulu. In a sense, of course, it is a voluntary matter with the immigrants whether they go to the plantations or not, as no legal compulsion can be used to make them do so; but with ignorant laborers methods which are not strictly illegal may be, in effect, coercion. The opposition to the emigration companies and their methods which has developed among the Hawaiian Japanese has led to the organi- zation of a society known as the “Japanese Reform Association,” which is conducting an active agitation with the object of influencing the Japanese Government so to amend the present laws as to allow free emigration to Hawaii. In this effort they have the support of a part of the press of their own country. Of course, the whole question of the organization and their manner of doing business in their own country is a purely domestic one with the Japanese people, and any reforms must come from the Japanese themselves. But the present effects of the operations of the companies and the probable results of a change from regulated to free emigration are a matter of some con- cern to Americans. Undoubtedly the companies are interested in promoting emigration to Hawaii, and as long as they are in existence there is no reason why they should not form some connection with large employing Interests upon the mainland, similar to that said to have been in force between them and the Hawaiian Planters’ Associa- tion, and thereby become a factor in increasing the movement of labor from Japan to California and other parts of the West. They make their money out of emigration, and it must follow that they will con- tinue to use their influence to increase emigration to any place where laborers are assured of a wage that will enable them to repay their debts to the companies. On the other hand, the companies, by their charges and commissions, have increased the cost of migration for the laborer, and it is possible that if they were out of the way free REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 511 ^. emigration might exceed the present regulated emigration. A con- siderable part of the present migration from Hawaii to California is voluntary and unassisted, except that the laborers go for the most part to practically assured positions. Japanese residents of Hawaii, who are advocating the abolition of the emigration companies, do not anticipate that such an action will seriously interfere with the move- ment of Japanese toward America. So long as the planters subsidize the emigration companies they look upon the money thus paid as part of the labor cost of production. Considering the shifting character of the plantation population since penal contracts were abolished, and especially since the immigrants ceased to be preponderatingly from the agricultural classes, the cost of importing labor is no small item of expense. If this money were added to wages instead of being paid out in the manner in which it was formerly, the increase might be sufficient not only to induce more active immigration from Japan, but also to check somewhat the pres- ent migration from Hawaii to California. If the present methods of the companies do, as is claimed, add to the necessary cost of reaching Hawaii, and therefore limit emigration to classes in Japan who are socially above farm laborers, this fact may help to explain the increasing difficulty of plantation administra- tion. The early Japanese immigrants were almost exclusively from the peasant class. All applicants were rejected who had not performed full military service, all who belonged to the old military order, and fishermen. A letter from the planters’ representative in Japan in 1891, says: “The immigrants come exclusively from the agricultural districts of the interior of Japan, and all are trained farming hands.” This letter is interesting, as advocating even at that day the abolition of contracts with the laborers, on the ground that free labor would be cheaper. If the immigrants are no longer recruited from the same classes as in 1891, but come from sections of the country and of the community where social discontent is beginning to manifest itself, then the increased labor organization and agitation upon the planta- tions are easily explained, as is also the rapid growth of a population of Japanese in the islands who not only are independent of the plan- tations, but have never engaged previously to any extent in plantation service. This population engages directly in mercantile and profes- sional pursuits, enters the field of skilled mechanics, or engages in rural industries other than cane planting. 512 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. - 2 GENERAL TABLES. Three very comprehensive statistical tables are presented in this report in addition to the many short tables given in the preceding text of the report. - - The titles of these tables are as follows: Table I.—Occupations, wages, hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry, 1905. Table II.-Occupations, average wages and hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry, 1900–1901, 1902, and 1905. Table III.-Retail prices of commodities, 1890–1905. Table I.-Occupations, wages, hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry, 1905 (pp. 516 to 591).--Data for this table were secured from 103 establishments, representing 24 industries and 51,616 employees, as shown in the following text table: NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND EMPLOYEES FOR WHICH WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR ARE GIVEN, BY INDUSTRIES. Number Number Industries. of estab- || “... lish- loyee ments. P10yees. Bakery, confectionery, and restaurant.----....................................... 2 17 Brewery ------------------ ... is º e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = e s = 1 40 Building--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 579 Carriage making------------------------------------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 33 Coffee plantation ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 87 Electric light and ice-------------------------------------------------------------- 2 83 Fertilizer ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 62 Foundry and machine shop ------------------------------------------------------- 3 316 Harnessmaking ------------------------------------------------------------------- I 4 Laundry--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 52 Milk, cream, and butter ----------------------------------------------------------- 1 11 Planing iſ ............................................................ 4 45 Poi flour making------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 4 Printing, job----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 53 Printing, newspaper--------------------------------------------------------------- I 43 Rice cleaning---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 8 Rice plantation -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 3.18 Soda Water and soft drinks -------------------------------------------------------- 1 11 Steam railroad --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 741 Steamship companies, interisland ------------------------------------------------- 2 595 Stock ranches--------------------------------------------- ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *- - - - - - - 2 118 Street railway --------------------------------------------------------------------- T 149 Sugar plantations------------------------------------------------------------------ 50 48,229 Tannery ....----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 18 Total.------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103 51, 616 No attempt was made to cover all establishments in the Territory, but in certain industries nearly all establishments of any importance are included in the table. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 513 For the other industries, the figures presented are only representa- tive. It is believed, however, that sufficient data were secured to fairly and correctly represent industrial conditions in the Territory as to wages, hours of labor, and the different nationalities employed in the several industries. In this table the number of establishments from which data were secured is stated in connection with the name of the industry. All occupations found in the establishments investigated are given for each industry, and the number and sex of the employees of each nationality are given under each occupation. Following each nationality appear the days of work per week, and the lowest, highest, and average hours of work per week. On the opposite page the employees of each nationality in each occupation are classified according to their daily wages, the table showing the number of employees earn- ing under 50 cents per day, the number earning over 50 cents or under $1 per day, etc. This classification affords an opportunity to see the range of wages for each nationality of each occupation and the predomi- nant wage groups. The classification is followed by the average wages per day for each nationality in each occupation. At the close of the occupation, a total and average are given for the occupation in which data for the employees of all nationalities are combined. A few gen- eral occupations are found under several industries; for example, carpenters are found employed in the building industry, which repre- sents firms engaged in general building, and by steam railroads, by sugar plantations, etc. The occupation representing a far greater number of employees than any other is that of field hands, which covers 20,925 persons. Ten nationalities are represented in this occupation, but 66 per cent of all the employees of the occupation are Japanese. A total of 2,447 employees in this occupation receive under 50 cents per day, 58 receive $1 or under $1.50 per day, while 18,420, or 88 per cent of the total number employed in the occupation, receive 50 cents or under $1 per day. The average wages of all employees of this occupation are 63 cents per day. With this short explanation it is believed the table will be readily understood. A careful and extensive study of this table is recom- mended for a broad knowledge concerning the nationality and the wages and hours of labor of the employees in the several industries of the Territory. Table II.-Occupations, average wages and hours of labor, and nation- ality of employees in each industry, 1900–1907, 1909, and 1905 (pp. 592 to 662).-This table has been prepared so that a comparison may be made between the wages and hours of labor in 1905 and the preceding years, 1900–1901 and 1902. The data for 1900–1901 and 1902 were secured in former investigations by the Bureau. The occupations, nationalities, average hours per week, and the average wages per day * 514 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. for 1905, given in Table II, are the same as shown in Table I. A note given in connection with the name of each industry in this table shows the number of establishments from which data were secured for each of the three periods. It will be seen that in some of the industries no data were secured for one or both of the preceding periods, and it will be further observed that although data may be presented for all three periods in an industry certain occupations may appear in but one or two of the periods owing to the change in the occupations employed in the different periods, and to some extent, possibly, to a change in the names of the occupations. Comparisons should not be made between the number of employees in the several periods, as the num- ber of establishments for which information was secured varies, and even when the number is the same they are not always the same iden- tical establishments. The number of employees is given, however, to show the basis on which rests the average hours and wages shown. In the building industry, for example, it is seen that the data for 1900– 1901 are from 8 establishments; for 1902 from 9 establishments; for 1905 from 15 establishments. With so many establishments included it may be presumed that the wages and hours of labor shown for each occupation are fairly representative. For example, the wages of car- penters in the building industry in 1900–1901 were $3.59% per day; in 1902, $3.72 per day, and in 1905, $2.82% per day. An inspection of the nationalities shows that the employees of this occupation were largely American in the first two periods, while in 1905 it is seen that there were a greater number of Japanese than of any other race. The reduction of the general average of wages in this occupation is largely due to the increasing number of Japanese employed. An inspection of the occupations of this table will show that con- siderable change has been taking place within the last few years in the nationalities employed. - Table III.-Retail prices of commodities, 1890–1905 (pp. 663 to 671).- This table shows the retail prices of the principal articles of food and a few other staple commodities from 1905 back to 1890, or as near thereto as a record of prices could be secured for the same articles from the same establishments. Owing to difference in price for the same article at different stores it was not deemed proper to secure prices for part of the period from one firm and for the remainder of the period from another firm, and some commodities change so materially in their character in a few years that prices for identical articles can not be followed back for many years. At the head of each column of quotations shown in this table the locality for which prices are quoted is stated in the box head with the name of the article. When the name of the town would tend to iden- tify the firm only the name of the island is given. When two or more quotations were secured for the same article an effort was made REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 515 to get prices as nearly as possible for the same grade and quality in each instance. An effort was also made to have the figures fairly repre- sent the prevailing prices throughout the Territory—some of the quota- tions being from plantation stores, some from Oriental stores, and others from the largest establishments in Honolulu. The prices shown in this table are the average prices for the year. Footnotes have been appended to show the seasonal variation in prices of a few arti- cles that fluctuate materially during the year. The absolute relative worth of these figures as data from which to estimate the cost of living is affected by trade customs referred to in another part of this report. A study of the tables in detail shows that there was a marked rise in the price of nearly all commodities during the boom that followed annexation. Quotations of retail prices were secured for the two preceding reports on Hawaii that have been made by this Bureau, and a number of the same firms have been continued in this report. In the second report of this Bureau, published in Bulletin No. 47, a series of index numbers was presented showing the trend of prices of food from 1890 to 1902. The index numbers consist of percentages showing the per cent that the average price for each year was of the average price for the ten-year period, 1890–1899. The index numbers shown in the following text table from 1890 to 1900 are the same as given in Bulletin No. 47; those for 1901 and 1902 have been revised. The series of index numbers has been continued to include 1905, the numbers from 1901 to 1905 being based on detail figures of Table III, presented in this report. RELATIVE RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1905. 4. - - Year. Price. Year. Price. Year. Price. 1890-------------------- 100.8 || 1896------------------. 99.2 || 1901------------------- 106.5 1891-------------------- 101.6 || 1897------------------- 98.9 || 1902------------------- 108.7 1892-------------------- 101.3 || 1898------------------. 98.3 || 1903------------------- 108.5 1898-------------------- 100.3 || 1899------------------- 101.4 || 1904-...--------------- 106.5 1894-------------------- 99.4 || 1900------------------- 105.3 || 1906------------------- 105.5 1895-------------------- 98.8 The above table shows that the price of food as a whole reached the lowest point in the sixteen-year period in 1898, when it was 98.3 per cent of the average price for the ten years from 1890 to 1899, and the highest price in 1902, when it was 108.7 per cent of the average price for the ten-year period named. A computation made from these figures shows that the price of food increased 10.6 per cent from 1898 to 1902. Since 1902 there has been a decline in the price of food, the price in 1905 being 2.9 per cent lower than in 1902, 516 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND [For explanation and discussion of this table see pages 512 and 513.] BAKERY, CoNEECTIONERY, AND RESTAURANT (2 ESTABLISHMENTS). Hours per week. #. e Em- º tº Days Ill]IO- Occupation. P. Sex. Nationality. Wºk Low-|High-|Aver- ber. º "| est. eSt. age. 1 | Bakers---------------------------------- 1 | M. Chinese ........ 7 56 56 56 2 1 | M. Japanese ....... 7 || 56 56 56 3 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.------------------ 7 56 56 56 4 | Bakers' helpers------------------------. 1 | M. Chinese ........ 7 56 56 56 5 1 | M. Japanese ....... 7 56 56 56 6 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. 1------------------ 7 || 56 56 56 7 | Confectioners-------------.............. 2"| M. J 8P8 IlêSe - - - - - - - 6 || 57 57 57 8 Cooks.----------------------------------- 2 | M. Chinese ........ 7 || 56 56 56 9 Drivers --------------------------------- 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 : 57 57 57 10 1 | M. Japanese. ...... 7 || 70 70 70 11 Total ----------------------------- 2 M. ------------------ b6+] 57 70 63. 5 12 | Manager-------------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 7 56 56 56 18 Packer---------------------------------- 1 | M. Japanese ....... 6 || 57 57 57 14 | SalesWomen -------------------...------ 2 | F. Hawaiian ...... b6+| 57 77 67 15 | Stenographer........------------------- 1 | F. American - - - - - - 6 57 57 57 16 Waiters --------------------------------- 2 | M. Japanese ....... 7 || 70 70 70 BREWERY (1 ESTABLISHMIENT). 17 | Bottlers -------------------------------- 5 || M. American ...... 6 53 53 53 18 1 || M. American negro 6 || 53 53 53 19 6 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 53 63 53 20 1 || M. Japanese ....... 6 53 53 53 21 3 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 53 53 53 22 Total .......... tº ſº e º ºs et sº e º ºs º º ºs º is ºn tº º tº 16 || M. I.------------------ 6 || 53 53 53 23 || Brewers, assistant...................... 2 | M. American ...... 6 || 53 53 53 24 ſ Brewer, head.-------------------------- 1 | M. American - - - - - - 6 || 53 53 53 25 | Brewers' helpers ....................... 1 || M. American ...... 6 || 53 53 53 26 1 | M. German ........ 6 || 53 53 53 27 1 || M. | Norwegian ..... 6 53 b3 53 28 Total ----------------------------- 8 M. I.------------------ 6 || 53 53 || 53 29 i Clerk ----------------------------------- 1 ſ M. American ...... 6 53 53 53 80 l Collector ------------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 53 53 53 81 | Engineer ------------------------------- 1 || M. American ... --. 7 | 84 84 84 82 | Engineer, assistant -------.............. 1 || M. American ...... 7 | 84 84 84 83 | Firemen-------------------------------- 2 || M. Norwegian ..... 7 | 84 84 84 84 || Foreman, bottlers.-----................ 1 | M. German ........ 6 || 53 53 53 85 Ice puller------------------------------- 1 || M. | Portuguese..... 7 | 84 84 84 86 I Laborers-------------------------------- 1 | M. German ........ 6 || 53 53 53 37 1 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 53 53 53 38 1 | M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 53 53 53 39 1 || M. Japanese ....... 6 || 53 53 53 40 1 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 53 53 53 41 Total ...... & 8 & & © & & ſº & º º ſº is a tº e s e e º se e is 5 | M. ------------------ 6 53 53 53 42 Oiler ----------------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 53 53 53 48 I Stableman------------------------------ 1 || M. Portuguese tº tº dº ſº tº 6 || 53 53 53 44 | Teamsters -----------....... ----- s • * * * * * | . 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 53 53 53 45 1 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 53 53 53 46 1 || M. Norwegian ..... 6 || 53 53 53 47 Total ----------------------------- 8 M. I.------------------ 6 || 53 53 53 a.Also board, valued at $3 per week. b Average. c1 i. receives also board, valued at $3 per week, d'Also Oard, valued at $5 per week. REPORT OF TEIE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 517 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905. [For explanation and discussion of this table see pages 512 and 513.] BAKERY, CONFECTIONERY, AND RESTAURANT (2 ESTABLISHMENTs). Classified wages per day. $2.00 $2.50 under $3.00 OT under $3.50. Aver- 4 * * * ºn tº e & º º sº º ſº º º º gº º ºs º ºs º ºs *E º ºs º sº º gº * * * * * * * as sº * * * * * 4- 4-> - º Aº ‘º & º º tº º sº tº º & Gº as & e s sº e º 'º * * * * * * * * * * * * *- - -, * & ſº º º sº, º ºs ºn * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ge º gº º ºs º ºs * * * * * * * * tº e º ºs e g º ºr as sº sº as ºn tº ſº as {-, * - e º º ſº º * * * * * * * * * * * * * - º & gº º ºs e º ºs º s sº e º ºs e º is sº e º m sº me as & e ∈ E: sº º tº gº e tº dº º e º sº ºn tº e º gº sº º sº sº. s sº a sº * * * * * * * * * * * * e tº sº tº e = * * * * * *ge º 'º º * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * «s º gº as º ºs º * * * * * * * * * * is us as tº ºn tº sº e º e º sº s sº as sº s = e tº g s º ºs º º sº. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * & e s sº tº sº tº ºr ſº gº tº sº sº tº & e º gº º ºs e º tº e º e º º º ºs * * * * * g e s * * * g º te º s tº gº ºs º º sº gº e sº sº º º ºs º is sº * nº e º 'º sº º ºs tº º ºs º ºs e º º tº gº º º tº ſº tº e tº ºn e º sº tº º º * * * * * * * * tº e s & ſº sº tº sº gº ºn e ºs e º º ºs * * * * * tº º tº dº º ºs º gº º tº sº tº e º º ºs sº tº e º 'º “º e ge • * * * * * * * s sº as tº º sº º sº * * * * * * * * 1 -------- 1 -------- 1 -------- * = e º ºs º gº º I 2 1 $º º º sº e º 'º & 1 :::::::::----- 1 1 -------- 1 -------- e - sº º ºs e º ſº 1 1 -------- tº º e º 'º gº sº º 1 1 2 gº º ºs º & 45 tº gº Mar- age º sº $5.00 wages #! under Or €1. ber 00. over ay. g * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * a $1.07 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a 1.43 2 * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * a 1.25 3 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a .50 4 * * * * * * * * i e s as as e as º ºs a . 57 5 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a .53% 6 * & & tº º ºs º gº e º ſº tº º ºs º ºs 1. 25 7 * * * * * g e º e º sº e º 'º º sº a .85; 8 tº gº tº gº º sº se sº º ºs º ºs tº º sº gº 1. 00 9 s = e º 'º º º sº I º º ºr sº º ºs e e a .85% 10 * is e º º sº sº e : * * * * * * * *s c. 92% 11 tº sº e º tº g º sº I g º º sº we tº e s d 1.97% 12 tº gº tº as º º º sº e º ºx tº E = tº gº 1. 50 13 e tº dº tº ſº Gº tº e º gº ſº tº ſº º º ſº tº º; - # ........]........ a. 3% is * * * * tº º tº s tº tº ſº tº tº it tº s $1.30 17 & ſº gº ºf ſº gº tº sº tº dº tº º & Cº º º 1. 50 18 tº gº º ſº gº tº º gº - tº tº º º tº * * ##| }. II.I.I.I.I.I.I. g.83; 21 tº sº º e º 'º º º ſº º & Gº & & & & g 1, 19; 22 1 -------- 3.54; 23 * & º żº e º 'º º 1 9.58% 24 sº ºn tº s º gº tº sº s is a tº º e º s 2.00 25 tº gº º sº e º as sº as sº º is º # tº gº 2.00 26 * * * * * * * * | * * B = * * * * 2.58% 27. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2.19% 28 is sº tº e s s as as sº $ tº & e º 'º & 2.87% 29 1 -------- 4. 79 30 1 -------- 4.93 31 gº º tº º gº tº sº tº * * * * * * * > 3.29 32 tº º º ºs º ºs º ºs I we & tº s º ºs º is 2.50 33 1 -------- 4. 79 34 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1. 75 35 tº º gº tº e º ſº a º & Gº tº º & & 8 1. 50 36 s sº gº tº gº tº e º I sº tº tº tº tº tº gº sº. 1. 00 37 s = e º e º ºs ºf H is e s = º ºs º ºs 1.50 38 • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 50 39 sº sº º e º sº e º sº tº tº g tº gº º ºs 1. 75 40 • - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - 1.45 - 41 # 9 º' tº tº dº e s 1 tº tº ſº º e º ºs & 2.00 42 --------|-------- 2, 184 43 * * * * ºn e ºs & g º ſº º ºs e º is 2.59 44 • * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 2. 07 45 e º 'º º is gº tº ºn º is e º 'º e º ſº 2.874 46 tº gº is º gº º ºs e I e º ºs º 'º º ſº & 2.51 47 e1 employee receives also board, valued at $5 per week. Oys. 9 Including 2 boys. 518 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU of LABOR. TABLE I.-OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND BUILDING (15 ESTABLISHMIENTS). Hours per week. #. Em- e & Days #. * Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº Low-|High-Aver- ber. €6S. "| est. est. age. 1 | Blacksmiths..... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----- 2 | M. American ...... 6 53 53 || 53 2 | Bookkeeper ---------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 60 60 60 3 Bricklayers----------------------------- 5 | M. American ... --. 6 || 47 47 47 4 - 1 || M. nglish--------- 6 || 47 . . . 47 47 5 1 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 || 47 47 47 6 1 | M. Scotch... ------- 6 || 48 48 48 7 Total ---------. tº & & ſº * * * * * * * * e s tº º, º ºs m. 8 M. I.------------------ 6 : 47 48 47.1 8 || Bricklayers' helpers......... ------ ... -- 12 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - 6 || 47 47 || 47 r 9 || Carpenters ........ ---------------------| 26 || M. American ------ 6 || 47 54 48 10 2 | M. English......... 6 || 47 48 47. 5 11 | 7 || M. German ........ 6 || 48 48 48 12 22 || M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 47 54 48 13 15 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 48 48 48 14 2 | M. Irish.------------ 6 || 48 48 48. 15 47 | M. Japanese ....... 6 |aq9. 5 a.49. 5 (a49.5 16 3 || M. Norwegian . . . . . 6 || 48 || 48 48 17 18 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 || 47 48 47, 9 18 1 | M. Samoan ........ 6 || 48 48 48 19 2 | M. Scotch---------- 6 || 48 48 48 20 2 | M. Swedish - - - - - - -. 6 || 48 48 48 21 Total ---------- gº ºne º ºs º ºs º ºs -----------| 147 | M. I.------------------ 6 |c47 |cfj4 |c48, 3 22 | Carpenters' helpers -------------------- 1 || M. | Filipino - ....... 6 || 47 47 47 23 - 2 | M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 48 48 48 24 1 | M. Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 48 48 48 25 4 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 || 48 48 48 26 Total ----------------------------- 8 || M. 6 || 47 48 47.9 27 | Clerks---------------------------------- 1 M. Hawaiian ... --. 6 || 54 54 54 28 1 || M. Japanese. ---... 6 || 48 48 48 29 Total ----------------------------- 2 I M. I.------------------ 6 || 48 54 51 30 | Concrete finisher.---------------------- 1 } M. English ........ 6 || 48 48 48 31 i Concrete Workers ...... ----------...--- 1 M. American - - - - - - 6 || 48 48 48 32 - 1 | M. | Portuguese... -- 6 || 48 48 48 33 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.------------------ 6 || 48 48 48 34 || Concrete workers' helpers.............. 2| M. | Polish.......... 6 || 48 48 48 , 85 | Engineers...---------------------- tº s º º ºs 4 || M. American ...... 6 || 53 53 53 86 1 || M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 53 53 53 37 | 9 || M. Japanese --- - - - - 6 || 49.5 60 58.8 38 Total ----------------------------- 14 | M. I.------------------ 6 49.5 60 56.8 39 Engineers, pile drivers................. 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 48 48 48 40 1 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 48 48 48 41 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.------------------ 6 || 48 48 48 42 | Foreman, bricklayers.............. .... 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 47 47 47 43 | Foremen, Carpenters------------------- 2 || M. American -----. 6 || 47 || 48 || 47.5 44 1 | M. | English......... 6 : 47 47 47 45 4 || M. Japanese ------. 6 : 49.5 || 49.5 || 49.5 46 1 || M. Scotch.......... 6 || 48 48 48 47 Total ----------------------------- 8 || M. I.------------------ 6 || 47 49. 5 || 48, 5 a Hours reported for 23 employees only. b Wages reported for 23 employees only. 2 Hours reported for 123 employees only. d Wages reported for 123 employees only. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 519 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. BUILDING (15 Establishments). Classified wages per day. * * - - - - - - - - e º 'º - - * * * * * * * * * * - - - * * - - - - - * * * * * * * * = º ºs º º sº. - - - - - - - s s is us - tº tº tº º ºs e º 'º - is gº º º º – - e = * * * ~ * e is e - - - - as º ºs e - - - gSee notes to details. Mar- $100 $1,50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 || $4.00 || $450 shop wºes|ginal Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or or ; Ill IIIl- under | under under under | under | under | under under OVer 8, ber. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00 y. • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|-------- 1 - .......] $3.50 1 • * * * * * * I sº e s - * * * * : * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------| 3.83% 2 • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 5 6.00 3 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I e s = e s is sº e i a m e ºs e s = * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 6. 00 4 • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i = * * * * * * * i • * * * * * * * 1 5. 00 5 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1. 6.00 6 • * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * e = e º ºn a ºn I e º ºn as ºs e º sº i e º 'º' is a s m as I as as ºn tº a º sº. " I am sº s sº * * * * | * * * * * * * * 8 5.87% 7 • e º e s is e 12 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 50 8 • * * * * * tº i s = • * * * * * 2 1 5 2 15 -------- 1 3.59% 9 - - - - º tº * * * - - - - - 1 --------|--------|-------- 1 --------|-------- 3.00 10 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 2 1 -------- 1 | . 8 --------|-------- 3.14% 11 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 6 10 3 1 2 |--------|--------| 2.61% 12 - - - - as sº tº i tº e º - - - - - 5 2 2 5 1 ---------------- 2.83% 13 * - - - * * * * * * * * - - - - I tº s s tº * * * - I - sº a tº a s tº s : * * - - - e s s I e s = - - - - - 2 --------|-------- 4.00 14 • * * * * * * 21 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| "1.54% 15 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * - || * * * * * * * * 1 -------- 2 |--------|--------| 3.66; 16 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7 6 4 1 --------|-------- 2.98% 17 - - - * * s = i e º 'º - - - - e i s s sº sº º ºs e º I - - - as a e º ºs I as ºn - e s sº e s 1 --------|--------|--------| 3. 50 18 • - - - - is º i es e e º - - - - E sº e s s s = * - I - sº e s tº e º ºs I tº dº e º ºs ºn s e i s s e - - - - - 2 --------|-------- 4.00 19 • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 --------|---------------- 1 --------|-------- 3.00 20 * * * * * * * 21 19 21 17 14 30 -------- 1 d 2.82% 21 • * * * * * * * s e a s - * * * r * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|---------------- 2.50 22 - - - - * * * 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.50 28 • * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.50 24 • * * * * * * 1 -------- 8 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.25 25 • * * * * * * 3 -------- 5 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2. 12; 26 1 --------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.00 27 1 ----------------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- 1.25 28 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.12; 29 • * * * * * * ! • * * * * * * - I • * * * * * * - I - - - - - - - - i.e. - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - 1. 6.00 30 sº e º e º sº tº i º e º sº e º e = i < * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * I * tº gº e º 'º º 'º I s º e g tº e º - I - e º is tº * * * : * * * * * * * * 3.06; 31 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 5. 00 32 • * * * * * * I e e s m me • * * i s = e s = * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|-------- 1. 4.03% 33 e - © e º s º 1 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2. 00 34 • * - e º s e i e º e - a w - sº I s = e s tº ºn m = | * * * * * * * * 1 -------- 1 -------- e 2 e 4. 72 35 • * * * * * * 1 s sº as sº e º a • m e s m as ºn a • • * * * * * * * I e s - * * * * * 1 --------|---------------- 3. 50 36 - - - - - - - 8 |--------|--------| J1 |--------|--------|--------|--------| f 1.66%| 87 - - - - - - - 8 --------|-------- f2 1 1 |-------- e 2 | g 2.67 88 * - * * * * * r * * * * * * * * i º º ºs e º e º 'º i º ºn tº s e º 'º e i = a - - - º ºs e i wº e = ** - * * * 1 |--------|--------| 4.00 39 * * * * * * * I sº e s - - - - - , tº s s. s e s - - - - e s m e = * * : * * * * = e s us I s e ºs e º 'º - a 1 |--------|-------- 4.00 40 - - - - - - - º ºs & - - - - - - - e º ºs º ºs - - - - - - -, * tº º ºs - - - - - - - - - ſº º - - - - - - 2 |--------|--------| 4.00 41 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g º º 1 m - e - a sº a s i s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 7. 50 42 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * r * * * = e = * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I e = * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * I - * * * * * * * 2 5. 75 43 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * me s m me as - - - * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 6.00 44 * - - - - - º 1 tº e º 'º - º 'º - 2 2 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.48% 45 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 5.00 46 * - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 2 --------|----------------|-------- 4 || 4.03 || 47 e1 employee receives also board and lodging. r1 employee furnished also with house. * 520 BULLETIN of THE BUREAU of LABOR. TABLE I.-OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND BUILDING (15 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. 4. Hours per week. #. - Em- . ... Days IlúIn- Occupation. P. Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-|High-i Aver- ber. & ' eSt. est. age. 1 || Foreman, concrete workers............ 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 48 48 48 2 | Foremen, laborers, road........... ----- 5 M. | Hawaiian ...... 6 || 54 54 54 3 || Foremen, painters --------------------. 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 48 || 48 || 48 4 1 | M. Japanese ....... 6 || 49.5 49.5 49.5 5 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. ------------------ 6 || 48 49. 5 || 48.8 6 | Foreman, pavers...... ----------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 48 48 48 7 | Foreman, pile drivers.................. 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 48 48 48 8 || Foreman, plumbers ................ ---. 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 48 48 48 9 || Foreman, stablemen ------------------- 1 | M. American -----. 7 || 70 || 70 70 10 || Foreman, teamsters.------------------- 1 | M. American -----. 6’ 48 48 48 11 | Laborers ........ sº e s tº w = * * * * * * * * * -------- 8-| M. Chinese ........ 6 || 48 || 48 || 48 12 12 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 47 48 47. 9 13 24 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 || 48 49.5 || 48.2 14 1 | M. | Porto Rican . . . . 6 48 48 48 15 45 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 47 48 47. 9 16 Total ----------------------------- 85 | M. I.------------------ 6 || 47 49.5 || 48 17 | Laborers, road-------------------------- 89 || M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 48 54 52.4 18 13 || M. | Porto Rican - - - - 6 || 54 54 54 19 21 M. Portuguese ..... 6 || 48 54 48.9 20 Total ----------------------------- 123 | M. I.------------------ 6 || 48 54 52 21 | Laborers, Tock crusher................. 5 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 || 48 48 48 22 | Masons --------------------------------- 4 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 || 48 54 51 23 || Masons' helpers ------------------------ 4 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 || 48 48 48 24 Mortar mixers..... --------------------- 2 | M. American ...... 6 || 47 47 47 * | Painters........------------------------ 2 || M. American - - - - - - 6 || 48 || 48 || 48 26 1 | M. English ........ 6 || 48 48 48 27 23 M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 48 48 28 8 || M. Japanese ....... 6 || 49.5 49.5 49.5 29 7 M. Portuguese ..... 6 || 48 48 48 30 Total ...... tº e º 'º - - - tº gº tº e - ºr - tº º tº º sº tº - e - 41 M. I.------------------ 6 48 49.5 || 48.3 31 | Painters' helpers...............-------. 2 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 48 48 48 32 1 | M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 48 48 48 33 1 | M. | Portuguese ..... 6 || 48 48 48 34 Total ----------- tº º º ºs º º tº º tº e º is a tº sº - - a 4 M. ------------------ 6 || 48 48 48 35 | Paper hangers....... * - sº tº gº º e s - e º ºs ºs º an º' - - - 1 | M. American ... --. 6 || 48 48 48 36 4 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - | 6 || 48 48 48 37 1 | M. Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 48 48 48 38 Total ----------------------------- * M: .…........ 6 : 48 || 48 || 48 39 Payers---------------------------------- 9 || M. American ...... 6 || 48 48 48 40 4 || M. Hawaiian ... --. 6 || 48 48 48 41 4 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 48 4:3 48 42 1 | M. l Irish............ 6 || 48 48 48 43 Total ---------. © tº e º ºs e º 'º & © tº e º ſº dº º 'º º ºr 18 M. I.------------------ 6 || 48 48 48 44 Pile drivers.................. * * * * * * * * * * * 31 M. American...... 6 || 48 || 48 || 48 45 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 || 48 48 48 46 2 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 || 48 48 48 47 1 | M. Russian ........ 6 || 48 48 48 48 Total ----------------------------- 7 | M. ------------------ 6 || 48 48 48 49 | Plasterers ------------------------------ 2 | M. English. ------.. 6 || 48 48 48 50 l Plumbers------------------------------- 3 || M. American - - - - - - 6 || 47 48 47. T 51 1 | M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 47 47 47 52 Total ----------------------------- 4 M. I.------------------ 6 47 || 48 47.5 | -- REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 521 * NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905–Continued. BUILDING (15 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. Classified wages per day. Aver- 25—No. 66–06—11 * Mar- $0.50 $1.00 $.50 $300 $2.50 || $300 $3.50 || $400 || $450 sºon | jºginal |Under Or OT Or Or Or Or OT OT OT r ; Ill IIIl- $0. under|under under | under under | under | under | under | under O r ( e ber. 1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50 .00. $4.50 .00. over. ay. • * * * * * * i = * * * * * = i e s - - * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * = | * * * * * * * * | = e = s - - - - - - - - - - s = - 1 || $5.00 1 se sº e ºs e - - - - - - sº as s s : * * * * - - - * ----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 50 2 * = * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 --------|-------- 4.00 3 a. * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.50 4 • sº a • - - - - - - e º a s = } e = * - - - - | * * * * * * * * : - - - - - - - - | 1 |--------|-------- 1 --------|--------| 3.25 5 • * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * - | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * is e s sº e as a * * * * * * * * 1. 5. 00 6 * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * - - - || * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * - I - e º ºs e s sº as I e º 'º - ºr us ºn tº 1 s e º ºs • * * * 1 |-------- 4, 50 7 * * * * * * H → * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * is s sº s = s. º ºs º w as sº a ºn a es as is as a mº w I • * * * * * * * 1. 6. 00 8 • * * * * * - I - w w w = * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|-------- 3.00 9 * * * * : * * * * * * * I e º ºs e º 'º - I e º e s is sº tº tº - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|-------- 3.00 10 * * * - - - - - - - - - * * * 2 -------- 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.88%. 11 a e = * - - - - - - - - - s sº as ºs e - - - - 12 --------|--------|--------|-------- ----|--------|--------| 1.58% 12 * * * * * - - 2 22 ----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .98% 13 * * * * * * - I - ºn as a sº sº tº 1 s ºn a • * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.50 14 • * * * * * - I - as a s m ms sº as as we - * * * 34 11 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.78 15 * * * * - - - 2 24 47 12 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 48 16 as a e < * * * : * * * * * * * 89 ----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.11% 17 * * * * * * - I - - - tº * > * 13 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.12; 18 a s as as tº º e i º ºs º as me s = 17 4 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.26 19 s = * * * - - - - - - as s sº ºn 119 * ----------------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 14 20 • * * * * * - I - e < * * * * * * * * * * * - I as a s s = º º ºs 6 --------|----------------|--------|---------------- 2.00. 21 • * * * * - - - - - - - tº sº º * * - - - - - 1 --------|-------- 1 |-------- 2 --------|-------- 3.12% 22 * * * * * * * * * * * * * is sº s m - w tº a º 4 --------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- . 50 23 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * tº sº a nº e º ºn 2 --------|--------|--------|-------- 3.00 24 as sº as a • * - I - e ºs e s = e i = e º 'º - - - - - - sº a s sº tº º 1 - - - - - - - a s e = e s - - - I 1 ----------------|-------- 3.25 25 * e s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * = as tº a 1 - - - - - - - * : * * * * * * * - I - - as “e a tº a e 1 --------|--------|-------- 3. 50 26 • * * * * * - I - - - as s a sº i ºr a m = * * * : * * * * * * * * 4 9 10 --------|--------|--------|-------- 2.63 27 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 8 ----------------|--------|----------------|----------------| 1.50 28 sº as a sm º ºr º | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 5. 1 |-------- 1 --------|-------- 2.78% 29 s = e s - ºn as I - - - * * * * | * * * * * * * 8 4 14 12 2 1 --------|-------- 2.49 30 ºn e s = * - - - - - - * * * * * * * - - - - - 2 ------------------------|--------|--------|---------------- 1. 50 31 • * * * * * - I - * * * * * * i e º ºs • - - - 1 ----------------|----------------|--------|--------|--------| 1.50 32 a s sº we we w we . * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 1 ----------------4--------|----------------|--------4--------| 1.50 33 • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 4 |--------|--------|------------------------|--------|--------| 1.50 34 a se sº as ºn tº e i - - - wºn tº e = i s = * - - - - I - * * * * * * * I e º - - - * * * * * * * * * * * - I - * * * * * * * 1 --------|--|------|-------- 3. 50 35 • s e sº e ºs e I • * * * * * = i s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 1 --------|--------|-------- 3.12% 36 e e s m e = * I e º a s = * * I sº * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * I • * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * ~ I • * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------| 3.50 37 = ~ - - - - - | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 < * * * * * * ~ | * * * * * * * * 3 8 |--------|--------|-------- 3.25 38 as a a e º ºs ºn I e º sº e s m = 1 = * * * * * * * * * * * * s • * 9 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.00 39 e = * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i = * * * * * * * 4 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2. 00 40 s a = • * * * i - - - - sº e º i s m = • * * * 1 - * * * * * * * 4 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2:00 41 s = e º ºr e º i e º 'º - e s sº i = * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * 1 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------| 2:00 42 s sº e = * ~ * | * * * * * * * I sº * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 18 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2:00 43 e s s tº as e - I - e - we sº e º tº sº se - - - - - - * * * me e º se 2 -------- 1 --------|--------|--------|--------| 2.83% 44 e e s = • * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * - I - - e is s as as e a s - - - - e s i e s e º 'º - - - 1 |--------|--------|--------|-------- .00 45. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 --------|--------|--------|-------- 3.00 46 gº tº as a ºn m & I am tº ºr sº º sº as i e º ºs e sº e - || * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.50 47 st sº as sº e º 'º 1 º' - e º sº sº sº I e e º 'º - - - I • * * * * * * * 2 1 4 |--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.64% 48 • - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 6.00 49 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * I am e º 'º - a m = H is e ºs e º ºr e º • * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 2 1 4. 834 50 s sº as ºn e º sº * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 5. 50 51 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * || - * * * * se e º e - - - - * * * e ºs e º 'º s - e i - - e º ºs e º ºs I º e º - - - - we * * * * * * * * 2 2 5.00 52 522 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. * TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND BUILDING (15 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Concluded. Hours per week. § * Em- |. --------- Days Illinn- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-|High-|Aver- ber. • "| est. est. age. 1 | Plumbers' apprentice .................. 1 | M. | Portuguese ----- 6 || 47 47 47. 2 Plumbers' helpers........-------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 48 48 48 3 3 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 : 47 48 47. "I 4 1 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 : 47 47 47 5 1 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 || 48 48 48 6 Total ----------------------------- 6 M. ------------------ 6 || 47 48 47. T 7 | Sheet-metal Workers ------............. 3 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 || 48 48 48 8 . Sheet-metal workers' apprentices. - - - - - 2 M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 || 48 48 48 9| shop boys.........…. 1 | M. Part-Hawaiian.| 6 || 48 48 || 48 10 1 M. Japanese ...---- | 6 || 48 48 48 11 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. ------------------ 6 || 48 48 48 12 | Teamsters ------------------------------ | 9 || M. American ...... 6 || 48 || 48 || 48 13 1 || M. American negro 6 || 48 48 48 14 1 : M. Danish ......... 6 || 48 48 48 15 1 | M. German - - - - - - - - 6 || 48 48 48 16 3 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 48 48 48 17 1 | M. Japanese ..... -- 6 || 48 48 || 48 18 7 | M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 || 48 48 48 19 Total ----------------------------- 23 M. I.------------------ 6 || 48 48 48 20 | Tinsmiths ------------------------------ 1 | M. English......... 6 || 48 48 48 21 1 | M. German - - - - - - - - 6 || 48 48 48 22 4 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - 6 || 47 48 47.8 23 Total ----------------------------- 6 M. I.------------------ 6 47 48 47.8 24 | Tinsmiths' helpers - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------- 2 | M. Hawaiian - - - - -. 6 || 48 48 48 25 2 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - 6 || 47 48 47. 5 26 Total ---------- * ----------------- 4 || M. I.----------------- 6 47 48 47.8 27 | Watchmen ----------------------------- 2 | M. American - - - - - - 7 | 84 84 84 28 Water boys ----------------------------- 2 || M. | Portuguese ----. 6 || 48 54 51 CARRIAGE MAKHNG (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS). 29 | Blacksmiths.---------------------------. 1 || M. Hawaiian ...... 6 53 53 53 30 * 2 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 || 53 53 53 31 1 | M. | Swedish ........ 6 53 53 53 32 Total ----------------------------- 4 || M. I.------------------ 6 || 53 53 || 53 33 | BlackSmiths' helpers.------------------- 6 M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 53 53 53 34 1 M. | Swedish - - - - - - - - 6 || 53 53 53 35 Total ----------------------------- 7 | M. I.------------------ 6 53 53 53 36 | Bookkeeper ---------------------------- 1 | M. l Irish............ GT5. TETTEST 87 | Driver---------------------------------- 1 || M. Hawaiian . . . . . . 6 53 53 53 38 || Horseshoer ----------------------------- l | M. | Portuguese ..... 6 || 53 53 53 39 || Horseshoer's helpers ------------------. 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 53 53 53 40 1 || M. POrtuguese ..... 6 || 53 53 53 41 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.------------------ 6 || 53 b3 53 42 | Painters -------------------------------- 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 53 53 53 43 1 M. Hawaiian - - - - -. 6 53 53 53 44 2 | M. l Irish. ... -------. 6 || 53 53 53 45 || Total ----------------------------- 4 || M. I.------------------ 6 53 53 53 a Boy. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 523 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. BUILDING (15 ESTABLISHIMIENTs)—Concluded. Classified wages per day. $1.50 under $2.00. $2.50 Or under $3.00. $3.50 Or under $4.00. * * * * * * * * † tº º º ºs º º * & º º ºs º º º tº sº tº º ºs º gº tº Mar- ginal Ill]IO- ber. * * * * * s sº tº * * * * * * * *s * * * * * * * * s sº gº º sº sº sº. as º & º & º º s = sº º ºs º ºs. s sº º e º sº, sº sº sº is º º sº tº º sº gº & & E - - tº * * * * * * * * * * * * º Gº tº * * * * g º ºs e * * * * * * * * sº as sº e ºs º ºs ºr & as sº º ºs s tº * * * * * is us * * * * * * * tº lº & º º º ºs & ſº tº tº gº º º sº. e dº sº tº gº º 'º gº * * * * * * * * & sº sº * * * * * * = & G = * * * tº º gº ºg & sº gº º * * * * = tº gº tº 1- 26 27 e28 tº gº º is sº gº º ºs * * * * > * * * * $2.50 3.00 5.00 * = & ſº sº e º sº; 3. 37; ge º sº gº tº gº tº sº 1.44% a. 50 * * * * * * * * s: º ºs e º 'º º ºs * * * * * * * * b 1, 31 s ſº sº º is sº * sº tº & tº e º & gº tº ſº gº tº gº tº º tº dº ºi º e º 'º ge tº gº º gº & E & Gº * * * * * * * * & & tº º E & Gº tº 5. 00 4.00 3.00 1.33% 2, 16# tº gº sº se º sº tº * * * * * * * tº º gº º sº, º º * is se e s is sº sº. * = ſº º ºs º gº e tº ºs e º sº tº º ºn e tº e º 'º s º ºs 2.00 4.50 * * * * * * * e tº º º ºs º ºs s & sº is tº e º 'º' 3.37% bIncluding 1 boy, 524 - BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND CARRIAGE MLAKING (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. Hours per week. i • * Em- . . . . . Days - Iºllin- Occupation. º Sex. - Nationality. wº. Low-|High-i Aver- ber. º "| est. est. age. 1 | Painters' helpers ----------------------- 2 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 53 53 53 2 Trimmers ------------------------------ 1 | M. American -----. 6 53 53 53 3 - 1 | M. German ........ 6 53 53 53 4 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.------------------ 6 53 53 53 5 | Trimmers' helpers --------...-----..... 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 53 |"53 || 53 6 2 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 53 53 53 7 1 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 53 53 53 8 Total ----------------------------- •4 | M. I.------------------ 6 53 53 53 9 || WoodWorkers -------------------------- 1 | M. English......... 6 || 53 53 53 10 2 | M. German - - - - - - - - 6 || 53 53 53 11 1 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 53 53 53 12 Total ----------------------------- 4 | M. I.------------------ 6 || 53 53 53 13 || Wookworkers' helper ....... --...- .....| 1 || M. Portuguese.....| 6 || 53 || 53 || 53 COFFEE PLANTATION (1 ESTABLISHMIENT). 14 | Cultivators ----------------------------- 10 || M. Japanese ....... 6 (d) (d) (d) 15 Dryer----------------------------------- 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 || 59 59 59 16 Engineer------------------------------- 1 | M. Japanese ------. 6 || 59 59 59 17 | Hullers--------------------------------- 2 || M. Japanese ... ----. 6 || 59 59 59 18 Mechanic.... ---------... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 | M. Japanese ------. 6 || 59 59 59 19 || Pickers--------------------------------- 40 || M. Japanese - - - - - -. 6 (d) (d) d) 20 20 | F. Japanese ....... 6 (d) (d) d) 21 Total.----------------------------- 60 -----|------------------ 6 (d) (d) (d) 22 | Planters, contract ---------------------- 6 M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 (d) (d) (d) ulpers--------------------------------- 3 || M. Japanese ------- 6 || 59 59 59 *24 | Stableman.----------------------------- 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 || 70 70 7 25 || Wood choppers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 2 | M. Japanese ------- 6 (d) (d) (d) ELECTRIC LIGHT AND ICE (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS). 26 Bookkeepers --------------------------- 1 | M. American - - - - - - 6 44 44 44 27 1 || M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 48 48 48 28 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.------------------ 6 44 48 46 29 | Cashier--------------------.-- - - - - - - - - - - - 1 | M. American -----. 6 48 48 48 80 | Clerks---------------------------------- 1 | M. German ........ 6 * | 44 44 44 31 2 || M. Portuguese -.... 6 44 48 46 32 Total ----------------------------- 8 | M. I.------------------ 6 || 44 48 45.3 33 | Cold-storage man----------------------. 1 Hawaiian ...... 7 84 84 84 84 Collectors -----------------------------. 3 || M. Chinese ........ 6 || 44 44 44 35 1 || M. Portuguese -...- 6 ºf 48 48 48 36 Total ----------------------------- 4 || M. I.------------------ 6 || 44 48 45 37 | Drivers --------------------------------- 7| M. | Hawaiian ...... 7 72 72 72 38 Engineers ------------------------------ 3 | M. American ...... 7 63. 72 66 89 | Engineer, chief.... --------------------. 1 | M. American -...-- 7 63. 63 63 a Boys. bIncluding 1 boy. cSee notes to details. - d'Irregular. e $0.90 per acre per month, 1 man cultivates from 15 to 20 acres. # \ REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 525 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. CARRIAGE MAKING (2 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Concluded. f Receive $0.45 per cwt. of coffee in the be g Receive $0.88 per cwt. and house rent. h $2.00 per cord, Classified wages per day. AVer- Mar- $0.50 $1.00 || $1.50 || $2.00 || $2.50 || $300 $3.50 || $400 || $450 soo wºes |ginal Under Or Or OI’ Or Or Or OT OI’ Or r ; Ilti Dºl- $0.50. under | under | under | under under | under | under | under | under *r 8,V ber. 1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. .50. $5.00. 9W sy s gº º tº sº * * * a 1 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 980.87% 1 * = a as a = a i = as s ºr as sº sº I as as a º ºs s = | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------| 3.75 2 * = a - a = = i s = e s as as a sº e s = se s tº * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * = * = sº e º ºs I • * * * * * * * 1 || 5.00 3 e = s = e = = * * = s = a as a = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s a sº º sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 --------|-------- 1 || 4.37; 4 - - - - - - - |... • ** = • * * } = • * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- 1.66% 5 * * * * * * * a 1 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 9.95% 6 tº º ºr sº gº º º *1 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| “.50 7 * * * * * * * a 2 1 1 …]…l….'…l…l.….… c 1.02 8 a sº sº, sº sº e º sº e º ºs º is a is º sº * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------| 3.50 9 s = e s = * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 2 |--------|--------| 4.00 10 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * j, s = * = * * * | * * * * : * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------| 2:00 II * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * |-------|-------. 1|.…..…. 1 2 |--------|--------| 8.87%. 12 — – sº º º ºs º ºs ºf 1 --------|-------- & E tº º sº e s s * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1. 50 | 13 COFFEE PLANTATION (1 ESTABLISHMENT). as as an e s is as I º sº tº º is sº as I sº as º º ºs º is sº * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * is a dº º ºs e º 'º s = * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * (e) 14 sº gº sº us as sº e i º e º sº tº sº a 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| $1.00 15 * * * * = &º e i is º ºs º º sº tº º ºs ºs º º ºse & 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------| 1.50 16 tº as a sº tº sº dº 2 -------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- . 69 17 sº gº º ºs º ºs = | * * * * * * * 1 --------|------------------------|--------|--------|----------------| 1.25 18 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - ) • - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - = • * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * ~ * = - - - - - - - - - - - - - % 19 s sº as as a s as H = * * * * * = | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * s & e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * f 20 sº sº sº a tº gº tº s = º e s sº sº | * * * * * * * | * * * g is e º sº | * * * g º ºr a s \ u' s sº e a s g º || s ſº e º sº s e º 'º e s is sº º sº a tº sº º sº s º ºs e = | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * (g) 22 & º º ºs º ºs & 3 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- . 69 23 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 1 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.00 24 sº me s' as as as º e º ºs ºs º sº sº e º 'º e º s = | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (h) 25 ELECTRIC LIGHT AND ICE (2 ESTABLISHIMIENTS). * = * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * is sº e º a se e i s m is is tº sº e s : * * * * is e º s : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 |........ . $4.79 26 as sº as a sº * * } sº e º & sº a sº I e º º ºs º we & º e º ºs e º ºs e sº s º ºs º ºs ºs s \ is sº is a 6 tº e º * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------| 3.83%l 27 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - || - - - - - - - - ) - - - - - - - - 1 -------- 1 -------- 4.31#| 28 e = s. s. º ºs e as as a ºs e s ∈ * * * * * * * | * se s sº tº e s sº I º ºs e s s m = ± s : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * s Gº tº ſº * | * * * * * * * * | *. * * * * * * * 1 8,624, 29 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = | * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.72% 30 tº º sº e º º is sº e º ºs ºs º º º º º sº tº e º tº s = * * * * * 1 -------- 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.82%l 31 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1. 1 -------- 1 --------------------------------' 2.46 32 as e º gº tº º sº tº gº tº gº tº E tº 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------| 1.15 33 = • * * * * * * * * * * * * > | * * * * * * * 1 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.17 34 • * * * * * = | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ity 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.87#| 35 s tº ºn e s is we sº e º ºs º is tº & E * * * * * I 2 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.84%| 36 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 7 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.97%l 37 gº tº me e º gº º - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 --------|-------- 3.94% * 38 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * = e ] sº e º e s m a. º. * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 || 5.92 39 526 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. º TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND IE LECTRIC LIGHT AND ICIE (2 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Concluded. Hours per week. #i - --> Em- & “Tº e Days Illllll- Occupation. º: Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-High-|Aver- ber. - "| est. est. age. 1 | Firemen -------------------------------- 3 || M. American ...... 7 56 56 56 2 || Foreman, gold storage ----------------- 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 7 84 84 84 3 || Foreman, ice factory................ tº - - 1 || M. Portuguese..... 7 56 56 56 4 || Foreman, linemen ............. -------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 44 44 44 5 | Foreman, Wiremen............ --------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 44 44 44 6 Ice pullers.---------------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 | M. Japanese ....... 7 | 72 72 72 7 | Inspector------------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 44 44 44 8 Janitor --------------------------------- 1 || M. POrtuguese ..... 6 44 44 44 9 Laborers ------------------------------- 4. | M. Japanese ....... 7 || 63 63 63 10 | Linemen ------------------------------- 5 | M. | HaWaiian ...... 6 44 44 44 11 Machinist.----------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 7 63 63 63 12 Machinists' helper ------......... ------ 1 || M. Portuguese ..... 7 63 63 63 13 | Meterman ------------------------------ 1 | M. American "...... 6 44 44 44 14 || Meterman's helpers ----................ 2 | M. American ...... 6 || 44 44 44 15 | Office boy ------------------------------ 1 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 || 44 44 44 16 Oilers----------------------------------- 6 || M. Japanese ....... 7 | 72 | 84 80 17 | Stablemen.----------------------------- 4 || M. Japanese ....... 7 56 72 64 18 1 M. | Portuguese ..... 7 56 56 56 19 Total ----------------------------- 5 | M. I.------------------ 7 56 72 62. 4 20 | Stenographer..................--------- 1. F. American ...... 6 || 44 44 44 21 | Storekeeper ---------------------------- 1 || M. | POrtuguese ..... 6 || 44 44 44 22 | Storekeeper's helper -.................. 1 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 || 44 44 44 23 Superintendent electric-light plant.... 1 | M. American - - - - - - 6 || 48 48 48 24 Superintendent ice factory ............ 1 | M. American - - - - - - 6 || 48 48 48 25 | Switchman.---------------------------- 1 | M. German ........ 7 || 63 63 63 26 Tankmen ------------------------------ 1 M. American ...... 7 | 84 || 84 | 84 27 1 , M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 | 84 84 84 28 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.------------------ 7 | 84 84 84 29 | Teamsters, ice Wagon ------...--...---- 3 | M. American ...... 7 || 56 56 56 30 2 | M. Canadian....... 7 || 56 56 56 31 2 | M. German ........ 7 || 56 56 56 32 1 | M. Swedish ........ 7 56 56 56 33 Total ----------------------------- 8 M. ------------------ 7 || 56 56 56 34 Trimmer, arc--------------------------- 1 || M. | POrtuguese ..... 6 || 44 44 44 85 | Wiremen ------------------------------- 3 || M. American ...... 6 || 44 44 44 36 1 | M. German ........ | 6 || 44 44 44 37 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 44 44 44 38 1 M. | Portuguese ..... 6 : 44 44 44 39 Total ----------------------------- 6 M. ..…........... 6 || 44 44 || 44 40 | Wiremen's helper...................... T Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 44 44 44 FEETILIZERS (1 ESTABLISHMIENT). 41 Bag sewers............................. 6 | F. Japanese ....... | 6 || 56 56 56 42 | Bookkeeper ---------------------------- 1 | M. German ........ 6 || 56 || 56 56 48 || Chemist.------------------------------- 1 | M. German ........ 6 || 56 56 56 44 | Chemist's helper....................... 1 || M. Portuguese..... 6 || 56 56 56 45 | Clerks-----------------. tº gº tº º ſº tº ºn º ºs º ºs º º e º 'º' 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 56 56 56 46 1 | M. German ........ 6 || 56 56 56 47 Total --------------------------- tº e 2 M. I.------------------ | 6 || 56 56 56 48 Engineers ------------------------------ T. M. American...... 6 | 72 | 72 | 72 49 & 1 | M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 72 72 72 50 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. ------------------ 6 || 72 72 72 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 527 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905–Oontinued. ELECTRIC LIGHT AND ICE (2 EstablishMENTs)—Concluded. Classified wages per day. Aver- Mar- $0.50 $1.00 || $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 || $4.00 || $450 soo wº ginal Underſ or Or Or Or Or OT Or Or Or or 3r" |num- * under) under under | under | under under | under under under OVer ay ber. $1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50 .00 $4.50 .00. § = * * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 8 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- $2.46; 1. s sº e º a sº as sº e s = e s as as e e º sº, sº * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.68 2 s = * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|-------- 3.83% 3 sº as as a • a s sº ºn as s = e, sº I as sº se e s m = | * * * * * * * * : * = * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------| 3.83% 4 s sº a s = e º sº as a s = s. sº i s = e = * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------| 3.83% 5 * * * * * e º e º as sº sº, º º 2 --------|----------------|------------------------|---------------- 1, 15 6 a se s m 'm sº e I e º s ºr s sº sº I s sº s = * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.91% 7 & sº we us tº sº se sº e º 'º º is sº 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------| 1.34 8 * * * * * * ſº º & tº e º ſº º 4|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.00 9 a sº s m as a s sº s = s. s. s = | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 4 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.56 10 s sº e = * = a sº e º sm ºr = is i = * * * * * * is a s as a se = * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 -------|--------| 4. 11 11 & sº s m ms sº sº sº e = * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.50 12 s sº a m = as sº sº as a s as as a e s is e º is a a s s s º as a s | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 -------- 4.60 13 & gº tº sº º ºs s I gº tº ſº tº tº s s 1 1 ----------------|--------|--------|--------|----------------| 1.62% 14 tº e º sº ºs e ºs 1 |-------|------------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .83% 15 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1:20; 16 tº & tº º ºs º º 1 3 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 11 17 as as as a sº s = | is tº sº as s. s = | * * * * * * * | * s is a s sº s = 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.85 18 * * * * * * * 1. 3 |-------- 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.35% 19 g is as ºs s as sº : * * s as dº s = | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * s sº * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------| 3.83% 20 s sº e º sº º ºs I gº tº sº * * * * | * * * * * * * | * s a s is s m is 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.30 21 * gº º ºs s = ºr *1 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| “.83% 22 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 6, 71 23 sº as º as sº sº sº I º ºs e º ºs tº as I s sº me s as sº s I º ºs e e º ºs sº a s as s as * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 7.67 24 sº as sº º ºs º ºs I e º gº º gº tº gº i e º ºr e º is sº I s = º º ºs e º ºs 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.30 25 * * * * * * * | * * > * * is a e º 'º e º is ºn 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.97% 26 s tº sº tº tº s e i e º º as a sº e i º e º ºs e º sº. 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.97% 27 as ºs º ºs e º sº e º ºs º sº, sº e I sº e = * * * * 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.97% 28 sº as as a e s we s we w is as sº is sº º ºs s m ms tº 3 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.97% 29 * * * * * * * * g g º ºs º is s \ sº tº e s sº is tº 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.97% 30 sº gº º sº as º ºs I º ºs e º sº as s , sº sº ºn s a dº sº. 1. 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- . 22 31 is ºn e º sº we ºn I e º 'º us, ºr as sº I e s m ms as as we 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.97% 32 s & & º º &e tº º ºs º ºs s = º º sº sº, º ºs e = 7 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.03% 33 me gº tº me as is sº sº sº gº ºs ºs e º s g s º ºs e s I º e s m e º is sº 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------| 2.49 34 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 |--------|--------|--------|-------- 3.19 35 tº sº sº e º ºr sº º ºs e s = e º i s = * * * * * * * *s tº s º sº tº se I e º is sº e º a s I e º ſº s º & º ºs I tº e º is sº is tº & 1 --------|--------|--------| 3.50 36 * * * e º is ºs sº tº a tº m sº e i e ºs e s sº sº tº I = * * * * * * * | * = as gº tº sº e s I s sº * * * * * * 1 ----------------|--------|--------| 3:00 37 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * g e º 'º, º f is gº º is is a tº a 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2:00 38 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * I tº e e º ºs s = * 1 -------- 4 1 |--------|--------|--------| 3:01 39 as sº º sº º is e i º ºs e º is nº e º sº º is e s a s 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.50 40 FERTILIZERS (1 ESTABLISHIMIENT). e sº e º sº tº 8 6 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| $0.75 41 a se as º as sº sº as a s is sº as as e = * * * * * | * e s = ºr m e º s as tº as * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 5.75 42 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * l 9.58% 43 sº gº is e s tº º ſº º ºs tº e º s º 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.25 44 s = e s m = e I s e º a s = e ] e s a s is a e I e e s a s sº e º is a e º is a e e i e º is a tº is tº a | * * * * * * * * | * a s e º e º sº I º º ºs s = a s sº | * * * * * * * * 1 5.75 45 - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : - - - - - - - - | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 |--------| 4.79 46 5.27 47 6 39 48 4.16# 49 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * we e s ] see e sº º ºs e e i s e º º ºs e º sº I e º s is a w = • , s e º e s e º e 1 |-------- 1 5. 274 50 & ---, 528 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATION S, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND FERTILIzerts (1 ESTABLISHMENT)—Concluded. - Hours per week. - #. t- Em- º - Days Ill]IO- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-|High-Aver- ber. - º - est. eSt. age. 1 | Firemen-------------------------------- 1 | M. German ........ 6 || 72 72 72 2 1 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 || 72 72 72 3 Total ----------------------------- 2 M. l------------------ 6 || 72 72 72 4 || Foremen, laborers...................... 6 || M. Japanese ....... 6 56 || 56 56 5 Laborers-------------------------------- 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 || 56 56 56 6 35 | M. Japanese - - - - - ..| 6 56 || 56 - || 56 7 & 1 || M. Portuguese..... 6 || 56 56 56 8 Total --------. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is 87 | M. I.----------------- 6-| 56 || 56 56. 9 | Lead burner---------------------------- 1 | M. Japanese ------- 6 56 56 56 10 | Superintendent acid department ...... 1 | M. German - - - - - - - - 6 || 56 - || 56 || 56. 11 | Superintendent factory................ 1 | M. German ........ 6 : 56 56 56 12 | Watchman ----------------------------- 1 | M. German ........ 7 | 84 84 84 FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP (3 ESTABLISHMENTs). 18 BlackSmiths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 | M. American ...... 6 50 54 52 14 1 | M. German ........ 6 || 54 54 54 15 1 || M. New Zealander. 6 || 54 54 54 16 1 M. Portuguese. .... 6 || 54 54 54 17 Total -------------------. e - - - - - tº me se 5 M. •' is e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6 50 54 53.2 18 BlackSmiths' apprentice ............... 1 | M. German ........ 6 || 54 54 54 19 | BlackSmiths' helperS-...--------------- 5 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - , 6 || 50 54 51. 6 20. - 1 | M. Part-Hawaiian - 6 54 || 54 54 21 - 6 M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 54 54 54 22 Total ---------------- © e º ºs e º ºs e º ºs e = * 12 M. I.------------------ 6 50 | 54 53 23 Boiler makers -------------------------- 7 | M. American ...... 6 || 50 54 52. 3 24 2 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 50 -54 52 25 5 M. l Irish............ 6 || 54 54 54 26 2 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 54 54 54 27 Total ---------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 | M. ------------------ 6 50 54 53 28 || Boiler makers' apprentices............. | 6 || M. American ...... 6 || 54 54 54 29 13 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 54 54 54 30 1 || M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 || 54 54 54 31 1 || M. Portuguese © tº - - w 6 || 50 50 50 82 Total ----------------------------- 21 | M. I.------------------ | 6 || 50 | 54 53.8 33 || Boiler makers' helpers................. 20 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 || 50 54 52.4 34 e 1 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 50 50 || 50: 35 Total ----------------------------- 21 | M. I.------------------ 6 50 54 52. 3 86 Carpenter------------------............ 1 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 || 50 || 50 50 87 | Draftsmen------------------------------ 4 || M. American ...... 6 54 54 54 38 || Foreman, blackSmiths.................. 1 || M. | New Zealander. | 6 || 54 54 54 39 || Foremen, boiler makers................ 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 50 50 50 40 1 | M. Scotch.......... 6 || 54 54 54 41 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.------------------ 6 || 50. 54 52 42 | Foreman, machinists-------............ 1 | M. American ...... 3.54* 54 - || 54 48 || Foremen, molders...................... _1 | M. American ......| 6 || 50 || 50 50 44 | - 1 | M. | Swedish........ 6 || 54 54 || 54 45 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. |.................. 6 50 | 54 || 52 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 529 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. FERTILizens (1 Establishment)—concluded. Classified wages per day. AVer- Mar- $0.50 $100 || $150 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 || $4.00 || $450 sºoo |y|...s|ginal Under Or Or Or Or OT Or Or Or Or & g UIſle $0. under|under under under | under | under | under | under | under OI J. ber. $1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50 50. over. day. & º º gº º gº & e º sº tº e º 'º sº e º & sº tº * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| $1.75 1. * * * * sº gº tº º e º ºs e e º e º 'º tº sº º º 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- . 1.50 2 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 2 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.62% 3 * * * * * * * : * s gº º e º º e º 'º º is sº * 5 1 --------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- 1. 61 4. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.25 5 e tº gº ºn tº e s ] as e s gº is is tº 35 --------|--------|--------|------------------------|--------|--------| 1.25 6 * * * * g º ºs e º sº tº tº * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- 1.25 7 * e g º ºs º ºs I & s s as s sº tº 37 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.25 8 sº º gº ºn tº sº * : * is sº º gº tº º tº º ºs º ºr tº * : * > * > * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.49 9 * * * * * * sº I º ºs e is sº e º * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * } se e s = s. sº as as sº as sº s sº s = s. 1. 7.67 10 * * * * * & e i º ºs e º e º us || @ º e ºs e º as I º e º 'º º ºs s sº |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 || 11, 50 11 * * * * * * * * * = & sº ſº e º ºr º e º gº tº º 1 1--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.97; 12 FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP (3 ESTABLISHMENTs). * * * * s = e i = * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * g e º sº as sº sº e º sº as e 1 1 |--...---| $4.37% * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * = is I ºn m e º e ºs e º I is a s sº e º is as s e º is an as as e i s = e s m sº e º sº º gº ºs e g as a 1 ---------------- 4.00 14 * s is s = * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * is I gº is e º e º m s ] as as º sº se is as e I is s = ºr as s is a I is sº e e º sº e s I sº se e º sº e m = 1 |-------- 4. 50 15 tº e º ºs ma º ºs I sº tº º º is sº * º ºs º ºs º º ºs I & E * * * tº e s H ºn s tº sº a tº sº s I ºn tº e º 'º s m s I s e º s º e º º t 1 --------|--------|-------- 3. 75 16 * * * * = e s ] as e = * * * * * * * * * * * * ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * I e s m = * = a- ºr 1. 2 2 |-------- 4. 20 17 e tº gº gº º ºr tº i is tº dº º & º ºs 1 --------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.33% 18 e tº º ºs s as ºn sº sº gº tº º is sº I e º is tº e s as 3 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.73% 19 tº º g g g g º º sº º sº us tº s : º ºs tº º sº ſº tº I sº º sº º º tº º sº 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.17 20 is me tº gº we e g º ºs º sº tº e s tº I tº s is s e = * 1 5. tº e º º sº ºn tº º I e s = s. s tº sº s i º ºs e º sº sº e º sº e º e s g º ºs I e º 'º e º ºs e º s e º sº as º ºs es 1.91% 21 & º ºs º as sº tº # => * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 4 8 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------. 1. 86 22 tº us g g º s ºr I is a tº ºr s tº & sº e º is tº e º I us as g º ºs º ºs a 1 -------- 1 |-------- 2 3 |-------- 3. 85% 23 s & sº gº sº tº e i s tº dº as ºn tº gº e º sº sº e º ºs I º a s tº gº ºs º gº 1 --------|--------|--------|-------- 1 - - - - - - - - 3. 37; 24 s tº es e º ºs & ºr º ºs º ºs º º tº gº & tº dº sº tº is sº tº º º ºs ºs e I e º ſº sº e º ºs º i s e º sº * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 4 1 |-----. -- 4.15 25 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * tº gº º ºs tº 1 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.76 | 26 is sº se s is sº se is a s sº as s a s m = * * * * | * * * * * * * * 2 1 2 |-------- 6 5 l-------- 3.75 27 e tº tº e º 'º º 1. 3 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 14 28 & & gº tº e º & 1. 1 11 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.41% 29 s º gº as as sº s is sº we as we s sº I s is ºn s is a s 1 ----------------|--------|--------|----------------|--------| 1.50 30 & £e º 'º sº º º 1 -------|--------|----------------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- . 50 31 sº º ºs e º 'º º 3 4 14 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------. 1.29% 32 s as º as sº gº ºn f * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 14 6 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------| 1.74 33 tº e º sº m, sº e i s = * * * * * 1 --------|----------------|------------------------|--------|-------- 1. 16# 34 * * * * * tº e º sº sº sº sº º ſº tº 1 14 6 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.71% 35 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * *s e s º is tº $ tº e º gº se e º ºs e s as ºs 1 --------|--------|--------|----------------| 2.50 36 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 1 --------|-------- 1 1 -------- 3.25 37 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * e º e º sº as s m e º ºs e º ºs e s ] e is e º ºs º gº sº | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = i < * * * * * * * 1 7.00 38 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | as e g º e º sº gº || s e º 'º gº tº sº e / e º º ºs º gº º s e º ºs e º º is ºr ; * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1. 6.00 39 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * is a is sº º e º 'º gº e m e º a º ºs e º e º a sº e º as a e g º ºs e s is a m e º a s e s = | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 7. 00 40 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = & H ºr e = * * * * * | * = as e a s = a i s = e º ºs e º ºr i = < * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 2 6.50 41 * = e ºs º ºs tº W gº º º º ºs º º • - s p → • -|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - || - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 7.00 42 * * * * * * * | * * * * g g g | * g g g º ºs e i = g º e s e e s h m e s m e º e e I e º sº e s is a e a s m s m = a s \ e º is º ºs º ºs º sº e º º ºs e º - | * * * * * * * * 1 6.00 43 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * ~ * s is e s = | * * * * * * * * : * s = * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 7.00 44 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = a, , ºr se s is sº e s as i s m as is a s = - as s = e, e is a sº. s is nº e s s = * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 2 6. 50 45 530 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF . LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND FoundRY AND MACHINE shop (3 Establishments)—continued. Mar- Hours per week. ginal * Em- º e Days Ill IIIl- Occupation. P. Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-|High-Aver- ber. est. est. age. 1 || Foremen, pattern makers.............. 1 || M. English ........ 6 || 50 50 50 2 - 1 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 l 54 54 54 3 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. l----------------- 6 || 50 54 52 4 || Foreman, warehouse-...--------------. 1 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 54 54 54 5 Laborers ------------------------------- 2 | M. Hawaiian ... . . . 6 || 54 54 54 6 4 || M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 || 54 - || 54 54 7 Total ----------------------------- 6 || M. I.------------------ 6 || 54 54 54 8 Machinists ----------------------------- 31 || M. American ...... 6 || 50 54 53.4 9 1 | M. Danish ......... 6 || 54, 54 54 10 5 | M. English ........ 6 || 50 54 50. 8 11 1 | M. | French....... -- 6 54 54 54 12 1 | M. German - - - - - - - - 6 || 54 54 54 13 3 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 54 54 - 54 14 3 || M. Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 50 54 52.7 15 1 | M. l Irish.--------... 6 54 54 54 16 1 || M. | Porto Rican .... 6 || 54 54 54 17 4 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 || 50 54 53 18 4 | M. Scotch....... --- 6 || 54 54 54 19 1 || M. Swedish........ 6 || 50 50 50 20 Total ---------------- . . . . ---------| 56 | M. I.------------ * * * * * * 6 50 54 53. 1 21 Maghinists' apprentices................ 22 || M. American - - - - - - 6 || 54 54 54 22 20 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 54 54 54 23 Total ----------------------------- 42 | M. ------------------ 6 || 54 54 54 24 Machinists' helpers ...... ... tº º e º e º s ºr as a s 6 | M. American ...... 6 || 50 54 52.7 25 6 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 50 54 53.3 26 5 || M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 || 50 54 52.4 27 Total --------------------- tº a s m = ± = * 17 | M. I.----------------. 6 || 50 54 52.8 28 || Messenger.............. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 | M. American . ----- 6 || 54 54 54 29 || Molders .......... ... * * * g º 'º e g º C tº ºn tº g º 'º e s = 3 || M. American ...... 6 || 54 54 54 30 & 1 || M. English ........ 6 || 50 50 50 31 8 || M. | Hawaiian . . . . . . 6 || 54 54 54 32 2 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 50 54 52 33 2 I M. l Irish............ 6 || 54 54 54 34 4 || M. Scotch........ -- 6 || 54 54 54 35 - Total ...... -----------------------| 20 | M. I.------------------ 6 || 50 54 53. 6 36 Molders’ apprentices tº e º te sº tº C tº gº tº tº e º ºs º ºn as me 24 - M. American - - - - - - 6 || 54 54 54 37 14 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 54 54 54 38 1 || M. | Norwegian - - - - - 6 || 50 50 50 39 1 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - 6 50 50 50 40 Total ....... •---------------------| 40 | M. I.----------------- 6 50 54 53.8 41 || Molders' helpers----------.............. 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 54 54 54 42 4 || M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 50 54 51 43 6 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 || 50 54 52 44 Total ------------------- tº dº ſº tº gº º ºs º ºs ºr 11 || M. I.----------------- 6 || 50 54 51.8 45 || Office boy ------------------------------ 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 54 54 54 46 | Pattern makers............ tº sº º º ſº º ºs º gº tº as as as 3 | M. American ...... 6 || 50 54 52.7 47 3 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 54 54 54 48 1 | M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 50 50 50 49 2 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 || 54 54 54 50 1 | M. Scotch.......... 6 || 54 54 54 51 Total ----------------------------- 10 | M. I.----------------- 6 || 50 54 53.2 *m REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR - ON HAWAII. 531 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. I FOUND RY AN ID. MACHINE SHOP (3 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. Classified wages per day. $2.00 under $2.50. $2.50 Aver- age Wages per day. Mar- ginal ber. s sº tº gº tº º sº * s sº tº gº sº º º sº tº e º 'º e º ºs ºs * * - sº º e º sº. $6.00 6.00 * * * * * * * * 6.00 * * * * * * * * * s an é º º º sº e º sº sº tº º tº sº e º 'º º tº º & * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3. 50 2.00 2.00 is sº tº sº e º 'º & º ºs º º º º ºs * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s = * = as ºf ſº tº tº e º e º & Rºº tº * º ſº tº º gº º s nº º E * * * * * tº - 4: º & º & ºr * * * * * * * * nº º gº º º gº tº sº s º ºs e º sº a º * * * * * * * * s sº e s is sº s sº * = * * * * * * {-} º & Re - tº tº gº sº º ºs = e º as sº- & “º º º ºs º ºs º- e ‘gº º sº e º sº gº º, º sº º sº sº º sº. tº & & Hº -> * * * * * * * * * * * * is ſº º ºs º sº is ºw tº º E * * * * * * * * * * * * s sº s = * * * * * - ſº º º - gº tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * sº tº sº sº tº es e. * is º ºr gº tº º ºs * & gº tº e º s = s = e = s gº sº º tº gº º ºs º is tº 4- ºk -> * > * > * * * * * * * gº tº * * * * * *ge tº º * * * * * * * * º ºg º ºs e as sº * - tº º ºr tº gº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = & wº tº sº º ºs º gº º ºs * * * * * * * * & ſº sº º 'º & sº º * g º ºs ºs º ge * * * * * * * * * & sº º ºs º ºs * *-* * - sº º º * * * * * * * s & e º 'º º is as tº gº tº tº ºr sº tº tº tº dº e º e º º & tº dº º sº º sº tº º * * * * * * * * * * * * * * as ſº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * º gº tº e s tº º ºs * * * * * * * * * @ e º E gº tº as gº tº tº as e º ºs ºs * * * * * * * * & ſº tº e º 'º º 532 . BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP (3 ESTABLISHIMIENTS)—Concluded. Hours per week. i & Em- e tº Days Ill III- Occupation. º: Sex. Nationality. wº, Low-High-|Aver- ber. º "| est. eSt. age. 1 || Pattern makers' apprentices ... - - - - - - - - 7 || M. || American ... --. | 6 || 54 54 54 2 - 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 54 54 54 3 Total.------------------.......... 8 M. I.----------------. 6 54 54 54 4 || Warehousemen ........................ 10 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 || 54 54 || 54 5 2 || M. Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 54 54 54 6 1 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 || 54 54 54 7 Total ----------------------- tº se - tº gº ºn 18 M. I.----------------- 6 || 54 54 54 8 || Wiper and oiler------------------------- 1 M. American negro 6 || 50 §0 50 HARNESS MIAKING (1 ESTABLISHMIENT). 9 | Harness makers.....------------------- 1 | M. American - - - - - - 6 ſ 54 54 54 10 º 1 M. l Canadian- - - - - - - 6 || 54 54 54 11 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 54 54 54 12 Total ..... tº tº & © e º º ºs e º te e s sº e º & - - - - - - - 8 M. I.-------- .------- 6 || 54 54 54 13 | Harness makers' helper..... ----...----- 1 | M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 54 54 54 LAUNDRY (I ESTABLISHMENT). 14 | Bookkeepers --------------------------- 1 | M. l'American ...... 6 48 48 48 15 1 | F. American - - - - - - 6 || 48 48 48 16 Total ----------------------------- 2 -----|------------------ 6 || 48 48 48 17 | Drivers.-------------------------------- 3| M. American ...... 6 || 60 | 60 | 60 18 w 1 || M. English.--------. 6 || 60 60 60 19 - 1 || M. Portuguese..... 6 || 60 60 60 20 Total ...-------- = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5 M. I.----------------- 6 || 60 | 60 | 60 21 Engineer ------------------------------- 1 | M. American ------ 6 || 60 60 60 22 | Firemen-------------------------------- 1 Chinese ----...- 6 60 60 60 23 1 Japanese ------. 6 || 60 60 60 24 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.------------------ 6 || 60 60 60 25 | ForeWoman ----------------...--------. 1 | F. American ...... 6 60 60 60 26 || ForeWOman, manglers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 || F. | Portuguese ..... 6 60 60 60 27 | IrOners....... - e - m e º s we tº º is sº s º ºs s - a - * * * * * * * 1 | F. American - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 28 5 | F. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 29 5 | F. Portuguese ..... 6 60 60 60 30 Total ----------------------------- 11 | F. ------------------ 6 || 60 60 60 81 | Janitors -------------------------------- 1 || M. American negro 6 C C. C 32 1 | F. American negro 6 (c C 3 33 Total ----------------------------- 2 -----|------------------ 6 (c) (c) (c) 34 Machine hands...... s sº s º e º ºs e º g º a s e s = m, sº e 1 || M. German ........ 6 || 60 60 60 35 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 || 60 60 60 36 3 | F. HaWaiian - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 37 1 | F. | Porto Rican .... 6 || 60 60 60 38 gº 2 : F. Portuguese ..... 6 60 60 60 39 Total ------------------- & Cº - - º ºs º ºs e tº 8 -----|------------------ 6 60 60 60 a Girl. bIncluding 1 girl, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 533 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905–Continued. FoundRY AND MACHINE SHOP (3 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. Classified wages per day. ges p y Aver- Mar- $0.50 || $1.00 || $1,50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 || $3.50 || $400 || $450 | shop wºes |ginal Under or Or Or Or OT Or OT Or Or º º Ill IId- .50. under | under | under | under | under under | under | under under Or : ber $1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50, $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4,50 60. over y. nº º º ºs º- ºr sº 2 4 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| $1.09% 1. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.00 2 * * * s = º º 2 5 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.08% 3 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 5 1. 3 1 |--------|--------|--------|-------|--------| 1.68% 4 s e º º is ºr ºr tº sº º e e s as I sº * * * * * * 1 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.99% 5 * * * * * * * : * * * * * = e i s = º 'º º º ſº 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------. 1.66% 6 * * * * * * * * * * * * > * > 5 3 4 1 --------|--------|--------|-------- -------- 1. 73 7 * = * * * * - - - - - - - tº sº gº tº & © º º e e º a e - © - tº es e º gº tº º º d'Also board, valued at $6 per month. er month. J. Not reported. Also board, valued at $7 per month. e Also board, valued at $7 540 EULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND soloA waTER AND soft DRINKs (1 ESTABLISHMENT). Hours per week. Mar- Em- * . . * * Days #. Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-|High-|Aver- ber. est. est. age. il Bookkeeper............................ 1 | M. Part-Hawaiian - 6 53 53 53 2 | Bottlers -------------------------------- 3 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 53 53 53 3 2 | M. Japanese ------- 6 53 53 53 4 Total ----------------------------- 5 | M. ------------------ 6 53 53 53 5 | Drivers.-------------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 53 53 53 6 1 | M. English......... 6 53 53 53 7 1 || M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 53 53 53 8 Total ----------------------------- 3 | M. I.------------------ 6 53 53 f$ 9 | Manager ------------------------------- 1 | M. American - - - - - - 6 53 53 53 19 || Sirup mixer ---------------------------- 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 53 53 53 STEAMI RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMENTS). 11 | Accountant ---------------------------- 1 M. American - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 12 | Agent, freight.------------------------- 1 | M. American - - - - - - 6 53 53 53 18 Agents, station------------------------. 7 | M. American - - - - - - b 6.6 |c60 |c60 |c60 14 2 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - 7 (f) (f) (f) 15 Total ----------------------------- 9 || M. ------------------ b 6.7 |c60 |c60 |c60 16 | Agents, ticket -------------------------- 6 || M. American ...... 7 (f) (f } (f) 17 3 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 (f) (f (f) 18 Total ----------------------------- 9 M. ------------------ 7 (f) (f) 19 | Blacksmiths.--------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 53 53 53 20 1 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 21 1 || M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 60 60 60 22 Total ----------------------------- 3 | M. I.------------------ 6 53 60 57.3 23 || Blacksmiths' helper........ * - - - - - - - - - - - . 1 || M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 53 53 53 24 | Boatmen ------------------------------- 8 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 25 | Bookkeeper -----------------------..... 1 | M. | Portuguese ..... 6 59 59 59 26 Brakemen...--------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 7 (f) (f) (f 27 16 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - b 6.8 |cf} c60 |cfj9.7 28 4 || M. | Portuguese ..... b 6.5 ió0 |ió0 ió0 29 Total ...-------------------------- 21 | M. 1------------------ b 6.8 |359 |j60 jö9.8 30 | Bridgeman -----------.................. 1 || M. Japanese ....... 7 84 84 84 81 | Captain, tug------------------------.... 1 | M. American ------ 6 60 60 60 82 | Car cleaners-----------------........... 6 || M. Japanese. ------- 7 63 70. 64. 2 83 i Car inspector. ---------------------...-- 1 | M. American ------ 7 70 70 70 84 | Carpenters.----.....---------........... 3 || M. American ------| 6 53 54 53.7 35 1 | M. Austrian.------ ..| 6 60 60 60 36 7 || M. Japanese -------| 6 53 60 55, 6 37 3 || M. | Portuguese .....| 6 54 54 64 38 Total ...... --------------- - - - - - - - - 14 | M. I.-------- ---------- 6 || 53 60 55.1 a Also house, fuel, water in case of accident incurred in service. b Average. • Hours reported for 3 employees only. d2 employees furnished also with house. e See notes to details, , transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON 541 EIAWAII. NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. SODA WATER AND SOFT DRINKS (1 ESTABLISHMIENT). Classified wages per day. - *Yeſ | Mar- $0.50 $100 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 $4.00 || $450 soo wºslginal Under Or OT Or Or Or Or Or Or Or r ; Ill IIIl- . 50. under | under | under under under | under | under under under O d. ber. 1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00 .50. .00. .50. 60. over y. - * * * * * * : * - - - - - - - - - - * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| $1.72% 1. - * * * * * * : - - - - - - - 3 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 11 2 e tº e º ºs s s tº - - - - - 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- 1.25 3 * * * * * * * | * * * * * ~ * 5 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.16% 4 * * * * = s = | * * * * - - - - - * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|----------------|-------- 2.68% 5 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * I e = * * * s = | * * * * * → • - I e º e º ºs e s is 1 --------|--------|----------------|--------| 2.68% 6 * * * = e e a i º e - - - - - - - - - ºr e º e i s m ºn e º - - - I - a m e º e s is 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.68% 7 * * * * * * = i e s - - - - - - - - * * * s = | * * * * * * * - I - a s sº tº se e is 8 |--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.68% 8 as we as a s tº sº I e º 'º - - - - | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * m e º as tº sº º | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 5. 75 9 * * * * * * as i e º a º ºs ºr - I - * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.50 10 STEAMI RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMENTS). • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * I as º 'º - w w ºn as I ºr ºs e º ºs º ºs º i º º - a tº a º ºs a 1 a $6.13% 11 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * s is . s. sº º se - a - as tº me tº a s tº sº tº m as ºn ºn tº - tº - I sº as as sº me as sº sº me º 'º - - - - sº 1 --------|-------- 4.1 12 * * * * * * * : - - - - - - - d 2 *2 l--------|-------- *3 |--------|--------|--------|--------| *2.16 13 * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - 1 1 --------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- 1.72% 14 - * * * * * * * * - - - - - - d 3 *3 --------|-------- *3 |--------|--------|--------|--------| *2.06% 15 * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - * * * * * 4 2 --------|--------|--------|----------------|--------| 1.92 16 * * * * * * *-* I tº º 'º - - - - - - - tº * * * * 8 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.64% 17 - * * * * * * : * * - - - - - - - - - * * * * 7 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.82% 18 - - - - sº as tº = - - - - - - - - - - * * * * | * * * * - - - - - - - - - - * * * |--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1 5. 00 19 - - - e ºs e º sº - - - - - - - - - - * * * * 1 l.---------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.58% 20 * * * * * * * : * * * - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - * * * |........ ai |................................ a 3.45| 21 - * * * * * * : * * * - - - - - - - * * * * * 1 |...…..….] ºil….…… 1 | g 3.33 22 - * * * * * * H → • - - - - - - - - - - * * * I sº e º 'º - - - - 1 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------| 2:00 23 - * * * * * * I e - - - - - - - - - - - as s = 8 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------| 1.50 24 • * sº s se e s I e - - - - - - - - - m as a m = i º es e s - - - - - - - - s is sº sº tº º ºs º 'º - - - - - - - sº * is s = e 1 --------|----------------| 8.64 25 we we s is as as * 1 s - º - - - - - - - - e s m a. 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.50 26 * -ºº º e s e s I e º 'º - - - - 1 *16 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.50% 27 * ºut as s m is tº I me • * * * * * *4 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| "1.86% 28 * * * * * * * r * * * - - - - h 5 *16 ----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| * 1.48 29 - * * * * * * * * - - - - - - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.00 30 • * * * * * * I e º 'º - - - - - - - -ºº ºn e s sº I e s s as a s = - I - * * * * * * * h e º 'º - - - - - - - as a s as s sº me I s m = - - - - - - - * * * * a s as a * * - - - - * a 1 a 5.75 31 - - - - - - - 1 4 1 --------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- 1.16 32 - * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - s = º tº a tº º - - - - - - - - - - e = & 1 ----------------|--------|----------------| 2.55 33 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 1 1 |....----|--------| 3. 55 34 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * = | * * * * * * * * | * * * * g e g º e º 'º - - - - - , º sº ºn e º ºs e ºs a 1 1--------|--------|-------- a 3.50 35 - * * * * * * : * * - - - - - 1 4 92 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------| 91.78% 36 * * * * * * e a s - - - - - - - - - - a = s. e º sº e - - - - - - - e ºs º ºs e º i º ºs tº º - - - - 1 !--------|-------- 2 |........] 4.13% 37 - * * * * * *- : * > - - - - - 1 4 92 l-------- 2 g 2 1 2 |........] h 2.76% 38 f Irregular. g1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. h2 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to School, medical in Service. * Hours reported for 2 employees only. 3 Hours reported for 5 employees only. ed attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurr 542 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OE LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND STEAMI RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. Hours per week. #. e Em- t & Days Ill IIIl- Occupation. P. Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-High-|Aver- ber. * "| est. est. age. N. 1 | Carpenters' helpers..................... 2 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 2 7 || M. Japanese ------- 6 60 60 60 3 Total ----------------------------- 9 | M. I.------------------ 6 60 60 60 4 | Car repairer ----------...------......... —F M. Portuguese ..... 6 54 54 54 5 | Cashiers -------------------------------- 2 || M. American ... -- - - 6 48 53 50, 5 6 | Clerks---------------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 - 60 60 60 7 1 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 8 \, 2 || M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 || 60 60 | 60 9 Total ----------------------------- 4 | M. ---------------- ... 6 59 60 59.8 10 | Clerk, chief ---------------------------- 1 | M. German ........ 6 60 60 60 11 || Clerks, freight.-------------------. ----. 5 | M. American - - - - - - 6 54 || 60 || 55.2 12 2 || M. Hawaiian -----. 6 60 60 60 13 Total ----------------------------- 7 | M. i------------------ 6 54 60 56.6 14 | Clerks, wharf--------------------------- 4 || M. American - - - - - - 6 54 54 54 15 Conductors----------------------------- 8 || M. American - - - - - - 7 (d) (d) (d) 16 1 || M. American negro. 6 60 60 60 17 2 || M. Hawaiian ...... e 6.5 |f|59 |ff,9 |fºº} 18 Total ----------------------------- 11 M. ------------------ e 6, 8 ſ/59 g60 g59, 5 19 Cook ----------------------------------- | 1 || M. Chinese......... 7 || 70 70 || 70 20 | Deck hands ---------------------------- 3 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 21 | Engineers, donkey engine.............. 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 59 59 59 22 1 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 23 Total ----------------------------- 2 I M. ------------------ 6 59 60 59.5 24 | Engineers, locomotive.................. 8 || M. American ...... e 6.9 f60 |fé0 |fé0 25 1 | M. German ........ 6 60 60 60 26 2 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 (d) (d) (d) 27 2 || M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 60 60 60 28 5 M. Portuguese ..... e 6.8 |f|59 |ffig fö9 29 Total -------... a & & © tº s ºn e ºs e º 'º - - - - - - - |18 || M. ------------------ e 6. 7 |h;59 hô0 h59.8 80 | Engineer, tug---------------------...... TT. M. American ...... 6 | 60 | 60 | 60 31 | Engine helpers. ...--------------------- 3 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - 6 54 54 54 32 Engine Wiper--------------------------- 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 59 59 59 33 | Firemen, locomotive.............. ----- 6 || M. American - - - - - - 7 (d) (d) (d) 34 8 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - e 6. 6 i59 i60 i59.7 35 4 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - e 6.5 g60 g60 g60 36 Total ------. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 18 M. I.--------- * * * * * * * * * e 6.7 |h59 |hô0 h59.8 37 | Fireman, Shops.------------------------- 1 | M. American - - - - - - 6 53 53 53 88 | Fireman, tug--------------------------- 1 || M. POrtuguese ..... 6 60 60 60 89 | Foremen ------------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 60 60 60 40 1 | M. German ........ 6 60 60 60 41 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 60 60 60 42 Total ----------------------------- 3 | M. 1------------ … 6 || 60 | 60 | 60 a Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. b See notes to details. c 1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in Service. d Irregular. - º e Average. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 543 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. STEAMI RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. Classified wages per day. f Hours reported for 1 employee only. g Hours reported for 2 employees only. h Hours reported for 5 employees only. i Hours reported for 3 employees only. 32 employees furnished also with house, attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service, Mar- $0.50 $1.00 $150 $2.00 $2.50 $300 $3.50 || $4.00 || $450 | 85.00 wºrs ginal Under or OT Or Or Or Or Or OT OT or ãr num- $0.50. under|under under under under under under under | under OVer 8.y ber. $1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50 $4.00. .50. .00. sº * * * = e s sº I ºn s ºs s = * * : * * * * * * * *2 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|*$1.50 1 e e º gº s = sº I ºf s is ºe is sº º & ºs e s = e = *7 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.50 2 tº e º ºs º ºs º º ºs sº e º sº tº i º ºs e º sº º º *9 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.50 3 gº tº gº º º ºs º tº gº º ºs º ºs º * * * * = sº gº * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2:00 4 e is a s & s = } e º ºs e s as a is sº sº sº se e º tº a tº º sº s e = i = = * * * * * * | * * * * * * > * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * s I 1 5.27 5 gº º 'º gº º sº gº gº e º & tº sº sº s ºf s = * is s * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *2.87% 6 gº º º sº º gº º º & sº * * * * | * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.91; 7 gº º se sº s º ge *2 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------|--------| “.82% 8 gº tº sº e s ∈ º & 2 |- - - - - - - 1 -------- *1 --------|--------|----------------|--------| *1.61 9 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * sº I º 'º º & tº tº º sº I sº me º ºs º gº sº sº I tº º is º ºs º º ºs I º is º ºs sº e s = | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a 1 a 5.17% 10 tº gº gº ºs º gº tº º ºs º ºs ºs s & º ºs e = * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 |-------- 2 1. 1 |--------|--------| 93.37% 11 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 s = * * * * * * * * * * * ºn tº is *2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| “2:30 12 s = e = * * * I e = * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * a 3 - - - - - - - - 2 1 1 |--------|--------| 93.06% 13 sº º gº tº º is & sº tº sº sº e s sº : * * * * * * * : * sº gº tº º sº gº e º ºs e º sº e º e º tº º ºs e º 'º tº s 4 --------|--------|--------|-------- 3.00 14 s sº e º s is sº i is sº sº s = a as s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 se is sº as º as sº º 1. 7 --------|--------|--------|--------| 3.85 15 gº tº e s sº º e : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * *1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.91% 16 tº º ºs º ºs º ºs H sº * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.68% 17 * * * * * * * : * * * * = & e i = * * * * * * °3 |-------- 1 7 --------|--------|--------|--------| *2.913 18 * * * * * = &º *1 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| “.82 19 tº gº tº sº tº as º f is a s as as as º f * * * * * * e *8 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.50 20 gº sº tº a s = º I & tº ſº, sº tº sº a º º tº º sº º ſº. 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- 1. 50 21 * * s sº º ºs º l as º ºs e ºn tº sº H = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *2.30 22 as as sº as sº tºº & as as a s = * = n = * * * * * * 1. *1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| * 1.90 23 a us s s m is & I is e º ºs ºn s e i º ºs º is as º a º ºs º e º 'º sº tº # * * * * * g = as tº a s as º ºs et a 1. ° 7 ||--------|--------|--------| * 3.76# 24 * * * * * * * | * * * * * as ºn H & & sº sº º sm as I dº ſº tº is ſº ºn tº as I is tº dº s is º as as º ºr sº e º ºs e is *1 |--------|--------|--------|--------| *3.33% 25 tº e º º sº tº * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * I tº * * * * * * * 2 ------------------------|--------|--------|-------- 2.46; 26 tº e s sº se tº tº as º º sº e º 'º º ºs e º ºs tº º a 1 *1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *2.10% 27 & tº e º ºs e º f * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 2 --------|-------- 1 |--------|--------|--------| 2.57 28 sº sº º ºs º gº tº I e º ºs & sº sº * * * * * * * * * C 3 ° 5 |-------- c 2 98 }--------|--------|----....] b 3.08 29 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 = * * * * * * * : * * * * = * * * * * * * * * * * = i s = s. sº ºn as a sº I = * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * a 1 | a 5. 75 30 tº sº gº is ſº º sº. 3 -------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- . 72 31 sº gº as º e º ºs sº º me me tº an º' 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 00 32 * * * * * * * isºe & º sº º tº º tº e º sº º tº sº 4 2 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.71 33 sº e s = s. s e i s is sº as a e sº j 3 4 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 71.59% 34 * * * * * sº º *1 ------- c 2 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- d 1.66% 35 tº º º tº dº sº tº a 1 j 3 c 10 4|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| * 1.64% 36 s sº º sº e º 'ºe sº º is tº sº sº º I sº * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|------- 1. 50 37 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * *1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| “2. 30 38 • * ~ - - - - 1 = • * * * * * * ~ * * * ~ * ~ | * * * * * * = - *1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- a 2, 30 39 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * > | dº º e º ºs º gº | * * * * * * * * | * * * g º e º ºs tº we e º ºs e e º º ºs º gº º gº tº º *1 |--------|--------|--------| 6’ 3. 50 40 tº e º º ºs º ºs I & º ºs º º tº º * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------' a 2.00 41 sº e º ºs e s sº I s m e º ºs e º f * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * *2 |--------|-------- *1 |--------|--------|--------| a2, 60 42 fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical 544 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND sTEAM RAILROADs (4 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. Hours per week. #: Em- g - Days e Illinºl- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº Low-|High-|Aver- ber. º "| est. est. age. 1 | Foreman, general..... ------........... 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 | 60 | 60 | 60 2 | Foreman, laborers.---------------------- 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 3 | Foremen, Section men ................. 15 || M. Japanese ....... 6 53 60 58.6 4 || Foreman, Stevedores ................... 1 || M. | Portuguese -.... 6 60 60 60 5 || Foremen, Wharf............. - - - - - - - - - - - 2 | M. American - - - - - - 6 54 54 54 6 | Freight handlers....................... 13 || M. Japanese ....... 6 53 54 53.3 7 | Laborers............. • Q g g g s = * * * * * * * * * * * * 8 || M. Chinese ........ 6 59 59 59 8 ...94 | M. HaWaiian - - - - - - 6 59 60 59.9 9 98 || M. Japanese ... ----. 6 60 60 60 10 Total -----...... * * * * * * * * * * * * g e º 'º - ºn 195| M. .................. 6 59 || 60 || 59.9 11 || Laborers, lumber yard.................. 2 . . Chinese -------- 6. 60 60 60 12 1 . Japanese ------- 6 60 6() 60 13 Total ----------------------------- 8 M. I.------------------ 6 60 60 60 14 | Machinists ----------------------------- 7 || M. American...... 6 53 54 53.9 15 1 | M. | Chinese ........ 6 54 54 54 16 6 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 54 54 54 17 1 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - || 6 60 60 60 18 2 | M. Portuguese ..... 6 54 59 56. 5 19 Total ---------- e - © tº º sº e º ºs e º ºs s º in a sm º º 17 | M. I.------------------ 6 53 60 54.6 20 | Machinists’ apprentice..........----... 1 | M. American - - - - - - 6 B3 53 53 21 | Machinists' helpers...... ------...... --- 1 | M. American ------ 6 54 54 || 54 22 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 54 54 54 23 3 || M. Japanese ....... 6 54 60 58 24 4 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - 6 54 60 55.5 25 Total ------------------- * - s e º sº a sm • * 9| M. I.------------------ 6 54 60 56 26 | Master car builder......... ----......... 1 || M. American ...... 6 54 54 54 27 | Master mechanics---------------------- 2 | M. American ...... 6 53 54 53. 5 28 1 | M. Portuguese ..... 6 60 60 60 | 29 Total ----------------------------- 3 M. I.----------------- 6 53 60 55.7 30 | Molders ................. e e s m e º a s as a sº e s = - 1 | M. American ...... 6 || 53 || 53 53 31 2 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 54 54 54 32 3 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 54 54 54 33. Total ------------- tº tº a tº e º 'º - as ºn s s ºr me • * 6 | M. I.------------------ 6 53 54 53.8 34 || Molders' helper......................... 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 53 || 53 53 35 l. Oiler ----------------------------------- 1 || M. Japanese ....... 6 54 54 54 36 Oiler, car ------------------------------- 1 | M. l Irish............ 6 53 53 53 37 Oil tender ------------------------------ 1 || M. Japanese ....... 7 (h) (h) (h) 88 | Painters -------------------------------- 3 || M. Chinese ........ 6 54 54 54 39 1 || M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 53 53 53 40 Total ----------------------------- 4 | M. I.----------------- 6 53 54 53.8 41 | Porters ------------... tº ºs e º s ºr sº es º e º 'º e = * * * * 1 || M. American negro || 7 70 70 70 42 2 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 43 3 || M. Japanese ....... t 6.3 || 60 84 68 44 Total ----------------------------- 6 | M. I.----------------- i 6. 3 60 84 65. 7 a Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children t in Case of accident incurred in service. b82 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to School, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. 953 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service, d See notes to details, o school, medical attendance, and assistance REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 545 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905–Continued. STEAMI RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. Classified wages per day. Ayer- $0.50 $1.00 || $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 || $4.00 || $4.50 age Under Or OT Or OT OT OT Or OT Or $5.00 wages .50. under | under under | under | under | under | under | under | under Or er 1.00. $1.50. $2.00, $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. .00. $4.50 O6. over ay. • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * i = * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = = sº I - * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * a 1 |........] a $4.79 e = * * * = e º sº, sº e - ºr s = i e s a “ - * * : * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.49 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 3 11 --------|--------|-------- 1 |--------|--------|--------| 1.66 • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * ~ * * * * * * *1 l--------|--------|--------|-------- a 3.45 • * * * * * = I am e º 'º e = e i < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = e = * * 1 s = * * * * * * I • * * * * * * * 2 --------|--------| 4.00 * - - - - - sº º 'º - - - - - 4 9 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.56% * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 8 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 25 * * - - - - e : * - - - - - - 12 “82 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------| b1.47 * * * * * * e i a ºn a - - * * a 53 “40 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- a 1.32% * - - - - - sº ºn tº w - - - * c 73 *122 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- d 1.39 • * * * * * * i s • * * * * * *1 l-------- *1 l--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------| *1.62% a • * * * * * i e º ºr - - - a sº e - - - - e. *1 |--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.50 * - - - - e º is º - - - - - a 1 a 1 *1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.58% e - - - - as as i e s m - * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * I sº a ºn tº m s m as I as a • a s = = = I am as e º se m e º I w = • * * * * * 1. 4 2 4.60% e = * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- . 80 • - - - - - - I - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - 2 1 --------|--------|-------- 3 |--------|-------- 2.93% • * ~ * * * * * * * * - * * * h as e - - - - e i e s - - - e º s *1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *2.30 * - - - - - * : * ~ *- - - - * : * * * - - - - 1 --------|-------- 1 |--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.62% * - - - - - us tº tº - - - - - H = - - - - - - 4 °2 l-------- 1 -------- 4 4 2 e 3.48 • * * * * * * is ºs - tº º sº e I e s as * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------. 1. 75 e s - - * * * i s = - - --- f1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| f 1.08 * - - - - * * J1 1-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| J.90 as ºn e º as a sº I ºn em e º e = sº I s = a - a tº sº 98 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 91.53% * * * - - - as *1 |------- 1 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.73% tº sº - - - - - d2 f 1 g 4 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 41.50% • * * * * * * I s sº me • * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = a, I e º as ºn e s = ºn I - - - as e s m = | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1. 7.67 as e º e º sº as I as sº ºn a - we s h m a s a tº sº es I = * * * * * * * 1 tº s e º me a m = i s = a - a s = ºs I e º 'º e º e s ∈ I • * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * I 1 6. 23 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * = ... • * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * a 1 |... - - - - -] a 4.79 e - - - - as as i s = * * * * * r * * * * * * * i s • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * i - * * * * * * * i • * * * * * * * e 2 1 e 5. 75 • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * a s is ºn tº a we • * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * m. a. º. º. º. º. a. m. i - a m at e º m sº I • * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 5. 00 so º - - - - - - is tº - - - - - 1 |---------------- 1 --------|----------------|---------------- 2. 15 ge e - - - as a t = e < * * * * 1 |-------- 1-1-------- 1 --------|------------------------ 2.06% ge º 'º - - - - - sº * - - - - * 2 -------- 1 1. 1 --------|--------|-------- 1 2.58%| e s - - - - sº I sº e - - - - e. 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- I. 25 * * * * * * * I a tº ºn - * * * 1 l----------------|----------------|----------------|--------|-------- 1. 30 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2. 30 e = * - - as s i s e - - - * * 1 ----------------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.15 e as a º e º 'º s tº tº º - tº e i º e º 'º - º & H = * * * * * * * 1 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.63% • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2. 20 * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - s is - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.52% • e º e º s is i e º 'º e º ºr a 1 --------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.31% • * * * * * * i º e º 'º - a s O. 1 *1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.25 * - - - - - - a 2 1 ----------------|----------------|------------------------|--------| 9.91 * - - - - - - a 2 e 3 *1 ........l.......---------|--------------------------------| *1.09 * e 1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in Service. Boy Mar- ginal Illinºl- ber. *- children to school, medical g2 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to School, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in Service, h Irregular, * Average, 546 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND STEAM RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. - Hours per week. i ** g Em- tº sº Days Illinºl- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-High-Aver- ber. * est. est. age. 1 I Road masters.-------------------------- 3 M. American...... a 6.3 b 59 b 60 b59.5 2 1 || M. Japanese ------- 6 53 53 || 53 3 Total ----------------------------- 4 M. I.----------------- a 6.3 e 53 e 60 |eş7.3 4 Roundhouse men ...................... Il M. American ......ſ 7 63 || 63 | 63 5 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 63 63 63 6 1 || M. | Portuguese ..... 7 63 63 || 63 7 Total ----------------------------- 3 | M. ------------------ 7 63 63 63 8 Sailmaker------------------------------ 1 | M. Japanese ---....| 6 60 | 60 60 9 Scalesman------------------------------ 1 | M. American ...... 7 (f) (f) (f) 10 Scavenger------------------------------ 1 | M. Chinese --...... 6 60 || 60 60 11 | Section men---------------------------- 162 M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 59 60 59.8 12 - 4 M. | Portuguese ..... 6 60. 60 | 60 13 Total ----------------------------- 166 | M. I.------------------ 6 59 60 59.8 14 | Station masters. ------------------------ 4 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 59 || 59 15 | Stenographer--------------------------- 1 | F. American ... ---. 6 48 48 || 48 16 | Storekeepers --------------------------- 1 | M. American . ----. 6 54 54 54 17 1 | M. | French - - - - - - - - - 6 53 53 53 18 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. ------------------ 6 53 54 || 53.5 19 Telephone operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... TT. M. American ...... 7 (f) (f) (f) 20 | Track Walker ... --...--...------------. 1 | M. Chinese -- - - - - - - 6 59 59 || 59 21 | Train dispatchers ...................... 3 | M. American ... --. 7 (f) (f) (f) 22 | Watchmen -------------------------.--- 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 84 84 | 84 23 7 || M. Japanese ....... 7 63 84 || 81 24 3 || M. | Portuguese ..... 7 84 84 | 84 25 Total ----------------------------- 11 M. ------------------ - 7 63 84 || 82. 1 26 | Wharfingers ---------------------------- T M American ------ 6 54 54 54 27 1 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 53 53 53 28 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.----------------- - || 6 53 54 || 53.5 29 Wharfmen ----------------------------- 81 | M. Japanese ....... 6 54 54 54 30 | Winch drivers........ -----------------. 6 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 81 | Wiper ---------------------------------- 1 || M. Japanese ------. 6 60 60 | 60 82 Yard masters--------------------------- 1 | M. American . . . . . . 7 % ) (f) (f 33 1 | M. l Irish.... -------- 7 f) (f) (f | 34 Total ----------------------------- 2 M. I.----------------- 7 (f) (f) (f) STEAMSHIP CoMPANIES, INTERIsI.AND (2 ESTABLISHMIENTs). 35 | Carpenters ----------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 54 54 || 54 36 4 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 54 54 || 54 37 1 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 54 54 || 54 38 Total ----------------------------- 6 | M. I.------------------ 6 54 54 || 54 a Average. b Hours reported for 2 employees only. - o Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. d 1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in servicë, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 547 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905–Continued. STEAM RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHIMIENTS)—Concluded. Classified wages per day. *Yeſ | Mar- $0.50 || $1.00 || $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 || $400 || $450 | 85.00 |w.sginal Under or OT Or OT Or Or Or Or Or or ; Ill IDOl- .50. under under | under under under | under under under | under OVer 8, ber. 1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. .50 .00. e y. • as as e = * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * c 1 1 --------|-------- 1 |d $4.34% 1 * = e as as a e i s = e - - - - i. e. a. s. s. sº s e I e º & º - - - - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------| 2.8 2 as e e s sº us e i a s - - - - - || m • * * * * * I e = * * * * * * * 1 -------- o 1 1 --------|-------- 1 d 3.83% 3 * * * * * * * * * * - * - - - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.48 4 - e º ſº º ºs º º - - - - - - 1 --------|------------------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 23# 5 am m sº as s sº as { * * * * * ~ * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------i--------|----------------|--------| 2.13% 6 - * * * *s es e - - - - - - - 2 -------- 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.6.1# 7 as us sº e s is as I am - a - - - - I e º 'º' s s s & °1 ----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 91.50 8 a e s = e s = 1 = • * * * * * i = w = * * * * : * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|---------------- 3.29 9 * * * * * * * : * * - - - - - °1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.00 10 - - -> * * *º & 37 | g 120 °5 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.98 11 - - - - - - - 1 2 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.27% 12 - - - - * - - 38 | g 122 96 |--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------| ".98% 13 - - - - - - - 4 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .96 14 as ºn as s = * * I e º sº º sm - - sº º me s tº as as I e º 'º º ºn tº º as W e s tº º is sº dº e I º e º 'º - - - - 1 ----------------|--------|-------- 3.26 15 * * * * * * * I e º - - - - - - - tº sº º º 'º e i e º 'º - - - - - 1 --------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- 2.49 16 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * - - - - - - e º e s sº sº e i a º e º - - - - 1 --------|--------|--------|-------- 3.45 17 • * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 1 - e s as sº s s i e s = - - - - - 1 -------- 1 --------|--------|--------|-------- 2.97 18 * - tº * * * *- : - - - - - - - - - - * * * * e- 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.97% 19 * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.25 20 - * - º º º is sº º – º - ºr - I - e º ºs º º sº. I tº º - - - - - - - - - - - e º Gº & 1 --------|-------- 1 1 -------- 3. 89 21 - - - - º E * : * * * - - - - 1 --------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1, 15 22, - - - a sº es tº 5 1. 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.10% 23 * * * * * * * i = * * * * * * 1 c 1 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.81 24 - * * * * * * 5 3 d 2 1 ----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.30 25 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 as ºn as * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 6.71 26 - * * * * * * I e - e - - - - - - - - as ºs º ºs 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.72% 27 - - - * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - ºn tº es as 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1 4. 21; 28 • * * * * * * r * * * * * - - 76 5 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- 1. 16# 29 - - - - - * * B = sº - - - - - - - - - - - as s , s = º ºs - - - - °6 --------|--------|--------|----------------|--------| *2.00 30 - * = * * * * °1 -----------------------------------------------|--------|--------|--------| * .75 31 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * I e g º º º 'º w w a sº e º s = s. m. tº º ºs º w nº º - º ºs ºs s ∈ sº sº as I we º 'º e º º º ºs I º & e is º dº º sº 1 |.........] 4.93 32 * = * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s sº s 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.96 33 • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * as sº i e ºs e º a • - - 1 - * * * = e s wº 1 --------|--------|-------- 1 |........] 3.94% 34 STEAMISHIP COMPANIES, INTERISLAND (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS). - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - 1 -------- $4.50 35 - * * * * *s e i s = e - - - - 1 1 1 |--------|-------- 1 --------|--------|--------| 2.87 36 • * * * * * * | * * * * - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * - I - * * * s se me s I tº e s - - - - - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------| 3.25 37 - -, * * * * * L * * * - - - - l i 1 -------- 1 1 -------- 1 |........! 2.87 38 e Hours reported for 3 employees only. f Irregular. g5 employees furnished also with house, fuel, wate attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurre hSee notes to details. r d transportation of children to school, medical ln Seryl Ce, 548 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. *~ Table 1.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND STEAMSHIP CoMPANIES, INTERISLAND (2 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. Hours per week. #: - Em- g Days Illi Dºl- Occupation. P. Sex. Nationality. wº, Low- |High-Aver- ber. - º "| est. est. age. 1 | Clerk, Coal------------------------------ 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 60 60 60 2 | Clerks, freight -------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 7 (b) (b) (b) 3 2 | M. English ........ 6 c 60 | c. 60 | c. 60 4 3 | M. Hawaiian ...... d 6.3 (b) (b) (b) 5 Total -----------------------------| -6 | M. I.------------------ d 6.3 | c. 60 | c. 60 | c. 60 6 | Clerks, store ---------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 60 60 60 7 1 || M. Portuguese..... 6 60 60 60 8 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.------------------ 6 60 60 60 9 | Clerks, Wharf--------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 60 60 60 10 1 || M. English ........ 6 60 60 60 11 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.------------------ 6 60 60 60 \ 12 Cooks ---------------------------------. 17 | M. Chinese ........ 6 } b § 13 2 | M. Japanese ... ---- 6 b b (b 14 1 | M. | Spanish ........ 6 b) b (b) 15 Total ----------------------------- 20 | M. I.------------------ 6 (b) (b) (b) 16 | Cooks' helper -------------------------- 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 (b) (b) (b) 17 | Drayman ------------------------------- 1 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 60 60 60 18 Electricians ---------------------------- 1 | M. American - - - - - - 6 (b) (b) (b) 19 1 || M. English ........ 6 60 60 60 20 1 | M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 (b) (b) (b) 21 Total ----------------------------- 3 | M. I.----------------- 6 c 60 c 60 | c 60 22 | Engineers, assistant....... tº ºn tº m º º ºs e º ºs s =...| 12 | M. American ... --. 6 g 72 | g 72 | g 72 23 4 || M. English..... - - - - || 6 i 72 i 72 | f 72 24 1 | M. Greek ....... --- 6 § {} (b 25 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 b (b (b 26 1 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 j 72 | f 72 j 72 27 Total ----------------------------- 19| M. 1------------------ 6 k 72 k 72 k 72 28 Engineers, Chief-................. ------ 10 | M. American - - - - - - 6 l 72 l 72 l 72 29 3 || M. English. -------- 6 i 72 | f 72 i 72 30 1 | M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 (b) (b) (b) 31 Total ----------------------------- 14 | M. I.------------------ 6 m 72 m 72 m 72 32 Engineers, donkey engine ............. 1 | M. German ........ 6 (b) b) b 33 2 M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 § § } 34 1 | M. Japanese ....... 6 (b (b b 35 1 || M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 § {} } 36 1 | M. S. Sea Islander .. 6 b b) b) 37 Total ----------------------------- 6 M. I.----------------- 6 (b) (b) (b) 38 Engineer, port-------------------------- 1 || M. Scotch.......... • 6 (b) (b) (b) 89 | Firemen-------------------------------- 42 | M. Chinese ........ 6 b) (b (b 40 1 | M. English......... 6 b b b 41 2 | M. Hawaiian .... -- 6 (b b b 42 2 || M. Japanese ....... 6 b b b 43 1 | M. Swedish ........ 6 § (b) b) 44 Total ----------------- • . . . . . . . ----| 48 M. I.------------------ 6 (b) (b) (b) q. 1 employee receives also board while at sea, valued at 75 cents per day, b Irregular. o Hours reported for 1 employee only. d Average. e Also board, valued at $10 per month. J1 employee receives also board, valued at $25 per month. 99 hours per day While in port, Hours reported for 8 employees only. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON 549 HAWAII. NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905–Continued. sTEAMsHIP Companies, INTERISLAND (2 ESTABLISHMENTs)—continued. . $0.50. Under || Aver- age Wages er 8.y. Mar- ginal Ill IIIl- ber. sº gº e º sº tº ºr sº tº º º ºs º & * * * * * * * * a $3.83% 2. 50 a 4.02; 1.93 tº e º ºs º gº º a 2.72% tº e º s = * * * sº tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5. 75 1.84 e: º gº tº sº is ºw 3.79% * * * * * * * • = * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4. 79 2.68% * * * * * * * * * * * * * * & º º tº º & º tº * & & & E → *-s º * * * * * * * sº e º ºs as as gº gº tº e º se s sº * * * * * * * as sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * sº is sº sº e º 'º sº sº º º ºs º ºr ºf * * * * * * * * sº e º ſº tº tº * sº sº s = ºr º e * -º e º sº, º º º * * * * * * * sº tº sº e s tº º * gº tº as ºs º º se º sº tº dº º ºs tº sº sº e º sº sº as & gº ºs º . ºe is or or under | under .50. .00 * * * * * * * * 1 sº tº dº sº sº sº tº as 1 h 8 |-------. *1 |-------- h1 -------- *1 |-------. *1 -------- h 12 - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * h 4 * * * * * * * * h 2 * = * * * * * * h 1 * * * * * * * * h 7 º, º sº tº º ºs º gº tº as as # = sº as sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *s sº as * * * * * * * * * * * tº gº is sº sº, * * * * * * * e 42 Classified wages per day. $2.00 || $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 Or OT Or Or under | under | under | under $2.50 $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. * * * * * * * * I tº dº gº tº E tº º ºs I & tº e º 'º º dº sº a 1 * * * * * * * * 1 --------|-------- *1 --------|---------------- * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 -------- a 1 1 1 -------- :------ i"...I.I.I.I.I.I. * * * * * * * * 1 --------|-------- *2 --------|---------------- *2 --------|---------------- tº º e º is e º e ºf s m º º ºs e º ºs h 2 h 2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * h 2 h 1 tº gº º tº º ºs º ºs I º is tº gº tº sº gº º h 4 h 3 * - ſº º & E * :º tº sº º ºs º º ºr E h Also board, valued at $25 per month. 39 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 1 employee only. j9 hours per day while in port. #9 hours per day, while in port. Hours reported for 10 employees only. º Hours reported for 5 employees only. m 9 hours per day while in port, Hours reported for 6 employees only. * 9 hours per day while in port. I H 550 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Taºis 1–0CCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND STEAMISHIP COMPANIES, INTERISLAND (2 Establishments)—continued. - Hours per week. *i Em- Days ; Occupation. Plºy-|Sex. Nationality. ...P. Low-High. Aver. ber. º €6S. week. . . . 1 Machinists ----------------------------- 1 Hawaiian -...-- 6 54 54 54 2 1 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 54 54 54 3 Total ------------------------------ 2 | M. I.------------------ 6 54 54 54 4 || Machinists' helpers ................. --- 2 | M. Japanese ------- 6 54 54 54 5 Masters--------------------------------- 7 | M. American -...--- 6 a 72 a 72 a 72 6 1 || M. English ........ 6 (c) {} (c) 7 1 | M. German ........ 6 (c) c) c) 8 2 M. Hawaiian ... --- 6 72 | d'72 72 9 2 | M. l Irish............ 6 {} {} {:} 10 1 || M. | Norwegian -.... 6 (c) (c c) 11 Total ----------------------------- 14 | M. I.----------------- 6 e 72 e 72 e 72 12 | Master, port---------------------------. 1 | M. American - - - - - - 6 {} {:} {} 13 | Master, port, assistant............... --. 1 | M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 C c) c) 14 | Mates, first ----------------------------- 6 | M. American ------ 6 | f 72 | f 72 | f 72 15 2 | M. English......... 6 | d 72 | d'72 d72 16 2 | M. German ........ 6 (c) (c) (c) 17 2 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 | g 72 | g 72 | g 72 18 1 | M. | Norwegian - - - - - 6 (c) (c) {} 19 1 | M. Russian ..... --- 6 (c) (c) c) 20 Total ----------------------------- 14 | M. ------------------ 6 e 72 e 72 e 72 21 | Mates, Second .......................... 3| M. American ...... 6 | g 72 | g 72 | g 72 22 2 | M. English......... 6 (c) (c) (c) 23 6 M. Hawaiian. ..... 6 | f 72 | f 72 | f 72 24 3 | M. l Irish.------------ 6 (o) (c) (c) 25 Total ----------------------------- 14 - M. ------------------ 6 e 72 e 72 e 72 26 | Mate, third---------------.............. 1 | M. Russian -------. 6 (c) (c) (c) 27 | Oilers----------------------------------. 2 | M. American ...... 6 (c (c (c) 28 ... 2 Hawaiian ...... 6 (c (c (c) 29 Total ----------------------------- 4 M. ------------------ 6 (c) (c) (c) 80 | Pantry men ----------------............ 2 | M. Chinese......... 6 (c) (c) (c) 81 | Pursers --------------------------------- 10 | M. American - - - - - - 6 (c) c) c) 32 2 | M. English. ........ 6 (c) C c) 33 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || (c) (c c) 34 2 | M. Part-Hawaiian -| 6 || (c) * (c c) 35 Total ----------------------------- 15 | M. ------------------ 6 (c) (c) (c) 36 | Quartermasters....... as tº º ºs e º º ºs e º ºs s ºn e s sº s = 2 | M. American ...... 6 (c) (c) c) 37 1 || M. American negro. 6 (c) c) {} 38 1 | M. Australian ..... 6 (c) c) (c) 39 2 | M. English--------- 6 |’ (c c) c) 40 3 || M. | Filipino - ....... 6 {: C c) 41 1 | M. German ........ 6 (c) 3 C 42 2 || M. Japanese ------. 6 (c C {} 43 1 || M. | Norwegian ..... 6 (c : (c) 44 2 || M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 C c) C 45 1 | M. Spanish. -------- 6 G C C 46 1 || M. Swedish ... - - - - - 6 (c (c C 47 Total ----------------------------- 17 | M. l.----------------- 6 (c) (c) (c) a 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 5 employees only. b Also board, valued at $25 per month. c Irregular. - d 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 1 employee only. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 551 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. STEAMSHIP CoMPANIES, INTERISLAND (2 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. Classified wages per day. $3.00. OT under $3.50. $4.50 Or under $5.00. AVer- age wages per day. Mar- ginal ITUIDOl- ber. tº º ºs º-, * * * º “e º & º & & * = &º º sº sº º ºs $2.99 3.25 * * * * * as sº * & & E * ~ * * * * * * * * * sº 3. 12 * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * = e ºs e º sº. * = e º sº E = * 1.32% b 5.84% b 5.75 * = * * * * * * * * * * * * * s is º e º sº sº *s * = tº gº º gº & tº ſº tº º tº º tº º * * * * * *- := 8- * * * * * * * * & º º ſº tº “e º 'º * * * * * * * * gº ºs º is tº º ºs * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = E * * * sº sº sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *s * = Gº tº º sº º gº º ºs º º ºs e tº & sº tº gº gº ºf ge e g º me me sº tº * * * * * * * * * * * * g º º s ºf ºs º gº tº gº tº • * * * * * * e e º ºs tº gº is tº * * * * * * * * * e º º ºs º ºs * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $2.00 || $2.50 OI’ Or under | under $2.50. $3.00. * = e º gº e º ºs 1 tº º ſº º º tº . * * 1. s sº * * * * * * b 3 sº ºn tº g sº es e ºs b 2 * * * * * * * * b6 sº sº gº º º sº gº is b 3 & º 4- º - - - e. b 14 *1 -------- b 7 b 1 b 1 b 1 °1 -------- tº ſº e º ºs º ºs is b 1 b 9 b 3 * = &º & º gº º & sº s ºr s = º º sº. gº tº º sº tº tº gº º tº º ºs & tº º º ºs e s = º ºs ºs e ºs e º ºs º º Aº ‘º Hº * * * * * * * * tº tº sº º ºs ºg º º * * * * tº º is tº sº e º ºs º ºs º sº. b 17 * * * * * * * * e.9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 6 employees only. Hours reported for 3 employees only. f 9 hours per day while in port. g 9 hours per day while in port. h board, Valued at $10 per month, 1 552 BULLETIN oF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Table I.-OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND STEAMISHIP COMPANIES, INTERIslAND (2 ESTABLISHMENTs)—concluded. Hours per week. #. - - Em- - - - Days in Ulm- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº, Low- |High-|Aver- ber. - º "| est. est. age. 1 | Sailors.--------------------------------- 1 | M. American -----. 6 a 72 a 72 a 72 2 231 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 a 72 a 72 a 72 3 93 || M. Japanese ... ---- ... 6 a 72 a 72 a 72 4 1 | M. S. Sea Islander... 6 a 72 a 72 a 72 5 Total ----------------------------- 826 M. I.----------------- 6 a 72 a 72 a 72 6|Shipwright............................. T. M. American...... 6 60 | 60 | 60 7 | Stenographer--------------------------- 1 | F. American ...... 6 60 60 60 8 stewards...............................| 15 | M. Chinese ........ 6. {} f) (f 9 1 || M. Japanese ... ----- 6 (f f) (f 10 1 || M. Portuguese ----. 6 (f) f) (f 11 2 | M. Spanish -------- 6 (f) (f) (f) 12 Total ----------------------------- 19| M. .......----------- 6 (f) (f) (f) 13 Waiters.-------------------------------- 24 | M. Chinese ........ 6 (f) (f) (ſ) 14 1 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 (f) (f } (f) 15 2 | M. | Spanish ... ----- 6 (f) (j (f) 16 Total ----------------------------- 27 | M. I.----------------- 6 (f) (f) (f) 17 | Watchmen ----------------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 7 84 84 84 18 1 | M. German - - - - - - - - 7 84 84 84 19 1 || M. | Norwegian - - - - - 7 84 84 84 20 1 || M. | POrtuguese ..... 6 72 72 72 21 Total ----------. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 | M. I.------------------ i 6.8 72 84 81 STOCK RANCHES (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS). 22 | Blacksmith----------------------------- 1 || M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 60 60 60 23 | Bookkeeper ---------------------------- 1 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - || 6 60 60 60 24 | Carpenter ---------------------. ------- 1 || M. Hawaiian ...... 6 60 60 60 25 Cook ----------------------------------- 1 || M. Chinese - - - - - - - - 7 70 70 70 26 Cowboys-------------------------------- 28 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 ºn 84 || m 84 || 7184 27 | Dairymen ------------------------------ 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 84 84 84 28 5 | M. Japanese ....... 7 (f) (f) (f) 29 Total ----------------------------- 6 | M. ------------------ 7 r84 || r 84 | r 84 80 | Fence men ----------------------------- 1 || M. American - - - - - - 6 (f) (f) (f) 31 5 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 r 60 | r 60 rô0 | . 32 Total ----------------------------- 6 | M. I.------------------ 6 r 60 | r 60 | r 60 33 Foremen, COWboys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 r84 | r 84 | r 84 34 || Foreman, fence men ... ---------------- 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 f f (f) 35 | Foreman, foresters ...... --------------. 1 | M. German ........ 7 f f (f 36 | Foreman, horse boys - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 | M. l'American ...... 7 % f f } 37 || Foreman, land cleaners................ 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 f f 38 Foreman, sheep herders. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 i M. English......... 7 (f (f } 39 || Foreman, teamsters .................... | 1 || M. German -------- 7 (f (f f) a 9 hours per day while in port. b$1.50 per day while in port; receive also board, valued at $10 per month. a $1.50 per day while in port; receive also board, valued at $10 per month; 29 employees act as petty Officers while at Sea. - d $1.50 per day while in port; receive also board, valued at $10 per month; 6 employees act as petty officers while at sea. - e See notes to details. f Irregular. g Also board, valued at $25 per month. h Also board, valued at $10 per month. 3 Average. - 31 employee receives also board, valued at $10 per month. k Also beef and poi, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 553 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905. –Continued. STEAMISHIP COMPANIES, INTERISLAND (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. —r Classified wages per day. as geS p y AVer- Mar- $0.50 $1.00 || $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $300 $30 || $400 || $4.50 spoo wººs gºal Under OT Or Or OT OT Or OT Or Or or § Ill]IIl- $0.50. under under under under under under under under under € d. ber. $1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50 .00. $4.50. $5.00. 97°r y - - - - - - - b1 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| * $0.83% 1 º s º ºs s - - b58 6 173 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 01.00 2 - tº ºr se º ºs º- b 37 d56 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- d. 95% 3 - - tº tº * tº - b1 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------| 9.83% 4 * - º º 'º - - *97 | * 229 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------i e.98% 5 * = e = * = a i = - - - - - - i = e = * * * * 1 - - - - - - - as i = • * * * * * * i s = * * * * * * i • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * i = • * * * * * * 1 7.67 6 • * * * * * * : - - - - - sº e i s is s ºr ºn as - I - - - e º 'º º ºf 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.30 7 - -, * * * - - g 1 g 3 g 7 94 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 91.70} 8 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 91 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 91.16% 9 as ºn e º e s tº i - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * 91 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 91.66% 10 * * * * * * - I - - - - - - - 91 |-------- 91 ----------------|--------|--------|----------------| 91.82 11 -- tº as s = - - g 1 g 5 g 8 95 --------|--------|--------|------------------------ 9 1.68% 12 * * * * * * *- *9 | *15 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.96%l 13 * tº sº º ºs º º *1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.99%l 14 * * * * * * * h 1 *1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.99% 15 - - e º - - - h 11 *16 --------|--------|--------|----------------|----------------|--------| *.97 16 • * * * * * * i º a ºn as as sº e º sº e º as a s - I - - - e º as s m 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.14% 17 * * * * * * * 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .98% 18 as ºs e = * * - I - - - - - - * : * * * * * * - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.97%l 19 * * * * * * - I - - - - - - - *1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| "1.00 20 * = º º ºs º ºr 1 h 1 1 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 31.52% 21 STOCK BANCHES (2 ESTABLISHMENTs). … *1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- kš0.96 || 22 e s = e = * * : * * * * * * * i s = e = * * * 1 - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * *1 |--------|--------|--------| *8.83% 23 tº gº º ºs º ºs º- # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * ~ * * * * * *s e º a m = - a - I e s m = m e º ºn | * * * * * * * * I s ºr e º 'º ºn º - l.96 24 4- ºg º sº sº s = *1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.66 25 o'7 k 14 P6 l-------- 1 --------|------------------------|--------|-------- e. 77 26 • * * * * * * * *1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *-82 27 * * * * * * - 25 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------| 2.70% 28 * * * * * * * *6 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.72% 29 - * * * * * - I - - - - - - - 1 ----------------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.00 30 - as s s sº * * k:3 *2 ----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *-85; 31 - * * * * * * k3 *3 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- e.87# 32 º, º ºs ºs º as ºs I e º 'º º - sº a t 2 *1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.28 33 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * *1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.34% 34 as e º e sº tº e i s - - - - - - *1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.81% 35 s e s e º ºs e I e º 'º -> * * * : * * * * * * * *1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.92% 36 * * * * * * * *1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------| *.69 37 as e e ºs e º ºs s - - - -a º ºs I & e º ſº tº m sº I - - - - tº is a us I us ºn e º 'º - - - || s e s e s = * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------| 3.29 38 - - e º 'º º tº - - - - - - 3. w 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * *s * * * * * ~ I w w w s s a s e i s s a s n w g º tº s is u w w w s *1, 31#. 39 l Also beef. - m Also house and board, Valued at $10 per month. m Hours reported for 11 employees only. o Including 1 boy. 1 employee receives also beef and poi; 6 furnished also with house and board, valued at $10 per month. º p5 employees receive also food when on the mountain; 1 receives also beef and poi. q Also ouse, beef, and rice. r Hours reported for 1 employee only. - s1 employee furnished also with house and board, valued at $10 per month. t 1 employee receives also beef and poi; 1 furnished also with house and board, valued at $10 per month. w Also house, 25—No. 66–06—13 554 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND STOCK RANCHES (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. Hours per week. #. e Em- * * * Days - . Ill IIIl- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº. Low- High-Aver- ber. tº * est. eSt. age. 1 | Forester -------------------------------- 1 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - 7 | (a) (a) (a) 2 | Harness maker......................... 1 || M. Hawaiian ...... 6 60 60 3 | Horse boys ----------...--.............. 4 || M. Hawaiian ... --. 7 | (a) (a) (a) ' 4 House boy------------------------------ 1 || M. Japanese ------- 7 70 70 70 5 Laborers-------------------------------- 2 || M. Japanese ....... 6 60 60 60 6 | Land cleaners--------...............--- 39 || M. Japanese ....... 6 60 60 60 7 | Sheep herders--------............------ 2 | M. Chinese ........ 7 | (a O. Cº. 8 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 Cº. Q. Q. 9 1 || M. Japanese ....... 7 | (a Cº. C. 10 1 || M. | Portuguese ..... 7 | (a O. O. 11 Total ----------------------------- 5 | M. I.------------------ 7 | (a) (a) | (a) 12 | Stablemen------------------------------ 2 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 § - § {} 13 2 | M. Japanese ------. 7 | (a Cl a) 14 Total.…........................ - 4 || M. I.------------------ 7 | (a) (a) | (a) 15 Teamsters ------------------------------ T M German ........ 7 § º {} 16 2 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 | (a (a a) 17 Total ----------------------------- 3 | M. ------------------ 7 | (a) (a) (a) 18 Yard boys.........* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 || M. Chinese ........| 7 | (a) % (a) 19 4 || M. Japanese ....... 7 70 70 h70 20 Total ----------------------------- 5 | M. I.----------------- 7 h70 h 70 h70 STREET RAILWAY (1 ESTABLISHMENT). 21 | Blacksmith----------------------------. | 1 | M. | Portuguese..... 6 54 54 54 22 | BlackSmith's helper.............. . . . . . . 1 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 54 54 23 | Car Cleaners.----------------...-------. 3 || M. Chinese ........ 6 54 54 54 24 | Carpenters ----------------------------- 1 | M. Canadian-...--- 6 54 54 54 25 1 | M. Scotch.......... 6 54 54 54 26 Total -------------- & Cº. ºº e º tº ºn tº tº º tº ſº tº tº a 2 | M. I.------------------ 6 || 54 54 54 27 | Car receiver.---------------------------- 1 | M. English ........ 7 77 77 77 28 Cashier--------------------------------- 1 | M. Scotch.......... 7 63 63 63 29 Conductors----------------------------- 28 M. American tº gº tº gº º sº 7 63 63 63 30 1 | M. Canadian....... 7 63 63 63 31 2 | M. Danish ......... 7 63 63 63 32 4 || M. | English......... 7 63 63 63 33 2 | M. German ........ 7 63 63 63 34 4 || M. | Hawaiian ...... 7 63 63 63 35 2 | M. l Irish............ 7 63 63 63 36 1 || M. NOrwegian ..... 7 63 63 63 37 2 M. Portuguese ..... 7 63 63 63 38 4 || M. Scotch.......... 7 63 63 63 39 Total ..... ſº tº dº tº tº ſº tº º ſº tº tº gº tº º 'º - tº ſº gº tº e º 'º Bº 50 | M. I.------------------ 7 63"| 63 63 40 | Electrician. . . . . . . ſº ſº tº sº e = * * * * * is gº e º ºs e º ºs e º te s 1 || M. American ...... 7 63 63 63 41 | Engineers, power house................ 2 | M. American ...... 7 63 63 63 42 Engineer, power house chief. . . . . . . . . . . 1 | M. l American . . . . . . 7 56 56 56 43 || Firemen, power house.................. 2 || M. American ...... 7 63 63 63 44 Laborer--------------------------------- 1 || M. Portuguese . . . . . 6 54 54 || 54 45 Linemen ------------------------------- 2 I M. SWedish ........ 6 54 54 54 a Irregular. b Also beef and poi. o Also house and board, valued at $10 per month. d'Also house and beef. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 555 & NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. STOCK BANCHES (2 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Concluded. e Boy. Receives also poi. f See notes to details. 9 Also beef. h Hours reported for 1 employee only. Classified wages per day. * Aver- Mar- $0.50 || $1.00 || $150 || $2.00 || $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 || $400 || $450 | 85.00 |y|..s |ginal Under Or Or Or OT Or OT Or Or Or r ; Ill IIIl- $0.50. under|under] under under under under under under under oºr 8, ber. $1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. .50. $5.00. y. tº º ſº tº sº tº ſº. b1 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|b$0.69 1. sº gº gº º se s tº ºs e º 'º me tº ge °1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 91.34% 2 tº º º sº º tº sº b4 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.62% 3 *1 |-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- c. 46 4 °2 l-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- c. 42% 5 * * * * * * * 389 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- d, 69 6 e- tº tº º º 'º - º E & E * :º tº 2 l--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 00 7 sº gº º is as gº º is sº * is e s = 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 00 8 * * * * * sº º 1 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------! .92% 9 ge gº tº sº sº tº tº sº * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.00 10 • * * * * * * 1 4 --------|--------|--------|----------------|----------------|-------- .98% 11 e 1 °1 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- f. 57; 12 gº º ºr º & tº dº 92 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 9.69 13 e 1 J3 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- f. 63% 14 * * * := º º º tº º tº E tº º 4- °1 ------------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 91.00 15 & º º & E * * b 1 *1 --------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- b.84; 16 gº º sº º & E * b 1 *2 --------|--------|----------------|--------|------------------------ b.89% 17 *1 --------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- b. 23 18 c 1 93 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- j. 62; 19 f2 98 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------------------------|-------- f.54% 20 STREET RAILWAY (1 ESTABLISHMIENT). = sº ºn as a s sº I as sº as e º e º I am tº as ºr sº º is sº e s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------| $3.00 21 as as as s = m e º sº e º ºs e s sº tº º ºs ºs ºs º º 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.75 22 as tº s ºr is is ſº I e º ºs e º sº tº 3 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - I - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 27# 23 s sº e s = e s : * * * * * * * : * s e º 'º e = | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 -------- 4. 79 24 s sº e º ºs e e i e º ºs sº e s sº s = e º ºs e º º tº dº e º 'º e º as tº gº tº sº º e e i e º ºs e e º sº se e º º ºs tº se s is 1 --------|--------|-------- 3. 50 25 s sº se as a s = | * * * = e s = | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * = | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * is s s as a º 1 -------- 1 |--------| 4.14% 26 • * * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * I & tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 ----------------|--------|-------- 3.29 27 sº gº at at sº e º i º e º e º ſº gº i e º ºs e º gº * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * I e º ºs ºs º gº ºn as 1 |-------- 4. 93 28 is gº ºs e º e º 'º º tº º uº is et tº e º 'º º tº g ſº I gº tº tº ſº e º sº sº I gº º is gº tº gº tº tº 28 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.70 29 s sº sº sº s ºn tº : * * * * * * * is sº * * * * * : * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * us 1 ----------------|--------|--------|--------| 2.70 30 s w = * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * as º i º ºs º º ºs º ºs e e º sº º sº º e gº 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.70 31 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * sº s a as tº is º ºs e º 'º 4 |--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2. 70 32 s sº e s = * * * * * * * * * * s m º ºs e º ºs I º tº sº º ºs º ºs º i s tº is sº e º gº tº 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2. 70 33 e e s is s = º e s is ºn e º sº I am e º 'º e g = | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * g º ºs 4 l--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2. 70 34 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 --------|--------|----------------|--------| 2.70 35 ºg º te e º gº & […]....................... 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.70 || 36 s sº is as we s sº as sº ºn as sm is sº I ºn s sº e s = * : * * * * * * *e e i is is a s e º sº a 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.70 37 & sº e º ºs º ºs !-------|-------|--------|--------| 4 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.70 | 88 ge º ºs º ºs s sº !-------|-------|--------|-------- 50 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.70 || 39 º as ºs º sº is sº sº i e s = * * * * | * * * * * * * * I am tº e s sº e º ºs I s sº m e º ºs e º f * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * g º gº is sº as ºs 1 : 5.75%| 40 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I e º ſº º sº sº * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * g º sº a 1 |--------|-------- 1 --------|-------- 3.53% 41 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * B = e s a m sº s e i s sº s e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I e º tº e º ſm as e i = * * * * * * * I 5, 92 42 as a e º 'º gº sº I tº ſº e º se tº ſº tº tº tº sº tº gº & ſº tº º ſº tº gº sº gº 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| # 43 s sº sº º ºs º ºs s tº gº º º ºs º we & º 'º tº tº $ 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- e e s tº sº we º ºr º me sº e º 'º e º ºs º ºs º º is º tº e º is tº e s as tº me s m ºn as sº as e 2 ----------------|--------|--------|--------| 2.78 # 556 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND STEEET RAILWAY (1 ESTABLISHMENT)—Concluded. Hours per week. à O ;:s Nationality. Fº x CCupation. ploy- Sex. at 10nailty. Pºll Low-High-Aver- Ill]IOl- - OW- |Hig Ver ber. €6S. week. est. est. age. 1 | Machinists -------------------. tº gº as sº e º sº sº as 2 | M. American ...... 7 | 70 70 70 2 3 || M. SWedish........ 7 70 || 70 70 \\ - 3 Total ----------------------------- 5 | M. I.------------------| 7 70 70 70 4 || Machinists' helpers ............ tº e'e is a s as e 1 || M. Danish......... 7 || 70 70 | 70 5 1 M. German ........ 7 70 || 70 70 6 1 || M. Portuguese..... 7 70 70 70 7 Total * * * Li e & Cº. º º Gº tº ſº e tº º tº º e s tº gº tº tº ºi nº sº e º us 3 M. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7 70 70 70 8 || Motormen............... --------------- 28 M. American ...... 7 || 63 || 63 63 . 9 1 | M. Danish ......... 7 63 63 63 10 1 || M. nglish--------- 7 63 || 63 63 11 7 | M. German ........ 7 63 || 63 63 12 4 || M. Hawaiian ...... 7 63 || 63 63 13 4 M. ish------------ 7 63 || 63 63 14 1 | M. | Portuguese ..... 7 63 || 63 63 15 3 M. Scotch.......... 7 63 || 63 63 16 2 | M. Swedish ........ 7 63 63 63 17 Total.-----------. . . . . . . . . -------- 51 M. * * * * * * * * is º º & tº tº º e º 'º 7 63 63 63 18 Qāceboys------------------------------ | 2 | M. Chinese ........ 6 54 54 54 19 Oilers, track---------------------------- 4 || M. | Portuguese ..... 7 63 63 63 20 | Painters-------------------------------- 2 | M. Canadian....... 6 54 || 54 54 21 | Painters' helpers.... ------------------- 1 | M. American ...... 6 54 54 54 22 * 1 | M. Hawaiian -----. 6 54 || 54 54 23 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. ------------------ 6 54 54 54 24 stableman * * * * * * * g e º sº ºn tº tº º E tº as ºn s = * * * * * * * * 1 | M. American ......!. 6 54 || 54 54 25 | Stableman's helper................ ---. 1 | M. | POrtuguese ..... 6 54 || 54 54 26 || Storekeeper ......!---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 | M. Canadian....... 6 48 || 48 || 48 27 | Superintendent, general--------------. 1 | M. Swedish ........ 7 70 70 70 28 || Timekeeper ---------------------------- 1 | M. Scotch.......... 7 70 70 70 29 | Track repairers ------------------------ 5 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 54 i 54 54 30 || Wipers and Oilers ---------------------- 2 | M. Japanese ....... 7 63 || 63 63 SugaR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMIENTs). [Employees on sugarplantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] 31 32 33 34 Bag Sewers ----------------------------- # Total ---------- tº tº ſº º tº º º gº gº tº tº º ſº º ºs º sº º ºs 8 Blacksmiths....------------...---- e º ſº ſº tº H 4 8 4 10 1 1 9 1 12 Total tº dº ſº, º ºs º ºs e º ſº gº ºn ------------ & º gº tº e 62 #. * M. Japanese ------. Portuguese Hawaiian ...... Part-Hawaiian . Japanese Norwegian ..... Porto Rican .... Portuguese Russian a Hours reported for 7 employees only. bHours reported for 3 employees only, 6 72 | 72 72 6 72 | 72 72 6 72 72 72 6 59 || 60 59.4 6 59 || 59 59 6 59 || 59 59 6 a 59 ač2, 5 ač0.6 6 b 59 |b(2 b80.3 6 59 || 72 60, 8 6 62 62 62 6 59 || 59 59 6 54 || 60 58.7 6 59 || 59 59 6 58 || 60 59.3 6 | d54 |d 72 d59, 7 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 557 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. STREET RAILWAY (1 ESTABLISHMENT)—Concluded. Classified wages per day. $2.00 Or under $2.50. $2.50 $3.00 Or under AVer- ay * Mar- ginal ber. * * * * * > * * * * * * * * = & * * * * * g º gº * = * * * * s * s sº º ſº & E; tº * * * * * * * as sº º sº tº sº tº * * * * * * * *s * * * = tº sº gº as tº º, e g º ºs is gº * * * * * * * * tº e ºs º ºs º ºs s. sº ſº e = * * * e e s º ºs º ºs & gº º gº ºs º sº is sº sº tº º sº tº * tº e º 'º º ºs & º ºs º º ºs ºs º tº gº º sº ºn m e ºn is sº gº º tº tº dº s tº º ºs º ſº º gº º tº dº e º tº gº tº sº. & E s ∈ tº gº tº sº & º º ºs º sº tº tº tº º ſº º ºs e º º tº gº ºn sº sº gº tº gº * * * * * * = as º gº tº tº gº gº ge tº º gº º 'º º gº ºn tº sº dº ſº tº * * * * as gº & tº º 'º º ſº tº dº is tº tº gº tº * sº º sº is tº gº º ºs º ºs ºf s & e º ºs e º is * & ſº tº gº tº º is & sº º sº * * * * * * * * * * •º gº ºn tº º ºs º ºs * * tº º se e º e tº gº tº tº tº gº tº s tº gº gº sº ºn tº & wº & sº sº º sº gº º ºs gº tº sº º ºs e º e s sº º ºs ºg sº gº º SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTS). [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often freemedical attendance.] * * * * * * * * e º sº sº e º sº. tº ſº º E & º º ºs * º e º ºs e º º $0.50 . 50 sº e s º ºs º ºs se s sº e º is ºn sº gº º º se e s tº ºn tº gº º & E = as º º gº gº tº º * g e g º is º * * sº gº tº º º sº tº gº tº se tº * * † tº g tº * * * tº dº º sº ſº * * * e tº $ tº e º º sº gº tº º ºf E gº tº gº tº e º ſº e º º c1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month. d Hours reported for 60 employees Only, 31 32 4 5 558 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU of LABOR. TABLE I.-OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Hours per week. i Em- g g Days Ill llll- Occupation. P. Sex. Nationality. wº, Low- | High-| Aver- ber. g "| est. est. age. 1 | BlackSmiths' helpers....... tº tº me tº tº º ºs º sº 2 | M. American ...... 6 59 59 59 2 2 | M. German ........ 6 || 59. 59 59 3 15 i M. | Hawaiian ... ... 6 || 59 62 59.7 4 1 || M. Part-Hawaiian . 6 60 60 60 5 84 || M. Japanese ....... 6 || 57 62. 5 || 59.3 6 1 | M. | Porto Rican - - - - 6 || 62 62 62 7 12 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 54 62 59.3 8 Total -------------------------- 117 | M. I.------------------ 6 || 54 62.5 59.4 9 | Boatmen ---------------------------- 15 || M. Hawaiian . . . . . . 6 |d 59 d 60 | d 59.4 10 1 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 59 59 59 11 Total -------------------------- 16 | M. I.----------------- 6 e 59 e 60 e 59.3 12 | Boiler makers.---------------------- 1| M. American...... 6. 48 48 48 13 1 | M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 60 60 60 14 1 || M. Japanese ------- 6 || 59 59 59 15 Total -------------------------- 3 M. I.------------------ 6 || 48 60 55.7 16 || Boiler makers' helpers.............. 7 || M. Japanese ....... 6 || 48 59 54.3 17 | Bookkeepers . . . . . . . . . . . . .----------- 24 || M. American ... --. 6 54 72 60.4 18 1 | M. Australian.... -- 6 62 62 62 19 4 || M. Canadian... ---. 6 || 59 59 59 20 1 | M. Danish ......... 6 60 60 60 21 9 || M. English ........ 6 || 54 72 60. 8 22. 6 || M. German ........ 6 59 72 63. 5 23 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 || 60 60 60 24 1 | M. Irish. ----------. 6 || 59.5 59.5 || 59.5 25 1 || M. | New Zealander. 6 || 59 59 59 26 1 || M. | Norwegian - - - - - 6 (g) (g) (9) 27 1 | M. | Polish .......... 6 60 60 60 28 10 | M. Scotch.......... 6 59 60 59.2 29 Total -------------------------- - 60 M. s º º ºs e º 'º tº tº e º 'º e º sº ºn s e 6 h 54 h 72 h 60.4 30 | BOOkkeepers' assistants .............| 15 || M. American ------ 6 || 54 60 58. T 31 1 | M. Danish ......... G | 59 59 59 32 1 | M. English ........ 6 || 59 59 59 33 4 || M. German . . . . . . . . 6 || 59.5 60 59.6 34 2 | M. Hawaiian . . . . . . 6 || 59 60 59.5 35 2 || M. Part-Hawaiian - 6 || 59 59 59 36 3 || M. Japanese ... ---- 6 59 60 59.7 37 2 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 || 59.5 | 60 59.8 38 4 M. l Scotch.......... 6 || 58 59 58. 8 39 Total -------------------------- 34 M. s = º ºs s º ºs ºs º º e s is sº tº º sº sº. 6 54 60 59 40 | Brakemen, railroad . . . . . . . . .-------- 5 | M. American - - - - - - 6 | 72 72 72 41 1 || M. Filipino ........ 6 72 72 72 42 28 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 || 1 59 l 72 ! 6.7. 9 43 15 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 || 59 72 | 68.7 44 32 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 |m 59 m, 72 |m 68.1 45 2 | M. Samoan ........ 6 | 72 72 72 46 Total --------------- -----------| 83 | M. I.----------------- 6 m 59 m 72 | n 68.6 47 | Bricklayers-------------------------- 1 || M. Japanese ... ..... 6 60 60 - || 60 48 2 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 || 62.5 62.5 62.5 49 Total -------------------------. 8 M. I.------------------ 6 || 60 62. 5 61.7 a Including 1 boy. blncluding 4 boys. cSee notes to details. - d'Hours reported for 5 employees only. e Hours reported for 6 employees only. f1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month. g Irregular. h Hours reported for 59 employees only. EEPORT OF TEIE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON 559 EIAWAII. NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905–Continued. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHIMIENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Classified wages per day. $2.00 $2.50 $3.50 under $4.00. AVer- age wages er ay. Mar- ginal Ill IIºl- ber. * * * * * * * tº gº - wº, tº gº tº * * = e & e º ºs * * * * * * * * & sº sº º ºs º E tº & º ºs ºs º ºs º ºr * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * & sº º ſº e º sº sº. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * sº e º 'º º º sº gº * * * * * * * * s & sº tº gº sº º ºs * * * * * * * * se tº sº gº is tº º * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * as sº e º sº sº gº * * * * * * * e sº º ºs º ºs & * * * * * * * * as º e º sº º sº sº s sº tº as º ºs º s = s. as tº as º tº sº tº s ºs º º * * * * * * * sº gº tº sº tº gº º vº º ºs º ºs º º s & tº sº º sº º s: º gº º sº º sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * as º ºs º º sº tº is sº me me tº s = sº e º º ºs & sº & s is a sº tº es e tº tº sº gº º is sº we tº tº e º º sº º sº tº * * *s ºr e º sº º * * * * * * * * l # 4 7 9 * * * * * * * sº sº º sº e º 'º tº gº º ºs e º 'º s tº &e º sº * * * tº º gº ºs e ºs dº gº º sº º º sº º tº gº tº * * * * is tº sº º sº tº gº tº º * * * * = * * * tº sº tº sº gº º sº º * * * * * * * = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * sº e º 'º º º sº. He ſee tº º ſº º ºs & s = , s = • * * º e º sº º ºs e e & º º ºr tº e º ge as we tº gº tº sº tº sº * = & sº º º ºs * = C, sº tº sº tº * * * * * * * * tº e º º sº º sº tº gº ºn º º ºs º º * * * * * = & tº dº ſº º sº * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * tº ºn e º e º ºs ºf $1.00 || $1.50 Or Or under | under $1.50. $2.00 e gº tº º sº. 9 ------i- 1 |-------- 34 7 1 -------- 4 |-------- 49 8 tº e s º ºs sº gº 2 * * * * * * * l * ------ 3 ::::::::::::: i’ s is as as sº e = 1. 2 -------- ............... :::::::::::::3 as e e s m sº º 1 is a e º ºs s as 3 * * * * * * = 6 1 -------- 1 I-------- 22 l-------- 4 -------- 21 l-------- 2 -------- 51 -------- * - sº tº e º gº 1 1 1 1 2 i Boy. jReceive also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked. is 4 employees receive also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked. l Hours reported for 24 employees only. m Hours reported for 31 employees only. n Hours reported for 78 employees only. 1 560 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHIMIENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Hours per week. #i - - - Em- - e Days Ill IIIl- OCCupation. º Sex. Nationality. wººi Low- || High- Aver- ber. - ſº "| eSt. €St. age. 1 || Bricklayers' helpers.............. .* * * 3 || M. Japanese ....... 6 60 60 60 | 2 | Butchers .............. ..............] I | M. American...... 6 60 | 60 | 60 3 - - 1 || M. Chinese ........ (a) (a) (a) 4 3 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - b 6.3 | coſ) c”0 c65 5 1 || M. Japanese .......| 6 59 59 69 6 3 M. | Portuguese..... b 6.7 59 84 75.7 7 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .---------- 9 M. ------------------ b 6.3 | f 59 |f 84 f68 8 || Butchers' helpers ............ .* * * * * * * 2 || M. Japanese ....... b 6.5 || 60 84 72 9 | Camp cleaners .....-...-------------- 3 || M. Japanese ....... 6 | 60 60 60 10 - 12 | F. Japanese - - - - -...| 7 14 28 21 11 4 || M. | PortO Rican - - - - || 6 60 60 60 12 Total ---------- e sº e º sº gº e º ºs º º sº. - m = - 19 ----------------------- 5 6.6 || 14 60 35.4 13 | Cane Cutters.---------...------------ 2,029 . M. Chinese ........ 6 g48 || 962.5 g56.2 14 33 || M. Hawaiian ... --. 6 59 62 60. 3 15 3,417 | M. Japanese ------- 6 k:48 k62, 5 || kā9.3 16 F. Japanese --...-- 6 59 62.5 59, 9 17 828 || M. Korean. -- - - - - - - 6 O48 o65. 5 of 8.7 18 371 M. POrtO Rican .... 6 g48 q62.5 | q59.9 19 58 || M. Portuguese ... -- 6 - || 58 62 58.9 20 10 | M. S. Sea Islander... 6 60 60 60 21 Total ------------- tº º e º ſº tº we sº º - - * * 6,750 -----|------------------ 6 v48 v65. 5 v58.5 22 | Cane cutters and loaders............ 50 | M. Porto Rican - - - - || 6 (a) (a) (a) 23 l Cane loaders .................------- M. : Hawaiian ... --. 6 42 62.5 58.7. 24 2,918 || M. Japanese ....... 6 ty 42 1/62, 5 y57. 9 25 53 | F. Japanese -...----. 6 54 60 55.8 26 248 || M. Korean - - - - - - - - - 6 |cc42 |cc62 |cc58. 2 27 43 | M. | Porto Rican ....| 6 |gg42 |ggó2 |gg59.2 28 7 | M. | Portuguese. ---- 6 42 62 55.4 29 Total ..... * * * * * tº gº tº dº º sº º sº º e º ºs ºs º ºs ºr 3,285 -----|------------------ 6 |jj42 jj62.5 |jj67. 8 30 Caneweighers....................... 4 | M. American .... -- 6 72 72 72 3k. 2 | M. | Chinese ........ 6 572 72 72 32 1 | M. English......... 6 72 72 72 33 3 | M. German ........ 6 69 72 71 34 18 || M. Hawaiian ... ... 6 60 72 71.2 35 3 || M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 72 . 72 72 36 17 | M. Japanese ...----. 6 72 72 72 37 1 M. Norwegian ..... 6 72 72 72 38 11 || M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 59.5 72 69. 7 39 3 | M. Scotch..........| 6 72 72 72 40 1 | M. S. Sea Islander... 6 72 72 | 72 41 Total ----------------------- ---! 64 | M. I.----- * - - e º e º gº tº gº gº º 6 59.5 || 72 71.3 a Irregular. b Average. o Hours reported for 2 employees only. d'Estimated. - - e Including estimated earnings of 1 employee. f Hours reported for 7 employees only. g Hours reported for 1,336 employees only. h Including 801 contract workers. * Including 203 contract workers. 3 Wages reported for 1,640 employees only. See notes to details. * Hours reported for 3,079 employees only. ! Including 680 contract workers. 27, COntract workers. -- rt Wages reported for 3,252 employees only. See notes to details. o Hours reported for 616 employees only. pWages reported for 673 employees only. Q Hours reported for 312 employees only. *Including 2 boys. t *Including 59 contract workers. 9 employees receive also bonus of $0.50 for every six days worked. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 561 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905–Oontinued. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. ... [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free houserent and often freemedical attendance.] Classified wages per day. Aver- Mar- $0.50 $1.00 || $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 || $4.00 $4.50 00 |wº, lginal Under | Or Or OT OT Or Or Or Or ...” $5. Wagè8 |†um. $0.50. under | under | under | under | under | under under under | under | 9* * | ber. 1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. .00 .50. .00. over. day. as ºs e º gº e º tº sº, sº º ºs º º 3 || -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| $1.00 1 ge e s s gº sº gº i º ºs s as tº gº º sº º ºs º gº º gº º tº E = * * * * * * * * * g º 'º º º || * * * * * * * > 1 |--------|--------|--------|-------| 3.06% 2 tº e ºs e º sº sº I as * * * sº e º tº m e º ºn tº sº s 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| 1.50 3 tº º -: * > * * * * d 1 1. 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| e1.06%l 4 * * * * * sº sº I sº sº e º ºs & tº 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| 1.00 5 sº º ºs º dº sº s : * * * * * * * 1 2 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|------- 1.61 6 * = E = E tº º d 1 3 4 --------|-------- 1 --------|--------|--------|-------| e1.51 7 & e º ºs ºs º gº 1 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------------- .98% 8 * * * * * * * 8 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------------- . 69 9 12 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------- . 19 10 1 8 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------- .63% 11 13 6 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------- . 36 12 * * * * * * * h1,275 *865 --------|--------|-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| 3.84% 13 * * * * * * * 38 l--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------------- .73% 14 & & e º ºs º º *3,140 | *112 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| “.70% 15 4 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|------- .38% 16 & sº as tº gº tº gº 678 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| p.66% 17 *2 | *869 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------- . 74 18 tº gº tº º sº º tº w 40 18 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| “.88% 19 * * * * * * * 10 l--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|------- .65% 20 *6 |*5,540 | *495 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------- w. 74% 21 tº s tº º 'º º sº. 50 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|------- . 70 22 * * * * * * * 1. *8 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------, *.82% 23 sº sº gº ºs º gº º *1,492 °1,105 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| ºb.94% 24 is º ºs e º sº gº *58 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|-------| *.61 25 vº º ºs º 'º - - *155 | **81 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| JJ.813 26 is sº º sº gº º is . hh 26 ** 17 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| *.97% 27 ge sº e º sº gº tº i º º 'º º sº º tº *7 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------|*1.26 28 tº ºr e º 'º º is *1,739 1,213 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------4------- Kk.93 29 as sº sº º sº is sº e s sº º sº gº sº i s sº º ºs ----|-------- 4 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------- 2.34; 30 tº sº e º as tº tº º º sº tº gº º 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| 1.84% 31 tº º ºs º º sº sº e º º sº e º 'º & e º ºs º ºs º & tº dº ſº tº tº ſº -> * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| 2.80 32 tº e º 'º º sº tº 1 1 --------|-------- 1 |--------|------------------------|------- 1. 60 33 as º gº º gº º sº. 5 10 3 --------|--------|----------------|----------------------- 1. 07 34 & e º sº e º 'º gº ºs e º e º ſº. 2 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------| 1.41 35 se tº se sº as tº sº. • 14 § --------|----------------|--------|------------------------------- .78% 36. & sº as sº a s sº I am tº s as tº a s I º ºs º ºs is tº gº tº I gº tº ſº dº e º a º 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| 2.49 37 sº sº e º sº sº sº. 4 6 1 ----------------|--------|--------|----------------|-------| 1.13 38 as sº sº sº s sº gº || s gº gº ºn s sº a is º º sº me s sº a º º ºs º º ºs º ºs 2 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|-------| 2.36% 39 tº gº as a sº º sº | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 ----------------|--------|--------|----------------|-------| 1.72% 40 tº gº tº sº as sº sº. 24 24 6 8 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------| 1.24% 41 Fº- •º t See notes to details. u Including 1 boy. v Hours reported for 5,448 employees only. 20 Wages reported for 6,041 employees only. See notes to details. a: Including 3 contract workers. zy Hours reported for 1,808 employees only. 2 Including 835 contract workers. aa Including 980 contract workers. 5b Wages reported for 2,597 employees only. See notes to details. cc Hours reported for 166 employees only.
9 37 10 10 |-------- 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.37 9 tº s & sº º is e I & gº e s = s tº ; sº e º us as sº º 2 --------|--------|-------- 1 |--------|--------|--------| 2.16#| 10 tº ſº º tº º º ſº I e º sº * * * * I e º sº sº e = * 1 --------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- 1.91% 11 tº ºr e = * * * * * * * * * * * 2 , 2 5 6 1. 2 --------|--------|-------- 2.41 12 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * *s tº º & e º tº gº tº sº i gº º ſº se e º gº sº | * g sº tº s sº s as º ºs º g º a s sº l I 1 -------- 4.33 13 * * * * * * = i < * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ! is a se e s as a e i s m a. s. sº sº, e = i s m e º as a e s ] e º as sº e º a s ] = < e s = * * * 1 -------- 4.79 14 ę & & & & tº º f is ºs º ºs as º º s s us e = * * | * * * * * * e º 1 |--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- 2.49 15 {-, -, -, -e ºs º gº 10 45 21 24 7 4 11 • 3 7 3 2.08% 16 tº º tº sº * * * * * * * * * * * 6 ------------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 00 17 * * * * * * * * *1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------| *.77 18 * * * * * * is sº º ºs e º 'º at 3 4 --------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 29 19 * * * *g, * g sº 154 159 14|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .95% 20 & is sº º sº gº ºs b 8 9 4 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 91.09% 21 * * * * * * * c 163 177 22 ||--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------| *.97 22 • * * * * * * | = • * = * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * ~ * * * * * * 1 5.36% 23 • * * * * * - I - - - - - - - I - e s = e = • , s = • * ~ * * - I - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - 1 |-------- 1. 6 6.43 24 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 ---------------- 1 4.79% 25 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * = , = * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * } s = * * * * * * | * * * * * is s sº I as a s m at as as a i s = e = * * * * 1. 8.62% 26 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | *s ºr se tº e s = º i º me we s tº sº e º m º ºs is sº as sº e I am e º sº e s as e I as sº * * * * * * 1 d4 d'7. 04 27 tº gº tº º ºs º as as º a wº e º sº as a tº sº e º ſº | * * * * * * * * * * * g º º ºs º ºs s as w = s. s tº tº as me as * * * * * | * * * * * g = ºs is a e s as gº as as ºn e º sº e º s e 1 7.67 28 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * = | s e s as as as me as i e s ∈ is sº sº a s I s is ºs º ºs s as s : * * * * * * * is I e º as s ºr as a sm [ s e s as ºn e º is s gº º sº sº e º as (e) 29 * * * * * = * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * I tº s º ºs e s tº sº I e g º 'º as sº as s : * * * g e º ºs º 2 -------- 2 d13 | f 6.62 30 * * * * * * * I e e º sº e º as e s tº º ºs s sº sº e e s m s gº ºn 1 1 1 ------------------------ 1 3.49% 31 tº º ºs e s ∈ as *1 ---------------|-------- 2 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 92.13% 32 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * is s a sº º ºs ºs i s m º ºs º e s tº 1 --------|--------|----------------|-------- 2.50 33 * * = & & e sº *1 |-------|-------- 1 4 1 --------|--------|-------- 1 b 2.86 34 tº tº º ſº º E & 1 *1 i--------|----------------|----------------|----------------|--------| ".99% 35 ** = • * * * * 1 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- .95 36 tº E & E º & º 19 5 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .86 37 * Gº & tº tº gº tº 21 °8 --------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.87% 38 & © tº dº º º is is º ºs s m sº sº. sº º ºs ſº e º e 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.91% 39 £ e º tº tº dº sº is sº e º ºs e º f is a gº tº e º ſº. 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.9% 40 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * } e º sº º sº sº tº º e º ſº e º 'º º 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.16% 41 tº º sº tº e º ºs 1 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .77 42 gº º gº º º sº º 1 ------- 1. 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 62 43 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 91 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 91.84% 44 * * * * * * * I e º e s = * * 1 |------------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.15; 45 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * *2 --------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|----------------| "1-26 46 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 s is sº s ºr me º e º ºs e e s is e º a J s tº a se e s s = 1 --------|--------|--------|--------| 8.06% 47 f Average wages of 17 employees. See notes to details. 564 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.-OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 Establishments)—continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free houserent and often free medical attendance.] Hours per week. à - . | Em- ionality Days Illinn- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº. Low- || High- | Aver- ber; & "| eSt. est. age. 1 | Clerks, store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------- 9 || M. American ...... 6 59 72 70. 6 2 - 3. M. | Chinese ........ 6 72 66 3 1 || M. English ........ 6 72 72 72 4 1 || M. German ........ 6 72 72 72 5 5 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 72 72 72 6 2 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - || 6 72 72 72 7 98 || M. Japanese ....... 6 54 72 68. 6 8 5 | M. Korean......... 6 | g 59.5 | g 72 g 68.9 9 4 || M. | Porto Rican .... 6 59.5 | 72 68.9 10 25 | M. Portuguese..... 6 59 72 69.2 11 2 | M. Scotch.......... 6 59 59.5 59.3 12 Total -------------------------- 155 | M. -----------------. 6 |354 |372 deg.9 13 || Clerks, sugar........................ 5 | M. American ...... 6 60 72 69. 6 14 - - 1 || M. Chinese ........ 6 60 60 60 15 2 | M. German ........ 6 71 71 71 16 & 1 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 72 72 72 17 1 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - || 6 72 72. 72 18 1 || M. Japanese ------- 6 72 72 72. 19 5 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 59.5 | 72 66.6 20 1 M. l Scotch.......... 6 72 72 72 21 Total -------------------------- 17| M. ------------------ 6 || 59.5 | 72 68.9 22 | Clerk, Wharf------------------------- 1 || M. Portuguese...... 6 60 60 60 28 Coachman--------------------------- 1 M. | Portuguese ..... 7 70 70 70 24 | Coal passers -----.................... 4 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 72 72 72 25 110 || M. Japanese - ... --- 6 60 72 61 26 1 M. | Portuguese ..... 6 59.5 59.5 59.5 27 Total -------------------------- 115 M. tº E gº tº ſº gº º - - - - - - - - - - - 6 59.5 | 72 61.4 28 | Contract cultivators................. | M. American...... 6 } |...}}}|...} 29 689 || M. Chinese ........ 6 ºn 57 m 72 m, 62.9 30 M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 | g 57 g 57 g 57 31 4,491 || M. Japanese ....... 6 | p 57 | p 72 | p 61.6 32 47 | F. Japanese ....... 6 | r 57 r 57 r 57 33 460 | M. Korean.........} 6 t 57 t 72 t 60.9 34 139 || M. Porto Rican - - - - 6 v 59.5 v 59, 5 v 59.5 35 2 | F. | Porto Rican ....| 6 (k Re § 36 6 || M. Portuguese..... 6 k: k (k 37 4 || F. | Portuguese..... 6 k }c (k) 38 Total........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5,846 -----|------------------ 6 y 57 g 72 ty 61.4 89 Cooks ------------------------------- 14 || M. Chinese ........ 7 |aa'70 aa'70 aa'70 40 11 Japanese ------. 7 70 70 70 41 8 . . Japanese ------- 7 70 70 70 42 2 Korean ...-----. 7 70 70 70 43 Total -------------------------. 35 ----------------------- 7 |ff70 |ff70 fſ/70 S- | a Including 1 boy. b Also share of net profits. c See notes to details. d Boys. .. - *Including 1 boy; 6 employees receive also share of net profits. f1 employee regeives also share of net profits. g Hours reported for 4 employees only. * h Including 4 boys; 1 employee receives also share of net profits. 32 employees receive also share of net profits. 3 Hours reported for 154 employees only. k Irregular. t Not reported. - 2m Hours reported for 93 employees only. 2. Estimate. * o Bstimate. Wages reported for 199 employees only. 19 Hours reported for 457 employees only. g Estimate. Wages reported for 2,726 employees only. * Hours reported for 1 employee only, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 565 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905–Continued. sugAR PLANTATIONs (58 Establishments)—continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often freemedical attendance.] Classified Wages per day. - s p y Aver- Mar- $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 || $400 || $450 | shoo wººs |ginal Under | Or Or Or OI OT Or OT Or OT or § Illinºl- $0.50. under|under | under | under under under under | under under OVer J. ber. $1.00.|$1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00. °Y Y. * - - - - e. e. a 2 b 1 1. l 1 1 1 -------- 1 |----....] o $2.47 I * * * * * * * 1 ------- * !--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- 1.41 2 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - e s is e e s is sº ºn e º 'º - - as s e s e is a • 1 |--------| 4.79 3 • * * * * * * I = e s = = * * : * ~ * * * * * 1 s is sº º sº * * - I - - - * * * * * i s m me • * * * * I am e º is as se as as 1 --------|--------|--------| 3.83% 4 - - - - - - - 1 l------- 2 1 -------- 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.98% 5 * - - - - - - I e = e º 'º' is ºw 1 --------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- 1 |-------- 3.06# 6 d 2 e 45 f 37 11 l 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- c 1.09 7 1 3 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .82 8 d1 ------- 8 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- a .97 9 - - - - - - - h 12 f 5 *8 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| "1.17%. 10 - - - - - - - - as as as s = - - - - - - - - - - °1 ----------------|-------- 1 |--------|--------|--------| f 2.87% 11 c 4 C 64 c 48 c 25 3 3 2 8 -------- 3 |-------- c 1.29; 12 - - - - - - - º sº tº s = º º || 4- - - - - - - 2 l 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.85% 13 - - - - - - - - - as ºs º ºs º - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.00 14 • * * * * * * 1 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------------------------ .92% 15 • - - - - - - I is ºn e s = e º e - - - - - - 1 --------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------| 1.50 16 e - - - - - e i s m 's e s = e i = - - - - - e. 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.91% 17 * * - - - - - r s = e e s a me 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.84% 18 * - - - - - wº 8 l------- 1 i l--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.22 19 tº º 'º - - w sº I tº as s sº tº us tº I e º 'º - ºr sº wº 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.91% 20 • - - - - we s 4 3 6 2 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.61 21 e - - - - - - I e s e sº e s - H - - - - - - * 1 --------|--------|--------|------------------------|-------- 1.72% 22 * * * * * * * I as tº e s tº as a 1 l--------|----------------|--------|--------|----------------|--------| 1.15 23 º tº º ºs - as tº 4 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .77 24 e º 'º - - * * 110 !-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- .83}| 25 * * - - - - * I as as º is as s = 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- 1:00 26 - - - - - - - 114 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .83} 27 ! l ! ! (l) ! ! l l l l (l) 28 4|+|}|...}}}.}}|...}}}.}}|...}}}.}}|{}| # ) (l) (l) º • * * * * * * m2,631 | n 95 ..?.....?.....?.....Sº...?......Sº...?....?... q.84% 31 - - - - - - - - - - sº e º e ºs *2 ----------------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.16 32 * * - - - - - *440 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| “.74% 33 --;-- *|-ji;--|--ºff--|---ºf--|--ºff’--|--f;) --|--º'--|--º-º-º:5-º- 'º' | # l ! l l l ..?...] (*1 ...!?....?.....?.....?.....Sº...?.....Sº.....Sº...?...] §2 | . tº º ºs º º 'º - *4 -------|--------|----------------|----------------|--------|--------|--------| “.9% 37 • * * * * * * "8,826 "117 ----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.88 38 1 bb 11 *2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- c. 794 39 dal 1 ee 9 1 -------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s tº s sm e º e º 'º - * 1 s is tº e s = e, e i s º ºs s - e º us || s s tº * * * * * c.69; 40 8 -------|-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .42% 41 2 --------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .42% 42 gg 12 c 20 *8 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- c.65% 43 s Estimate. 2 Estimate. board, Value not re ff Hours reporte Wages reported for 2 ºyees only. t Hours reported for 309 employees only. w Estimate. Wages reported for 440 employees only. v Hours reported for 46 employees only. - w Estimate. Wages reported for 71 employees only. a. Estimate. Wages reported for 1 employee only. w Hours reported for 910 employees only. Wages reporte aa Hours reported for 13 employees only. . bb3 employees receive also board, valued at $10 per month; 3 receive also board, value not reported; 1 receives also profits of boarding house, and 1 receives also food. £21 employee receives also board, valued at $10 per month. dd Also profits of boarding house. • ee2 employees receive also food; 2 receive also board, valued at $10 per month, and 1 receives also rted. for 34 employees only. .. 991 employee receives also profits of boarding house, for 3,443 employees only. 566 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. -* TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHIMIENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Hours per week. #: e Em- * . . . . . s Days sº Ill IIIl- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-|High-|Aver- ber. º "| est. eSt. age. 1 Dairyman ------------------------------ 1 || M. Japanese ....... 7 70 70 70 2 | Ditch men........ ge s = º ºs º ºs º ºs e º ºs e º me tº sº se e º 'º - 9 || M. Chinese ........ a 6.1 60 84 62. 7 3 14 | M. Hawaiian ...... a 6.1 59 84 62.5 4 191 || M. Japanese ....... a 6.2 || 59 84 65.3 5 8 || F. Japanese ....... 6 59.5 72 61.1 6 1 || M. Korean......... 6 59.5 59.5 59.5 7 9 || M. Portuguese..... 6 59 62 60 8 Total ----------------------------- 232 -----|------------------ a 6.2 || 59 84 64. 7 9 Draftsmen------------------------------ 2 | M. American .... -- 6 59 60 59.5 10 || Drivers, delivery wagon ............... 1 | M. American - - - - - - 6 72 72 72 11 4 || M. Japanese ....... 6 72 | 72 72 12 3 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 72 72 72 13 Total ----------------------------- 8 M. I.----------------- 6 72 72 72 14 | Dynamo tenders........................ 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 72 72 72 15 10 | M. Japanese -...--. a 6.7 || 70 84 79 16 1 || M. | Porto Rican . . . . . 7 84 84 84 17 Total ----------------------------- 12 | M. ------------------ a 6.7 || 70 | 84 || 78.8 18 Electricians -----..........------------. 2 | M. American ...... 6 59 72 65.5 19 3 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 60 72 68 20 2 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 59.5 || 72 65. 8 21 1 | M. Swiss........... 6 72 72 72 22 Total ----------------------------- 8 || M. -----------------. 6 59 72 67.3 23 | Electricians' helpers ................... 1 | M. American...... 6 72 72 72 24 * 2 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 72 65. 5 25 Total ----------------------------- 3 | M. I.----------------- 6 59 72 7.7 26 Engineers, Chief--------------.......... 2 | M. American ...... 6 72 72 72 27 1 | M. Scotch.......... 6 60 60 60 28 Total ----------------------------- 3 || M. I.----------------- 6 : 60 72 68 29 | Engineers, donkey engine ............. T M. American ...... 6 59 59 59 30 3 | M. Chinese .... ---. a 6.3 f60 fö4 |f72 31 2 | M. German ........ 6 69 59 59 32 2 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 g59 g59 g59 33 1 M. | Part-Hawaiian - 6 59 59 59 34 8 || M. Japanese ... - - - - a 6.1 54 84 64.3 35 1 M. | Norwegian ..... 6 60 60 60 36 4 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - 6 |h59 |h'72 |hé3. 7 37 2 | M. Scotch.......... 6 59 59.5 || 59.3 38 Total ------------ & ſº tº tº it ºn g º tº º ºs º gº tº º ºs º 24 | M. I.----------------- a 6, 1 || 154 i84 ió3 39 | Engineers' helpers, locomotive......... 2 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 72 72 72 40 1 | M. Porto Rican .... 6 72 72 72 41 2 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 72 72 72 42 Total ----------------------------- .5 M. I.----------------- 6 72 72 72 43 | Engineers' helpers, mill................ 2 | M. American ...... 6 62. 5 | 72 67.3 44 13 | M. Chinese ........ 6 72 72 72 45 1 | M. German -....... 6 71 71 71 46 5 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 60 72 69. 6 47 83 || M. || Japanese ....... 6 60 72 71.4 48 12 || M. Portuguese.....| 6 60 72 70 49 Total ----------------------------- 116 || M. I.------------------ 6 60 72 71.2 a Average. - b Boys. o Including 1 boy. d Wages reported for 1 employee only. e Wages reported for 2 employees only. J Hours reported for 2 employees only, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 567 * - NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905–Continued. sug AR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Classified wages per day. $0.50 Or . under $1.00. $2.00 $2.50 Or under $3.00 $3.00 $3.50 Aver- age Wages er ay. Mar- ginal Ill IIIT- ber. * * * s = ºn tº sº ſº e s s ºr tº º * * * * * sº tº sº. tº e º ºs e e º ge * * * * * * * * e sº sº s = º sº as fºr sº e º 'º e º ºs * -º º E = e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * as gº ºn tº sº º ºs * * * * * * * * tº º º ºx & e º 'º- * * * . sº tº ſº tº 4- tº sº & sº e s = e * * * * * = ± tº s: s sº sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * gº º * * * * s e ºs tº gº tº º tº º & wº . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *e * * * * * sº gº º tº e º ſº tº me tº s e tº dº sº gº tº sº º tº º tº * *-s ºr sº * * * * * * * & & ºr º e º sº. tº e ºs e º gº º ºs * * * * * * * * tº ºs º º sm tº º gº º sº º e º 'º ºf gº tº º ºs º ºs º dº * * * * * * ~ * * * = E = tºe tº & s: ºº e º sº gº tº gº sº e º sº tº g º ºs * * * * * g º ºs º ºg º ºs s º ºs ºn tº sº sº * * * * * g Hours reported for 1 employee only. h Hours reported for 3 employees only. * Hours reported for 21 employees only. 3 Receive also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked. *See notes to details. * Including 2 boys. 568 BULLETIN’ OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. tº TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND sugAR PLANTATIONs (53 ESTABLISHMIENTs)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Hours per week. à t tº Em- g `s Days Illil Il- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-|High-i Aver- ber. - ~ ' eSt. eSt, age. 1 Engineers helpers, pump......... ----- 1 || M. American ...... 6 69 69 69 2 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 69 69 69 3 2 | M. Japanese ....... 6 69 69 69 4 1 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 69 69 69 5 Total ----------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5 | M. I.------------------ 6 69 69 69 6 | Engineers' helpers, steam plow ........ 1 || M. American ------ 6 60 60 60 7 2 | M. Chinese......... 6 60 60 60 . 8 1 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - || 6 59 59 59 9 72 || M. Japanese ....... 6 57 66 59.4 10 --- 13 || M. Portuguese..... 6 || 59 | 66 61. 6 11 Total.......... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 || M. ----------------- 6 57 | 66 59.8 12 | Engineers, locomotive.............. & ſº gº tº 3 M. American ...--- 6 59 || 72 67.7 13 2 | M. Chinese ... - - - - - 6 72 72 72 14 1 | M. Danish ..... ---- 6 72 72 72 15 1 || M. | Filipino........ 6 72 72 72 16 3 || M. German ........ 6 || 65 65 65 17 27 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 72 69. 9 18 10 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 65 ‘72 70. 7 19 37 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 59 72 70, 8 20 1 | M. l Russian ........ 6 72 72 72 21 3 | M. Scotch....... --. 6 72 72 72 22 1 || M. Spanish ........ 6 72 72 72 23 Total --------------------- tº e º tº gº tº ſº tº 89 M. * * * * & sº tº ſº e º º tº e º 'º as as e 6 59 72 70.3 24 | Engineers, machine shop............... - 2 | M. Hawaiian.------ 6 59 60 59.5 25 | Engineers, mill............... ---------- 19 M. American ... - - - 6 59 72 || 71.3 26 2 | M. Australian... --- 6 72 72 72 27 3 | M. Canadian. ------ fi 72 72 72 28 6 || M. English ........ 6 60 72 70 29 1 | M. | French......... 6 72 72 72 30 10 | M. German - - - - - - - - 6 60 72 70 31 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 72 72 72 32 1 || M. Japanese .------ 6 72 72 72 33 3 M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 | 62, 5 || 72 68. 8 34 7 || M. Scotch.......... 6 60 72 70, 3 35 Total -------------- iº º tº dº ſº gº º E = ſº gº tº º is ºs 53 | M. ------------------ 6 59 72 70. 7 36 Engineers, mill, assistant...............] 5 || M. American - - - - - - 6 60 72 69.6 37 - 3 || M. Chinese ........ 6 72 72 72 38 1 | M. | French - - - - - - - - - 6 72 72 72 39 1 | M. German - - - - - - - - 6 72 72 72 40 2 M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 72 72 "72 41 6 || M. Japanese . . . . . . . 6 72 72 72 42 1 M. Norwegian - - - - - 6 || 72 72 72 43 12 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - || 6 72 72 72 44 1 | M. Scotch.......... 6 72 72 72 45 1 M. | Spanish ... ----- 6 72 72 72 46 Total ----------- & © tº º tº gº tº sº º gº ºn tº gº e º ºs e is 38 M. ------------------ 6 60 72 71.6 47 | Engineers, pump...... tº e º 'º tº º ſº tº ſº º ºs e e.....[TTT M. American ...... e 6.5 | 72 84 78. 5 48 4 || M. Chinese ........ e 6.3 || 69 84 72.8 49 3 || M. English......... 6 72 72 72 50 3 | M. German - - - - - - - - e 6.7 59 84 75.7 51 12 || M. Hawaiian - - - - -. e 6.5 69 84 77.8 52 30 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - e 6, 5 || 62.5 | 84 77 53 4 || M. Norwegian - - - - - 6 |f|W2 fºº fº 54 11 || M. Portuguese - - - - - € 6.4 || 62 84 75. 5 55 2 M. Russian .... - - - - 6 72 72 72 56 2 | M. Scotch.......... e 6.5 | 72 84 78 57 Total ----------------------------- 82 | M. ------------------ e6.4 g59 |984 976.4 31 employee receives also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked. 0 2 employees receive also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked. *Receives also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked, dSee Inotes to details, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 569 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. sugAR PLANTATIONs (53 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Classified wages per day. $0.50 Or . . under $1.00. $3.00 Aver- age wages per day. Mar- ginal Illind- ber. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - tº º ºr $1.15% 92 1.ö7, 1.91% : - - - - - - e. e. 1.23 * * * * * * * s * - e = * * * * - * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * i l -11 * * * * * * - * * * * * * - - - - - - as sº * - * * * * is sº * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - * - - - - - - - - º ºs ºr º e - - * * * * * * * * = * * * - - - +- - - º º & e- - - - - - as as * * * * * * * - - - - - - * * e - - - - - - - * e º ºs e - - - * * * * * * * * gº tº e - - - - - tº gº ºs º- tº - - - e tº e º - - - - - * * * * * * * * - - - - - as tº - - - tº º - - - - - - e º ºs * * * - - - - * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * - - - - - - tº tº sº * - - - - - tº e º 'º - - - - s sº - - - - - - a s is as a - - - * * * * * * - - - - - - * * gº tº * * * * * * * * - sº sº e º º * * * * * * * • - - - ºne s s - - - - - sº º - - - - - - - * - - - - - - - * * * * - - - e. * * * * * * * * as s - - - - - - • * e s s = e - tº sº e s sº ºn e - • sº e s e º 'º as gº tº º ſº tº sº º ºn - - - - e º sº - $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 OT OT Or under under under $2.00 $2.50. $3.00. ‘’’’ ‘‘i’ [...]........ 1 --------|-------- “31................ 2 --------|-------- * G - - - - - - 1 |-------- ------il................ 1 |--------|-------- 11 4 3 1 --------|-------- b 21 5 3 * * * * * * * * °1 |-------- * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 b35 | a 11 9 ::::::::------ i----. i’ * * * * - - - - 1. 1. * = e º 'º - - - 1 |-------- * = E tº & - - - 1 |-------- ------i-........I.: 1 --------|-------- 3 2 -------- w is sº e º we w = 1 |-------- 4 5 1 ------iſ::::::::::::::: 10 10 1 2 2 1 2 --------|-------- ------iſ:::::::::: 4 4 2 5 2 -------- …;|----- 4 |..I.I.I. 16 12 3 e Average. f Hours reporte 25—No. 66–06—14 d for 3 employees only. 9 Hours reported for 81 employees o y. 570 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Table 1–0CCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND sugaR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHENIENTs)—Continued. [Employees on sugarplantations generally receive free houserent and often free medical attendance.] Hours per week. #: • Em- Nationalit Days Illllll- Occupation. P. Sex. - ationality. wº. Low- || High- | Aver- ber. X-rº - "| est. eSt. 8 ge. 1 | Engineers, pump, assistant......... 1 | M. American ...... 7 84 84 “l 84 2 4 || M. Japanese ....... 6 72 72 72 3 2 || M. Portuguese ..... a 6.5 | 62 84 73 4 Total ------------------------- 7 | M. I.-----.... - - - - - - - - - a 6.3 62 84 74 5 | Engineers, pump, chief............. 3 | M. American - - - - - - a 6.3 || 60 84 72 6 1 || M. English......... 6 72 72 72 7 1 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - 7 84 84 84 8 Total ------------------------- 5 | M. I.------------------ a 6.4 || 60 84 74.4 9 | Engineers, Steam plow............. 4 || M. American ... --- 6 59 72 63. 1 10 1 | M. l Canadian... ---- 6 66 66 66 11 6 || M. English......... 6 57 66 60.1 12 2 | M. German ........ 6 59 59 59 13 6 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 66 61.3 14 16 || M. Japanese ....... 6 59.5 | 72 60.8 15 2 | M. | Norwegian - - - - - 6 59 59 59 16 1 || M. | Porto Rican....| 6 62 62 62 17 19 || M. Portuguese..... 6 59 66 59.8 18 1 || M. Scotch.......... 6 60 60 60 19 Total ........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 58 || M. I.----------------- 6 57 72 60.6 20 | Engineers, steam plow, assistant...ſ 3 || M. American ...... 6 || 59 || 59 59 21 4 || M. German - - - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 22 5 || M. Japanese ... ----. 6 57 72 62. 6 23 7 || M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 59 72 60. 9 24 Total ------------------------- 19| M. I.------------------ 6 57 72 60. 6 25 | Engineer, steam plow, chief ....... 1 | M. German ........ 6 59 59 59 26 | Engineers, traction engine......... 1 M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 66 66 66 27 3 || M. Portuguese . . . . . 6 62.5 62.5 | 62.5 28 Total ------------------------- 4 || M. I.------------------ 6 62.5 | 66 63.4 29 | Engineer, traction engine, assistant. 1 || M. Japanese ....... 6 66 66 66 30 Fence men................ -------- ..] 4 M. Hawaiian ...... 6 59.5 | 62 || 60. 3 31 - 23 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - b6 59 84 61.1 32 | 25 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 57 62 59.4 33 Total ------------------------- 52 | M. I.----------------- b6 57 84 60. 3 84 Field hands.........--------------- 1,218 || M. Chinese ........ 6 c57 c62. 5 c59. 6 35 22 || M. German -------. 6 59 60 59 36 338 || M. Hawaiian ...... 6 57 62.5 | 60.1 37 1 | F. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 38 1 || M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 60 60 60 39 2 | M. l Italian .........| 6 59 59 59 40 11,820 | M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 i57 i"2 i59.7 41 2,091 || F. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 k57 k72 k:59.5 42 3,039 || M. Korean......... 6 157 l?2 l69, 7 43 44 | F. Korean......... 6 59 60 59.4 44 | 1 || M. | Polish .......... 6 60 60 60 45 1,005 || M. | Porto Rican ..., | 6 57 72 59.6 a Average. b1 employee works 7 days per week. o Hours reported for 1,211 employees only. dIncluding 7 boys, contract workers. elboys. f Including 9 boys. gSee notes to details. - h Including 19 boys. #Hours reported for 11,305 employees only. 3Including 10 boys and 27 contract workers. |REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONIER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 571 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free houserent and often freemedical attendance.] Classified wages per day. $2.00 $2.50 - * * * * * * * • * - e º sº gº ºn * * * * * * * * - - - is sº as as - * - - - - - - e. * * * * * * * * * * - - - - * * * * - - - - * * * * * * - * * * * * - - - - - - e º 'º - - - - - - - tº tº - - - - - - e. e. - - - - º 'º º ſº. as ºn ea - - - - - s & sº * * * * tº e º - - - - s e - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * - - a s º ºs º º - - - as tº e - - - - - - - e s = - - - - - - e sº * * * * * * * * * - - - -> * * * - - - - - - - - - * - e ºs s se e * * * * * * * * - - - - - * * * * - - - e = e = - - - - - - e. e. * - - - - - - * - - - - - - • * * * * * * * - - - - - e º & †- - - - - - - - - - - - - e º sº. * - - - - - sº se * * - - - - - s' - - - - - - * - - - - - - * * * - - - - - - - - - - sº as - * - - - - - - - - - - e º ºs - - - - - - - tº ºr * - - - - - - sº * - - - - - - e. * - - - - - - sº sº tº sº - - - - s sº e - - - - e ºn e º 'º e º sº. * * - - - - * - - - tº º ºs º - - - - tº e º ſº tº * - - - ºr e º ºs - - - - - - gº tº * - - - - - tº sº - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * j11,806 311 m 3,029 13 1 o 816 * - tº ſº gº sº º º * - e º ºs º gº tº º º e ºs e º sº as k Hours reported for 2,004 employees only. l Hours reported for 3,035 employees only. m Including 14 boys, 4 of whom are contract workers. m Boys, including 16 contract workers. o Including 56 boys. #. every(i.days worked in a week, and 42, a bag of flour, valued at $1.40, if 20 days or more are worked 8, IIMOUlúil, - 19 employees recei - - - - - - ſº º * * * * * * * * - - - e º is as sº * * * - tº e º ºs tº ºn e º º ºs e ºs tº º sº ºn tº e º e sº as e - ~ * * * • * * * * * * * - - - - - - - tº * - - - - - - tº º ºs º ºs º we AVer- - ...]: wº Ill IIIl- ay. ber. $3.29 1 1. 22 2 2.44 3 1.86% 4 6. 54; 5 7.67 6 3. 78 7 6.21; 8 5.12# 9 4. 79 10 5, 69; 11 3. 734 12 1.12% 13 1.15 14 3.83% 15 1.23 16 1.73% 17 4. Z9 18 2. 39 19 1.83% 20 1.54 21 1. 52; 22 1.40% 23 1. 53 24 5.75 25 1.53% 26 2.04 27 1.91% 28 .84% 29 .90; 30 .79% 31 ..94% 32 .87# 33 d. 65 34 g. 71% 35 g. 74 36 .46 37 .77 38 1.00 39 g. 65 40 .44% 41 g. 65 42 . 49 43 .84% 44 9.64 45 ve also bonus of $2 for every 26 days worked; 89, 50 cents 572 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. * TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Hours per week. #: º . . ... Days Ill IIIl- Occupation. . P.§ Sex. Nationality. wº, Low- || High- | Aver- ber. - . ~. "| eSt. eSt. age. 1 | Field hands (concluded)........... 97 | F. | Porto Rican .... 6 59 62 59.6 2 1,082 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 b 57 b 72 |b 59.6 3 || | 1 F. POrtuguese..... 6 || 57 62 59.4 4 Total ----------------- Gº tº gº tº e - - - 20,925 |-----|------------------ 6 h 57 h 72 h 59.7 5 | Firemen, locomotive ............... 2 | M. Chinese ........ 6 72 72 72 6 2 | M. German ........ 6 65 65 65 7 - 10 | M. Hawaiian ... - - - 6 60 72 70, 8 8 7 || M. Japanese ------. 6 65 72 70 9 19 || M. Portuguese..... 6 65 72 71.6 10 Total ---------- * - sº e º e s = e º e º e º º 40 | M. ------------------ 6 60 72 70. 8 11 | Firemen, mill -------------------- tº sº 42 M. Chinese ........ 6 69 72 71.9 12 223 || M. Japanese ....... 6 59 72 70.3 13 1 || M. | Porto Rican - - - - || 6 72 72 72 14 2 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 72 72 72 15 Total ------------------------- 268 M. I.----------------- 6 59 72 70. 6 16 | Firemen, pump -------------------- T M. American...... 6 || 69 || 69 || 69 17 32 || M. Chinese ........ l 6.1 | 60 84 69.8 18 3 || M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 72 72 72 19 100 || M. Japanese ------. l 6.3 |m 59.5 m 84 m, 73.9 20 1 || M. Portuguese - - - - - 7 84 84 84 21 1 || M. | Spanish ---...-- 7 84 84 84 22 Total........ & Cº - ſº tº e º º sº tº gº º ºs e º me • 188 M. I.----------------- l 6.3 || m 59.5 | n 84 || m 73 23 | Flume men.............. tº e º e º ſº gº tº a se - 30 | M. Chinese ........ 6 60 72 62. 3 24 16 || M. Hawaiian .... -- 6 72 72 72 25 209 || M. Japanese ... ---- 6 60 72 69. '7 26 14 || M. Porto Rican - - - - || 6 62 72 62. 7 27 10 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 62 72 71 28 Total -------------. tº e º ºs º 'º - e º 'º - 279 | M. I.------------------ 6 60 72 68.7 29 || Foreman, Carpenter............---- 1 | M. American ------ 6 59 59 59 80 | Foremen, ditch men...:........... 4 M. American ...--- 6 59 62 60. 3 31 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 59.5 || 59, 5 || 59.5 32 1 | M. German - - - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 33 3 || M. Japanese ....... 6 59.5 | 60 59.7 34 7 M. Portuguese..... 6 |q 59.5 | g 60 Q 59. 7 35 Total ...... * * * * * * * ~ * g e as e s = * * * * 16 M. I.------------------ 6 7' 59 r 62 r 59.8 36 Foremen, firemen, mill............. 2 | M. American .... -- 6 72 72 72 37 || Foremen, laborers, mill ............ 2 | M. American - - - - - - 6 72 72 72 38 Foremen, laborers, railroad ........ 1 | M. American ...... 6 59 59 59 39 - 3 | M. Chinese ........ 6 59 59 59 40 1 || M. | Part-Hawaiian ..] 6 59 59 59 41 12 || M. Japanese ....... 6 59 62 59.8 42 1 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 59 59 59 43 Total ------------------------. 18 M. I.------------------ 6 59 62 59.5 44 || Foremen, mill ...................... 2 | M. American ...... 6 72 72 | 72 45 || Foremen, stablemen............. . . . 8 || M. American ...... l 6, 5 || s 59 || 8 70 s 64.4 46 1 | M. Australian. ----. 7 70 70 70 M. German ........ l 6, 7 | t 60 t 70 t 65 47 - 3 a Including 2 girls and 8 contract workers. bHours reported for 1,055 employees only. • Boys, including 8 contract workers. dIncluding 196 boys, 27 of whom are contract workers. e See notes to details. j'Including 23 girls and 3 employees bagging cane at 1% cents per bag. g|Including 5 girls. ºrs reported for 20,285 employees only. . §: 3Including 1 boy, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 573 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905–Continued. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often freemedical attendance.] #%employees receive also $1 for each Sunday the boilers are cleaned. Verage. m Hours reported for 96 employees only. n Hours reported for 134 employees only. o Including 5 b pIncluding 4 boys. g Hours reported for 6 employees only. r Hours reported for 15 i. O 8 Hours reported for 7 emp y. oyees only. t Hours reported for 2 employees only. Oys. 5 employees receive also bonus of 50 cents for every 6 days worked. Classified wages per day. geS p y Aver- Mar- $0.50 $1.00 || $1,50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 || $400 || $450 spoo ºs |ginal |Under Or Or Or Or Or Or Or OT Or r W ; Ill IIIl- $0.50. under under under | under | under under | under under | under oºr er ber. $1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. .00. $3.50. .00. .50 .00. OV ay. a 83 14 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- a $0.43% 1 c 215 d827 40 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- e. 69; 2 j 111 958 -------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- e.45 3 e2,447 |e18420 58 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------------------------ e. 63 4 * * - - - - - 2 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- . 69 5 es e ºs - - - - *2 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.78 6 sº e - - - - - 5 5 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- .92% 7 * * - - - - - 4 3 |----------------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- . 87 8 & a º ºn tº º º j 3 16 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 7.97 9 as º as - - - - e 16 24 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.91% 10 * * * * - - - 34 8 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- .84 11 sº e º 'm - as - k: 208 15 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.79 12 s = - - - - - 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .84% 13 * * * - - - - 1. 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.04% 14 sº tº e - (- - - k 244 24 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|----------------| *.80 15 s s e - - - - - e s sº ºn as - - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.15 16 a gº e - - - - 12 20 --------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|---------------- .94% 17 tº e º sm - - - 1 2 --------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- .95 18 a º e º 'º - - 62 88 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- .95 19 s & © - w = - 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .90 20 e - - - - - - - -e ºs ºs º- - - - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- 1.00 21 * * - - - - - 76 62 --------|--------|----------------|--------|----------------|-------- .95 22 s º ºs e - - - 12 18 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| . .99. 23 tº se e s - - - j 15 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 3.81% 24 * * * - - - - 209 ---------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- .77% 25 & sº sº º - - - 914 ---------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 9.57% 26 s = * - - - - p 9 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| P.73% 27 s = * * - - - e 259 20 --------|--------|----------------|--------|------------------------| *.78 28 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * I w - º 'º e º ſº e I e - tº º ºs e º sº i º ºr - - - e g º e º 'º - as º sº e I e s - a - sº º ºs I sº e º 'º - º º ºs 1 6.13% 29 e º ºs º- - - - - e s is sº - - - - - - ºn s sº sº - I - - - - tº e s - I - - - - - - - - 1 -------- 2 --------|-------- 1 4. 55% 30 * * * - - - - º ºs º ºs = - - - - - as sº º ºs - 1 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.72% 31 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 --------|--------|-------- 3.83% 32 º e º - - - - - - e º º me - - - - - as e º ºs º- 3 --------|----------------|----------------|---------------- 1.78% 33 * * * - - - - - - s e s - - - - - - - ºg º ºs - 7 --------|--------|--------|----------------|---------------- 1.72% 34 * * * - - - - - as sº dº sº tº º - I - º is is gº ºs º- 11 -------- 1 -------- 8 |--------|-------- 1 2.57; 35 is e º e - - - - e. e. e. e º 'º - I e º e e s we e i º e s sº tº e º ºn 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.39% 36 s is e º ºs e - I e e s s m - - - - e. e s tº an as I - - - * * * * * 2 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.39%| 37 as º ºs º º º º I e g º mº m º º | * * * * * * * : * ~ * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2. 30 38 as sº e º 'º sº º as s e s tº * * 3 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- 1. 16# 39 s sº s e as e = i e s s as a • * : * * * * * * * I e m = n e s a • 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.49 40 as º 'º - - - - 2 8 * --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.14% 41 * e s ºr sº e º e s e s sº * * r * * * * * * * 1 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.91% 42 tº gº º se - - - 2 11 3 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.33 43 e is ºs e º - - , ºs e º 'º - º - 1. 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.6% 44 as º ºs e º 'º - || * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 2 3 1 1 1 --------|---------------- 2.57% 45 • * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.79%l 46 e e se e - e º ºs s. sº e e º as " - e s ºf s º ºs - e º ºs e ºs s º 1 2 ----------------------------------------' 2.57 ſ 574 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. * OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] TABLE I. Hours per week. i tº Eºn- e sº e Days Ill]IIl- Occupation. º: Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-High-Aver- ber. e "| est. est. age. 1 || Foremen, stablemen (concluded) ..... 2 || M. Hawaiian ... --. a 6.5 59 || 70 64. 5 2 I | M. | Part-Hawaiian - || 6 66 66 66 3 5 | M. Japanese ... ----. 7 70 84 74. 2 4 1 || M. | Norwegian - - - - - 7 84 84 84 5 12 || M. Portuguese - - - - - a 6.9 59 84 70.3 6 3 | M. Scotch.......... a 6.7 || 59.5 || 70 66.5 7 Total ---------------- & ſº wº e as sº sº e º sº e º e 36 | M. I.------------------ a 6.8 |b59 |b84 |bó8.9 8 || Foremen, teamsters and cultivators.... *7 | M. American - - - - - - a 6.1 c.59 |c'72 c62 9 1 | M. Canadian- - - - - - - 7 (d) (d) (d) 10 2 | M. German ........ 6 59 62 60.5 11 7 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 62.5 || 60.1 12 2 | M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 59 60 59.5 13 2 | M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 59.5 || 59.5 59.5 14 10 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - a 6.1 57 70 61 15 9 || M. Scotch...... -- - - 6 59 60 59.3 16 Total ----------------------------- 40 | M. ------------------ a 6.1 |eş9 |e'72 |e60.4 17 Foreman, wharf........................ 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 18 Foresters ------------------------------- - 1 | M. Japanese ....... 6 59 59 59 19 1 || M. | POrtuguese ..... 6 59 59 59 20 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. ------------------ 6 59 59 59 21 Freight handlers........ ------------... 11 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 22 - 21 || M. Japanese ....... 6 59 72 64. 5 23 Total ----------------------------- 32 M. ------------------ 6 59 72 62.6 24 Gardener------------------------------- 1 | M. French - - - - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 25 | Harness makers.----------------------- 1 | M. Guam Islander - || 6 (d) (d) (d) 26 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 27 9 M. Japanese ....... 6 |ffl|} |f62 |ffl|}. 9 28 1 | M. | Mexican - - - - - - - 6 (d) (d) (d) 29 2 | M. | Polish .......... 6 59 59.5 59.3 30 14 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 57 62.5 59.3 31 1 || M. Spanish......... 6 59 59 59 32 1 || M. Spanish-Ameri- || 6 (d) (d) (d) C8, Il. 33 Total ------------- tº tº ſº º tº gº tº e ºs e º te º se is s 80 l M. I.----------------- 6 g57 g62. 5 g59. 4 84 || Hospital Steward ....................... 1 | M. American ... -- . 7 84 84 84 85 | Interpreters.--------------------------- 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 60 60 60 36 9 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - a 6.1 || 59 70 60.6 37 5 | M. Korean......... a 6.2 || 59 70 61.5 38 Total ----------------------------- 15 M. I.------------------ a 6.1 || 59 70 60. 8 89 | Laborers, general ...................... 3 | M. American ...... 6 |hö0 h60 |h60 40 3 || M. Chinese - - - - - - - - 6 |j69 759 |J59 41 2 M. | Flji Islander ...| 6 60 60 60 42 1 | M. | Filipino ........ 6 60 60 60 43 37 || M. Hawaiian ...... 6 || 159 t&2.5 l61 44 1 | F. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 (d) (d) (d) 45 41 || M. Japanese ....... 6 69 60 59.9 a Average. b Hours reported for 34 employees only. o Hours reported for 6 employees only. d'Irregular. e Hours reported for 38 employees only. f Hours reported for 8 employees only. g Hours reported for 26 employees only. h Hours reported for 1 employee only. 3 Pensioners. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 575 S LGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHIMIENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often freemedical attendance.] NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. 4 Hours reported for 2 employees only. k Including 1 pensioner. 1 Hours reported for 36 employees only. m Boys. ºn Including 13 boys. oSee notes to details. pIncluding 2 pensioners. lassified wages per day. Class ges p y Ayer | Mar- $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $300 $3.50 || $400 || $450 | 85.00 wººs gºal Under Or OT Or Or Or Or Or OT OT or ; I, Ulrºl- $0.50. under|under under under under under under | under under OVer 8, ber 1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. .00 .50 .00. y. * = a s m ºn tº - e º e s sº * I il..….l…l.…..….l.…l................ slº 1 e = a as a e º - ºn e s sº as * : * * * * * * * I am e s - - - - * : * * * * * * * * 1 --------|----------------|--------|-------- 2.68% 2 s sº º ºs º- - - 3 2 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .99 3 a. * * * * * * : * * * *e as e - I - - - * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- 2. 30 4 * * * * - - - 3 7 2 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.21% 5 e * * * * * * | * * * * * * * || - - - - * * * e s = - - - - - 3 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.36; 6 as as a me • * * 6 10 5 8 5 1. 1 |--------|--------|--------| 1.82 7 * * * * * * * I - - - * * * * 1 1 1 2 2 |--------|----------------|-------- 2.38% 8 a s as * * * * | * * * * * * * 1 m - * * * * * i as as a e s - e s i s e s s - - - - 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.63 9 s = e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.58% 10 * = • * * * * | * * * * * * * 3 -------- 2 2 --------|----------------|--------|-------- 1.97% 11 as a m = * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 1 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 92 12 is a s = * * * | * * * * * * * 1 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------|--------|-------- 1.43% 13 as as s as s - tº . ~ * * * * * * 3 2 2 3 |--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.06; 14 * * * * - - - - - - * * * * *- : - - - - - - - - s = - - - - - - 1. 5 2 -------- 1 --------|-------- 2.96 15 & s sº as as ºn a - sº * * * * * 8 5 8 14 4 |-------- 1 |--------|--------| 2.31 16 a s sº sº e e - I - - - sº s = - 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.00 17 * * * * - - - 1 -------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .65% 18 * = * * - - - 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .88% 19 * = * * - - - 2 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .77 20 a s sº e = * * : * * * * s as * 10 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 09 21 as ºn s = - - - 18 3 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- . 78 22 * - sº - - - - 18 13 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .88% 23 * = = * * * * | * * * * * * * I • * * * * * * 1 s a s • * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2:30 24 * * * * * - - 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- . 69 25 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.00 26 as is sº ºn tº - - 4 2 8 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.04% 27 a s as º ºs e - I • * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.00 28 * * * * - - - 1 1 !--------|----------------|----------------|----------------|-------- 1.13% 29 * * * * * tº - 1 9 4 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.25% 30 s: s sº e º ºs ºw 1 -------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .96 31 m s as s sº º - || - tº º sº tº * * : * ~ * - tº e º s g º 'º - - - - - a tº is ºs = - - - ) tº º tº tº gº º ºs º - - - - e º º ºs 1 --------|--------|-------- 3. 50 82 e sº tº ºs º- - - 8 13 7 1 --------|------.. 1 ------------------------ 1.24% 33 s = e, sº e º a li e º e º e s = i - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * s = e = * * * 1 --------|----------------|--------|-------- 2.63 34 a s e s sº a • I e s tº sº e s = 1 - - - - - - - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--- ----|--------|-------- 1.91% 35 as ºs e º sº º - 2 2 3 1 -------- 1 |--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.65 36 ge º º sº tº a º ... 3 2 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.01% 37 sº e s - - - - 5 4 4 1 -------- 1 --------|--------|--------|-------- 1.46 38 as ºs ºs e º 'º - fl l------- *2 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.58% 39 * * * * * * - k; 2 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.79% 40 sº e º ºs º º º 2 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .77 41 as s = e e s - i s m es e e s sº 1 a s tº * * * * * 1 s = e = * * * * 1 s is a s as m ºr e i = a, e a a e e s i = < * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * I e = * * * * * * -------- 1.00 42 m 5 | n 30 1 *1 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- o. 66+ 43 tº e º 'º - - - *1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.07% 44 im. 6 | p 29 6 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------------- --|--------| 9.78% 45 576 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND sugAR PLANTATIONs (53 Establish MENTs)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Hours per week. #: $ Em- ty ays - Ill IIIl- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº. Low- || High- Aver- ber. e - "| est. est. age. Z. 1 || Laborers, general (concluded)...... 3 || M. | Norwegian ..... 6 a 60 a 60 a 60 2 . 4 M. | Polish .......... 6 59 72 62. 3 3 | 2 | M. | Porto Rican . . . . . 6 60 60 60 4 79 || M. | Portuguese . . . . . f6 58 70 59. 6 5 -- 2 || M. S. Sea Islander .. 6 59 59 59 6 2 || M. Spanish - - - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 7 1 || M. est. In dia, n | 6 60 60 60 negro. 8 Total -------------------------- 181 ----------------------- f 6 i 58 i 72 i 60 9| Laborers, mill...-------------------- | M. American...... 6 69 72 71 10 181 | M. Chinese ........ 6 59 72 71.4 11 1 | M. German - - - - - - - - || 6 59 59 59 12 19 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 72 71.2 13 1 | F. Hawaiian ...... 6 72 72 72 14 1 || M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 72 72 72 15 || 2,229 || M. Japanese ....... k 6 59 78 71.9 16 114 | F. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 66 72 71.8 17 19 || M. Korean ......... 6 72 71.7 18 64 || M. | Porto Rican - - - - || 6 59 72 71.5 19 3 | F. Porto Rican - - - - || 6 72 72 72 20 25 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 66 72 71.6 21 10 | F. Portuguese ..... 6 72 72 72 22 Total -------------------------- ºl.....l.................. k 6 || 59 78 || 71.8 23 Laborers, pump --------------------. 2 || M. | Chinese ... --... 6 59.5 || 59.5 || 59.5 24 22 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - S 6. 3 || 59.5 | 84 67. 9 25 1 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - 6 59.5 59.5 59.5 26 Total -------------------------- 25 | M. I.----------------- s 6.3 59.5 | 84 66.9 27 Laborers, railroad....... -----------. 4 || M. Hawaiian ...... 6 59 59 59 28 310 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 57 72 61 29 15 || M. | Porto Rican - - - - || 6 59 60 59.7 30 27 | M. Portuguese ..... 6 59 62 59.4 31 Total -------------------------- 356 | M. I.------------------ 6 57 72 (30.8 32 Laborers, road.----------............ 26 || M. Hawaiian ...... 6 62 62 62 33 || Laborers, Steam plow................ 1 | M. American ...... 6 59 59 59 34 5 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 59 59 59 35 69 || M. Japanese - - - - - -. 6 57 60 59.5 36 2 | M. Korean - - - - - - - - - 6 59.5 59.5 59.5 37 2 | M. Porto Rican - - - - || 6 59 59 59 . 38 15 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 59 60 59. 3 39 Total -------------------------- 94 | M. ------------------ 6 57 60 59, 4 40 | Land clearers......... ---------...... 12 | M. | French - ........ 6 (t) (t) (t) 41 54 || M. Japanese ....... 6 v 59, 5 v 59.5 v 59.5 42 15 M. Korean ...... • . .] 6 57 57 57 a Hours reported for 1 employee only. c Pensioners. . d See notes to details. e Including 1 boy. f 1 employee works 7 days per week. g Including 18 boys and 1 pensioner. h Including 2 boys and 4 old men. 4 Hours reported for 174 employees only. 3 Including 2 boys, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 577 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. SUGAR PLANTATIONs (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Classified wages per day. Aver- Mar- $0.50 || 3:00 $1,50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 || $400 || $450 | shoo *ś., |ginal . Under | Or OT Or Or Or Or Or Or OT & Wages | Hum. .50. under under | under | under | under under under | under | under Or 9 || ber. $1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50 .00. .50 00. over 8.y. b 1 ** -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- d $0.64 1 sº tº sº, º ºs º º * ---------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .86# 2 b 1 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- e. 55; 3 g 20 h 49 10 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------. d. 73 4 e- 4- tº º 'º -> * * !-------|------------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .69; 5 * * * * ~ *-* * * !-------------------------------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- .77 6 * - tº s - sº tº ! -------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .77 7 d 33 d 126 19 °3 |----------------|----------------|----------------|-------- d. 734 8 tº º º ºr e º 'º b 2 3 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 31.12% 9 * * * * * g & 160 20 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- . 81 10 * * * * * * ge. I e º is tº dº sº º 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- 1.00 11 * * * * * * * 18 1 --------|--------|----------------|----------------|--------|-------- . 79 12 * * * * * * * 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- . 50 13 * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , s = • * * * * - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - .84%| 14 b1 |12,081 108 7|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- m .783 15 67 | "41 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- o. 48#| 16 ge º º is e º sº. P19 |-------|--------|--------|------------------------|--------|--------|--------| P.78 17 * * : *-* - 4-, -º g 62 * --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------| 2.79 18 1 * -------|--------|--------|------------------------|----------------|-------- . 51#. 19 b 1 e 18 6 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------------------------ 3.84% 20 3 7 -------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|------------------------ .49% 21 j 73 d2,412 141 - 9 --------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- r. 774 22 is sº tº s º º ºs 2 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------------------------|-------- .96 23 gº º 'º - - - - 21 1-|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------| .91%l 24 tº & º sº º 'º & 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- . 96 25 tº º sº tº º sº º 24 1 --------|--------|----------------|--------|------------------------ . 92 26 tº sº sº * * * * 4 -------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|---------------- ... 79 27 tº sº e º sº sº, sº 267 42 1 --------|--------|--------|------------------------|-------- . 85 28 b 1 14 |---------------|-------- * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * s = e i s = * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * e.81% 29 * * - E ºn tº 4- 24 3 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- . 87 30 b 1 309 45 1 --------|----------------|----------------|---------------- e.85 31 tº e º ºs e º 'º 26 -----------------------|----------------|--------|------------------------ .84% 32 * * * * * * * *1 -------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- b. 75 33 tº º sº sº tº s tº 1. 4 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.01 34 as º ºs e º 'º º 55 14 ----------------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- , 83 35 gº º ºs sº tº gº & 2 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- . 69 36 tº ºs º ºs = º ºs 2 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .77 37 gº sº as s sº gº & 13 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .89% 38 & sº tº e º º sº e 74 20 --------|--------|------------------------|----------------|-------- e.84% 39 e = s. * * * * 1 s g º se s ∈ sº *12 |--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.00 40 tº º ºs º ºs º º 11 6 --------|--------|------------------------------------------------ *.85 41 * is tº º sº e ºs 15 * * * * = ** * * * * * * * * s = ' s m as sº s is a s sº as as e º is as * * * is sº s e s m sº e º º is g g is tº e º ſº tº e e g º g º ºr * tº gº tº e º 'º tº º , 73 42 l Including 48 contract workers. m Wages are reported for 2,197 employees only. See notes to details. n Including 4 contract workers. oWages reported for 108 employees only. See note n. p12 employees receive also salmon at midday g2 employees receive also bonus of 50 cents for each full week worked. r Wages reported for 2,635 employees only. See notes to details. s Average. t Irregular. tº Contract workers. v Hours reported for 17 employees only. w Wages reported for 17 employees Only. 578 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND sugAR PLANTATIONs (53 Establish MENTs)—continued. ..[Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] b Contract workers. o Hours reported for 149 em loyees only. dIncluding 15 contract workers. e Including 12 contract workers. J Wages reported for 176 employees only. See notes to details. g Hours reported for 100 employees only. h W. reported for 100 employees only, not including 25 who receive $35 per acre. 2 Average. 31 employee receives also board, valued at $24 per month. * 1, employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month, and 1 receives also board, valued at $24 per month. l 1 employee receives also board m See notes to details. , Valued at $20 per month. Hours per week. i te Em- s tº Days num- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº. Low- |High- Aver- ber. º º est. est. age. 1 || Land clearers (concluded)............. 15 || M. Porto Rican ....| 6 (a) (a) (a) 2 116 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 59 59 59 3 1 | M. | Spanish -....... 6 62.5 # 62.5 | 62.5 4 Total ..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = 213 | M. 1------------------ 6 cS7 có2.5 c58.9 5 Land preparers.----------.............. 125 || M. Japanese ....... 6 g59 g60 g59.6 6 lime burners--------------------------- 4 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 72 72 72 7 Machinists ----------------------------- 15 | M. American ... ---. i 6. 1 || 48 70 58.8 8 2 | M. English ........ i 6.5 | 60 70 65 9 1 | M. German ........ 6 60 60 60 10 2 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6. 48 59 53.5 11 2 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - || 6 59 62.5 | 60.8 12 1 | M. Japanese ....--- 6 59.5 59.5 59.5 13 1 | M. | Polish.......... 6 48 48 48 14 1 || M. Portuguese..... 6 59 59 59 15 1 | M. Scotch.......... 6 59.5 59.5 59.5 16 Total -------... -------------------| 26 | M. ------------------ t 6.1 || 48 70 58.7 17 | Machinists' helpers .................... 4 || M. American ...... 6 59 59.5 59.1 18 - 1 | M. l Canadian....... 6 59 59 59 19 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 60 60 60 20 1 | M. German ........ 6 59 59 59 21 4 || M. Hawaiian ...... 6 48 72 59.6 22 15 || M. Japanese ------- 6 48 72 58.9 23 1 || M. | Norwegian ..... 6 59 59 59 24 11 | M. Portuguese ..... 6 48 72 59.4 25 Total ....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 88 M. ------------------ 6 || 48 || 72 59.2 26 Masons-------------------------- • * e º sm m is 2 | M. American - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 27 4 || M. German ........ 6 59 59 59 28 1 || M. Japanese ------. 6 59 59 59 29 18 M. Portuguese ..... 6 |q58 |q62 |q59.3 30 Total * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 25 | M. l------------------ 6 rā8 |ré2 rā9.3 31 | Masons' helpers ........................ 1 | M. German ........ 6 59 59 59 32 16 || M. Japanese ....... 6 59 60 59.3 33 1 || M. | Norwegian..... 6 59 59 59 34 8 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 59 62 59.5 35 Total ----------------------------- 26 || M. ------------------ 6 59 62 59.3 36 Nurses, day nursery .................... 3 | F. Japanese ........ 6 59 59 59 37 || Nurses, hospital ........................ 4 F. American ...... 7 70 70 70 38 - 1 | F. German ........ 7 70 70 70 39 24 || M. Japanese .......| 7 |u'70 u84 |w'75 40 4 | F. Japanese ....... 7 70 84 80. 5 41 1 | F. Scotch..... ----. 7 70 70 70 42 Total ----------------------------. 34 -----|------------------ 7 |z70 a.84 |a'74.7 a Irregular. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 579 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free houserent and often free medical attendance.] $0.50 Or . . under $1.00. AWer- age Wages er 8.y. Mar- ginal Illulºl- ber. b 15 116 1 * * * * * * * * b$0.85 .62 ... 81 d 158 f. 70 * * * s sº se º ge e = * * * * tº ſº e = E = E tº * * * * * * * * * > dº e º 'º dº ſº tº gº tº º 'º - tº gº h.67% 1.23# tº e º ºs º gº º * * * * * * * * * * * = ± º gº º * * * * * * * * tº e º ºs º ºs º * * * = e º ſº ºn is e º ſº tº gº º gº * * = tº e º º ºs * * * * g º ºs e * * g º e º 'º 4s * - e º 'º e º 'º tº º tº gº º ºs e = as ºn e º ºs ºs º ºs & sº tº sº tº s sº º * * * g º e º sº. Classified wages per day. $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 || $3.50 Or Or Or Or Or Or under | under | under | under | under | under $1.50 2.00. 2.50. $3.00. .00. *18 l--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- :------ 2"|..I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I. * nº º ºs = º º 1 1 1 1 j 2 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * g º I tº ſº º ºs º gº tº gº i tº gº tº a tº gº tº dº 1 -------- * * * * * *s as I tº º ſº as e º ºs = 1 |--------|--------|-------- 1 1 --------|--------|--------|-------- * * * * * * * | * * * * * * g is 1 --------|-------- 1 tº s sº tº tº º & sº tº E tº sº e º is º ºs º gº º tº gº º gº tº gº tº e º sº sº tº tº ſº e º dº & º 1 * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|-------- s = * * * * * | * g g º ºs s ∈ sº 1 |----------------|-------- 1 3 4 1. 2 j4 *3 ----------------|----------------|-------- ‘’’ ‘‘i’ [...]........I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I. ------------ i I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I. 7 4 |--------|--------|--------|-------- sº º ºs º & º º 1 |----------------|--------|-------- 2 4 |--------|--------|--------|-------- m 14 10 --------|--------|---------------- :----- i"........[...] ‘’’ ‘’ iſ..… 2 ‘e is º se ºn as ºn l is º a º ºs at as is 1 --------|--------|-------- 7 5 1 3 2 -------- 7 6 2 3 3 2 ----------- i"|II.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I. ----------- 3"|...I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I. 4 4 |--------|--------|--------|-------- e e º gº sº º sº & sº e º º ſº º ºs 2 ------------------------ is º ºs e º 'º sº 1 |--------|--------|--------|-------- * 6 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- º, º e s tº i’[...]........]........]........I........ w 7 1 || 2 --------|--------|-------- n Including 1 boy. o Boys. p Including 2 boys. . g Hours reported for 16 employees only. 2* flººrs reported for 23 employees only, 8 Gilrl. ... t Including 1 girl. u Hours reported for 20 employees only. É. valued at $10 per month. v2 employees receive also w1 employee receives also board, valued at $10 per month. a Hours reported for 30 employees only. 580 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND sugAR PLANTATIONs (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] gº Hours per week. #. - sº Em- tº ºf ºf Days Tallm Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-High-|Aver- ber. :- est. est. age. 1 || Office boy ....... ----------------------- 1 || M. Japanese ....... 6 60 60 60 2 | Oilers, car ...--------------------------- 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 59 || 59 || 59 3 . 1 | M. l German - - - - - - - - 6 65 65 65 4 5 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 72 64.4 5 7 || M. Japanese ... ---- 6 59 72 61.1 6 5 || M. Portuguese ... -- 6 59 65 60.5 7 Total ---------------- tº º ºs e º 'º tº ſº a g º ºs s 19| M. I.------------------ 6 59 72 61.9 8 Oilers, mill ----------------------------- 6 | M. Chinese ........ 6 69 72 71.5 9 -- 1 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 72 72 72 10 73 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 58 72 || 70.2 II 2 | M. | Porto Rican - - - - || 6 72 72 72 12 6 || M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 62.5 | 72 70. 1 13 Total ----------------------------- 88 M. I.------------------ 6 58 72 70.4 14 | Oilers, pump............. tº gº tº º ºs º º ºs º is sº ºn e º ºs 17 | M. Chinese ........ 6 60 72 64. 9 15 1 | M. German ........ 6 72 72 72 16 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 69 69 69 17 1 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - || 7 84 84 84 18 52 || M. Japanese ....... b 6.5 c60 |c84 |c'76. 1 19 4 || M. | Portuguese..... b 6.3 || 72 84 75 20 Total ........ tº e º sº nº e º 'º º & E tº $ tº º sº sº us sº º ºs 76 | M. I.------------------ b 6.4 |e60 |e&4 |e'73.4 21 | Overseers.....................----------| 76 | M. American ------ 6 57 62.5 59.5 22 2 | M. Australian. ----. 6 59 59 59 23 3 || M. Austrian..... ---| 6 59 60 59.3 24 3 | M. Canadian.... --- 6 59, 5 || 59, 5 || 59.5 25 11 | M. | Chinese ........ 6 59 62.5 59.7 26 4 | M. l I)anish ......... 6 59 60 59.4 27 11 || M. English......... 6 59 60 59.6 28 2 | M. | French ......... 6 59 60 59.5 29 46 || M. German ........ 6 59 71 61.2 30 2 | M. Greek - - - - - - - - - - 6 59 59 , ; 59 31 1 M. Guam Islander - || 6 59 59 59 32 76 M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 57 72 59.8 33 12 || M. | Part-Hawaiian -| 6 59 62.5 | 60.8 34 1 | M. l Irish...... ------ 6 59 59 59 35 1 | M. l Italian-...------- 6 62. 5 || 62.5 || 62.5 36 64 || M. Japanese ------. 6 57 72 59.7 37 2 | M. Korean ......... 6 59 60 59.5 38 14 || M. Norwegian - - - -. 6 59 62 59.5 39 3 || M. Polish - - - - - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 40 6 || M. | Porto Rican .... 6 59 60 59.2 41 197 M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 54 72 59.4 42 3 || M. Russian......... 6 59 59 59 43 38 || M. Scotch - - - - - - - - - - 6 58 60 59.2 44 4 M. Swedish ........ 6 59, 5 || 60 59.9 45 1 | M. Swiss ----------- 6 59 59 59 46 Total sº e º gº tº º ſº tº º ſº tº º ºs e e º ºs e º 'º º tº e º ºs e e as we 583 M. sº tº º tº dº e º e º 'º º ſº tº º e º sº tº 6 54 72 59.6 - 47 | Overseers, assistant.... . . . . . . . . . ... ----- 7 | M. American ...... 6 60 60 60 48 . 9 || M. | Chinese ........ 6 59 60 59.7 49 12 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 50 34 || M. Japanese -...--. 6 59 72 60. 1 51 2 | M. Korean......... 6 59 59 59 52 1 | M. | Porto Rican - - - -] 6 60 60 60 63 46 M. | Portuguese ..... 6 59 60 59.8 54 Total ---------- -------------------| 111 | M. I.------------------ 6 59 || 72 59.9 55 | Overseers, head ------------------------ 20 | M. American ------ 6 59 62.5 59.8 3 || M. l Canadian....... 6 57 59.5 58.5 57 3 || M. English.--------- 6 59 62.5 60.2 58 2 | M. | French......... 6 59 59 59 59 10 | M. German ....... . 6 59 71 63.4 a Boy. b Average. o Hours reported for 50 employees only, cluding 1 boy. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 581 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. [Employeeson sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Classified wages per day. $2.00 Or under $2.50 $2.50 Or under $3.00 Or under $3.50 Aver- age wages er 8.y. Mar- ginal Illll-ſl- ber. º gº e º 'º - - - - - - - - - • * * * *- - - - - - - - - - - * > - - - - - - - * * * * - - - - - - - - º ºs as a - - - - - e. * * * - - - - - s sº as an º' - - - • * * * * * - - * * * * * * * * $0.69 .77 * - - - - - - - & e = * * - - * * * * * * * * - * * * * * - - - - * * * - - - * = * * * * * - s = * - - - - - is ºs e - - - - - • * * * * - - - - - * * * * - - - - - º gº º as - i * * * * * - - • * * * * * * * - - - - - - * * * * * * * - - - * * * * * * * * * * * *s - - - - - - - - * * * a. * * * * * * * e - - - - - - tº - * * * * * - - * = e º sº e º - * * * * * - - * * * * - - - * - - - - - - - * = a- - - - - - ‘e tº e - - - - - - * * * * - - - - * * * * * * - - - - e º sº us - - * * * * * * - - - - - tº º ºs = - - - - - - º ºs - - - - - - - sº - - - - - - tº ºs * * - - - - - - * * *- - - - - - * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - * * * - - - - - e e s is as e - e. * * * * * * * - * e e º ºs º as e * * * ºr e º - - & º º sº tº dº º - * * * * - - - * * * * - - - * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * - * - sº º ºs º ºr - - - - - * * * * - - - - - - sº º - - - - - - tº º * - - - - - - - s º - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - tº ºr º- - - - - - s sº * * * * * * • * tº e º - - - • e s a s e - e. s • * * * * * * $0.50 || $1.00 OT Or under under $1.00. $1.50 1 |------- 1 |------- - - - - dº º º I 3 2 7 1----- - - 4 1. 15 4 5 1. 1 ------- 66 7 1 1 4 2 77 11 7 9 - - - - tº gº º 1. 1 ------- *1 |------- 38 14 a 1 3 f 48 27 - - - - sº º ºs 2 :----- 1 - - - - - i’’ ‘’’ ‘ā’ :---- 2 - - - - e. e. e. 2 :-- 35 - * * * * * * 3 - * * * * 3 || 43 1 I * - º ºs º º ºs 2 - - - - - - - 3 - - - m is s - 3 2 74 - * * * * * * 2 12 181 - - - at e º sº I • * * * * * * 7 - - - ºr sº º º 7 5 28 - - - sº dº sº º 2 ::::::::::: 28 5 73 e e e - - - - - º ºg º ºs º- - - - tº º $ tº e º º - - - e º sº ºs e º ºs - e. e Hours reported for 74 employees only. J See notes to details. g1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month. h2 employees receive also board, valued at $20 per month. tº gº e º 'ºw º º º * * * * * * * * tº ºs º º 'º - - - * 582 BULLETIN of THE BUREAU of LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHIMIENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Hours per week. #. g - Em- tº º º Days Ill] [Il- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. wº Low-|High-|Aver- ber º "| est. est. age. 1 | Overseers, head (concluded)........... 1 || M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 62 62 62 2 1 | M. l Italian. --------- 6 60 60 60 3 3 || M. | Norwegian ..... 6 59 59 59 4 1 | M. Russian......... 6 60 60 60 5 16 || M. Scotch.......... 6 58 60 59.3 6 Total ----------------------------- 60 | M. I.------------------ 6 57 || 71 | 60.2 7 Overseer, ranch -----------------------. T M. American ...... 6 59 59 59 8 || Overseers, Steam plow............. ----- 1 | M. Danish ......... 6 62 62 62 9 1 | M. German - - - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 10 1 || M. Japanese ....... 6 60 60 60 11 Total ..... tº º E tº dº ſº tº gº & e s （→ * * * * - - - - es e º se 8 || M. 1------------------ 6 59 62 60. 3 12 Overseer, tunnel ---------------------.. T M. American ...... 6 60 60 60 13 | Painters...................------------- 1 | M. German ........ 6 62.5 | 62.5 | 62.5 14 12 || M. Hawaiian: - - - - - - 6 59 62. 5 || 60.5 15 8 || M. Japanese ....... 6 59 60 59.5 16 13 || M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 60 62 61.8 17 Total ----------------------------. 84 | M. I.------------------ 6 59 62.5 | 60.8 18 Parasite tender. -----...---------------. 1 || M. Japanese ----... 6 59.5 59.5 59.5 19 | Pipe fitters ----------------------------- I German ........ 6 72 72 72 20 2 Japanese ....... 6 60 72 66 21 Total ----------------------------- 3 || M. I.------------------ 6 60 72 68 22 || Pipe fitter and plumber................ 1 | M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 23 || Pipe fitters' helper --------------------- • 1 || M. Japanese ....... 6 72 72 72 24 | Policemen............ ------------------ 3 || M. American - - - - - - 7 70 84 79.3 25 3 || M. German ..... ...] b 6.3 60 84 71.7 26 6 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - b 6.8 c18 84 c68. 3 27 | 1 || M. Japanese ------- 7 84 84 84 28 1 | M. | Norwegian ..... 7 (e) (e) (e) 29 1 || M. | POrtuguese ..... 7 84 84 84 30 Total ... . . . . . . . . * s e = - tº * * - - - - - - e. e s e 15 M. as s us tº e s e e s e e s as - - - - - b 6.8 f18 f84 f73 6 81 | Pump men ----------------------------. 4 || M. J 8 panese ....... 7 84 84 84 82 | Ranchmen ----------------------------- 18 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 70 70 70 83 | Repair men, pump ---...--------------. 2 || M. Japanese ....... 6 72 72 72 84 | Reservoir men ------------------------- 1 | M. American - - - - - - 7 | 84 | 84 | 84 35 3 || M. Chinese ........ b 6. 3 || 57 70 62.2 36 * 1 | M. German ........ 7 (e) (e) (e) 37 I | M. Hawaiian ...... 7 70 7 70 38 32 M. Japanese ....... b 6.3 || 59 72 62.5 39 4 || M. Portuguese..... 7 70 70 70 40 Total ----------------------------- 42 | M. I.----------------- b 6, 4 i57 || i84 ió3.9 41 iggers.----. - * º º tº º ºs º ºs e e º sº a sº º a tº as º ºs e º ºs e s tº 2 || M. Japanese ....... 6 59 59 || 59 . 42 School-teachers -----------------------. 2 | M. Japanese ....... 5 (j) (j) (j) 48 | Shaft diggers------------------...-------. 45 || M. Japanese ....... k 7 k 84 |k 84 |k84 44 3 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 60 60 60 45 Total ----------------------------- 48 M. I.---------------- ..]n 6.8 |o 60 |o 84 oz.9, 5 a 1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month. b Average. c1 employee works only 3 hours per day, 6 days per week. d1 employee receives also additional salary from the government. e Irregular. f Hours reported for 14 employees only. g Also board, valued at $6 per month. h1 employee receives also bonus of $2 per month. * Hours reported for 41 employees only. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAwAII. 583 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. sugart PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Classified Wages per day. k Days and hours reported for 13 employees only. ! Contract WOrkers. m Wages reported for 13 employees only. See note *. n Average for 16 employees only. o Hours reported for 16 employees only. p Including 13 contract workers. Q Wages reported for 16 employees only. See note t. AYeſ | Mar- $0.50 || $100 || $1.50 $2.00 || $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 || $400 || $450 | shoo wº ginal Under | Or Or OT Or Or Or Or OT Or º . IłUIIIl- $0.50. under under under under under | under under under under Or J. ber $1.00. $1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50. $4.00. $4.50. $5.00, 97° y. e s ºs º ºs e º º ºs s as º ºs º ºr e º ºs as s = | s as a º ºs º a sº º ºs e º 'º & º & tº sº º º ºs º ºs º | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 |........] $4.79 1 es e º ºs e s = | s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g g s I 5. 75 2 * g g tº e as a & e ºs º ºs e º | as as as as a se is e º sº sº tº e º sº | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | *s as tº dº e º gº º tº º º gº tº º & as º ºs tº e º sº sº e 3 6.00% 3 * = a a º e - e i e s ºr e = * * : = e = as a s = ... ºn as as as as sº me as º ºs s tº an e º e i º ºs e s tº e s = | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 s as * s = e º ºs 1 5. 75 4 e e º sº e s as s as s sº sº as ºs e º sº sº º is sº | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 *2 |-------- 1 12 a 6.18 5 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * s sº s º s = s. sº sº º e = | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 5 d 6 -------- 6 43 | a 6.01 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 9.58% 7 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * = | tº gº ºs º ºs º ºs e ºf s m sº sº is tº º tº gº sº gº tº e º ºs m tº º sº tº sº a tº e º 'º is sº e s ∈ V º ºs e º º ºs e ºs 1 !... . . . . . . 4.79 8 sº e º ºs ºs ºs ºs I e º e º sº sº s : º ºs e º ºs º is sº sº º ºs º gº ºs º º ºr sº e º e º sº sº º º sº e º gº & tº s tº * * * * * | * * * * * *s, * is 1 --------|-------- 4.41 9 gº tº gº º E tº sº tº sº º & tº as sº º º ºs e º is sº 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- 1. 75 10 * * * * * * * I sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|---------------- 1. 1 -------- 3.65 11 e = e º sº ºs ºs I e º tº s ºs º ºs I sº tº º is sº gº tº 1 --------|--------------------------------|--------|-------- 1.72% 12 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.25 13 sº º ºs e º Gº º 3 5 1. 1 -------- 2 --------|--------|--------|-------- 1.51 14 tº s º sº; sº º ºs 4 4 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .92% 15 & vº sº tºº & º gº 10 2 --------|-------- 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 02 16 sº º is sº e º sº. 17 12 l I 1 2 --------|--------|--------|-------- 1.18 17 tº ſº tº ºs º- - - 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- . 70 18 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.53% 19 tº sº º ºs º gº tº tº tº º º ſº tº º 1. 1 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.42% 20 tº as as tº sº gº sº H & e º ºs = º & 1. . 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.46 21 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * g º s 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.87; 22 * * * * * * * 1 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 77 || 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 -------- 1 |--------|--------|-------- 3.18 24 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 1 -------- 1 -------- 1 --------|--------|--------|-------- 2. 13% 25 * * * * * * * *2 |-------|-------- 3 1 --------|----------------|--------|--------| 41.83 26 tº º ſº tº ſº º & 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- .98% 27 * * * * * g º ºs º gº tº ſº e º sº tº º ºs º º e * * * = & & ſº tº º º sº e º gº º tº 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.68% 28 & º is tº º º sº. 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .98% 29 sº tº e º º tº º d 4 1 |-------- 4 4 l 1 |--------|--------|--------| 32.10% 30 * - tº dº - tº tº º 4 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .98% 31 * & gº º ºs º ºs g 17 91 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 9.68 32 gº tº gº º ſº º tº ſº º tº º ºs ºº & 1. 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.25 33 e º ºs º ºs e º I tº e º 'º e s tº I s tº sº ºn e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.96. 34 * * * * * g º gº tº tº º ºs º º 3 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 00 35 tº es e º 'º sº me º te tº sº tº sº º 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.15 36 gº º e º º ºs º e º dº sº * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.15 37 gº tº sº gº & º º h 19 13 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| ".86% 38 tº gº º º ºs º gº l 2 |--------|-------- 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.52 39 £º sº e º 'º - e. h 20 20 !--------|-------- 2 ----------------|--------|----------------| "1.00 40 ſº e º gº tº gº tº º ºs tº º º ºs tº- 2 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1:17; 41 & E = E = tº tº 1 ------- 1 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.24% 42 tº tº tº gº tº gº tº *13 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.75 43 * * * * * * * 1 2 l--------|--------|----------------|----------------|--------|-------- .97% 44 gº tº º sº tº gº tº p14 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.79 45 3 Not reported. 584 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. . TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND sugar PlaNTATIons (58 Estahlishments)—continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free houserent and often free medical attendance.] Hours per week. i *- a s Em- * * * Days . Ill] DOl- Occupation. º Sex. Nationality. W. Low- || High- | Aver- ber, g "| eSt. est. age. 1 Sheep herders.-----------------..... 6 || M. Japanese ....... a 6.7 | 60 84 69 2 | Stablemen...... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 | M. American ... --- 7 70 70 70 3 1 || M. American negro 7 70 70 70 4 5 | M. Chinese ........ 7 70 70 70 5 14 || M. Hawaiian ... --- a 6.7 | 62 77 70. 4 6 176 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - a 6.8 | f 59 | f 84 | f 69.5 7 3 M. Korean......... 7 65 65 65 8 2 || M. | Porto Rican .... 7 70 70 70 9 20 | M. Portuguese..... a 6. 7 | g 59 g 72 g 67.3 10 Total -------------------------- 222 | M. I.------------------ a 6.8 || 4 59 i 84 i 69.3 11 | Steerers, steam plow ................ 1 | M. American ... --. 6 59 59 59 12 1 | M. German - - - - - - - - 6 59 59 59 13 5 M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 62 59.6 14 40 || M. Japanese ....... 6 57 66 59.9 15 4 || M. | Porto Rican .... 6 60 62 61.5 16 10 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 59 60 59.4 17 Total -...-. tº e º as tº ſº tº ſº tº a ºn tº e s as a e s tº sº 61 | M. ------------------ 6 59 66 59.9 18 || Stenographers----------------------- 1 | M. American . ----. 6 59.5 || 59.5 59.5 19 2 | F. American ... --. 6 59 60 59.5 20 Total -------------------------- 3 |-----|------------------ 6 59 60 59.5 21 | Stock herders ................------. 1 || M. American negro || 7 70 70 70 22 1 | F. American negro. 7 70 70 70 23 1 | M. German ........ 7 70 70 70 24 23 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 k 70 Ic 84 k 73.9 25 11 || M. Japanese ... ---. 7 l 70 l 84 l 72.8 26 1 F. Japanese - - - - - - - || 7 70 70 70 27 * 1 || M. Porto Rican - - - - || 7 77 77 77 28 9 M. Portuguese ..... 7 |m 70 m 70 m 70 29 1 | M. Welsh .......... 6 59 59 59 30 Total -------------------------- 49 -----|------------------ n 7 || O 59 o 84 O 72.5 31 | Stockmen ......... e º ºs º ºs º ºs e º sº e s m = • * * * TT. M. American...... 7 || 70 70 | 70 32 1 | M. German ........ 7 70 70 70 33 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 7 70 70 70 34 Total -------------------------- 3 | M. I.----------------- 7 70 70 70 35 | Storekeepers ............ tº º º ºs - e. e. g. e. e º e 18 || M. American ... --- 6 59 72 69. 1 36 2 | M. Australian ..... 6 72 72 72 37 4 || M. Canadian....... 6 72 72 72 38 3 M. English......... 6 59 72 67.7 39 1 | M. German - - - - - - - - 6 , | 72 72 72 40 1 | M. Part-HaWaiian - || 6 60 60 60 41 1 | M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 42 1 M. Norwegian - - - - - 6 54 54 54 43 - 3 || M. | SCOtch..... ----. 6 72 72 72 44 Total ------------ --------------| 84 M. ------------------ 6 54 72 68. 8 45 || Storekeepers, assistant .............. 2 M. Scotch.......... 6 72 | 72 | 72 46 | Sugar boilers............. ...........] 17 | M. American -----. 6 62 72 71.4 47 1 || M. Austrian ------- 6 72 72 | 72 48 1 M, Canadian..... ...] § 72 72 72 a Average. Boys. c Including 1 boy. d 1 employee receives also board, valued at $18 per month. e See notes to details. - f Hours reported for 159 employees only. g Hours reported for 18 employees only. h Including 6 boys. - * Hours reported for 203 employees only. 3Including 3 employees who receive also bonus of 50 cents for each full week worked. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 585 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. sugAE PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. . [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Classified wages per day. $2.00 $2.50 Or under $3.00 $3.00 OI’ under $3.50. $3.50 Or Aver- age wages J. y. Mar- ginal Ill IIIl- ber. - - - * * * * * * * * * - - - e sº - - - - - - * * * sº e s tº * * - - - - - - - * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - $0.78 * * * - - - - - - - - - sº is as sº * * * * * * * - - - - º - - - - - - - - sº º ºs * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - * - - - - - - - • * * * * s as - - - - * * * * - - - - - - - - * - - - - - - - s tº e º ºs e - - * * * * > * * * e e s as ºn tº * * - - - ºg ºs º gº ºn a tº gº is dº º gº • * * * * * * - - - sº sº º º - - * * * * * * - - - - - sº is * - - - - - ºr & * * * - - - - - - - - - - - -e ºr * * * ~ * * * * - - - - - * * * e ‘º e º 'º -> * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * tº dº - - - - - tº º sº - - - - - * * * * * * - - * - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * - - - * * * * * * * * - - - * * * * - - - * * * * * * * - * * * * * * - - - - - - ºr - - - - - - - - * - - - - - tº º - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - s • * * * * * * * - • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - * * * * * * • * * * * * * s e º se - - - - - e = * * * * * * - * g e º 'º - - * * * * * * - - * * * * * * - - * * * * sº e < * * = tº e º sº. - - e is se tº e º e - • • - - - - - - * * * * * * * * - - - - - - e ºs - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - * * * * * * - - - - tº 4- ºr * * * * * * * * s s - - - - - - * * * * * * * * k Hours reported for 20 employees only. 1 Hours reported for 5 employees only. za Hours reported for 4 employees only. m 1 employee works 6 days per week. o Hours reported for 35 employees only. P Including 2 boys. - - q1 employee receives also share of net profits. * Also share of net profits, 25—No. 66–06—15 586 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU of LABOR. º TABLE I.-OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND , sugart PLANTATIONs (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] *-*. *. Hours per week. i e Em- * * * Days Ill IIIl- Occupation, P. Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-High-|Aver- ber. €68. est. est. age. 1 | Sugar boilers (concluded).-----........ 4 || M. Chinese ........| 6 || 72 | 72 | 72 2 2 | M. Danish ......... 6 71 72 71.5 3 \ 3 || M. English -------- 6 69 72 71 4 1 | M. | French......... 6 72 72 72 5 10 || M. German ........ 6 71 72 71.9 6 4 || M. Part-Hawaiian.| 6 72 72 72 7 3 | M. l Irish.----------. 6 72 72 72 8 1 | M. Japanese ....... 6 60 60 60 9 2 || M. POrtuguese ..... 6 72 72 72 10 1 || M. Scotch.......... 6 72 72 72 11 1 | M. Welsh ..........| 6 72 72 72 12 Total tº e s wº º ºs & e e º C C C C & © tº Gº Gº tº G tº C º º ſº tº º m 51 M. * = & e º is ſº tº e º tº gº ºs e g º ºs 6 60 72 71 5 13 | Sugar boilers, assistant----------------- 4 | M. American ...... 6 || 72 | 72 | 72 14 - 13 || M. Chinese ........ 6 72 72 72 15 1 | M. German ........ 6 72 72 72 16 1 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 72 72 72 17 2 || M. | Part-Hawaiian - || 6 72 72 72 18 26 | M. Japanese ....... 6 72 72 72 19 1 | M. l Polish .......... 6 72 72 72 20 5 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 72 72 72 21 -- Total tº E tº tº gº tº ſº tº º º ſº tº ſº tº E tº ſº tº ſº tº º ºs º º 'º e e 53 M we e we tº ºr tº e s tº sº e = e º sº e º ºs 6 72 72 72 22 Surveyors ------------------------------ 9 || M. American ...... 6 59 62 || 60. 1 23 1 | M. Danish ......... 6 59 59 59 24 1 | M. German -....... 6 60 60 60 25 1 || M. Hawaiian ... --. 6 60 60 60 26 1 || M. Japanese ....... 6 59.5 59.5 || 59.5 27 1 || M. POrtuguese ..... 6 59, 5 || 59.5 59.5 28 Total ----------------------------- 14 | M. I.------------------ 6 59 62 59.9 29 | Surveyor, assistant -----------------.... 1 || M. J 8.pa DeSe - - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 30 | Surveyors' helpers ................... -- 13 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 60 60 60 31 6 || M. Part-Hawaiian - || 6 59 62 61.5 32 13 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 59 60 59.5 33 6 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 59.5 | 60 59.9 34 Total ----------------------------. 88 || M. I.------------------ 6 59 62 60 35 | SWampers.-----------------------------. 4 || M. Japanese - - - - - - - 6 || 59 || 59 || 59 36 | Teachers, kindergarten................ 2 | F. American - - - - - - 5 30 30 30 37 Teamsters and cultivators ............. 14 || M. | Chinese ........ 6 59 60 59.6 38 378 || M. Hawaiian ...... 6 57 66 60.1 39 M. l Irish.-----------. 6 59.5 59, 5 || 59.5 40 1,014 || M. Japanese ....... 6 58 66 59.4 41 8 || M. l Korean......... 6 59 59 59 42 15 M. 1 Polish -----...-. 6 59 60 59, 7 43 47 | M. | Porto Rican ....| 6 58, 5 || 62 59.5 44 537 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 57 62.5 59.6 45 4 || M. S. Sea Islander... 6 60 60 60 46 Total ----------------------------- 2,018 M. ------------------ 6 57 66 59.6 47 | Teamsters' and cultivators' helpers.... 10 || M. Hawaiian ... --- 6 59 59 59 48 42 | M. | Portuguese..... 6 59 59.5 || 59.3 49 Total ----------------------------- 52 | M. I.------------------ 6 59 59.5 || 59.3 50 | Timekeepers --------------------------. 16 || M. American ...... 6 58.5 | 72 61.4 51 1 | M. Austrian ....... 6 60 60 60 52 3 || M. English ...... ... 6 60 60 60 53 4 M. German ........ 6 59 60 59.4 a1 employee receives also share of net profits. bIncluding 1 employee who receives also board, valued at $20 per month. o Boys. dIncluding 8 boys. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 587 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905.—Continued. sugart PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMIENTs)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Classified wages per day. $2.00 Or Aver- age Wages er ay. Mar- ginal Illinºl- ber. tº e º 'º - - - tº e º 'º - ºn tº * - - - - - - s tº e - - - - * * * * - - - * * * * *- - - ge sº sº sº me tº ºn as s = * * * * s & tº tº - - - a s e s - - - - * * * *- - - * * * * * * *- - * * * * * * • - - - e s tº as * - - - - - - - e = * * * * * * as as sº sº º ºs e e * - - - - - a s * * * * * - - - - - tº sº ºr ºt as e º 'º - * * * • * * * * * * * s e º 'º - - - * * * * * - - - - - - tº sº ºn e - - - - - - - e. ºn tº º - - - - ºr * * * - - - - - tº e = - - - - - = s is tº - - - - tº gº tº +- - - - - s sº º tº º - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - ºr tº sº º • * * * * * * * - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - - ºn tº E tº * * * * s' e º - - - - - a tº ſº ºn tº a tº ºn * - tº * - - - * e sº º sº º - - - se as e º 'º - - tº dº º ºs - as as ºs as a tº º - - - as e e º Gº & © & ºr * * e º ºr e º ºs * > * * * - - - - - * * * - - * * * * * * * tº e º 'º º ºs º º $2.50 $3.00 Or Or under | under $3.00. $3.50. 1 |-------- 1 1 ------i-...: ::::::::------ i` - - - - - - * * 1 1 2 ------i-...: 1 -------- 2 -------- …+...: 4 6 1 -------- & º - º & eº tº º 1 2 l-------- e See notes to details. f Including 2 boys. $3.50 Or under .00. - - - - - - 3 1. 5 1 1 1. 1 2 s tº º ºs - sº 2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g1 employee receives also bonus of $2 for every 26 days worked. hIncluding 26 boys. ; 588 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] * Hours per week. à * Em- * * * * Days IlúIn- OCCupation. P. Sex. Nationality. wº. Low-High-Aver- ber. & est. est. age. 1 || Timekeepers (concluded)......-------- 3 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 59 59 59 2 1 || M. Part-Hawaiian .. 6 60 60 60 8 1 || M. | Norwegian ..... 6 54 54 54 4 - 1 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 60 60 60 5 8 || M. Scotch.......... 6 59 60 59. 1 6 Total -------. gº tº E tº ſº tº ºn tº gº tº º ſº tº º ºs º ºs s = ** as 88 || M. I.------------------ 6 54 72 60.1 ! . 7 | Trash balers.--------------------------- 30 || M. Japanese ------- 6 59 59 59 8 Warehousemen............. • * * * * * * * * * * * 1 M. American ...... 6 59.5 59.5 || 59.5 9 1 || M. English--------- 6 59 9 59 10 1 | M. German ........ 6 59 59 59 11 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 59. 59 59 I2 22 || M. Japanese ------- 6 59 60 59.2 13 1 || M. | Porto Rican ....| 6 60 60 60 14 4 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - 6 59 72 65.6 15 1 | M. Scotch....... --- 6 59 59 59 16 Total ----------------------------- 32 | M. I.------------------ 6 59 72 60 17 | Watchmen . . . . . . . . . .------------------- 2 | M. American ...... 7 84 || 84 | 84 18 1 | M. Chinese ........ 7 84 84 84 19 2 | M. English - - - - - - - - 7 84 84 20 5 | M. German ........ 7 84 84 21 8 || M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 7 84 84 84 22 24 || M. Japanese ------- c 7 |d84 d84 d84 23 2 || M. Norwegian - - - - - 7 84 84 84 24 1 || M. | Porto Rican - - - -] 7 84 84 84 25 20 | M. Portuguese ... -- 7 84 84 84 26 Total ---------------------- -------| 65| M. ------------------ c 7 |e34 |e34 e34 27 | Water tenders, mill .................... 4 || M. Chinese......... 6 71 72 71. 8 1 | M. | Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 72 72 72 29 42 || M. Japanese ...----- 6 69 72 71.8 30 3 || M. Portuguese - - - - - 6 72 72 72 31 Total ----------------------------- 50 | M. I.------------------ 6 69 72 71.8 32 || Water tenders, pump................... | 4 || M. Japanese ------- 7 84 84 84 33 Water tenders, steam plow............. 4 M. Hawaiian ... --. 6 59 60 59.5 34 - 15 || M. Japanese ------- 6 59 66 60. 2 35 9 || M. | Portuguese - - - - - 6 57 62. 5 || 60.2 36 Total ----------------------------- 28 M. I.------------------ 6 57 66 60.1 87 | Well borers.---------------------------. 1 | M. American ...... 6 60 60 60 38 4 || M. Japanese ------- 6 59 59 59 39 1 | M. | Norwegian - - - - - 6 59 59 59 40 4 || M. | Portuguese ..... 6 60 60 60 41 Total ----------------------------- 10 | M. ------------------ 6 59 60 59.5 42 | Wharf hands --------------------------- 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 60 60 60 43 50 | M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 ft 0 |f60 |ffio. 6 44 107 || M. Japanese ....... 6 g59 |g60 g59.4 45 4 || M. | Porto Rican .... 6 59 59 59 46 18 || M. POrtuguese ..... 6 hô9 |hô0 h59.3 47 Total ----------------------------. 180 l M. I.----------------- 6 i59 360 i59.4 48 | Wharfingers.-----------------------.... 1 | M. American ... --. 6 59 59 59 49 1 | M. Canadian- - - - - - - 6 59 59 || 59 50 2 | M. English.--------- 6 59 60 59.5 51 4 || M. German ... - - - - - 6 ſh;59 |hó2. 5 h60.2 52 2 M. Hawaiian - - - - - - 6 59 72 65, 5 a 1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month. b Contract workers. o 1 employee works Sundays only. d Hours reported for 23 employees only. e Hours reported for 64 employees only. J Hours reported for 27 employees only. `-- ~. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 589 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Continued. sugAR PLANTATIONs (53 EstablishMENTs)—continued. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often freemedical attendance.] Classified wages per day. - Ayer | Mar- $0.50 || $100 || $150 $2.00 $2.50 || 3:00 || $3.50 || $400 || $450 sºon ..., |ginal Under or Or OT Or Or Or Or Or Or :00 Wages ºur. $0.50. under under under | under under under | under under under OT er ber. $1. 1.50. $2.00. $2.50. $3.00. $3.50 .00 .50. $5.00. Over. day. * * * * * * s , s = e = e º 'º a tº º ºs º º º a 2 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|a $1.85% 1 e sº gº ºs º ºs ºs I e g º e º gº tº sº e º is is ſº tº tº º ºs º ºs º sº * e º sº us as as sº as as ºs e º s ∈ E & 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------! 3.06% 2 * * * * . . is sº I as s gº ºs º is s : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.49 3 * * * * * * * r * * * * * s e i º e º 'º º me • * * * * * * * = * m = * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.87% 4 as as s º ºs e e º e º s ºr ºs tº s \ is º ºr * * * * : * * * * * * * * 2 2 1 3 --------|--------|--------| 3.15% 5 is * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a 2 5 10 9 ‘7 3 2 -------- a 3.21 6 * * * * * * * : * g g º e s is 1 s º ºs e º sº * °30 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| b1.50 7 a se e s sº e s \ is a “ sº s º ºs e \ is tº dº sº dº º is I s tº # => * * * * I sº e º s sº e º ºs & sº e º sº * * * | * * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------| 3.83% 8 a º ºs et s s as e º ºs e º tº gº º ºs e ºs º º sº I me tº gº s º ºs s = 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2. 30 9 * e º ºs e s º º e s s sº dº º I dº º ºs º ºsº | * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------, 1.53%l 10 sº as tº s = º 'º tº º ºs º ºs º gº 1 --------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.00 11 * & e º ºs º gº 20 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .86% 12 as sº e s as º ºs I gº tº tº º tº sº º 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.00 13 & º ºs º ºs º ºs 1. 1 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.44 14 * * * * * s sº I sº sº tº s tº s tº i tº º º ºs º º sº I º e º is tº sº º ºs e º s m = m sº ſº I s as sº e s sº sº & J s sº sº e º ſº e ºs 1 l--------|--------|--------| 3.88% 15 as sº * * * * * 21 5 3 1 --------|-------- 2 --------|--------|-------- 1. 20 16 * = * * * * * | * * * * * * * 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.24 17 s = * * * * ge 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- .77 18 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 1 ----------------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- 1. 48 19 tº tº e º 'º -º º 2 a 2. 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.25 20 * * * * * * * 4 4 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- . 93 21 º º º ſº tº º ºs 15 9|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .91 22 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 1 l--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1. 40. 23 tº gº is ºn tº º sº 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- . 82 24 * * - - º º ſº. 6 14 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .99% 25 sº º sº sº * * * 29 a 33 8 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *1.00% 26 * ºn tº º sº º sº 2 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- .95% 27 * * * * * * * 1 -------|----------------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- .88% 28 sº º e s sº sº, sº 28 14 ----------------|--------|------------------------|--------|-------- .93% 29 tº gº tº s = º ºs 1 1 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.28 30 tº º ſº º º º º 32 17 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .95% 31 * is º º sº ſº e 2 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.01% 32 *- tº º gº º tº º 1 3 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- .99% 33 tº gº ºn is ºs is sº 11 4 --------|--------|--------|----------------|----------------|-------- .92; 34 * * * * * * * 6 8|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|-------- .96# 35 se s tº * * * * 18 10 --------|--------|------------------------|--------|--------|-------- . 95 36 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * g º & tº a s = e º as s sº we 1 --------|--------|--------| 3.50 37 s sº ºn as a s tº s m sº s sº s º 4 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.08% 38 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.50 39 sº tº e s sº tº tº 2 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- .88% 40 sº sº º sº sº º sº 2 6 --------|-------- 1 -------- 1 --------|--------|--------| 1.89 41 & e s m º gº º as g º º is tº tº 1 ----------------|----------------|------------------------|-------- 1:00 42 - - - - - - - 14 86 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- .99; 43 & sº e º e º ge 96 10 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .84 44 sº tº tº sº tº sº tº 4 -------|----------------|----------------|----------------|--------|-------- .86% 45 * - & E * * * 17 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .89% 46 is º gº º sº º sº 131 48 1 --------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- . 89 47 tº e s is º e = | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * tº gº tº tº ſº tº as ºs 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2.68% 48 * * * * * * * : * * * * * is tº as s as sº tº s a º º gº s is a • * --------|------------------------|--------|--------| 2.80 49 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *1 --------|--------|-------- 1 --------|--------|--------| *2.87% 50 & sº º sº tº gº tº tº º º ºs e º sº I º 'º e º sº tº ſº 2 1 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2.25% 51 a sº sº ºn e º 'º - tº tº is tº º ºs º 1. tº tº tº gº tº sº tº ºp s is se e º e º sº º is sº sº e s is tº * * * * * * * * g º ºs e º º ºs e tº sº º tº e º ºs e º ºs º ºs º ºs º º &1.32% 52 g Hours reported for 106 employees only. h Hours reported for 3 emplo ; Hºrs reported for 141 §: Oy. *Including 1 boy, ees only. only, 590 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE I.—OCCUPATIONS, WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND sugan plantations (53 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. [Employeeson sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Hours per week. . Em- e Days ;UlDIl- Occupation. ploy-|Sex. Nationality. }. Low-|High-Aver- ber. €6S. Week|est. Test. age, | 1 | Wharfingers (concluded) .............. 1 || M. Japanese ....... 6 || 60 || 60 60 2 1 | M. | Portuguese..... 6 59 59 59 3 3 | M. Scotch....:...--. 6 59 60 59.3 4 Total ----------------------------- 15 M. ------------------ 6 aff3 |a'72 a50. 4 5 Wipers and oilers, locomotive.......... 2 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 |60 || 51 6 18 M. Japanese....... 6 59.5 | 72 61.9 7 1 | M. Porto Rican ....| 6 59 59 59 8 1 || M. | Portuguese..... 6 60 60 60 9 1 || M. Spanish ........ 6 60 60 60 10 Total ----------------------------- 23 M. I.------------------ 6 42 72 60. 7 11 || Wood choppers---...------------------- 8| M. Chinese......... 6 {} {} {} 12 15 || M. Japanese ....... 6 62 62 62 13 - 3 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 60 60 60 14 Total.---------------------------- 26 M. I.------------------ 6 i60 i60 l ió0 15 Yard boys..... ------------------------- 1 || M. American negro 7 84 84 84 16 7 | M. Chinese ........ k; 6.9 59 70 68, 4 17 1 | M. Hawaiian ...... 6 59 59 59 18 66 || M. Japanese ....... k: 6.9 || 157 |l34 |ló8.9 19 1 | M. | Norwegian ..... 7 70 70 70 20 6 || M. | Portuguese ..... k 6.2 58 70 60. 7 21 Total ----------------------------- 82 | M. I.------------------ k; 6.8 |m37 |m34 |né8. 3 TANNERY (1 ESTABLISHMENT). 22 | Beamsters ------------------------------ 2 Chinese ........ 6 53 53 53 23 | 2 | M. Japanese ....... 6 || 53 53 || 53 24 Total ----------------------------- | 4 || M. ............. … 6 || 53 || 53 53 25 | Carpenter ------------------------------ 1| M. American...... 6 || 53 53 || 53 26 Engineer------------------------------- 1 | M. Chinese......... 6 53 53 53 27 | Foreman ------------------------------- 1 | M. | Swedish ........ 6 53 53 53 28 Laborers.------------------------------- 3 | M. Chinese......... 6 53 53 53 29 2 | M. Japanese ....... 6 53 53 53 30 1 || M. Portuguese ..... 6 53 53 53 31 Total ----------------------------- 6| M. I.----------------- 6 53 53 53 32 Machine Operator ---------------------. 1 | M. German ........ 6 53 53 53 33 | Shayer --------------------------------- 1 | M. | Chinese ........ 6 53 53 53 34 || Splitter--------------------------------- 1 | M. Chinese ........ 6 53 53 53 35 | Tablemen ------------------------------ 1 | M. German ........ 6 53 53 53 36 - 1 || M. HaWaiian ...... 6 53 53 53 37 Total ----------------------------- 2 | M. I.------------------ 6 53 53 53 º reported for 14 employees only. Oy. c 1 employee receives also board, Valued at $20 per month. dSee notes to details. e Irregular. f Contract workers, a Not reported. PEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 591 NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1905—Concluded. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. [Employees on sugar plantations generally receive free house rent and often free medical attendance.] Classified wages per day. - Aver- Mar- $0.50 || $1.00 || $1.50 || $2.00 || $2.50 || $3.00 || $3.50 || $400 || $450 sºoo |w.s |ginal Under | Or Or Or Or Of Or OI’ Or Or or #: Ill IIIl- $0. under | under under | under | under under | under | under | under OVer 8. ber. $1.00. $1.50 .00. $2.50 .50. $4.00 .50 .00. y. * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * = | * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| $2.30 * * * * * * * 1 s is sº a sm - * : * * * * * * * 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------, 1.54 • * * * * * * : * e º ºs ºn sº ºn I • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1. 2 --------|--------|-------- 3. 58 - - - - - - - b1 |------- c 5 3 2 1 3 1.-------|--------|-------- d.2.46% * - - - - - - 2 l-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .96 * - - - - - - 11 7 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- . 89 - - - - - - - I s tº e - - - - 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.00 - - - - - - - 1 |-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- .92% * - - - - - - 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|-------- .92% * - - - - - - 15 8 |--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- .90% 10 - - - - - - - H = * > * - - - J 8 ||--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| f 1.00 11 (9) (9) (9) (g) (9) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (9) 12 • * * * * * * : * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i e ºs e º e s - s i s sº s = m is a e i s m e s as s s tº i º e º ºn e º ºs s i e s m e º sº e º i º e s se e s = ºr m e º us as a s sº h .77 13 * - - - - - - 2 f 8 |--------4--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 7.86% 14 - - - - - - - 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .84% 15 - - - - - - - 7 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- .74% 16 * - - - - - - 1 ---------------|--------------------------------|--------|--------|-------- . 50 17 * * - - - - - 7m 65 1 ----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| *.71 18 * * * * * * * 1 -------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- .98% 19 • - - - - - - 3 3 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------------- .93}| 20 * - - - - - - m, 78 4|--------|--------|------------------------|--------|----------------| ".78 21 TANNERY (1 ESTABLISHMENT). * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 ----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- $1.20; 22 * * - - - - - , sº sº º º 'º - - 2 --------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------|--------| 1.12% 23 * - - - - - - - ºr s is ºr ºr - - 4 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|-------- 1. 16# 24 * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * I ºn tº e º 'º e º us i e s e e º a m = I e s is a s a m = | * * * * * * * s 1 |--------|--------|--------| 8.50 25 • * * * * * * | * e s tº º º 'º - - - * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.66% 26 - - - - - - - || - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - 1 5.75 27 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 8 |--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------|--------| 1.11 28 • * - - - - e i = e º us tº - ºr 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.04% 29 * - - - - - - - e º ºs º º ſº - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.08% 30 e - - - - - - - a tº e º 'º - - 6 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 1.08% 31 * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * > * : * - - - - - - - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 2:00 32 * * * - - - - I s sº tº ºn tº - - 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.88%l 88 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.83% 34 a. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 1 ................l...........'...l........l.…...….] it" | * e w - - - - e i s e º e m * * : - - - as as s tº 1 --------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------| 1.50 36 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 2 --------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------i 1.50 37 h Wages reported for 2 employees onl 4 Hours reported for 3 employees on 3 Wages reported for 1 k Average. 1 Hours reported for 60 employees only. S • m Including 2 employees who receive also board, valued at $7 per month. ºn Hours reported for 76 employees only, ly. - 0 employees §. See notes to details. y, not including 1 who receives 75 cents per cord. 592 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Table II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH INDUSTRY, 1900–1901, 1902, AND 1905. [For explanation and discussion of this table see pages 513 and 514.] BAKERY, CONFECTIONERY, AND RESTAURANT (2 ESTABLISHMENTS). [Data for 1902 are for 1 establishment.] 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- Aver- OCCupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age | Em- age age Em- age age ploy-| hours|wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy-H hours|wages ees. I per er ees. per er ees. per per Week. day. week. day. week. day. Bakers: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 56 ał1.07 Japanese---------------------. M. -------------|------- 1 54 (b:1.72% 1 || 56 a 1.43 Total.----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- I 54 b 1.72% 2 || 56 a 1.25 Bakers' helpers: hinese----------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------------- 1 : 56 a .50 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 3 54 b 1.00 1 || 56 a . 57 Total.------------------------ M. -------------|------- 3 54 |b 1.00 2 || 56 a .53% Confectioners: - Japanese---------------------- M. I.------------|------- b.86% 2 || 57 1.25 Cooks: Chinese----------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 3 (c) b. 76# 2 : 56 a .85% Drivers: Chinese----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 57 1.00 Italian ------------------------ M. I.-------------|------- 1 54 lb 2.30 ------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|--- ----|------- 1 || 70 a .85% Portuguese ------------------- M. -------------------- 2 54 |*1.15 |------|-------|---...--- Total.------------------------ M. l------|-------------- 3 54 b 1. 53% 2 || 63.5 d. 92% House boys: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 54 || ". 51#|------|-------|------- Launderer: Chinese----------------------- M. l------|-------------- 1 54 | *.76#|------|-------|------- Manager: - American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 56 e 1.97% Packer: - Japanese---------------------- M. I.-----|--------------|-------------------- 1 57 1, 50 Salesmen: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 54 91.34%l------|-------|------- Saleswomen: - HaWaiian.--------------------. * !------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 2 | 67 J’.95% Stenographer: American--------------------- F. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 57 1.00 Waiters: * Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 54 b. 86; 2 || 70 a .92% BREWERY (1 ESTABLISHMENT). Bottlers: * American--------------------- M. -------------|-------|-------------|------- 5 53 $1.30 American negro ........ -----. M. I.------|--------------|-------------------- 1 53 1. 50 Chinese----------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 54 $1.16%l------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------. M. -------------|------- 13 54 1. 16# 6 || 53 1.21 Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 53 1. 25 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 11 || 54 1.66:#| g 3 || 53 g.88% Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 25 54 1. 38;| g 16 || 53 |g 1.19% Brewers, assistant: American ---------. • * * * * * - - - - - M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 || 54 3.83% 2 || 53 3.54; Brewer, head: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 || 54 8.62; 1 || 53 9.58% a Also board, Valued at $3 per week. b Also board and lodging and washing. cIrregular. d1 employee receives also board, valued at $3 per week. e Also board, Valued at $5 per week. fl employee receives also board, valued at $5 per week. 9Including 2 boys, - REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 593 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. BREwerty (1 ESTABLISHMIENT)—concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age | Em- age age Em- age age ploy- hours Wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy-|hours wages ees. per er ees. per er | ees. per per week 8.y. Week 8.y. week. day. Brewers' helpers: * American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 53 $2.00 German,----------------------- M. I.------|--------------|-------------|------- 1 || 53 2. 00 Norwegian.-------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 53 2.58% Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------|--------------------|------- 3 || 53 2.19% Clerk: . American --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 53 2.87% Collector: . American --------------------- M. ------|--------------|-------------|------- 1 || 53 4. 79 Engineer: -American.--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 . 63 $4.93 1 | 84 4.93 Engineer, assistant: American. -------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 63 3.29 1 | 84 3.29 Firemen: . Norwegian-------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 63 2.50 -2 | 84 2. 50 Foremen, bottlers: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 54 3.88%l------|-------|------- German ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 53 4. 79 Ice pullers: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- a 1 || 54 *1.50 ------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|------- * = E & º sº gº 1 54 1.76 ------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------------- 1 | 84 1. 75 South Sea Islander-----...---- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 54 1.75 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------… M. I.-------------|------- b3 || 54 b1.66:#| 1 | 84 | 1.75 Laborers: . German ----------------------- M. I.-------------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 53 1.50 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 53 1.00 Part-Hawaiian - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. ------|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 || 53 1. 50 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|--------------------|-------|------- 1 53 1. 50 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 53 1. 75 Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 5 53 | 1.45 Oiler: - American--------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 53 2. 00 Operatives: Amerigan --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 54 3.00 l------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 8 54 1.81}!------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- | M. I.------|-------|------- 3 || 54 1.50 ------|-------|------- Norwegian.------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 || 54 2.50 ------|-------|------- Portuguese ------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 || 54 1.75 -------------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 17 54 1.97 I------|-------|------- Stableman: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 53 2.18% Teamsters: .* American --------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 53 2. 59 Part-Hawaiian. ... -------...-- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 53 2. 07 Norwegian-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 53 2.874 M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 3 53 2.51 bIncluding 1 boy. 594 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. BUILDING (15 ESTABLISHMIENTS). [Data for 1900–1901 are for 8 establishments, for 1902 are for 9 establishments.] 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. AVer- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- || age age ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours Wages ees. per er ees. per er €eS per er week. day. week. day. Week. day. Blacksmiths: g American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 53 $3.50 Bookkeepers: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 47 $1.91% 1 60 3.33% German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 47 8.83%l------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 2 47 2.87% 1 || 60 3.33% Bricklayers: American ------. ------------- M. 5 || 48 $5.50 ------|-------|------- 5 47 6. 00 English ----------------------- M. 2 || 48 6.00 l------|-------------- 1 || 47 6, 00 Irish -------------------------- M. 2 48 6.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 47 5.00 Scotch ------------------------ M. 2 || 48 6.00 ------|-------|------- 1-| 48 6.00 Total.------------------------ M. 11 || 48 5.77%------|-------|------- 8 47.1 5.87% Bricklayers' helpers: Hawaiian.--------------------- M. 4 || 48 2.50 ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian. --------------- M. 5 || 48 2.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese ------------------- M. 14 || 48 2.14%|------|-------|------- 12 || 47 1. 50 Total.-- --------------------- M. 23 || 48 2.28%|------|-------|------- 12 || 47 1.50 Carpenters: American..... ---------------- M. 30 || 48 3.98%. 33 47.9 4.18 26 || 48 3.59% Danish------------------------ M. ------|-------|------- 1 47 4.00 ------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. 1 || 48 4.00 1 || 48 4.50 2 47.5 3.00 German ----------------------- M. 9 || 48 3. 72 1 47 4.00 7 || 48 3.14% Hawaiian--------------------- M. 8 || 48 3.00 10 || 48 2.95 22 || 48 2.61% Part-Hawaiian.... . . . . . . . . . . . . M. 6 || 48 2.87%l------|-------|------- 15 || 48 2.83} Irish -------------------------- M. 4 || 48 4.00 ------|-------|------- 2 48 4.00 Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 47 1. 50 47 a 49.5 b1.54% Norwegian------------------. . M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 3 || 48 3.66% Portuguese. ------------------ M. 9 || 48 2.97 8 || 47.5 2.87#| 18 47.9 2.98% Samoan ----------------------- M. ------|-------|--------------------|------- 1 || 48 3. 50 Scotch ------------------------ M. ------------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 48 4.00 SWedish ---------------------- M. --------------------------|-------|------- 2 || 48 3.00 Total.------------------------ M. 67 || 48 3.59; 55 47.8 3.72 147 | c. 48.3 | dº. 824 Carpenters' helpers: Filipino----------------------- M. ------|--------------------|-------|------ 1 || 47 2.50 Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.-------------|--------------------|------- 2 || 48 1, 50 Part-Hawaiian... ---...------- M. ------|--------------|------|-------------- 1 || 48 2. 50 Portuguese ------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 6 || 48 1. 50 4 || 48 2.25 Total.----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 6 || 48 1. 50 8 47.9 2. 12; Carvers, stone: English ----------------------- M. 1 || 48 7.00 ------|--------------|------|--- ---|------- Italian ------------------------ M. 1 || 48 6.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 2 || 48 6.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Clerks: Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.--------------------|------|-------|------- 1 || 54 1.00 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|--------------------|-------|------- 1 || 48 1.25 Total.----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 2 51 1.12% COncrete finisher: English ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 || 48 6.00 Concrete workers: American--------------------. M. ------|-------|------- 2 || 48 5.00 1 || 48 3.06% Portuguese-------------------. M. I.------------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 48 5, 00 Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------------- 2 || 48 5.00 2 || 48 4.03% a Hours reported for 23 employees only. b Wages reported for 23 employees only. c Hours reported for 123 employees only. d Wages reported for 123 employees only. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 595 TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. BUILDING (15 ESTABLISHIMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. e sº s Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- || age age ploy-|hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy. hours wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per €r week. day. week ay. week. day. Concrete workers’ helpers: Polish------------------------- M. --------------------|------|-------|------- 2 || 48 $2.00 Cornice maker: €TIn 8 D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 47 $4.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Drillers and blasters: Japanese---------------------- M. 5 || 48 1.50 ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Driver: Part-Hawaiian. --------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 48 $1.50 ------|-------|------- Engineers: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 4 || 53 a 4.72 Hawaiian --------------------- M. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 53 3. 50 Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 9 58.8 |b 1.66% Total.------------------------ M. ------|--------------------|-------|------- 14 56.8 c 2.67 Engineers, pile driver: American--------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 4.00 Part-Hawaiian....., tº e º º sº e º gº tº º M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 4.00 Total.----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 48 4.00 Excavators: Japanese---------------------- M. 27 || 48 1.10 ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Foremen, bricklayers: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 48 8. 00 1 || 47 7. 50 English ----------------------. M. 1 48 7.00 ------|--------------------|-------|------- Foremen, carpenters: American--------------------. M. 8 || 48 5.31% 3 || 48 6, 50 2 || 47.5 5.75 English ----------------------. M. 1 || 48 700 ------|-------|------- 1 || 47 6. 00 Japanese---------------------. M. I.------|--------------|------|-------|------- 4 || 49.5 2.43% Scotch ------------------------ M. ------|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 5. 00 Total.------------------------ M. 9 || 48 5. 50 3 || 48 6. 50 8 48.5 || 4.03 Foreman, Concrete workers: American --------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 5. 00 FOremen, excavators: Part-Hawaiian-...- . . . . . . . . . . . M. 1 || 48 2.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese--------------- - - - - M. 1 || 48 2.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 2 || 48 2.50 ------|-------|-------|-----, -------|------- Foremen, laborers, road: Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|--------------------|-------|------- 5 || 54 1. 50 Foremen, painters: Amerigºn --------------------- M. 2 47.5 4.00 |------|-------|------- 1 || 48 4.00 Australian -------------------. M. 1 47 5.00 l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 || 48 4.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese ---------------------- M. I.-----|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 || 49, 5 || 2.50 Total.------------------------ M. 4 || 47.5 4.25 ||------|-------|- - - - - - - 2 || 48.8 || 3.25 Foreman, pavers: American --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 5, 00 Foreman, pile drivers: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 4, 50 Foreman, plasterers: English ----------------------- M. 1 || 48 6.00 l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Foremen, plumbers: American--------------------- M. 2 47 6.00 1 || 47 7. 50 1 || 48 6.00 English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1. 47 6.90 ------|-------|------- Total.-----------------------. M. 2 || 47 6. 00 2 || 47 7.20 1 || 48 6, 00 a 1 employee receives also board and lodging, b1 employee furnished also with house, o See notes to details, 596 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. BUILDING (15 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age | Em- age age Em- age age ploy- hours | Wages|ploy-|hours wages|ploy-|hours Wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er Week 8.y. Week. ay. week. day. Foreman, stablemen: American--------------------. M. ------|---------------------------------- 1 || 70 $3.00 Foremen, stone masons: American--------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 48 $7.00 ------|-------|------- Portuguese --------------..... M. 1 || 48 .00 l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Scotch .....------------------- M. 1 48 7.00 -------------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 2 : 48 6.00 1 || 48 7.00 ------|-------|------- Foreman, teamsters: merican--------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|-------------|------- 1 || 48 3.00 Foreman, tinsmiths: Bulgarian--------------------- M. 1 || 47 4.00 -------------|-------|------|-------------- Ironworkers: American--------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 2 || 48 5.50 ------|-------|------- Laborers: American--------------------- M. 7 || 48.7 | 1.89%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Chinese----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 3 || 48 1.33% Euglish ----------------------- M. 3 || 48 2.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 7 || 51.6 | 1.36 |------|-------|------- 12 47.9 | 1.58% Irish -------------------------- M. 6 || 48 2.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 24 || 49.3 | 1.00 23 52.2 | 1.37 24 || 48.2 .98#. Porto Rican. -----....... . . . . . . M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 48 1.50 Portuguese. ------------------. M. a 34 || 49.3 a 1.37; 6 || 47.8 | 1.50 45 47.9 | 1.73 Total------------------------ M. a 81 || 49.3 a 1.37%| 29 || 51.3 | 1.39%| 85 || 48 1. 48 Laborers, road: Hawaiian --------------------- M. -------------|-------|-------------------- 89 52.4 | 1.11% Porto Rican. ------------. -----| M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 13 || 54 1.12% Portuguese. ------------------. M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 21 || 48.9 | 1. 26 Total.------------------------ M. ------|--------------------------|------- 123 52 1. 14 Laborers, rock crushers: Portuguese----- -------------- M. l------|---------------------------|------- 5 || 48 2. 00 Manager, plumber's establish- Iment: American --------------------- M. -------------------- 1 || 47 6.75 ------|-------|------- Masons: American --------------------- M. 15 48 4.93%l-------------|-------|-------------|------- German----------------------- M. 2 || 48 4.25 --------------------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 16 || 48 2.43%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese. ......... ---------- M. 20 || 48 3.00 2 || 48 4.50 4 || 51 3.12# Total.------------------------ M. 53 || 48 3.42% 2 || 48 4.50 4 || 51 3.12% Masons' helpers: Japanese---------------------- M. 30 || 48 1.25 ------|------------- - º * * * - - - - - - e º 'º as I as a - - - - - Portuguese. ------------------- M. 15 || 48 2.00 ------|-------------- 4 || 48 1.50 Total.------------------------ M. 45 || 48 1.50 -------------|------- 4 || 48 1. 50 Mortar mixers: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|--------------------------- 2 || 47 3.00 Painters: American --------------------- M. 6 || 47.5 3.33}| 12 47.9 3. 50 2 || 48 3.25 American negro .............. M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 47 2.50 -------------------- Belgian ----------------------- M. 1 || 47 3.00 l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. -------------|-------|-------------------- 1 || 48 3. 50 German---------------------- M. 1 || 47 3.00 --------------------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. 20 47.3 2.57#| 19 47.7 2.56; 23 || 48 2, 63 Part-Hawaiian................ M. 20 ! 47.2 2.62%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------. M. ------|--------------------|-------------- 8 || 49.5 | 1.50 Norwegian.................... M. 1 || 47 3.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese.................... M. 9 47 2. 72 3 || 48 2.75 7 || 48 2.78% Total..... ----------. . . . . . . . . M. 58 47.2 2.72}} 35 | 47.8 2.90 41 || 48.3 | 2.49 o a Including 1 boy, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 597 TABLE IM.–OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. BUILDING (15 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. º e Aver- | Aver- AVer- AVer- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er week. day. Week. day. week. day. Painters' helpers: Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 2 || 48 $1.50 Part-Hawaiian --------------- *| M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 1. 50 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 48 $1.66% 1 || 48 1. 50 Total.----------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 || 48 1.66% 4 || 48 1. 50 Paper hangers: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 || 48 3. 50 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 4 || 48 3. 12# Part-HaWaiian - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. ---------------------------------|------- 1 || 48 3. 50 Total.------------------------ M. ------|--------------------|-------------- 6 || 48 3.25 Payers: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|----- tº 9 || 48 2. Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|------------|-------|------- 4 || 48 2. 00 Part-Hawaiian ---------------- M. |------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 4 || 48 2.00 Irish -------------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 2.00 Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|--------------|------|-------|------- 18 || 48 Pile drivers: American--------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------------- 3 48 2.33% Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 3.00 Portuguese-------------------- M. ------|--------------|------|-------------- 2 || 48 3.00 Russian ----------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 2. 50 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|--------------|------|-------------- 7 || 48 2.64; PlastererS: American--------------------- M. 2 || 48 $5.50 2 || 48 6.00 ------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. 2 || 48 5.00 |------|-------|------- 2 || 48 6.00 Hawaiian--------------------- M. 1 || 48 6.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Irish -------------------------- M. 4 || 48 5.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 || 48 6.00 ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- Total.----------------------- M 10 || 48 5.30 2 || 48 6.00 2 || 48 6. 00 Plasterers' helpers: Portuguese-------------------- M. 5 || 48 2.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Plumbers: American--------------------- M. 13 || 47 5.00 5 47 5. 50 3 || 47.7 || 4.83% Irish -------------------------- M. 3 || 47 5.00 ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Portuguese - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 47 5. 50 Total.------------------------ M 16 || 47 5.00 5 47 5. 50 4 || 47. 5 || 5.00 Plumbers' apprentice: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------------- a 1 || 47 a .66% 1 47 .57% Plumbers' helpers: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- b 3 || 47 b.94% 1 || 48 1. 50 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 5 47 1. 20 2 || 47 2. 50 3 || 47.7 | 1.83% Part-Hawaiian---------------- M. 1 || 47 1.00 -------------|------- 1 || 47 2.50 Portuguese - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|------- 3 || 47 2.00 1 || 48 | 1.25 Total.------------------------ M 6 || 47 1.16#| b8 47 b 1.73 6 || 47.7 1.79 Sheet-metal workers: † OTUugllêSé - - - - - - - - - - - - - - :----| M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------ tº 3 || 48 3.16# Sheet-metal workers' apprentices: Portuguese. ------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 48 1. 50 shop boys: tº º art-HaWaiian.---------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 48 . 50 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1. 1.50 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 48 1.00 Teamsters: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------ tº ſº tº gº tº ſº & gº tº º tº ſº tº e i tº e º ºs e º sº 9 || 48 2.66% American negro--------------- M. I.-----|-------|------ * I as º e º as a e º e º ºs º º sº º ºn tº me ºr es 1 || 48 2.00 ish------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 2.00 German . . . . . . . . . . . . . gº & tº sº * * * * tº gº M. tº e º 'º e º I e º e º e º e º e s e e s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * & E L e º º ºs 1 48 2.00 a BOy. bIncluding 1 boy. gº º ; : ** ; : :"..:” :::: ". .” “e” . s * e 598 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. BUILDING (15 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- || age age Em- || age age Em- age age ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy-|hours|Wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er Week 8.y. Week ày. week. day. Teamsters (concluded): Hawaiian --------------------. M. I.-------------|-------------|-------|------- 3 || 48 $2.00 Japanese---------------------- M. -------------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 48 1.25 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 4 || 48 $1.50 7 || 48 2. 07 Total.------------------------ M. -------------|------- 4 || 48 1. 50 23 || 48 2.25 Tinsmiths: American --------------------- M. 2 47 $3.75 1 || 47 3.50 l. -----|-------|------- English ----------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 48 4.00 German ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 47 3.00 1 || 48 3. 50 Hawaiian ------ -------------- M. 2 || 47 2.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian. --------------- M. 1 || 47 3.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. 3 47 2. 50 4 || 47 2.93% 4 || 47.8 3.18% Spanish.---------------------- M. 1 || 47 2.75 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.----------------------- M. 9 || 47 2.75 6 || 47 3.04 6 || 47.8 || 3.37; Tinsmiths' helpers German ----------------------- M. 1 || 47 1.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 || 47 2.00 ------|-------|------- 2 48 1, 25 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 4 || 47 1.50 2 47.5 | 1.37; Total.----------------------- M. 2 47 1. 75 47 1.50 4 || 47.8 | 1.31#. Watchmen: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 | 84 1.57% Water boys: Portuguese------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 51 .72% CARRIAGE MLAKING (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS). [Data for 1900–1901 and 1902 are for 1 establishment.] BlackSmiths: American --------------------- M. 3 || 53 $4.00 1 || 53 $5.00 l------|-------|------- German----------------------- M. 1 || 53 4.0 1 || 53 4.00 l------|-------------- Hawaiian--------------------- M. l------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 53 2. 50 Portuguese ------------------- M. 1 53 1 || 53 3.25 2 53 3.00 SWedish.---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 53 5.00 Total.------------------------ M. 5 53 3.85 | 3 || 53 || 4.08;| 4 || 53 || 3.37; Blacksmiths' helpers: American--------------------- M. 1 || 53 . 50 3 || 53 2.00 ------|-------|------- Hawaiian.-------------------- M. 5 || 53 1. 53; a 4 || 53 *1.29 |------|-------|------. Portuguese ------------------. M. 3 || - 53 1.55#!------|-------|------- 6 || 53 1.44% Swedish ---------------------. M. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- b 1 || 53 b. 50 Total.----------------------. M. 9 || 53 1.53; a 7 || 53 a 1.59%| c.7 53 C 1.31 Bookkeepers: Hawaiian--------------------. M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 53 1.72%l------|-------|------- Irish * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 53 5.00 Driver: Hawaiian.......-------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- b1 || 53 b. 50 Foreman, blackSmiths: American--------------------. M. 1 || 53 4. 79 1 || 53 4.79 |------|-------|------- Foreman, painters: Chinese----------------------. M. 1 53 3. 50 1 53 3.00 ------|-------|------- Foreman, trimmers: German----------------------- M. 1 || 53 4. 79 1 || 53 4.79 |------|-------|------- Foreman, woodworkers: English ----------------------- M. 1 || 53 4.41 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Horseshoer: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 53 4.00 a Including 2 boys. b Boy, olncluding 1 boy. *.x e^ º *e e ‘’ & © gº s°s * * :*: ; ; ; ; ; REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON 599 BIAWAII. ^sº- 2. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. CARELAGE MLAKING (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. g Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours|wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per per week 8.y. week ay. week. day. Horseshoer's helpers: erican --------------------- M. --------------------------|-------------- 1 53 $3.00 Portuguese-------------------- M. i------|-------|-------|------|---- ---|------- 1 || 53 1.33% Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 2 53 .16# Laborers: Portuguese-------------------- M. 2 53 $1.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Manager: American --------------------- M. 1 || 53 8.62% 1 || 53 $8.62}|*-----|-------|------- Office boy: American --------------------- M. 1 || 53 1.84 --------------------|------|-------|------- Painters: Chinese ----------------------- M. 6 53 1.90% 5 || 53 1.53% 1 53 2.0 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1------|-------|--------------------|------- 1 53 2.50 ish -------------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------------- 2 -53 4.5 Total.------------------------ M. 6 53 1.90% 5 : 53 1. 53; 4 || 53 7# Painters' helpers: Hawaiian. ,------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- a 2 53 a .874 TrimmerS: American --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 53 3.75 German ----------------------- M. l------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 53 5.00 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 || 53 1. 25 62 53 °.91}------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. 1 53 •83}|------|-------4-------|------4-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 2 : 53 1.04; b 2 || 53 b. 91; 2 || 53 4.37% Trimmers' helpers: American--------------------- M. ------|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 || 53 1.66% Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * a 2 | 53 a .95% Part-HaWaiian.--------------. M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------------- b1 || 53 b. 50 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- c 4 || 53 C 1. 02 Woodworkers: American --------------------- M. 2 53 3.75 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 53 3. 50 German ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 53 4,00 2 || 53 4.00 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- a 2 || 53 a 1.04% 1 || 53 2. 00 Portuguese. ---------- - - - - - - - - M. 2 || 53 2. 16# 1 || 53 4.00 ------|-------------- Total.------------------------ M. 4 || 53 2.96 a 4 || 53 a 2, 52 4 || 53 3.37% Woodworkers' helper: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 53 1, 50 COFFEE PLANTATION (1 ESTABLISHMENT). [Data for 1902 are for 2 establishments.] Cultivators: awaiian --------------------- M. -------------|------- 1 || 60 $1.00 ------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 19 || 60 .77 10 (d) (e) Portuguese ------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 60 1.00 ------|-------------- Total.----------------*------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 22 || 60 *] 80 10 (d) (e) Dryer: .. Hawaiian --------------------- M. l-------------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 59 $1.00 Engineer: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 59 1.50 Hullers: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 59 , 69 a Including 1 boy. dIrregular. * b Boys. * e30.90 per acre per month, 1 man cultivates from 15 to 20 acres. o See notes to details, 600 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. COFFEE PLANTATION (1 ESTABLISHMENT)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy- hours Wages eeS. per er ees. per er ees. per €I' week. day. week. day. week. day. Mechanic: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 59 $1.25 Overseer: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 60 $1.07%|------|-------|------- Picº; d P apanese and Portuguese..... (*) ------|-------|------- 65 b °) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Japanese---------------------- º * * * * * *s º e º sº a = - I - * * * * g e i º e - - - - 1 s as (). ..Q. 40 (b) {} Japanese---------------------- F. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 20 (b) d Total------------------------|-----------|-------------- 65 (b) (c) 60 (b) (d) Planters, contract: Japanese. -------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 6 (b) (e) Pulpers: Japanese---------------------- M. ------|--------------------|-------|------- 3 || 59 69 Stableman: . Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 70 I. 00 Wood choppers' Japanese---------------------- M. ------|--------------------|-------------- 2 (b) (f) ELECTRIC LIGHT AND ICE (2 ESTABLISHMENTS). [Data for 1902 are for 1 establishment.] Bookkeepers: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 44 $4.79 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 48 3.83% Total.------------------------ M. ------|--------------------|-------|------- 2 || 46 4.31% Cashier: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 48 8.62% Clerks: German ----------------------- M. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 44 1.72% Portuguese. ------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 46 2.82% Total.----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 3 45.3 2.46 Coal passers: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 | 66 $1.34 -------------|------- Cold-storage men: Amerigan--------------------- M. I.------|--- tº e º e i e e º ºs º is e 2 66 2.87%l------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. --------------------------|-------|------- 1 | 84 1.15 Japanese---------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 | 66 1.15 ------|-------|------- Total.----------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 3 | 66 2. 30 1 | 84 1.15 Collectors: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 3 || 44 2. 17 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 2.87% Total.------------------------ M. I.-------------|-------------|-------|------- 4 || 45 2.34; I) rivers: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------|------- 7 | 72 1.97% Engineers: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 3 | 66 ± 4, 60 3 | 66 3.94% Engineer, chief: rº. American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 | 66 6. 90 1 || 63 5. 92 Firemen: . American --------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 4 | 66 2.87% 3 || 56 2.46% a Men, women, and children. b Irregular. g|Receive 50 cents per cwt. of coffee in berry. Earnings, $0.50 to $2 per day. d Receive 45 gents per cwt. of coffee in berry, Earnings, $0.45 to $1.12% per day, e Receive $0.88 per CWt, and house relat, f$2 per Cord, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 601 TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. ELECTRIC LIGHT AND ICE (2 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. wº Aver- Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age | Em- || age age ploy-|hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy-i hours wages ees. per er ees. per per ees. per er week ay. Week. day. week. day. Foremen, cold storage: American --------------------- M. l-------------|------- 1 | 66 $3.06%|------|-------|------- HaWaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------ 1 | 84 $2.63 Foreman, construction: erican --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 48 5.75 ----- -s: i s m = * * * * * * * * * * * * Foreman, ice factory: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 : 56 3.83% Foreman, linemen: American--------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 || 48 3.83% 1 || 44 3.83% Foreman, wiremen: American --------------------- M. -------------|-------|-------------|------- 1 || 44 3.83% House wireman, electric fitter: American --------------------- M. ------------------- ? 1 || 48 3.50 -------------------- Ice-machine tenders: Japanese---------------------- M. -------------------- 3 | 66 1.00 -------------|------- Portuguese. ------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 | 66 2.00 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 4 66 1.25 l------|-------|------- Ice pullers: Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 | 72 1.15 Ice-tank men: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 | 66 2.87#!------|-------|------- Inspector: American--------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 44 1.91; Janitor: Portuguese-------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 44 1.34 Laborers: Japanese---------------------- M. -------------|-------|------|-------------- 4 || 63 1.00 Linemen: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 2 || 48 2.50 ------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 4 || 48 2.18% 5 || 44 2. 55 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|------ tº sº * * * * * * 6 || 48 2.29 5 || 44 2. 55 Machinist: American --------------------- M. l------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 || 63 4. 11 Machinist's helper: Portuguese-------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 63 2. 50 Meter man: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 48 3.45 1 || 44 4. 60 Meter men, assistant: American --------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 2 48 2.49%|------|-------|------- Meter man's helpers: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 44 1.62% Office boy: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 44 , 83% Oilers: Japanese---------------------- M. i------|-------|------ gº 4 | 66 1.43% 6 || 80 1.20% Stablemen: American --------------------- M. I.------ sº tº º ſº ſº º tº e º 'º tº º tº & 1 | 66 2.85 ------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 | 66 1.15 4 || 64 1, 11 Portuguese-------------------- M. 1.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 56 2.35 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 3 | 66 1. 55 5 62. 4 || 1.35% Stenographer: American --------------------- F. l------|------ * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 || 44 3.83% Storekeepers: American --------------------- M. I.----- sº e º 'º º sº º g º e º sm º º 1 || 48 3.88%l------|-------|------- Portuguese. ------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 44 2.30 Total.----------------------- M. -------------------- 1 || 48 3.83% 1 || 44 2.30 Storekeepers' helper: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-- • * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * ~ * = e s = q. 1 a .83% Superintendent, electric - light g plant: . American.... tº E tº tº ſº tº ſº tº ºs º gº tº º tº gº º ºs M. tº º ſº tº º º e º 'º gº ºn tº gº tº tº gº tº º ºr ºn T º ºs º º º sº g º ºs º gº tº tº . º º ſº sº º ſº º 1 6, 71 * a Boy, 25—No. 66–06—16 602 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. ELECTRIC LIGHT AND ICE (2 ESTABLISHIMIENTS)—Concluded. \ 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- || AVer- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age * ploy-| hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours|Wages ees. I per er ees. per er ees. per er week. day. Week. day. Week. day. Superintendent, ice factory: American--------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 | 66 $4.47# 1 || 48 $7.67 Switchmen: American--------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 || 48 2.11 ------|-------------- German. ---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 63 2.30 Tank men: American --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 | 84 1.97% Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-------------------|-------------|------- 1 | 84 1.97% Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 84 1.97% Teamsters, ice wagon: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 9 | 66 2.58 3 || 56 1.97% Canadian --------------------- M. ------|-------|-----. * I tº º e º gº º º e º m sº ºf e i s sº º ºs & s sº 2 : 56 1.97% German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 2 || 56 2.22 Swedish .... ------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 56 1.97% Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------|------- 9 | 66 2.58 8 || 56 2.03% Trimmer, arc: Portuguese ------------------- M. ------|--------------|-------------|------- 1 || 44 2.49 Wiper: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 | 66 1.15 ------|-------|------- Wire men: American-...----------------. M. I.-----|-------------- 5 || 48 2.90 3 || 44 3. 19 German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 44 3. 50 Hawaiian--------------------. M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 44 3.00 Portuguese ------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 44 2. 00 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------------- 5 || 48 2.90 6 || 44 3.01 Wire men's helpers: Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 44 1.50 Part-Hawaiian. --------------. M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 48 1.25 ------|-------|------- Portuguese ------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 3 || 48 1.58%l------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------------- 4 || 48 1. 50 1 || 44 1. 50 FERTILIZERS (1 ESTABLISHMENT). Bag sewers: Japanese---------------------- F. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 6 56 $0.75 Bookkeeper: German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 53 $2.87; 1 56 5. T5 Chemist: German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- i 53 7.67 1 || 56 9.58% Chemist's helper: Portuguese ------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 56 1. 25 Clerks: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 56 5. 75 German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 56 4. 79 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|--------------|------|-------------- 2 56 5. 27 Engineers: American--------------------. M. I.------|-------|------- 1 53 5. 75 1 | 72 6. 39 Part-Hawaiian................ M. I.-----|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 | 72 4.16% Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------------- I 53 5. 75 2 | 72 5. 27# Engine-room men and firemen: Japanese--------------------.. M. I.------|-------|------- 10 || 53 1.25 ------|-------|------- Tiremen: German----------------------. M. I.------|-------|--."----|------|-------|------- 1 | 72 1. W5 Portuguese. ---------------.... M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- I | 72 1.50 Total.---------. tº gº tº a gº tº ºs e s º ºs º ºs M. * * * * * * * * g º as tº dº sº I e º sº º is tº es 1 & sº a sm ºr e ] as º ºs s = º 'º I gº me me tº e º ºs 2 72 * 1.62% REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 603 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. FERTILIZERS (1 ESTABLISHMIENT)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. - Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- || age age Em- age age ploy- hours|wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours wages eeS. per er ees. per per ees. per €r week. day. week. day. week. day. Foremen, laborers: Japanese---------------------- M. l------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 6 56 $1.61 Laborers: Chinese ----------------------- M. -------------|------- 1 || 53 $1.25 1 56 1.25 Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------------- 37 || 53 1. 25 || 35 56 1.25 Portuguese-------------------- M. ------|--------------------|-------|------- 1 56 1.25 Total.------------------------ M. l------|-------------- 38 || 53 1.25 37 || 56 1.25 Lead burner: Japanese---------------------- M. -------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 56 2.49 Overseers: Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 3 || 53 1.50 ------|-------------- Superintendent, acid department: 8.D.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------------|------- 1 53 7.67 1 56 7.67 Superintendent, factory: German----------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 53 11. 50 1 56 11. 50 Watchman: German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 | 84 1.64% 1 | 84 1.97% FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP (3 ESTABLISHMIENTS). [Data for 1900–1901 and 1902 are for 1 establishment.] BlackSmiths: American --------------------- M. I.-----|-------------- 1 | 53 $4.50 2 52 $4.37; Canadian --------------------- M. 2 53 $4.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- German ----------------------- M. I.------|--------------|-------------------- 1 | 54 4.00 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 53 4.25 3 || 53 2.75 ------|-------|------- New Zealander ... ------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|-----|-------------- 1 || 54 4. 50 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 || 53 2. 00 1 || 54 3.75 Scotch ------------------------ M. 53 4.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 4 || 53 4.43% 5 || 53 2.95 5 || 53.2 || 4, 20 Blacksmiths' apprentices: Dutch------------------------- M. 1 || 53 1.66%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- German ----------------------- M. I.------|--------------|-------------------- 1 || 54 1.33% Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 || 53 1.16#|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 2 53 1.41+!------|-------|------- 1 54 1.33% Blacksmiths' helpers: * Hawaiian --------------------- M. 6 || 53 1.64 1 53 2.16# 5 || 51.6 | 1.73% Part-HaWaiian................ M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 54 2.17 Portuguese-------------------- M. 3 53 1. 55; 2 53 1.41% 6 || 54 1.91% Total.------------------------ M. 9 53 1.61 3 || 53 1.66; 12 || 53 1.86 Boiler makers: American--------------------- M. 7 || 53 4, 50 8 || 53 4.50 7 52.3 3.85% Canadian --------------------- M. 1 || 53 4.50 !------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. 3 53 4.50 -------------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 4 53 2.12% 2 || 52 3. 37; Irish -------------------------- M. 1 || 53° 4.50 ------|-------------- 5 || 54 4, 15 Portuguese-------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 54 2.75 Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 53 4.50 !------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Swedish----------------------- M. 1 53 4.50 --------------------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 14 || 53 4.50 12 53 3.71 16 53 3.75 Boiler makers' apprentices: American--------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------|------- 6 || 54 1. 14 • Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 13 || 54 1.41% Part-Hawaiian.-----........... M. ------|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 || 54 1.50 Portuguese ------------------. M. -------------|-------|------|-------------- 1 50 . 50 Total.----------. ............] M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 21 53.8 | 1.29% 604 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. * TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. FOUNDRY AND MIACHINE SHOP (3 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Ayer- || AVer- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. ||Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- , age age ploy- hours wages|ploy-|hours wages|ploy hours Wages eeS. per per ees. per per ees. per €I’ week. day. Week. day. Week. day. Boiler makers' helpers: p Hawaiian --------------------- M. 32 53 $1.59 13 || 53 $1.46 20 52.4 $1.74 Portuguese ------------------- M. | * 2 53 1.41% 1 || 53 1.16% 1 || 50 1.16% Spanish ----------------------- M. 1 || 53 1.66%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 35 | 53 1.58 14 53 1.44 21 52.3 | 1.71% Carpenters: American. -------------------- M. 2 53 4.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- German. ---------------------- M. 1 53 4.50 ------|--------------------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 7 || 53 3.29% 1 || 53 3.00 ------|-------------- Portuguese ------------------- M. 2 53 2.77#!------|-------|------- 1 : 50 2.50 Scotch ------------------------ M, 2 || 53 4.50 ------|--------------|------ - * * * * * * : * ~ s e s se - Total.----------------------- M. 14 || 53 3.65 1 || 53 3.00 1 50 2.50 Chippers: German-...------------------- M. 1 53 1.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 53 3.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total ----------------------- M. 2 53 2.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Coppersmith: Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 53 3.00 -------------|-------|------|-------|------- Coppersmith's helper: Hawaiian -------------------- M. 1 || 53 1.83%l-------------|-------|------|-------|------- Draftsmen: American--------------------- M. -------------|-------------|-------------- 4 || 54 3.25 Engineer, stationary: SWedish----------------------- + M. 1 || 53 3.00 -------------|-------|------|-------|------- Engineer’s helper, stationary: Norwegian. ------------------- M. 1 || 53 1.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Firemen: German----------------------- M. 1 53 2.00 ------|--------------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. I 53 2.00 ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- Portuguese. ---- -------------- M. 1 || 53 3.00 l-------------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.----------------------- M. 3 53 2.83%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Foremien, blackSmiths: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 53 7.00 ------|------------- º English ----------------------- M. 1 53 7.00 ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- New Zealander ............... M. ------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 || 54 7. 00 Foremen, boiler makers: American --------------------- M. ------|-------------- 1 || 53 7. 00 1 : 50 6.00 Canadian --------------------- M. 1 53 7.00 l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------ - Scotch ------------------------ M. l------|------- -------|------|-------------- 1 || 54 7. 00 Total.------------------------ M 1 53 7.00 1 || 53 7.00 2 52 6. 50 Foreman, carpenters: * American--------------------- M. 1 || 53 4.80 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------ sº. Foremen, laborers: American--------------------- M. 1 53 2.50 -------------|-------|------|-------|------ tº English ----------------------- M. 2 53 8.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------ - German----------------------- M. 1 || 53. 2.25 l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------ * Hawaiian --------------------- M 2 53 3.00 ------|-------|-------|-------------|------ - Portuguese ------------------- M 2 2.75 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M 8 || 53 2.78 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------ - Foremen, machinists: American --------------------- M. l------|-------|------- 1 || 53 7.00 1 54 7.00 Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 || 53 7.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------ e Foreman, machinists, assistant: American-...... º tº e º 'º e º is ſº tº e º is ºn M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 || 53 5.25 ------|-------|------ Foremen, molders: ©ſiCarl--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 53 7.00 1 || 50 6. 00 Scotgh.------------------------ M. 1 || 53 7.00 ------|-------|-------|------ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * SWedish---------------. ------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 54 7.00 Total.---------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. 1. b3 7.00 1 53 7.00 2 52 6. 50 |- - x- | REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON ELAWAII. 605 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. Foun DRY AND MACHINE SHOP (3 ESTABLISHMIENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. * * Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- || age age | Em- | age age Em- age age ploy-|hours wages|ploy-|hours wages|ploy-| hours|wages ees. I per er ees. per er ees. per €r week. day. Week ay. week. day. Foremen, pattern makers: American --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 53 $7.00 ------|-------|------- English ----------------------- * ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 50 $6.00 Portuguese-------------------- * !------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 54 6.00 Scotch . . . . . . .----------------- M. 1 || 53 $7.00 l------|-------|------------- * * * is sº as s as sº e º e s tº Total.----------------------- M. 1 || 53 7. 00 1 53 7. 00 2 || 52 6.00 Foreman, warehouse: Part-Hawaiian. --------------- M. ------|------- tº & ſº º & sº e sº * * * * = sº gº ºn tº gº tº sº sº º e º sº sº º 1 || 54 3. 50 Laborers: & African ----------------------- M. 1 || 53 1.50 ------|-------|------------- sº tº º ºs e º 'º & E & Cº. º. º American --------------------- M. 7 || 53 1.88%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------ * : Filipino----------------------- M. 3 || 53 1.66%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- German ----------------------- M. 2 53 2.00 l-------------|-------------|-------|------ gº Hawaiian --------------------- M. 90 || 53 1.42% 3 53 2.05% 2 || 54 2.00 Portuguese-------------------- M. 48 || 53 1.45 6 53 1.80; 4 || 54 2.00 Russian ----------------------- M. 1 || 53 2.00 ------|-------|-------|------|------ * | * * * * * * tº Samoan ----------------------- M. 1 || 53 1.66:1------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. | 153 || 53 1.45 9 || 53 1. 89 6 54 2.00 Machinists: American --------------------- M. 14 || 53 3.96%| 22 53 4.15 31 || 53. 4 || 3.96 Danish -----------------------. M. ------|--------------------|-------|------- 1 || 54 4.00 English ----------------------- M. 2 || 53 5.00 ------|-------|------- 5 50.8 || 3.95 French ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 54 4.50 German----------------------- M. 2 || 53 4. 12#!------|-------|------- 1 || 54 4.00 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 6 || 53 3.58%| 14 53 2.41 3 || 54 2.66% Part-Hawaiian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. I.------|-------|-------|------1-------|------- 3 52.7 || 3.66% Irish -------------------------- M. 1 || 53 4.50 ------|-------|------- 1 || 54 4.00 Italian ------------------------ M. 1 : 53 4.50 ------|-------|--------------------|------- Norwegian-------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 || 53 4.25 ------|-------|------- Polish------------------------- M. 1 : 53 3.00 l------|-------|-------|-------------|------- Porto Rican................... M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 54 2.50 Portuguese----------- - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|------- 4 53 2.25 4 || 53 3.04% Scotch ------------------------ M. 3 || 53 3.66%l------|-------|------- 4 || 54 4.00 SWedish.---------------------- M. 1 || 53 4.25 ------|-------|------- 1 || 50 . 2.50 Total.------------------------ M. 31 || 53 3.95 41 || 53 3. 37 56 || 53. 1 || 3. 77 Machinists’ apprentices: American--------------------- M. 3 || 53 -89 I------|-------|------- 22 || 54 1.21% English ----------------------- M. 1 || 53 .58%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- German----------------------- M. 3 || 53 1.08%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Guam Islander. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. 1 || 53 1.66%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian ------------......... M. 9 || 53 . 88 24 || 53 1.03 20 || 54 1.37% Irish -------------------------- M. 1 || 53 .91}l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Norwegian.-----------........ M. 2 53 . 58% 1 || 53 .91%l------|-------|------- Portuguese. ... ----------...--- M. 3 || 53 .83% 4 || 53 1.41%l------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 23 || 53 . 90 29 || 53 1.08 42 || 54 1.29 Machinists' helpers: American --------------------- M. 2 || 53 2.00 ------|-------|------- 6 || 52.7 | 1.96 Hawaiian -------------........ M. 2 || 53 2.00 l------|-------|------- 6 53.3 || 2.04 Hungarian-------------------. M. 1 || 53 2.00 l------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Portuguese-----------......... M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 5 52.4 | 1.88% Total.------------------------ M. 5 || 53 2.00 i------|-------|------- 17 | 52.8 | 1.96# Messenger: American --------------------- M. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 i 54 1.00 Molders: American ----------........--- M. 12 || 53 4. 40 53 4.08}| 3 || 54 3.38% glish ----------------------- M. I.------|------- * e - e e s = | * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 || 50 4.40 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 6 || 53 3.30 8 53 2.78 8 || 54 3.16# Part-Hawaiian. -----.......... M. I.------|-------|-------|------ gº º gº tº º sº º sº º ºs e º sº, sº 2 52 4.26 Irish -------------------------- M. 1 || 53 4.40 ------|-------|------- 2 54 4.40 Portuguese--------------...--. M. ------|---- en e º º ºs º ºs e º sº. 1 53 8.00 ------l-------|------- Scotch -..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * M. 1 53 4.95 l------|-------|------- 4 54 4.53% Total.------------------------ M. 20 || 53 4.09%| 15 53 3.31#| 20 53.6 || 3.76% 606 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP (3 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. * Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy- |hours wages ploy-| hours|Wages|ploy- hours|Wages ees. per er | 66S per er ees. per er week. day. Week 8.y. week 8.y. Molders' apprentices: American--------------------. M. I.-------------|-------------|-------|------- 24 || 54 $1.42 English ----------------------- M. 1 || 53 $1.16#!------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 || 53 . 50 a 1 || 53 laš1.08}| 14 || 54 1.51% Norwegian.------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 : 50 . 50 Portuguese....... ------------- M. 1 || 53 1.00 a 2 53 a. 66% 1 : 50 .66% Total.------------------------ M. 3 || 53 . 89 | a 3 || 53 a. 80}| 40 || 53.8 | 1.41 Molders' helpers: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 54 2.08 Hawaiian...........-- - - - - - - - - - M. 14 || 53 1.63 18 53 1. 60 4 || 51 1.75 Portuguese. ------------------- M. 6 53 1, 50 10 || 53 1.58% 6 || 52 1.87; Total.----------------------- M. 20 53 1.59 28 || 53 1.59; 11 || 51.8 1.85 Office boys: American --------------------- M. I.------|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 || 54 . 50 Portuguese.------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 53 .66%l------|-------|------- Pattern makers: American--------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 || 53 4. 50 3 52.7 4.00 English ----------------------- M. 1 || 53 4.00 l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 53 2. 50 3 || 53 3. 50 3 || 54 3.08% Part-Hawaiian................ M. I.------|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 50 4.50 Portuguese-------------------- M. 3 || 53 3.33% 3 || 53 3. 75 2 54 3. 75 Scotch ------------------------ M. 2 || 53 4.00 l------|-------|------- 1 || 54 4. 50 Swedish..... ------------------ M. 1 || 53 4.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 8 || 53 3.56% 7 || 53 3. W5 10 || 53.2 3.77; Pattern makers' apprentices: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 7 1.09% Hawaiian.--------------------- M. 1 || 53 .66% 3 53 1.05% 1 1.00 Portuguese........ ------------ M. 3 || 53 .55%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 4 || 53 .58% 3 || 53 1.05% 8 1.08% Porters: Hawaiian.--------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 14 || 53 1.74 l------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 5 || 53 1.76#!------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 19 53 1.74%l------|-------------- Rivet heaters: Hawaiian --------------------- M. 4 || 53 .91%l------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Portuguese ------------------- M. 1 || 53 1.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 5 || 53 .93%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Structural iron Workers: American--------------------- M. 1 || 53 3.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Norwegian...........--------- M. 1 || 53 3.25 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 2 || 53 3.37%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Teamsters: Hawaiian--------------------- M. 3 53 1.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Warehousemen: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|- . . . . . . . . . . . tº & tº dº º as dº º ſº tº e s ] e º 'º º sº sº s 10 || 54 1.68% Part-Hawaiian................ M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 54 1.99% Portuguese.......------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 54 1.66% Total.----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 13 1. 73 Watchman: . Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 53 2.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Wiper and oiler: American negro .............. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 50 1.66% a Boys. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER of LABOR ON HAWAII. :- 607 * TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. HARNESS MLAKING (1 ESTABLISHMIENT). 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- AVer- Aver- Occupation and nationality. ||Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy-| hours wages|ploy | hours|wages|ploy-| hours|wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er week. day week. day. week. day. Harness makers: American--------...-...------- * ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 : 54 $3.00 Canadian --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 54 2.50 Hawaiian....... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 54 2. 50 Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 3 54 2.66% Harness makers' helper: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|--..... 1 || 54 1.83% LAUNDRY (1 ESTABLISHMIENT). Bookkeepers: American--------------- • ‘º º º 'º -º M. l------|--------------|------|-------------- 1 || 48 . 50 American --------------------- F. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 1.66% Total.------------------------|-----|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 48 2.08% Clerk American--------------------- F. ------|------ l------- 1 || 60 $2.00 l-------------|------- Drivers: American --------------------. M. ------|-------|------ 3 || 60 2.61 3 || 60 2. 22 English ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 60 2.50 Part-Hawaiian................ M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 60 1.66%l------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 60 .83% Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------|------- 4 || 60 2.37; 5 || 60 2.00 Engineers: American--------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 60 3.33% German ----------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 60 8.83%l------|-------|------- Firemen: Chinese ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|-------------------- 1 || 60 2.00 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 60 3.00 Polish------------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 60 1.66%l------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 60 1.66% 2 60 2. 50 ForeWOman: American --------------------- F. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 60 3.33% Forewomen, manglers: Part-Hawaiian................ F. ------|-------|------- 1 || 60 1.66āl------|-------|------- Portuguese----................ F. -------------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 60 1.66% Forewoman, polishers: - Hawaiian --------------------. F. l------|-----* - I - - - - - - - 1 || 60 2.00 ------|-------|------- Ironers: American--------------------- F. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 60 1.33% Hawaiian --------------------.| F. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 5 || 60 1. 10 Portuguese. -------------...--- F. ------|-------|------- 1 60 1.33}| a 5 60 a .85 Total.------------------------ F. ------|-------|------- 1 60 1.33; a 11. 60 a 1.01 Janitors: - American negro .............. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 b .58% American negro ......... ----. F. l------|-------|-------|- * * * *** I as s = * * * = 1 = * * * * * * 1 b .58% Total------------------------|-----|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 (b) .58% Machine hands: * American negro .............. F. ------|-------|------- 2 60 .75 -------------------- German ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 60 1.00 Hawaiian --------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 60 1.00 Hawaiian. ------------------ --| F. ------|---- ...l.......] a 6 60 a .86 3 : 60 2.00 a Including 1 girl, bIrregular, 608 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. * TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. LAUNDRY (1 ESTABLISHMIENT)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- Aver- Occupation and nationality, Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy-| hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours|wages ees. per per ees. per per ees. per per & week. day. Week. day. week. day. Machine hands (concluded): Polish------------------------- F. l------|-------------- 1 || 60 $0.66%l------|-------|------- Porto Rican------------------. F. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 60 $0.83% Portuguese-------------------. F. ------|-------|------- & 11 || 60 a .77 2 60 .83% Total.------------------------|-----------|-------------- b20 | 60 b. 79 8 60 1. 31#. Manglers: 5- - Porto Rican------------------- F. ------|-------|-------|--|---|-------|------- c 2 60 c. 50 Portuguese-------------------- F. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- C 11 || 60 c.68% Total.------------------------ F. ------|--------------|------|-------|------- c 13 60 c.65% Markers and SOrters: American --------------------- M. I.----- * : * * * * * * * i is º me • * * * 2 60 3.00 1 60 2.50 Hawaiian--------------------- M. --------------------|-------------------- 1 ſ 60 1.83% Portuguese ------------------- M. ------|--------------|------|-------------- 1 || 60 1. 0 Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------------- 2 || 60 3.00 3 || 60 1. 78 Stableman: Japanese---------------------- M. --------------------|------|-------|------- 1 60 .83% Starchers: American--------------------- M. -------------------- d 1 || 60 d. 75 l------|-------|------- Portuguese ------------------- M. ------|-------------- 1 || 60 1.33% 2 || 60 .83% Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------------- e 2 60 e 1.04% 2 60 .83% Superintendent: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 60 4.79 |------|-------|------- Towel boy: Hawaiian --------------------- M. l------|-------|------- 1 || 60 .88%l------|-------|------- Wringer boy: American--------------------- M. ------|-------------- 1 || 60 1.00 ------|-------|------- MILK, CREAM, AND BUTTEE (1 ESTABLISHMIENT). Can Washers: . Japanese---------------------- M. ------|--------------------|-------|- - - - - - - 3 || 70 $1.15 DriverS: Portuguese. ------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 6 | 84 2. 30 Stablemen: Japanese-..... ---------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 2 || 70 1.01; PLANING MIILLS (4 ESTABLISHMENTS). [Data for 1900–1901 and 1902 are for 1 establishment.] Pand Sawyer: American --------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 48 $4.50 Band sawyer's helper: American.....---------------. M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 48 2. 50 Carpenters: American..................... M. l-...-- * * * * * * * I e º & & e º ºs i s e º - e s : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 6 || 48 , 4.08% English ----------------------- .M. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 4.00 Polish------------------------. M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 48 3. 50 Portuguese...----------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 48 4.00 Wedish....................... M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 48 3. 50 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 10 || 48 3.95 Driver: Portuguese------------------.. M. ------|--------------|-------------|------- 1 || 48 1.58 a Including 2 girls. d Boy. #ding 3 girls. eIncluding 1 boy, C Gºlf IS, FEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON 609 HAWAII. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. PLANING MILLS (4 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy-| hours Wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy- hours wages ees. per er ees. per per ees. per per Week ay. week. day. week. day. Engineers: Hawaiian --------------- - - - - - M. I.------|--------------|------|-------|------- 2 || 48 $1.58% Portuguese- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 48 $2.00 1 47 $2.25 1 || 48 2.00 Total.------------ ----------- M. 1 || 48 2.00 1 || 47 2.25 3 || 48 1. 72 Foremen: American --------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 || 47 5. 50 1 || 48 5. 50 German ----------------------- M. I.-----|-------|--------------------------- 2 || 50.5 5.25 Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------------- 1 || 47 5. 50 3 49.7 5.33% Laborers: Hawaiian --------------------- M. 5 || 48 1.43 2 47 1. 50 2 || 48 1. 50 Part-Hawaiian. --- - - - - - - - - - - - - M. (t1 || 48 *.88 ------|---------------------------|------- POrtuguese. . . . . . . ------------- M. b 5 || 48 b 1.28 5 || 47 1. 50 10 || 49 1.45 Total.------------------------ M. c 11 || 48 c 1.31 7 47 1.50 12 || 48.8 | 1.46 Machine hands: American --------------------- IM. 1 || 48 4, 25 1 || 47 4.00 1 || 48 3. 50 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 53 1.83% Total.------------------------ M. 1 || 48 4.25 1 || 47 4. 00 3 || 51.3 2. 39 Mill hands: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- a 4 || 48 a 1.00 HaWaiian --------------------- M. -------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 2. 00 Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|--------------------|-------------- d 5 || 48 d 1. 20 Office boy: American --------------------- M. ---------------------------------|------- 1 || 48 . 66 Planer hand: American. -------------------- M. 1 || 48 4.50 1 || 47 4.50 ------|-------|------- Polisher: Hawaiian.-------------------- M. -------------|-------|-------------|------- a 1 || 53 a 1.00 Sticker hand: American--------------------- M. 1 || 48 5. 00 1 || 47 5.00 1 || 48 5.00 Sticker hand's helper: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|--------------|------|-------------- 1 || 48 1.50 TeamSter: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 || 47 1. 50 1 || 48 1.50 Turners: American--------------------- M. l------|-------|------- 1 || 47 4.00 ------|-------|------- German----------------------- M. 1 || 48 4.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Watchman: Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 | 84 1. 75 POI FLOUR MAKING (1 ESTABLISHMIENT). Grinder: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 57 ješ1.00 Grinder's helpers: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------ * * * * { } & º gº tº dº ſº ſº º º e º & tº ſº tº e : * de & gº tº dº ſº I gº tº dº º ºs ºg e 1 % e.71% Japanese---------------------- F. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 (f e. 43 Total.------------------------|-----|------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 2 (f) e. 57% Slicer and driver: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- g 1 || 57 g. 65 a Boys. bIncluding 1 boy. 2See notes to details. dIncluding 4 boys. ; #: * and lodging, valued at $3 per week. Tregular. 9 Boy; receives also board and lodging, valued at $3 per week. 610 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. PRINTING, JOB (2 ESTABLISHMENTS). [Data for 1900–1901 and 1902 are for 1 establishment.] 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy-| hours|wages|ploy-|hours wages|ploy-| hours|wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er week 8.y. week aly. week. day. Bookbinders: American. -------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 $3.33% Hawaiian ------------------... M. 2 53 || $1.91; 2 53 || $1.91% 1 || 50.5 2.00 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 48 3.00 Total.------------------------ M. 2 53 | 1.91% 2 53 | 1.91% 3 48.8 2.78 Bookbinders' apprentices: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 50.5 . 50 Portuguese- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 50.5 1.00 Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 50.5 . 75 Bookbinders' helpers: Hawaiian --------------------. F. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- a 7 || 48 a .68 Part-HaWaiian................ F. ------|--------------|------|-------------- 1 || 48 1. 16# Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- b 3 || 48 b 1.00 Portuguese-------------------- F. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- c 3 || 48 c. 58% Total.-----------------------------|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- d 14 || 48 d. 76# Bookkeeper: American...:----------------- M. 1 53 2.08% 1. 53 || 2.08% 1 || 50.5 3.33% Clerk: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 || 48 2. 00 Compositors: American --------------------- M. 53 || 3.00 2 53 3.00 2 || 48 3.21 American --------------------- F. 1 53 | 1.66% 1. 53 | 1.66%l------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 53 2.00 2 53 2.00 7 || 48.7 || 2.43 Portuguese-------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 50.5 2.08% Total.---------------------------- 5 53 2.33} 5 53 || 2.33}| 10 || 48.8 2.55 Compositors' apprentices: Hawaiian ..................... M. I.-------------|-------|-------------------- 3 || 48 1. 14 Folders: Amerigan--------------------- F. l------|-------|------- 1 53 .50 ------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 53 .83% 1 53 .83%l------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------. F. 1. 53 -50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Scotch ------------------------ F. 1. 53 .83% 1. 53 .83%|------|-------|------- Total -----------------------|----- 3 53 .72% 3 53 .72%l------|-------|------- Foreman: American....----------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 1 50. 5 || 4.00 Foreman, bookbinders: American--------------------- M. I.------|--------------|------|-------------- 1 || 48 5.00 Foreman, compositors: American-...----------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 48 5.83% Linotype Operators: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 2 || 48 5.38% Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 48 3.00 Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 4 || 48 4. 19 Linotype operators' apprentice: Portuguese.................... M. ------|--------------|-------------------- 1 || 48 1.00 Manager: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 50.5 | 6.66% Office boy: Hawaiian-...--------......... M. 1 53 .83% 1. 53 .83}|------|-------|------- Press feeders: Amerigan--------------------- M. 1. 53 | 1.66% 1. 53 | 1.66%| e1 50.5 |e 1.00 Hawaiian -------------........ M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- f2 50.5 |f 1.33% Portuguese -------............ M. 1. 53 .83% 1 53 .83%l------|-------|------- Total-----------------------. M. 2 53 | 1, 25 2 53 | 1.25 | d 3 || 50.5 |d 1.22 a Including 6 girls. c Girls. e Boy. b boys. dSee notes to details. f Including 1 boy. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 611 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. PRINTING, JOB (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Ave- | Aver- AVer- | Aver- AWer- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy- hours Wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per eſ Week. day. Week ay. week. day. Pressmen: American--------------------- M. 1 53 $2.75 1 53 || $2.75 1 || 48 $3.50 Part-Hawaiian. --------------- M. ------|---------------------------|------- 1 || 48 1.25 Portuguese. ------------------- M. ------|---------------------------|------- 3 || 48 2.19% Total.------------------------ M. 1. 53 || 2.75 1 53 2.75 5 || 48 2.26; Pressmen's helper: Portuguese-------------------- * ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- a 1 || 48 a. 50 Printer's apprentice: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 50.5 . 50 PRINTING, NEWSPAPER (1 ESTABLISHMIENT). Bookkeeper: German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 $4.98% Carriers: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|-- ---- 5 21 . 60+ Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------|------- 4 21 .60% Part-Hawaiian.... ------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 2 21 . 64; Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 11 || 21 . 61 Cashier: American--------------------- F. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 1.66% Clerk: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 48 2. 33} Collector: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 3.33% Collector, assistant: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 1. 16# Compositors: American--------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 3.33% Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------|--------------|------|-------------- 2 || 48 3. 12# Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 2.25 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 4 || 48 2.96 Compositors’ helpers: American-----------. • * g a s a • * * M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 48 2.00 Editors: American------------......... M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 48 10.00 HaWaiian--------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 3.33% Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 2 || 48 6.66% Foreman, compositors: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 6.66% Foreman, pressmen: American--------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 4, 50 Librarian: American--------------------- M. I.-----|-------|--------------------|------- 1 || 48 3.33% Linotype operators: American--------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 || 48 5. 00 Hawaiian --------------------. M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 4. 00 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 3 || 48 4.66% Manager, advertising: American--------------------- M. ------|--------------------|-------|------- 1 || 48 4, 79 Manager, business: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 11. 50 Manager, business, assistant: American --------------------- M. I.------|--|--|--|----- sº e i e º y º ºs e ] e º is as e º sº I e º sº º sº º & 1 || 48 5, 75 & a Boy, 612 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. PRINTING, NEWSPAPER (1 ESTABLISHMIENT)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- || Ayer- Aver- | Aver- i Aver- Aver- OCCupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy-|hours wages ees. per per ees. per per ees. per er week. day. week. day. week. day. Office boy: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 $0.50 Photo-engraver: Part-Hawaiian................ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 3.33% Photo-engraver's helper: Portuguese.................... M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 1.08% Pressman: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 | (a) 4.09 Proof reader: Hawaiian --------------------. M. ------|-------|-------|-------------------- 1 | (a) 3. 75 Proof reader's assistant: Hawaiian ......... ------------ M. I.-------------|--------------------------- 1 || 48 .83% Reporters: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 3 || 48 5, 28 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 48 1.66% Total.----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------------- 4 || 48 4. 37; RICE CLEANING (1 ESTABLISHMIENT). Engineer: . Chinese ----------------------- M. ------|-------------- 1 72 $1.15 1 || 54 $1.73 Fireman: Chinese ----------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 72 .76#!------|-------|------- Foreman: Chinese ----------------------- M. -------------|------- 1 72 | 1.15 1 || 54 1.34% Laborers: Chinese ----------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 3 72 . 76# 6 54 .96 RICE PLANTATIONS (3 ESTABLISHMENTs). [Data for 1902 are for 1 establishment.] Cooks: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.-------------|-------------|-------------- 10 || 79.8 |b$0.62 Field hands: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.-------------------- 140 84 |CŞ0.69 || 268 || 79.1 b .58 Foremen: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|--------------------|-------|------- 6 | 84 d. 82 Irrigators: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|--------------|------|-------|------- 2 | (a) e , 66 Managers: Chinese ----------------------- M. -------------|-------|-------------------- 2 (a) e . 82 Manager, assistant: Chinese ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 (a) e . 66 Partners: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 25 | (a) (f) Stablemen: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 4 | 84 d. 59 a Irregular. b Also board, valued at from $6 to $7 per month. c Estimate. d'Also board, valued at $6 per month. e Also board, valued at $7 per month. 3 Not reported. Also board, valued at $7 per month. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 613 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sold.A wATER AND SOFT DRINKS (1 ESTABLISHMENT). 1900–1901. - . . 1902. - 1905. & - Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- AVer- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy-|hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours wages eeS. per per ees. per per ees. per er week. day. week. day. week. day. Bookkeepers: . *. Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 47 $2.30 ------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian.---------------| M. I.-----|-------|-------|-------------|------. 1 53 $1.72; Bottlers: - - - Hawaiian --------------------- M. 5 53 || $1.33% 2 47 | 1.33% 3 53 | 1. 11 Japanese---------------------- M. 2 53 | 1.16# 2 47 | 1.25 2 53 | 1.25 Total.------------------------ M 7 53 1.28% 4 47 | 1.29 5 53 | 1.16# Bottle Washers: - & Hawaiian --------------------- M. 2 53 1.00 I 47 | 1.00 ------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 7. 53 | 1.00 6 47 | 1.00 - - - - - - - * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * Total.------------------------ M. 9 53 1.00 7 47 | 1.00 |.. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Collector: * - HaWaiian --------------------- M. 1. 53 | 1.91}|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Drivers: - * American-...------------------. M. 2 53 2.87% 2 47 a 2.68% 1 53 2.68% English ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1. 53 2.68% Hawaiian - - - - - - - - • - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 2 53 2.09% 2 47 2.17%|-------------------- Part-Hawaiian................ M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1. 53 2.68% Total.------------------------ M 4 53 2.48% 4. 47 a 2.43 3 53 2.68% Machine hand: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 47 | 1.16#|------|-------|------- Manager: - - American --------------------. M. I.-----|-- - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 47 6. '71 1. 53 5. 75 Sirup mixers: - - American --------------------- M. 1 53 2.30 ------|--------------|------|-------|------- HaWaiian --------------------. M. ------|-------|------- l 47 | 1.50 l 53 | 1.50 STEAMI RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMIENTS). [Data for 1900–1901 are for 1 establishment; 1902, for 3 establishments.] ACCOUIntant: American--------------------- M. I.-----|-------|--------------------------- 1 60 |b$6.13% Agent, express: - . - American--------------------- M. I.------------|------- 1 54 $1.91%|------|-------|------- Agent, freight: American --------------------. M. I.------|-------|------- 1. 54 || 5, 75 1. 53 4.10 Agents, station: - American----------...-...----- M 2 cš1.91; 11 § 1.91 7 e60 | f 2. 16 English ----------------------. M. I.------|-------|------- 1 (d 92.87#|------|-------|------- German----------------------- M 3 54 | *2.23#!------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Hawaiian.--------------....... M 3 c1.91% 4 {} *2.39%|------|-------|------- Portuguese ---------.......... M. I.------|-------|------- 1 d) | g 2.68% 2 (d) 1.72% Total.------------------------ M 8 54 j2.03%| 17 | (d) 32.12# 9 e60 | f 2.06% a1 employee furnished also with house. - b Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. - \ c Also lodging. d'Irregular. - e Hours are reported for 3 employees only. e f4 employees furnished also with house, and 3 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred iſl Service. - . g And house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and medical attendance. #2 employees furnished also with lodging. * & $2.employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to School, and medical attendance. • jSee notes to details. & 614 - BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Tamir II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. STEAMI RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905, * Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age - ploy- hours|Wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages ees. per er ees. per per eeS. per per week. day. week. day. week. day. Agents, ticket: ** - American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- I 54 $4.79 6 § $1.92 HaWaiian --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 3. (a 1.64; Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 || 54 4, '79 9 (a) 1.82; Ballast men: - . Japanese---------------------- M. 26 54 || $1.00 10 || 53 1.00 ------|-------|------- Blacksmiths: - . American--------------------- M. 1. 54 4.00 3 || 53, 3 || 4, 50 1 || 53 5.00 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-------------|--------------------------- 1 || 59 1.53% Portuguese. --...-----. - - - - - - - - M 2 54 2.80; 2 53.5 b%.97% 1 || 60 c3.45 Total.------------------------ M 3 54 || 3.20% 5 : 53. 4 || bg. 89 3 57.3 | c.3.33 Blacksmiths' helpers: Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 2 53 2.85 ------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian. --------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- I | 53 2.00 Irish -------------------------- M. 1 64 | 1.75%l------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Japanese---------------------- M. 2 54 | 1.50 ------|-------|--|-- ---|------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 53.5 2.00 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M 3 54 || 1.58% 4 || 53.3 2, 17 1 || 53 2.00 Boatmen: Hawaiian --------------------- * M ------|--------------|------|-------|------- 8 59 1. 50 Boiler maker: American--------------------- M. 1. 54 4.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Beiler maker's helper: Irish -------------------------- M. 1. 54 | 1.85 ------|--------------|------|-------|------- Bookkeepers: American--------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 54 5.75 ------|-------|------- Australian -------------------- M. -------------|------- 1 54 b5. 75 ! -------------|------- Portuguese-------------------. M. i------|--------------|-------------|------- 1 || 59 3.64 Total.------------------------ M. I.-------------------- 2 54 b5. 75 1 59 3, 64 Bookkeeper, assistant: German.---------------------- M. I.-----|-------------- 1 || 54 |94.21% |------|-------|------- Brakemen: *: - American--------------------- M. l--------------------|------|-------|------- 1 (a) 1. 50 Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------------- 2 || 54 1.72% 16 | d 59.7 |e 1.50; Portuguese-------------------. M. ------|--------------|------------- | = • - - - - - 4 | f 60 e 1.36% Total.------------------------ M. l------|-------|------- 2 54 1.72% 21 | g 59.8 |h 1. 48 Brakemen, freight: - . Hawaiian --------------------- M. 13 54 | 1.21 10 || 53 1.50 ------|-------------- Brakemen, passenger: American--------------------- M. ------|-------------- 3 || 54 2.00 ------|-------|------- HaWaiian --------------------- . M. 3 54 | 1, 50 3 || 53 1.50 -------------------- Total.------------------------ M. 3 54 | 1, 50 6 53.5 | 1.75 ------|-------|------- Bridge man: Japanese---------------------- M. ---------------------------------------- 1 | 84 1.00 d Irregular. 01.employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and medical attendance. - & *1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in sérvice. - d Hours reported for 3 employees only. & *2 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to School, med- ical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. f Hours reported for 2 employees only. sº g Hours reported for 5 employees only. h See notes to details, - REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 615 & TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. STEAMI RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. , 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- A Ver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy-| hours|Wages|ploy-| hours wages |ploy hours|wages ees. per per ees. per er ees. per per week. day. week. day. week. day. Captain, tug: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|------. 1 || 54 |a;4.79 1 || 60 |b$5.75 Car CleanerS: Japanese---------------------- M. 6 54 $1.00 6 53 1.00 6 64. 2 | 1.16 Car inspector: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 53 3.00 1 || 70 2. 55 Carpenters: American . . . . . . . . . . ----------- M. 15 54 3.40 8 || 53.3 || 3.73 3 || 53.7 3. 55 Austrian ---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 60 b 3. 50 German----------------------- M. 2 54 3.65 l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 10 54 2. 16# 4 || 53.5 2.42}|. -----|-------|------- Irish -------------------------- M. 3 64 2.66%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 17 54 | 1.38% 3 || 54 | c 2.00 7 || 55.6 | d 1.73% Portuguese-------------------- M. 9 54 || 2.38 8 53 2.48% 3 || 54 4. 13; SWedish----------------------- M. 3 54 3.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 59 54 2.40%| 23 53.3 c 2.84%| 14 55.1 e 2.76# Carpenters' helpers: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 60 b 1.50 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 54 1. 75 7 || 60 b 1.50 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 54 1. 75 9 || 60 b 1. 50 Carpenters, work train: Japanese---------------------- M. 2 54 | 1.62% 2 || 53 1.75 ------|-------|------- Car porter: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 54 1.84 |------|-------|------- Car repairer: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 54 2.25 1 || 54 2.00 Cashiers: • American --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 50, 5 || 5.27 Clerks: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 60 b 2.87# HaWaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 59 1.91% Part-Hawaiian................ M. I.------|--------------|-------------|------- 2 | 60 b. 82% Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 4 59.8 |e 1.61 Clerk, chief: German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 60 b 5.17% Clerks, freight: American--------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 6 || 53.2 || 3. 13 5 || 55.2 | d 3.37% American--------------------- F. 1 54 1.91%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 60 b 2. 30 Total.------------------------|----- 1 54 | 1.91% 6 53.2 || 3. 13 7 56.6 e 3.06% Clerk, lumber: ** HaWaiian --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------. 1 54 | a 2.30 ------|-------|------- Clerks, office: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 || 53 2.58%l------|-------|------- rish -------------------------- M. 1 54 2.49 |------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Clerk, roundhouse: American--------------------- M. 1 54 | 1.91% 1 || 53 2.11 I------|-------|------- Clerks, wharf: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 4 || 54 3.00 b Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. º - c 2, employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to School, and medical attendance. d 1 employee furnished, also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to School, medº ical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in Service, e.See notes to details, * 616 BULLETIN OF TEIE BURE AU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. STEAMI RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- Aver- Aver- Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- || age age | Em- age age Em- age age ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy- hours wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er Week. day. Week. day. week. day. COnductors: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 4 54 |a;3.35% 8 (b) $3.35 American negro ........ ------ M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 60 c 1.91; Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 2 d 59 1.68% Italian ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 54 8.45 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 5 | 54 a 3.37}| 11 |e 59.5 |f 2.91% Conductors, freight: American---------------- -----| M. 8 54 || $3.45 3 || 53 3.45 -------------|------- Conductors, passenger: American--------------------- M. 3 54 || 3.70% 3 || 53 8.83%l------|-------|------- COOk: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 70 c. 82 Cook, work train: Chinese ----------------------- M. 1 54 | 1.07%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Deck hands: Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|--------------|------|-------------- 3 60 c 1.50 Engineers, donkey engine: Chinese----------------------- M. ------|--------------------|-------|------- 1 || 59 1. 50 Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- I 60 c 2. 30 Total.------------------------ M. -------------|-------------|-------------- 2 59.5 |f 1.90 Engineers, locomotive: American--------------------- M. 8 54 4.14; 14 || 53.4 a 4.01 8 | d60 |f 3.76# German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 60 c 3.33% Hawaiian--------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 54 g 1.91% 2 (b) 2.46% Part-Hawaiian..... -- - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 2 60 c 2.10% Portuguese-------------------- M. 4 54 2.82; 3 || 53.3 a 2.62 5 d 59 2. 57 Total.------------------------ M 12 54 || 3.70; 18 53.4 |h 3.66%| 18 i 59.8 |h 3.08 Engineer, tug: American--------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 || 54 d4. T9 1 || 60 c 5. 75 Engine helpers: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------ * * * * * * * | * ~ *-* - w = * | * * * * * * | * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 3 || 54 . 72 Engine wiper: Chinese ----------------------- M. --------------------|-------------------- 1 || 59 1. 00 Firemen, locomotive: American--------------------- M. 5 54 | 1.99 4 53.3 2.11 6 (b) 1. 71 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 12 53.5 | j 1.84 8 |k 59.7 |l 1.59% Part-Hawaiian ---------------- M. I 54 2.30 ------|-------------. ------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. 7 54 | 1.75% 2 || 53.5 || 2.10% 4 e 60 l 1.66% Total.------------------------ M 13 1.88% 18 53.4 j 1.93 18 259.8 h 1.64% Firemen, shop: • American ---------------------| M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 53 1, 50 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 || 54 1.50 -------------------- Firemen, tug: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 || 54 92.11 -------------|--|--|-- Portuguese-------------------- M. ------ !-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 ſ 60 C 2. 30 a 1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to School, and med. ical attendance. b Irregular. c Also house, fuel, water transportation of children to School, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. d Hours reported for 1 employee only. º e Hours reported for 2 employees only. * fl employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to School, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in Service. - g Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and medical attendance. * h See notes to details. i Hours reported for 5 employees only. te j4, employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to School, and Imedical attendance. lc Hours reported for 3 employees only. tº l2 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to School, med- ical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 617 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. STEAM BAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- Aver- Aver- Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age | Em- || age age Em- age age ſº ploy-|hours|wages|ploy-|hours wages|ploy-| hours wages €6S per er ees. per er ees. per €r week. day. week. day. week. day. Foremen: American --------------------- M. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1. a $2.30 German ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 60 a 3. 50 Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|--------------------|------- 1 || 60 a 2.00 Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------|-------|-----|-------|------- 3 a 2.60 Foreman, ballast men: Japanese---------------------- M. 1 54 || $1.34 1 || 53 $1.55 -------------|------- Foremen, car cleaners: American --------------------- M. l------|-------|------- 1 || 53 2.50 ------|-------|------- Swedish----------------------- M. 1 54 2.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Foremen, Car shops: erican --------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 || 53 5.00 ------|-------|------- Irish -------------------------- M. 1 (b) 4.50 ------|--------------------|-------|------- Foreman, dredge: glish ----------------------- M 1 (b) 8.83%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Foreman, foundry: American --------------------- M. ------|-------------- 1 54 4.98%l------|-------|------- Foreman, freight handlers: & American --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 54 3.06%|------|-------|------- Foreman, general: Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 54 c 3.83% 1 || 60 a 4.79 Foremen, hostlers, locomotive: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 53 2.87%l------|-------|------- Irish -------------------------- M. 2 54 2.49%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 53 2.11 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M 2 54 2.49% 2 || 53 2.49āl------|-------|------- Foreman, laborers: awaiian ------------ tº º tº e º is ºn ºn tº M. l------|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 59 2.49 Foremen, laborers, yard: rican --------------------- M. -------------------- 1 53 3.88%l------|-------|------- rish -------------------------- M. l 54 | 8.88%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Foreman, laborers, yard, assistant: * Irish -------------------------- M. 1 54 || 3:00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Foreman, painters: American --------------------- M. 1 54 || 4.00 I 53 4.25 ------|-------|------- Foremen, pile drivers: erican--------------------- M. 1 54 5.00 ------|--------------|-------------|------- German ----------------------- M I 54 5.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Swedish----------------------- M 1 64 6.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Total.------------------------ M 3 54 5.88%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Foreman, roundhouse: American --------------------- M. 1 54 || 4.79 1 || 53 4.50 ------|-------|------- Foremen, section men: inese ----------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 || 54 °2.00 ------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1. 54 1.72% 1 || 54 1.72%l------|-------|------- Irish -------------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 54 1.72%|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 10 54 | 1.63 15 53.3 | 1.69 15 ſ 58.6 1. 66 Total.------------------------ M. 11 54 | 1.63%| 18 || 53.4 |d 1.71}| 15 58.6 1.66 Foreman, Stevedores: Portuguese-------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 60 a 3.45 Foremen, wharf: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 4 || 53 3. 00 2 || 54 4.00 Irish -------------------------- M. 6 54 2.91%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese. --------------------- M. l 54 1.50 ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 7 || 54 || 2.71}| 4 || 53 3.00 || 2 || 54 4.00 a Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. b Irregular. 2Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and medical attendance. d1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and medical attendance. 25—No. 66–06—17 618 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued STEAMI RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age | Em- || age age Em- age age ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours|Wagºs ees. per | per | ees. per er eeS per er week. day. week ay. week ay. Foremen, work train: German ----------------------- M. 1. 54 $2.80 1------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Japanese---------------------- M. 1 54 | 1.84 |------|-------|-------|------|------ * ! - - - - - - - Total.------------------------ M. 2 54 | 1.82 |------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Treight handlers: American --------------------- M. 3 54 2.87%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1. 54 | 1.50 2 || 54 $1.50 ------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 54 2.80 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese ---------------------- M. 15 54 | 1.01%| 31 53.4 | 1.17%| 13 53.3 $1.56% Portuguese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- M. I.------|-------|------- 5 || 54 1.50 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 20 54 | 1.38 38 53.5 | 1.23}| 13 53.3 | 1.56% Hostlers, locomotive: - American --------------------- M. 3 54 | 1.53%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- HaWaiian --------------------- M. 3 54 | 1.47 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese. --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 3 54 | 1.53% 7 || 53 1.53%l------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 9 54 | 1.51#. 7 53 1.53%l------|-------|------- Laborers: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 8 59 1.25 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 53 || 54 a 1.25 94 || 59.9 || b 1.47 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 72 | 54 a 1.25 93 60 c 1.32% Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 125 a 1.25 195 || 59.9 |d 1.39 Laborers, dredge: American -------------------- M. 3 72 2.56 l------|--------------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 8 72 | 1.87%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Swedish ---------------------- M. 2 72 | 3:00 -------------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 13 72 | 1.90 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Laborers, lumber yard: -º- Chinese ------------------. ---- M. I.------|--------------|------|-------|------- 2 || 60 c 1.62; Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 60 c 1.50 Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|--------------|------|-------|------- 3 : 60 c 1.58; Laborers, wharf: Japanese---------------------- M. 125 54 | 1.11}| 75 53 1.15 ------|-------------- Laborers, Work train: Japanese---------------------- M. 36 54 | 1.00 ------|-------|-------|-------------------- Laborers, yard: Japanese-----------......----- M. 52 54 | 1.00āl------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Machinists: American-----------. * * * - ſº * * * * M. 3 54 || 3. 57 6 53. 7 || 3.96 7 53.9 || 4.60% Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 54 1. 80 Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 2 || 53 3.00 6 || 54 2.93% Part-Hawaiian................ M. 1. 54 2.70 ------|-------|------- 1 || 60 c 2.30 rish -------------------------- M. 1. 54 4.00%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 2 || 56.5 2.62% Total.------------------------ M. 5 54 || 3.48% 8 || 53.5 || 3.72 17 | 54.6 e3.48 Machinists' apprentices: American--------------------- M. ------|---------------------------------- 1 || 53 1. 75 Norwegian.------------------. M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 54 1.50 ------|-------------. Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 54 1.26 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 2 54 | 1.37;| 1 || 53 | 1.75 a $1.10 a day; after 3 months, $1.25; after 6 months, $1.50; also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and medical attendance. b82 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in Service. • Also house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. d See notes to details. *1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 619 TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. STEAMI RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality Sex. Em- age age | Em- age age Em- age age ploy-|hours wages |ploy- hours wages|ploy-l hours|Wages ee8. per er ees. I per er ees. per er Week. day. week. day. week. day. Machinists' helpers: American--------------------- M. 3 54 || $2.08% 1 || 54 $2.00 a 1 || 54 |a;1.08 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 54 | 1.57# 2 || 53 2.00 a 1 || 54 a .90 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 3 58 b 1.53% Portuguese-------------------- M 4 54 | 1.66%|------|-------|------- 4 55.5 c 1.73% Total.------------------------ M 8 54 | 1.81 3 || 53.3 || 2.00 d 9 || 56 d1.50% Master car builders:-- American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 || 53.5 6.71 1 || 54 7.67 Irish ------------------------- M. 1 (e) 6.71 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Master mechanics: American--------------------- M. 1 (e) 7.67 3 || 53.7 | f 6. 39 2 53.5 | 6.23 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 60 c 4.79 Total.----------- * = a s = * * * * * * * * M. 1 (e) 7.67 3 53.7 |f 6. 39 3 || 55. 7 |c 5. 75 Mechanics' apprentices: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-------------|------- g 2 || 54 91.24%l------|-------|------- Messenger: American --------------------- M. 1 54 | 1.84 ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- MOJCiers: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|-------------------- 1 || 53 5.00 Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 2 : 53 2.25 2 54 2. 15 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|-------------|------- 3 || 54 2.06% Russian ----------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 54 2.00 ------|-------|------- Scotch ------------------------ M. 2 54 || 4.00 1 || 54 4.00 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 2 54 || 4.00 4 53.5 2.62% 6 53.8 2.58% Molders' apprentices: HaWaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 || 54 1.50 ------|-------|------- Molders' helpers: Hawaiian --------------------- M. 2 54 | 1.85 3 || 54 1.58% 1 || 53 1.25 Japanese---------------------- M. 2 54 | 1.15 ------|-------|-------|------4-------|------- Portuguese-------------------. M. 1 54 2.00 2 53 1.50 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M 5 54 | 1. 60 5 53.6 | 1. 55 1 53 1. 25 Oiler: Japanese---------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|------- * * * * * - - 1 || 54 T. 30 Oiler, car: Irish -------------------------- M. I.------|------- * - - - - - I - - - - - - I - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - 1 53 2. 30 Oil tender: Japanese---------------------. M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 (e) 1.15 Painters: American --------------------- M. -------------|------- 1. 3.00 l------|-------|------- Chinese ----------------------. M. 2 54 | 1.92% 2 53 2, 25 3 || 54 2.63% Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 2 2 53.5 2. 12#|------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 || 53 2. 20 Total.------------------------ M 3 54 2.03% 5 53.2 2.35 4 53.8 2.52} Pattern makers: Portuguese-------------------- M. 1 54 || 4, 50 1 || 53 4.50 ------|-------|------- Swedish-, --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 54 4.75 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 1 54 || 4.50 2 | 53.5 4.62}|------|-------|------- a Boy. b2 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendange, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. 21 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. d See notes to details. e Irregular. * º fl employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and med- icºndance, 9 BOyS, 620 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU of LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. - STEAM BAILROADS. (4 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. - | Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- || age age Em- age age Em- age age ,3 ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages ploy- hours wages eeS. per per ees. per er ees. I per er week. day. week. day. week. day. Pattern makers' helper: Portuguese. ------------------- M. 1. 54 $2.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Pile drivers - - American--------------------- M. 8 54 2.68%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------ sº German----------------------- M 3 54 -8.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian--------------------- M 1. 54 || 2:00 ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- sh -----------------. * = a, e s = * = M. 1 54 4.50 !------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Japanese---------------------- M. I 54 | 1.25 l------|-------|------- sº wº e = * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * e Portuguese-------------------- M. 1 54 2.50 ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- Swedish----------------------- IM. 5 54 2.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 20 54 2.733|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Porters: American negro -------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 70 $1.31% Hawaiian--------------------- M..!------|------- ** * * ~ * = - J - - - - - - I - - - - - - - 1 = • - - - - - I 2 60 a 1.25 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 3 | 68 b. 91 Total------------------------ M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 6 || 65. 7 c 1.09 Porters, chair car: inese ----------------------- M. 2 54 1.34 2 53 $1.84 l------|-------|------- Porter, station: Japanese---------------------- M. 1 54 | 1.34 1 53 1.84 -------------------- Road masters: American --------------------- M. 1 (d) 5.75 1 53 5. 75 3 e59.5 f4.34% Japanese---------------------- M. l------|-------|------- 1 || 53 2.87; 1 53 2. 30 Total.------------------------ M 1 (d) 5. 75 2 || 53 4.31#. 4 g57.3 f3.83% Roundhouse men: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 63 1. 48 Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|--------------|------|-------------- I | 63 1.23# Portuguese-------------------. M. ------|--------------------|-------------- 1 | 63 2.13% Total------------------------ M. ------|-------|--------------------|------- 3 || 63 1.61; Sailmaker: Japanese---------------------- M. -------------|-------|-------------|------- 1 || 60 a 1.50 Scales man: - American--------------------- M. -------------|-------|-------------------- 1 (d) 3.29 SCaVenger: inese----------------------- M. --------------------|------|-------|------- 1 || 60 a 1.00 Section men: - Hawaiian ------------......... M. 1 54 | 1.00 -------------|--------------------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. : 118 54 | 1.00 53.4 | 1.02 | 162 59.8 h.98 Portuguese -------............ M. 3 54 | 1.11}|------|-------|------- 60 1.27% Total.------------------------ M 122 54 | 1.00; 183 53.4 || 1:02 | 166 59.8 h.98% Signalman: Portuguese -------...-----.... M. 1. 54 •96 |------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Station masters: - Hawaiian--------------------. M. '---------------------------------------- 4 || 59 .96 *Also house, fuel, Water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. 92 employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in sérvice. c See notes to details. dIrrégular. e Hours reported for 2 employees only. f1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. g Hours reported for 3 employees only. , "IO employees furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, med- ical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. -** REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 621 TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. STEAMI RAILROADS (4 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. & & s Aver- | Aver- Aver- Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. ||Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- || age age . . ploy-|hours wages|ploy-|hours wages|ploy- hours wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er week. day. Week. y. Week ay. Stenographers: - - American --------------------- F. 1 $2.87% 1 || 53 . 26 1 || 48 $3.26 Part-Hawaiian..... ------ - - - - - M. l-------------|------- 1 54 | al.91%l------|-------|------- Total.------------------------|----- l 54 2.87%| 2 || 53.5 a 2.58%| 1 || 48 3.26 Storekeepers: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|---- * * * 1 || 54 2.49 French------------------------ * !-------------|-------|------|-------|-------| 1 || 53 3.45 Total.----------------------- * !------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 53.5 | 2.97 Superintendents, wharf: - American --------------------- M. -------------|------- 1 53 5.75 -------------------- Swedish----------------------- M. 1 (b) 5.75 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Telephone operator: - American --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 (b) 1.97% Track Walker: Chinese----------------------- M. l------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 59 1.25 Train dispatchers: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 53 5, 75 3 (b) 3. 89 English .... ------------------- M. 1 (b) 4.79 ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Watchmen: - - Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 | 84 1.15 Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|-------------------- 7 81 1.10% Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 63 a 1.91} 3 | 84 o 1.81 Russian ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 63 1.72%l------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 2 63 a 1.82 11 || 82. 1 || c 1.30 Weighmaster: American--------------------- M. 1 (b) 2.87%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Wharfingers: - American --------------------- M. :-------------|-------|------|-------------- 1 54. 6.71 . Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 53 1.72% Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 . 5 || 4.21% Wharf men: Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 81 54 1.16# Winch drivers: Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 6 || 60 | d 2.00 Wipers: - * Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 54 1.58%l------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|-------------|- * *-* * 1 || 60 d. 75 Portuguese-------------------. M. I.-----|-------|------- 2 || 54 1.72%l------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------|------- | 4 || 54 | 1.63 || 1 | 60 d. 75 Yard masters: American --------------------- M. 1 (b) 5.17% 1 : 53 5.75 1 (b 4,93 Irish ...... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.-----|-------|-------|---- --|-------|------- 1 (b 2.96 Total.------------------------ M. 1 (b) 5, 17; 1 53 5, 75 (b) : | 3.94% a1 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, and med- ical attendance. bIrregular. 21 employee furnished also with house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. .. - * ... dAlso house, fuel, water, transportation of children to school, medical attendance, and assistance in case of accident incurred in service. 622 BULLETIN OF LABOR. OF THE BUREAU TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. STEAMSHIP COMPANIES, INTERISLAND (2 ESTABLISHIMIENTS). [Data for 1900–1901 are for 1 establishment.] 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- | Aver- Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- || age age ploy- hours|wages|ploy-|hours wages|ploy-|hours wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er week. day. week. day. Week 8 y. BlackSmiths: American--------------------- IM. 1. 53 || $5.00 1 53 $5.00 ------|-------|------- Portuguese. -----------....----| M. I.------|-------|------- 1 53 3.00 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 1 53 5.00 2 53 4.00 ------|-------|------- Blacksmiths' helpers: - ~~ Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-----|-------------- 1 53 ſ 2.50 ------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian............. --. M. 1. 53 2.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. I.-----|----- * * | * * * * * * * 1 53 | 1.50 !------|-------|------- Total.--------------------- - - - - M. 1. 53 || 2.50 2 53 2.00 ------|-------|------- |Boatswains: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 5 66 a 1.72%|------|-------|------- Bookkeeper: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 53 8.83%|------|-------|------- Carpenters: - - American ---------------------| M. I.-----|-------|------- 7 53 || 4.2.1; l 54 || $4.50 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 4 54 2. 37 Portuguese:------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 4 53 || 3.29 1 54 || 3.25 Total.----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 11 53 || 3.88 6 54 2.87 Clerk, coal: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------ * * * * * * - I e s s a tº e ºs I is s m - - e I • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * I 60 b3.83% Clerks, freight: American --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 (c) 2.50 English ----------------------- M. I.-------------------|------|-------|------- 2 d 60 b 4.02% Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 66 a 2. 30 3 (c) 1.93 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 1 66 a 2.30 6 d 60 ||b 2.72} Clerks, office: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 53 5. 75 ------|-------|------- Clerks, ship: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 66 a 3.37%|------|-------|------- Clerks, store: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1. 60 5.75 Portuguese-------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 60 | 1.84 Total.------------------------ M. -------------|-------|-------------|------- 2 60 .79% Clerks, wharf: Amerigan--------------------- M. I.-----|-------------- 1 66 || 4.79 l 60 4.79 English ----------------------- M. I.-------------|-------------|-------|------- 1 60 2.68% Total.------------------------ M. I.-------------|------- 1 66 || 4.79 2 60 || 3.73% Coal passers: American --------------------- M. 1 72 | "1.58%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1. 72 a1. 53} 3 66 a 1.53%l------|-------|------- Irish -------------------------- M. 1. 72 | "1.58%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.----------------------. M. 3 72 al. 534 3 66 a 1.53%|------|-----...-----. Cooks: Chinese----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 21 (c) a 1.54 17 G e 1.63 Japanese---------------------- M. I.-------------|--------------------|------- 2 3 e 1.22% Spanish ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 (c) a 1.30% 1 (c) |e 1.99% Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------|------- 23 (c) a 1.52 20 (c) |e 1.60% Cooks' helper: hinese -----------* - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|------- 1 (c) a , 50 1 (c) e , 50 Drayman: Portuguese--------------------| M. ---------------------------------------- 1. 60 | 1.84 a Also board. c Irregular. - b1 employee receives also board while at sea, valued at 75 cents per day. d Hours reported for 1 employee only. e Also board, valued at $10 per month. REPORT OF TEIE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 623 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. STEAMISHIP COMPANIES, INTERISLAND (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. * c Hours reported for 1 employee º: - d1 employee receives also board, valued at $25 per month. e Also board. J’9 hours per day while in port. g9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 8 employees only, Hours reported for 1 employee only. h9 hours per day while in port. 39 hours per day while in port. 39 hours per day while in port. *9 hours per day while in port. \! Also board, valued at $10 per Hours reported for 10 employees only. Hours reported for 5 employees only. Hours reported for 6 employees only. month. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. - Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex.]. Em- age age | Em- age age Em- age age ploy-|hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours wages ees. per per ees. per er ees. per er week. day Week 8.y. week. day. Electricians: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 4 53 || $1.91% 1 | (a) $1.91% English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- l 60 b 1.91% Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 (a) 1.91% Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------|------- 4 53 | 1.91% 3 c 60 d 1.91% Engineers, assistant: • * American --------------------- M. I.------------|------- 5 66 e 3. 72 12 | f 72 b 3.92% English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- $2 66 |e 4.02; 4 | g 72 b 3.64% Greek ------------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 66 e 4.02 1. a) b 4.02% Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 a) ||b 4.02# Portuguese-------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 72 b 4.04 Scotch ------------------------ M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 | 66 |e 4.02:#|...... * * * * * * > e º gº º sm is tº Total.------------------------ M. I.-------------|------- 9 66 |e 3.85; 19 i 72 b 3.88 Engineers, assistant, first: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 7 66 | * 8.98 |------|-------|------- Engineers, assistant, Second: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 4 66 | * 8. 56%|------|-------|------. Engineers, chief: merican --------------------- M. 8 72 |d;4, 62}| 15 66 |e 5.05%| 10 j 72 b 5. 07 English ----------------------- M. 1 72 | d 3.83% 1. 66 e 4, 60 3 | g 72 b 5.25 German ----------------------- M. 1 72 | d 3.83% 1 66 | 84.60 |------|-------|------- HaWaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 | (a) b 4.984 Total..…............... M. 10 72 | d 4.46%| 17 66 e 5.00 14 k 72 b 5, 10 Engineers, donkey engine: German ------------------ * * * * e ºs M. I.------|-------|------- 1 66 |e 1.91; 1 (a l 1.91% Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 72 |e 1.53% 5 66 e 1. 75 2 (a l 1.75 Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 1 O. l 1.75 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1. O. l 1.91% South Sea Islander............ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 Q. l 1.75 Total.------------------------ M. 1 72 |e 1.53% 6 66 |e 1.77; 6 | (a) || 1 1.80% Engineer, port: Scotch'........................ M. --------------------------|-------|------- 1 | (a) 7.67 Engineers, Steamship, second merican --------------------- M. 5 72 | *8.45 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. 2 72 | *3.83%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Greek----------------------... M. 1 72 | *8.83%i------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 72 | *8.83%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 9 72 | *3.62 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Firemen: American --------------------- M. 3 72 e 1.72; 12 66 |e 1.72%|--|--|--|-------|- * * * * * * * Chinese ----------------------- M. 14 72 e1.49%| 28 66 |e 1. 42 42 | (a ! 1.34 English ----------------------- M. I.--------------------|------|-------|------- 1 | (a l 1.32% German ----------------------- M. 1 72 | *1.72%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|--|-- --- Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|- * - - - - - 2 (a) l 1.32; Part-Hawaiian ---------------- M. 2 72 | *1.72%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- h -------------------------- M. 2 72 | *1.72%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese ---------------------- M. ------|--------------------|-------|------- 2 (a) l 1.33% Wedish.---------------------- M. 1 72 | *1.72}|------|-------|------- 1 Cl l 1.32% Total.------------------------ M. 23 72 |e 1.58; 40 66 |e 1.51#| 48 (a) || 1 1.34 a Irregular. b Also board, valued at $25 per month. 624 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. STEAMISHIP CoMPANIES, INTERISLAND (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age - - ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er week. day. week. day. week. day. Foreman, Stevedores: * , Hawaiian..... .s sº sº as sº tº sº as e º sº s we se as sº M. 1 53 $5.86%l-------------|-------|------|-------|------- Laborers: Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------|------ ... * : * is tº wº º is º (a) 66 (*) ------|-------|------ gº Laborers, carpenters': . Hawaiian ------------------ --- M. ------|------------ * * 3 58 $1.75 ------|-------|------ dº Laborers, Shop: Chinese ----------------------- M. b 1 53 b.83% 2 58 | 1.41%l------|-------|------- Hawaiian--------------------- Mel------|-------|------- 1. 53 | 1.15 ...... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Part-Hawaiian.... - - - - - - - - - - - - M. b 1 58 | *.83%l------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 4 53 | c.1.00 - - - - - - - - -----|-------------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M d 6 53 | d. 94} 3 53 | 1.82}|------|-------|------- Machinists: HaWaiian --------------------- M. I.------|------ -|- - - - - - - 1. 53 || 4.98% 1 54 || $2.99 Part-EIawaiian.--------------- M. 1 53 4.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 54 || 3.25 Total.----------------------- M 1 53 || 4.00 1 53 || 4.98%| 2 54 3.12 Machinist, assistant: Hawaiian--------------------- M. i-------------------- 1 53 2.68%l------|-------|------- Machinists' helpers: Chinese ----------------------- | M. 1 58 | 1.72%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------ * Japanese---------------------- M. 1 53 | 1.25 -------------|------- 2 54 | 1.32% Total.------------------------ M 2 53 | 1.48#!------|-------|------- 2 54 | 1.32% Masters American... ------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 7 66 c5. 584 7 e 72 | f 5.84; Dutch------------------------- M. l------|-------|------- 1 66 95.75 ------4-------|------- English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 66 | c. 5. 75 1 } f 5.75 German ----------------------- M. I.------|--------------|-------------|------- 1. g) |f 5.75 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 2 72 |f 5.74% Part-Hawaiian................ M. I.------|-------|------- 3 66 | c 5.94 |..... ** tº ſº tº º ſº tº º tº - * * * * * * Irish -------------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 {} f 5.75 Norwegian-------------------- M. l------|--------------|------|-------------- 1 g) |f 5.75 Not reported........ ---------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 4 66 || 05.36%l.-----|-------|------. Total.----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 16 66 |o 5.61%| 14 | 72 |f 5.79; Master, port: - American--------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 (g) 9.58% Master, port, assistant: Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 (9) 4. 79 Mates, first: - American . . . . . . ... ------------ M. I.----. a ſº tº º º ſº sº as a ſº e º is me 7 66 c 3.46 6 j'72 |f 3.45} English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 : h 72 |f 3.64% German ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 2 º f 3.45 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.--------------------|-------------------- 2 2 | f 3.83% Part-Hawaiian..... ----------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1. 66 | 98.83%l------|-------|------- Norwegian-------------------- M. I.------|-------|------ * I e º ºs e as a a º as as sº sº e a se e s m = * 1 % f 3.45 . Russian ----------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 g) | f 3.45 Not reported.................. M. I.------|-------|------- 9 66 | 93.86%l------|-------|------- Total...--------------------- M. I.------------------- 17 66 c 3.43 14 i 72 |f 3.53% a Not reported. b Boy. c Also board. dSee notes to details, e 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 5 employees only. f Also board, valued at $25 per month. girregular. - h9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 1 employee only. 39 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 6 employees only. 39 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 3 employees only. k 9 hours per day while in port, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 625 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. STEAMsHIP COMPANIES, INTEBISLAND (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. - Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age |ploy- hours Wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages ees. per er ee8. per per ees per er week 8.y. week. day. week. day. Mates, second: ... • American-----...---- - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|------- 7 66 (a 2.91% 3 b 72 c52.91% English ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 (d) c 2.87+ Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 6 e 72 c 2.89% Part-Hawaiian... -----...-- ---| M. I.-----|-------|------- 8 66 102.80 |------|-------|---...- Irish --------------------------| M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 3 (d) c 2.87% Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------|------- 15 66 a 2.58; 14 | f 72 c 2.89 Mates, third: - Part-Hawaiian................ M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 66 191. 72}|-----. -------|------- Russian ----------------------- M. I.------|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 (d) c 2.49 Swedish----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 66 |*1.72%|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. i------|-------|------- 2 66 a 1.72% 1 (d) c 2.49 Oilers: . - - American --------------------- M. 4 72 |a;1. 724 4 66 a 1.72% 2 (d) | g 1.72} German----------------------. M. 1. 72 a 1.72; 1. 66 101.72%|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 (d) | g 1.72% Irish -------------------------. M. 2 72 a 1.72% 2 | 66 |d 1.72}|...----|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 7 72 a 1.72}| e 7 66 a 1.72% 4 (d) | g 1.72% Pantry men: - - Chinese----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 2 (d) c 1.16# Pursers: - American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 6 66 a 3.07 10 d c 2.68% English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 2 d) c 2.60% Hawaiian ----------------. ----| M. I.------|-------|------- 8 66 a 2.34; 1 d c 2. 30 Part-Hawaiian. ----......... -- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 66 a 4.83% 2 d) c 4.05% Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------|------- 15 66 a 2.80 15 (d) c 2.83 Quartermasters: wº American --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 66 a 1.33} 2 d c 1.33% American negro ------........ M. I.------------|-------|------|------------- '- 1 d c 1.33% Australian -------------------- M. I.------|--------------|-------------|------- 1. d C 1.15 English ----------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 d) | c.1.24% Filipino----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 3 d c 1.33% German----------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------------- 1 (d C 1.15 Hawaiian. -------------------- M. F------|-------------- 16 66 a 1.24%|...... • * * * * * : * * * * * * * Japanese. ---------------- -----| M. I.------|-------------- 1 66 a 1.33% 2 § c 1.33% Norwegian. ------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 66 a 1.33% 1 d c 1.15 Portuguese ... ----------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 3 66 a 1.33% 2 d c 1.33% Spanish ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- I d c 1.33% Swedish .......... ------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|----- - 1 d c 1.15 Total.----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 22 66 a 1.27 17 | (d) | c.1.28 Sailors: - - American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 b 72 h .83% HaWaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 259 66 a 1.10 || 231 b 72 i 1.00 Japanese..... "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|------- 115 66 a 1.09%| 93 b 72 j.95% South Sea Islander............ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 b 72 h .83% Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 374 66 a 1. 10 || 326 b 72 k.98% a Also board. b9 hours per day while in port. o Also board, valued at $25 per month. d'Irregular. e 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 3 employees only. f 9 hours per day while in port. Hours reported for 6 employees only. 9 Also board, valued at $10#. month. - - h Receive $1.50 per day wh e in port; receive also board, valued at $10 per month. i Receive $1,50 per day while in port; receive also board, valued at $10 per month; 29 employees act as petty officers while at sea. jReceive $1.50 per day while in port; receive also board, valued at $10 per month; 6 employees act as petty officers while at Sea. *See notes to details. 626 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. STEAMISHIP CoMIPANIES, INTERISLAND (2 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905, - Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- 98°. | *89. Em- age age Em- age | age loy- hours wages |ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours|wages P. per er ees. per er ees. per er week. day. week. day. Week. day. Shipwright: wº American ----------------...--- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------ * * * * * * * * * * * * * sº as ºs 1 60 $7.67 Statistician: - - American........... * * * * * * * * * * M. I.-----|-------|------- 1. 53 || $3.38%|------|-------|------- Stenographer: American--------------------- F. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 60 | 2. 30 Part-Hawaiian................ M. I.-------------|------- 1 53 3.83%|------|------ - - - - - - - - Stevedores: - Hawaiian-...---------......... M. 24 53 $2.00 |...... [... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Part-Hawaiian... --........... M. 6 53 2.00 i------|--------------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 22 53 | 1.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese. ------------------- M. 9 53 || 2:00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 61 53 | 1.64 ------|--------------|------|-------|------- Stewards: - • Chinese ... -------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 14 66 a 1.68 15 (b) | g 1.70% East Indian ------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1. 66 a 2.00 ------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 (b) c 1.16# Portuguese. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.-----|---- * - - - - - - - - - 1 66 | a 2.00 1. {} c 1.66% Spanish ----------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 2 66 a 2.07 2 b) c 1.82 Total.------------------------ M".............l....... 18 | 66 a 1.76 | 19 (b) c 1.68% Steward, port: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 (b) 2.30 ------|-------|------- Stock keeper: - - - Part-Hawaiian................ M 1 53 2.87%i------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Superintendent, engineers: American--------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 (b) 9.58%i------|-------|------- Superintendents, wharf: American. -------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 2 d 66 | 8.62%|------|-------------- Waiters: - Chinese----------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 24 b) a 1.01; 24 {} e.96# Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 11 b) a 1.05% 1 (b e.99% Portuguese - - - - - -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * M. I.------|-------------- 2 b) a 1.00 ------|-------|------- Spanish ----------------------- M. I.------|---- ----------|------|-------|------- 2 (b) e.99% Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 37 | (b) a 1.02}| 27 | (b) e.97 Watchmen: American. -------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 84 || 2.14% German ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|- ... as sº as as ºs º i s m as ºn as s : as a s m = s. as as as me as as as as I 84 .98% Norwegian. ------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1. 84 | 1.97% Portuguese---------------..... M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 72 e 1.00 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 4 81 |f 1.52% STOCK RANCHES (2 ESTABLISHIMIENTS). [Data for 1902 are for 3 establishments.] BlackSmith: $ Part-Hawaiian......... . . . . . . . M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 60 g;0:96 Bookkeeper: - Part-Hawaiian. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1. 60 93.83% Butcher: Chinese----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1. 66 $1.15 ||------|-------|------- Carpenter: Hawaiian--------------------- M. -------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1. 60 h .96 Cook: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- i 70 , 72% l 70 i. 66 a Also board. b Irregular. c Also board, valued at $25 per month. d Hours reported for 1 employee only. e Also board, valued at $10 per month. f1 employee receives also board, valued at $10 per month, 9 Also beef and poi. h Also beef. k i Also house and board, valued at $10 per month. | 627 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. TABLE II. STOCK RANCHES (2 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. a Hours reported for 11 employees only. bIncluding 1 boy. 16 employees receive also beef and poi; 6 fur valued at $10 per month; 5 receive also food when on the mountain. c Also board. d'Also house and board, valued at $10 per month. e Irregular. f Also house, beef, and rice. g Hours reported f h See notes to details. or 1 employee only. -- 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. * Ayer- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age i Em- age age Em- age age ploy-|hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages ees. per per ees. per 4. ees. per er week. day. week. day. week. day, Cowboys: Hawaiian ---------------------| M. -------------|-------|------|-------|------- 28 a 84 b$0.77 Dairymen: * Chinese -----------------------| M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 | 77 |.15 |------|-------|-...--- Hawaiian ---------------------| M. I.--------------------|------|-------|------- I 84 d. 82 Japanese----------------------| M. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 5 (e) f.70% Total.------------------------| M. I.------|---- * * * } = * * * * * * 1 || 77 c 1.15 6 | g 84 h . 72% Fence men: American ---------------------| M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 (e) 00 Hawaiian ---------------------| M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 5 g 60 i. 85% Total.------------------------| M. I.------|-------|---- & sº is = * * * * * | * s = s. s. s. s : * * * * * * = 6 | *g 60 i. 87% Foremen, cowboys: Hawaiian---------------------| M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 3 | g 84 j 1, 28 Foreman, fence men: HaWaiian---------------------| M. I.-----|-----. * I as ºs e º as sº as s = * * * *s e = s. sº a sy s I as sº w is a s º 1 (e) |K 1.34% Foreman, foresters: German-----------------------| M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 (e) |k 1.31% Foreman, horse boys: American---------------------| M. ------|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 (e) ic 1.92% Foreman, land cleaners: HaWaiian-------------------| gº & I alsº $ sº * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 1 (e) k: , 69 Foreman, sheep herders: . nglish -----------------------| M. -------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 (e) 3.29 Foreman, teamsters: German----------------------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 (e) l 1.31% Forester: Part-Hawaiian.---------------| M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 (e) k . 69 Harness maker: Hawaiian---------------------| M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 60 k 1.34% Horse boys: - Hawaiian---------------------| M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 4 (e) k .62% House boy: Japanese----------------------| M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- I 70 m .46 Laborers: - . Japanese----------------------| M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 60 m.42% Land cleaners: Japanese. -------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ml. I- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39 60 | n . 69 OverSeers: American-------------...-----| M. I.------|-------|------- 1 | 84 3.29 |------|-------|------- Hawaiian---------------------| M. I.------|-------|------- 4 | 64.3 | 01.09%|------|-------|------- Irish --------------------------| M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 60 1.16%|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------| M. -------------------- 6 | 66.8 || 01.47 ------|-------|------. Shearers: Hawaiian -----------------.... M. "...--- & e < * * * * * * * * g º º ºs 39 || 72 °1.00 ------|-------|------- nished also with house and board, i 3 employees receive also beef and poi; 1 is furnished with house and board, valued at $10 per month. j2 employees receive also beef a per month. k Receive also beef and poi. ! Also house. m Also house and board, valued at $10 per month. ºn Also house and beef. ol employee receives also board. nd poi, and 1 is furnished with house and board, Valued at $10 628 BULLETIN of THE BUREAU of LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sTock RANCHEs (2 EstablishMENTs)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver-| Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age - ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er week. day. week. day. week. day. Shee herders: | Chinese----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 C. $1.00 Hawaiian.-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 C. 1.00 Japanese---------------------- M. -------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 C. .92% Portuguese ... - - - * - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------4-------|-------------|------- 1 a) 1.00 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 5 (a) .98% Stablemen: - - Hawaiian --------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 § b. 57% Japanese---------------------- M. I.------ -------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 (a c. 69 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 4 (a) d. 63% Stock herders: awaiian--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 53 | 83.2 |eš0.49%|... ---|-------|-- - - - - - Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-- -----|------- 14 || 70 .66%|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- F. -------------|------- 2 70 .33 ------|-------------- Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 || 70 .79 |------|-------|------- Total.-----------------------------|------|-------|------- 70 80 J. 52#|------|-------|------- Teamsters: º German----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 * (a g 1.00 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-------------|-------------|-------------- 2 (a g.84% Total.------------------------ M. --------------------|------|-------|------- 3 | (a) g. 89; Yard boys: Chinese----------------------- M. I.--------------------|------|-------|------- 1. º g. 23 Japanese---------------------- M. l--------------------|------|-------|------- 4 70 i. 62% Total.------------------------ M. I.------|------- - - - - - - - I - - F - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 h'70 d. 54} STREET RAILWAY (1 ESTABLISHMENT). Blacksmith: t - Portuguese....... ----------- •- M. I.------|-------|--- ---- 1 || 54 $3.00 1 54 $3.00 BlackSmith's helpers: - - Portuguese. ------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 2 || 54 1.50 l 54 | 1.75 Bookkeeper: - e - American --------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 || 48 6.75 ------|-------------- Car cleaners: - inese ----------------------- M. ------|-------------- 2 || 54 1.25 3 54 | 1.27% Carpenters: - American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 54 4.00 ------|-------|------- Canadian --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 54 || 4.79 Scotch ------------------------ M. I.------|-- - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - I - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - 1. 54 || 3. 50 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 54 4.00 2 4.14% Car receivers: - Amérigan--------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 || 77 2.46āl------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- l 77 3, 29 Cashier: Scotch * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s M. * * * * * * 1 se s = e º 'º' • I e s s e º s v I tº s s is a º e º s p w w y w w w w a • * l 63 4.93 a Irregular. bIncluding 1 boy. Receive also beef and poi. o Also beef. º dSee notes to details. e Including 2 boys; receive also board. te J Including 2 boys; 53 employees receive also board. g Also beef and poi. h Hours reported for 1 employee only. - *1 employee furnished also with house and board, valued at $10 per month, and 3 receive also beef. REPORT of THE commissionER or LABoE on HAWAII. 629 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. STREET RAILWAY (1 ESTABLISHTMENT)—Continued. º 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. - e Aver- 1 Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- || age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er week. day. Week. day. week. day. ConductorS: . * American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 24 63 $2.70 28 63 || $2.70 Canadian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 63 2.70 1 63 || 2.70 Danish ------------------------ M. l------|-------|--------------------|------- 2 63 || 2.70 English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 3 63 2.70 4 63 2.70 German ----------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 63 || 2.70 2 63 2.70 Hawaiian --------------------- M. l------|-------------- 3 2. TO 4 63 || 2.70 Irish -------------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 63 2. 70 2 63 || 2.70 Norwegian.-------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 1 63 2.70 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|-------------------- 2 63 2.70 Scotch ------ ------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 2 63 2. 70 4 63 || 2.70 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------------- 35 63 2. 70 50 63 2.70 Draymen: - - - Portuguese-------------------- M. -------------------- 2 54 | 1.50 ------|-------|------- Electrician: • American-:------------------- M. I.------|---------------------------------- 1. 63 || 5.75% Engineers, civil: - - American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 54 3.89%l------|-------|------- Engineer, civil, assistant: Portuguese-------------------- M. -------------------- l 54 2.50 ------|-------|------- Engineers, power house: American--------------------- M. I.-------------------- 1. 63 2.46% 2 63 3.53% English ----------------- - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|------. 1 63 4.11 ------|------------- - Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------------- 2 63 3.28; 2 63 || 3, 53; Engineer, power house, chief: - American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 56 5.92 English ---------------... • * * * * * * * M. I.------|-------|------- 1. 56 6.00 l------|-------|------- Engineer, rock crusher: - American--------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 54 8.50 ------|-------|....... Firemen, power house: * American--------------------- M. I.-----. -------|------- 2 63 || 2.46%| 2 63 2.46; Fireman, rock Crusher: - Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1. 54 | 1.25 -------------|------- Foreman, linemen: American---------------------| M. l------|-------|------- 1 54 6.71 l------|-------|------- Foreman, rock Crusher: - Part-Hawaiian.--------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 54 || 3. 50 ------|... ----------- Foremen, shop: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 70 || 3.6.1#!------|-------|------- Foreman, track: - American --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- l 63 6.00 ------|-------|------- Laborer: Portuguese- - - - - - - - - - - - - ------- M. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 54 | 1.50 Laborers, rock Crusher: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 30 54 | 1.00 ------|--. ... • * * * : * * * * * * * Laborers, track: - American ------------- - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|------- 6 54 | 1.75 I------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|------. 104 54 | 1.50 ------|-------|------. Total.----------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 110 54 | 1.51#|------|-------|------- Linemen: - Hawaiian--------------------. M. I.------|-------|------- 1 54 3.00 l------|-------|------- Swedish----------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 3 54 2.83% 2 54 || 2.78 Total.------------ -----------. M. I.------|-------|------- 4 54 2.87%| 2 54 || 2.78 Machinists: American ------------ - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|------- 2 70 || 2.80;| 2 70 3.61} Hawaiian ------------------... M. I.------|-------|------- l 70 2.46%l------|-------|------- Swedish----------------------- M. I.------|-------------- J 70 2.96 3 70 || 2.74 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------| M. I.-----|----- tº º º e - º ºs º º 4 70 2.50; 5 70 || 3.09 * 630 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sTREET RAILwAY (1 ESTABLISHMENT)—Concluded. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. t Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age | Fºrm- age age Em- age age ploy-| hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy-|hours|Wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er week 8.y. week ay. week. day. Machinists' helpers: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 70 $1.50 |------|-------|------- Danish------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1. 70 || $1.97; German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 70 | 1.64 Portuguese - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|--------------------------- 1 70 1. Total.------------------------ M. ------|-------|------- 1 70 | 1.50 3 70 | 1.75 Motormen: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 22 63 2. 70 28 63 || 2. 70 Danish-----------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 63 2.70 English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1. 63 2. 70 1 63 || 2. 70 German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 7 63 2. 70 Hawaiian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 4 63 2.70 Irish -------------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 3 63 2. 70 4 63 2.70 Portuguese-------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1. 63 2.70 Scotch ---------------."- - - - - - - - M. ------|-------------- 1 63 2. 70 3 63 || 2. 70 Swedish ----..............---- M. I.-------------|------- I 63 2.7 2 63 || 2. 70 Total.----------------------- M. ------|-------------- 28 63 2. 70 51 63 2. 70 Office boys: Chinese----------------------- M. I.------|--------------|------|-------|------- 2 54 | 1.05 Oilers, track: Portuguese-------------------. M. I.------|---------------------------------- 4 6 | 1.50 Painters: - - American --------------------- M. I.------|-------------- l 54 4.00 ------|-------------- Canadian --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 2 54 3.70% Painters' helpers: - American-................ ---. M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 54 | 1.50 1 54 2.00 Hawaiian --------------------. M. I.--------------------------------------- 1 54 | 1.00 Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------------- 1 54 | 1.50 2 - 54 | 1.50 Stableman: American --------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 54 || 2, 50 Stableman's helper: Portuguese-------------------- M. -------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 54 | 1. 50 Storekeepers: - - Canadian --------------------- M. -------------|-------------|-------------- i 48 || 4.79 English ----------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 48 I 4.79 |------|-------|------- Superintendents, general: Scotch ------------------------ M. I.------|-------------- 1 70 4.93 |------|-------|------- Swedish--------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. I.-------------|-------------|-------|------- 1 70 6. 57 Superintendent, linemen: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 54 6.71 ------|-------|------- Superintendent, track: . American --------------------. M. I.------|-------|------- 1 63 || 4.11 - - - - - - - - * * * * : * * * * * * Timekeepers: - American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 70 2.96 ||------|-------|------- Scotch -----------------------. M. -------------|-------------|-------|------- 1 70 3.61 Track repairers: . Portuguese. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. --------------------|------|-------|------- 5 54 | 1.65 Wipers and Oilers: Japanese--------.... ---------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 63 | 1.25 2 63 | 1. 12 sug Art PLANTATIONs (53 ESTABLISHMENTs). |Data for 1900–1901 are for 38 establishments and for 1902 for 55 establishments.] Bag sewers: Japanese---------------------- F. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 7 72 $0.50 Portuguese- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F. I.-----|-------|------ * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 72 . 50 Total.------------------------ F. l------------- * * * * * * s \ is sº sº * * = | = sº s ºn s as sº I s º is a e s = 8 72 . 50 REPORT OF 681 § THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. * Table II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHIMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy-| hours|Wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er week. day. week. day. week. day. Blacksmiths: - American --------------------- M. 15 59.8 || $3.72 18 60 |a;3.82%| 11 || 59.4 || $4.13% Canadian --------------------- M. 1 || 59 3.65%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Chinese - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 60 1.00 1 | 60 1.58%l------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. 1 || 60 4.61% 1 || 60 4. 60 1 59 4. 60 French------------------------ M. 1 || 60 4.57% 1 || 60 4.56 |------|-------|--- - - - - German ----------------------- M. 5 || 59.4 3.47 5 60 3. 22 4 || 59 4.03% Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 || 62 2. 69 9 || 60 2. 12 8 b 60.6 | 1.83 Part-Hawaiian - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 4 59.5 2.944 3 : 60 2. 39 4 | c. 60.3 2.63 Irish -------------------------- M. 1 || 60 3.75 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 14 59.9 | 1.50 18 || 60 1.63%| 10 || 60.8 | 1.54 New Zealander - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 || 60 4.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Norwegian. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|------- 2 || 60. 2.40 1 62 2.37% Polish------------------------- M. 4 59.3 || 2.08% 1 || 60 1.72}|------|-------|------- POrtO Rican-...-- ------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 || 60 .89% 1 || 59 1.50 Portuguese-------------------- M. 8 59.6 2.37}} 10 60 2.614 9 || 58.7 2.97 Russian ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 59 2.00 Scotch ------------------------ M. 12 60 4. 16 10 || 60 4.33 12 59, 3 | d 4.25 Swedish----------------------- M. ------|-------------- 1 60 1.91%l------|-------------- West Indian negro - - - - - - - - - - - - M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 60 92#|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 69 || 59.8 || 3.00%| 82 | 60 a 2.81}| 62 e 59.7 d 3.07 Blacksmiths' helpers: American --------------------- M. 1 || 60 1.00 2 | 60 .84; 2 || 59 . 80 Chinese ----------------------- M. 2 60 .85% 1 60 1.25 ------|-------|------- French------------------------ M. 1 | 60 1.15%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- German ----------------------- M. 3 || 5.) .84% 2 60 1.32;| f 2 || 59 f.67% HaWaiian --------------------- M. 3 60 . 97 5 60 1. 14 | f 15 59.7 | f 1.20 Part-Hawaiian-...--------..... M. 1. 59 .96 1 || 60 .84% 1 | 60 1.00 Hawaiian, White- - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 59 .57+!------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 68 || 59, 7 . 88 71 || 60 .95 84 || 59.3 .99% Polish------------------------- M. 2 60 1.00 -------------|-------|------|-------------- Porto Rican. ------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 2 || 60 .94% 1 || 62. 1.00 Portuguese-------------------- M. 16 || 60 1.06%| g 16 60 g 1.07%| h 12 || 59.3 h. 84; Total.----------------------- M. 98 || 59.8 .91;|g 100 || 60 g .98;| i 117 | 59.4 i 1.00 Blacksmith and carpenter: Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 59 1.50 -------------|-------|------|-------|------- Blacksmith and carpenter's helper Part-Hawaiian - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 59 1.00 ------|--------------|------|-------|------- BOatmen: Hawaiian --------------------. M. l------|-------|------- 10 60 2.00 15 j 59.4 | 1.81 Portuguese -------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 59 1. 75 Total.------------------------ M. I.-------------|------- 10 60 2.00 16 k 59.3 | 1.80; Boiler makers: American--------------------- M. 5 || 59.4 5, 11 4 || 60.8 l 5. 52; 1 || 48 d 5.00 English ----------------------- M. 2 || 59 4.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------ - Hawaiian-...----------------. M. 1 60 3. 69 1 || 60 3.75 ------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian........ -------. M. ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 1 60 3.83% Irish -------------------------- M. 1 || 59 |m 5.50 1 54 |m 6.00 ------|-------i------- Japanese---------------------- M. 4 || 59 2.18% 6 60 1.58% 1 || 59 1.50 Scotch -----------------------. M. 1 || 60 5. 77 1 ſ 60 m 5.00 l. -----|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 14 || 59.3 | n 4. 16 13 59.8 i 3.56% 3 || 55.7 |d 3.44% a 2 employees receive also a bonus. b Hours reported for 7 employees only. o Hours reported for 3 employees only. d 1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month. e Hours reported for 60 employees only. iſ Including 1 boy. sy Including 2 boys. In Including 4 boys. 4 See notes to details. 3 Hours reported for 5 employees only. * Hours reported for 6 employees only. iſ 3 employees receive also bonus. ºm. Also board. n1 employee receives also board. 632 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. - § - TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sugAR PLANTATIONs (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. - Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- || Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- || age age - - ploy-| hours wages |ploy- hours wages; ploy- hours Wages ees. per per ees. per per ees. per per Week. day. week. day. week. day. Boiler makers' helpers: - Hawaiian--------------------- M. 3 || 58.7 $1.33% 5 || 60 $1.07%|----- - - - - e º me - - - : * * * - - - - Japanese------------------ ----| M. [ 53 59.7 | 1.17#| 25 | 60 | 1.17 | 7 || 54.3 $0.88 Portuguese ------------------- M. 2 60 .92%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 58 59.7 | 1.17; 30 60 | 1.15% .7 || 54.3 | . 88 Bookkeepers: American--------------------- M. 16 aſ 2 Ö 5, 84 31 60 . . c 5.71; 24 60.4 5.85 American--------------------- F. 1 d 4.21%|------|-- -----|-------|------|-------|------- Australian -------------------- M. 1 ; 5.75 1 60 5.75 1 62 5.75 Canadian --------------------- M. 4 (d 6.18% 4 60 5.86% 4 59 6.82% Danish------------------------ M. 1 (d) 5.75 I 60 5.75 1 || 60 6. 71 English ----------------------- M. 5 e 72 6.13%| 10 || 60.6 |f 5.40% 9 60.8 5.11 German----------------------- M. 4 (d) 5.70% 4 63 5. 51 6 63.5 || 4.31 Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|--- ----|------- 1 2. 30 Part-HaWaiian- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 2 |e 72 4.21%l------|-------|-----* * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s is a - - - Hawaiian, white..... --------- F. 1 (d) °.76#!------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Irish --------------- - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 65.3 || 5.36#| 1 || 60 5.36% 1 59.5 8.62; Japanese---------------------- M. 1 | 72 3.45 ------|--------------|-------------|------- New Zealander - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 1 || 59 4. 79 Norwegian-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 (d) 3.83% olish------------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 60 5, 56 Scotch ------------------------ M. 5 a 67.7 | g 5.13% 6 60 4.98%| 10 || 59.2 6.02 Swiss-------------------------- M. 1 9 ------|--------------------|-------|------- Total.----------------------------- 43 h 70 7 5. 52 58 || 60.3 i 5.57; 60 j60.4 5.62% Bookkeeper and superintendent St0re: Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 (d) 7.67 ------|--------------|------|-------|------- Bookkeepers, assistant: - - American --------------------- M. 8 || Ic'72 3.42% 9 || 60 l 3.09 m. 15 58. 7. m 3.49 Canadian --------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 60 5.75 ------|-------------. Danish --...-- ------------------ M. 1 (d) 4. 79 1 || 60 4. 79 1 59 4.79 English ----------------------- M. 6 a 68 3.38% .2 60 3.45 1 || 59 4. 60 Germán -----------------------| M. ------|-------|------- 2 || 60 2.58% 4 || 59.6 || 3.73% HaWaiian --------------------- M. 2 || 72 1.72% 4 || 60 2.87% 2 59.5 | 1.91% Part-Hawaiian - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 | 72 2.87#!------|-------|------- 2 || 59 1.91% Hungarian -------------------- M. 1 || 72 2.87#!------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * M. I.-----|-------|------ - 1 || 60 3.33% 3 59.7 | 1.72% Portuguese-------------------- M. 2 | e 72 1.57#!------|-------|------. 2 || 59.8 ſ 2.78 Scotch ------------------------ M. 4 (d) b2.00; 5 k60 |n 2.26% 4 58.8 |o 3.35} Total.------------------------ M 25 | p 71 b 2.91; 25 | g 60 £3.06 || m 34 || 59 £3. 19 Brakemen, railroad: - American---------------------| M. ------|--------------------|-------|-------l. 5 | 72 r. 91 Filipino-----------------------| M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 | 72 1.00 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 5 || 59 .87 18 60 1.03%| 28 q 67.9 | 1.01 Japanese--------------- ** * - - - - sº M. 33 61.7 .93 6 || 60 1.05}l 15 ! 68.7 .86 a Hours reported for 3 employees only. b1 employee receives also share of net profits. . - 42 employees receive also board, and 2 receive also share of net profits. d'Irregular. - e Hours reported for 1 employee only. J’6 employees receive also bonus. g2 employees receive also share of net profit. h Hours reported for 10 employees only. 2See notes to details. J Hours reported for 59 employees only. Jo Hours reported for 4 employees only. l 2 employees receive also bonus. m Including 1 boy. m Not including earnings of 1 employee as postmaster. o 1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month. p Hours reported for 12 employees only. a Hours reported for 24 employees only. .*4 employees receive also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked. REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 633. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sugAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and Ilationality. Sex. Em- || age age Em- age age Em- || age age ploy- |hours wages|ploy-|hours wages|ploy-| hours wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er week. day. week. day. week. y. Brakemen, railroad (concluded): g Porto Rican ------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 60 | $0.92%'------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. 36 a 70. 1 || $0.83 13 60 .93}| b32 c 68.1 bºſ).96% Samoan ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 2 72 1.00 Total.----------------------- M 74 d65. 5 | . 88 38 60 1.00 b83 |e 68.6 | f .96 Bricklayers: • American --------------------- Mſ. 8 59. 4 || 7. 29 1. 60 | 7.00 ------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. I 60 7.77 -------------------------- * - - - - - - I - - - - - - - Irish -------------------------- M. 2 60 7.77 ------|-------|------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 60 | 1.25 1 1. 75 Portuguese-------------------- M. 1 || 59 1.54|------|-------|------- 2 | 62.5 1.38; Total.------------------------ M 12 59.5 | 6.93 2 60 4. 12; 3 61.7 | 1.50; Bricklayers' helpers: - - Japanese--------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * M. 27 59.4 .78 ------|-------|------- 3 || 60 1.00 Butchers American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 | 60 3.06% American negro -------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 (9) 1.57%|----- * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chinese----------------------- M. I.-------------|-------------|-------|------- 1 (9) 1.50 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 3 (9) 1.23# 3 : h 65 i 1.06; Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|-------| 1 || 59. 1.00 Portuguese ------------------- M. I.-------------------- 1 (9) | 1.00 3 75.7 | 1.61 Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------|------- 6 (g) 1. 31 9 j68 i 1.51 Butchers’ helpers: * Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|--------------------|------- 2 | 72 .98% Camp cleaners: - Japanese---------------------- M. -------------|-------|-------------|------- 3 : 60 69 Japanese---------------------- F. -------------|-------------|-------|------- 12 21 19 Porto Rican------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 4 || 60 63% Total.------------------------|-----|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 19 || 35.4 36 Cane CutterS: - Chinese----------------------- M. 1,036 k 60 ‘. 96; 255 l 60 .89%|2,029 |m 56.2 m.84% Chinese and Japanese - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|------- 285 (g) (°) ------|-------|------- Hawaiian--------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 33 60.3 .73% Japanese---------------------- M. 829 | p 59, 7 .89 |1,153 q60 .78 |3,417 | r 59.3 s. 70% Japanese----------------------| F. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 4 59.9 .38% Korean.----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 828 t 58.7 u.66% Porto Rican------------------- M. I.------|- ------------- 30 v 60 .79%l w871 a 59.9 | y. 74 a Hours reported for 34 employees only. g *-º-º- bIncluding 1 boy. & c Hours reported for 31 employees only. d Hours reported for 72 employees only. e Hours reported for 78 employees only. f See notes to details. glrregular. h Hours reported for 2 employees only. * Including estimated earnings of 1 employee. 3 Hours reported for 7 employees only. k Hours reported for 33 employees only. ! Hours reported for 4 employees only. m Hours reported for 1,336 employees only. n Wages reported for 1,640 employees only, including 1,004 contract workers. o 193 cents per ton. pHours reported for 127 employees only. g Hours reported for 413 employees only. r Hours reported for 3,079 employees only. . & Wages reported for 3,252 employees only, including 792 contract workers. t Hours reported for 616 employees only. u Wages reported for 673 employees only. v Hours reported for 20 employees only. wincluding 2 boys. -- a Hours reported for 312 employees only. - - - º; 2 boys; also 59 contract workers; 9 employees receive also bonus of 50 cents for every 6 days Worked. - 25—No. 66–06—18 . 634 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU of LABOR. TABLE IL–OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLESHMIENTS)—Continued. a Including 1 boy. b Hours reported for 160 employees only. c Hours reported for 462 employees only. d Wages reported for 1,463 employees only. e Including 3 boys. f Hours reported for 5,448 employees only. g Wages reported for 6,041 employees only, including 1,855 contract workers and 3 boys. h Not reported. t Hours reported for 80 employees only. 3 Irregular. k Wages reported for 478 employees only. ! Including 3 contract workers. m Hours reported for 101 employees only. n Hours reported for 311 employees only. o Hours reported for 1,808 employees only. p Wages reported for 2,597 employees only, including 1,815 contract workers. g Hours reported for 6 employees only. * Contract workers. * Hours reported for 166 employees only. t Wages reported for 236 employees only, including 112 contract workers. tº Hours reported for 26 employees onlv. - v Including 18 contract workers. to Including 5 contract workers. a Hours reported for 338 employees only. 4 Hours reported for 2,076 employees only. & Wages reported for 2,952 employees only, including 2,006 contract workers. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. - | Aver- Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. ||Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy-| hours wages iploy- hours|wages ploy- hours wages ees. per er ees. per per ees. per per week 8.y. week. day. week. day. Xane cutters (concluded): - * Portuguese------------------- M. -------------|------. 16 || 60 $0.96 a 58 É3.9 |3$0.88% South Sea Islander.-- - - - - - - - - M. ------|-------|------- 9 || 60 . 69 10 || 60 .65; Total.-----------------------|----- 1,865 |b 59.8 || $0.93 |1,748 c 60 d. 80 |eó,750 | f 58.5 0.74% Cane Cutters and loaders: - Japanese--------------------. M. 978 (h) . 98 || 478 i 60 .94 ||-------|-- .* : * : * * * : * : * ~ * * : * * * * Japanese--------------------- f'. ------|-------------- 14 (j) (*) -------|- sº am -m as , sº - sº I sº ** * * * * * Porto Rican..... .* * * * * * * * * * * * * *ſ. ------|--------------|------ -------------- 50 | (j) 70 Total-----------------------|----- 978 (h) .98 || 492 i 60 1: .94 || 50 (j) . 70 Cane hoers: Japanese...----. 'º -ºº º “º º 'º º sº sº ºn ºs º-, * M. 35 (h) .75 -------------|---------------------------- Cane loaders: Chinese ---------------------- M. 15 (h .95 43 (h) 1.00 -------|-------|------- Hawaiian -------------------- M. 5 (h 1.07 ------|-------|------- 16 58.7 | 1.82% Japanese--------------------- M. 1,450 m 60 .98}|1, 156 m 60 .90 2,918 o 57.9 p. 94} Japanese--------------------- F. ------|-------|------- 31 q 60 . 71 53 55.8 r, 61 Korean ---------------------- M. --------------------|-------------------- 248 s 58.2 t .81% Porto Rican-...---------------. M. --------------------|-------------------- 43 w 59.2 v. 97; Portuguese------------------- M. ------|-------------- 21 61.7 | 1.01; 7 || 55, 4 w 1.26 Total.---------------------------- 1,470 m 60 .98}|1,251 a 60. 1 . 90 3, 285 y 57.8 2.93 Cane loaders and flumers &D&IlêSe- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 31 (h) 1.00 ---------------------------|-------------- Cane planters: - Japanese--------------------- M. 95 (*) .85 |-------------|-------|---- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -- * * * *- Cane strippers: . -- . hinese ---------------------- M. 39 h) .91%|--------------------|--------------------- Japanese--------------------- M. 53 h) .82#|------ !-------|-------|--------------------- Total.---------------------- M. 292 (h) 83}|------ ----------------------------------- Cane weighers: -- American -------------------- M. 1 | 72 1. 34; 2 | 66 1.91; 4 72 2.34; Australian ------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 72 1.91%|-------|-------| * -º -ºº & E tº . Canadian ------------------- - M. 2 : 71 1.73 1 || 72 1.91%|-------|--- • * * * * : * * * * * * * * Chinese---------------------- M. --------------------|------ # * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 2 | . Tº 1. 34; English---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 1 | 72 2. 30 German---------------------- M. 2 | "72 1.32; 4 || 72 1. 83 3 || 71 1. 60 Hawaiian-------------------- M. 3 || 71. 7 || 1.05 2 66 1.34; 18 71.2 | 1.07 I’art-Hawaiian- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 || 70 ,-81 1 || 72 1.34% 3 || 72 l. 41 Japanese------------------ ---| M. 4 || 71.8 .80 5 | 67.2 .94% 17 | 72 .78% REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 635. TABLE IH.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sug AR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMIENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- AVer- | Aver- {}ccupation and nationality. ||Sex. Em- age age Em- || age age Em- age age ploy-| hours |Wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy- hours wages ees. per er, ees. per per ees. per per week. day. Week. day. week. day. Cane weighers (concluded): Norwegian.-------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|- -----> 1 | 72 $2.49 Portuguese-------------------- M. 5 || 71.6 $0.97% 7 || 72 $1.13 11 || 69.7 | 1.13 Cotch ------------------ .* * * * * * M. --------------------|------|-------------- 3 | 72 2.36% South Sea Islander------------ M. -------------|-------------|-------|* * * ~ * * * -º 1 | 72 1. 72} Total.----------------------- M 18 71.6 | 1.08}| 23 69.9 | 1.37%| 64 || 71.3 | 1.24% Carpenters: American--------------------- M. 13 60 3.67; 11 || 60 a 4.38%| 13 || 59.7 4.00 Canadian --------------------- M. I | 60 3.84% 2 || 60 3.91; 2 59.5 3.83% Chinese------- - - - - - - - - - - ... as am sº * * * M. 43 | 60 1.61 24 || 60 1.56 3 | 59.3 | 1.49 English ----------------- • * * * * * = M. I.------|- ------|------- 1 60 5, 75 2 65.5 5.36; Filipino----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 60 2. 00 1 || 59 1. 7 German----------------------- M. 5 || 59. 2 | 2.36 6 60 3.51 6 || 59.3 || 3.02 Hawaiian--------------------- M. 22 59.6 | 1.73%| 23 60 1.49; 13 59.7 | 1. 60 Part-Hawaiian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. 11 60.6 || 2.73 4 || 60 3. 52; 1 || 60 2.11 Hawaiian, white ------------. M. b 1 59 °.57%l------|-------|-------------|<= --> -ºº º & º & sº tº º sº sº sº º Irish -------------------- • * * * * * * M. 2 | 60 4.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. c 517 | 59, 7 c 1.09 || 322 || 60 1. 17 67 || 59, 6 || 1.37 New Zealander -------........ M. 2 || 60 4.61%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Norwegian------------------- ... M. 2 | 60 4:00 ------|-------------- 3 || 59.2 2. 16# Porto Rican------------------- M. I.----- * * * * s 2 b 1.00 3 i 72 1. 10 German----------------------- M. I.-----'-------|------- 1 b 2.60% 2 + 59 2.06% Hawaiian--------------------- M. 2 60 1.25 ------|-------|------- 2 a 59 1.57% Part-Hawaiian.---------------- M. ------|--------------|-------------|------- 1 || 59 2. 30 Japanese---------------------- M. 6 || 61.7 1.21 1 (b) 1. 10 8 || 64.3 .95% Norwegian.------------------- M. I.----. * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * me * * * * i e º ºs º ºs e º s is ºn tº a sº sº. I 60 2.87; Polish------------------------- M. 1-------------------- 1 (b) i 1.34}|------|-------|------- Portuguese. ------------------. M. 2 65. 5 1.25 3 } 1.28 4 | c 63.7 | 1.52% Scotch -----------------------. M. I.-----|-------------- 1 b 2.68; 2 59.3 2.87% Total.----. . . . . . . . . ---------- M. 10 | 62.1 1.22}| 12 (b) 1.82 24 | j63 1.59 a Hours reported for 1 employee only. b Irregular, c Hours reported for 3 employees only. d Hºrs reported for 4 employees only. e Boy. f Including 1 g Wages report boy. ºfor 1 employee only. h Wages reported for 2 employees only. * Hours reported for 2 employees only. 4 Hours reported for 21 employees only. 640 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sugaR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy-| hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per §. week. day . . Week ay. week. day. Engineers' helpers, locomotive: HaWaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- a2 | 72 |a:30.71 Japanese---------------------.| M. I.------|-------|------- 2 60 $1.50 ------|-------|------- Porto Rican------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 | 72 .92% Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|--------------------|-------|------- 2 | 72 b 1.15 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 2 60 1.50 a 5 || 72 G r 93 JEngineers' helpers, mill: American--------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 1. 72 | 1.91; d.2 67.3 | d. 77 American negro -------------- M. 1 || 71 $1.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Chinese ----------------------- M. 6 || 70.9 | 1.23 5 72 .93 13 | 72 1.03% English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 72 | 1.00 l------|-------|------- German----------------------- M 5 e 72 1.58 -------------|------- 1 || 71 2.30 Hawaiian--------------------- M 3 || 71.3 : 1.05 l 72 | 1.00 5 69. 6 . 90 Part-Hawaiian. -------...----. M. 1 | 68 1.00 -------------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 53 || 70.9 | 1.00; 8 72 | 1. 12 83 || 71.4 .98% Norwegian-------------------- M. 2 71 1.05% 1 72 | 1.34%l------|-------|------- Portuguese ------------------- M. 9 || 70.3 | 1.05 2 72 | 1.48#| 12 70 1.46% Spanish.---------------------- M. 1 | 72 1.00 ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Total.----------------------- M. 81 | f 70.9 | 1.064 19 72 | 1.15 9 116 71.2 | g 1.04; Fngineers' helpers, pump: American --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 69 1.15% Chinese ----------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|-------------|------- 1 || 69 . 92 Japanese---------------------- M. 2 | 84 1.54|------|-------|------- 2 || 69 1.07; Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|--------------------|-------|------- 1 || 69 1.91} Total.------------------------ M. 2 | 84 1.54|------|-------|------- 5 69 1.23 Engineers' helpers, steam plow: American --------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------------- 1 60 1. 00 Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|--------------|-------------------- 2 || 60 .96% Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 60 | 1.07%|------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian ---------------. M. I.---------------------------------------- 1 || 59 . 69 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 6 60 | 1.17 72 59.4 . 92 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 4 60 | 1.14%| 13 61.6 | 1.00; Total.------------------------ M. L.-----|-------------- 12 60 | 1.14%| 89 59.8 .93% Engineers, locomotive: American --------------------- M. 4 |h 66 3.10% 5 60 3.03 3 || 67.7 3.064 Canadian --------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 2 60 | 2.39%|------|-------|------- Chinese ----------------------- M. 1 || 65.3 | 1.00 1. 60 84; 2 72 1.00 Danish ------------------------ M. I.------|--------------------|-------|------- 1 | 72 3.06; Bnglish ----------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 2 60 | 4.79%|------|-------|------- Filipino ----------------------- M. 1 60 1. 53; 1 60 | 1.724 1 | 72 1.91% German ----------------------- M. 9 i 70.5 | 1.71 4 60 | 1.34% 3 || 65 1. 41 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 14 || 63.4 1.67 25 60 | 1.75%| 27 | 69.9 | 1.76% Part-Hawaiian ------------...- M. 9 j64 1. 92 3 60 2.75 ------|-------|------. Japanese ---------------------- M. 6 | 66.6 | 1.23# 9 60 | 1.19%| 10 70.7 |k 1.21 Norwegian.-------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 60 2.68%|------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. 16 l 64.9 | 1.80 22 60 | 1.93}| 37 70.8 m. 1.88 Russian ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 60 | 2.49 1 72 k; 2.49 Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 || 58 4, 21; 2 60 m 2.01% 3 || 72 2.81; Spanish ----------------------. M. -------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 | 72 1. 34 Swedish----------------------- M. 2 | 66 2.49%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.----------------------- M 63 || 0 65.3 | 1.85 78 60 m 1.95%| 89 || 70.3 c 1.82 a Including 1 boy. b Receive also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked. c See notes to details. d Boys. e Hours reported for 4 employees only. f Hours reported for 80 employees only- g Including 2 boys. 7, Hours reported for 2 employees only. £Hours reported for 8 employees only. 5 Hours reported for 7 employees only. 7.1 employee receives also bonus of $1 for each Sunday worked. 7 Hours reported for 14 employees only. 2m 2 employees receive also benus of $1 for each Sunday worked. 2.1 employee receives also share of net profits, - o Hours reported for 56 employees only, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 641 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. i. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. 4- Aver- | Aver- AVer.- : Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age - z- ploy- hours Wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er Week. ay. week. day. Week ay. Engineers, machine shop: German----------------------- M. -------------|------- 2 60 $1.03 l------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 2 59.5 $2.60% Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 60 1.00 ------|-------------- Total.------------------------ Aſ. ------|-------------- 4 || 60 1.01% 2 59.5 | 2.60% Engineers, mill: - * - American --------------------- M. ------|-------------- 18 || 72 a 6.34}| 19 71.3 | 6.60 Australian - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 2 | 72 . 7.50% Canadian --------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 2 | 72 6.23 3. W2 . 88 Chinese ----------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 2 | 72 2.89%|------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. -------------|------- 8 || 72 5. 39 6 || 70 6. 39 French ----------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 | 72 5.75 1 | 72 5.75 Germºr.---------------------- M. -------------|------- 5 | 72 3.95 10 70. 6. i9% Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------------- 1 .. 72 . . . 4.79 Japanese---------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 4 || 72 1.76# 1 | 72 . 3.26 New Zealander ------......... M. -------------|------. 1 || 72 8.62%l------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. -------------|------- 2 | 72 b 2.78 3 | 68.8 3, 13 Scotch ------------------------ M. -------------|------- 9 || 72 6.11% 7 || 70.3 6.45} Swedish ---------------------- M. -------------|------- 1 || 72 5.75 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. F------------|------- 53 || 72 c 5.32;| 53 || 70.7 | 6.274 Engineers, mill, assistant: 1 * * ericall - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 6 d 72 $4.25 4 72 4.84 5 69.6 3.66% Chinese ----------------------- M. 3 || 69.4 | 1.65 3 || 72 1. 76 3 || 72 2. 81 English ----------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 | 72 3.45 ------|-------|------- French------------------------ M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 | 72 4. 60 German----------------------- M. 4 |d 70.3 || 4.02%|. -----|-------|------- 1 | 72 1.91% Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 2 | 72 1.44 2 | 72 1.62% Part-Hawaiian - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 | 72 3.06%l------|-------|--------------------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 4 e 72 2.06 14 || 72 1.14; 6 | 72 1. 724 Norwegian.-------------------- M. I.--------------------|------|-------------- 1 | 72 2, 30 Portuguese-------------------- M. 10 | f 71.9 || 2.22}} 14 | 72 2. 10; 12 | 72 2. 07 Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 (g) || 3.83}| 1 || 72 2.874 1 || 72 3. 64 Spanish ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 72 1.91; Total.------------------------ |M. 29 |h 71.3 2.89}| 39 || 72 2.03%| 83 || 71.6 2.41 Engineers, mill, chief: American --------------------- M. 13 e 72 b 7. 27 3 || 72 6.71 -------------|------- Australian -------------------- M. 1 g 5.36%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Canadian --------------------- M. 2 º 6. 71 1 || 72 6, 71 || -----|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. 5 | i 71 b 6.98 2 | 72 7.82%|-------------|------- German ------------ ** * * * * * * * ... M. 7 || i 72 6.84% 4 || 72 7.19 |-------------|------- Norwegian-...---------------. M. 1 (9) 6.71 ------|--------------|-------------|------- Scotch ------------------------ M. 6 | d 65.8 || 6, 12 1 | 72 6.75 ------|-------|------- Total...... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * M. 35 | f 69.2 c 6.84}| 11 | 72 7.00 -------------|------- Engineers, pump: American----------------- ... - M. 13 k 84 3.32}| 21 | 84 l 3, 49 11 || 78.5 || 3.71 Chinese ----------------------- M. 8 | 84 1.15% 6 | 84 1.37 4 | 72.8 | 1.28% English ----------------------- M. 3 | t 84 a 4.50 2 | 84 2.96 3 | 72 3.38% German ----------------------- M. 7 | 84 3.19% 2 | 84 1.64% 3 || 75.7 2.70; Hawaiian ------------------- ...] M. 1 | 84 1.64% 8 j 80.6 b 1.67 12 || 77.8 || 2.39 Part-Hawaiian............'....] M. 4 | 84 2.67 ------|--------------|------|-------|------- Irish -------------------------- M. 1 | 84 , 2.96 |-------------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese . . . . . . . . . ------------- M. 10 lm 81.3 | 1.22 20 | 84 1, 12#1 - 30 || 77 1, 19 a2 employees receive also share of net profits. b1 employee receives also share of net profits. c See notes to details. d'Hours reported for 3 employees only. e Hours reported for 2 employees only. * f Hours reported for 8 employees only. . glrregular. h Hours reported for 20 employees only. à Hours reported for 1 employee onl 3 Hours reported for 7 employees on k Hours reported for 11 employees only. l 4 employees receive also share of net profitSs. m Hours reported for 9 employees only, 642 BHULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OE LABGB. * TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.–Continued. SLJGAE PLANTATIONS (53 ESTA BLISHMENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. - Aver- Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age |ploy-|hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours|Wages ees. I per per ees. per er ees. per er | Week. day. week. day. week. day. Engineers, pump (concluded): - Norwegian.-------------------- TM. 3 | a 84 $3.03 3 | 84 $3.56; 4 b 72 $3.97% Fortuguese-------------------- M. 6 || 80.9 | 1.81; 7 | 84 1.76 11 75.5 | 1.89% Russian ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- * - - - - - - - as ºs º- - - - sº e - - - - * * 2 72 3.45 Scotch ------------------- * - - - * * M. I.----- !------------- * I as as º – º me l = * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 2 || 78 6. 57; Total.------------------------| M. 56 |c 83.1 |d 2.42}| 69 |e 83.6 |f 2.17 82 | g 76.4 || 2.26 Engineers, pump, assistant: American -------------------- - || M. 1 | 84 5. 753 4 | 84 2.92 1 | 84 3. 29 £nglish ----------------------- M. 1 71 h 2. 30 1 | 84 2.96 ------|-------------- Hawaiian------------------- ... | M. 1 || 71 h 1.91} 1 || 60 2.00 ------|-------|------- 3apanese. --------- * - - - - * * * - - - * * M. I.------|---- .* * * : * * * * * * * 4 | 84 1. 48 4 || 72 1. 22 Norwegian -------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 | 84 2.96 -------------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-----|-- • * - - - - - - * * * * * * ** 2 | 84 2, 63 73 2.44 Spanish ---------------- .* - - - - sº . * M. 1 || 71 1.07#|------|-------|------ - * * * - - - - - e i s “ • * * * * * i • * * * * * * Total.------------------------| M. 4 || 74.3 | d 2.76 13 | 82.2 2.36# 7 || 7.4 1.86; iFrgineers, pump, chief: American----...- • * -- - - - - e º - - - ---| M. 3 (i) 6.30 1 | 84 6.57; 3 || 72 6. 54} English -------------- * - º - - - - - - sº M. ------|------------- -- 1 | 84 7.39% 1 || 72 7.67 Norwegian.--------------------| M. 1 (i) 7.39||:-----|----- * * * : * * - - - * * - - - - - - - - - - - - , sº i s - - - - e ºs Portuguese- - - - - - - - - * - - - - - - - - - - - -- ºn M. I.------|----- -- - - -ºs • - - - - - as I = * - - - * * * * - - - - e º 'º - - - - - - 1 | 84 3. 78 Scotch ------------------------ M. 2 (i) 6.03% 1 84 7.39%l------|------ - - - - - - - - Total.------------------------ Mſ 6 (i) 6.39; 8 . 84 7. 12 5 74.4 6.21% Engineers, railroad, chief: American--------------------..] M. 1 (i) 4.79 |------|-------|------- * -- - - - - -, -ºs i s = - - - - ºr a sº - ... - - - a s £nglish --------------------- . . . M. 1 (i) 9.58%|-----. -s e - - - - - I sº sº - - - - * : * - - - -.e : * * - - - - -- * : * - - - - sº º Hawaiian---------------- ... - - - - - M. 1 60 2.30 ------|--- * - - - I - - - - - - - * -- - - - as # * * * - - - : * * r * * * - - - - ºg POrtuguese - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----- 1 | 72 3.06%|------|-------|------ ; : - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Total ----------------------- M 4 & 66 4.93%l------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Engineers, sawmill: - American--------------------- M. 2 : 60 3.75 --------------------|------|-------------- £ngineers, steam plow: American--------------------. M. I.------|-------|------- 2 63 5. 27; 4 63. 1 || 5, 12; Canadian --------------------. M. I.-------------------------- * -- - ------- i - - - - - - - - 1 | 66 4. 79 Chinese----------------------. M. 1 || 65.3 | 1.00 - - - - - - ** * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * s English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 | 60 5. 75 6 69.1 5.69; German----------------------- M. 59 1.22 9 || 60 2.75 2 || 59 3.73; Hawaiian--------------------- M. 3 61.8 | 1.11; 3 60 1.33; 6 || 61.3 | 1.12; Part-Hawaiian. ---------------| M. I.------|-------|------. 1 60 2.874-------------|------- Japanese--------------- ** * - - - - sº M. 57 || 60.9 | 1.14%| 32 60 1. 21; 16 || 60.8 | 1.15 Norwegian-------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 5 || 60 j4.29% 2 59 3.83% Polish. ----- • *- - - - - as * * - - - - e º 'º - - - - * M. 1 || 59 1.25 ------|--------------|------|-------|------- Porto Rican--------...------ ---| M. --------------------------|-------------- 1 || 62 1.23 Portuguese ------------------- M. 20 60.8 | 1.30 27 | 60 1.61 19 || 59.8 | 1.73% Scotch --------------------- ---| M. ------|------- * - - - --- - 3 60 4.26 1 || 60 4. 79 SWedish ----------------------| M. I.-----|-------------- 1 60 3.83%i------|-------|------. Total.----------------------- M 89 60.8 | 1.18%| 84 60.1 j2.00%| 58 || 60.6 2. 39 Engineers, steam plow, assistant: American------------------- -- M. I.------|-------|-------|------ * - a -- - - - - --- I e - - - - - - 3 59 1.83% German----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 4 || 59 1.54 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------ ** * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 1 60 1.00 ------|-------------. Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 5 60 1, 15% 5 | 62.6 | 1.52% Portuguese-------------------- M. I.----- •, I e s e º ºs e e i e s s • * * - - 2 60 1.38% 7 || 60.9 | 1.40; Total.----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 8 : 60 1. 19 19 60.6 | 1. 53 a Hours reported for 2 employees only. b Hours reported for 3 employees only. o Hours reported for 50 employees only. d2 employees receive also share of net profits. e Hours reported for 68 employees only. fSee notes to details. g Hours reported for 81 employees only. h Also share of net profits. i Irregular. - 31 employee receives also share of net profits. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 643 TABLE HI.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. SEGAR PLANTATHONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. occupatiºn nation sex.lºc. ºlº Em. |ºlº Em. |ºlº Ity. . 7 hours|wages|ploy- |hours|wages ploy- |hours|wages * per er €6S. per per €6S. per per week. day. week. day week. day. Engineer, steam plow, chief: German---------------- M. ---------|-------|-------|--------|-------|------- 1 59 $5.75 Engineer, steam tug: Portuguese-...---------- M. 1 59 $1.38 ----------------------|--------|- tº &e sº º gº º & & ºn tº e := tº lengineers, traction engine: Japanese--------------- M. ---------|-------|-------|--------|-------|------- 1 | 66 1.53% Portuguese- - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.---------|-------|------- 1. 60 || $1.91% 3 || 62.5 2.04 Total.----------------- M. I.---------|----- * I - - - - - - - 1 || 60 | 1.91; 4 63.4 | 1.91; Engineers, traction engine, assistant: Japanese--------------- M. ---------|----------------------|-------|------- 1 | 66 84% Portuguese- - - - - - - - - - - - - M. -------- sº as a e sº is as ºr i e s we sº º sº s 2 60 | 1.00 |--------|-------|------- JFencemen: - Chinese ---------------- M. I.---------|-------|------- I 60 .73 |.------- sº º ºs sº º sº tº º 'º º tº s sº gº Hawaiian -------------- M. ---------|-------|------- 3 60 . 73% 4 || 60.3 .90% Japanese--------------- M. 2 || 59.5 . 76# 11 60 . 80 23 61.1 79% Porto Rican- - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.---------|-------|------- 4 60 .66āl--------|------- *** * * * * * Portuguese. -- - - - - - - - - - - M. 7 || 59.9 . 98 a 25 60 a 1.02% 25 59.4 94; Total.----------------- M. 9 59.8 .93| a 44 60 | a .90, 52 | 60.3 | .87; Fertilizers: Japanese--------------- M. 10 (b) 1.00 --------|-------|-------|--------|-------------- Field hands: U American negro........ M. 16 || 59.1 .65% 6 60 .83%|--------|-------|------- Austrian --------------- M. 2 60 . 85 2 60 .86%|--------|-------|------- Chinese ---------------- M. 2,693 c 59.5 .78 d1,113 60 d. 68 |e 1,218 |f 59.6 e. 65 Filipino---------------- M. I.----------------------- 4 60 .73 l---------------|------- German---------------- M. g 30 || 59 g. 77% 14 60 .91 h 22 || 59 h. 71% Hawaiian -------------- M. i 113 j 59.3 i. 78; he 355 60 | Ic. 72 l 338 || 60.1 l. 74 Hawaiian -------------- F. I.---------------|------- 24 60 . 52; 1 || 59 46 Hawaiian -------------- (*) ---------|-------|------- 7m 114 60 | *.47 1--------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian. - - - - - - - - M. I.---------|----------------------|-------|------- 1 || 60 . 77 Italian ----------------- M. 22 || 59 . 90 14 60 # 2 59 1. 00 Japanese--------------- M. n15,997 o 59.5 n. 75}p11, 245 60 | p.67%|q11,820 | r 59.7 | g . 65 Japanese--------------- F. ,418 s 59.4 .43 2,432 60 | .44; 2,091 t 59.5 | .44% Japanese and Chinese--| M. .........|-------|------. 160 60 .65%l--------|-------|------- Korean ---------------- M. ----------------|-------|--------|-------------- w 3,039 || v59.7 w.65 Korean ---------------- F. ---------|-------|-------|---------------|------- 44 || 59.4 . 49 Polish------------------ M. 11 59, 7 .85% a 8 60 a .90% 1 60 .84% Polish---------, -------- F. 2 59 • 46 --------|-------|-------|--------|-------|------- Porto Rican-----------. M. 78 || 59 165%l will 679 60 w, 61; a 1,005 59.6 a .64 a Including 1 boy. b Not reported. c Hours reported for 1,852 employees only. dIncluding 1 e Including 7 § ensioner. Oys, contract workers. fHours reported for 1,211 employees only. glncluding 8 boys. h Including 11 boys. #Including 8 boys and 10 pensioners. 3 Hours reported for 100 employees only, # Including 7 boys. . l Including 31 boys. m Children. m Including 4 boys. o Hours reported for 12,154 employees only. pIncluding 3 boys. g Including 24 boys and 27 contract workers. r Hours reported for 11,305 employees only. sHours reported for I,388 employees only. 't Hours reported for 2,004 employees only. u Including 24 boys, 4 of whom are contract workers, whours reported for 3,035 employees only. *Including 148 boys. a Including 244 boys, 16 of whom are contract workers. 19 employees receive also bonus of $2 for eyery 26 days worked; 89, 50 cents for every 6 days worked in a week, and 42, a bag of flour, valued at $1.40, if 20 days or more are worked in a month, BULLETIN of THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCUUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sugAR PLANTATIONs (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. * Aver- | Aver- Aver. Aver- Aver- | Aver- occupatiºn nation- | Sex, Employ |, age age. Em: , 98°. ge. ºn , º, ...}} y. º Wºl hours wages ploy- hours wages] ploy- hours Wages “ per per €eS. per er €68. per er week. day. week. day. week 8.y. Field hands (concluded): - - Porto Rican. ----------- F. I.--------|-------|-- - - - - - a 175 60 ał0.42% b 97 || 59.6 b$0.43% Portuguese-...---------- M. c 692 | d59.2 |c{0.76#| e1,083 60 e.74 f1,082 959.6 f. 69% Portuguese------------- F. h98 i 59.1 h. 473] j100 60 j. 47 k 164 || 59.4. k .45 South Sea Islander..... M. I.---------|-------|------ o 7 | 60 .68%l--------|-------|------- Spanish ---------------- M. 7 || 59.9 .71% 1 || 60 .92#!--------|-------|------- 'Spanish ---------------- F. 1 59 -50 --------|-------|---------------|-------|------- Total.-----------------|----- l 21, 180 m 59.5 | 1.73%|l 18, 536 60 l. 64 || 20,925 | n 59.7 l. 63 JFireman, donkey engine: g +- Japanese--------------- M. I.----------------------- I (o) .84%|--------|-------|------- Firemen, locomotive: - Chinese ---------------- M. I.---------|-------------- 1 || 60 . 73 2 | 72 . 69 German ---------------- M. p3 || 71.7 | p. 98; 4 || 60 ... 79 q 2 . .65 q. 73 Hawaiian -------------- M. p 16 | r 63; 2 | p. 99% 18 || 60 1.02}} 10 70.8 . 92+ Part-Hawaiian. -- - - - - - - M. 2 | 66 1.07%l--------|------|-------|--------|-------|------- Japanese--------------- M. 23 65.4 .91 21 60 .93% 7 || 70 . 87 Portuguese. tº º 'º º tº gº º ºs º º & M. 8 || S 65.8 .97 14 | 60.9 | 1.064 p 19 || 71.6 | p .97 Total.----------------- M. l 52 | t 65.2 | 1.95% 58 60.2 .98 l 40 || 70.8 l.91% Firemen, mill: * American -------------- M. ---------|-------|------- 1 72 1.34%|---------------|------- Chinese ---------------- M. 48 || 71.3 .84% 43 72 .91% 42 71.9 .84 Hawaiian -------------- M. 5 | 70.4 | 1.13 --------|-------|-------|--------|-------|------- Japanese--------------- M. 188 || 71.4 .85 193 || 72 . 86 223 || 70.3 u. 79 Porto Rican........ ---- M. I.--------|--------------|--------|-------|------- 1 72 .84% Portuguese------...----- M. 6 71.9 | 1.14% | 2 | 72 2.01; 2 | 72 1.04% Total.----------------- M. 247 | 71.4 .86 239 || 72 .884] 268 70.6 w.80 Firemen, pump: American -------------- M. l---------|--------------|--------|-------|------- 1 69 1.15 Chinese ---------------- M. 36 || 82.6 . 93 4 | 84 . 79 32 69.8 .94% Hawaiian -------------- M. ----------------|------- 7 80.6 1.00 3 || 72 .95 Japanese--------------- M. 63 || 82.8 . 90 73 83.7 .84% 100 v 73.9 .95 Portuguese------------. M. 2 | 84 . 92 1 | 84 # 1 | 84 . 90 Spanish ---------------- M. I.-------------------------------|-------------- 1 | 84 1.00 Total..... tº ºn tº gº tº sº ºn e º 'º e e M. 101 || 82.8 . 91 85 | 83.4 . 85% 138 w 73 .95 Flume men: - Chinese ---------------- M. 1 59 77 --------|-------|------- 30 62.3 . 90 Hawaiian-------------. M. ---------|-------|----------------------------- p 16 || 72 p. 81; Japanese--------------- M. 47 a 58.3 .94 86 72 , 72 209 | 69, 7 77; a Including 5 girls. bIncluding 2 girls and 8 contract workers. c Including 109 boys. d Hours reported for 660 employees only. e Including 223 boys and 1 pensioner. f Including 411 boys, 35 of whom are contract workers. g Hours reported for 1,055 employees only. Ji Including 15 girls. . i Hours reported for 73 employees only. jIncluding 2 girls. k Including 28 girls, l See notes to details. mHours reported for 16,396 employees only. n Hours reported for 20,285 employees only. o Irregular. 2 Including 1 boy. g Boys. r Hours reported for 14 employees only. 8 Hours reported for 6 employees only. t Hours reported for 48 employees only. and 3 employees bagging cane, at 1% cents per bag. w 4 employees receive also $1 for each Sunday the boilers are cleaned. v Hours reported for 96 employees only. w Hours reported for 134 . Only, a Hours reported for 34 employees only, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABor ON HAWAII. 645 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 Establishments)—continued. 1900–1901. 1902. | 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupations and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- || age age - ploy-| hours |Wages|ploy-|hours wages|ploy- hours wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er Week. day. Week. day. week. day. Flume men (concluded): POrto Rican....... -- .- - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- a 14 62.7 |a:0.57% Portuguese-------------------- M. 12 ||b 59.4 $1.28% 1 72 $1.344 c 10 || 71 o. 73% Total.------------------------ M. 50 |d 58.4 | 1.003| 87 72 .73 |e 279 | 68.7 e.78 Foremen, carpenters: American--------------------- M. 6 || 59.3 || 5.49 3 60 | f 5. 24 1 59 6.13% Canadian --------------------- M. 1 || 60 8.83%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Chinese ----------------------- M. 1 59 1.91%l------|-------|-------------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. 1 || 60 4.56 ------|-------|-------|------|------ * : * * * * * * * German----------------------- M. 3 59.7 || 4.67%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 2 59.5 3.64% 1. 60 3.83%|------|-------|------ * > Part-Hawaiian................ M. 2 || 59 3.49% 1 60 | 3.83%|- - - - - - - - * * * * * i = • * * * * * rish -------------------------- M. 1 60 4.98%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 4 59.8 2.15}|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------. M. 2 59.5 ! 3.23%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Scotch ------------------ - - - - - - M. 1 | 60 || 4.98%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 24 || 59.5 || 4.02}| 5 60 |f 4.67;| 1 || 59 || 6.13% Foremen, carpenters, assistant: * American--------------------- M. . 2 || 59 4.23#|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- English ...... ----------------- M. 1 59 8.83%l------|-------|-------|------|- -º-, * - - - - - - - - - - Japanese----------------------| M. I | 60 1.99%l------|-------|-------|------|---- ---------- Total.------------------------ M. 4 59.3 3.57%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Foremen, ditchmen: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1. 60 | 3.83% 4 || 60.3 || 4.55% Chinese ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 59.5 1.72% German ----------------- * * * * * * M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 59 3.83% Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 3 || 59.7 | 1.78% Portuguese ------------------. M. I.-------------------- 1. 60 || 4.10 7 |g 59.7 | 1.72% Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 2 60 | 3.96%| 16 h 59.8 2.57% Foremen, firémen, mill: American------------------ ---| M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 2 | 72 2. 39 Foreman, flume men: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 60 | 1.00 ------|-------|------- Foremen, laborers, mill: - American --------------...------ M. ------|-------|--------------------|------- 2 | 72 2.39% Fºan, laborers, mill construc- 1OI] . Norwegian.-------------------- M. 1 ſ 59 2.30 i--------------------|------|-------|------- Foremen, laborers, railroad: . American--------------------- M. 2 || 60 2.97 1 60 || 3. 64 1 || 59 2. 30 Chinese ----------------------- M. 6 || 60 1.47 3 60 | 1.72% 3 59 1. 16# German ----------------------- M. 1 (i) 5.56 2 60 2.17%l------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 59 1.91% l 60 | 1.91%l------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian. -------........ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|------ - - - - - - - - 1 || 59 2.49 Japanese---------------------- M. 10 || 59.3 | 1. 194| 10 60 | 1.26%| 12 59.8 1.14% Portuguese ... ----------. * * * * * * * M. 4 || 59.3 | 1.33} 3 60 | 1.19% 1 59 1.91; Total.------------------------ M. 24 j59.5 | 1.65 20 60 | 1.56} 18 || 59.5 | 1.33 Foreman, laborers, railroad, as- sistant: - - - German----------------------- M. 1 | 59 2.30 ------|-------|-------|------|--- - - - - - - - - - - - Foremen, maSOns: Amérigan--------------------- M. ------|-------|---- .* ~ * 1. 60 | 8.48#|------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. 1 || 60 7.74}{------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- a Including 5 boys. 5 employees receive also bonus of 50 cents for every 6 days worked. b Hours reported for 5 employees only. o Including 4 boys. d Hours reported for 40 employees only. eSee notes to details. *. f1 employee receives also share of net profits. g Hours reported for 6 employees only. h Hours reported for 15 employees only. *Irregular. 3 Hours reported for 23 employees only. 646 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. Tamir II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.–Continued. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Ayer- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- || age age Em- age age Em- age age $ ploy- hours|Wages |ploy-|hours wages|ploy- hours wages ees. per per ees. per er ees. per per week. day. Week ay. week. day. Foremen, mill: American--------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 | 72 $1.62% Japanese----------------------| M. I.------|------- as º ºs ºs s. s. sº 6 72 $0.75 |------|-------|------- Foremen, painters: Hawaiian.--------------------- M. ------|-------------- 1 60 2.76 ------|-------------- Part-Hawaiian.-----........... M. 60 $4.21%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Foremen, shaft diggers: American-------------- ... gº gº is sº gº gº s M. 5 a 60 5.41%i------|-------i--------------------------- Foremen, stablemen: American--------------------. M. 4 b 84 2.60% 8 72 2.59 8 c 64.4 2.57; Australian -------------------- M. I.------|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 || 70 2.79%; Belgian ------------------- ----| M. 1 | 84 1.15 ------|--------------------|-------|------- Canadian --------------------- M. 1 (d) 2.27 -------------|--------------------|--- - - - - German----------------------- M. 1 70 1.91% 1. 72 1.91% 3 e 65 2.57 HaWaiian.--------------------- M. 1 | 84 1. 31# 2 72 | 1. 21 2 || 64. 5 | 1.42% Part-Hawaiian.---------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1. 72 2.30 1 | 66 2.68% Japanese---------------------- M. 2 b 84 1.15% 6 72 | 1. 154 5 74.2 .99 Norwegian.-------------------- M. 1. (d) 2.07 ------|-------|------- 1 | 84 2. 30 Portuguese-------------------- M. 4 e 84 1.54 6 72 1. 60 12 70.3 1. 21; Scotch --------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - --| M. I.-----|-------|------- 1. 72 | 1.53% 3 | 66.5 2.36; Swedish ---------------------- |M. I 84 3.29 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total------------------------ M. 16 | f 82. 3 | 1.93 25 72 | 1.81}| 36 | g 68.9 | 1.82 Foremen, stablemen, assistant: American--------------------- M. 2 b 84 2.05%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Fººen, teamsters and cultiva- OTS: American --------------------- M. 13 a 60 3.22# 6 66 h 3.03} 7 || 'i 62 2.38% Canadian --------------------- M. 1 || 60 3.83%l------|-------|------- 1 (d) 2.63 anish------------------------ M. 1 60 2.64% 2 66 2.49 |------|-------|------. English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 3 66 2.86%|------|-------|------. German----------------------- M. 4 |e 59.5 2.95% 3 66 2.78; 2 60. 5 2.58% Hawaiian--------------------- M. 6 e 60 2. 11 11 66 | 1.82 7 | 60. 1 1.97% Part-Hawaiian................ TM. 1 (d) j2.49 1. 66 2. 30 2 59.5 | 1.92 Japanese---------------------- M. 1 | 72 1.72% 1. 66 | 1.15} 2 | * 59.5 | 1.43% Norwegian-------------------. M. 2 b 59 1.89%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. 6 He 60 1.91 17 66 h 1.59; 10 61 2.06; Scotch -----------------------. |M. 12 || Cl 61 2.90; 13 66 2.83 9 || 59.3 2.96 Swedish----------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1. 66 | 3.06;|------|-------|------. Total.------------------------ IM. 47 l 60. 7 h 2.73 58 66 (m.2.14% 40 n 60.4 2. 31 Foreman, tramway: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 60 | 1.34}|------|-------|------- , Foreman, wharf: Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|--------------|------|- * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 1 || 60 1.00 g Foresters: Japanese..... e - sº tº gº ºn. m. s. s. sº e s as a es as a M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 59 .65% Portuguese-------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 59 .88; Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|--|--|--|-------------- 2 59 . 77 Freight handlers: Hawaiian -....... .g. e. g. sº tº e º ºs º º sº º is M. I.------|-------|------- 11 60 | 1.09 11 59 1.09 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 21 | 64.5 . 78 Total.----------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 11 60 | 1.09 32 || 62.6 . 88; a Hours reported for 3 employees only. b Hours reported for 1 employee only. c Hours reported for 7 employees only. d Irregular. - e Hours reported for 2 employees only. f Hours reported for 8 employees only. g Hours reported for 34 employees only. h1 employee receives also share of net profits. i Hours reported for 6 employees only. j Also share of net profits. k Hours reported for 4 employees only. ! Hours reported for 18 employees only. m See notes to details. n Hours reported for 38 employees only. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 647 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.–Continued. SugaRE PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMIENTS)—Continued. * Including 9 boys and 1 pensioner. * Including 18 boys and 1 pensioner. m Hours reported for 36 employees only. an Including 1 boy. o Including 6 boys and 2 pensioners. p Including 1 boy and 2 pensioners. g Boys r Including 9 boys. sIncluding 2 boys. - - t Including 14 boys and 2 pensioners. *Including 20 boys, 1 pensioner, and 4 old men. 1900–1901. 1962. 1905. - Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Oecupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age | Em- age age |ploy-| hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages ees. per d: ees. per er ees. per per week. day. week. day. Week. day. Gardener: French------------------------ | M. ------ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * r * = * * * * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 1 || 59 $2.30 Harness makers: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|. - - - - - - - 1 60 $2.00 ------|-------|------. Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|. • * -- * * * i s e º m - -- * 3 60 .81 ------|- * a sº - - - i e s is as we as º English ----------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 || 60 2.00 |------|-------|------- German----------------------- M. 2 || 59 $2.2.1; 1 ſ 60 2.50 ------|-------------- Guam Islander-...------------ M. 1 | 60 1.50 ------|-------|------- 1 (a) .69 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------------|------- 1 | (a) 2.00 1 || 59 2.00 Japanese---------------------- M. 4 || 59.8 1.13% 4 || 60 1.03 9 |b 59.9 | 1.04% Mexican ---------------------- M. I.-----|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 | (a) 3.00 Polish---------------- .* ºr - - - - - - - - M. 2 | 59.5 | 1.25 |......l. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 59.3 | 1.13% Portuguese. ------------------- M. 10 59.4 | 1.16 9 60 1.27 14 59.3 | 1.25% Spanish ----------------------. M. 1 60 1.00 1 || 60 1.00 1 59 .96 Spanish-American -----------. M. I.------ !--------------------|- * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 1 (a) 3. 50 Total.------------------------ M. 20 59.5 1.28 21 | c. 60 1.31 30 |d 59.4 | 1.24% Hospital stewards: : American--------------------- | M. i------|-------|- * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * 1 | 84 2.63 Japanese------------- • * - - - - - - - M. 1. § .66 -------------|-------|-------------------- Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 (a) 2.30 ------|-------|-------|------ • * * * -- - - i s = s.s as - - Total.------------------------| M. 2 | (a) 1.48 ------|-------|------- 1 | 84 2.63 Interpreters: Chinese ------------------- -- - - - M. 1. § .92%l------|-------|------- 1 | 60 1.91% Japanese---------------------- M. 5 (a 1.23 8 (a) e 1.34} 9 60.6 | 1.65 Korean ----------------------- M. --------------------------|-------------- 5 61.5 | 1.01% Total------------------------ M. 6 | (a) 1.18 8 (a) e 1.34}| 15 60.8 | 1.46 Laborers, general: - American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- f3 |g 60 |f 1.53% American negro - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 | 60 .77 1 || 60 .69 |------|-------|------- Chinese----------------------- | M. 1 || 65.3 .77 h 24 64.5 h .824 h. 3 i 59 h. 79% Fiji Islander-------- ** * * : * * - - - - - - - M. --------------------|------|-------------- 2 : 60 .77 Filiping----------------------- M. ------|--------------|------|-------------- 1 || 60 1. 00 Hawaiian ----. _* * * * * - .* * * * * * - - - - M. j 54 58.3 j. 78 k 32 | 61.5 || k .69 l 37 m, 61 ! .66% Hawaiian --------------------- F. ------|--------------|------|-------|------- f1 | {a} | f . 57# Part-Hawaiian -------...------- M. 4 || 58.3 .94%l------|-------|-------|------|----- - - I - - - - - - - Japanese----------- -- - e º sº a º - - - - i M. 58 60.1 78# n 191 62.2 | n . 79% o 41 || 59.9 o. 734 Japanese---------------------- F. I.-----|-------------- 3 : 68 40 ------|-------|------- Norwegian-------------------- M. . 2 || 59 73 4 || 60 .86; p 3 || 0 60 p. 64 Polish------------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- q 3 || 60 q. 50 4 || 62.3 .86% Polish------------------------- F. I.-----|-------|------- 2 60 .69 ------|-------|------- Porto Rican------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- r 18 60 r. 62 ºn 2 60 * , 55% Porto Rican........ --- ** * * - - - - - F. -------------|------- 60 .65%|------|-------|------- Portuguese......... ... - . * * * * * * - - - - M. s 15 59.8 8.86}} t 80 60 t. 764 w 79 59.6 w. 73 Portuguese-------------------- | F. ------|-------|------- f 1 || 60 . .57#!------|-------|------- Samoan ------------- • - - - - - - - - . M. : * * * as .s as "º º e - - - , a s : W = •* - - - - - 1 60 ,77 e e º e s tº a s : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a Irregular. * - b Hours reported for 8 employees only. c Hours reported for 20 employees only. d Hours reported for 26 employees only. el employee receives also share of net profits. f Pensioners. o g Hours reported for 1 employee only. *Including 1 pensioner. * Hours reported for 2 employees only. 3 Including 3 boys. 648 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sugart PLANTATIONs (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. e g Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age | Em- age age Em- age age ploy- hours wages ploy- hours wages ploy- hours wages --- €628. per €r eeS. per €r €eS. per er week. day. week. day. week. day. Laborers, general (concluded): South Sea Islander......... M. -------|-------------- a 1 || 60 ja:;0.57% 2 || 59 $0.69% Panlsh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.-------|-------|--------------|-------|------- 2 || 60 .77 West Indian negro......... Aſ. --------------|-------|-------|-------|------- 1 || 60 .77 Total.-------- & s is sº º º ºs tº g º º sº º 1 as * * * * bl35 59.3 |b$0.794 b 362 61.7 b. 764 b 181 c 60 b. 73% Laborers, mill: American---------. tº tº ºn tº e s m as M. I.-------|-------|------- 2 | 72 1.724 d6 71 d1.12% Chinese-------------------- M. 188 || 70.8 . .80}| 214 | 72 .81%| 181 71.4 .81 German-------------------- M. -------|-------|------- 3 || 72 .96 I 59 I. O0 Hawaiian------------------ M. 9 || 71 .86# 19 || 72 93; 19 || 71.2 . 79 Hawaiian------------------ F. ---------------------|--------------------- 1 | 72 . 50 Part-Hawaiian-...--------- M 72 1. 00 72 92% 72 .84% Japanese------------------- M. el,646 71.5 e.79 1,373 | 72 80}|f2, 229 || 71.9 f.78% Japanese------------------- F. 71.7 .46% 72 43#| g 114 || 71.8 | g .484 Korean -------------------- M. -------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------- 19 || 71.7 . 73 Polish---------------------- M. --------------------- 7 | 72 96#|-------|-------|------- Polish---------------------- F. 2 | 72 50 -------|--|-----------|-------|-------|------- Porto Rican---------------- M. I.-------|-------|------- 9 || 72 70 64 || 71.5 i. 79 Porto Rican---------------- R’. 4 || 71 .38% 1 | 72 .61% 3 | 72 . 514 Portuguese----------------- M. j46 || 70. 5 j. 85 d 27 | 72 d. 96; d 25 71.6 | d. 34 Portuguese----------------- F. 2 | 72 .50 -------|-------------- 10 | 72 .49% Spanish -------------------- M. 1 | 72 92% I | 72 *.6.1#|-------|-------|------- Total.---------------------|----- b1,942 71.4 b. 78; d.1,667 | 72 b.81 b2,673 || 71.8 b. 774 Laborers, mill, construction: Hawaiian------------------ M. 16 59.7 | 1.50 -------|-------|-------|--------------|----- gº wº Japanese------------------- M. 93 || 59 .79%l-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|----- ty sº Portuguese----------------- M. 6 || 59 1.08%l-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------- Total.--------------------- M 115 || 59.1 91 -------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------- Laborers, mill, repairs: Part-Hawaiian............. M. --------------------- 2 | 60 1.00 -------|-------|------- Japanese------------------- M. I.--------------------- 120 60 .80%l-------|-------|------- Total.--------------------- M. --------------|------- 122 || 60 81 -------|-------|------- Laborers, pump: Chinese ------------------- M. I.-------|-------|------- 36 60 .93 2 59.5 .96 Japanese------------------- M. 105 || 72.9 .97% 21 77. 1 . 91 22 || 67. 9 .91% Portuguese----------------- M. --------------|------- 1 | 84 . 79 1 || 59.5 .96 Total.------------ * - - - - - - - - M. 105 || 72.9 .97% 58 | 66.6 . 92 25 | 66.9 92 Laborers, railroad: American------------------ M. l-------|-------|------- 1 | 60 1.58%l-------|-------|------- Chinese -------------------- M. 89 || 59.7 .87; 17 | 60 .84 -------|-------------- Hawaiian ------------------ M. 1 || 60 77 13 || 60 82; 4 || 59 . 79 Japanese------------------ • M. 478 || 1 59.5 864. 206 60 8 310 || 61 . 85 Polish---------------------- M. 59 .97#|--------------|-------|-------|-------|------- Porto Rican---------------- M. -------|-------------- 13 60 74}| e 15 59.7 e.81; Portuguese----------------- M. 16 || 59 95 24 || 60 87; 27 | 59.4 . 87 Total.---------------. ... ---| M. 587 m, 59.5 . 87 274 || 60 .86%| e 356 60.8 e.85 Laborers, road: Hawaiian........ dº º ſº º ºs e º ºr sm s M. ------------------------------------------ 26 J 62 .84% a Pensioners. b See notes to details. c Hours reported for 174 employees only. dIncluding 2 boys. eIncluding 1 boy. if Wages reported for 2,197 employees only, including 1 boy and 48 contract workers. g Wages reported for 108 employees only, including 4 contract workers. h12 employees receive also salmon at midday. 32 employees receive also bonus of 50 cents for each full week Worked. 3Including 7 boys. K Also bonus. ! Hours reported for 437 employees only. m Hours reported for 546 employees only. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 649 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. SUGAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLIsrºMENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy- hours|Wages|ploy- hours|wages|ploy- hours wages eeS. per per ees. per er ees. per er Week. day. week. day. week. day. Laborers, sawmill: Japanese---------------------- M. 60 60 $0.74 |------|--------------------|------ l.------ Laborers, steam plow: American --------------------- M. --------------------|------|-------------- a 1 59 ał0.75 German ----------------------- M. 4 59 .84%| 13 60 $0.81}|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 5 64.8 . 77 5 60 .96 5 || 59 1.01 Japanese---------------------- M. 118 60.6 . 80 155 60 .86%| 69 || 59.5 .83 Korean ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 2 59.5 , 69 Polish------------------------- M. 4 || 59 1.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Porto Rican------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 6 60 .65% 2 59 .77 Portuguese-------------------- M. b 12 59.3 b. 78 c 26 60 | c. 85; 15 59.3 .89% Spanish ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- West Indian negro............ M. ------|-------|------- 4 60 •88#|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. b 143 60. 5 b. 804 c 209 60 c. 85; d. 94 59.4 d .84% Laborers, steam tug: Hawaiian --------------------- M. 3 59 1.80%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Laborers, tramway: Portuguese. ------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 6 60 | 1.00 1-------------------- Land clearers: Chinese ----------------------- M. 118 e 59 . 74 9 60 .69 |------|-------|------- French------------------------ M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 12 (f) | g 1.00 Japanese---------------------- M. 200 h 59 .80; 17 60 .93}| 54 i 59.5 j.85 Korean ----------------------- M. I.------|--------------------|-------------- 15 57 . 73 Porto Rican------------------- M. I.------|---------------------------|------- 15 f) g. 85 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------|------- 116 9 . 62 Spanish ----------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------|------- 62. 5 . 81 Total.-----------------------. M. 318 k 59 . T8 26 60 . 85 213 l 58.9 m. TO Land preparers: Japanese---------------------- M. 25 (n) . 90 70 60 .65%| 125 oã9.6 | p .67% Lime burners: Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 2 60 | 1.53% 4 || 72 1.23% Machinists: American --------------------- M. 12 59.8 | g 4.35 13 60 | r 4.56%| 15 58.8 |s 3.92% Canadian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1. 60 t 4.00 l------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. 1 || 60 4.00 1 60 w 5. 75 2 65 3.90 German ----------------------- M. 3 59.7 || 3.15% 2 60 v 2.00 1 || 60 2.00 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.-----|-------------- 3 60 3.29; 2 53.5 | 1.57% Part-Hawaiian. ---------...... M. 2 || 59.5 2.98 3 60 v 3, 57 2 | 60.8 || 2.80% Japanese---------------------- M. 3 : 60 2.47; 6 60 2.08% 1 59.5 3. 50 Polish------------------------- M. I.-----|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 || 48 1.54 Portuguese... . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * M. I.-----|-------|------- 5 60 | 1.86 1 59 2. 30 Scotch ------------------------ M. 2 || 59.5 || 4.49 2 60 | v4. 50 1 || 59.5 || 4.75 Total.------------------------ M. 23 59.8 q 3.82;| 36 60 |w 3.46 26 58.7 | 83.44} a Boy. bIncluding 3 boys. cIncluding 2 boys. d'Including 1 boy. e Hours reported for 98 employees only. flirregular. g Contract WOrkerS. h Hours reported for 147 employees only. * Hours reported for 17 employees only. 3 Wages reported for 17 employees only. k Hours reported for 245 employees only. * Hours reported for 149 employees only. m Wages reported for 176 employees only, including 27 contract workers. m Not reported. oPHours reported for 100 employees only. & 12 Wages reported for 100 employees only, not including 25 who receive $35 per acre. g2 employees receive also board. *4 employees receive also board, and 2 receive also share net profits. 83 employees receive also board, valued at $24 per month, and 2 receive also board, valued at $20 per month. t And board. u And share net profits. v1 employee receives also board. to See notes to details. 25—No. 66–06—19 650 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sugAR PLANTATIons (58 Estarslishments)—continued. 1900–1901. - 1902. 1905. | Ayer- || Ayer- Aver- | Aver- A Ver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. | Sex. Em- || age age Em- || age age Em- age age - |ploy-| hours|Wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages | ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er - | Week. day. week. day. Week. day. Machinists' helpers: American--------------------- M. 2 || 60 $2.58% 2 60 $2.01}| a 4 || 59.1 |aš1.13% Canadian --------------------- M. 1.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- b 1 || 59 b. 57% Chinese----------------------- M 2 59.5 | 1.37; 1 || 60 .96 1 || 60 1.00 German. ---------------------- M a 3 || 60 *1.41 -------------|------- b1 59 b.84% Hawaiian......... ... * * * * * * * ~s s is sº * M 3 59.7 1.28 3 60 1. 68 4 59.6 | 1.06 Part-Hawaiian.-----...........! M. 1 60 69 l------|--------------|------|- -- - - - - - -º- i. e. e s tº e º s Japanese. -------- -- * * * * * * * *s e = e - M. 30 59.8 9I 14 || 60 1.13; 15 58.9 | 1.19% Norwegian.------------------- M. I.----- | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 || 60 1.34% 1 || 59 1.72% Polish------------------------- iM. 1 60 .84%l-------------|------------- - - - - - - - - - - - º º ºs º º Portuguese---------------- ---. M. c 8 59.4 | c. 1. 16 4 60 1.32} c 11 59.4 | c.1.02% Scotch ------------------------| M. . 2 59 1.00, 1 60 2.50 ! -----. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Spanish ----------------------. M. 1.-----|-------!------- 1 || 60 1.25 ------|-------|------- Total.-----------------------. M. d 52 59.7 d 1.08 27 | 60 1.34; d. 38 59.2 | d 1.11 Masons: Arrºrican--------------------- M 4 || 59.3 e 7.25 ------...------|------. 2 || 60 7.33} English ----------------------. M 1 : 59 J 8.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- German----------------------- M 2 59.5 3.92% 2 || 60 3.35% 4 59 3.05 Hawaiian.-----------. * - tº º ºs º ºs e º 'º M. 1 60 2.00 2 || 60 2.00 ------------- wº -ºº º & s = sº Irish -------------------------- M. 1 || 60 8.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese----------- -----------| M. 34 || 59 .97 8 || 60 1.68% 1 59 2.25 Portuguese ... ----- -- - - as gº sº tº . * * * * M. 23 59.7 2.23#| 23 60 1.76#| 18 | g 59.3 1.74 Swedish ---------------------. M. 2 60 8.00 ------|-------|-------------|-------!------- Total.------------------------ M 68 || 59.4 | d ?. 28 35 | 60 1.85: 25 h 59.3 2.42 Masons' helpers: American --------------------- M. 1 60 1.00 ------|-------|-------------|-------------- German ----------------------- M. i.-----|-------|------- 2 60 .84; 1 59 .84% Japanese---------------------. TM. 75 59.8 .87;| 1 || 60 . 78 16 59.3 .86 Norwegian.-----------------... M. I.------|------- !--------------------|------. b 1 || 59 b. 57; 1POrto Rican- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - e s = º e M. I.-----|-------|------- 2 60 .84%|------ -* * * * * * * i s as sº a s = s Portuguese-------------------- M. 8 || 59.9 .96#| 16 || 60 1.08 8 59.5 || 1. 21 Total.------------------------| M. 84 || 59.8 .88%| 37 || 60 . 91; a 26 || 59.3 a .95% Master mechanic: - English ----------- • * * * * * * * * * * * * M. I.------|------- - - - - - - 1 || 60 4.00 ------|-------|------- Nurses, day nursery: Japanese----------------- -* * * * * F. ------|--------------|------|-------|------- 3 || 59 55 Nurses, hospital: American ----..... . - . º. . tº .º. º ºs & .* ºr e º e F. ------|------- .* - º tº -- - - 4 || 70 | f 1.85 # 4 70 f 1.56 American negro ........ ------ M. I.------|----------- -- - - 1 || 70 J.85%l.-----|-------|------. German --------. -- - - - - - - e < * * * * * F. ------|-------!-------|------|-------------. 1 || 70 1.97% Japanese---------------------- M 13 j 84 f.83; 16 ic 71 f .72 24 73 7m .. 79 Japanese-----... .* * * * * * * * * * * * * * F. n) f : 49%l------|-------|------. 4 80.5 45; Portuguese. ----...-----------. M. 1 n) J.06 ------|-----. I.------|------|--...--------- Scotch ..... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * M. 1 ”) |f 1.97%|------|------|-----...-----|- ..... [....... Scotch -----------------------. F. ------|-------|------- 1 70 | f l 31; 1 || || 0 1. 31; Total......------------------|----- 16 || 7 84 J .87+} 22 || 1 70 7 | f .96 || i 34 o 74, 7 | d. 89 a Including 1 boy. b Boy. • c Including 2 boys. d See notes to details. e1 employee receives also board. f And board. g Hours reported for 16 employees only, h Hours reported for 23 employees only. 3 Including 1 girl. 3 Hours reported for 4 employees only. * Hours reported for 14 employees only. ! Hours reported for 20 employees only *m 3 employees receive also board, valued at $10 per month. 2. Irregular. o Hours reported for 30 employees only, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 651 TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sugAR PLANTATIONs (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. * Aver- Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em-* age age Em- age age ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages|ploy- hours wages €6 S per per ees. per er ees. per er week. day. week. day. week. day. Office boys: . - Chinese ---------- , ſº tº gº tº e º ºr & sº s º # * M. I.-----|-------------- 1. 60 - $0.17%|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------ • * * * - - - I - * * * * * * 1 60 $0.69 Porto Rican...... • sº e s sº º is is e s e = * * M. I.------|-------|- - - - - - - 1 CO • 57%l------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 2 60 .37% 1 60 69 Oilers, Car: Chinese----------------------- M. I.-----|--------------|------ * : * * : * * * * : * * * * * *g wº | 1 || 59 .77 German----------------------- M. I.------ * * * * * * * * | * * * * * : * * * * * * * e ºs tº ºre-ºr sº sº i e º gº ºs ºs º º 1 || 65 1.15% Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|--- .* * * *s s = * * : * * * * * * * * * * * | * sº e - e. tº - sº - º' tº sº sº tº as . * : * 5 || 64.4 .85% Japanese---------------------- M. I.-----|------ • * * * * * * : * ~ * - sº 2 60 .84}} . 7 || 61.1 . 78 Portuguese ------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 5 || 60.5 87# Total.------------------------ M. I.-------------------- 2 60 84; 19 61.9 84; & Oilers, mill: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|--- .* * * * * : * * * * * * * 5 72 | 1.15 .6 || 71.5 . 88 Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------------- as s ºf sº as sº º 2 72 88#. 1 || 72 .84% Japanese---------------------- M. I.------------ • * -ºº º sº * : * * *- 7 72 93}| 73 70.2 .82% Porto Rican...... •º º ºs º ºs ºº e º ºs e º sº tº M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 | 72 .88% Portuguese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---| M. I.----- ... sº º sº e s is ºs =* I s + sº * * * * * * * * * * * tº , tº dº º ºr º tº * * * * * * * 6 70. 1 .94 Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------|------ - | 1.4 72 | 1.00%| 88 || 70.4 83# Oilers, pump: Chinese----------------------- M. 10 | 84 $0.79%|------|-------|-------| 17 | 64.9 | 1.03% German...... * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * g º º sº M. I.------|-------|------------- {-} ºr ºr * > . * : * & º & E --> < 1 | 72 || 1.00 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 4 || 72 77 2 4 85% 1 || 69 90 Part-Hawaiian........... ... º. º. º. º. º. º. M. I. . . . . • * : * * = & ºp º ºs sº º Aº ‘se, sº e º f is º. . º sº º sº I s tº & ... º. º. & - ? .48 ± º gº º º & a 1 | 84 a. 59 Japanese---------------------- M. 61 82.3 . 77 39 84 .774; 52 b76. 1 .88% Portuguese. ... ---------------- M. I.--------------------|-- • gº 4- 3 - sº I º • * * * * * * : * * * * * * * c 4 || 75. c. 90% Total------------------------ M 75 82 77;| 41 84 78 | d 76 e 73.4 d. 92% Oyerseers: American........ ... º. ºº m e º º ºs - * * * * * * M. 53 | f 59.5 |g 2.57 97 60 |h 2.54}| 76 59.5 | i 2.6 Australian ....... , ſº as ºs ºne e º ºs ...º sº tº . * * * M. 1 || 60 2.30 ------|-------------- 2 || 59 2.58% Austrian ------------- ... º sº sº sº sº º º is is M. 2 59.5 2.39; 2 60 | 2.39; 3 || 59.3 || 2.04; Boer -------------- ** * * * * * * * * : * * * * M 1 60 2.49 |------ * * **, *, * * * * * * * * * * * : * | * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * | * * * * * * * Canadian --------------------- M 2 | 60 3, 24 2 60 | 3.64% 3 59.5 || 4.09 Chinese ----------------------- M 32 59.3 | 1, 18; 24 60 | 1. 18}| 11 59.7 | 1. 20 Danish ------------------------ M 1. 59 2.30 3. 60 3.00% 4 || 59. 4 || i 2.01 English ----------------------- M 9 59.7 2.53 9 60 2.95; 11 : 59.6 j 2.75% French------------------------ M 2 62.7 2.494 3 60 2.43 2 59.5 2.78 German ----------------------- M. 54 |k 59.3 l 2.32 54 60 m. 2. 27 46 61.2 2.84 Greek ------------------------- M. I.------|--------------|------|-------|------- 2 || 59 1. 29# Guam Islander..... .* * * * * * * * : * * * M. I.------|--------------|------|-------------- 1 59 2. 11 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 40 || 59.1 h 1. 44 73 60 | g 1.57 76 || 59.8 1. 60 Part-Hawaiian................ M. 22 | n 60 1.98 5 60 | 2. 34 12 60.8 2.01; Hawaiian, White.............. M. . 2 o 59 2.87%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Irish -------------------------- M. 4 | p 60 3.02 || 2 60 2.58% 1 59 2.22% Italian ------------------------ M. 2 o 60 2.49%l------|-------|------- 1 62.5 | 1.53% Japanese-----------------. ---- M. 66 || q 59. 4 || 1. 18 || 103 60 | 1. 24 64 || 59.7 | 1.23# Korean ----------------------- M. I.------ " ; * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * | * * º ºs º ºr tº ſº tº sº tº sº ſº sº gº tº sº º sº tº 2 59.5 | 1.15 New Zealander ................ M. 1 ſ 60 2, 30 l 60 | 2.30 l...... , sº tº as ºs as as ºr a s gº e º is tº ſº a Boy. b Hours reported for 50 employees only. c Including 1 boy. dSee notes to details. - e Hours reported for 74 employees only. f Hours reported for 51 employees only. g3 employees receive also share of net profits. h2 employees receive also share of net profits. $1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month. 34 employees receive also board, valued at $20 per month. k Hours reported for 45 employees only. 11 employee receives also share of net profits. - *1 employee receives also board, and 1 receives also share of net profits. .. n Hours reported for 21 employees only. o Hours reported for 1 employee only. pHours reported for 3 employees only. g Hours reported for 65 employees only. 652 BULLETIN of THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. . sugAR PLANTATIONS (53. ESTABLASHIMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. I902. - 1905. Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- ~ | Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- || age age ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy-|hours wages ees. per per ees. per per ees. per per week. day. week. day. week. day. Overseers (concluded): - Norwegian -------------------- M. 13 a 60 $2.53 9 60 || $2.53}| 14 59.5 |bºl.94% Polish........ * * * * * * * * * * s = - - - --- M. I.------|-------|------- 4 60 | 1. 53} 3 59 || 1.16% Porto Rican------------------- M. 1 59 1.15; 11 60 | 1.16# 59.2 | 1.48% Portuguese-------------------- M. 154 c 59.5 |d 1.69; 164 60 |e 1.62}| 197 || 59.4 | 1.65 Russian ----------- ------ ------| M. 1 || 59 ... ſº a º v i s - ºn e s m i ºn e º 'º m is a I e º 'º - ºn as as 59 1.34% Scotch ------------------------ M. 33 |f 59.2 | g 2.48#| 23 60 |h 2.44 38 || 59.2 | f 2.76 South American -------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 60 2.30 ------|-------|------- Spanish ----------------------- M. 3 59.3 2.04; 2 60 | 1.91%l------|-------|------- Swedish----------------------- M. 4 j 59.3 2.73 3 60 2.43 4 59.9 2.30 Swiss-------------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 59 2, 30 Welsh...... tº e º a s = e - e s s as s m e º a se as M. I.-----|-------------- l 60 l 2.30 ------|-------|------- Total.-------------- ---...----| M 503, k 59.6 l 1.87%| 596 60 l 1.83%. 583 59.6 l 1.94 Overseers, assistant: - American ---------------- -----| M. 1------|-------|------- 1. 60 ºn 2.30 7 || 60 2.24% Chinese----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 9 59.7 | 1.21% German ----------------------- M. -------------|------- 2 60 3.54%------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 5 60 | n 1.72% 12 || 60 1.43 Part-Hawaiian.---------------. M. -------------------- 1 60 | 1.72%l------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. I.-----|-------------- 1 60 .77 34 || 60.1 | 1.09% Korean ----------------------- M. I.-------------------|------|-------|------- 59 1.03% Norwegian-------------------- M. ------|-------------- 1 60 2.22#!------|-------------- Porto Rican------------------- M. I.-------------|--------------------|------- 1 || 60 1.53% Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 9 60 | 1.68%| 46 59.8 | 1.41 Russian ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 60 l 2.30 ------|-------|------- Scotch ------------------------ M. I.------|-------------- 1 60 2.49 |------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------------- 22 60 l 1.94 | 111 || 59.9 1.34} Overseers, head: American --------------------- M. 9 : o 60 g 6.71 22 60 | p 6. 20 20 59.8 5.56 Canadian --------------------- M. 4 (q) 6, 71 2 60 | 6.23 3 58.5 5.64; Chinese ----------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 60 5.75 ------|-------|------- Danish ------------------------ M I § 9.58% 1 60 5.75 ------|-------|------- English ----------------------. M 2 } 4.21%| 2 60 || 7.66%| 3 || 60.2 6.63 French------------------------ M. 1 (q 7.67 2 60 5.36% 2 || 59 5.65% German ----------------------- M. 3 (q 5. 32; 6 60 | 6.75 10 | 63.4 || 6.80; Part-Hawaiian.---------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 60 | 9.58%| 1 || 62 4. 79 Hawaiian, white-------------. M. 2 || O 59 95.75 --------------------|------|-------|------- Italian ------------------------ M. ------|--------------------|-------|------- 1 || 60 5.75 New Zealander ... ---......... M. 1. § 6.71 ------|-------|-------|------|-------------- Norwegian -------------------- M. 3 | (a 7. 03 l 60 || 5. 75 3 59 6.00% Portuguese-------------------- M. ------------------- - 1 60 l 3, 45 ------|-------|------- Russian ----------------------- M. I.------|--------------------|-------|------- 1 60 5, 75 Scotch ...... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 11 (q) 6.79 16 60 (3.68 || 16 || 59.3 ió, 18 Swedish----------------------- M. I.-----|--------------- l 60 7.67 ------|-------|------ - Total.------------------------ M 37 | r 59.5 l G. 56% 56 60 | p (5.43 60 60. 2 i 6. 01 Overseers, head, assistant: American --------------------- M. 3 § 4.47 9 60 | g 4.62 ------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. 2 Q 5. 75 1 60 5.75 -------------'------- German ----------------------- M. 8 (q 6.25% 8 60 l 4.96 ||------|- - - - - - - !------- Part-Hawaiian................ M. 1 ! (q) 4.21%l 2 60 l 4.50%'. -----|------- [....... a Hours reported for 12 employees only. b2 employees receive also board, valued at $20 per month. c Hours reported for 153 employees only. d 2 employees receive also share of net profits. - e 1 employee receives also board, and 1 receives also share of net profits. f Hours reported for 32 employees only. . g1 employee receives also share of net profits. h1 employee receives also board. $1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month. j Hours reported for 3 employees only. k Hours reported for 483 employees only. ! See notes to details. - m Also share of net profits. n 3 employees receive also share of net profits. o Hours reported for 1 employee only. p1 employee receives also board, and 3 receive also share of not profits. q Irregular. r Hours reported for 2 employees only. REPORT | OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABor ON HAWAII. 653. TABLE HH.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sugAR PLANTATHONS (53 ESTABLISHRMENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. º - Aver- | Aver- Aver-Aver- AVCr- Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- || age age Em- | (age age Em- age age ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages |ploy-| hours wages ees. per per ees. per per ces. per er week. day. week. day. - week aly. Overseers, head, asst. (Concluded): Polish.------------------------- M. ------|-------------- 1 '60 | $4.79 |------|-------|------- Scotch ------------------------ M. 4 (a) $3.78% 7 60 l 4.38 (------|-------|------- Swedish----------------------- M. I.------------------- - 2 60 | 8.64%|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 18 (a) 5.24 30 60 |v A.62................. Overseer, mill: w - - - - American --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 60 | * 0.71 ------|-------|------- Overseer, ranch: American - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 59 $9.58% Overseers, steam plow: . American - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 4 d66. 7 || 4.84 1 60 64.79 |------|-------|------- Danish------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 62 4.79 English ----------------------- M. 5 |d 59.7 b 5.59; 2 60 l 6, 71 |-------------|------- German------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 3 e 60 4.73 ------|-------|------- 1 59 4.41 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 || (a) 3.46 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. : 1 || 65 1.15%l------|-------|------- 1 60 1.7 Norwegian-------------------- M. 5 | f 59.8 |*4.02#!------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. 1 | (a) 3.83% 1 60 3.26 l------|-------|------- Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 60 4. 79 1 60 | 4.60 ------|-------|--|---- Total.----------------------- M. 21 | g 61.8 h 4.52 5 60 b 5.21; 3 60.3 || 3.65 Overseers, steam plow, assistant - German ----------------------- M. 1 | 60 2.87#|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. 2 e 60 1.82 ------|--------------|-------------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 3 ió0 2.17 |------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Overseers, stock: - erman - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 (a) 2. 30 1 60 2.87;|-------------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 60 | 1.15}|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. 1 | (a) 2. 30 2 60 2.01%|------|-------|------- Overseer, tunnel: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|--------------------|------- 1 || 60 1.72% Pack-train men: Japanese------------- - - - - - - - - - M. 90 || 62.9 . 68 | 2 66 77 -------------------- Portuguese---------...---------- M. 4 || 60 1.00 -------------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. | 9 || || 62.8 69;| 2 66 77 ------|-------|------- Painters: American --------------------- M. 1 60 3. 50 3 60 ! 2.29 |-------------|------- Chinese ----------------------- M. 7 59.8 | 1.11 |------|--------------|------|-------|------- Filipino----------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 1 60 | 1.26 ------|-------|------- German ----------------------- M. 2 58 3. 50 1 60 | 1.25 1 || 62.5 | 1.25 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 2 59.5 | 1.50 8 CO | 1.90%| 12 || 60.5 | 1.51 Part-Hawaiian - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 || 60 2.50 --------------------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 20 58.8 .96; 15 60 | 1.05% 8 || 59.5 .92% Porto Rican------------------- M. I.-----|-------|------- 1. 60 | 1.00 1-------------|------- Portuguese. ------------------- M. 1 || 60 1. 00 1 60 2.00 13 | 61.8 | 1.02. Spanish ----------------------- M. 1 || 60 •92#!------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Total.----------------------- M 35 | 59. 1 | 1.28%| 30 GO | 1.45 34 60.8 | 1.18 Parasite tender: | g . Japanese---------------------- M. '--------------------------'-------|------- 1 59: 5 . 70 a Irregular. b1 employee receives also share of net profits. o Also share of net profits. d Hours reported for 3 employees only. e Hours reported for 1 employee only. f Hours reported for 4 employees only. g Hours reported for 13 employees only. hSee notes to details. - *Hours reported for 2 employees only. 654 . BULLETIN of THE BUREAU of LABOR. TABLE IM.–OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sugaR PLANTATIons (53 EsrABLISHMENTs)—continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. |Aver- |Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- || AVer- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- || age age Em- age age | Em- || age age ploy-| hours wages|ploy-|hours wages|ploy- hours wages | ees. per 4 per ees. per er ees. per per | week. day. week. day. week. day. Pipe fitters: . º - - - l German ----------- .* tº “º gº ºn -------| M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 | 72 $1.53} Japanese---------- ------------| M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------------- - 2 | 66 ° 1.42% Total.------------------------| M. ------..I - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *- 3 | 68 1.46 Pipe fitter and plumber: l - • - - Hawaiian --------------------- | M. I.------|-------|-- ** - - - - I - * * * - - - - - e º use - - - - - - sº º me - 1 60 2.87; Pipe fitters' helper: r . Japanese---------------------- M. l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 | 72 | .77 Pipe men: - Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 2 60 $1.96%l------|-------|------- Plumber: Herman ----------------------- M. I.------|------ -* | * * * * * * - - - 1 | (a) 1.72%l------ a º 'º - as sº . g . º. e º 'º - * * Policemen: . American ----------.... .* * * * * * * | M. 2 b84 $2.54; 1 || 70 3. 12; 3 || 79.3 3. 18 American negro --------------| M. I.------|----- --|- - - - - - - 1 || 70 2.30 -----. * - - - - -º º tº * * - - - - * tº German -------- 4 m e º sº a s it is ºn e s sº * * M. I.------ !-------|-------|------|-------|- • - e º sº - - 3 71.7 2. 13; Hawaiian --------------------- M. 3 |.g.84 1.42% 7 | 72 d. 98; 6 e 68.3 | f 1.83 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------ 'l e s sº we - ºn e i s = * * * * * 1 70 1.15 1 | 84 .98; Norwegian ---------------- ----| M. I.------|-------|--|-- , - - - , sº º Aº -º ** * : * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 1 (a) 2.68; Portuguese-------------------- | M. ----- • * * * * * - - , - - - - a sº sº - - - - - * * * * - I - * * * * - - - - - - e <= * * 1 | 84 .98% Total.------------------------ TM 5 | g 84 1. 87; 10 || 71.4 |d 1.35 15 h 73.6 |f 2.10% Pump men: - Hawaiian -------..... * * * * * * * * * M. i 1 | 84 * .42}|--------------------|------|------- -- - - - - a sº Japanese----------- , as as sº a • * * * * * * | M. ------ |-------|------- ... • * * * - - - - - as * * * - I - - - e = * - 4 | 84 .98% Tèanchmen: - - Hawaiian ---...... • *, * * * * * * * * --- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- | 18 70 j. 68 Repair men, pump: Japanese---------------------- M. I.----- ... • *, * * *...* as I is is sº as - - - - as e º sº - I - - - as s = - 1 - - - - * * * 2 72 | 1.25 Reservoir men: American -------------- -------| M. I.------|-------|-- ... e º -- - - - -, sº ºn e º - .* * * * * * * i - * * * * * * 1 | 84 2.96 Chinese --------------------- --| M. I.----- ... • - - - - - - - - - -- - - - i.-- * * * * - 1.-- - * * * * - I - - - * * * * 3 62. 2 | 1.00 German ----------------------- M. 2 b 71 1.92% 70 2. 30 1 | (a) | 1.15 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 1 (a) . 61% 1 || 70 1.15 1 70 1.15 Japanese---------------------- M. 29 k 73.8 . 78; 35 | 67.4 .91% 32 62.5 l. 86% Portuguese------------- - - - - - - - M. 2 77.5 | 1.46% 2 || 70 1.08% 4 || 70 1. 52 Total.------------- • * * * * * * * * * * * M. 34 ſm 73.9 | . 88; 39 || 67.7 .96; 42 || 7, 63.9 l 1. C0 Riggers: American--------------------- M. I.------ .* * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 1 || 60 3.00 ------|-------|------- Hawaiian--------------------. M. I.------------------- 1 || 63 1.15}|------|-------------- Japanese. ----------- ** - - - - - ----| M. -------------|------- 1 | 60 2. 30 2 59 1. 17; Scotch -----------------------. M. I.-----. . a sº wº. - - - - - - a s = - - - 1 || 60 3.25 ------|----- , as a , s - - - - - me Total.------------------------ M. I.------------------- 4 || 60.8 2.42}| 2 || 59 1. 17; Riggers, sawmill: - American--------------------- | M. 2 60 3.25 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Riveters: Japanese. ---------- • * * * * - - - ºn s sº gº M. 14 59 1.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------. Sawyer, sawmill: American--------------------. M. : 1 ſ 60 4.00 !......'........ • * * * * * * * * * tº a º º " tº gº º e s m = * * * * * * * * a Irregular. b Hours reported for 1 employee only. c Hours reported for 2 employees only. d 3 employees receive additional salary from the government. e 1 employee works only 3 hours per day, 6 days per week. f 1 employee receives also additional salary from the government. 9 Hours reported for 3 employees only. h Hºrs reported for 14 employees only. t BOy. 3 Also board, valued at $6 per month. k Hours reported for 27 employees only. t 1 employee receives also bonus of $2 per month. 2m Hours reported for 30 employees only, in Hours reported for 41 employees Only, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 655 TABLE IM.–GCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sqJGAR PLANTATHONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. - A Ver- || AVer- Aver- | Aver- Aver- Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy- hours|Wages |ploy- hours|wages|ploy-| hours wages ees. per per ees. per per ees. per er week. day. Week. day. Week. day. Sawyer, sawmill, assistant: American --------------------- M. 1 60 $2.89 -------------|-------------|-------|------- School-teachers: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------------|-------------|-------|------- 2 (a) || $1.24% Seed cutters: Japanese---------------------- M. 113 (*) .98%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Seed cutters and planters: - Chinese----------------------- M. 25 | (a) 1:00 ------|-------|-------|------------- * * * * * - - - Seed planters: Japanese---------------------- M. 21 (a) 1.10 ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- haft diggers: ...; • - - - - - s a es e º ºs e º 'º - - - - - sº | M. 13 60 4.25 ------|--------------------|------- * * - - - - - Chinese----------------------- M. I.-----|-------------- 20 | 60 $1.25 |...... - - - e º -ºº º tº as tº º - - - English ----------------------- M. 2 60 5.00 ------|---------------------------|------. Hawaiian --------------------- M. 16 60 1.25 ------|--------------|----- * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - Irish -------------------------- M. 60 5.00 -------------|------------- * -º, sº -s s 1 tº me • - - - - Japanese---------------------- M. 142 58.3 | 1.25 || 319 60 b 1.24; 45 c{4 d. 75 Portuguese-------------------- M. 54 1.16% 60 1.07; 3 60 .97% Total.------------------------ M. 175 : 58.5 | 1.60 340 || 60 e 1.24; 48 |f 79.5 | g .. 79 Shaft diggers' helpers: Part-'Iaw8iian. ----------..... M. 2 60 .77 | -----|--------------------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. : 15 60 '97 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. 2 60 .77 --------------------------|-------------- Total.------------------------ M. 19 || 60 92#|------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Sheep herders: - Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------------- - 6 69 78 Skidway man, Sawmill: Qerman ----------------------- M. 1 60 2.50 |------|---------- ------------------------ Stablemen: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 | 72 1.34; 1 || 70 2.79% American negro -------------- M. I.------|-------------- - * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - * * * * - 1 70 . 96 Chinese----------------------- M. 10 | 84 .81; 72 . 99 70 .96 Cerman ----------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 72 2.87%l------|-------|------- Guam Islander---------------- M. 1 (h) 1.81%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. i 13 | 73.8 i. 72 17 | 72 .79; i 14 70.4 j . 84 Part-Hawaiian. -----------...-- M. 1 | 84 85āl-------------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M 126 k 80. 7 74 210 || 72 87 176 l 69.5 .84 Korean ----------------------- M. I.--------------------|------|-------|------- .71% Polish------------- ** - tº º sº º - - - - - - M. 2 | 84 .85% 2 | 72 1.00 ------ - - - - as * * : * * * - - - - Porto Rican - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. ------|-------|------- 1 | 72 .77 2 || 70 . 85 Portuguese-------------------- M. m 26 81.8 m .874 m 39 || 72 m . 99 || m 20 o 67.3 | n . 93 Total.------------------------ M. p 179 q 80.6 | p .76#|m 276 | 72 m . 894 p222 | r 69.3 p. 85% Steerers, steaIn plow: merican--------------------- M. I.------|-------|- . . . . . -I.-----|-------|------- 1 || 59 L. 25 German----------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 2 60 1.15% I 59 1.00 Hawaiian --------------- -- - - - - - M. 3 67 . 82 4 || 60 .84% 5 59. 6 .95% Japanese---------------------- M. 40 || 60. 7 . 85 37 || 60. 3 .94}| 40 59.9 .91 Polish..... • - - - - - - as is as sº es sº º ºs e - - - - - M. 2 || 59 1.00 '------|--------------------|-------------- a Not reported. b Wages reportcol for 311 employees only, not including 8 employees who receive $3 per foot. o Days and hours are reported for 13 employees only. dwages reported for 13 employees only (contract workers). e Wages reported for 332 employees only, not including 8 who receive $3 per foot. f Hours reported for 16 employees only. g Wages reported for 16 employees only, 13 of whom are contract workers. h Irregular. i Including 2 boys. 3 Including 2 boys; 1 employee receives also board, valued at $18 per month. k Hours reported for 123 employees only. l Hours reported for 159 employees only. m Including 5 boys. m Including 6 boys. o Hours reported for 18 employees only. pSee notes to details. Q Hours reported for 175 employees only, ºr Hours reported for 203 employees only. 656 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.—OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. . . sugar PH.ANTATHoNs (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. k- 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age | Em- age age | Em- age age - - ploy- hours wages|ploy-|hours|wages|ploy-|hours wages ees. per per ees. per per ees. per er week. day. week. day. week. day. Steerers, steam plow (concluded) : Porto Rican------------------- M. I.------------|-------|------|-------------- 4 || 61.5 laš0.73 Portuguese......... - - - - - - - - - - - M. 1 59 || $1.00 11 || 60 $1.06%| 10 59.4 .90% Total.--------------------- - - - M 46 61 .86 54 60.2 . 97 61 || 59.9 | a .91 Stenographers: - American ----------- ---------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 | 66 3.83% 1 || 59.5 3.83% American ---------- - - - - - - - - ---| F. ------|--------------|------|-------------- 2 59.5 2.77; Total.------------------------|-----------|-------|- * & sº º E & 1 | 66 3.83% 3 59, 5 || 3.13 Stock herders: American--------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 70 .85āl------|-------, ------ American negro -------------- M. I.-------------|-------------|-------------- 1 70. 1.64% American negro ------------ --| F. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 70 . 66 German ------------ - - - - - - - - - - - M. ------------------- -------|-------|------- 1 70 .85; Hawaiian --------- - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 3 (b) .94}| c 22 d 71.3 .94}| 23 e 73.9 | 1.01% Japanese---------------------- M. I.-------------------- 12 | f 72.8 | g . 75; 11 | f 72.8 .80; Japanese---------------------- F. ------|--------------------|-------|------- 1 || 70 .45% Porto Rican. ------------------ M. I.--------------------|------|-------|------- h 1 || 77 h. 57% Portuguese-------------------- M. 1 (b) 1.31#| c 5 | 72.8 c. 76 i 9 j 70 i. 82% Welsh. ...--------------------- M. ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 59 2.11 Total.----------------------------- 4 (b) 1.03; k 40 l 71.8 k .864 k 49 |m 72.5 k.93% Stock herders and butchers: German ----------------------- M. I.-----|------ * I dº e º º sº sº º 1 || 70 2.63 ------|-------|------- Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.-------------------- 3 || 70 1.00 -------------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. I.-----|-------------- 1 || 70 . 56 ------|-------|------- - Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|-------------- 5 70 1. 24 |------ º, º º ºſ e * º º ºs º ºs º- Stockmen: American--------------------- M. :-------------|-------|------|-------------- 1 || 70 3.29 German----------------------- M. ------|--------------|------|-------|------- 1 || 70 2. 63 Hawaiian --------------------- M. ------|--------------|-------------|------- 1 || 70 1.97% Scotch ------------------------ M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 70 4.00 ------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.------------------- 1 70 4. 60 3 || 70 2.63 Storekeepers: - American-------------------- - M. ------|-------|------- 20 G0. 6 || 4.69 18 69, 1 | 1, 4, 16 Australian -------------------- M. -------------|--------------------------- 2 | 72 6.61% Canadian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 60 5. 75 4 || 72 5.22% English ----------------------- M. -------------|------- 6 || 60 4. 74 3 67.7 | n 5.43 German----------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 | 72 7.67 Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 3 || 60 3.19%l------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian. --------------- M. I.------|-------|--------------------------- 1 60 5. 75 Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 60 1. 34 New Zealander ... ------------. M. I.-------------|------- 1 | 60 3.83%|------|-------|------- Norwegian-------------------- M. I.------|-------|--------------------|------- 1 | 54 3.83% Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-------------|------- 1 || 60 2.11 ------|-------|------- Scotch ------------------------ M. ------|-------|------- 2 || 60 4.69; 3 | 72 3.96 Total.------------------------ M. I.-------------|------- 34 || 60.4 || 4.49%| 34 | 68.8 k 4.58 Storekeepers' assistants: - American - - - - - - - - Tº e º 'º - e º an º º ºs ºr sº M. I.-------------|------- 1 || 60 2.49 |------|-------|------- Scotch ------------------------ M. --------------------|-------------------- 2 | 72 2.68% a 3 employees receive also bonus of 50 cents for each full week worked, b Irregular. - c Including 1 boy. d Hours reported for 21 employees only. e Hours reported for 20 employees only. f Hours reported for 5 employees only. g 1 employee receives also board. Oy. i Including 3 boys. j Hours reported for 4 employees only. k See notes to details. l Hours reported for 32 employees only. m Hours reported for 35 employees only. n 1 employee receives also share of net profits, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 657 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sugAR PLANTATIONs (53 Esi"ABLISHMENTs)—continued. a 1 employee receives also share of net profits. b2 employees receive also share of net profits, o Not including 1 employee who receives $1,000 per crop. d Hours reported for 7 employees only. . e Not including 1 employee who receives $2,000 per f Hours reported for 33 employees only. gSee notes to details. - h Irregular. - * Hours reported for 1 employee º: 3 Hours reported for 2 employees only. k Hours reported for 4 employees only. CrOp. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. - º Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- | Aver- Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age - ploy- hours Wages ploy-l hours wages|ploy- hours wages ees. per per ees. per er ees. per €r week. day. Week. day. week ay. Sugar boilers: - - American ----------- * = * * * * * * * * M. 7 || 71 jaš5.6.1# 13 72 |b$5.33}| 17 71.4 |a;5.41; Austrian ---------------------- M. 1 | 72 6.75 ------|-------|------- 1 || 72 6.71 Canadian --------------------- M 1 | 72 4. 79 1. 72 || 4.79 1 | 72 5. 75 Chinese ----------------------- M 3 || 72 1.66 ------|-------|------- 4 || 72 2. 30 Danish------------------------ M 1 | 72 5. 75 1 72 || 6. 39 2 || 71. 5 || 6. 55 English ----------------------- M 3 69.8 5. 24 6 72 |o 5.65% 3 || 71 5.43 French------------------------ M 1 | 72 4.98% 1. 72 || 4.98% 1 || 72 4.98% German ----------------------- M 12 |d 71.9 || 5.68 13 72 5.94}| 10 || 71.9 5.76# Hawaiian --------------------- M. -------------|------- 1 72 a 6.39 ------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian.---------------- M. 3 71.3 4.98% 3 72 5.30 4 72 5.12% Hawaiian, White. ------------- M. 1 72. 4.79 -------------|-------|------|-------|------- Irish -------------------------- M. 1 | 72 7.67 1 72 4.98% 3 || 72 6.45} . Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|-------------|------- 1 60 1.914 New Zealander - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. ------|-------|------- 1 72 5.75 ------|-------|------- Portuguese-------------------- M. 1 | 72 3.83%| 1 72 5.75 || 2 || 7 6. 23 Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 || 71 a 5. 75 1. 72 5.56 1 | 72 4.98% Welsh------------------------- M. 2 | 66 5. 11; 3 72 e 4.69; 1 | 72 5.36% Total.----------------------- M 38 |f 71.1 b 5.174. 46 72 |g 5.56; 51 71.5 a 5.30 Sugar boilers' assistants: - American--------------------- M. 3 71.3 3.00; 4 72 2.63% 4 || 72 4.74% Canadian --------------------- M. 1 | 72 3.83%l------|--------------|------|-------|------- Chinese ----------------------- M. 7 71 1. 20 13 72 | 1.58%| 13 || 72 1.39% English ----------------------- M. 1 || 71 a 3.45 2 72 | 3.54%|------|-------|------. German ----------------------- M. 5 | 72 3. 52% l 72 3.83% 72. 4. 79 Hawaiian --------------------- M. 2 | 68 .84% 1. 72 | 3.83% 1 || 72 1.91% Part-Hawaiian. --- - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 2 || 70 4. 12 ------|-------|------- 72 1.84% Irish -------------------------- M. 1 | 72 2.87%l------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 22 || 71.9 | 1.44; 22 72 | 1.43}| 26 || 72 1. 14 Norwegian.-------------------- M. 1 | 72 2.87%l------|------- * * * * * * * : * * * * * * | * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * Polish------------------------- M. I.------|--- - - - - 1 - - - - - - - I - - - - - - I • * * * * * * : * * * * * * = 1 | 72 3. 26 Portuguese-------------------- M. 5 || 71.6 a 1.62 10 72 | a 1, 61 5 | 72 2.18% Scotch ------------------------ M. 1 | 72 2.80 ------|--------------|-------------|------- Welsh------------------------- M. ------|-------|------- l 72 5.86%l------|-------|------- Total.----------------------- M 51 || 71.5 | g 1.96%| 54 72 | a 1.83 53 || 72 1.72% Sugar boilers' helpers: Japanese---------------------- M. 6 | 68 1.22 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Superintendent, mill construction: - American ------------- - - - - - - - - M. 1 (h) 6.32#|- - - - - - i = • * * * * * | * = • * * * * | * * * * * * | * * * * * = • e = * * * * = Superintendents, mill construc- tion, assistant: - - - - American--------------------- M. 2 i 59 2.24%l------|-------|-------------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. 1 || 59 1.50 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M 3 j 59 1.99%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Superintendent, sawmill: - American --------------------- M. 1 || 60 4.25 ---------------------------------------- Superintendents, store: American --------------------- M. 9 || k 75 *4.58 ------|--------------|------|-------|------- Australian -------------------- M. 1 (*) |*4.79 |------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. 1 (h) 8.83%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Part-Hawaiian. --------------- M. 1 (h) 5.17#!--------------------'----- tº l tº ſº tº e g º & J & ſº º ſº * * * 658 - BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE IM.–OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. SEGA E. PEANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMRIENTS)—Gontinued. 1900–1901. - 1902. 1905, Aver- Aver- Aver- Aver- Ayer- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age | Em- age age |ploy-|hours|wages|ploy-|hours wages|ploy-| hours wages | ees. per | per ees. per er ees. per er | week.: day. week. day. Week. day. Superintendents, store (concl’d): r : Japanese---------------------- M. 1 (*) $2.87#!------|-------|-------|------|-------!------- Portuguese------------------- : M. 2 | 72 3.96%l------|-------|-------!------ * As º - º º sº I dº º ºs ºn tº sº tº Scotch ...--------- ... tº - º º ºs e º º e º 'º - jM. 3 (a) 4.64 ------|-------|-------|------!-------------- Total.------------------------| M. 18 b74 °4.43 ------|-------|-------|------|------- • -* * * = * * Superintending engineers: - - -American---------------------| M. I.------ J - - --- - - - - - - - - - - 2 '72 $9.96%|- - - - - - • *r- - - - - -& eºs ºs s is a ‘s English ------------. ** * * = *s & e º 'º - M. ------|-------|------- 1 '72 | 15.97%|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 3 72 | 11.97 -------------|------- 'Surveyors: . | American. -------------------- M. 9 Oſ 5.58 I0 Cl 6.94 9 60.1 |d:#7.58% Danish------------------------ | M. I | (a 3.83% I 0. 4.60 I 59 || 2.87% German----------------------- M. l Q. 4-79 -------------|------- 1 60 2.87% Hawaiian--------------------- TM. 1. 0. 4.00 ------|-------|------- 1 60 1. 53; Part-Hawaiian..... ----------- TM. I 0. 2.30 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- rish -------------------------- M. ------|------- - * * - - - - 1 | (a) “10.00 |------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. l-------------|-------------|-------|------- 1 || 59.5 2. 30 Norwegian.------------...----- M. I.-------------------- 1 (a) 7.67 -------------|------- Portuguese ------------------- M. I.-------------|------- I (a) 4. 23# 5 || 4.79 Total.------------------...--| M. 13 | (a) 5.70; 14 | (a) e6.85 14 59.9 |d 5.90% Surveyors' assistants: American...... .* ~ * * * * * * * *ě a s e as a| M. -------------|------- 1 (a) 3.83%|...... - - - - - - - - - - - e s as se Japanese---------------------- M. -------------|-------|------!-------|------- 1 || 60 1.91% $urveyors’ helpers: l American--------------------- TVI. 1 60 1. 50 |... ---. 1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - German-----. ----------------- M. f1 . (a) J. 57+!--------------------|-------------------- Hawaiian--------------------- M 6 (a) .84 8 | g 60 | 1.08 13 || 60 .92% Part-Hawaiian................ TM. 1 60 1.53%l------|-------|------- 6 || 61.5 .95 Japanese---------------------- M. 11 | d65.5 . 90 10 h (60 | 1.16 13 || 59.5 93; Portuguese. -----..........---- TM, 4 || 0 72 1. 02 i 3 | (a) i, 93; 6 59.9 97 Total.------------------------ M. # 24 j66.3 t. 94 i 21 k: 60 i 1.10 38 60 94 Swampers: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|--------------------|------- 4 || 59 77 Teachers, kindergarten: - : American --------------------- F. ------|-------|------- 2 : 30 3. 12; 2 || 30 2.39% Teachers, kindergarten, assistant: - - Hawaiian --------------------- F. ------|-------|------. 2 . 30 .62#|------|------- * -- * * * = - f “Teamsters and cultivators: . i American --------------------- MI 2 || 65 1.63% 2 : 66 | 1.39%l------|-------|------- Austrian ---------------------- M. 2 || 60 1.09%|----- --------|-------|-------------------. Chinese --..... . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 29 | 66.2 .98# 11 66 99; 14 59.6 .94; Hawaiian --------------------- M. l 193 || 61.6 l. 86 || 389 66 .92 m, 378 60. 1 || m. 86 Part-Hawaiian................ IM. 4 || 62.5 1.15% 2 66 | 1.34%|------|-------|------- Irish -------------------------. M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 59.5 | 1.00 Japanese---------------------- M. 963 | n 61.4 .78%; 1,143 66 .83 |01,014 59.4 o. 79 Korean ----------------------- M. ------|-------|------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | 8 || 59 .72% Polish:------------------------ IM. 16 || 59.4 ... 89 66 .94; 15 59.7 . 88 Porto Rican------------------. M. '------|-------------- 25 66 ,79; 47 59, 5 p,81} a Irregular. b Hours reported for 6 employees only. c See notes to details. d1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month. C hºployee receives also board. Oy. g Hours reported for 3 employees only. h Hours reported for 4 employees only- i Including 1 boy. j Hours reported for 11 employees only- 12 Hours reported for 7 employees only. ! Including 4 boys. an Including 9 boys. n Hours reported for 962 employees only. o Including 2 boys. 101 employee receives also bonus of $2 for every 26 days worked. REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER OF LABor ON HAWAII. 659 TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. SUGAR PLANTATHONS (53 ESTABLISHIMIENTS)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver-| Aver- || Aver- | Aver- Aver- || AVer- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age | Em- || age age Em- age age ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages ees. per per ees. per per ees. per €I’ | week. day. week. day. week. day. Teamsters and cultivators (con- cluded) - Portuguese-------------------- M. a 430 61 aftſ).90; b 545 | 66 [bº].95}| c 537 59.6 |c{0.92% South American -------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 | 66 .84%l------|-------|------- South Sea Islander-----------. M. I.--------------------|---- • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 60 80; Spanish ----------------------- M. 2 : 60 .73 ------|-------------- !------|-------------- Welsh-------------------------| M. 1 59 2.11}|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. d.1,642. e61.3 | d. 83}|b2,130 66 b. 88 d2,018, 59.6 | d. 84 Teamsters and cultivators' helpers: * º- Hawaiian - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- tº - as sº e º ºn M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- f 10 || 59 f. 62 Portuguese-------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------- , - - - - - I sa e = * * * * * * * * * - - - f 42 59.3 f. 55; Total.------------------------ M. I.-----|------- * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - sº a sº * * * * * * - - - - - f 52 59.3 56# Timekeepers: American.---------------------| M. 12 g59 3.21; 14 60 h3.09%| 16 || 61.4 3.51 Austrian.----------------- -----| M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 60 2.68% -1 || 60 2.87% Bohemian -------------------- M. 1 (i) 2.30 ------|-------|-------|--- • * * * : * ~ * * * * * * ** * *-* - English ----------------------- M. ------|-------|-- • - - - - - 2 60 j2.68% 3 60 3.70% German. -------- • * * *- :- - - - - - - - tº ºs º sº. M 2 | g 60 3.98% 6 60 h2.97 4 59.4 || 3.16# Hawaiian------------.. • * * * * * * * M 3 (i) 1. 73 4 60 1.32% 3 59 k1.85% Part-Hawaiian. -------- -- - - - - * * M. 2 iſ 60 2.08% 5 60 2.37% 1 60 3.06% Hawaiian, white ........ .* * * * * M. 1 § 1.58%|------|--------------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. I i 1.53%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Norwegian--------------------| M. 1 i 3.06; 2 | 66 2. 68% 1 || 54 2.49 Polish ------------------------ M. 1 (i 3.83%l------|-------|-------|------ * * * * * : - - - - - - - - - - - Portuguese ------------------|-| M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 60 2. 30 1 || 60 2.87% Scotch ----------------- • * * * * * * * M. 1 (i) j2.68% 5 || 60 j2, 80 8 || 59. 1, 3.15% Total.------------------------ M 25 l 59.7 j2.83}| 40 || 60.3 | dº. 70 38 || 60. 1 || k3.21 Timekeepers, assistant: American--------------------- Mſ. 2 (i) 2.10 ----------------- * * * | * * * * * * : * * * * * * * : * ~ * * * * * Tinsmith: German-----------------------| M. I.------|-------------- 1 60 2.00 ------|-------|----- - - Trash balers: - Japanese----------------------| M. ------|-------|-------|-------------|------- m 30 59 |m 1.50 Waiters: Japanese---------- • - - - - - - - - - * * * M. ------|-------|------- 1 || 70 .66 ------|-------|------- Warehousemen: American --------------------- M. 2 | g 59 3.45 2 || 60 2.20% 1 59.5 3.83% English ----------------------- M. ------|---------------------------------- 1 || 59 2. 30 German---------- • * * * ** - - -- * * * * - - || M. 4 63.7 | 1.81}|...----|.............. 1 59 1.53% Hawaiian --------------------- M. 5 61.6 | 1.50% 5 60 1. 38 1 || 59 1.00 Part-Hawaiian.---------------. M. 2 | g 60 1.72%l-------------|-------|------|- - - - - - - * : * * * * * * * Jamaican --------------------- M. 1 || 59 31.84%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|------- 1 - - - - - - - 17 | 60 .88; 22 59.2 .86% Norwegian...... --, -, -- - - - - - - - - -º ºr . * * M. 1 60 2.40%|------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Porto Rican- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|--- ----|-------|------|-------|------- 1. 1. 00 Portuguese-------------------- M. 3 || 59, 7 | 1.41 3 60 1, 13; 4 || 65.6 | 1.44 Scotch ------------ .* * * * * * * * * * * * * M. 1 || 60 3.06;|------|-------|------- 1 || 59 3.83% Total.------------------------ M 19 || m 61 j 1.90;| 27 | 60 1. 10 32 60 1. 20 Warehousemen’s helper: . Japanese---------------------- M. 1 | 60 .92%'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .". -----|-------------- a Including 12 boys. blncluding 19 boys. cIncluding 28 boys. dSee notes to details. e Hours reported for 1,641 employees only. J Boys. - g Hours reported for 1 employee only. h1 employee receives also board. $Irregular. * 51 employee receives also share of net profits. - *1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month. ! Hours reported for 3 employees only. 7m Contract workers. n Hours reported for 16 employees only. 660 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sugAR PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Continued. 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. - - Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age. age - ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours|Wages|ploy-|hours Wages ees. per er ees. per er ees. per er week. day. || - week. day. week ay. Watchmen: - •American --------------------- M. 3 | 84 $1.53% 4 73.5 $1.49 2 | 84 $1.24 American negro ........... --. M. I.-----|-------|------- 1 | 84 1.50 l------|-------------- Canadian ------------------- ‘. . . M. 1 | 84 1.81%l------|--------------|------|-------|------- Chinese----------------------. M. 1 | 84 . 72 2 77 .69; 1 | 84 .77 English ----------------------- M. I.------|----- |--|------- 1 | 84 1.31% 2 | 84 1. 48 German -----------------------| M. 4 | 84 1.40% 5 a 70 b 1.08% 5 | 84 c 1.25 Greek------------------------- M. 1 | 84 1-48 |------|--------------|------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------. M. d4 | 84 d. 78; 4 || 70 1.03 8 | 84 . 93 Part-Hawaiian.............. ...! M. 2 | 84 1.25 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------- M. 11 | 84.6 . 70 33 e 73.8 .88%| 24 |f 84 . 91 Norwegian-------------------- M. 3 | 84 1. 19 1 | 84 1.15 2 | 84 1. 40 Porto Rican------------------- M. I.------|--------------|------|-------------- 1 | 84 . 82 Portuguese-------------------- M. 23 | 84 .95; 24 71.8 1.04}| 20 | 84 .99% Scotch ------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 70 1.64%l------|-------|------- Spanish ----------------------- M. . 2 | 84 .92 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Total.------------------------ M. d 55 | 84.1 d. 99 76 | g 73.1 b 1.01 || 65 h 84 c 1.00% Water tenders, mill: Chinese----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 4 || 71.8 .95% Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|------- - - - - - - - I e º ºs º º - I - - - - - - - I e º 'º - - - - 1 | 72 .88% Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 7 | 72 1.02}| 42 71.8 .93; Portuguese-------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 3 | 72 1.00; 3 || 72 1.28 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 10 | 72 1.02 50 || 71.8 .95% z Water tenders, pump: Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 4 | 84 1.01; Water tenders, steam plow: - Chinese ----------------------- M. 1 || 59 .92% 2 66 1.00 ------|-------|------- Hawaiian....... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. 7 || 62.9 .81%l------|-------|------- 4 59.5 .99% Japanese---------------------- M. 18 61.3 . 92 8 | 66 .92 15 (0.2 .92% Polish------------------------- M. 3 || 59 1.00 ------|--------------|-------------|------- Portuguese.------------------- M. 7 || 59.9 .94; 8 || 66 .98 9 60.2 .96% Total.------------------------ M. 36 || 61.1 . 91 18 || 66 .95%| 28 60. 1 .95 Well borers: American --------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 7 60 3.30 1 || 60 3. 50 Japanese---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------------- 4 || 59 1.08% Norwegian-------------------- M. ------|-------|------- 1 60 2. 50 1 59 2. 50 Portuguese-------------------- M. -------------|------- 5 || 60 1.30; 4 || 60 # Total.------------------------ M. -------------|------- 13 || 60 2.47% 10 || 59.5 | 1.39 Wharf hands: American............. -------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 || 60 2.11 ------|-------|------- Chinese----------------------- M. 1 59 .73 ------|-------------- 1 | 60 1.00 German ----------------------- M. I.------|-------------- 3 i 60 1.58%l------|-------|------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. 37 || 59.3 | 1.03 47 | (j) 1. 13 50 k 59.6 .99% Japanese---------------------- M. 102 || 59, 2 . 88 68 (j) .94%. 107 l 59.4 . 84 Porto Rican......... ---------- M. ------|-------------- 15 m 60 . 76 4 59 .86% Portuguese........ ------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 4 m 60 1.49 18 o 59.3 .89% Total.----------------------- M. 140 || 59.2 . 92 || 138 p 60 1.02%| 180 q 59.4 . 89 a Hours reported for 4 employees only. b2 employees receive also board. - - c 1 employee receives also board, valued, at $20 per months d Including 1 pensioner. e Hours reported for 32 employees only. J Hours reported for 23 employees only. g Hours reported for 74 employees only. h Hours reported for 64 employees only. # Hours reported for 2 employees Only. 3 Irregular. k Hours reported for 27 employees only. 1 Hours reported for 106 employees only. m Hours reported for 7 employees only. * Hours reported for 1 employee only. o Hours reported for 3 employees only. 10 Hours reported for 11 employees only. g Hours reported for 141 employees only. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 661. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Continued. sugaRE PLANTATIONS (53 ESTABLISHMENTs)—Concluded. h Hours reported for 14 employees only. # See notes to details. 3 Including 1 cripple. k Contract WOrkerS. 1 Not reported. m Wages reported for 2 employees only, not including 1 who receives 75 cents per Cord, an Including 8 contract workers. sº o Wages reported for 10 employees only. See notes to details. p Hours reported for 60 employees only. g Including 2 employees who receive al r Hours reported for 76 employees only. so board, valued at $7 per month, 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver- | Ave- Aver- Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age ploy-|hours wages ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages ees. per per ees. per er ees. . per er week. day. week ay. week. day. Wharfingers: American --------------------- M. 2 | 60 $2.01%l------|-------|------- 1 || 59 $2.68% Canadian --------------------- M. 3 a 60 2.68%l------|-------|------- 1 || 59 2. 30 Dutch------------------------- M. 1 || 60 2. 30 1 60 $2.30 ------|-------|------- English ----------------------- M. I.------------|--------------------|------- 2 || 59.5 b 2.87% German. ---------------------- M. 2 (c) 2.26 ------|-------|------- 4 |d 60.2 2.25% HaWaiian --------------------- M. 1 | 60 2.24% 1 60 2.68}} e 2 || 65, 5 e 1.32% Japanese---------------------- M. -------------|-------|-------------------- 1 60 2. 30 Portuguese-------------------- M. 3 a 60 1.98 |-------------|------- 1 59 1.54 Russian ----------------------- M. I.------ • - - - - - - I - - - - - -- 1 60 2.30 ------|-------|------- Scotch ----------------------- - || M. 2 |f 59 3.06% 2 60 || 3.93 3 59. 3.} : 3. 58 Swedish.---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 1 60 2.39%|------|-------|----- -- Total.------------------------ M. 14 | g 59.9 2.37; 6 60 2.92}| e 15 h 60.4, i 2.46% Wheelwright: . American --------------------- M. 1 || 58 4.00 ------|-------|-------------|-------|------- Wheelwright's helper: - - Japanese---------------------- M. 1 ſ 58 1.25 |------|------- • * * * * * * : * * * * = as sº sº º sº * * * * * * * * * * * Whitewashers: Japanese---------------------- M. I.-------------------- 3 60 | 1.00 ------|-------|------- Wipers and oilers, locomotive: Chinese ----------------------- M. 1 66 .92%l------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- Fijian------------------------- M. | 1 || 60 1.00 ------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- German ----------------------- M. 1 59 .84%|------|-------|-------------|-------------- Hawaiian --------------------- M. j2 | 60 j. 74 8 60 | 1.10% 2 || 51 . 96 Japanese---------------------- M. 15 65, 5 , 94 19 60 . 95 18 61.9 . 89 T Porto Rican------------------. M. I.-------------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 || 59 1.00 Portuguese-------------------- M. 3 || 63 1.05 3 60 | 1.08 1 60 .92% Spanish. ---------------------- M. ------|-------|-------------|-------------- 1 || 60 .92% Total.------------------------ M. j23 64.2 j.93; 25 60 .98}| 23 60.7 .90% Wood-choppers: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- k8 (c) |k 1.00 Hawaiian...... tº s = * * * * * * * * * * * * M. I.-------------|------- 1 60 .80 ------|-------|------- Japanese---------------------. M. I.------|-------------- 6 60 .65}} 15 (o) (!) Portuguese ------------------- M. I.------|--------------------|-------|------- 3 || 60 m . 77 Total.------------------------ M. i-------------|------- 7 60 .674 m 26 |d 60 o. 86% Yard boys: -- - American negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. I.------|-------|-------|-------------------- 1 | 84 .84% Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 7 | 68.4 .74% Hawaiian --------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------------- 1 59 , 50 Japanese---------------------- M. I.------|-------|------- 3 60 .47#| 66 | p 68.9 | g . 71 Norwegian.-------------------- M. I.--------------------|------|-------|------- 1 || 70 .98% Porto Rican - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M. I.------|-------|------- 1 60 . 31 |------|-------|------- Portuguese ------------------- M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 6 || 60.7 .93% Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|------- 4 60 .43; 82 | r 68.3 | g . 73 a Hours reported for 2 employees only: b1 employee receives also board, valued at $20 per month. c Irregular. - d Hours reported for 3 employees only. e Including 1 boy. f Hours reported for 1 employee only. g Hours reported for 9 employees only. ~. 662 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE II.-OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE WAGES, ETC.—Concluded. TANNERY (I ESTABLISHMENT). 1900–1901. 1902. 1905. Aver-l Aver- Aver- | Aver- Aver- | Aver- Occupation and nationality. ||Sex. Em- age age Em- age age Em- age age |ploy- hours wages|ploy- hours wages|ploy-| hours wages •ees. per r ees. per per ees. per per. week. d. week. day. week. day Beamsters: Chinese----------------------- TM. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 53 || $1.20% Japanese---------------------- M. I.-----|------ * * * * * g º gº º i s m sº s is nº i º ºs s = e º ºs I s e º sº sº sº º 2 53 | 1.12; Total------------------------ 'M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------------- 53 1.16# Carpenter * - *ian..................... M. I.------|-------|-------|-- • * * * | * * * * * * * | * s • * * * * 1 : 53 3, 50 Engineer: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.-------------|-------|------|--- * * * * : * * * * * * * i 53 1.66% Foremain: Swedish----------------------- 'M. I.------|-------|-------|-- * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 1. 53 5.75 Laborers: - Chinese----------------------- M. I.-----|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 3 53 1. 11 Japanese---------------- .* tº es e º & M. I.------|-------|-------------|-------|------- 2 53 | 1.04; Portuguese-------....... *e tº sº º is tº TM. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 1 53 08; Total.----------------...---- M. I.--------------------|------|-------|------- 6 53 1.08% Machine operator German----------------------- M. I.------|-- as sº s is sº s º e º ºs tº e : * * * * * * I e º ºs º is gº tº e º & as º gº tº 1 53 2.00 Shaver: Chinese ----------------------- M. I.------|-------|as e g º gº as e i s tº as s º ºs I e -º e º º ºs e i º ºs e º ºs º ºr 1 53 | 1.33% Splitter: - Chinese----------------------- TM. I.------ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ſº * * * : * * * is s as us | * s tº sº tº gº º I 53 | 1.33; Tablemen: German----------------------- IM. I.--------------------|------|-------|------- 1 53 1.50 Hawaiian--------------------- M. I.------|--------------|------|-------|------- 1. 53 1.50 Total.------------------------ M. I.------|-------|-------|------|-------|------- 2 53 | 1.50 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 663 TABLE III.-RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905. [For explanation and discussion of this table see pages 514 and 515.] FOO }, Baking powder. Beans, dry. Beef, fresh. l: ; y y - - - * | Chuck Loin Loin Rib Round |“Royal,” Royal, - Nº.'l Navy, 1 Navy. INavy, roast, roast, steak, roast, Steak, Year. per id . dia, ºy, º - ºy, per per per per per pound, #. : Pº y Šid dia. Šid pound, pound, pound, pound, pound, Hilo, i. | Haº' É. • %. a. Hono- | Hono- | Hono- |Hono- |Hono- Hawaii. Öahu. waii e • lulu, lulu, lulu, lulu, lulu, ºld il. t Oahu. Oahu. Oahu. Oahu. | Oahu. 1890....| $0. 6000 W. - - - - - ....|{0, 0500 |$0.0500 |................ $0.1000 |$0.1500 |$0.1250 |$0.1250 $0.1000 1891 - - - - . 6000 || ----...- . . . . . 0500 .0500 --------|-------. ... 1000 . 1500 .1250 | . 1250 ... 1000 1892- - - - . 6000 - - - - - - - - - - . 0500 | .0500 ! ... - - - - - !----- . . . . . 1000 | . 1500 . 1250 | . 1250 ... 1000 1893. - - - . 6000 |....... ...! .0500 | .0500 h........l........ ... 1000 | .1500 . 1250 | . 1250 ..1000 1894- - - - . 6000 - - - - - - - - - -] . 0500 .0500 l........!. . . . . . . . . 1000 .1500 | .1250 | . 1250 ..1000 1895. . . . 5000 |........ -- } . 0500 0500 1---------------. . 1000 | . 1500 1250 1250 1000 1896. - - - ... 6000 ||---------- 0500 ---------------. . 0800 .1500 1500 1000 ... 1000 1897 - - - - - 6000 - - - - - - - - - - 0500 0500 --------|-------- . 0800 . 1500 1500 1000 ... 1000 1898. . . * ******** I am sº e º ºs s = s = * 0500 0521 --------|-------- ... 1000 | . 1800 1500 1250 1000 1899.... . 6000 | . . . . . . . . . . . . 0500 .0625 l........|- - - - - - - - . 1250 | . 2100 1500 1500 1000 1900.... . 6000 - - - - - - - - - - 0500 5 !---------------- .1479 .1875 1875 1650 . 1492 1901 - - - - e ºf vºw ºf * 1 s is º ºs º ºs & ºr tº as 0500 0521 --------|-------- .1250 . 2025 2025 1750 .1400 1902.... . 6000 - - - - - - - - - - 0500 0500 --------|-------- . 1 2250 2250 2000 . 1500 ..º. º. º “tº . 6000 - $0.5000 0 0500 ($0.0500 ($0.0600 .1500 2250 2250 2000 1904- - - - ** 0500 0500 .0500 | .0500 1500 2083 2083 2000 . 1500 1905.. ... f()00 5000 0500 0500 0500 . .0500 1500 2000 2000 2000 . 1500 Butter Cheese Beef, 3. | Cream- 's Beef, Cream- Cream- corned, y - - - - - = . . . _|_ eIX, H Tº - Cream, | per . citºr. Cream- Cream cºn |Califor-H...ii. Table, Cream, Califor. Year. pound, “...”. loºr loºr icº. Inia, or *Y* per per Dia, per Hono- |, 9°F 2- |nia, per Califor-Califor-Califor- best, per per : pound, pound poun d | lulu, |lb. can, pound, nia, Pºiº perinia, per pound, pound, Hilo.’ Hilo," Hono' ôāhū. Kauai. Hºº ºff.” Hº-Hºi H.H. ii. - lulu, Rauai. Kauai. Kauai. lulu lulu, Oahu Oahu. | Óº. Oahu. 8, Ell]. 1890..... . . . $0.1000 || - - - - - ...w. 4729 ($0.5000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l------- sº & - º ſº tº sº- º & $0.3875 30.2458 . . . . . . . . 1891-------- | . 1000 | . . . . . - - -] .4063 | . 5000 |........!........ |- s = e = • * * : * : * * * * * * * * . 4167 .2208 | . . . . . . . . 1892- - - - - - - - 1000 |........ . 4500 .5000 |........ !--------|------------- ...' .4042 | .2000 |........ 1893........ 1000 |........ . 5375 / .5000 |...------|--------|---...-- “º e º ºs e º sº & 3667 | . 2000 | . . . . . . . . 1894...... -- 1000 |... . . . . . .4375 .5000 --------|--------|--------|-------- 0 | . 2000 |........ 1895......... 1000 l. . . . . . . . .3979 .5000 --------|--------|--------|-------. 3458 | . 2000 || -- . . . . . . s as a s as . * * * , 1000 - - - - - - - -] .4354 | . 6000 --------|--------|---. ----|-- - - - - - -] .3458 .2000 |........ 1897- - - - - - - - 1000 - - - - - - - - . 3938 .5000 |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4- *-* - tº ſº º º sº & e- - - - - - sº 2833 . 2000 || - - - - - - - - 1898-- - - - - - - 1000 |........ .4021 .5000 --------|--------|--------|-------- 3208 | . 2000 | . . . . . . . . 1899........ 1083 |........ . 3813 5000 --------|--------|--------|-------- 3083 . 2000 | . . . . . . . . 1900........ 1458 - - - - - - - - 41.67 5000 --------|--------|-------- $0.6000 3208 2000 | . . . . . . . . 1901. - - - - - - - . 1125 ||-------- | .4083 | .5000 --------|--------|-------- . 6000 | .3458 .2000 |........ 1902-------. . 1250 - - - - - - - -] .4208 .4500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --------' .6 .3500 } .2000 |........ 1903. - - - - - - - | liffjö $0.3606 | .4208 .4167 $0.4000 $0.3500 ($0.4500 .5000 .3958 . 2000 || $0.2000 1904. . . . . ... . . . 1500 | . 2500 | . 3750 .4000 | .4000 | . 3500 | . 375 . 5000 | .3875 . . 2000 , 2000 1905. ------- a . 1313 | . 2500 b. 3600 | c. 4250 |d. 41.67 | . 3500 |e . 3600 | . 5000 | . 3500 | . 2000 , 2000 a Price in Jan., $0.15, and from Feb. to Apr., $0.12}. b Price in Jan., $0.40, and from Feb. to May, $0.35. - © Price in Jan. and Feb., $0.40, and in Mar. and Apr., $0.45. * d Price in Jan. and Feb., $0.40, and in Mar, $0.45. e Price in Jan, and from Mar, to May, $0.35, and Feb., 30.40. 664 BUILLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. \ TABLE HIH.—RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905—Continued. |FOO }}-Continued. Cheese. Coffee, native. No. 1 Corn Cream, ...'s Roast- y Cali- Cream, Cream, Cream, Green, No. 1, No. 1 rººd ed and º Year. |fornia, .Qāli: ||..Qaſi | Cali: | Per, Green, |green. green, ground ground P.” gº per |fornia, fornia, fornia, pound, per g er" g er." gr er "|_Pºr, Hono- pound, per per per Hilo, pound, did did did pound, idlu Hono- |pound, pound, pound, Ha- || Kauai. }. }. H. 'Hono. Oahu lulu, Kauai. Kauai. Maui. waii. e Tulu lulu, Oahu. Oahu. Oahu. 1890........ $0.2000 --------|--------|--------|---------------- $0.2500 --------|-------- $0.3500 |........ 1891-------- • 2000 --------|--------|--------|---------------- tº dº º ºf º gº tº tº dº º ºs s : * * * * * * * * . 3500 l- - - - - - - - 1892-------- • 2000 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .2458 --------|-------- . 3500 |- - - - - - - - 1893-...---- • 2000 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .2500 --------|-------- . 3500 -------- 1894--------| 2000 ----------------|--------|--------|-------- .2500 --------|-------- . 3500 -------- 1895........ • 2000 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .2500 --------|-------- .3500 |-------- 1896........ • 2000 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .2500 --------|-------- .8403 - - - - - - - - 1897. -------| 2000 |--------|--------|--------|--------|-------- .2500 --------|-------- .3194 - - - - - - - - 1898-------. • 2000 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- 2468 --------|-------- .3000 ||-------. 1899. --- - - - - • 2000 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- • 2000 |--------|-------- .3000 ||-------- 1900........ 2000 --------|--------|--------|--------|-------- • 2000 ---------------- .3000 ||-------- 1901..... --- • 2000 --------|-------- |#6, 2006 |................ • 2000 --------|-------- .3000 -------- 1902-------- • 2000 --------|-------- 2000 l--------|-------- • 2000 --------|-------- .2708 ||-------- 1903........ 2000 |$0.2000 |$0.2000 | . 2000 |- - - - - - - - $0.1500 . 1625 ($0.2000 |$0.2500 .2500 $0.1250 1904........ .2000 .2000 | . . 2000 | .2000 $0.1500 . 1500 | . 1500 .2000 | .2 . 2500 . 1250 1905........ . 2000 | .2000 .2000 .2000 | . 1500 1500 , 1500 .2500 .2500 | . 2500 1250 Corn meal Eggs, fresh. Fish, Fish, salt. C8,Il- : #. à. I I * pack- pack- pack- D. Il TeCl S8,1- Year ages, ages, ages, pack- pack- dº a: Per | mon; Cod, Cod, º per per per ages, ages, Hº! | Hº. dozen. Perl-lb. per per pound, pound, pound, per per lulu Tulu. Kauai. .9aº; pound, pound, Hilo, Hono- || Hono- |pound, pound, Öahu. | 6ahu " | Hono- Kauai. Kauai. Ha- lulu, lulu, Kauai. Kauai. $ººk. Wºº gº lulu, waii. Oahu. | Oahu Oahu. 1890--------|--------|-------- $0.0500 ($0.0500 |........|........ $0.5000 |$0.4000 |- - - - - - - - $0.1000 ||-------- 1891--------|--------|-------- .0500 | .0500 |........l........ . 5000 | .4000 | - - - - - - - - . 1000 ! -------- 1892--------|--------|-------- .0500 .0450 --------|-------- & .4000 - - - - - - - - . 1000 -------- 1898--------|--------|-------- .0500 | .0450 |.... ----|-------- .4875 . .4000 |- - - - - - - - . 1000 - - - - - - - - 1894--------|--------|-------- . 0500 .0450 |.... ----|-------- . 4500 .4000 |........ . 1000 -------- 1895--------|--------|-------- .0433 .0450 |........l........ .4500 | . .4000 |........ . 1000 ||---...-- 1896--------|--------|-------- . 0400 | .0450 |........l........ .4000 | .4000 |.....'... . 1000 |-------- 1897--------|--------|-------- . 0400 | .0450 |........l........ . 3708 | .4000 |........ . 1000 l........ 1898----------------|-------- . 0400 | . 0450 l................ . 3500 | .4000 |........ . 1000 |- - - - - - - - 1899----------------|-------- . 0400 l .0450 1-.......l........ . 4000 | .4000 |........ . 1000 |........ 1900--------|--------|-------- .0358 | . 0450 |........l........ .4292 | .4000 |........ . 1000 - - - - - - - - 1901. ------. 0400 l. ....... .0350 | . 0450 |........ [........ . 5000 |........ . 1000 ||-----... 1902........ 0400 . . . . . . . . .0350 | . 0450 |........l........ 5250 | . 5000 - - - - - - - - . 1000 ! . . . . . . . . 1903-------- . 0400 |$0.0500 | . 0350 . 0450 $0.0450 ($0.5083 4500 .4000 |$0.1250 | . 0875 $0.0833 1904. ....... 0.400 | . 0500 0350 | . 0450 | . 0450 | . 4958 .4458 .4000 | . 1250 .0833 . O625 1905........ 0.400 | . 0500 0350 | . 0450 | . 0450 a. 4167 | . 3500 | . 4000 1250 | . 0833 .0625 a Price in Jan., $0.55; in Feb., Mar, May, and June, 30.40; and in Apr., $0.35. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONIER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 665 TABLE IIM.—RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO. 1905—Continued. & I F4060 AP–Continued. Fish, salt. Flour, wheat. F * Fam- | ** | Fam- | *Y, Fam- Fam- §. Salm: ily, ºf j|*|ily. No.l.ity. So. . *...P" |on, per | Salm- || Salm- best, . . No. 1 |1, in 43.1, in 48 º' Year. eSt d in 48- } lb. l l per rade, |pºnd, ſon, Per|9n, Pºº Per lb. per bags b. b. pound g * | Hilo, pound, pound, pound, bags pound, ër" bags, bags, #ono! Pºſ, Ha-’ | Kauai. Kauai. Hono. P*ś | Hono' |_P per per %. Waii. lulu, did lulu, Pºłº, pound, pound, §§ - Oahu. |}...] Oahu. #2 Kauai. Kauai. e Waii. 1890---------------- $0.1000 --------|-------- $0.0300 --------|-------- $0.0306 ($0.0341 ........}........ 1891--------|-------- , 1000 --------|-------- .0300 --------|-------. .0342 .0349 |--------|-------- 1892--------|-------- 1000 --------|-------- 0300 --------|-------- . 0334 0347 --------|-------- 1893--------|-------- . 1000 --------|-------- .0300 l--------|-------. .0293 .0833 |--------|........ 1894. --------------- . 1000 l. -------|-------- .0292 |--------|-------- . 0255 .0326 --------|-------- 1895--------|-------- . 1000 |--------|-------- .0271 --------|-------- .0254 . .0296 ||--------|-------- 1896. -------|-------- . 1000 |.... ---- - - - - - e ºs s. .0267 --------|-------- .0269 | .0278 |........!........ 1897. -------|-------- , 1000 --------|-------- .0329 |---------------- .0324 .0833 --------|-------- 1898--------|-------- . 1000 --------|-------- . 0300 --------|-------- 0324 . 0355 |-|-------|-------. 1899--------|-------- 1000 |--------|-------- .0271 --------|-------- 0.264 .0296 ||--------|---..... 1900--------|-------- , 1000 --------|-------- .0260 --------|-------- 0265 .0306 |........!-------- 1901--------|-------- 1000 --------|-------- .0250 --------|-------- 0265 | .0296 |........!--...--- 1902---------------- 1000 ---------------- .0250 !--------|-------- 0236 | . 0290 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1903. --.... $0.0800 1000 |$0.0833 ($0.0833 . 0296 |$0.0292 ($0.0400 0269 . 0313 |$0.0323 $0.0500 1904. ...... , 0800 1000 | . 0833 . 0.833 . 0280 . 0299 | . 0400 0286 . 0313 | . 0323 . 0500 1905....... . 0800 1000 | . 0833 .0833 | . 0280 . 0313 | . 0400 0.292 | . 0313 0333 0500 - Milk, Fruit. Lard. COIl- - densed. - Maca- Flour, Prunes Pure “Silver roni rye, per Apples, *ājī’’ leaf, in Leaf,” In On1, Year. pºſſi.º. dºg, pails, in pails, pails, . S * th. dia º Kauai. rated, ...}. per per per | Pºis, Pºlis, Pºlis, ſº !, pe er pound, ound, pound, pound per per per Kauai. 1-lb. pºid HOn O- Fº ono! Fº ono! Pº ."|pound, pound, pound Can, Kauai. &A. lulu, lulu, Hawaii. Kauai. Kauai. Kauai Kauai. * | Oahu. | Oahu. 1890--------|--------|--------|-------- $0.1233 |.... - - - - $0.1483 $0.1417 --------|--------|--------|-------- 1891--------|--------|--------|-------- . 1275 -------- . 1408 . 1271 l--------|--------|--------|-------- 1892--------|--------|--------|-------- . 1300 l.------- . 1392 | . 1250 --------|--------|--------|-------- 1893--------|--------|--------|-------- . 1300 -------- . 1517 1479 |--------|--------|--------|-------- 1894--------|--------|--------|-------- . 1300 ||--...... . 1400 1876 ----------------|--------|-------- 1895------------------------|-------- . 1867 -------- . 1400 1250 --------|----------------|-------- 1896--------|----------------|-------- 1825 -------- . 1300 1179 --------|----------------|-------- 1897--------|--------|---------------- 1450 |.... ---. ... 1000 1142 --------|--------|--------|-------- 1898--------|--------|--------|-------- 1467 -------- ... 1000 1183 l--------|--------|--------|-------- 1899--------|--------|--------|-------- 1400 -------- ... 1000 1167 --------|--------|--------|-------- 1900--------|--------|--------|-------- . 1483 -------- . 1033 1100 --------|--------|--------|-------- 1901--------|----------------|-------- . 1500 - - - - - - - - . 1200 1100 --------|--------|--------|-------- 1902. -------|-------- | a * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1500 - - - - - - - - 1200 | . 1213 1. -------|--------|--------|-------- 1903. . . . . . . $0 0500 ($0.1500 ($0.1250 1500 ($0.1683 1200 | . 1100 ($0.1100 ($0, 1300 ($0.1000 $0.2500 1904------- 0700 || , 1250 . 1250 . 1450 , 1550 1200 . 1000 | . 1100 | . 1000 | . 1000 . 2000 1905....... 0750 | . . 1250 | . 1250 | . 1400 | . 1500 1200 | . 1000 a .1067 , 1000 1000 . 2000 a Price in Jan. and Feb., $0.11, and in Mar, $0.10. 25—No. 66–06—20 ſº 666 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE HII.-RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905–Continued. FOOH)—Continued. º * Milk Mo- Mutton and lamb. *: Pork, fresh. sº y densed.] ºn Jassºs | Lamb, Lamb, Mut- M. "...” - º * Nº. fore" | hiná' | ton, tº: ton, pack- || Chops, Roast, y * | quarter, quarter, Chops, , 169, roast, ages, per per Year. Eagle, it, left per per per ja. per | fier, pºund, pºund, P; #. tº: pound, pound, pound, #. pound, pound, Hono- || Hono- can, lulu, lulu, º º º lulu, º #9. §§ §: Kauai. Oahu. Öahu. ºłº Ullu, * | Oahu. Ul, a; Qanu. Oanu. Oahu. Oahu. Oahu. Oahu. waii. 1890----|--------|---------------- $0, 1800 #0, 2000 |$0.1500 |$0.1500 ($0.1500 |- - - - - - - - |$0.2500 || $0.2500 1891----|--------|--------|-------- . 1800 . 2000 | . 1500 | . 1500 | . 1500 |- - - - - - - - . 2500 . 2500 1892----|--------|--------|-------- . 1800 . 2000 | . 1500 | . 1500 | . 1500 ! -- - - - - - - . 2500 . 2500 1898----|--------|--------|-------- , 1800 . 2000 1500 | . 1500 | . 1500 | - - - - - - - - . 2500 . 2500 1894----|--------|--------|-------- . 1800 2000 | . 1500 | . 1500 1500 |........ . 2500 . 2500 1896----|--------|--------|-------- . 1800 2000 . 1500 | . 1500 | . 1500 | - - - - - - - - . 2500 .2500 1896----|--------|--------|-------- , 1800 . 2000 1750 | . 1500 1750 |.... ---. , 2500 . 2333 1897----|--------|--------|-------- 1800 . 2000 1750 1500 1750 |........ . 2500 . 2000 1898----|--------|--------|-------- 1800 . 2000 , 1750 1500 | . 1750 |........ . 2000 . 2000 1899----|--------|--------|-------- 1800 . 2000 | . 1750 | . 1500 1750 |........ . 2000 . 1900 1900----|-------- 200 l-...---- 1800 . 2000 | . 1750 1500 1750 |........ . 2000 . 1800 1901----|--------| . 1200 -------. 1800 2000 .1875 | . 1642. .1875 |$0.0500 2100 . 1983 1902----|-------- 1200 |........ 1800 . 2000 . 2000 1800 | . 2000 | . 0500 2200 . 2200 1903. ...|$0.2000 | . 1200 |$1.0000 1800 . 2000 . 2000 1800 . . 2000 | . 0500 2200 . 2200 1904 - - . 2000 | . 1000 | .9917 1800 . 2000 , 2000 1800 | . 2000 | . 0500 | . 2100 . 2067 1905. . . . . . 2000 | . 1000 a . 8500 1800 2000 | . 2000 | . I800 , 2000 | . 0500 . 2000 . 2000 ; Pork, salt. Rice. Bacon, Ham, - : break- || Bacon, Bacon, Sugar- || Ham, º: º º Pe Year. gº fast, break- break- cured, sugar- er' r $ id P p per fast, fast, per cured, p pe per pound, er pound, pound, pound, pound, Hono- pound HOnO- pound, per per pound, per Hiſ O. HOn O- Ono- lulu, K : , Hono- |pound, pound, Hono- pound, y , K8. Ulal. Tulu: | tº |\ºti'ſ ºuai. ſuit. |ºuai. Hà. lulu, lulu, Oahu. Oahu. Öahu. g Óahu. Waii. Oahu. | Oahu, 1890-...----. $0.2500 ($0.2000 |........|........ $0.2000 |- - - - - - - - $0.1313 |........ $0.2000 |$0.0525 | . . . . . . . . 1891........ . 2500 . 2000 |................ . 2000 - - - - - - - - . 1396 |........ . 2000 | . 0513 |........ 1892- - - - - - - - . 2500 | . 2000 |........]-...----. . 2000 |........ 1417 - - - - - - - - . 2000 0600 |........ 1893-....... . 2500 | . 1850 |........l.... ---- . 2000 | . . . . . . . . . 1500 ! ........ . 2000 | . 0567 | . . . . . . . . 1894........ . 2500 | . 1900 |.... ----|-------. . 1950 -------. . 1479 |........ . 2000 | . 0550 | . . . . . . . . 1895........ .2500 | . 2000 |............. --. 1800 |........ . 1500 [........ . 2000 . 0475 |. - - - - - - - 1896. -- - - - - - . 2500 | . 1817 --------|-------- 1800 |... - - - - - . 1458 |-------. , 2000 | . 0454 | . . . . . . . . 1897- - - - - - - - . 2500 | . 1917 l.-------|-------. 1725 |.... ---. 1250 |- - - - - - - - . 2000 | . 0542 | . . . . . . . . 1898. . . . . . . . . 2208 | . 1842 |........]. . . . . . . . 1750 i........ 1250 |- - - - - - - - . 2000 | . 0588 |. . . . . . . . 1899........ . 2000 | . 1892 |........l........ 1800 |........ 1458 |........ . 2000 | . 0683 | . . . . . . . . 1900........ . 2000 | . 1850 |................ 1742 |. ------- 1500 |- - - - - - -. . 2000 | . 0700 | . . . . . . . . 1901........ . 2000 | . 1850 |................ 1775 |........ 1500 | . . . . . . . . . 2000 | . 0650 | . . . . . . . . 1902........ . 2000 | .2042 |........l........ 1950 |....... 1500 |... . . . . . . 2000 | . 0558 |. . . . . . . . 1903........ . 2000 | .2075 Š0.2200 ($0, 2000 | . 1950 ($0.1800 | . 1675 |$0.2000 | . 2000 | . 0508 $0.0600 1904. . . . . . . . . 2000 | . 2075 | . 2200 | . 2000 | . 1800 | . 2000 1575 , 2000 2000 | . 0329 . 0500 1905. ------- . 2000 | . 2000 b .. 2133 2000 1800 2000 1500 2000 2000 | . 03:25 0.400 a Price in Jan., $0.80, and in Feb., $0.90. b Price in Jan., $0.22, and in Feb. and Mar., $0.21. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 667 TABLE HIH.—RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905—Continued. FOOHD-Continued. Rice Salt. Spices. Sugar. In 100- Table, Table, | * Pe - • I w 2 |. y pper, Brown, Brown, * Inº Inº in bags, in bags, #a ground, No. 1, No. 1, Brown, Brown, Year. gS, - - per pef’s ' per per | per | No. 1, No. 1, &:d bºº * pound, pound, dia pound, pound, pound, per per Pº. ? pºlid pia Hono- || BIono- Hº: Hono- Hilo, Hono- |pound, pound, #a." | Kauai. Kauai. lulu, lulu, lulu lulu, Ha- lulu, Kauai. Kauai waii Oahu. Oahu. 6. Oahu. waii. Oahu. 1890... ----- $0.0517 |$0.0440 |- - - - - - - - $0.0250 |--...--- $0.7500 |$0.5000 |$0.0500 $0.0500 $0.0550 - - - - - - - - 1891- - - - - - - - .0595 | . 0440 - - - - - - - - .0250 - - - - - - - - . 7500 . 5000 | . 0500 . 0500 | . 0550 - - - - - - - - 1892. ... ---. .0497 . 0490 |- - - - - - - - .0250 |-------. .7500 .5000 | . 0500 0500 | . 0550 | . . . . . . . . 1898-- - - - - - - .0431 | . 0415 ||-------. 0250 - - - - - - - - . 7500 . 5000 | . 0500 0500 | . 0500 |... - - - - - 1894-------- . 0449 | . 0440 - - - - - - - - 0250 |........ 7500 .4000 | . 0500 | . 0500 | . 0500 - - - - - - - - 1895- - - - - - - - . 0472 | . 0442 |- - - - - - - - .0250 |-------- . 7500 .4000 | . 0500 | . 0500 | . 0500 - - - - - - - - 1896- - - - - - - - .0408 | . 0400 - - - - - - - - .0250 -------- . 7500 | .4000 | . 0500 | . 0500 | . 0500 |... . . . . . 1897- - - - - - - - . 0473 | . 0493 |- - - - - - - - 0250 - - - - - - - - . 7500 .4000 0500 0500 | . 0500 - - - - - -, - 1898-- - - - - - - .0556 | . 0525 |- - - - - - - - 0250 - - - - - - - - . 7500 4000 0500 0500 | . 0500 - - - - - - - - 1899. . . . . . . . 0604 | . 0565 |- - - - - - - - 0250 |- - - - - - - - 7000 | .4000 0500 | . 0500 | . 0500 | . . . . . . . . 1900- - - - - - - - .0592 | . 0575 |........ 0250 - - - - - - - - 6500 | .4000 | . 0500 | . 0500 | . 0525 - - - - - - - - 1901-------. .0574 .0548 |........ .0250 l........ 6500 .4000 | . 0500 | . 0500 | . 0550 |........ 1902- - - - - - - - .0501 | . 0481 |- - - - - - - - .0250 |-------- . 6500 4000 | . 0500 | . 0500 | . 0550 - - - - - -- * * 1903- - - - - - - - .0545 . 0529 |$0.0500 .0250 |$0.0300 .6500 .4000 | . 0500 | . 0500 | .0550 $0.0500 1904- - - - - - - - . 0460 | . 0463 . 0433 | . 0250 . 0300 . 6500 .4000 0500 | . 0500 | . 0508 . 0500 1905- - - - - - - - a. 0.358 b. 0356 | c. 0317 | . 0250 0300 . 6500 | . 4000 | . 0500 0500 d. 0510 e. 0567 Sugar Tea. Granu- Brown, Granu- lated, English Japan Brown, No. 1, Brown, lated, sold in break- | English łº, Year. O. 1, in washed, per |30-lb.lots, fast, per break- rade per 125-lb. per pound, per pound, fast, per | *.* pound, bags, per pound, Hono- pound, Hono- pound, did Kauai. pound, Maui lulu, Hono- lulu, Kauai. #. Kauai Oahu. lulu, Oahu. g Oahu 1890 -----------------|----------|----------|---------- $0.0600 |- - - - - - - - - - $0.7500 1----------|---------- 1891 -----------------|----------|----------|---------- .0617 ---------- .7500 l----------|---------- 1892 -----------------|----------|----------|---------- . 0700 |- - - - - - - - - - .7500 l. ---------|---------. 1898-----------------|----------|-------------------- 0700 |..... ----- .7500 |----------|---------- 1894 -----------------|--------------------|---------- 0700 l- - - - - - - - - - .7500 ----------|---------- 1895 -----------------|----------|----------|---------- 0667 - - - - - - - - - - .7500 ----------|---------- 1896 ---------------------------|----------|---------- . 0600 1---------- .7500 l----------|---------- 1897 -----------------|----------|----------|---------- . 0600 - - - - - - - - - - .7500 ----------|---------- 1898-----------------|----------|----------|---------- .0600 i---------- .7500 ----------|---------- 1899 -----------------|--------------------|---------- .0567 ---------- .7500 |----------|---------- 1900 -----------------|----------|----------|---------- . 0692 |------.... 7500 ----------|---------- 1901 -----------------|----------|---------- $0.0500 0708 ---------- .7500 ----------|---------- 1902 -----------------|----------|---------- . 0500 0600 - - - - - - - - - - 7500 |----------|---------- 1908 ----------------- $0.0475 $0.0480 . 0500 g $0.0721 . 7500 $0.5500 $0.3000 1904 ----------------- . 0475 .0480 . 0500 . 0650 . 0750 .7500 . 5500 . 3000 1905 ----------------- . 0475 | f . 0547 . 0550 . 0700 0750 7500 . 5500 3000 a Price in Jan. and Feb., $0.04; in Mar., §§ in Apr., $0.03%, b Price in Jan. and Feb., $0.033; in Mar., $0.03}, $0 c Price in Jan., $0.03%, and in Feb. and Mar., $0.03. d Price in Jan. and Feb., $0.04%, and from Mar. § • Price in Jan., $0.05, and in Feb. and Mar., $0. f Price in Jan., $0.04%, and in Feb, and Mar, $0.053, and in Apr., and in May, $0.03%r, 03:4, y, $0.03% May, $0.05. 668 * BUELETIN OF THE : BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE III.-RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905—Continued. FOO }-Concluded: Weal. Vegetables. Cutlet, Loin Rib Onions e Potatoes, Year per roast, Her roast, per or " Onions, Onions, Onions, Irish, per ----. pound, pound, . pound, dia per per per pound, Hono- Hono- Hono- Pº * | pound, pound, pound, Hono- lulu, lulu, lulu, H. º, Kauai. Kauai. Kauai lulu, oahu. oahu. Óahu. |*W*. Oahu. 1890 ----------------- $0.1250 $0.1500 $0.1250 || $0.0500 $0.0500 |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1891 ----------------- . 1250 . 1500 . 1250 . 0500 .0500 ----------|----------|---------- 1892 ----------------- . 1250 . 1500 . 1250 ... 0500 - 0500 ----------|----------|---------- 1898----------------- . 1250 . 1500 . 1250 .0500 .0500 ----------|----------|---------- 1894----------------- . 1250 . 1500 . 1250 . .0500 .0500 |----------|----------|---------- 1895 ----------------. . 1500 . 1500 . 1250 . 0500 0500 ----------|----------|---------- 1898----------------- . 1500 1500 . 1500 0500. 0500 ----------|----------|---------- 1897 ----------------- . 1500 . 1500 . 1500 . 0500 .0500 |----------|----------|---------- 1898----------------- . 1500 . 1500 . 1500 . 0500 .0500 ----------|----------|---------- 1899 ----------------- . 1800 . 1800 . 1800 . 0500 0600 l----------|----------|---------- 1900 ----------------. . 2000 , 2000 . 2000 . 0500 . 0500 ----------|----------|---------- 1901 ----------------- 2050 . 2100 . 2000 , 0500 0600 ----------|----------|---------- 1902 ----------------- 2100' . 2200 . 2000 . 0500 .0500 ----------|----------|---------- 1908 ----------------- 2200 .2000 . 2000 . 0500 . 0500 a $0.0467 $0.0500 b$0.0248 1904 ----------------- . 2200 . 2000 . 2000 . 0500 . 0500 . 0483 . 0517 c. 0294 1905 ----------------- d. 2050 2000 . 2000 0600 0600 e . 0583 . 0500 f . 0.267 Vegetables. - — ... Wheat, Potatoes, Potatoes, Tºº Vº erºd, Year Irish, per|Potatoes, Potatoes, Potatoes, Irish, ca.d er' did t pound, Irish, per Irish, per Irish, per Cal., per ercan. i }. Hono- pound, pound, pound, pound, Pº #. lulu lulu, Kauai. Kauai. Kauai. Hilo, lulu # Oahu Oahu. Hawaii. Óahu e 1890 ----------------- $0.0250 | $0.0250 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - $0.0218 ||--------------------|---------- 1881 ----------------- . 0.250 .0250 ----------|---------- .0244 ----------|----------|---------- 1892 ----------------- . 02:50 .0250 -------------------- 0188 ----------|----------|---------- 1893 ----------------- , 0.250 .0250 ----------|---------- •0148 ----------|----------|---------- 1894----------------- 0.250 .0250 ----------|---------- 0181 ----------|-------------------- 1895 ----------------- 0.250 .0250 ----------|---------- 0183 I----------|----------|---------- 1896 ----------------- . 0.250 .0250 ----------|---------- 0.140 l.---------|----------|---------- 1897 ----------------- . 02:50 .0250 ----------|---------- 0158 ----------|----------|---------- 1898----------------- 0250- .0250 |----------|---------- 0181 I.---------|----------|---------- 1899 ----------------- 0250. .0250 ----------|---------- -0146 ----------|----------|---------- 1900 ----------------- 0.250 .0250 ----------|---------- •0225 |----------|----------|---------- 1901 ----------------- 0.250 .0250 ----------|---------- .0258 --------------------|---------- 1902 ----------------- 0250. .0250 ----------|---------- .0250 ----------|----------|---------- 1908 ----------------- 0.250 .0250 $0. 0300 $0.0275 , 0.25 $0.1250 $0.0650 $0.0500 1904 ----------------- 0250, . 0.250 . 0300 .0275 , 0.250 1250 . 0650 ... 0500 1905 ------------, ---- 0.250 . 0.250 0300. . 0275 g. 0280 1250 . 0650 0500 a Price in Oct. and Nov., $0.04%, and in Dec., $0.05. b Price from Mar. to June, $0.02; July and Au c Price from May to Nov., $0.03, and in Dec., $0.02 8. , $9.02, 2 * d Price in Jan., $0.22, and from Feb. to Apr., $0.20. e Price in Jan., $0.05, and in Feb. and Mar., $0.06%. f Price in Jan., Feb., Apr., and June, $0.02%, and in Mar, and May, $0.03. q Price from Jan, to Apr., $0.02%, and in May, $0.03, ; Sept., $0.024, and from Oct. to Dec., $0.03. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 669 TABLE III.—RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905—Continued. C. LOTHIS AND CHLOTHING. Calico. Denims. Standard Standard P., | Blue, Year. jº; "|"." "::" |9-ºperlºgozº. Pºd, per yard, per yard, per yard, # o, yard, Pº, Hawaii. Kauai. Kauai. Hº- Hawaii. Kauai. Oahu. 1890---------------------------- $0.0833 || $0.1000 |- - - - - - - - - $0.1000 || $0.2292 $0.2500 - - - - - - - - - - 1891---------------------------- . OS33 . 1000 - - - - - - - - - - ... 1000 . 2500 . 2500 ---------- 1892---------------------------- . 0.833 . 1000 |.......... . 0883 . 2292 . 2500 1---------- 1893---, ------------------------ . O833 . 1000 |... ------- 0800 . 2000 . 2500 ---------- 1894---------------------------- . O333 . 1000 ---...---- 0750 . 2000 . 2500 ---------- 1895---------------------------- . 0.833 . 1000 - - - - - - - - - - 0700 . 2000 . 2500 |---------- 1896---------------------------- . 0.833 .0825 |....... --- 0700 . 2000 . 2500 ---------- 1897. --------------------------- . OS33 .0825 - - - - - - - - - - 0700 . 2000 . 2500 ---------- 1898---------------------------- . OS33 .0825 |....... --. . 0633 . 2000 . 2500 ---------- 1899---------------------------- .0833 .0825. ---------- . 0.583 . 2000 .2500 ---------- 1900---------------------------- . O833 .0825 --------- -" . O500 . 2000 . 2500 |---------- 1901--------------------------- . 0.833 .0825 ---------- 0500 2000 . 2500 ---------- 1902---------------------------- . 0833 .0763 - - - - - - - - - - . 0500 2000 . 2500 ---------- 1903---------------------------- . 0.833 .0625 $0.0800 0500 . 2000 . 2000 $0.2000 1904. --------------------------- . 0.833 . O625 . 0800 . 0500 . 2000 . 200 . 2000 1905---------------------------- . 0.833 . 0625 . 0800 0500 . 2000 . 2000 . 2000 Sheetings, cotton. * * - Thread Shirtings, Shoes, y Bleached #. Brown, cotton, men's * Year 4–4, per | Bleached N º; ' ' 4–4, per | colored, heavy S § s yard, 4–4, per 4-4. ër yard, 3–4, per brogans, § Hono- yard, # Hono- yard, per pair, rspool lulu, Kauai # o, lulu, Kauai. Kauai. P. 9. Oahu Hawaii Oahu. 1890. --------------------------- $0.1250 |----------|---------- $0.1100 ----------|----------|---------- 1891---------------------------- • 1250 ----------|---------- . 1100 ----------|----------|---------- 1892. --------------------------- 1103 |----------|---------- . 1042 |--------------------|---------- 1893---------------------------- 1100 ----------|---------- 1000 ----------|----------|---------- 1894. --------------------------- 1100 -------------------- . 1000 ----------|-------------------- 1895. --------------------------- 1100 ----------|---------- 1000 i----------|----------|---------- 1896---------------------------- 1100 l.------------------- • 1000 ----------|----------|--|-- * * * * * * 1897---------------------------- • 1117 ----------|---------- . 1000 ----------|----------|---------- 1898---------------------------- 1200 l----------|---------- . 1000 ----------|----------|---------- 1899. --------------------------- 1208 |----------|---------- . 1000 |----------|----------|---------- 1900------------------------ * * * * • 1283 ----------|---------- - 1000 ----------|----------|---------- 1901---------------------------- • 1200 ----------|---------- . 1000 --------------------|---------- 1902. --------------------------- . 1200 l. --------- $0.0833 . 1000 ----------|----------|---------- 1903. --------------------------- 1200 || $0.1000 . O833 ... 1000 $0.1250 $2.0000 $0.1000 1904---------------------------- 1238 ... 1000 .0833 ... 1000 . 1250 1. 9833 ... 1000 1906---------------------------- 1200 ... 1000 . 0.833 ... 1000 1250 1. 9000 . 1000 670 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. TABLE III.—RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905—Continued. FUEL AND LIGHTING. Coal. Kerosene oil, in 5-gallon Cans. Screened "| Stove Second - * grade, |x|... [... Austra. #ustrà ||W *| Per Year. iii.; Jian, in per allon Per Per Per i..., |ton lots, gălion, | *." gallon, gallon, gallon, per ton, P. * º Hawaii. Kauai. Kauai. Kauai. Hono- l . O- h º lulu ulu, Oahu. 6ahu. Oahu. 1890---------------------------- $10. 5000 || $12.0000 || $0.2500 $0.3300 $0.3375 |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1891---------------------------- 10. 5000 || 12.0000 . 2558 . 3308 . 8500 |----------|---------- 1892---------------------------- 0. 5000 || 12.0000 . 2200 . 3200 , 3438 |----------|---------- 1898---------------------------- 10. 5000 || 12. 0000 .2075 3050 . 3300 -------------------- 1894---------------------------- 10. 5000 || 12. 0000 . 2063 . 2500 .3175 ----------|---------- 1896---------------------------- 10. 5000 || 12.0000 . 2358 . 2567 .2883 |----------|---------- 1896---------------------------- 10. 5000 || 12.0000 . 2567 2700 .2850 ----------|---------- 1897---------------------------- 10, 5000 || 12, 0000 . 2125 2533 .2600 ----------|---------- 1898---------------------------- 10. 5000 || 12.0000. . 2204 2500 .2517 |----------|---------- 1899---------------------------- I1. 0000 || 13.0000 . 2250 2525 .2600 |----------|---------- 1900---------------------------- 11, 0000 || 13.0000 . 2850 2667 .3383 ----------|---------- 1901---------------------------- 11. 0000 || 13.0000 . 2500 2700 3000 ----------|---------- 1902---------------------------- 11. 0000 || 13.0000 . 2542 2700 8000 ----------|---------- 1903---------------------------- 11. 0000 || 13. 0000 2483 . 2800 .3117 | $0.3000 $0.2600 1904---------------------------- 11. 0000 || 13. 0000 2250 . 2800 . 3000 . 3000 . 2600 1905---------------------------- 11.0000 || 13, 0000 2250 a .2740 3000 2900 2600 IWIETALS AND Iſ IPELPEſſl.PENTS, Nails. • Horse —| Plows, j Sewing hoes, Cut, 20- Wire or Hall's, Disston machine, Planet, penny cut, 20- breaker, No. 13.23. Singer, Year, Jr., per per 160. Penny, 14-in., in. per per ma- hoe, lb. keg per 100- per plow saw Chine, Hono- ‘īo.' lb, keg, Hono- H.3- Hono- §§ lulu º §: lulu §: 8, Illl. y ulu, 8.I] Ul º &lf] ll. Oahu. Oahu. Oahu 1890 --------------------------------------|----------|----------|---------- $45.0000 |.......... $55, 0000 1891 --------------------------------------|----------|-------------------- 45.0000 |... -- - - - - - 55, 0000 1892 -----------------------* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45.0000 | . . . . . . . . . . 55.0000 1898--------------------------------------|----------|-------------------- .0000 | . . . . . . . . . . 55.0000 1834--------------------------------------|----------|----------|---------- 45.0000 |... - - - - - - - 55, 0000 1895 ------------------------------------------------|----------|---------- 5. 0000 |.......... 55.0000 1896 --------------------------------------|----------|----------|---------- 45.0000 |- - - - - - - - - - 55. 0000 1897 ------------------------------------------------|----------|-- - - - - - - 45.0000 - - - - - - - - -. 55.0000 1898-------------------------------------- $14.0000 || $3.0000 || $3.0000 || 45.0000 || $2.5000 55.0000 1899 -------------------------------------- 14.0000 3. 0000 3.0000 || 38.2500 2. 5000 55. 0000 1900 -------------------------------------- 14.0000 3.0000 3.0000 || 38. 2500 2. 2500 55, 0000 1901 -------------------------------------- 14. 0000 3.2500 3.0000 || 38. 2500 2. 2500 65. 0000 1902 -------------------------------------- 12. 6000 3.2500 2.9000 || 38.2500 2. 2500 65, 0000 1908 -------------------------------------- 12, 6000 3. 2500 2.9000 || 38.2500 2. 2500 65. 0000 1904 -------------------------------------. 12. 6000 3. 2500 2.9000 || 38.2500 2. 2500 65. 0000 1905 -------------------------------------- 12, 6000 34 0000 b 2. 8250 || 38, 2500 2. 2500 55, 0000 a Price in Jan. and Feb., $0.28, and from Mar. to May, $0.27. b Price from Jan, to Mar., $2,75, and from Apr. to June, $2,90. . REPORT of THE COMMISSIONER of LABOR ON HAWAII. 671 TABLE III. RETAIL PRICES OF COMMODITIES, 1890 TO 1905–Concluded. IW IISCE LILANEOUS. & Lumber. Starch. Bººk. - - Window Cali- Fir Fir Lºry. Ilaundry, º, 'w - boards, º Lily . Tº & 9 by 12 fornia, h studding, Ordinary, 3 Year per rough, per Gloss, per In., per - º - per per pound bOX, Hono- M. ft., Honº | Pºund, #6 º' HOIn O- lulu, Hº: lulu, - º Iulu, § Oahu. Oahu. Oahu. Oahu. Oahu. 1890 --------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|---------- $0.0800 - - - - - - - - - - 1891 --------------------------------------|----------|----------|-------------------- - 0800 |---------. 1892 --------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|---------- .0800 ||---------- 1893 ------------------------------------------------|--------------------|---------- .0800 |---------- 1894 --------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|---------- .0800 |- - - - - - - - - - 1895 --------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|---------- - 0800 - - - - - - - - - - 1896 --------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|---------- .0800 ---------- 1897 --------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|---------- .0800 |.... -----. 1898-------------------------------------- $22.0000 $20.0000 || $20.0000 |.......... . 0800 $5.0000 1899 -------------------------------------- 22.0000 || 20.0000 .0000 |.......... . 0800 6. 0000 1900 -------------------------------------- 21.0000 .0000 || 28, 0000 - - - - - - - - - - . 0800 6. 0000 1901 -------------------------------------- 20.0000 || 27.0000 || 27.0000 || - - - - - - - - - - . 0800 7. 5000 1902 -------------------------------------- 20, 0000 | 26.0000 || 26.0000 - - - - - - - - - - - 0800 6. 0000 1908 -------------------------------------- 20.0000 30.0000 30.0000 $0.1000 . 0800 6. 0000 1904 -------------------------------------- 19. 0000 27. 5000 || 27. , 1000 . 0800 6. 0000 1905 -------------------------------------- 19.0000 || 27. 5000 || 27, 5000 ... 1000 . 0800 6.0000 672 . . . BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU. OF LABOR. LAWS RELATING TO LABOR. ORGANIC ACT. [Chapter 339.-Acts of U. S. Congress, 1899–1900.] Contracts of employment—Alien labor. . SECTION 10. * * * Provided, That no suit or proceedings shall be maintained for the specific performance of any contract heretofore or hereafter entered into for personal labor or service, nor shall any remedy exist or be in force for breach of any Such contract, except in a civil suit or proceeding instituted solely to recover dam- ages for such breach: Provided further, That the provisions of this section shall not modify or change the laws of the United States applicable to merchant seamen. All contracts made since August twelfth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, by which persons are held for service for a definite term, are hereby declared null and void and terminated, and no law shall be passed to enforce said contracts in any way; and it shall be the duty of the United States marshal to at once notify such persons so held of the termination of their contracts. . The act approved February twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-five, “To prohibit the importation and migration of foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor in the United States, its Territories and the District of Columbia,” and the acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto, are hereby extended to and made applicable to the Territory of Hawaii. Collection of statistics. SECTION 76 (as amended by chapter 948, Acts of U. S. Congress, 1903–4). * * * It shall be the duty of the United States Commissioner of Labor to collect, assort, arrange, and present in reports in nineteen hundred and five, and every five years thereafter, statistical details relating to all departments of labor in the Territory of Hawaii, especially in relation to the commercial, industrial, social, educational, and sanitary condition of the laboring classes, and to all such other subjects as Congress may, by law, direct. The said commissioner is especially charged to ascertain the highest, lowest, and average number of employees engaged in the various industries in the Territory, to be classified as to nativity, sex, hours of labor, and conditions of employment, and to report the same to Congress. r . Registration of Chinese. SECTION 101. Chinese in the Hawaiian Islands when this act takes effect may within one year thereafter obtain certificates of residence as required by “An act to prohibit the coming of Chinese persons into the United States,” approved May fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, as amended by an act approved November third, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, entitled “An act to amend an act entitled “An act to prohibit the coming of Chinese persons into the United States,’ approved May fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety-two,” and until the expiration of Said year shall not be deemed to be unlawfully in the United States if found therein without such certificate: Provided, however, That no Chinese laborer, whether he shall hold such certificate or not, shall be allowed to enter any State, Territory, or District of the United States from the Hawaiian Islands. Q - REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 673 REVISED LAWS-1905. Payment of wages of employees on highways—Pay days. SECTION 120. The fifteenth and last days in each month shall be the pay days of all employees engaged in constructing or repairing roads, bridges or streets for the Territory of Hawaii. Employment of labor on public works. SECTION 121. No person shall be employed as a mechanic or laborer upon any public work carried on by this Territory, or by any political subdivision thereof, whether the work is done by contract or otherwise, unless such person is a citizen of the United States, or eligible to become a citizen: Provided, however, That in the event that unskilled citizen labor, or unskilled labor eligible to become citizen labor, can not be obtained to do the required work, the superintendent of public works, or the county board of control, or the mayor, or other chief executive of any munici- pality, respectively, shall have the power to issue permits to employ other than citi- zen, or eligible to become citizen, unskilled labor until such citizen, or eligible to become citizen, unskilled labor can be obtained. SEC. 122. Eight hours of actual service shall constitute a day's labor for all mechan- ics, clerks, laborers and other employees employed upon any public work or in any public office of this Territory, or any political subdivision thereof, whether the work is done by contract or otherwise: Provided, however, That the full eight hours shall not apply to Saturdays or any holiday. - SEC. 123. A stipulation that no mechanics, clerks, laborers or other employees employed upon any public work in the employ of the contractor or subcontractor shall be required to work more than eight hours in any one calendar day, except in cases of extraordinary emergency, and that no mechanic or laborer, other than a citizen of the United States, or person eligible to become a citizen, shall be employed, shall be contained in every contract to which the Territory or any political subdivi- sion thereof is a party. - - SEC. 124. Any contractor, person, firm or corporation, or any officer of the Terri- tory, or of any political subdivision thereof, violating any of sections 121-124, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be subject to a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense. Any and each and every such violation shall be deemed a separate offense for each day thereof, and for each mechanic, clerk, laborer or other employee employed upon any public work, employed in violation of the provisions of this act. Any contract or subcontract for any public work in this Territory that does not comply with the provisions of section 123 shall be absolutely void. Tenement and lodging house3—Inspection, etc. SECTION 1020. Every house or tenement used or occupied as a dwelling for lodgers or contract laborers shall be kept by its owner in good repair, and with roof water- tight, and shall have the capacity of not less than three hundred cubic feet of space for each adult, or nine hundred cubic feet for one man and woman and two children. SEC, 1021. The yard and grounds about all dwellings shall be well drained and kept free from rubbish of every description, with a closet, or privy, also to be kept in repair by the lodging-house keeper or employer of laborers, for every six adults. SEC. 1022. Every owner or keeper and every other person having the care or man- agement of a lodging house or of a dwelling for contract laborers, shall at all times when required by the board of health or its agents give free access to such house or any part thereof. SEC. 1023. Every lodging-house keeper or employer of laborers who shall fail to comply with the provisions of this chapter shall pay a fine not exceeding fifty dollars. Regulation of lawndries. SECTION 1063. The superintendent of public works may cause to be built and erected in the district of Kona, Island of Oahu, a sufficient number of laundries and wash houses, and to let the same to persons applying therefor at such rents, and upon such terms-as the said superintendent shall deem advisable. And in like manner to designate and use for such purposes buildings already erected. - - SEC. 1065. Such laundries and wash houses when erected shall be under the super- vision and control of the board of health, - 674 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. SEC. 1066. Every person who shall carry on the business of laundry keeping or washing for hire, within the limits of the city of Honolulu, except in such buildings as shall be provided for such purpose, in accordance with the provisions of section 1063, shall be liable to a fine not to exceed fifty dollars for each and every day or part of a day during which he shall so carry on such business, and in default of pay- ment of such fine shall be imprisoned at hard labor until such fine is paid. Employers to furnish names of employees to assessors. SECTION 1226. * * * Taxpayers shall render to such assessor [of each division] or his deputies a statement, list or return of all property, real or personal, belonging to them or of which they had possession or control on January 1 of that year, * * * and of all persons in their employ on that day. - - SEC. 1227. Each person liable to pay taxes and every owner or possessor of any property, real or personal, whether entitled to exemption or not, shall in the month of January of each year give in to the assessor or the deputy assessor of the district in which said property is located a written or printed taxation return, signed and sworn to by him, enumerating the following facts, viz: . * - 3% * k 3: * % 4. The names and nationalities of all persons subject to taxation in the employ of such persons on January 1. Contracts of employment—Stamp duties. SECTION 1298. There shall be due and payable to the Territory in respect of the sev- eral deeds, documents, and instruments mentioned and specified in section 1320, the several sums of money for stamp duty set forth in the said schedule. . SEC. 1320. Schedule.— . k •k + 3& * % * Contracts between masters and servants for labor, $1. If for more than one year, then for each year or part of a year after the first, $1. (This duty to be charged on the original and duplicate copies, fifty cents on each copy for each year, or fractional part thereof, of the term of the contract, and to be paid by the employer.) * * * Regulation of laundries—License. SECTION 1375. The treasurer with the approval of the governor may issue to any person, partnership or corporation a license to erect, maintain and operate a steam laundry within the District of Kona, Island of Oahu, upon such conditions as to loca- tion and otherwise as shall be set forth in the license. SEC. 1376. Said license shall not be issued except upon the certificate of the board of health, setting forth that an agent of said board has examined the location at which it is proposed to operate said steam laundry, and that the same is suitable for the purpose. - SEC. 1377. The annual fee for said license shall be fifty dollars. SEC. 1378. Said steam laundries shall be subject to such regulations as to sanitation as may be prescribed from time to time by the board of health. Exemption of wages from eacecution, etc. SECTION 1831. The following-described personal property shall be exempt from attachment, execution, distress and forced sale of every nature and description: * % * #& * * * 7. One half of the wages due every laborer or person working for wages. Garnishment of wages of public employees. SECTION 2128. Any officer or employee, or other person in the Service of the gov- ernment of the Territory of Hawaii or of any political of [or] municipal subdivision thereof, or in receipt of, or entitled to a salary, stipend, wages, annuity or pension from the government of said Territory, or any department, board or bureau thereof, or from any political or municipal subdivision of said Territory, shall for the pur- poses of this chapter, and of any proceedings hereunder, be known and described as a government beneficiary, hereinafter denominated such beneficiary. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 675 SEC. 2129. The salary, stipend, wages, annuity or pension of such beneficiary may be attached for, and applied in the payment of his debts, * * * SEC. 2137. * * * From the time of the service of such copy [of process] on such garnishee, it shall be unlawful for him to draw, sign or issue any warrant payable to the order of such beneficiary as shall be named in such copy, or to any other person designated by such beneficiary, or permit or cause the same to be drawn, signed or issued for more than seventy-five per cent of the salary, stipend, wages, annuity or pension, which shall then be or shall thereafter become due, owing or payable to such beneficiary, until the suit against him shall have been withdrawn or dismissed, or the judgment obtained against him therein, if any, shall have been fully paid, with legal interest thereon; * * * Provided, That no more shall be thus seques- tered and not drawn against in advance of final judgment than shall be sufficient to meet the demand of the plaintiff or plaintiffs in such suit or suits, - Earnings of married women. SECTION 2253. All work and labor performed, or services rendered by a married woman for or to a person other than her husband and children, shall, unless there is an express agreement on her part to the contrary, be presumed to be performed or rendered on her Separate account. Payment of wages—Deductions, offsets, etc. SECTION 2698. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, partnership or corporation, within this Territory, to deduct and retain any part or portion of any wages due and payable to any laborer or employee, or to collect any store account, offset or counter claim without the written consent of such laborer or employee or by action in court as provided by law. - SEC. 2699. No fines, offsets or counter claims shall be collected, deducted, or re- tained out of any wages due and payable to any laborer or employee by any person, firm, partnership or corporation, in this Territory, unless by action in court and judg- ment therefor first obtained as provided by law. . - SEC. 2700. Any person, partnership, firm or corporation who shall violate any pro- vision of this chapter shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than fifty dollars and not more than one hundred dollars. Conspiracy. SECTION 3091. A conspiracy is a malicious or fraudulent combination or mutual undertaking or concerting together of two or more, to commit any offense or instigate any one thereto, or to charge any one therewith; or to do what plainly and directly tends to excite or occasion offense, or what is obviously and directly wrongfully inju- rious to another: For instance— * * $ 3% , 3% - 3& - % To prevent another, by indirect and sinister means, from exercising his trade, and to impoverish him: * % * * + * * SEC. 3092. Any person knowingly acceding to and joining in a conspiracy after the same is formed, is a party thereto, no less than the one who originally takes part in forming the same. - SEC. 3093. It is not requisite that the act agreed upon should be done or attempted in pursuance of the conspiracy; the conspiracy itself constitutes the offense. - tº: 3094. The act of each party to a conspiracy, in pursuance thereof, is the act OI 3.11. SEC. 3101. Conspiracy not appearing to be in the first or second degree, is in the third degree, and shall be punished by imprisonment at hard labor not exceeding one year and by fine not exceeding four hundred dollars, in the discretion of the Court. Sunday labor. SECTION 3190 (as amended by act No. 15, Acts of 1905). All labor on Sunday is for- bidden, excepting works of necessity or mercy, in which are included all labor that is needful for the good order, health, comfort or safety of the community, or for the protection of property from unforeseen disaster, or danger of destruction or 676 RULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. injury, or which may be required for the prosecution of or attendance upon religious worship, or for the furnishing of opportunities of reading or study: Provided, how- ever, That this section shall not apply to newspaper printing offices, steamship com- panies, railroads, telegraph and telephone companies, hotels, inns, restaurants, cigar stores, ice-cream parlors, soda-water stands, drug stores, livery stables, hack- men, owners and operators of licensed shore boats, news depots, graziers and ranchmen, electric-light plants, gas works and slaughter houses: And provided further, That personal baggage may be conveyed to and from vessels leaving and arriving at port on that day, and to and from any railroad stations; that on Sunday the loading and unloading of vessels engaged in interisland, interstate or foreign commerce shall be permitted, but no freight except live stock and goods of a perish- able nature, shall be drayed or conveyed from the dock, pier, wharf, or landing upon which it is unloaded; that during the entire day milk, bread, fruit and ice may be sold and delivered; that until 10 o’clock in the forenoon fresh meat, fresh fish, and fresh vegetables may be sold and delivered, and laundrymen and laun- dries may deliver and collect laundry or washing, and that barber shops may be kept open until 11 o’clock in the forènoon. ACTS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF HAWAII, PUBLISHED - IN REVISED LAWS-1905. Act 14, Laws of 1895.-Labor Commission, SECTION 1. The President of the Republic is hereby authorized and directed to appoint a commission of three persons, who shall be known as the “Labor commis- sion,” and all of whom shall serve without pay. One of the commissioners shall be designated by the President to be chairman of the commission, and shall have power to administer oaths. Members of the commission may be removed at any time by the President. SEC. 3. It shall be the duty of the said commission to make a full and careful inquiry and investigation into the following matters, so far as the same shall not have been done by the labor commission provided for in Act IV of the executive and advisory councils of the Republic, and to report from time to time to the legislature, if the same shall be in session, or to the executive council if the legislature shall have adjourned: - 1. The number and nationality and residence of all agricultural laborers now employed in the Republic, showing the number engaged in each particular branch of agriculture. 2. The rate of wages paid to the different nationalities of such laborers in the dif- ferent portions of the Republic. 3. The number, nationality and residence of all mechanics now employed in the Republic. - - 4. The rate of wages paid to the different nationalities of such mechanics in the different portions of the Republic. - 5. The prices received by Hawaiian sugar planters for raw sugar. 6. The cost of producing sugar, showing, so far as practicable, the cost of each stage and process, and showing more particularly the proportionate cost of unskilled labor. 7. Whether or not an increased number of agricultural and other unskilled labor- ers will be needed in the near future, and if so, in connection with what industries and how many laborers will probably be required. 8. The trials which have been given to cooperative production, or profit sharing, in the production of sugar, rice, or other agricultural products in this country, giving, so far as practicable, the details of the several agreements and methods adopted, and the results thereof. 9. Whether or not a system of cooperative production or profit sharing is feasible in connection with the main agricultural industries of the country; and if so, upon what lines. - 10. Whether or not such a system of production has ever been adopted in any other country situated similarly to Hawaii, and in the production of similar products to those produced here; and if so, what the results were. - 11. Whether or not there is anything in the climatic or other conditions in this country which render it physically impossible for Europeans and Americans to suc- cessfully engage in field labor in this country. 12. If Europeans and Americans are found capable of personal field labor, whether or not it is feasible to secure the immigration of a sufficient number of Europeans or Americans to supply the present and probable requirements for unskilled labor. If So, upon what terms and by what means, and from what countries. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 677 13. What the effect of Chinese immigration has been in this country. 14. What the effect of restriction of such immigration has been. - 15. Whether or not it is necessary or advisable to allow the further immigration of Chinese. If so, upon what conditions. - - 16. What the effect of Japanese immigration has been in this country. 17. Whether or not it is necessary or advisable to allow the further immigration of Japanese. . If so, upon what conditions. . . . 18. What the condition of field labor and of mechanics is and during the last few years has been in this country, as compared with other countries. - 19. What rate of wages is paid in other countries to skilled and mechanical labor in the production of products similar to those raised here. - - 20. In what manner and to what extent men introduced as contract laborers have competed with the mechanical or business interests of the country. 21. Any other matters of a kindred character which will throw light upon the subject and tend to solve the problems incidental to the labor question in this country. - - - - - SEC. %. It shall be the duty of all government officers, officers of corporations, and other persons, to furnish to such commission, upon its request, all information within their knowledge bearing upon the subject-matter of this act; and power is hereby conferred upon such commission, or a majority of its members, to issue sub- poenas to witnesses to appear and testify before such commission, and to produce papers before it, in the same manner as subpoenas are issued by the Supreme court. Disobedience or refusal to answer questions asked pursuant to any subpoena issued by such commission may be punished by any justice of the Supreme court, on a cer- tification to him by the commission or a majority of its members, of the fact of such disobedience; the punishment to be the same as that for disobedience of a subpoena of the supreme court. - - - SEC. 5. The said commission is hereby authorized to employ a secretary or such other clerical assistance as may be necessary in collecting and arranging the above information; also a stenographer and typewriter when required, and to fix the com- pensation of the same, subject to the approval of the minister of the interior; also to incur the necessary incidental expenses connected with the performance of the work of the commission, including traveling expenses of the members of the commission, and of witnesses summoned by them: Provided, however, That no expense shall be incurred for traveling beyond the limits of this Republic. SEC. 6. For the purposes of defraying the expenses of such commission there is hereby authorized to be drawn from the public treasury any balance that may remain unexpended from the amount appropriated for the expenses of the labor commission in Act IV of the executive and advisory councils of the Republic, after paying the expenses incurred by the said commission up to the time of the appoint- ment of the commission provided for in this act. The money herein appropriated shall be drawn from the treasury in such manner and under such regulations as shall be prescribed by the executive council. *- - SEC. 7. As soon as practicable after the appointment of the commission provided for in this act, the commission provided for in Act IV of the executive and advisory councils of the Republic shall transfer thereto all books, papers, records and public property of every kind that may be in its possession or under its control, and shall thereupon cease to exist. - -* - ACTS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF HAWAII–1905. Act No. 46.—Examination and licensing of horseshoers. SECTION 1. No person shall engage in the business of a horseshoer or farrier for hire without first having a license so to do as provided herein. - SEC. 2. Any person who may wish to obtain a horseshoer's and farrier's license shall make a written application therefor to the treasurer wherein shall be stated the residence of the applicant, his age, the length of time and the place where the appli- cant has carried on his trade and the place where he intends to carry on his trade. Before such application is granted the high sheriff or any sheriff of the Territory shall examine the applicant to determine whether he is a suitable person to carry on the trade of a horseshoer and farrier for hire, and on it being shown to the said high sheriff or sheriff that such applicant is a suitable person to engage in such trade, the fact shall be attested on said application by the examining high sheriff or sheriff. SEC. 3. The license fee of farriers shall be five dollars per annum and payable to the treasurer, . - . * 678 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. SEC. 4. Whoever shall violate the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misde- meanor and, on conviction, be fined not more than fifty dollars. Act No. 57.-Emigrant agents. SECTION 1. The annual fee for a license for each emigrant agent, or employer or employee of such agent, doing business in this Territory, shall be five hundred dollars. SEC. 2. The said license shall be issued in the same manner as is provided for the issuance of other licenses by chapter 102 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii, 1905. SEC. 3. Any person who shall engage in business as an emigrant agent without first obtaining a license, issued in conformity with the provisions hereof, and of said chapter 102, or who shall violate or fail to observe any of the provisions hereof, or of said chapter, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined in a sum not less than the annual fee, and not more than twice the annual fee herein provided for the carrying on of such business. - SEC. 4. The [term] emigrant agent, as used in this act, shall be held to mean a per- son engaged in hiring laborers in the Territory of Hawaii, to be employed beyond the limits of the Territory, or engaged in inducing laborers in the Territory of Hawaii to go beyond the limits of the Territory of Hawaii for the purpose of being employed. Act No. 67.-Employment of minors in Saloons—Sale of liquor to employees. SECTION 12. Licenses shall be subject to the following conditions and provisions: * % * + * * % (4) No licensee of the first, second, fourth or fifth class, except such as conduct an hotel business on the same premises, shall employ a minor in or about the room or rooms where intoxicating liquors are manufactured or furnished; * * * (5) No intoxicating liquor shall be sold or furnished to any person whose * * * employer has given notice as hereinafter provided, forbidding the sale to such person; * * k 3. * * 36. SEC. 49. A husband, wife, child, parent, guardian, employer or other person who is injured in person, property or means of support by an intoxicated person or in consequence of the intoxication of any person, shall have the right of action in his or her own name, jointly or severally, against any person or persons who by selling or furnishing intoxicating liquor have caused, in whole or in part, such intoxication. 3. * The party injured, or his or her legal representatives, may bring either a joint action against the person intoxicated and the person or persons who furnished the liquor and the owner of the building as herein above stated, or a separate action against either or any of them. SEC. 51. Any husband, wife, daughter, son, brother, sister, parent, guardian or employer of any person who is an habitual drunkard, or who by excessive use of intoxicating liquor injures his or her health, or endangers or interrupts the peace or happiness of his or her family, or becomes a public nuisance, may give written notice to any licensee not to sell or furnish any intoxicating liquor to such habitual drunk- ard, and thereafter any licensee who sells, gives or in any manner furnishes any intoxicating liquor to such habitual drunkard, shall upon conviction thereof be held liable to the penalties herein above described [fine not exceeding $1,000]. ACTS OF U. S. CONGRESS, 1897–98. Joint RESOLUTION No. 55.-Exclusion of Chinese laborers. SECTION 1. * * * There shall be no further immigration of Chinese into the Hawaiian Islands, except upon such conditions as are now or may hereafter be allowed by the laws of the United States; and no Chinese, by reason of anything *::::: contained, shall be allowed to enter the United States from the Hawalian Sla, IlCS. ACTS OF U. S. CONGRESS, 1901–2. CHAPTER 641.-Exclusion of Chinese laborers. SÉCTION 1. All laws now in force prohibiting and regulating the coming of Chinese persons, and persons of Chinese descent, into the United States, and the residence of such persons therein, " * * are hereby reenacted, extended, and continued so REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON HAWAII. 679 far as the same are not inconsistent with treaty obligations, until otherwise provided by law, and said laws shall also apply to the island territory under the jurisdiction of the United States, and prohibit the immigration of Chinese laborers, not citizens of the United States, from such island territory to the mainland territory of the United States, whether in such island territory at the time of cession or not, and from one portion of the island territory of the United States to another portion of said island territory: Provided, however, That said laws shall not apply to the transit of Chinese laborers from one island to another island of the same group; and any islands within the jurisdiction of any State or the district of Alaska shall be considered a part of the mainland under this Sections A. e º {-} Page. Agriculture and live stock products, value of, in 1899........... tº º ſº º tº º tº º tº E tº gº tº gº is tº e º an º ºs e º sº tº º ºs º is sº as sº 3 Analysis of tables------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 512-515 Arrivals of Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans, July 1, 1900, to December 31, 1905................ 371, 372 Arrivals. (See also Immigrants; Immigration.) Asiatic character of labor in the Sugar industry-------------------------------................. 367,368 Asiatics— births of, in Honolulu, 1901 to 1904 ----------------------------------------------------------. - 410 competition of local and Pacific coast industries with sugar industry for labor of......... 378–380 Control of plantation labor situation by---------------------------------------------------- 380–383 cost of living of----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 474–476 departures of, to the mainland, January 1, 1902, to December 31, 1905...................... 378,379 efforts of merchants and mechanics to resist competition of ...........----................ 402–404 extent of property interests of.------------------------------------------------------------- 406-409 increasing proportion of, in population ---------------------------------------------------- 368–377 invasion of small farming by--------------------------------------------------------------- 394–397 invasion of the building trades by --------------------------------------------------------- 384–388 invasion of trade and skilled occupations by ..........------.............................. 383–394 males 10 years of age or over engaged in gainful occupations in 1900, by kind of occupation. . . . 377 pupils, effect of, upon school system-------------------------------------------------------- 414–416 (See also Orientalization; Chinese; Japanese; Koreans.) Assessed valuation of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904....................-------------- 407 B. Benefit Societies, functions and work of.------------------------------------------------------- 483–487 Births, registered, in Honolulu, by race or nationality, 1901 to 1904. ...................... ----. 410,411 Board, prices paid for ----------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * * * * * 467–470 Building trades— cost of white and Asiatic labor in the, compared ................ tº sº as sº º is a s is a s = * * is s = * * * * * * * * * 386,387 invasion of the, by Asiatics----------------------------------------------------------------- 3 number of white mechanics in each occupation in 7identical establishments in the, 1900–1901, 1902, and 1906, compared -------------------.......----------------------------------------- occupations, average wages and hours of labor, and nationality of employees in, 1900–1901, 1902, and 1905 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 594–598 occupations, rates of wages, hours of labor, and nationality of employees in, 1905-...----- 518–523 C. Caucasians— births of, in Honolulu, 1901 to 1904 ----------------------------------------------------------- 410 cost of living of----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 467–474 married females, proportion of, to total Caucasians---------------------------...----------- 373,374 number and per cent of males, 18 years of age or over, in 1900..................... ---------- 370 number and per cent of, on Sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905 ...------------------------------- 368 number of, in public Schools, 1902 to 1905 ---------------------------------------------------- 482 number of, in the islands, by Sex, 1900 ------------------------------------------------------- 369 Inumber of, on sugar plantations, by groups of Occupations, 1902 and 1905 ...... ------------- 381 per cent of total, in specified age groups.--------------------------------------------------- 373,374 taxpayers, number of, and assessed valuation of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904. . . . 407 territorial board of immigration to promote settlement of, consideration of.......... --... 421 Central Japanese League, functions and work of -------------------------------------- 398-401,485–487 Children and women. (See Women and children.) Chinese— admission of, as laborers, consideration of ------------------------------------------------- 416–421 admission of, proposed, as plantation laborers, consideration of ......... ------------------ 404–406 arrivals of, July 1, 1900, to December 31, 1905...-------------------------------------------- 371,372 births of, in Honolulu, 1901 to 1904 ----------------------------------------------------------- 410 departures of, June 14, 1900, to December 31, 1905 -------------------------------------------- 372 married females, proportion of, to total Chinese ------------------------------------------- 373,374 number and per cent of, at Census periods, 1853 to 1900 -------------------------------------- 369 number and per cent of males, 18 years of age or over, in 1900------------------------------- 370 number and per cent of, on sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905....------------------------------- 368 number of, holding trade licenses, 1885 to 1904----------------------------------------------- 889 number of, in public schools, 1902 to 1905 -------------------------------------------------- 409,482 number of, in the islands, by sex, 1900..............----- - - - - - - - - - - - -; *.. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 869 number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations, 1902 and 1905 ---------------- ... 381 per cent of total, in specified age groups..........'.................................. 373 restrictions placed on immigration of, in 1887 and 1888 ........... gº ºs º ºs º ºs e º 'º me as we we s we us we º ºs º ºs º ºs º º sº º taxpayers, number of, and assessed valuation of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904-- 407 . (See also Asiatics; Orientalization.) *9thinese and Japanese labor compared.-------------------------------------------------- ... 402,405,406 Chinese and Japanese males 10 years of age or over engaged in gainful occupations in 1900, by kind of occupation ------------------------- e º ºs e º sº tº sº m º º ºs e e º º 'º dº as ºs e º º ºs ºn a ºn s sº ºn e º ºs tº tº º º ſº º ºs º ºs º ºs e º 'º as sº tº sº º 25—No. 66–06—21 681 682 INDEX. Coffee— - Page, cultivation of, account of ......------------------------------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 395,396,460,461 production of, amount of 1908---------------------------------------------------------------- 461 Colonization, attempt at, account of ----------------------------------------------------------- 444,445 Commercial pursuits, invasion of, by Asiatics.--------------...-------------.................... 388-393 Corporations, domestic and foreign, number and capitalization of ........ ............ . . . . . . . . 451,452 Cost of living of- Chinese, Japanese, and Korean workingmen ------------------............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474–476 Portuguese and Porto Rican workingmen's families............................... . . . . . . . . 471–473 skilled Caucasian workingmen's families ....... tº gº ºn tº tº E gº º ºs s tº is ºn s is a we is s m s as tº se me as s as s ºr a s as ºs e º ºs ºg m = s. s. 467–470 Workingmen’s families, consideration and statistics of......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . 467–476 Cost of production per acre of sugar cane in a 10-acre tract ...................................... 446 D. Death rate per 1,000 inhabitants in 1904 .......................................................... 478 Departures of * Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans, June 14, 1900, to December 31, 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Japanese to the mainland, efforts to lessen, account of ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397–399 Japanese to the mainland, May to December, 1905........................................... 399 Japanese women and children, July 1, 1902, to December 31, 1905............................. 410 Orientals to the mainland, January 1, 1902, to December 31, 1905. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378,379 & F. Education in the islands, account and statistics of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480–483 Emigrant agents, act licensing-------------------------------------------------------. . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Emigrants. (See Departures.) Employees— nationality of, occupations, and average wages and hours of labor in each industry, 1900–1901, 1902, and 1906--------------------------------------------------------------------- 513, 514,592–662 nationality of, º rates of wages, and hours of laborin each industry, 1905. 512, 513, 516–591 number of, COVered by the investigation, by industries ............................... -- - - - - - 512 number of, on Sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905--------------...-------------------------------. 368 Employments, urban, account of.-------------------------------------------------------------- 464–467 Establishments, number of, covered by the investigation, by industries......................... 512 Exports, value of, for fiscal year ending June 30, 1905............................................ 367 F. Farming, Small— experiments in, account of ----------------------------------------------------------------- 441–447 invasion of, by Asiatics--------------------------------------------------------------------- 394–397 Federation of Allied Trades of Hilo— citizenship, literacy, and occupations of members of ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489,490 efforts of, to resist competition of Orientals -------------------------------------------- 404, 488–491 Females, married, proportion of, to total population ...............----....................... 373,374 Food, prices of. (See Prices. Fruit cultivation, account of.-------------------------------------------------------------- 396,461, 462 G. Government work, employment of white and native labor upon, consideration of............ 393, 394 H. Hawaiians— births of, in Honolulu, 1901 to 1904. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 decadence of, as a race --------------------------------------------------------------------- 372, 373 married females, proportion of, to total Hawaiians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373, 374 number and per cent of, at Census periods, 1853 to 1900....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 number and per cent of males, 18 years of age Or Over, in 1900 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 number and per cent of, on sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905 - - - - - - - - - - - - - ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 number of, in public Schools, 1902 to 1905 -------------------------------.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409,482 number of, in the islands, by Sex, 1900 ------------------------------------------------------- 369 number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of Occupations, 1902 and 1905................... 381 per cent of total, in specified age groups ----------------------------------------------------. 373 taxpayers, number of, and assessed valuation of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904. . 407 Health and Sanitation, consideration of.------------------------------------------------------- 476–480 Hours of labor, average, occupations, average wages, and nationality of employees in each indus- try, 1900–1901, 1902, and 1905 --------------------------------------------------.- - - - - - - - 513,514,592–662 Hours of labor, occupations, rates of wages, and nationality of employees in each industry, 05 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 512, 513,516–591 I. Immigrants, alien (excepting Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans), 1901 to 1905, by race or people... 370, 371 Immigrants. (See also Arrivals.) - Immigration— Japanese, account and statistics of........ ----------..............- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 502–511 territorial board of, to promote settlement of Whites, consideration of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422–425 Industrial and technical Schools, account of....----------------------------------------------- 481,482 J. Japanese— arrivals of, July 1, 1900, to December 31, 1905. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ----------------------. 371, 372 benefit Societies among, functions and work of - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 484–487 births of, in Honolulu, 1901 to 1904 ----------------------------------------------------------- 410 departures of, June 14, 1900, to December 31, 1905........................... ----------------- 372 departures of, to the mainland, efforts to lessen, account of ............. --- - - - - - - - - - -..... 397–399 departures of, to the mainland, May to December, 1905...................................... 399 immigration of, account and statistics of.--------.............. ---------------------------. 502–511 immigration of, as contract laborers, stipulations regarding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 503, 504 leasing of plantations by, account of..... -------------------------------------------------. 395,396 INDEX. 683 Japanese—Concluded. * Page. married females, proportion of, to total Japanese..................... • * * * * * s e s is ºn tº ºn tº e º ºs s º e . 373,374 number and per cent of, at census periods, 1853 to 1900....................... tº e º ºs e s m s m e º sº e º 'º e 369 number and per cent of males, 18 years of age or over, in 1900............................... 370 number and per cent of, on Sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905................................... 368 number of, holding trade licenses, 1898 to 1904 ------------------...----...--------...-------- 389 number of, in public Schools, 1902 to 1905---------------------.............................. 409,482 number of, in the islands, by sex, 1900-------------------------------------------------------- 369 number of, On Sugar plantations, by groups of Occupations, 1902 and 1905.................... 381 per cent of total, in specified 888 &IOuP8-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 373,374 schools of, account of.------------------------------------------------------------------------ 483 strikes by, on Sugar plantations -------------------------------------------------------- 382,493–501 taxpayers, number of, and assessed valuation of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904. - 407 women and children, departures of, July 1, 1902, to December 31, 1905....................... 410 (See also Asiatics; Orientalization. Japanese and Chinese labor compared --------------------------------------...------------ 402,405,406 Japanese and Chinese males 10 years of age or over engaged in gainful occupations in 1900, by kind of occupation ---------------------------------------------------- tº º ºs e g º ºs º ºs º e º º ºs e º º se e s is is is me tº 377 K. FCOreans— arrivals of, July 1, 1900, to December 31, 1905.............. gº º ſº tº gº & © tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * sº e º ºs e e e º gº 371, 372 departures of, June 14, 1900, to December 31, 1905 ----------------------------------.......... 372 employment of, as plantation laborers to break up Japanese control ................ ------ 401, 402 number and per cent of, on Sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905...........----------------......... 368 number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of Occupations, 1902 and 1905.................... 381 (See also Asiatics; Orientalization.) L. Labor— * Chinese, admission of, consideration of ............... tº ſº tº gº & © e º ſº tº tº gº tº s s e º sº es ſº tº º ºs & gº tº $ $ sº tº E tº ºs e º º tº 416–421 Chinese and Japanese, compared-- ::::---------------------------. * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 402,405, 406 cost of white and Asiatic, in the building trades, compared....... ------------------....... 386,387 employment of white and native, upon Government work....... -----...--...----........ 393,394 for the mainland, Specimen advertisements calling for.................................... 379, OI) * plantations, distribution of, by groups of occupations and nationality, 1902 and 1905 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- y resident and imported, advantages of the former over the latter .......................... y resident and imported, competitive relations of, to each other .............................. 430 resident and imported, consideration of the problem of.................................... 425–437 resident, fundamental principles to be considered in reference to......................... 431,432 resident, measures required to establish---------------------------------------------------- 432–435 substitution of Caucasian for Asiatic, consideration of ..................................... 422–425 Labor and industry, general conditions of.----------------------------------------------------- 366-511 Labor disputes, work of Central Japanese League in adjusting .............. --------------.... 400, 401 Labor disputes... (See also Strikes.) . Labor organizations. (See Trade unions.) Labor problems in the islands, consideration of-----------------------------------------------. 874–376 Laborers— condition of, on coffee plantations ----------------------------------------------------------- 461 condition of, on rice plantations ----------------------------------------------------------- 459,460 condition of, on stock ranges ----------------------------------------------------------------- 457 condition of, on Sugar plantations---------------------------------------------------------- 455, 456 cost of living of ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 467–476 wages and hours of labor of, in urban employments ...........................------...--. 465–467 Laboring population, Orientalization of, and its results.---------------------------------...... 366–416 Land and settlement, account of.-------------------------------------------------------------- 437–440 Lands, public— - administration of----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 440 extent of.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 437 method of acquiring------------------------------------------------------------------ gº tº tº sº º me 437–439 price of --------------------------------------------------------------------------_s • = • * * * * * * * * * 437 revenue derived from leases of ------------------------------------------------------------- 439,440 Laws relating to labor: e Alien labor ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 672 Assessors, employers to furnish names of employees to....................................... 674 Chinese laborers, exclusion of-------------------------------------------------------------- 678,679 Chinese, registration of.---------------------------------------------------------------------- 672 Conspiracy.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 675 Contracts of employment--------------------------------------------------------------------- 672 Earnings of married Women------------------------------------------------------------------ 675 Emigrant agents.------------------------------------------------------------------------ * * * * * * 678 Employment, contracts of.------------------------------------------------------------------- 672 Employment, contracts of, stamp duties on -------------------------------------------------- 674 Employment of labor on public Works ------------------------------------------------------- 673 Exemption of wages from execution, etc.----------------------------------------------------- 674 Garnishment of wages of public employees...---------------------------------------------- 674,675 Highways, pay days of employees on--------------------------------------------------------- 673 Horseshoers, examination and licensing of -------------------------------------- * * * * * * * * tº gº 677,678 Labor, alien, contracts of employment relating to...----------------...- • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = Labor, Chinese, exclusion of ......... as sº a sº e s as a e s sº ºn s e. e s m s = e = * * is s e º e s m s m e º a s e s sº e s a s is e s as e s e s e º e 678,679 Labor commission, duties, etc., of.---------------------------------------------------------- 676,677 Labor on public Works, employment of...... ------------------------ sº s m e º ºs º ºs º is e s as as º ºs e º a se e s e a s 673 Labor, Sunday------------------------------------------------------ • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s sº e s = • * 675,676 Laundries, regulation of.............. gº ºn e º sº º sº sº e º sº us as as sº us as e = e º sº º is sº º me as is tº e º º ºr e º sº sº s = e s m º ºs e º 'º e s m e º se 673,674 Liquor, saieo , to employees ----------------------------------------------------------------- 678 # and tenement houses, inspection, etc., of.------------------------------------------ 673 Married Women, earnings of --------------------------------------- tº $ tº gº ºs e º 'º º e º ºs e º nº sº tº a sº s sº * * * * * 675 Minors, employment of, in Saloons ----------------------------------------------------------- 678 Pay days of employees on highways---------------------------------------------------------- 678 684 INDEX. Laws relating to labor—Concluded. Page. Payment of wages, deductions, offsets, etc., from ...... -------------------------------------- 675 Public employees, garnishment of wages ; :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 674,675 Public Works, employment of labor on. ------------------------------------------------------ 6 Saloons, employment of minors in------------------------------------------------------------ 678 Stamp duties on contracts of employment.-----...-----------------. -------------------------- 674 Statistics, collection of.---------------------------------------------------------------------- 672 Sunday labor ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 675,676 Tenement and lodging houses, inspection, etc., of ------------------------------------------- 673 Wages, exemption of, from execution, etc...... ---------------------------------------------. 674 Wages of employees on highways, payment of -...--...-------------------------------------- 673 Wages of public employees, garnishment of......... -----------...----...-----------------. 674,675 Wages, payment of deductions, offsets, etc., from .................. ------------------------*... 675 M. M. 10 years of age or over engaged in gainful occupations in 1900, by race and kind of occu- P8010ſl- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Manufacturing and mechanical industries, capital invested in, in 1900........................ 366, 367 Mechanical trades, invasion of the, by Asiatics ------------------------------------------------ 384–388 Mercantile pursuits, invasion of, by Asiatics........------------------------------------------- 390–393 Merchants and mechanics, efforts of, to resist competition of Orientals, account of ........... 402–404 N. Nationality, occupations, and average wages and hours of labor of employees in each industry, 1900–1901, 1902, and 1905--------------------------------------------------------------- 513,514,592–662 Nationality, occupations, rates of wages, and hours of labor of employees in each industry, 06----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 512, 513, 516–591 Negro males 10 years of age or over engaged in gº occupations in 1900, by kind of occupation. 377 N §. ºsºuth Sea Islanders, number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of Occupations, 2 and 1906------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Negroes, number and per cent of males, 18 years of age or Over, in 1900................ . . . . . . . . . . 370 Negroes, South Sea Islanders, and others, number and per cent of, on sugar plantations, 1892–1905. 368 O. Occupations— average wages and hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry, 1900–1901, 1902, and 1905 --------------------------------------------------------------------- 513, 514,592–662 citizenship, and literacy of the members of the Federation of Allied Trades of Hilo....... 489,490 gainful, males 10 years of age or Over engaged in, in 1900, by race ........................... 7 Inonurban and urban, wages, conditions of labor, etc., in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463–467 rates of wages, hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry, 1905. 512, 513, 516–591 skilled, and trade, invasion of, by Asiatics -------------------------------...--------------- 383–394 Oriental population and political control, consideration of .................................... 409–413 Orientalization of laboring population and its results...--------................. -----...-----. 366–416 Orientalization of population, effect of, upon character of citizenship......................... 413, 414 Orientals. (See Asiatics; Chinese; Japanese; Koreans.) P. Plantation labor— d Control of situation by Asiatics------------------------------------------------------------- 380-383 efforts to control, account of.--------------------------------------------------------------- 397–402 Plantation laborers— employment of Koreans as, to break up Japanese control.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401, 402 number of 1892 to 1905------------------------------------------------------------------------ 368 number of, 1897 and 1905-------------------------------------------------- * * * * * * * ºr e º sº tº gº s e = * * * * 375 present Supply of --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 375,376 proposed admission of Chinese as, consideration of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404–406 Wages, hours of labor, etc., of, account of -------------------------------------------------. 452–456 Plantation stores, account of -------------------------------------------------------------------- 454 Plantations— - leasing of, by Japanese --------------------------------------------------------------------. 395,396 Sanitary Conditions On........ ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .- - - - - - - - - - - - - ... 478,479 "Population— at Census periods from 1853 to 1900, by Color or race ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 effect of Orientalization of, upon character of citizenship...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . 413, 414 in 1900, by Sex and color or race'... ------------------------------------------------------------ 9 per square mile of Hawaii and of other ; islands compared............ . . . . 436,437 Population and political control, Oriental, consideration of ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409–413 POrto Ricans— - characteristics of ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 428 number and per cent of, on Sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 number of, in public Schools, 1902 to 1905 -..............................------............ --- 482 Inumber of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations, 1902 and 1905. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Portuguese— - benefit Societies among, functions and work of ............................................ 483,484 characteristics of --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 426–428 number and per cent of, on sugar plantations, 1892 to 1905................................... 368 number of, in public Schools---------------------------------------------------------------- 426,482 Pri number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations, 1902 and 1905. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 CeS— - relative retail, of food, 1890 to 1905........................................................... 515 retail, of Commodities, 1890 to 1905 -----------------------.......................--- 514,515,663–671 Production, cost of. (See Cost of production.) Property owners— s by nationality, 1901 and 1904-----------------------------------------------------------------. 407 White, native, and Asiatic, relative holdings of, compared .......................... . . . . . . 408,409 Property, personal and real, assessed valuation of, 1901 and 1904. ....................... . . . . . . . . . Pupils in Schools, number and nationality of, 1902 to 1905............................. . . . . . . . . . . . 482 R. - - Page Real estate, assessed valuation of, 1901 and 1904. ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ------- 407 Rent, prices paid for------------------------------------------------------------------------ 468,469,473 Rice— area cultivated and tons produced, year ending June 30, 1904. ...................... --------- 458 cultivation of, account of------------------------------------------------------------------- 458–460 estimated cost of raising a 5-acre crop of ----------------------------------------------------- {59 S. Salaries of public School-teachers ... ---------------------------------............................ 481 Sanitary conditions on plantations.------------------------------------------------------------ 478,479 Sanitation and health, consideration of -----...---------------------................... --------. 476–480 School system, effect of Asiatic pupils upon.... -------------------------------...--------... . . . 414–416 Schools— industrial and technical, account of.------------------------------------------------------- 481,482 Japanese, account of ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 483 number and nationality of pupils in, 1902 to 1905. ---------------------------------------..... 482 salaries of teachers in ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 481 See also Education.) Small farming, experiments in, account of ...................................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 441–447 Societies, benefit, functions and Work of .............................. -----.................... 483–487 South Sea Islanders and negroes, number of, on sugar plantations, by groups of occupations, 1902 and 1906------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g sº sº e s m º º a s & South Sea Islanders, number and per cent of males, 18 years of age or over, in 1900. . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 South Sea Islanders, number of, in the islands, by sex, 1900............................. * - - - - - - 369 Stock raising, consideration of ----------------------------------------------------------------- 456,457 Stores, plantation, account of ------------------...----------------------- • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 454 Strikes— account and statistics of.----------------------------------------------------------- 382,401,493–501 on Sugar plantations, 1903 to 1905------------------------------------------------------- 494–497, 501 Sugar cane, cost of production and receipts per acre of, for a two-year crop on a 10-acre tract .. 446 Sugar ::::::::: account of the growth of --------------------------------------------------------------------- 367 Asiatic character of labor in ---------------------------------------------------------------- 367,368 capitalization of, 1902, 1903, and 1904 -----------------------------------------------........ 448,449 competition of local and Pacific coast industries with, for Asiatic labor ................... 378-380 dominant position of ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 366, 367 financial standing and profits of, 1902, 1903, and 1904-...--------------------....... -- - - - - - - - 448–451 Sugar plantations— distribution of labor on, by groups of occupations and nationality, 1902 and 1905. . . . . . . . . . 381,382 expense of 9perating ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 454,455. strikes on, 1903 to 1905 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 494–497, 501 Sugar production— acres of cane cut and yield of Sugar per acre, 1902 and 1903.................................. 448 amount Qf 1895 to 1904 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 447 hours of labor, average, occupations, average wages, and nationality of employees engaged in, 1900–1901, 1902, and 1905 --------------------------------------------------------------- 630–661 hours of labor, occupations, rates of wages, and nationality of employees engaged in, 1905. 556–591 occupations, average wages and hours of labor, and nationality of employees engaged in, 1900–1901, 1902, and 1905------------------------------------------------------------------- 630–661 occupations, rates of wages, hours of labor, and nationality of employees engaged in, 1905. 556–591 Wages, average, occupations, average hours of labor, and nationality of employees engaged in, 1900–1901, 1902, and 1905 -................. ----------------------------........ ----..... 630–661 º Wages, rates of, occupations, hours of labor, and nationality of employees engaged in, 1905. 556–591 Sugar, value of export of, for fiscal year ending June 30, 1905. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 T. Taxation, proportion of, paid by Orientals and by Caucasians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 408,409 Taxpayers, number and nationality of, and assessed valuation of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Teachers in Schools, number and Salaries of.------------------------------------............... 480,481 Trade unions, account and statistics of......----------------------------...--------------------. 487–492 Transportation facilities, consideration of................ -------------------................... 462, 463 V. Valuation, assessed, of real and personal property, 1901 and 1904. ............................... 407 Voters, consideration and statistics of................. ----------------------------...--...----. 411–413 W. Wages— -- * --> te e average, occupations, average hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry, 1900–1901, 1902, and 1905----------------------------------------------------------- 513, 514,592–662 in various nonurban and urban occupations. ------------------------ • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 464–467 on coffee plantations ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 461 on fruit farms--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 462 on rice plantations ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 459,460 on stock ranches-----------------------------------------------------------------------------. 457 on Sugár plantations--------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 452,454 rates of, occupations, hours of labor, and nationality of employees in each industry, 1%, 51sº i. 91 White males 10 years of age or over engaged in gainful occupations in 1900, by kind of occupation. 377 Women and children, Japanese, departures of, July 1, 1902, to December 31, 1905................ 0 Workingmen’s families, cost of iiving of ------------------------------------------------------- 467–476 LEADING ARTICLES IN PAST NUMBERS OF THE BULLETIN. No. 1. Private and public debt in the United States, by George K. Holmes. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. . 10. . 11. . 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. . 23. No. No. No. 24. . Foreign labor laws: Great Britain and France, by W. F. Willoughby. 26. 27. . 28. Employer and employee under the common law, by W. H. Olmsted and S. D. Fessenden. . The poor colonies of Holland, by J. Howard Gore, Ph. D. The industrial revolution in Japan, by William Eleroy Curtis. Notes concerning the money of the U. S. and other countries, by W. C. Hunt. The wealth and receipts and expenses of the U. S., by W. M. Steuart. . Industrial communities: Coal Mining Co. of Anzin, by W. F. Willoughby. . Industrial communities: Coal Mining Co. of Blanzy, by W. F. Willoughby. The sweating system, by Henry White. . Coffvict labor. Industrial communities: Krupp Iron and Steel Works, by W. F. Willoughby. . Industrial communities: Familistère Society of Guise, by W. F. Willoughby. Cooperative distribution, by Edward W. Bemis, Ph. D. . Industrial communities: Various communities, by W. F. Willoughby. Rates of wages paid under public and private contract, by Ethelbert Stewart. . Conciliation and arbitration in the boot and shoe industry, by T. A. Carroll. Railway relief departments, by Emory R. Johnson, Ph. D. . The padrone system and padrone banks, by John Koren. The Dutch Society for General Welfare, by J. Howard Gore, Ph. D. Condition of the Negro in various cities. (a) Building and loan associations. (a) Workers at gainful occupations at censuses of 1870, 1880, and 1890, by W. C. Hunt. Public baths in Europe, by Edward Mussey Hartwell, Ph. D., M. D. The inspection of factories and workshops in the U. S., by W. F. Willoughby. Mutual rights and duties of parents and children, guardianship, etc., under the law, by F. J. Stimson. The municipal or cooperative restaurant of Grenoble, France, by C. O. Ward. The anthracite mine laborers, by G. O. Virtue, Ph. D. The Negroes of Farmville, Va.: A social study, by W. E. B. Du Bois, Ph. D. Incomes, wages, and rents in Montreal, by Herbert Brown Ames, B. A. Boarding homes and clubs for working women, by Mary S. Fergusson. (a) The trade-union label, by John Graham Brooks. (a) Alaskan gold fields and opportunities for capital and labor, by S. C. Dunham. Brotherhood relief and insurance of railway employees, by E. R. Johnson, Ph. D. The nations of Antwerp, by J. Howard Gore, Ph. D. Wages in the United States and Europe, 1870 to 1898. Alaskan gold fields and opportunities for capital and labor, by S. C. Dunham. (a) Mutual relief and benefit associations in the printing trade, by W. S. Waudby. (a) . Condition of railway labor in Europe, by Walter E. Weyl, Ph. D. 21. 22. Pawnbroking in Europe and the United States, by W. R. Patterson, Ph. D. Benefit features of American trade unions, by Edward W. Bemis, Ph. D. (a) The Negro in the black belt: Some social sketches, by W. E. B. Du Bois, Ph.D. (a) Wages in Lyon, France, 1870 to 1896. (a) Attitude of women's clubs, etc., toward social economics, by Ellen M. Henrotin. The production of paper and pulp in the U.S. from January 1 to June 30, 1898. Statistics of cities. Protection of workmen in their employment, by Stephen D. Fessenden. Foreign labor laws: Belgium and Switzerland, by W. F. Willoughby. Wholesale prices: 1890 to 1899, by Roland P. Falkner, Ph. D. Foreign labor laws: Germany, by W. F. Willoughby. Voluntary conciliation and arbitration in Great Britain, by J. B. McPherson. System of adjusting wages, etc., in certain rolling mills, by J. H. Nutt. Foreign labor laws: Austria, by W. F. Willoughby. a Bulletin out of print. No. 29. No. 30. No. 31. No. 32. No. 33. No. 34. No. 35. No. 36. No. 37. No. 38. Trusts and industrial combinations, by J. W. Jenks, Ph. D. The Yukon and Nome gold regions, by S. C. Dunham. Labor Day, by Miss M. C. de Graffenried. Trend of wages from 1891 to 1900. Statistics of cities. Foreign labor laws: Various European countries, by W. F. Willoughby. Betterment of industrial conditions, by W. H. Olmsted. Present status of employers' liability in the U. S., by S. D. Fessenden. Condition of railway labor in Italy, by Dr. Luigi Einaudi. - Accidents to labor as regulated by law in the U. S., by W. F. Willoughby. Prices of commodities and rates of wages in Manila. The Negroes of Sandy Spring, Md.: A social study, by W. T. Thom, Ph. D. The British workmen's compensation act and its operation, by A. M. Low. Foreign labor laws: Australasia and Canada, by W. F. Willoughby. The British conspiracy and protection of property act and its operation, by A. M. Low. Labor conditions in Porto Rico, by Azel Ames, M. D. Social economics at the Paris Exposition, by Prof. N. P. Gilman. The workmen's compensation act of Holland. Cooperative communities in the United States, by Rev. Alexander Kent. The Negro landholder of Georgia, by W. E. B. Du Bois, Ph. D. Statistics of cities. Statistics of Honolulu, H. I. Railway employees in the United States, by Samuel McCune Lindsay, Ph. D. The Negroes of Litwalton, Va.: A social study of the “Oyster Negro,” by William Taylor Thom, Ph. D. - Labor conditions in Mexico, by Walter E. Weyl, Ph. D. Th; .#. of Cinclare Central Factory and Calumet Plantation, La., by J. Brad- OTO Lua, WS. . Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1901. . Present condition of the hand-working and domestic industries of Germany, by Henry J. Harris, Ph. D. Workmen's compensation acts of foreign countries, by Adna F. Weber. . Labor conditions in Cuba, by Victor S. Clark, Ph. D. Beef prices, by Fred C. Croxton. . Statistics of cities. Labor conditions of Cuba. . Report to the President on anthracite coal strike, by Carroll D. Wright. . Factory sanitation and labor protection, by C. F. W. Doehring, Ph. D. . Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1902. . Report of Anthracite Coal Strike Commission. . Report of the Commissioner of Labor on Hawaii. . Farm colonies of the Salvation Army, by Commander Booth Tucker. The Negroes of Xenia, Ohio, by Richard R. Wright, jr., B. D. . Cost of living. Labor conditions in New Zealand, by Victor S. Clark, Ph. D. . Labor unions and British industry, by A. Maurice Low. Land values and ownership in Philadelphia, by A. F. Davies. . Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1903. The union movement among coal-mine workers, by Frank J. Warne, Ph. D. . Child labor in the United States, by Hannah R. Sewall, Ph. D. . Wages and cost of living. e . The working of the United States Bureau of Labor, by Carroll D. Wright. Bureaus of statistics of labor in the United States, by G. W. W. Hanger. Bureaus of statistics of labor in foreign countries, by G. W. W. Hanger. The value and influence of labor statistics, by Carroll D. Wright. Strikes and lockouts in the United States, 1881 to 1900, by G. W. W. Hanger. Wages in the United States and Europe, 1890 to 1903, by G. W. W. Hanger. Cost of living and retail prices in the U.S., 1890 to 1903, by G. W. W. Hanger. Wholesale prices in the {}. States, 1890 to 1903, by G. W. W. Hanger. Housing of the working people in the U. S. by employers, by G. W. W. Hanger. Public baths in the United States, by G. W. W. Hanger. -- Trade and technical education in the United States. No. 55. Hand and machine labor in the United States. Labor legislation in the United States, by G. A. Weber. Labor conditions in Hawaii. * Building and loan associations in the U. S., by G. W. W. Hanger. Revival of handicrafts in America, by Max West, Ph. D. No. No. No. . Influence of trade unions on immigrants, by Carroll D. Wright. . 57. . Labor conditions in the Philippines, by Victor S. Clark, Ph. D. Labor conditions in Australia, by Victor S. Clark, Ph. D. Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1904. - - Street railway employment in the United States, by Walter E. Weyl, Ph. D. Labor conditions in Java, by Victor S. Clark, Ph. D. The new Russian workingmen's compensation act, by I. M. Rubinow. . Wages and hours of labor in manufacturing industries, 1890 to 1904. Retail prices of food, 1890 to 1904. 6i. . 62. 63. 64. 65. Laws relating to child labor in European countries. . Government industrial arbitration, by Leonard W. Hatch, A. M. Labor conditions in Porto Rico, by Walter E. Weyl, Ph. D. Early organizations of printers, by Ethelbert Stewart. Municipal ownership in Great Britain, by Frederic C. Howe, Ph. D. Conciliation in the stove industry, by John P. Frey and John R. Commons. Laws relating to the employment of children in the United States, Course of wholesale prices, 1890 to 1905. Conditions of living among the poor, by S. E. Forman. Benefit features of British trade unions, by Walter E. Weyl, Ph. D. Wages and hours of labor in manufacturing industries, 1890 to 1905. Retail prices of food, 1890 to 1905. O UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 O7377 9210