Springer
Statistik des
Ostreichischem
Kaiserstaates.
#
1$43
n's Library University of Michigan

ANTES
LIBRARY
VERITAS
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
FROM THE LIBRARY OF
Professor Karl Heinrich Rau
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG
PRESENTED TO THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
BY
Mr. Philo Parsons
of DETROIT
1871

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1
*
HJ
1065
A94

4
Statiitics 12412
F14 Rea

PARSONS LIBRARY
University of
MICHIGAN
AUSTRIAN STATISTICS.
[Extracted from THE BRITISH AND FOREIGN REVIEW, OR EUROPEAN
QUARTERLY JOURNAL, No. XXVIII.]
A
разала
LONDON:
PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
1843
ARTICLE VII.
1. Statistik des Oestreichischen Kaiserstaates.
SPRINGER. Wien, 1840.
Von JOHANN
2. Unpublished Official Reports and other Documents.
In our last number we endeavoured to furnish our readers
with a picture of the social condition of the various provinces
of the Austrian empire, in part drawn from the official pub-
lications of the Austrian government, which we illustrated
and completed by adding other unpublished documents, of
equal authenticity, from our private resources.
We then as-
signed a double motive for attempting this task. The import-
ance of so great an empire in the scale of European nations,
and the interest attaching to authentic statistical details re-
specting its condition, would alone prove spur enough to the
scientific inquirer to urge him to a study of these welcome
materials. But even the general reader in England must be
able to appreciate the utility of illustrating the state and pro-
spects of a power, which is our natural political ally, and which,
if it had been better known or more carefully studied, would
in all probability by this time have been found to be no less
ardently our commercial ally.
From these two reasons we find ourselves induced to ex-
Austrian Statistics.
555
d our labours, and to anticipate the disclosures of the
ienna cabinet upon a most important subject, in both re-
pects. The financial system of Austria, which has ever been
veiled in almost impenetrable secrecy, will occupy us in the
present number; and we feel convinced that the information
which we are enabled to impart, will both be interesting to
the financier, and will promote the better understanding of
the true interests of both countries, which is the object that
we have most at heart. While forwarding this desirable ob-
ject, we at the same time furnish a mass of valuable materials
illustrative of the working of taxation in general, which can-
not fail to be peculiarly acceptable at a moment when the
financial difficulties of our own land attract such merited and
serious attention, and which afford many useful points for
comparison.
But in inviting our readers to found a study, of the kind
we have described, upon the materials here offered, we feel that
they have a right to be satisfied of the authenticity of the do-
cuments thus put forward, and upon this head we are pre-
pared with the fullest assurances. It will be remembered that
at various preceding periods we have published documents
emanating from the same source, of which we need only allude
to the tables of the mining produce of the empire, and of the
number of manufacturers, tradesmen, etc. in the empire, given
in our Number XXI. These two tables have since been
published by the Austrian government, and thus is their au-
thenticity placed beyond a doubt. The tables which we now
give, having been drawn from the same quarter, deserve there-
fore implicit confidence, and are moreover indirectly guaran-
teed by M. Springer, the author of the last and best statistical
description of Austria, who evidently had the same papers.
under his hand, but who, from timidity or constraint, only ex-
tracted loosely from them. M. Springer has thus robbed his
work of the value which would otherwise be attached to it,
while he deprives the state of the advantages it would have
reaped from a free and full disclosure of its financial policy.
It is from the conviction that the investigation into which we
are about to enter will show the resources of that mighty
empire to be both more extensive and better managed than is
generally supposed, that we feel no repugnance thus to anti-
556
Austrian Statistics.
cipate the disclosures of the Vienna cabinet respecting its
financial system. Governments have only recently, and very
partially, begun to appreciate the utility of submitting their
financial operations to public scrutiny, and in many countries.
a most unnecessary mystery is made of the national re-
venue and expenditure, lowering the credit of the state in
the money market, while the subject in such lands is de-
prived of the grand means of tracing many inconveniences
to their true source. For if the population-returns of any
country show us the practical effect of its system of go-
vernment, and enable us to judge of its general character, the
financial department affords the clearest insight into the work-
ing of the state machine, and points like an index to the parts
where the pressure is unequal or the materials unsound.
The series of Tables, illustrating the financial system of the
Austrian empire, which we now for the first time give to the
world, emanate from the statistical bureau, which on a former
occasion we stated to have been instituted by the late Empe-
ror Francis, for his private information, and for that of the
chief officers of the administration. They are therefore to be
looked upon as the returns furnished from the various de-
partments of the state,-the key to which, and the means of
controlling whose authenticity, the minister of the finances.
naturally possessed. They were not drawn up for publication,
nor were even the population-returns for the whole empire
ever allowed to be published during the reign of the late Em-
peror. Thus, while we guarantee their authenticity, we are
able to vindicate them from the suspicion attaching to too
many documents of the kind that have of late years been
made public, of being got up for the occasion. If there is here
any falsification, it must be a deception practised on the sove-
reign by his confidential advisers-a notion which the circum-
stances do not warrant us in entertaining. The circumstance
of these Tables coming into our possession is easily explained,
by the fact of their circulating at Vienna in sufficient number
to be accessible to almost any one who feels interest in them.
The separate tables, it will be observed, have no special bear-
ing upon the financial balance-sheet with which the series in
our Appendix commences, and which proceeds from another
quarter. This budget-sheet is extracted from the confidential
Austrian Statistics.
557
report made to the Emperor by the minister of the finances,
M. von Eichhoff, for the year 1837. With the sums given
in this interesting statement the totals of many of the tables
do not exactly coincide, for reasons that will be evident to all
who peruse them. It would require a much more voluminous.
detail of every branch of receipt and expenditure than the
general statements here given contain, to make the totals ex-
actly tally with the net sums which must be inserted in the
budget. These tables do not profess to enter into such par-
ticulars, but convey a mass of statistical information of the
highest value, both to the political economist and to the
statesman, and as such we present them to our readers.
The Austrian revenue moreover derives from various
sources, many of which, although retained in different degrees
in most of the continental states, have long disappeared from
the budget of Great Britain, while others have sunk into
comparative insignificance with the rapid growth of the re-
venue drawn from the taxes on consumption. Of the sums
drawn from the consolidated fund entitled "the Political
Fund," and which is composed of the estates confiscated
from the suppressed convents and monasteries by Joseph II.,
or rather of such of these as have not been sold, no account
is taken in the receipts; and the supplementary sums paid
annually to cover the deficiency in the disbursements of the
various branches for whose use this fund was originally de-
stined, are alone stated in the budget, which therefore does
not show the whole expenditure in any department. Our
table No. VIII. contains the receipts of this fund in detail,
whose revenue from landed and other property amounts to
39,743,858 florins. Perfectly distinct from the landed-pro-
perty belonging to the political fund are the crown lands, of
which we have only the netto revenue in the budget stated
at 3,339,914 florins. The expenses of the army are also de-
frayed out of special estates; so that the budget shows only
the excess of expenditure over the fund. The monopolies of
salt and tobacco, although only another form of an excise
duty, and as such entered amongst the indirect taxes, appear
to the English reader in an unaccustomed shape. The im-
perial factories and the revenues from the mines form sepa-
rate items in the receipts, as do the more usual ones of the
558
Austrian Statistics.
post-office and the public lottery. The reader will find it
easy to conceive that the special accounts of each of these
branches may vary from the netto sum entered in the budget;
inasmuch as the salaries of many public officers, which have
to be deducted in the detailed account, are included in the
general statement under the head of civil-service salaries. A
complete exposition of the cases in which these deviations
occur, would of course form a work demanding much time
and space.
It forms no part of our present task to justify or to criticize
the official statements, which we give as we find them con-
tenting ourselves with the addition which they form to the
mass of intelligence which has already been published on
financial matters; and indeed the enumeration, with a con-
cise description, of each of the sources of revenue, and of
the various branches of expenditure, will probably occupy
as much space as can here be afforded. The authentic source
whence these documents proceed, authorises us to regard them
as a fair basis for the deduction of general principles; but
even this we shall be obliged to reserve for a future number,
when we shall endeavour to elucidate their practical applica-
tion to our own relations with the empire. Here we would
seek to present as clear and satisfactory a picture as our ma-
terials will allow, of the taxation and state-expenditure of the
agglomeration of nations ruled by the Emperor of Austria,
and embracing a large portion of the finest part of Europe.
A short survey of the financial difficulties under which the
empire laboured during the last war will be necessary, in order
to convey a just idea of the efforts which were requisite to raise
the revenue to anything like an amount corresponding with
the expenditure. The mode of raising the revenue will afford
many interesting facts even for the experienced financier. In
the expenditure we have not only an useful picture of the
state-machinery, and not a few examples of good management,
mingled with others that should serve for warnings, but a prac-
tical illustration of the social side of the financial position of
a large portion of Europe. Finally, the statement of the
public debt, after this inquiry into the capability of Austria
to meet its engagements, will show the position which this
empire has a right to hold in the forum of nations, denominated
Austrian Statistics.
559
in our age the money-market, and which, as we before hinted,
we think will not be found an unfavourable one.
The budget of the year 1837 affords a fair basis for our in-
quiries. After a period of twenty-five years of almost unin-
terrupted peace, and of the most consistent adherence to one
system,—before the changes consequent upon a new reign be-
came perceptible, and before the extraordinary failures of the
crops in the west of Europe affected the agricultural inter-
ests of the empire to the extent that took place in the subse-
quent years, we have the best opportunity of judging of the
working of the Austrian financial plan. To this year we shall
confine ourselves, and only refer to other years in order to
illustrate by comparison the increase or decrease of parti-
cular branches of the revenue.
On a former occasion we alluded to two peculiar influences
whose effects were most conspicuous in the condition of the na-
tion, as shown by the population-returns in 1837. Of course
the same influences affected materially the financial opera-
tions of the preceding years. We allude to the division in
the empire occasioned by the free constitution enjoyed by
Hungary, and to the personal influence of the late Emperor.
The exemption of Hungary from many of the burdens which
press heavily on the other provinces, has had the effect of
allowing capital to accumulate in that country, and has raised
its agriculture to a footing equal to that of central Europe.
The small revenue drawn from Hungary has had besides a
negative effect, which was also good in its way; the minister
having been compelled to husband resources which a greater
command of means might have tempted him to despise. The
Hungarian provinces, however, are by no means the only
countries highly taxed within the empire, and the unproduc-
tiveness of the indirect taxation of such rich lands is, as we
shall see, to be ascribed to causes that might be obviated by
judicious financial arrangements.
As we have not withheld our opinion of that part of the
late Emperor's direction which appeared to us defective, we
are glad here to have an opportunity of doing justice to one
trait in his political character, which it must be owned is of
paramount importance-his inflexible efforts to support the
credit of his government for financial integrity during the last
560
Austrian Statistics.
twenty years of his reign. Yet were these efforts, brilliant
as was the success which attended them, scarcely considered
by the nation as an equivalent for the blow inflicted in 1811
by Count Wallis's famous edict of bankruptcy. We must
go back as far as that year in order to give a clear view of the
present financial position of the empire. The immense expen-
diture occasioned by the French wars, which terminated with
the treaties of Campoformio and Pressburg, was rendered the
more pressing, as the gradual dismemberment of the empire
lessened the sources of revenue by which it was to be sup-
ported. The loss of Belgium, the Milanese, the Suabian ter-
ritories, and lastly of Tyrol and Illyria, had curtailed the re-
ceipts of the Crown by one fifth; while war was daily growing
more expensive to carry on, and the continuance of peace im-
plied a resignation of such extensive territories by the con-
quered party. Early in the revolutionary war, besides forced
loans, recourse was had to the desperate measure of unlimited
issues of paper-money; yet, down to 1799, there was but
little difference between the value in circulation of notes and
metal. The war which terminated with the battle of Auster-
litz had a more sensible effect upon the credit of the state,
and in 1805 the paper currency was at a discount of thirty-
three per cent. The armed peace which lasted through the
three following years increased the distress of the government,
and at the close of 1808 the value of paper had fallen fifty-
five per cent., 100 florins in coin being equivalent to 220
florins in paper. The paper money at that time in circulation
amounted to 706,654,140 florins, or more than £70,000,000
sterling. The depreciation of the copper coin was another
measure resorted to; and this was carried so far, that in 1807
80,000,000 of florins in copper were in circulation, a large
proportion of which contained only one cwt. of copper in the
nominal value of £160. In 1810 an attempt was made to
change the name under which the paper-issues were emitted,
and a new sinking-fund was established on the basis of an
income-tax, but, as may be imagined, without effect. The
new cessions of territory, and the hopeless state in which the
peace of Pressburg, concluded after the battle of Wagram in
1809, had left the nation, completed the exhaustion of the
government resources, and a formal declaration of bankruptcy
4
1.
t
f
C
£
Austrian Statistics.
561
was the result. The amount of paper in circulation was
1,060,798,753 florins, or more than one hundred millions
sterling. This sum by a stroke of the pen was reduced to
one-fifth of its value, the edict of the 20th of February 1811
having declared that 100 florins in bullion was the amount
at which the bank would redeem 500 florins of paper. The
copper money was at the same time reduced from its nominal
to its real value, and a new coinage announced, in which one
cwt. of metal represented the value of only 213 florins, or
twenty-three pounds sterling.
3
The harshness as well as the inefficiency of this measure,
which soon became perceptible, seem to have made a deep
impression on the Emperor's mind. The project had been
kept so close a secret, that even high officers of state and near
friends of the minister had no suspicion that it was so near
realization. The only real gain accruing from it to the go-
vernment, was the defrauding of the claimants for goods de-
livered by contract which had not been paid for. A judicious.
financial operation could have bought up the paper in cir-
culation at about the same price, without compromising the
credit of the state; or a simple declaration of inability to pay
for the moment would have left things nearly as they were,
provided no further issues of paper were attempted. But
the edict went further, and declared that all contracts pending
between individuals, all debts, and claims for money of what-
ever kind, were reduced to the same standard, and the con-
fusion in the empire thus became interminable. The reduc-
tion of the value of the old paper was intended to facilitate
the issue of a new set of notes, but the discredit of the go-
vernment caused these to be refused by the public in general,
while advantage was taken of the moment by such as received
the new notes in payment of salaries or claims, to tender them
in acquittal of their debts to others. Fortunes thus changed
hands in the most distressing manner; the lender was every-
where ruined; the borrower often realized an immense proper-
ty. The old paper, which the government could only exchange
for its new issues of redemption-note. (Einlösungs-Scheine),
instead of sustaining the value fixed by the edict, fell in
many cases from 4th to 4th or 4th of even its nominal value,
especially in Hungary, from which country a large importa-
VOL. XIV.N°. XXVIII.
20
562
Austrian Statistics.
tion of grain took place in consequence of a failure in the
harvest. Property had no longer any value; of course such a
state of things could not continue under other than excep-
tional circumstances.
That it did continue, however, and that in such financial
difficulties the general rising against France took place in
1813, can be explained in the first place by the productive
nature of the soil in the greater part of the empire, united
with a thin and scattered population, and by the absolute ne-
cessity for something to represent a circulating medium after
everything in the shape of bullion had disappeared. In times
of great speculative excitement in America, a provincial bank
was so hardly pressed for notes that whole packets were emit-
ted without a signature. In Austria in like manner the dire
necessity of the trader kept the paper issues of the govern-
ment, whose credit was so totally lost, in some demand. But
the trade supported by these means was confined to the trans-
port of the first necessities of life from one province to the
other. Manufacturing industry and all undertakings requi-
ring any investment of capital gradually dwindled away, and
the spinning-wheel and domestic loom supplied the place of
modern mechanical inventions. The social system was re-
duced to its primitive elements. In such a state of things it
was fortunate for the government that so powerful a means
for carrying off the excited feelings of the nation presented
itself as the invasion of France.
It was not until a year after the second treaty of Paris, in
1816, under the ministry of Count Stadion, that an attempt
could be made to restore that degree of order which was ne-
cessary to the existence of the state. On the failure of the
attempt to recommend the redemption-notes, another French
invention had been resorted to, and notes of anticipation on
the revenue of coming years were issued, with just as little
success. They were taken where it was necessary by the re-
ceivers of salaries; but in the market their real, amounted
but to twenty-seven per cent. of their nominal, value. It was
no easy matter even to ascertain the exact amount of the
issues that had been made; but a careful investigation fixed
them at something near 638,715,925 florins in redemption
and anticipation notes, or about 64,000,000l. sterling. Four
Austrian Statistics.
563
ordinances, dated the 1st of July 1816, put an end to this
wretched state of things in a most desirable, if not in a cre-
ditable, manner. The government declared its readiness to
pay off these notes in silver, at the rate of 100 florins in bul-
lion for 250 florins in paper. This is the origin of the double
currency which since that epoch has prevailed in Vienna
under the denomination of note, and convention money.
From this epoch trade and manufactures began to revive; the
resources of the richest empire in Europe came into play. It
was known that the Emperor took great personal interest in
these arrangements, and indeed the nation had no other gua-
rantee than his steadiness for their durability; so that it was
natural he should enjoy a large share of the gratitude felt by
those who were benefited by a restoration of credit, and
hence the basis of the popularity which "Kaiser Franz” for
many years really enjoyed.
In the following year, 1817, the national bank of Vienna
was founded, and the shares of 500 florins each were sold for
1000 florins in paper and 100 florins in silver, at which rate
the whole capital of 2,531,050 florins was subscribed. The
increase of trade which took place on the restoration of order,
under the prospect of a continuance of peace, came to the aid
of the government, and the notes of the new bank soon cir-
culated at the full value. The operations in the funds were
attended in the commencement with less success. A loan of
120,000,000 florins, declared in October 1816 at five per cent.
was taken partly at Frankfort and Augsburg at the low figure
of forty-six per cent. A second loan negotiated in 1818 for
50,000,000 florins is said not to have brought a higher figure;
and loans contracted in 1823, 1824 and 1826 to the amount of
one hundred millions of florins were taken on disadvantageous
terms, owing to the depression occasioned by the troubles in
Sardinia and Naples, and the active share that Austria seemed
inclined to take in so dubious a task as the maintaining of
order in Italy. At that period the Austrian government
reaped the first reward of its endeavours to restore financial
order, and to give stability to property at home; for although
the nature, and still more the manner, of this foreign inter-
ference was highly unpopular with the German and Slavonic
portions of the empire, yet the conviction of the necessity for
202
564
Austrian Statistics.
maintaining tranquillity was so deeply rooted, that not the
least symptoms of opposition or of a desire to check the pro-
ceedings of the executive manifested itself to the northward
of the Alps.
For Austria, it was of the last consequence that the success
of these operations in Italy, as well as of the French invasion
of Spain, had the effect of putting a termination to the dispo-
sition to political plots, which were henceforth considered to
be unavailing. The interval that elapsed, until the July revo-
lution and Polish war once more set everything in jeopardy,
served to consolidate and to give a new stimulus to credit.
In 1829 the dividends on the shares of the national bank had
risen from 30 florins to 63 florins per annum on the share of
500 florins, a figure which they have since but little exceeded.
The value of the shares themselves had risen to 1500 florins
and above, although the rate of discount had been reduced
from 5 to 4 per cent.
Have we here, perhaps, the true solution of the riddle why
all the Austrian provinces remained tranquil during the
storms of 1830 ?
But if our slight historical sketch testifies to the value of
tranquillity, at whatever cost it may be purchased, for a land
in which security of property, the basis of all industry and
wealth, has been shaken in the manner we have described,
the experience of the following years affords an equally im-
portant lesson. The revolution of July in France, with the
subsequent outbursts in Belgium and Poland, had a serious
and salutary influence on the rest of the continent. These
risings were in a great measure the result of the increase of
wealth in the shape of labour, capital and knowledge in the
different countries of Europe,-an improvement which natu-
rally caused the owners to look for greater freedom of exer-
tion, and to demand greater marks of respect from their
governments than they enjoyed under the restoration. The
jealousy entertained by Holland of Belgium, and by Russia of
Poland, were felt as serious evils, repressive of the growth of
prosperity in the weaker portions of those states. Austria
was not in exactly a parallel position, but the discontent of
the Italian provinces arose from a similar cause. It cannot
be denied that after 1830 an increased activity in every branch
Austrian Statistics.
565
of trade was observable, notwithstanding the drain made upon
the public coffers of the empire for great military equipments.
Under the improved state of government, however, the sums
thus disbursed remained in the country, and even contributed
to support the inland manufactures; while the necessity of
preventing collisions between the people and the troops caused
more attention to be paid to the comforts and discipline of the
latter. The average official value of the exports and imports of
the empire in the six years from 1823 to 1828 inclusive, amounted
to 88,650,219 florins imported, and 95,905,780 florins export-
ed; whereas the average of the six years, from 1830 to 1835,
gave for the imports 102,835,341 florins, and for the exports
111,246,215 florins; with the remarkable difference, that in
the former period the trade was stationary, while in the latter
it increased, in the exports 30 per cent., in the imports 6
per cent. in value, notwithstanding the rapid fall in price of
almost every article. This rapid increase is in no small de-
gree to be ascribed to the greater attention paid to the
interests of the subject, and to the relaxation of numerous
petty restraints upon exertion; and the effect would probably
be still more remarkable had the cause been more active.
The government reaped its share of the benefit arising from
the growing prosperity of the state, for its revenues became
abundant and regular; and loans, which it was still obliged
occasionally to negotiate, were of late years readily taken at
par by the capitalists of Vienna.
In 1835 the steam-boat communication with the Levant
and the Black Sea by the way of Trieste and the Danube
was called into play, and gave increased activity to trade.
The exports in 1837 reached the sum of 119,621, 758 florins;
the imports amounted to 120,897,761 florins.
Although these statements indicate a progressive improve-
ment in the wealth of the nation, yet it will doubtless excite
surprise that the foreign trade of an empire as populous as
France, and by a full fifth more peopled than Great Britain,
should not exceed one-third of the amount of that of the
first-named power, and amount to but one-fifth of the trade
of England. We have, however, seen how the country was
drained of capital and checked in its progress to industry by
The inquiry we are now engaged in will show us
the war.
566
Austrian Statistics.
what has been done since the peace to restore commercial
activity and encourage manufactures.
The general survey of the revenue and expenditure given
in our table No. I., shows that the sum levied under the head of
direct taxes amounts to about 60 per cent. of the sum raised
by indirect taxation. The netto amount of the direct taxes
is 47,159,168 florins, and of this sum 37,599,496 florins are
levied on the land. The land-tax exceeds the produce of the
excise and customs' duties taken together, although the excise
embraces a number of the first objects of necessity that in
most lands are untaxed, and includes many agricultural pro-
ductions. The flour, meal and provender consumed in the
large cities is taxed at their gates, as the table given in our
last number showing the sum raised for the "Octroi" of
Vienna proves. Meat, malt, spirits and beer are also heavily
taxed; and in Austria it may with truth be said, that the
landowner bears a very heavy proportion of the national
burdens. But it is probable that so large a sum as four
millions of pounds sterling could not be raised at all, espe-
cially with the low prices for produce which we find in most
of the provinces, were it not for a circumstance which is in
itself (with low prices and imperfect cultivation) no evidence
of great national prosperity,—we mean the great subdivision
of the land.
The large estates which many of the nobles of Austria own
in the provinces to the northward of the Alps, and on some
of which 60,000 and more peasants are domiciled, form
masses united solely by the now much-loosened manorial
bond, and the claim which the landlord has upon a portion
of the labour of the inhabitants. Of this tenure of land we
gave some illustrations in our last number, and then stated
that of late years the peasant landholder was in every respect,
although bound by this obligation to labour, regarded by the
law as the landowner. He stands in the position of the
English copyholder whose incumbrances have not been fined
down. The desire of the territorial rulers to draw their
revenues directly from the peasant, instead of raising them
through the intervention of the lords of the manor, facilitated
this transition of property in Germany, as it doubtless did with
us. In Austria the change was effected at a later period than in
Austrian Statistics.
567
England and Germany, and the different provinces are still
in various stages of progress in the transition.
To comprehend this state of things, we must go back to
the original conditions of the tenure of landed-property in
all the provinces, which evidently were feudal in their or-
ganization, the fief-holder having received the use of the land,
on certain conditions of service from the owner. C. F.
Eichhorn fixes the period when the actual property in the land,
instead of the usufruct, was assumed by lawyers in Germany
to have been transferred to the peasant, as lying between the
years 1517 and 1648. In Austria we have said it occurred
later, and it was not until the reign of Maria Theresia that the
Crown interfered to control the stipulations dictated by the
landlord to his peasant. Under Joseph II., at the close of the
last century, the Crown went a step further, and, assuming
an independent position for the peasant, arbitrarily fixed
the sum which he could well afford to pay for his holding
at 30 per cent. of the gross produce of the land. As how-
ever the state was desirous to secure the sum demanded as
land-tax, and fixed this at 12 per cent., the remaining 17½
per cent. was awarded to the landlord in lieu of all claims.
According to this standard, therefore, the peasants' dues,
whether in labour or in money, have been modelled in the
German and Slavonic provinces, notwithstanding the great
discontent it occasioned, and the temporary and partial sus-
pension of the operation of the law which Leopold, Joseph's
successor, found it necessary to order. The final adoption
of the principle (in practice, if not in theory) was only carried
through after the awful scenes of the French revolution had
made men feel the insecure tenure of property upon the old
footing, and when the pressure of financial difficulties de-
manded, in the imperative manner we have seen, a sacrifice
from those who were most interested in the reorganization
of the state. The landlord was further mulcted by the
laws enacted by Maria Theresia and Joseph, inasmuch as the
labour which he was allowed to demand from his peasant
was restricted to field-, and in some instances to farm -ser-
vice. He thus received his rent in a specific commodity
which could only be applied to a destined purpose, and
which became less valuable in proportion as improved tools
568
Austrian Statistics.
and machinery made it superabundant in the market. He
was indeed allowed to sell his superfluous labour, but only
for agricultural purposes. Thus, besides the loss of the pro-
perty in the land held by the peasant, and of the profit
deriving from any increase in its value, he was not even left
the free disposal of the rent to which it was acknowledged
that he was entitled. In this manner the large estates may
be said to have been arbitrarily divided amongst the la-
bourers, and hence the great subdivision of the land. An-
other circumstance attaching to these regulations was, that
they were not adopted after deliberation with the estates of
the different provinces, but were promulgated by the plenary
authority of the sovereign. They mark however, significantly
enough, the rise of the tiers état in the social scale.
The circumstances under which the introduction of the
land-tax in its present shape, in the northern provinces of the
empire, became practicable and desirable, may be inferred
from the fact of its being submitted to by the nobles. In
the state of continental politics since the French revolution,
the necessity of maintaining a large standing-army was para-
mount. Such a force can only be supported at a vast pecu-
niary expense, and in unsettled times the only source of re-
venue is the land. In the northern provinces the land-tax is
levied on the cultivated surface, and is rated, not according
to the amount produced, but according to the facilities which
the quality of the soil affords to the cultivator. The tax thus
operates as a stimulus to the greatest possible production,
since on soils of equal quality a small crop pays the same.
tax as a large one. As long as a country is inhabited, a mo-
derate land-tax will yield a constant revenue; because the
first articles of sustenance are in every country originally—
that is to say, with a thin population-grown cheaper at home
than they can be bought elsewhere. The land is classified,
according to its powers of yielding corn, under the ordinary
system of tillage in a threefold rotation, of winter corn, sum-
mer corn, the third year being left for fallow. If this basis
be not correct as a scientific one, it at the least admits of an
extension of the impost to very poor soils without much
ground of complaint; and the calculations being everywhere
founded on the experience of preceding years, and reduced
Austrian Statistics.
569
into money according to the market prices of the several
districts, on an average taken from the last twenty years of
the last century, the tax cannot be said to have operated dis-
couragingly upon the investment of capital and the cultiva-
tion of natural advantages, while the grades of difference
arising from position and unequal distribution of capital are
taken with the quality of the soil into the account. If we
compare the market prices in the different provinces, as shown
in table No. IX. of our last number, for years when the in-
crease of population and the progress of other branches of
industry had raised the price, or at least extended considera-
bly the sale of grain, we shall find the profit arising to the
cultivator (and out of which he of course ultimately pays his
tax) so small, that the surrender made by the landlord of the
land itself, on condition of the peasant's charging himself with
the tax, was little more than a nominal sacrifice.
Under other circumstances than the great subdivision of
the land, on the present mode of rating peasants' holdings,
so large a sum as is now collected could certainly not have
been raised from the land. If the soil had remained divided
into large estates, a tax raised in large sums would have been
an intolerable burden for the landowner, and would probably
have led (as in Poland) to a paralyzation of the influence of
government. If apportioned simply according to the surface
of land cultivated, without classification or increasing with
improvements, it would have restricted enterprise, and have
kept a great deal of land out of tillage. The only tax of im-
portance in a country in which political or moral causes im-
pede the accumulation of capital, is the land-tax; and its
measure must be the amount that the country can afford
without checking enterprise by depriving it of the means it
requires for improvement. When the provisory arrangement
adopted after the war by the late Emperor, until an exact
measurement of the land and its produce should be com-
pleted, was published, the principle here described was car-
ried out, perhaps unconsciously, and the rate fluctuated in
the levy imposed on each province. Our table No. II.
shows a division into two classes. In the eight provinces of
the first division a distinction is drawn between dominical
and rustical property in the land-tax levied. Under the for-
570
Austrian Statistics.
mer denomination the property of such nobles is compre-
hended as they retain in land, together with the amount of
the rents and dues which they derive from the holdings of
their peasants. From the sums thus assessed, the cost of
maintaining the manorial courts, the churches, glebe-houses,
schools, and other obligatory charges is deducted, and on the
remainder the tax is levied. The rate charged on dominical
property is about one half of the rate on rustical property, or
the land held by citizens or peasants under the manorial
bond. If a person who is not a noble buys dominical pro-
perty, he pays the land-tax on it at the usual rate on rustical
property in the same province. This inconvenience is ob-
viated by purchasing a patent of nobility, which is scarcely
ever refused to the holder of dominical property, and which
may therefore be considered as an additional tax upon such
property, by limiting the market in which it is saleable.
These remarks will explain the striking inequality evident
upon the face of our table (No. II.) in the tax levied upon
the land. In Lower Austria the land-tax averages 44 kreut-
zers, or one shilling and five pence per joch of cultivated land
(about one shilling per acre); in Upper Austria the average
was nearly twelvepence per joch; in Styria the same; in Il-
lyria about eight pence; in the Illyrian Coast two shillings and
sixpence; in Bohemia one shilling and fourpence; in Moravia
nearly one shilling and eightpence; and in Galicia fòurpence
on the cultivated joch, which is about 13ths English acres.
In all these provinces the distinction between rustical and
dominical property obtains*.
The actual survey of about one half of the empire, which
was entrusted to a commission, was completed by the end of
1837; but in the province of Lower Austria alone were the
corrections and disputed demands sufficiently adjusted to
allow of the application of the new standard in that year.
M. Springer states that the estimate of the netto produce of
* A practical illustration of this mode of rating the land-tax is given in Mr.
M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary, under the head "Austria." The practical
distinction between the noble in Austria (where there is a practical distinction)
and the citizen or peasant, consists in the privilege of the first-named class to
hold land without a fine. In England no such distinction now exists; the lower
grades are therefore practically raised to the level of the nobles. Hence the dis-
regard shown in England respecting what, in countries less advanced, is called
purity of blood. The English citizen and peasant rank in matters of inheritance
with the English noble, and consequently with the nobles of every other state.
Austrian Statistics.
571
that province for 1837 was 14,166,254 florins, which makes
41 per cent. of the gross sum given in the table at 34,592,836
florins. The amount charged for land-tax on the netto sum
being 2,395,000 florins, is nearly equal to 17 per cent. But
it is said that the dues and services drawn by the landlords,
and which are taxed with the lands, are deducted from the
netto amount, and that the general charge is about 13 percent.
in Lower Austria on the estimated netto yield of the land. It
must, however, not be forgotten, that the valuation is a very
moderate one, and that but little of the land is now cultivated
in the primitive mode of two crops with a fallow in the third
year; consequently the real gross produce of that province.
must be far greater than the sum at which it is valued in the
table.
The earliest attempt to estimate methodically the produce
of a country for the purpose of taxing it directly, appears to
have been made in the Milanese, immediately on the first
cession of that territory to Austria in the middle of the six-
teenth century. A land-tax, levied both in kind and in money,
had previously existed, but was rated in so arbitrary a man-
ner, and was so unjustly divided, that, when the necessities of
Charles V. obliged him to husband his resources, he had to
appoint a commission for the improvement of the mode of
levying it. On this occasion, Carli tells us, it was proposed to
impose a tax upon persons engaged in trade in order to equa-
lize the burden; but they escaped, under the pretext that it
was impossible to draw the necessary distinction between the
commission trade for other countries and the inland traffic.
Under circumstances of equal competition with neighbouring
states, of course a tax upon commission trade would have
transferred that source of profit to other countries; but it is
probable that the exemption of the traders was then carried
by their influence in the municipal councils. Under the
Spanish government the old confusion was re-established:
an immense number of civil servants eat up the revenue, the
levy of which was most iniquitously divided between the coun-
try "commune" and the citizens. The constant wars,
in
which the Milanese suffered so much from friend and foe,
were accompanied by a rapid increase of imposts, which
fell heaviest upon those classes who were not represented in
572
Austrian Statistics.
the municipal corporations; until at last a common labourer
had to pay a poll-tax, amounting at different periods to 10,
15, or even 20 scudi (from £2: 10s. to £5), while the debts
of the corporate bodies attained a fearful height. Under these
circumstances a great expatriation of the most useful hands
took place. Mantua, Bergamo, Brescia, and even Venice,
became enriched with the arts and manufactures which Milan,
in the days of its prosperity, had monopolized. The climax
to this distress was formed by an edict from Madrid, dated
11th July, 1671, authorising the corporations to break faith
with the public creditor, and to pay in future but 3 and 21
per cent. for loans which had been contracted at and over
5 per cent. As a consequence of the oppression of Spanish
taxation, and the ruin of trade by the artificial rise effected
in the price of labour, it is stated by Carli that the popula-
tion of Milan, towards the commencement of the eighteenth
century, was reduced to 6000; whereas, a century before, the
cloth and silk manufactures in the city gave alone employ-
ment to 60,000 hands.
Under these circumstances the victorious arms of Eugene
brought the Milanese under the rule of the Hapsburg em-
peror Charles VI, in 1706. The regulation of the finances
was his first concern. A commission caused a minute esti-
mate to be made of the annual produce of the land in every
commune. The cost of cultivation was carefully ascertained
and deducted, and the land divided into classes according to
its fertility under the customary mode of tillage. The di-
stinction between citizens and peasants was done away, and
a system of taxation of the land established, which has since
served as a model both for the empire and for the greater
part of the continent of Europe. The land-tax (impót foncier)
introduced into France after the revolution was modelled upon
the "Cataster" of Milan.
The advanced state of agriculture in Italy at the time the
land-tax was first introduced into those provinces does not
altogether explain the high rate which is now levied. The as-
sessment made by the vice-regal government of France was
higher than had previously existed, and the additional arbitrary
* From кarà, σreρeòv (barbaricè).
Austrian Statistics.
573
ap-
contributions demanded during the French sway made it.
pear an alleviation when they were no longer raised. If the
advantages of soil and climate, the high price of produce, and
the facilities for foreign sale are taken into account, as well as
the circumstance that several branches of industry, and in-
deed of manufacture, such as rearing silk-worms, spinning
silk, and other occupations, have amalgamated themselves
with the agriculture of the country, and that the buildings
employed for these purposes are not charged with house-tax,
the rate at which the land is assessed will not we believe appear
much more than that of the other provinces. It amounts
for Lombardy to five shillings, and for Venice to three shil-
lings and sixpence, per joch. It is, however, questionable
whether this sum presses so much upon the cultivator of the
soil as the lower rates in many other provinces. But the
improved condition of the country, united to the high prices
of produce, had brought about in the north of Italy almost a
corresponding subdivision of land to that produced in the
northern provinces in the arbitrary manner that has been
described. This circumstance lightens in Italy, as well as
to the northward of the Alps, the burden of this mode of
taxation, and is probably the sole condition on which it could
be levied at the present rate.
In Tyrol the average rate does not exceed fivepence per
joch, but differs in the northern from the southern parts of
the province. A heavy land-tax in a province importing a
large portion of its consumption of grain would operate as a
tax upon provisions, and would cause the country to be de-
serted when neighbouring tracts offered advantages to the
emigrant. In our last number we enlarged upon the excep-
tional treatment which Tyrol has met with and requires.
The cultivation of the valleys in the northern parts is almost
confined to garden tillage, and to stock and dairy husbandry;
as the growth of the cereales to any great extent in so rude a
climate, and on indifferent soils, would of course be too costly
for the farmer. The government therefore wisely facilitates the
importation of corn from Bavaria, but even under this sanction
it is a dear article; for it must be drawn by land carriage from
plains situated at nearly 100 miles distance. It is owing to this
difficulty that any corn at all is grown in the north of Tyrol.
574
Austrian Statistics.
The position of the Hungarian farmer illustrates another
side of the operation of the land-tax. In a country rich in
produce, a tax levied in money can only be defrayed out of the
returns from foreign trade. At the time that the Emperor
Joseph endeavoured to enforce a land-tax in that kingdom,
it was almost entirely cut off from commercial intercourse.
with its neighbours. Poland, which took some of its wines,
had sunk under the virulence of intestine faction and foreign
intrigue. The wars of Austria with the Turks and the fear
of the plague cut off the communication towards the East
and the South. On the West, the capital and mountain di-
stricts of Styria and Illyria furnished consumers, but not to
the extent that these districts now require supplies, and Hun-
garian produce was always taxed on its entrance into the
other provinces. The payment of a tax at all proportioned to
the fertility of the soil was therefore an utter impossibility, and
the resistance offered by the Hungarian nobleman was dic-
tated by stern necessity, rather than, as was then said and has
since been repeated, by overweening pride. On the regula-
tion of the tariff, which underwent several modifications du-
ring the reign of the Emperor Francis, the principle of taxing
the productions of Hungary on exportation was preferred to
conciliating the nation and inducing the Diet to ameliorate.
the mode of taxation. In 1809, indeed, when the arms of
the French had cut off some of the most prolific sources of
the imperial revenues, an attempt made by the nobles of
Hungary to improve their communication with the sea by
the way of the Julian Alps was sanctioned by the govern-
ment, and the splendid Louisa road was then executed, which,
but for the tax already alluded to, would have proved much
more serviceable to the country than it has hitherto been.
The road is, however, too hilly to allow of exportation on a
scale proportioned to the powers of the kingdom; but, diffi-
cult as its passage is, it is the sole channel along which the
wheat, tobacco and other products of the Banat travel to
the sea, and in years of scarcity it has proved of great utility
to England. The immense advantage which would accrue to
the government, if it encouraged the entrance of foreign articles
of manufacture at a moderate duty by this channel to so rich
and populous a country as Hungary, whose position justifies
Austrian Statistics.
575
the adoption of an exceptional line of policy, have, during the
last three years, on several fitting opportunities, been impressed
by us upon all who are interested in the matter. The in-
terests of the Austrian government, of the English manufac-
turer, and of the Hungarian consumer, here unite in a focus
too brilliant to be mistaken; and it cannot sufficiently be la-
mented, that in Lord Beauvale's treaty of 1838, this sole
channel of advantageous communication with Hungary, the
key to the commercial greatness of Austria, and the cultiva-
tion of which can alone ensure her influence in the East and
the command of the Danube, was totally overlooked.
Whatever may appear enigmatical in these assertions, we
trust we shall find another opportunity of clearing up. At
the period, therefore, when the Emperor Joseph desired to
extend the operation of his decrees to Hungary, the country
was evidently not ripe for the change, and the attempt to en-
force them roused the land into a flame of opposition, which
was only appeased by their abrogation under his successor.
But the landowners, although they were able to resist the
limitations proposed with a view of protecting the peasant on
the one side and of securing to the state a share of his sup-
posed profits on the other, were not able, nor perhaps desi-
rous, to deprive the peasant of the property, which, it was
generally assumed, he had acquired in the soil he cultivated.
In the struggle the Diet saved its right to control the public
expenditure, and fixed itself the amount of the contribution
which the land could pay. The peasant, as not holding his
land on the tenure of military service, was declared to be
liable to this rate as an "escuage." The noble professed to
be ready to take the field in person, and at his own expense,
on occasions when the Diet should decree that he was bound
to do so, in the levy termed "the Insurrection." The title
which the peasant was allowed to have to his holding was
moreover used as a guarantee for the services due to his lord,
and until 1837 the Hungarian peasant was practically looked
upon as "adstrictus glebæ." The amount of the contribution
agreed to by the Diet was a fixed sum of 4,229,029 florins,
under the heads of" Military contribution," "Bounty money,"
and "Allowance for the Noble Guard." As the area of cul-
tivated land in Hungary is estimated at 33,537,630 jochs, this
i
576
Austrian Statistics.
ง
averages 7 kreutzers, or about 24d. per joch. The levy is how-
ever very unequally rated by the different counties, according
to an antiquated mode of assessment by portæ, or gateways,
which, Mr. Paget tells us, originally represented houses or
establishments, and which, owing to the political circum-
stances of the country, were then more numerous in the
mountainous counties than in the fertile plains of the Theiss
and the Danube. The number of portæ is now 6210, of
which 224 are reckoned to Slavonia and 135g to Croatia.
But each county in Hungary, besides defraying the expense
of its local magistracy and the general charges for the go-
vernment of the kingdom, maintains the troops quartered in
it; and the demand on this score, although, from its being
paid mostly in kind, it falls less heavily on the inhabitants
than it otherwise would, is no small one.
In Transylvania, as in Hungary, the nobleman is exempt.
from contribution in the two portions of the principality
in which Hungarian customs prevail; that is to say, in the
"Land of the Szeklers" and in the "Land of the Hunga-
rians." In the "Land of the Saxons" there is no exemp-
tion. The amount of the contribution raised in Transylva-
nia is 890,000 florins, approximatively.
If these contributions from Hungary and Transylvania are
added to the sum marked in our table as raised from the
other provinces in 1829, we obtain the amount of 38,781,153
florins, from which, if we deduct 2 per cent. for the cost of
collection, say 197,000 florins, and the reduction of 270,000
florins allowed in Galicia in 1837, we have 37,542,125 florins,
which closely agrees with the netto sum entered in the budget
as given in our table No. I.
The dispute between the government and the landed-pro-
prietors in Hungary, which we have here gone into so fully,
has not remained without a serious effect upon the agricul-
ture and general prosperity of the country. The fear of en-
couraging a class of tenants, in whose favour the government
might again come forward and claim an alienation of landed
property, induced the landowners systematically to abstain from
creating peasants' settlements on their estates. This would
have checked all progress in the country, if the constraint
had not been counteracted by a system which has long been
Austrian Statistics.
577
a characteristic trait in the agriculture of Hungary, and has
lent the country no slight tinge of wild and picturesque pe-
culiarity. Large and fertile plains of immense extent, which
it would be altogether useless to plough up, although in many
parts their fertility is almost boundless, are grazed over by
immense herds of cattle, the length of whose horns and the
sleekness of whose hides testify to the exuberantly nutritious
food which they crop. The herdsmen long formed a kind of
nomadic population, and the guardians of the half-wild horses,
black cattle, sheep and pigs, formed castes of pastoral labourers,
whose powers and whose feats often bore a natural resemblance
to those of the nomadic tribes of Asia. The rapid increase of
population, and above all the growing demand from foreign
countries for the produce of Hungary, have of late years caused
many of the nomadic establishments* on the "Pusztas" to
take root in the shape of substantial farm-houses with exten-
sive offices, around which garden and arable cultivation are
gradually spreading, but still bearing no suitable proportion
to the capabilities of the soil. In every case, however, care
is taken to preserve the dependence of the "Puszta" on the
manorial estate, and the "Sállasz" is only entrusted to the
servant of the proprietor, and not farmed out to an inde-
pendent cultivator. It was to remedy this state of things
that many of the laws enacted in the late Diet were passed.
Leases have by some of these been made safe contracts, and
this will doubtless soon change the face of the country and
augment the revenues of the landowners. We have already
seen that their inability to pay a land-tax was more evident
than their disinclination to equalize a burden which is so un-
fairly distributed. It cannot form any part of the policy of
an enlightened government to deprive such a country of the
benefits of foreign trade, which must go hand in hand with
the internal improvements if a reasonable revenue is to be
drawn from it.
The improvement of the channel offered by the river Save,
connected with a suitable passage through the Julian Alps to
the Adriatic, besides conferring the boon on Hungary that
we have indicated, and rendering its resources available to
* Sállasz, from Châlet.
VOL. XIV.Nº. XXVIII.
2 P
578
Austrian Statistics.
the government, would bring two provinces into play which
have hitherto been a burden to the rest of the empire, to
which they ought to prove the most valuable auxiliaries:
we allude to the Military Frontier and Dalmatia.
The river Save, which is destined to become a grand tho-
roughfare of European trade, runs for nearly the whole length
of its navigable course through the Military Frontier. A long
portion of its left bank belongs to Turkey, and it thus offers
the surest and simplest channel of trade for two empires with
the Adriatic. The shortest land-passage from Carlstadt on
the river Culpa, which is at the head of this line of naviga-
tion, to the sea, leads through the Military Frontier; so that
all the trade that was opened with Bosnia, Servia and the
Lower Danube would form a profitable transit-trade for
Austria.
In our table of land-tax receipts the contribution from the
Military Frontier is set down at 1,000,240 florins. It would
seem from this circumstance that the Austrian government
looked forward to a period when, besides supporting the
number of troops required from these military colonies, the
country really should afford a land-tax in money, in prepara-
tion of which the present assessment was made. In the table
which we subjoin (No. XVIII.) of the detailed expenditure of
the army, we find a charge of 2,692,313 florins on account of
the military armaments in this province, and, what is still more
extraordinary, a second charge of 982,762 florins for the civil
branch of the same province. It is therefore clear that the
land-tax, which is with difficulty raised from the families of
the colonists in the Military Frontier, is altogether consumed
by the cost of the present expensive mode of administration;
while the land, which we have described as in part containing
the finest soil in Europe, is unequal to the maintenance of
the body to which it is now sacrificed. Were trade allowed its
free course, and the mountainous tracts fostered a little in the
manner that is adopted in Tyrol, the value of this territory,
which for the greatest part belongs to the Crown, would rise
in a proportion that would not only cause it to yield in the
shape of taxes a large amount of revenue, but which would
enrich the government with a capital sum, that in a few years
it would be enabled to realise, and which would cover, if it did
Austrian Statistics.
579
not soon exceed, the amount of the national debt as stated in
our table.
The fact that this natural channel of trade for Austria, be-
tween the sea and the richest provinces of the empire, was
altogether overlooked in the treaty concluded by Lord Beau-
vale in 1839, is a singular fact in the annals of diplomacy.
On the part of the English plenipotentiary and his agent, it
may be explained by the circumstance of their not possessing
the necessary information here tendered, and this would alone
justify the oversight: the facts will however enable our readers
to appreciate the value of the Tables that we are able here to
communicate. On the side of the Austrian government, it is
not improbable that the senseless outcry raised for party
purposes at home, that all treaties with foreign powers would
prove of no avail to any party, unless our corn-laws were un-
conditionally abrogated, met with sincere credence. It was
therefore not unnatural for the Austrian government to be-
lieve that, whatever good might be drawn for other purposes
from the treaty of Milan, it was not a commercial treaty;
since it wanted the characteristic which all Lord Palmerston's
agents declared to be indispensable to a commercial treaty.
In this manner both nations have been deprived for nearly
three years of the advantages that would have arisen from
opening this line of traffic,—a step that would most power-
fully have influenced the whole bearing of the dispute in
the East, which arose since the conclusion of the treaty of
Milan.
In conclusion we may remark that, as the land unques-
tionably forms a portion of the capital of the country, and
in agricultural states the leading portion, a land-tax where
capital in other forms is exempted from taxation is a hard-
ship upon the owners of the soil. The system of the Austrian
finances provides, as far as circumstances will permit, for this
difficulty. The industry-tax, as we shall see, affects trade nearly
in the same way that the land-tax does agriculture. The
capital invested in the funds is alone untaxed; and under the
circumstances of its being originally (and still to a great ex-
tent) foreign capital, it would have been both injudicious to
discourage its employment in this manner, and would still
not have compensated the landowner. As the direct taxes
2 P 2
580
Austrian Statistics.
taken together form a description of property-tax, of course,
when capital so far accumulates that a large portion of the
debt is held by Austrians (and there is reason to believe that
this is even now the case), it would only be just to include
such investments in the cycles of taxation. At present the
government reaps the benefit of the high figure at which the
funds stand from the exemption of this description of
property.
The expense of collecting the land-tax in Austria is not
heavy, if the outlay for the survey be not taken into account,
which in 1837 had reached twelve millions of florins. In
Lombardy and Venice the receipt is farmed out; in Hungary
and Transylvania the tax is gathered by the local authorities,
and in the other provinces it is collected by receivers, who
are allowed two per cent. on the sums they deliver. The
total cost of collection is stated not to exceed 24 per cent.,
--certainly a low amount.
We have already said that houses in the country are in-
cluded in the Italian provinces in the land-tax; this is like-
wise the case in Tyrol. In Hungary, Transylvania and the
Military Frontier there is no tax upon houses. But in all the
other provinces, and especially in the Bohemian baths and
provincial capitals, houses of all kinds are rated apart. The
tax in the country is not heavy on dwelling-houses that are
not let out in lodgings, and varies from a few pence upon the
smallest to about 37. 10s. per annum for a house of thirty
rooms. But in the towns, where it is the custom to let floors
in almost every house, the tax levied is much higher, and,
with the tax for registering, is said to amount to 30 per cent.
on the income derived from a house. Of the whole sum raised
in 1837, and which amounted to 3,787,447 florins, two-fifths
were drawn from Vienna. New houses are exempted from the
tax for different terms, varying according to the nature of the
house from eight to twenty years. Houses under repair are
also free.
The legacy-duty is properly placed amongst the direct
taxes on property; no distinction being made between real
and personal, and both being only liable to this duty when
inheritances pass out of a family. If the possession inherited
be already taxed to the value of 5 per cent., the duty is only
Austrian Statistics.
581
per cent.; otherwise (as for instance on furniture, stock,
etc.) it is chargeable at 10 per cent. The church and conven-
tual foundations pay a fixed sum annually in lieu of the legacy-
duty.
The industry-tax is paid by all persons exercising a trade
or calling from which they derive the means of support.
Physicians and persons holding appointments under govern-
ment or in the established institutions for education, authors
(not publishers or editors of journals) and artists, are ex-
empted from this tax; but private teachers and the holders of
private academies are liable to it.
This tax is an extension of the right of licensing claimed
for many trades in every country. Bankers and manufac-
turers are rated as high as £150 per annum. But a differ-
ence is made on the French principle in the rate, according
to the population of the place in which any trade is carried
on. Vienna and the provincial capitals are of course rated
highest. In the country towns there is an exception in favour
of Tyrol, and the duty is much modified in favour of the Ita-
lian provinces, in which there exist subdivisions of trade; as
well as a subdivision of labour in agriculture that is unknown
in the other parts of the empire, and indeed is found nowhere
else in Europe. The sum raised from the industrial classes
of so large an empire, abounding in productions of all kinds,
is so small, that this tax in the abstract cannot be looked upon
as burdensome. It becomes so, however, in a high degree,
from the principle it carries with it of entitling those who
pay it to what is called protection. The government assumes
the power of judging how many tradesmen are wanted in
every line in each town; and when the number is extended,
remonstrances are addressed by those in possession, who fear
that their interests are betrayed. In this manner a most ini-
quitous system of monopoly is introduced, under which both
the consumer, and eventually the trading classes themselves,
suffer, in consequence of the security and negligence which
such a state of things induces. The banks and most of the
large warehouses at Vienna close regularly from twelve till
three o'clock in the day, and the want of regularity and atten-
tion on the part of the tradesmen indicates everywhere the
absence of competition. This enervating and demoralizing
582
Austrian Statistics.
effect is dearly purchased at the small sum of 2,552,335 florins,
or about £250,000 annually. This sum appears almost in-
credibly low, when it is considered that labourers, pedlars,
clerks, and the servants of companies or of individuals in larger
establishments contribute their share, in addition to all the
trading and manufacturing classes; but in the assessment of
the industry-tax, the profits, from which it is supposed to be
levied, are in general estimated very low, and thus, excepting
in cases where personal vanity intervenes, a lower class is
usually assigned than strict inquiry would authorize.
In the Italian provinces a poll-tax has been continued from
the earliest periods, which more than compensates for the
partial exemption from the industry-tax. Strangers residing
in the Military Frontier provinces likewise pay this tax, which
brought 1,274,726 florins to the treasury in 1837.
The Jews, besides being subject to many restrictions differ-
ing in the various provinces, pay a poll-tax, an income-tax,
and an excise-duty on the meat killed for their particular use
(Koscherfleisch), as well as on the candles lighted upon the
sabbath and other festivals. In Poland the duty on a candle
consumed in this manner is 1 florin or 2 shillings per annum,
and as the tax is raised by farmers, the control is a sharp
one which the farmer keeps upon his neighbours. In 1837
the Emperor allowed a reduction of the duty on meat; and
the whole receipt, which usually reaches 1,200,000 florins,
did not exceed 966,939 florins.
The cyclus of direct taxes which supply the place of an in-
come-tax is completed by what is called the class-tax, levied
on all revenues derived from other sources than those here
enumerated; including consequently money drawn from other
countries, excepting the revenues of strangers spent in the
empire. This tax is raised according to a graduated scale,
varying from 2 per cent. for revenues of 100 florins per an-
num, to 20 per cent. on revenues of £15,000 per annum.
In addition to the difficulty of controlling returns of this
kind, a remarkable exception, to which we have already al-
luded, contributes to lessen the sum raised under this head,
and which in 1837 only amounted to 787 florins 37 kreutzers.
The property vested in the public national funds is exempted
from all taxation, as the surest means of preventing its being
Austrian Statistics.
583
lodged in the stocks of other countries. This in some mea-
sure accounts for the high figure which many of the conti-
nental funds have of late years obtained in the money market.
Salaries of civil officers, and the pay of the military and naval
services, are likewise exempt.
The total sum raised in 1837, under the head of direct taxes,
amounted to 49,007,014 florins 5 kreutzers; so that the ex-
pense of raising it was 1,847,846 florins, or about 3 percent.,-
an exceedingly small sum, if the variety of the objects taxed and
the extent of surface on which they are scattered be considered.
We shall hereafter see that the expense of the survey for the
control of the land-tax amounts to 700,000 florins annually,
and is made a separate charge, as being but of a temporary
nature. The great source of economy is the regulation by
which the control of the estimates and receipts is entrusted
to the authorities of the provinces and circles, whose salaries
appear of course under the heads of the branches of justice,
or of the civil service to which they are attached.
This survey of the direct taxes affords us a valuable insight
into the political and social organization of property in the em-
pire, and of the springs of wealth which it contains. The struc-
ture of the landed interests is of a nature which gives manual
labour a direction towards agriculture, in consequence of the
great division of the land. The government is besides inter-
ested in the prosperity of the landowner, as the payer of the
most prolific and most easily collected branch of the revenue.
We see him heavily taxed in his property, and a second time
by the octroi of the towns and the excise in the produce of
the land. Considering the immense majority which the por-
tion of the population thus engaged in agricultural industry
forms, it appears hard that these should be called upon to
make any further sacrifice in favour of the small minority of
their fellow-citizens; but such is the case: the monopoly in
trade allowed in return for the industry-tax raises the price
of every article of necessity, while it increases the cost of cul-
tivating the soil on which such heavy burdens are levied. Then
comes the hardship of forcing manufactures prematurely,
which operates prejudicially on the landowner and the greater
number of consumers in a double manner. The exclusion of
foreign wares by a prohibitive tariff deprives them of the fair
584
Austrian Statistics.
benefit of competition; while capital is, by the protection af-
forded by this tariff, abstracted from its first legitimate em-
ployment when superabundant, that is to say, from the im-
provement of the means of transport.
Good roads, canals and railroads would both yield a good
return to the parties who engaged in such speculations if trade
were left free, and would raise the value of the produce of the
country by facilitating its exportation, while they would
cheapen the return in manufactured wares obtained for such
exports. The encouragement of manufactures before the
means of transport are perfected and capital has accumulated,
is clearly a false principle, under which the country and the
revenue must equally suffer.
But let us inquire, further, to what extent the government
is directly interested in the prosperity of the landed interest,
besides the sum it draws as land-tax.
The crown-property in Austria is of various descriptions,
and is legally separated from the private property of the Em-
peror, being, as the budget which we annex shows, unreser-
vedly applied to state or public services. The most extensive
possessions of the Crown lie in Hungary, as the country in
which the feudal rights of the sovereign have been most care-
fully preserved as an inherent part of the ancient constitu-
tion. The royal burghs, the mining towns and districts,
large tracts held in fief on the tenure of military service
by colonists, such as the Cumans, Haiduks and Iasyges,
and estates that have been from time immemorial, or since
the conquests over the Turks, considered as crown-property,
make up a list of possessions capable of yielding more
wealth and more power than any Crown in Europe but one
can boast.
The Crown is, moreover, heir-at-law to all noble
families which become extinct for want of feudal successors;
but ancient custom prescribes that fiefs resumed in this man-
ner shall be given to other meritorious subjects. The tithes
raised by the fiscal representatives of the Crown in Hungary,
and in the Saxon province of Transylvania, the greater portion
of the extensive forests in Slavonia and Croatia, together with
the Military Frontier, and salt-works in all parts of the empire,
are crown-property. The management of such extensive royal
rights cannot be otherwise than difficult and expensive. The
Austrian Statistics.
585
salt-mines form a distinct branch. But when the reader
learns that single estates not unfrequently contain an area of
100,000 acres, sometimes of the richest arable and pasture
land, he will be surprised to hear that the total gain drawn
from these possessions, united with the tithes and all other
droits of the Crown in Hungary, excepting the Salines, does
not exceed £200,000 per annum. The crown-lands in Ga-
licia are likewise very considerable, although the policy of
selling them, adopted of late years, has reduced their num-
ber. In Bohemia, Moravia and the Austrian duchies, the
domains are also considerable in extent; and in the Lombard
and Venetian provinces, where they mostly consist of church
lands confiscated by the French, the revenue drawn from
them is not inconsiderable. Still the budget shows us from
all a return not exceeding £330,000 for 1837, which, even
admitting that 2000 servants in 250 bailiwicks eat up one-half
of the revenue of these possessions, is an incredibly small sum.
But these lands are by no means the only ones in the
cultivation of which the government is interested.
The members of the Imperial family are all landed-pro-
prietors, and the Emperor has very large estates in Lower
Austria, which are managed with skill and care. The mem-
bers of the Imperial family are mostly patrons of agricul-
ture, and on the estates of the Archduke Charles, which
are so extensive that his name does not appear upon the civil
list with his brothers, an agricultural college is munificently
endowed. These illustrious individuals are therefore deeply
interested in any system that tends to heighten the value of
agricultural produce, or to lower the price of the objects which
it must purchase.
But the government and the nation at large are interested
in other respects, being landed-proprietors in two different
quarters which are not usually introduced into the budget,
although they properly belong to it, without any remarkable
extension of its common acceptation.
Two tables given in our Appendix, Nos. VIII. and IX., are
particularly valuable, as they show a side of the financial
system which is involved in no small mystery. In No. VIII.
the disbursements of a consolidated fund, to which the reve-
nues of extensive estates and various other sources of income
586
Austrian Statistics.
are assigned, and the deficit in which is made up by a special
charge in the budget, are shown to have amounted in 1837 to
51,719,122 florins. The estates and real property assigned to
this fund are derived for the most part from the lands belong-
ing to convents, monasteries and other clerical foundations,
which were suppressed by the emperor Joseph II.,—a second
revolutionary measure, not inferior in boldness and magni-
tude to that emperor's manner of dealing with the landed
proprietors. The estimated value in money of these estates,
we see by the same table, is 204,244,068 florins; and it must
be recollected, that this valuation is made according to the
revenue the lands in question now yield, not according to that
which might be drawn from them. Statistical writers have
estimated that the revenue derived from the crown-lands re-
presents a capital of 88 millions of florins. The value of the
estates and real property of the "Political Fund" is there-
fore three times as great at present. No. IX. of our tables
shows the revenue and expenditure of the corporations of
towns in all the provinces except Hungary. The value of
the corporation-lands is here made to equal a capital of
78,215,231 florins; to which if those of Hungary were added,
the sum might, on a moderate estimate, be raised at least
one-half. The value of the lands furnishing the Military
Fund may be estimated at 100 millions of florins. Let us
now add the lands of the Church in all the provinces, the
tithes and the revenues of other Hungarian foundations which
are not specified, and, after comparing their value with the
amount of capital stated in our Table III. to be invested
in trade and manufactures (not in manufactures alone),
we would ask, whether or not the agricultural interests
have a right, even as far as the government is concerned, to
predominate in Austria?—whether from any other side, by
means of the greatest study and care, it is possible to infuse
so much strength, comfort and enjoyment into all classes of
society, to give stability to the government and to raise public
and private credit, as can be done by the slightest step that
tends to raise the value of land and to facilitate the sale of
its produce? Until Austria shall, by the accumulation of
savings, have acquired a floating capital to suffice for the
judicious management of her extensive cultivable surface,
+
Austrian Statistics.
587
much time must elapse. It will last still longer, until the
means of transport are constructed, on which the value of the
best-managed soil depends. How long will it then endure,
before the country has collected the mass of capital necessary
to invest in successful manufacturing enterprizes, before pru-
dence would allow of any legislative measure pressing on the
landed in favour of other interests?
We confess we rejoice at being able to furnish the materials
by which the opinion here promulgated may be tested, as
we feel that nothing is so advantageous as a complete survey
of such weighty interests, so inseparably locked in each other's
prosperity. The political economist feels, too, unusual confi-
dence when basing a practical application of the principles of
the science upon undisputed facts; and no less authority than
we are here able to show, would, we feel, produce conviction
in the minds of our readers, when we venture to criticise the
financial policy of one of the leading states of Europe.
Closely connected with the subject of the crown, corpora-
tion and national landed-property are the mines. We have
had frequent opportunities of expressing our opinion of the
value of the Austrian mines of native steel for mechanical
purposes. It is a serious loss to the manufacturing world
that their annual produce is so insignificant, and that it is
destined to no worthier purpose than to make nails and
ploughshares. We have seen of late years an attempt to
make rails of this splendid metal,- of course under the sanc-
tion of the high duties on the foreign inferior material, but
still further encouraged by the difficulty of transporting so
weighty a mass to the coast. From the block shown us as a
specimen, many a Sheffield cutler would have been delighted
to cut razors. This is one of the many deplorable results of
taking an ideal standard of value in place of the market price,
and of undervaluing the good old rule known even to Hudi-
bras. The results are shown in the miserable condition of
the inhabitants of the mining districts, as stated in our last
number, and in the small sum which the minister of the fi-
nances has at his disposal for the use of the government. The
loss to the nation, in the dear price of tools, and the consequent
pressure upon industry, especially on manufactures of all kinds,
cannot be reckoned. The statement of profit and loss on the
588
Austrian Statistics.
mines, given in our Appendix, No. XVIII., will bear us out in
making these remarks, with all who have had an opportunity
of appreciating the value of Austrian mining produce.
That, under the existing circumstances, which tend at once
to depress agriculture and to prevent the accumulation of
capital, it should be the desire of the government to sell the
estates of the Crown, will excite little surprise. An ordinance
of some standing, issued by the late Emperor, desired annual
sales to be effected for the benefit of the sinking fund; but
this principle was not long adhered to. In the budget for
1837, the proceeds of the sales of crown-lands appear among
the extraordinary receipts for the current year. The sum
obtained in that year for estates sold was 3,419,637 florins,
and the total sum raised by the alienation of the landed pro-
perty of the Crown since 1819 amounted to 24,247,174 florins.
Of this, ten millions were raised in Hungary and three mil-
lions in Galicia.
An Englishman, attached to the constitution of his country,
will not easily find fault with the alienation of the estates of
the Crown; but, independently of the very different situation
of things in Austria, the advantage of this policy in a finan-
cial point of view is very doubtful. Had the capital which
was paid for the purchase of these lands been, under the en-
couragement of long leases, or of leases for ever, employed in
improving the mode of cultivating them, the situation of both
parties would have been materially bettered. The revenue
would have risen, and the nation would more rapidly have
accumulated capital; but here, as at every step, the vicious
circle produced by restrictions and prohibitions again meets
us. Of what use would the surplus produce be to the
grower, unless he were permitted to exchange it at a fair
rate for foreign productions? and with what countries can he
thus barter, but with such as are both populous and rich
enough to manufacture more than they need for home con-
sumption, and whose wants are of that description which an
agricultural state can supply. With Germany, Russia, Turkey,
or Spain, no exchange of the kind can be made. Those
countries produce raw produce sufficient to meet their own
demands, and have no superfluity of manufactures to export.
Such an exchange can only advantageously be made with
Austrian Statistics.
589
France, Belgium, and above all with England.
But the
Austrian tariff has hitherto prevented all such interchange:
it has discouraged the subject at home from producing, be-
cause he has no foreign market; and it has lessened his income
and his comforts, by depriving him of many advantages which
he is able to pay for, if they be offered to him at a reasonable
price. It is true that our own corn-laws long co-operated in
producing this result.
If the expense of the frontier guard, which in 1837 con-
sisted of 17,320 men, amounting to 5,255,209 florins, be de-
ducted from the net customs' receipts, we find that the foreign
trade of Austria yielded 10,400,000 florins, or about £1,400,000
sterling, to the exchequer.
Such a sum, raised upon a population of 36,000,000 of
inhabitants, fully warrants the observations we have made.
But if the evil be followed up in the manner we have pointed
out to its full extent, and the loss be calculated accruing to
the land from the repression of its natural branches of indus-
try by the dearness and badness of tools, and the abstraction
of capital from legitimate modes of investment, to cause its
employment in less natural and unproductive lines,—it is clear
that, instead of reaping any gain, not only the nation at large,
but even the revenue is a sufferer by these receipts.
Similar losses arising from similar causes may of course be
proved in nearly every state, but the calculation is not the less
true in any particular case. It is, besides, not always easy to
collect such a mass of materials as we have here been able to
employ, and the value of which will, we are sure, be appre-
ciated.
Of the indirect taxes, the Excise, or, as it is called in Austria,
the "Consumption-tax," is the most productive. It is levied
on malt, beer and spirituous liquors, wine and all provisions
consumed in towns at whose gates it is taken, like the French
Octroi. Its amount in 1837 was 20,547,717 florins.
The salt-duty, or rather the profits of the salt monopoly in
the same year, exceeded by a small sum the proceeds of the
excise, and by one-third the amount of the customs' duties.
The net proceeds of the tobacco monopoly prove equal to
three-fifths of the amount of revenue raised from foreign trade.
These two state-monopolies afford a striking instance of the
590
Austrian Statistics.
principle upon which indirect taxation is based, and of its
frequent advantages over direct taxation. If it be liable to
little doubt, that a free trade in salt, accompanied with an
excise duty levied in the usual manner, would both bring
in a larger amount of revenue, and furnish the majority of
consumers with the article at a cheaper rate, it must not be
overlooked, that the government, in its capacity of trader,
takes great pains to fulfil its obligations. Stores are erected
in many places where private speculators would not easily be
induced to establish them; and many a mountain district and
remote village is furnished with this indispensable article at a
price which can only be afforded when large profits are reaped
elsewhere.
In considering the impost in a financial point of view, it
must be apparent, that no mining company, or set of com-
panies, could carry on a speculation of the kind if such a tax
were raised on them at the mines. An advance of more than
two millions sterling annually, which is now raised without
complaint from the consumer, would paralyse the efforts of
the most active and enterprising speculator. The growth of
tobacco on these terms would be equally impracticable. Even
a monopoly of the domestic sale,—the worst manner that in
general can be devised of encouraging the sale of goods,—if but
decently conducted, produces, as we see in the case of the
Austrian salt and tobacco monopolies, so large a revenue, by
simply transferring the payment of the duty from the pro-
ducer or the merchant to the consumer. The reason is, that
the latter pays his contribution with ease in pence and far-
things, which, if demanded in hundreds and thousands of
pounds, could never be brought together. If the monopoly
were extended over the tobacco grown for exportation, it
would, like the opium monopoly in India, operate as a tax
upon that particular trade, which would oppress the growers
in their competition with other countries. The government
leaves Hungary, as the producing country, out of the pale;
and large quantities are thence shipped to France and ex-
ported to other countries.
Upon this principle alone is it possible to explain the very
small amount raised by the government in the shape of duties
on foreign trade. It is true that the variety of soils and cli-
Austrian Statistics.
591
mates within the empire furnishes to the inhabitants many
of those productions which other countries are obliged to
import. Thus wine and oil, rice and spirits, from the rude
whiskey of Poland to the choice liqueurs of Lombardy and
Dalmatia, dye stuffs and materials for chemical preparations,
silk, grain, timber, wool, flax and hemp, are not only produced
for the supply of the inhabitants, and circulate (with the ex-
ception of Hungary) untaxed within the empire, but afford
a large surplus that supplies foreign lands. Whatever in-
creases the produce of the land, furnishes at the same time
plenty to the inhabitants and the means of purchasing lux-
uries of foreign production. But in a country so situated,
not over-peopled and capable of an immense agricultural de-
velopment,-where the necessaries and, to a certain degree,
the luxuries of a poor man's life are so easily attained, the
only way to induce industry is to follow the course pointed
out by nature, and towards which alone he feels any pressure.
If the government assists him to sell dear and to buy cheap,
he can afford of course a larger amount from his profits in
the shape of taxation.
The tolls taken on roads, bridges, canals, etc. amounted in
1837 to 1,956,732 florins, and are properly placed in the
budget; because the outlay, in ready money at least, for the
construction and repair of the roads is furnished by the
government. The heaviest part of the expense is however
defrayed by the landholders (noble or peasant) who furnish
the labourers. This branch of revenue is evidently not with-
out an intimate connexion with the state of trade; and even
the poor peasant, who works his number of days in carting
and breaking stones, has surely his claim for remuneration if
the state-coffers can afford it; nor should the sacrifice he is
thus called upon to make be undervalued, in the estimation
of the probable gains of any set of speculators. The sum at
present entered as pure gain in the budget is of course only
so, because the laborious class makes a present of its time and
work to others, whose interests, as we have seen, are so diame-
trically opposed to its own.
This consideration is the more pressing, as, while the new,
and in our days indispensable, acquisition of railroads threatens
to take from the ordinary roads the most profitable portion of
592
Austrian Statistics.
their traffic, any artificial restrictions that tend to diminish
the revenue by which the roads ought to be kept up are the
more oppressive.
The Post is an institution which more than any other will
feel the influence of the introduction of machinery for the
purposes of travelling. Hitherto the system usual on the
continent, by which the postmaster is invested with an official
character and charged with the execution of prescribed duties,
has prevailed in Austria, in opposition to that of competition
which is usual in England. One disadvantage arising from
this arrangement, which was perhaps necessary in the infancy
of such an institution, but which has now evidently outlived
itself, was felt on the introduction of the steam navigation on
the Danube, of which the government could not avail itself
without taking away emoluments from its officers: the public
felt the loss, both of so rapid a means of communication for
correspondence, and of the salutary influence and encourage-
ment which the government might have exercised upon the
new undertaking, to which it would have given regularity and
increased activity. The opposition in which the Danube
steamboat company was thus falsely placed to the post and
the government, has materially retarded the development of
this most useful establishment, while the company of the
Austrian Lloyds at Trieste has been greatly extended since it
obtained the carriage of the mails to the Levant. We are
enabled to give the details of the traffic through the post-
office for the year 1837. (Appendix, Table V.)
The postage of letters is charged in Austria according to
three rates,—the highest embracing every distance beyond six
posts, or sixty English miles, inclusive. Down to the present
year the charge for every letter that was carried this distance
was 14 kreutzers, or something less than sixpence; for which
sum it was forwarded from Pavia to Czernowitz in Poland, or
upwards of 1200 miles; and, when the immense extent of the
empire is considered, and the fact that no two provincial ca-
pitals lie within this distance of each other, this sum must be re-
garded as the uniform charge. There were, however, two lower
grades for shorter distances. In the present year the charge
for postage has been reduced; the highest charge now being
12 kreutzers, or less than fivepence for six posts and over.

University ci
MICHIGAN
593
Austrian Statistics.
With respect to the management of the post-office, a great
deal more might be said that would not redound to the praise
of the establishment. Thus, an oppressive regulation causes
a number of foreign letters addressed to the provinces to pass.
through Vienna. The existence of what the French call a
cabinet noir, for the inspection of the correspondence of un-
known or suspected persons, is made so little a secret, that
letters which have been clumsily opened are constantly for-
warded with the post-office signet in lieu of the original seal
which has been displaced. Nor would the most ingenious
cypher avail any person who desired to conceal his views; for
the cypher cabinet at Vienna, which is composed of a nume-
rous body of confidential individuals, unrivalled for knowledge
of languages and for skill in detecting cyphers, is in unceasing
employment; and no repose is allowed by day or night to its
toil in finding a tongue for the missives of the minister, or in
unravelling the disguised communications of others. A little
advantage, in point of time, is gained by the government, the
police and the privileged newspapers, by delay in the distri-
bution of all foreign papers and other communications, until
the day following their arrival at Vienna. The foreign am-
bassadors and other privileged persons are exempted from the
operation of this regulation.
The stamp-duty is not, as in England, exclusively a tax
upon the transfer of property or on the exercise of credit.
All documents used in courts of justice in proof of any allega-
tion, all official copies of documents, and petitions or repre-
sentations addressed to all public offices, are required to be
stamped in Austria; the amount of stamp required being re-
gulated by the rank of the party using it. Thus noblemen,
citizens and peasants have their respective stamps, but are
only required to use them on such occasions. Foreign news-
papers are required to bear a small stamp. The sum received
under this head in 1837 was 3,553,698 florins. This duty,
and the revenue raised through the post-office, are not less
dependent ultimately on the state of trade, than are the
other branches which we analysed above. The improved
communications, which form the great desideratum of com-
merce, would encourage traffic, and would at the same time
cause more activity in other branches.
VOL. XIV.N°. XXVIII.
2 Q
594
Austrian Statistics.
Our Table VI. showing the profits of the Lottery, in its mi-
nute details, will also be found of interest. The lottery in the
Austrian states is on the French plan, with ninety numbers,
of which two, three, or more, drawn together, give a claim for
the different prizes. The principal objection raised to this
plan is directed against the very small stakes which are allowed
to be risked, and which tend to rob the poor of their savings
for a phantom of the most delusive kind. In 1837, of ten
millions of florins risked in stakes which did not average more
than threepence each, six millions were lost for the players.
The considerable sum drawn from this branch of revenue no
doubt makes it difficult to comply with the general wish of
philanthropic men that it should be abandoned, but one most
dangerous source of demoralization will disappear when it is
given up. The private lotteries, which have become a regular
source of trade for some years past, are less injurious, because
the price of the tickets is higher, being for the most part
fixed at five florins, or ten shillings. In these lotteries, to the
value of some estate the gains of the broker and the duty are
added, and the estate is then played for as if equal in value to
the whole. Sometimes prizes of plate, valued at an equally
high rate, or of money, are added, to render the scheme more
attractive. In a general way neither the public nor the land-
owner are benefited by these speculations. Investments in
foreign lotteries are strictly prohibited.
If we turn to the other side of the budget, and ask what
the country receives in return for the sums which it furnishes
by taxation, we find that the services rendered by the govern-
ment embrace a wide range. The plan of the civil service
resembles, in its minor details, that of the French. The
centralized provinces are divided into circles, which correspond
in some degree with the departments in France; as the Pré-
fet does with the Austrian Captain of a Circle. In the circle
authorities, the civil judiciary as well as the administrative
faculties are combined. Thus the duties of the quarter-ses-
sions of magistrates in England, as well as of the vestry and
grand jury, are here entrusted to a stationary body of func-
tionaries, who stand under the provincial governments in the
respective capital towns. The provincial governments corre-
spond immediately with those branches of the ministry at
Austrian Statistics.
595
Vienna to which their respective duties refer. We have noticed
the economy which this arrangement allows, when speaking of
the receipt of the direct taxes; as the powers of police with
which the captain of the circle is invested enable him to sup-
port, with the civil and even with the military power, the fis-
cal as well as the judicial authority of the government.
In
the Italian provinces this officer is entitled Delegator. A
refractory or tardy payer of the taxes is usually brought to
reason by having one or more soldiers placed at free quarter
in his house until he has discharged his arrear. A criminal,
after passing his preliminary examinations before the officer
of the circle, is sent to the central court at the provincial ca-
pital for trial. The captain of the circle has the control of all
the manorial courts, which, as has been observed, are in full
action, but from which the appeal goes to him. The economy
we alluded to when speaking of the collection of the land-tax,
results however more from the intimate knowledge of every
man's affairs which the circle authorities are bound to acquire,
(and which cannot escape them, when it is considered that
every movement, whether of the persons or properties of the
subject, must be licensed by them,)-than from the fact that a
small number of persons suffices to do the duty. The num-
ber of civilians is far from small, but this intimate acquaint-
ance with the concerns of the inhabitants, and the unlimited
disposal of the formidable civil and military guardians of the
peace, disarms opposition and precludes subterfuge. The
economy is likewise, from obvious reasons, confined to the
direct taxes. The levying of the indirect imposts, or rather
the contending with the millions who are interested in con-
travening the regulations, shows a very different statement;
inasmuch as, of 34,300 civil officers of a certain rank, and
91,880 servants, guards, etc. in the civil service of the state in
1837, 16,200 of the former and 83,000 of the latter are em-
ployed in the department of the finances. Thus a force equal
to the standing army with which Great Britain in time of
peace keeps half the civilized globe in subjection, is employed
in raising the revenue in Austria. The total sum raised in
1837, under the head of indirect taxes, was 108,179,084 flo-
rins; and as the netto sum accounted for in the budget
amounts to 81,326,734 florins, the expenses of collecting must
2 Q 2
596
Austrian Statistics.
have been equal to 26,852,350 florins. As we have seen, it
cost but 1,847,846 florins to raise the direct taxes.
The central offices for the financial department, or, as we
should call it, the treasury, have three branches, the "Allge-
meine Hofkammer," the " Hofkammer" for Hungary, and the
"Thesauriat” for Transylvania. The first-named bureau has
two presidents, each with a salary of the first class, equalling
with other emoluments £2000 per annum, three vice-presi-
dents with £900, and twenty-nine councillors with salaries of
£500 to £600. The Hungarian president has 10,000 florins
(£1000), his vice-president 4000 florins, and fourteen coun-
cillors 2000 florins each as salary. The Transylvanian branch
has a treasurer with 4200 florins, and six councillors, whose
salaries amount to 10,000 florins annually. This office is at
Herrmanstadt.
A similar division is observable in the administrative, or, as
they are called in Austria, "political" central offices. The
united Chancery is the centre of the administration in all the
provinces, with the exception of Hungary and Transylvania.
All local independence is so completely annihilated in the pro-
vinces, that not the smallest step can be taken in the remotest
parts of the empire without the control of the Court Chancery,
whose president is, properly speaking, the minister of the
home department; his salary is 27,660 florins annually. Two
second chancellors and a vice-chancellor stand under him, with
14,000 florins, 11,000, and 9000 florins, and thirteen council-
lors, with a total of 68,200 florins annually as salaries. The
Hungarian chancellor has a salary of 23,160 florins, and has
two vice-chancellors and twelve councillors under him. The
Transylvanian chancery has a president with 15,160 florins,
and six councillors, enjoying together 23,200 florins annually.
The total of the list of functionaries in the treasury-office
at Vienna is 604, with 153 servants and 191 pensioners, and
that of their salaries is 645,354 florins. The three chanceries of
the interior employ 385 civilians, with 68 servants, and 238
pensioners, receiving annually 737,959 florins.
The department of Justice has also its three divisions. The
High Commission of Justice, with a branch at Verona, has
its seat at Vienna. The president, who is like the minister of
justice in other continental countries, has the control of all
Austrian Statistics.
597
the courts in the empire, except those of Hungary and Tran-
sylvania. The influence of this office is that which is the
most deplored (perhaps with the exception of the Board of
Education) in the whole government system of Austria.
Screened by the censorship from all direct control by appeals
to public opinion, and wielding the whole weight of a cen-
tralised chain of official satellites trained in unhesitating obe-
dience, reviewing in secret, and with speed or slowly, as it
may seem to suit the circumstances, proceedings that were
carried on in secret,-equally formidable to the servant of the
Crown who is suspected of wavering in his obedience to the
system of the moment, as to the delinquent against the public
morals or security, and in both cases sure to strike the vic-
tim unerringly, whether by direct or indirect means,-this
office, which is no court of appeal, but the bureau of a mini-
ster, is the source whence the spirit of unity is infused into
the judicial administration of the empire. It interprets the
laws at will, as the sentences passed by any court are not
admitted as precedents, or allowed to be binding on other
judges. The senate of Verona is said in this respect to be
occasionally not a little troublesome, as the Italians are too
matter-of-fact lawyers to be easily reconciled to such a system;
and their inquiries as to which is the true interpretation of
the law, after various and conflicting decisions from different
parts of the empire have received confirmation at Vienna,
have more than once caused embarrassment. The late Em-
peror had however a firm conviction, that on the manner in
which justice was administered depended the stability of a
government, as well as that his government was altogether
based upon the system of the "Oberste Justizstelle,” and this
conviction he has recorded in large gilt letters upon the prin-
cipal gate of his palace and of the capital, in the inscription
"Justitia regnorum fundamentum."
The president of this office has a salary of 22,000 florins ;
two vice-presidents draw 17,000 florins, and thirty-two coun-
cillors 156,200 florins annually; eighty-one individuals in all
form the bureau, with fifteen servants, and the pension list
numbers sixty. The total expenditure is 281,718 florins.
The highest tribunal for Hungary is the "Septemviral
Tafel." Its president, under the Viceroy, is the Judex Curiæ,
598
Austrian Statistics.
whose salary is 14,000 florins; twenty-one assessors, repre-
senting the nobility, prelates, gentry and the mining depart-
ment, form the court, with two secretaries and one servant.
The total expenses of this court in 1837 were 45,268 florins.
The highest court of appeal for Transylvania is the Tran-
sylvanian Chancery at Vienna. The administration of justice
throughout the empire, with exclusion of the local magistracy
on nobles' estates, employs, according to our table No. XI.,
4499 civil officers, and 996 servants, at a cost of 3,542,664
florins. A special commission, consisting of four councillors,
with thirteen clerks, is appointed to take cognizance of all
causes in which the military are concerned.
The police stands with undefined, and indeed with unli-
mited, power by the side of the administration of justice,
whose functions only begin when the police releases an ac-
cused person from its grasp; while no court has authority to
demand more speed or more lenity on the part of the police.
towards parties only under accusation, or to entertain any
complaint against its proceedings. The president of this
formidable tribunal has likewise the direction of the censor-
ship, and the business is conducted in two offices at Vienna.
Attached to the head bureau, or that in which the censorship
is conducted, there is a curious and extremely extensive
library of confiscated books and of manuscripts that have not
been returned to their owners. The anxiety with which the
productions of the mind are watched over in Austria is a high
compliment to the power of the press, and an acknowledge-
ment that, however formidable the means of repression may
be which a ruler has the power to wield, yet that public
opinion, if well directed to a particular aim, is sure to come
victorious out of every struggle.
In the case of the censor-
ship, it is strange that the simple question of property should
be so deliberately set aside, as is the case. Neither the au-
thor who devotes his time, nor the bookseller who advances
his capital in the production of a work, is considered in the
least as worthy of regard. A manuscript is retained three
months, six months, or a year or two, at the option of the
person to whom it is entrusted for revision, without regard
to any remonstrance, or the slightest chance of indemnity for
the loss of the occasion, or the abuse of confidence by a lite-
Austrian Statistics.
599
rary rival. Another oversight appears to us scarcely less
strange, which is the disregard of the utility of allowing dis-
content occasionally to find vent through the press; whereas
the repression of all expression of public opinion exposes a
state, as is well known, to far more dangerous gusts of popular
violence, of which often no timely warning has been received,
and which must be suffered to rage in unmitigated fury, or
can only be checked by the most invidious exercise of power.
The president of the police is usually a nobleman of high
rank, although his duties are of a most harassing and dis-
agreeable kind. His salary is 19,223 florins annually, besides
other emoluments; and he is assisted in the capital by three
councillors, who receive together 17,000 florins, and twenty-
eight secretaries and clerks. The total expense of the two
central bureaus amounts to 153,686 florins.
The total cost of the police-establishment throughout the
empire, in 1837, was 1,992,326 florins, or £199,200. It was
divided as follows:-thirty-three police directions and com-
missariats in the larger towns, with 515 civil officers, 149
servants and 276 pensioners, cost 577,150 florins. The cost
of twenty-five offices of the censorship of the press, with
forty-nine officers, fourteen servants and fifteen pensioners,
was 28,907 florins. The outlay for secret police was 322,118
florins; in 1836 it amounted to 298,434 florins.
The Gendarmerie and "Guardia di Sicurezza " formed a
regiment of cavalry, counting forty-six officers and 1665 men,
with 294 pensioners, at a cost of 584,480 florins. The foot-
police corps numbered 3033 men, and cost 479,670 florins.
In addition to this force, the communal police in Lombardy
numbered 5088 men, and it was intended to raise it to 7500
men. This last-named body receives pay from the govern-
ment only when employed as escorts, or in assisting in judi-
cial perquisitions.
Of course the numerical force here described gives but a
very inadequate idea of the moral or even of the physical re-
sources which the police of Austria can command, and indeed
bears no proportion to the number of guards required to en-
sure the levy of the indirect taxes, which we have stated to be
17,320 men. This preventive force is, however, equally in the
service of the police, if only indirectly, and serves to guard
600
Austrian Statistics.
the extensive land frontier against dangerous characters in
both respects. The standing-army, exceeding 400,000 men,
most advantageously disposed through a population exceeding
but by one-fifth that of the British Isles, must likewise be
taken into account.
The moral influence exerted through the unfettered pa-
tronage of 130,000 places in the civil service, of high and low
degree, and by the reduction of the standard of merit,-by
which all claims, not only to honours and emolument, but for
the simple permission to employ a man's capital, or exercise
an industrious calling, are judged, to the one needful quality
of submissive obedience,—can be easily appreciated. It would
be well if this picture had but one side, and if the informing
system could be freed from the abuse of raising the malevolent
and envious at the expense of unsuspecting and meritorious
rivals. But in this our readers will readily believe that Aus-
tria forms no exception to the general rule of society; and
thus the extent to which it is thought necessary to carry the
system, is looked upon as a heavy grievance, and a lamentable
source of demoralization.
The accountants' offices are of course numerous, and form
a special branch of the civil service, counting 1983 indi-
viduals in employment, and 1451 upon the pension list. The
salaries and expenses of this branch amounted, in 1836, to
2,581,820 florins.
The office however upon which the late Emperor prided
himself, as having brought it to high perfection, is the board
of general control-a commission which examines the accounts
rendered by every branch of the service, frequently years after
they have been sent in, with the view of correcting inaccura-
cies and of checking peculation. Of the efficacy of the office
but little has transpired, and perhaps the utmost it can do is
to cause the provincial civilians to be careful as to the shape
in which they render their accounts. But one instance of
the Emperor's confidence in the control thus exercised is too
singular not to be mentioned. In the last year of his reign
he caused the board of control to take an inventory of the
coins and valuable objects in his choice collection of anti-
quities; and accordingly copper, silver, bronze and gold
medals were enumerated as such, and their weight affixed in a
Austrian Statistics.
601
catalogue, which forms assuredly an unique document in the
history of the fine arts. The president of this bureau enjoys
a salary of 18,000 florins, besides other emoluments. There
are, besides, a vice-president with 9000 florins and three
councillors, who receive together 15,000 florins. The total
cost of this office, in 1837, was 81,166 florins, including 8515
florins for thirteen pensioners.
The War Office at Vienna, under which the commanders
of the forces in the provinces exclusively and immediately
stand, employs 260 individuals, with salaries amounting to
346,137 florins, besides other emoluments. We have found
it necessary to enter into these details respecting the salaries
drawn by public officers, in order to give our readers an idea
of the nature of their remuneration. Neither our table No.
XI. affords this in full, because the salaries of the different
officers are not specified in it in detail; nor can it be gathered
from the general statement of the revenue and expenditure,
because the balance of the Political Fund alone, which the
government has to supply, is there alone accounted for, while
the large sum drawn from this fund is omitted. Of the actual
total of the expenditure and revenue we shall have an oppor-
tunity of speaking, and need here only remark, that the ab-
sence of local independent funds throws into the hands of the
Crown a great deal of business, which in England, and even
in France, is managed by the counties or corporations.
Thus the expenditure for roads, the embankment of rivers,
and other public works of the kind, would for the most part.
be defrayed out of county-rates or by special trusts, and
would not appear in the national budget. In the same man-
ner the endowments of hospitals and other charitable institu-
tions are generally left to the management of the trustees or
directors. In Austria these are officers in the pay and ser-
vice of the state; and a practitioner in an office of the ministry
of the interior, or in the law, may be transferred to the ma-
nagement of the hospital funds, and after some years return
to his former vocation.
One branch of this fund is applied as supplementary to
church endowments, being destined to raise the income of the
rural clergy to what will afford a decent subsistence. Four
hundred florins (£40) is the lowest annual income which the
602
Austrian Statistics.
government desires a parish priest to enjoy ; and, if petitioned
with the necessary attestations, the deficiency in his receipts.
is made up to this sum. To the branch appropriated to edu-
cation the largest sum seems to be supplied by the state; the
reason of which is, that the greatest number of estates have
been alienated from this branch of the political funds.
But a review of some other branches of the service is ne-
cessary to complete our survey of the public offices.
The ruling ministers of Austria, if we may be allowed the
term, have no concern with the direction of the bureau above-
named. Prince Metternich enjoys the title of Chancellor of
the Palace, Court and State, which indicates supremacy in
all the branches of the government and the imperial house-
hold. The especial branch of the Prince is the ministry for
foreign affairs, by means of which he conducts all the relations
of the empire with foreign powers. His hotel is the office of
this ministry. In conjunction with Count Kollowrat, who oc-
cupies himself more with domestic politics, and in a manner
forms the opposition of this ministerial duality (the late
Count Clam-Martinitz not having been replaced), the Chan-
cellor discusses the main line of policy to be followed at what
is called the "conference." Sometimes the heads of the
other ministries and influential councillors are consulted on
points lying within the sphere of their activity, and the assem-
bly thus formed is named the Council of Conference. This
body is totally distinct from the council of state, in which the
important business of the ordinary office routine is discussed,
and in which laws are proposed for sanction. The Emperor's
personal share in the government is aided, as far as his com-
munications with the subordinate offices are concerned, by
his privy cabinet. From this the petitions presented to him
at his audiences are referred to the offices in whose depart-
ment they lie, or to special commissions named at his desire,
and who report to him upon the subject. The late Emperor
was often strict in demanding an account from his officers,
where he suspected a case of hardship, but he never arbitrarily
interfered with their proceedings. Of late so many petitions.
were not preferred to him as formerly, in consequence of its
being known that this was his rule; but he liked to be ap-
pealed to, as it kept him in some degree informed, both of how
Austrian Statistics.
603
the officers transacted their business, and of the opinion en-
tertained of them by the public. A special commission of
lawyers was appointed to report on every new law that is
proposed, showing its bearing on the somewhat complicated
mass of existing laws and edicts, previous to its being dis-
cussed in the higher councils. The members of this commis-
sion are, with the exception of one, attached to other offices.
The Chancery of State appears in our list with sixty-five
civilians, and the modest charge of 258,210 florins annually.
The diplomatic corps costs 1,018,476 florins yearly.
This in-
The influence of the nobility in Austria has been a frequent
theme of declamation for writers of all countries.
fluence is however more territorial,-that is to say, derived
from their extensive landed property,-than from any mono-
poly of the highly paid places. Even the direct relations
which, as we have seen, the government has succeeded in con-
tracting with the peasantry, have not diminished this influence;
for they are in the spirit of order, and tend consequently to
secure property in their present operation, although the prin-
ciple from which they originated had a contrary tendency.
The improvement in the value of landed property since the
peace, in spite of all the difficulties with which the land-
owners have to contend, is very great, and their influence has
risen in consequence.
Two causes, however, tend to prevent a monopoly of the
principal offices by a caste of any description. The most ob-
vious is the great labour and responsibility attached to them,
and the very considerable acquirements demanded of those who
fill them. The languages of the country are five, and some ac-
quaintance with the majority of them is indispensable for every
highly placed official personage. This necessity secures too a
pretty equal division of appointments among the natives of the
different countries, with some preponderance in favour of the
Slavonians; it being a much easier task for a Bohemian or a
Pole to acquire German and Italian, than for a German or an
Italian to learn the Slavonic dialects. The responsibility is,
too, very different in a country where everything proceeds
publicly, and the central offices of government are carried on
upon the sound and vigorous advance of local institutions,
which afford the means of expressing public opinion, from
the strict account demanded by the sovereign of a despotic
604
Austrian Statistics.
66
land of his delegates, where timidity and suspicion are fos-
tered by secrecy, and are soured and startled by every murmur
of discontent. Another means of preventing an undue in-
fluence of a limited number of families, lies in the extension.
which has of late years been given to the order of the No-
blesse. Every "bourgeois" (citizen does not translate the
word Bürger) in the employment of the state, whether in
a civil or military capacity, can apply for the right to put the
von "before his name, and to secure the exemption of his
sons from entering the ranks of the army as privates under
the conscription, on the expiration of his fortieth year of ser-
vice. The rank of noblesse is, besides, never refused to those
whose fortunes enable them to purchase estates or to live in
a certain style. It is given constantly as a reward for im-
portant services; and, if to this extension the great number of
Poles and Hungarians who claim the rank by prescriptive
right be added, it will cause no wonder that the majority of
offices should be in the hands of a class which corresponds
with the widely diffused rank of the English gentry. In
Hungary alone the regulation exists which confines the
public offices to the noblesse, but which the tables in our
last Number show to be no real limitation. In the principal
offices in Vienna, of 774 individuals in office in 1833, there
were 203 belonging to the nobility and the noblesse; but of
course amongst these the highest posts were included. The
case of the presidentship of the treasury will illustrate the
position of the two classes with respect to each other. This
office was long filled by M. von Eichhoff, an ennobled bour-
geois. When Prince Augustus Lobkowitz was removed from
the post of governor of Galicia, this presidentship was di-
vided, and the superintendence of the mines and the mint
were given to him, M. von Eichhoff retaining the other
branches. On the death of these two presidents, the two of-
fices were reunited in the present president M. von Kübeck,
who commenced his career with unusual activity and with a
remarkable exertion of power. It is in no way derogatory to
this gentleman to allude to his origin, which was, in the
strictest sense, from the ranks of the humbler citizens, but
which was thus no impediment to his advance to one of the
highest offices of the state. He has for many years enjoyed
the rank of baron.
Austrian Statistics.
605
The servants of the state form, it is true, a kind of caste,
but which is rather distinguished by affected than by real dis-
tinctions. As their immense number monopolizes almost all
the talent and education of what may be called the middle
classes, it is natural that the advancement of their children
should often bear the appearance of family compacts, and
perhaps really often spring from that cause. The care of the
late Emperor for his civil servants is manifested by the large
pension-list exhibited in our table (No. XI.), and the neces-
sity will be easily comprehended, which, as we before re-
marked, made him consider implicit obedience as the main
standard of merit in candidates for office and for honours.
But if style and titles be liberally bestowed on a class which
is naturally important for the security of the throne, the impe-
rial dignity is no less dependent for much of its brilliancy upon
that nimbus which, according to the current of conventional
notions, ancient descent can alone confer. That the old no-
bility are fully aware of the advantage which in this respect
is on their side, is sufficiently notorious, since it has recently
been chronicled in England in a style so diffuse as to leave
little to add on the subject. Neither talent nor merit,
whether of a serious or a dazzling character, can efface the
line of distinction so deeply drawn between those who pride
themselves on ancestral honours and those whose personal
qualities have achieved distinction. Nor does the court lend
any influence to counteract the prevailing feeling. Ribbons,
stars and titles are lavishly bestowed, but the chamberlain's
key and the right of the entrée are jealously reserved to
the privileged circle. Nor does the first class of an order of
knighthood (although, like that of Maria Theresia, it enjoys
the strange retrospective power of ennobling four of a man's
progenitors) confer more present dignity upon the wearer than
permitting him to stand in the starred and ribboned crowd
upon a gala day; the select and envied number who are
admitted to the "Kammer" balls being never encroached
upon by a novus homo, and still less by the ladies of such,
who in Austria, like bishops' wives in Queen Elizabeth's time,
are literally "put behind the door."
But neither our space nor our inclination admit of our
trespassing on the province of the chroniclers before alluded
606
Austrian Statistics.
to. We must confine ourselves to the dry task of stating the
cost of the outward display of imperial dignity, which we ven-
ture to denominate by the appellation (unwelcome to royalist
ears) of the Emperor's civil list. The document No. XII. of our
Appendix affords a fresh proof of the order which reigns in
the financial accounts of the empire; nor is it probable that
the most parsimonious representative of a rich and powerful
nation would wish to diminish its amount.
Our table is for 1836, but the items correspond with the
disbursements in 1837, and have not varied since 1829. The
total charges for the personal expenses of all the members of
the imperial family, the state-officers of the household, the
guards, and the state-expenses of the vice-regal courts of Milan
and Buda, do not much exceed £300,000. In this table,
which for moderation cannot easily be surpassed, we find the
sum charged for the apanage of the heir-presumptive, the
Archduke Francis, amounts to £4500 per annum, while his
private property perhaps does not exceed that sum. The al-
lowances to the Archduke Rainer, the Viceroy of Lombardy,
and to the Archduke Joseph Palatine of Hungary, do not
properly belong to the civil list, any more than the expenses.
of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland or of the Governor-Gene-
ral of India do to the civil list of the kings of England. If
we deduct these charges, together with those for the theatres,
the sum is reduced by £90,000, and affords the example of
the most economical court in Europe.
The absence of one name from the list, like the blank left
in Cæsar's triumph, is calculated to increase the respect felt,
we believe without a single exception, for a man with whose
name the military fame of Austria, in its bright as in its gloomy
days, is inseparably connected. The Archduke Charles took
for his first consort the daughter and heiress of the Archduke
Albert of Saxe Teschen, who, during a period in the last cen-
tury, filled the post of Viceroy of the Netherlands at Brussels.
The property which his father-in-law left him,—although,
with the prudent management now bestowed upon it, equal to
support the dignity of the eldest prince of the imperial family,
-would perhaps in the West of Europe not be thought suffi-
ciently large to make its owner refrain from calling upon the
nation to contribute to his support. Considering, as we do,
Austrian Statistics.
607
that the whole statement of the court expenses reflects the
highest honour upon the imperial family, this touching trait
of moderation in a man, to whom the nation gladly owns that
it has the deepest obligations, is assuredly the most creditable
of all.
The charge of £30,000 for body-guards requires some ex-
planation. The guards, which correspond to the troops in
our army thus denominated, and which perform the outdoor
service in the palaces, are composed of the two élite com-
panies of every regiment of infantry in the service, and of
the regiment of cavalry for the time in garrison at Vienna.
The élite companies are equipped as grenadiers, with bearskin
caps, and their dress is in every respect uniform, with the sole
exception of the facings. These grenadiers form a splendid
body of men, from every country in central Europe between
the Po and the Vistula; and it is difficult, if possible, to give
the palm of superiority to any particular corps. Detachments
are quartered at Milan and Buda, who mount guard upon the
palaces in those cities. The number of the grenadiers is in
time of peace 20,340 men in twenty battalions. For these
the charge in the table is not intended, but for guards which
correspond, as far as a comparison is admissible, with the
British Gentlemen and Yeomen Pensioners. The German
Noble Guard, as it is termed, has but little to do with nobility;
it consists of a captain and captain-lieutenant (generals), two
lieutenants (colonels) and seventy officers, who have the rank
of captain in the army, and whose qualification since the war
has been the number of wounds received in the field. The
Hungarian noble guard is essentially a body of sixty young
Hungarians of noble birth, who do duty alternately or together
with the German veterans within the palace on state occa-
sions. After a fixed period of service they enter the line as
lieutenants, and their barrack in the capital is a kind of mili-
tary college, in which however the professors find dangerous
rivals in the gaieties of the gayest of capitals. Since the com-
mencement of the present year an Italian noble guard has
been founded on this model. There existed formerly a Polish
guard, but it was suppressed.
Under these again are the "Trabanten," who mount guard
with their carabines in the avenues and on the staircases of
608
Austrian Statistics.
the palace, whose outer issues are guarded by the "palace-
guard," with halberds, in addition to the usual military sen-
tinels.
It must not however be inferred that the imperial family
lives in gloomy and remote seclusion, because so formidable
an array of guards clusters around the palace; on the con-
trary, the palace at Vienna is almost public property. You
pass up and down its staircases and along its corridors un-
challenged, and knock at doors when you have anything to
seek from the inmates, with far less ceremony than in private
houses. All the members of the imperial family walk and
drive out without escort, and the salute of the meanest citizen
is returned with cordiality and kindness by them. The palace-
chapel is a parish church, and particular ceremonies are per-
formed according to custom in the different churches of the
city. The splendid galleries of pictures and collections of
objects of art and science are open on stated days, without
fees to the public, and were until lately the lecture-rooms of
those professors of the university who needed them, to the
great advantage of the youthful student. We may remark,
that the collections of plants in the Emperor's glass-houses at
Vienna and Schönbrunn are almost unrivalled for the extent
and value of their botanical treasures.
Such and others, into which our limits preclude our enter-
ing, are the benefits which a wise and careful use of so limited
a sum allows to the public, besides sufficing to support the
dignity of the court, which long arrogated the first place in
Europe.
But, that we may not be charged with any unseeming in-
difference to courtly rule by those who appreciate its full
importance, we may mention a few of the details which have
accompanied the other information that we here transmit to
our readers. In 1837, in addition to the state officers,-lord
steward, lord chamberlain, master of the horse, grand hunts-
man, master of the kitchen, of the plate, white stick, librarian
and count of the royal orchestra,-ninety-eight officers of rank
were counted in the various households of theminor branches
of the imperial family. Fourteen hundred and eighty-five
individuals held the honorary rank of chamberlain; 283 indi-
viduals were employed in the accountant's department of the
Austrian Statistics.
609
palace and on the private estates; 199 in the gardens, chases
and the forest department. The chaplaincy numbered 32
individuals, the theatre and orchestra 137, the medical depart-
ment 21, the privy-chamber 66, the stables 353, and the ser-
vants' department 448 individuals.
It
The state of the Empress includes an order which she con-
fers on ladies, that of the Starry Cross (Sternkreutz).
was borne some time back by 20 ladies of reigning houses,
and 820 other ladies. The "Dames du Palais" counted 32
duchesses (Fürstinnen), 58 ladies of privy-councillors, 23
widows of privy-councillors, 62 ladies of chamberlains, 18
widows and two maids of honour, in their number: 17 ladies.
enjoyed the great, and 18 the little entrée.
Of the orders of knighthood, the Golden Fleece counted 32
knights, the Maria Theresia order 332, the order of St. Ste-
phen 177, the order of St. Leopold 745, and that of the Iron
Crown 209 members.
Two hundred and fifty-one persons held the rank of privy-
councillor.
Thus, as many of the orders of knighthood carry a pension
with them, the number of individuals depending on the civil-
list is by no means small; nor is the splendour of the court
at all stinted by the excellent economy which pervades it.
Another addition to the charitable branch of the privy
purse is formed by a number of convents and secular founda-
tions, in some of which ladies of pure noble descent only, in
others young ladies of the middle classes, on the presentation
of the Empress, are received and supplied with a small in-
come. Of the former kind there are ten. The Empress is
patronesss of two of these, and a princess of the imperial fa-
mily is always superior of the convent of St. Theresia at
Prague. Although a relic of the old nunnery system, and
the incomes are only drawn while the occupants are unmar-
ried, these foundations have nothing else of a conventual na-
ture. The ladies live in the house or not as they please, and
marry at their pleasure. Two hundred ladies of the nobility and
middle classes are provided for in these establishments, and
in seminaries which have special endowments. In the foun-
dation called "the Savoy" at Vienna, the Empress selects
one from three ladies presented by the head of the reigning
VOL. XIV.-Nº. XXVIII.
2 R
610
Austrian Statistics.
princely house of Lichtenstein. These institutions, if they
do not altogether deserve the title of foundations for the en-
couragement of celibacy, are at least a singular modification
of the ancient convents. Formerly a lady whose relations
did not wish her to marry below her rank was placed in a
convent, and the devotion to a religious life excused and jus-
tified the inferred reluctance to enter upon domestic duties.
In our age of freedom and intolerance of all restraint no
secret is made of the prejudices of caste and of the endea-
vours made to perpetuate them.
In our last Number we alluded to the system of education
in Austria, as being the weakest side of the state. Our table
No. XVI. will be esteemed a valuable contribution to the history
of public instruction in our times. This table shows at once
the means which the Austrian government can dispose of for
this branch of the state service, and the exact control kept
of the accounts in this as well as in the other departments.
In the provinces whose government is strictly centralized, this
control is carefully and even studiously maintained; for the
importance of the mode of training youth is fully appreciated.
As far as the adoption of one system in the schools of so ex-
tensive a portion of the empire is concerned, the plan of the
Jesuits may be said here to be realized, with this difference,
that the implicit obedience inculcated at present has for its
object the head of the state in place of the head of the
church. Another difference consists in the belief, that the
world will keep its course even without the aid of extraordi-
nary learning, which in Austria is only esteemed in the exact
sciences. As however the government, when thus repressing
the ambitious spark in the minds of youth, offer their mode
of instruction, if not gratuitously, at the very lowest rate of
payment, a positive good is effected by the number of the
schools established, and the order with which they are con-
ducted. Nor would there be so much reason to complain, if
those who disapproved of the public system of instruction
could procure their children at will a better education. The
hardship lies in obliging the scholars of all private academies,
which are most sparingly licensed, and such youths as study
privately at home, if they have any desire to enter into the
service of the state, to pass the public examinations held at
.
Austrian Statistics.
611
stated periods. Of these examinations there can be but one
opinion formed by all who have had the means of observing
the subjects upon which they turn, and the manner in which
they are conducted. There is no exaggeration in stating that any
young person who passes them all without censure (and no less
is required to free a lad from the obligation of the conscription)
cannot possibly have acquired even a moderate share of that de-
scription of knowledge which either forms the judgement or
sharpens talent. What the result of this system will prove at a
future day for the service of the state, or even for the progress of
the nation by the improvement of private property, it is not easy
to imagine. But when it is considered that the means enume-
rated in Table XVI. are unreservedly surrendered by the coun-
try to the government, and are applied in a systematic manner,
in conjunction with the vast civil, military and clerical pa-
tronage, to effect an end of which the examinations we have
described must be taken as a specimen, it is not easy to con-
ceive a more gloomy prospect afforded to a nation, or a more
heartless and wanton abuse of power. These are strong
terms, but they are unhappily more than borne out by the
fact. On a former occasion we stated that the present
organization of the system was the work of a confidential
member of the late Emperor's household. The present mem-
bers of the government are only in so far responsible for it, that
they did not object to its consummation, probably on account
of the momentary tranquillity which the eradicating of all
youthful ebullitions in political life promises to ensure. That
ultimately no political stability, nor, for the present, the cause
of social virtue, are promoted by a repression of the natural
flow of spirits and intellect in the youth of a great nation, is
now generally acknowledged. We may therefore look for-
ward to an amelioration of this distressing state of things.
The two most richly endowed universities are those of
Vienna and Pesth in Hungary, the latter being one of the
wealthiest endowments to the north of the Alps. The amount
of the expenditure of this establishment is not contained in
the table, no official return being made of any of the Hunga-
rian foundations. In the universities the candidateship for
the professorships is open to all classes; and, nominally, pre-
ference is given to those who at a public examination prove
2 R 2
612
Austrian Statistics.
the most worthy. Of late years, however, the disposition to
restore the direction of public education to the Catholic clergy
has caused the institution of seminaries and Lycea, in which
the students live more under the inspection of their teachers
than at the universities, and the appointments in which are
mostly given to priests. Of the Gymnasia or grammar-
schools, a great number are under the direction of the orders
of Piarists, Benedictines, Franciscans, Præmonstratenses, Cis-
tertians and Minorites,—an arrangement however to which
public opinion is by no means reconciled.
The financial side of the Austrian system of public educa-
tion is that which is most favourable to its managers. The
universities cost the nation in 1836, per student, thirty-nine
florins, to which the very moderate fees must be added which
are paid on admission. The number of Bursarships is con-
siderable, and the government has taken into its own hands
the management of the foundations by which they are sup-
ported.
The expense of 196 grammar and higher schools, frequented
by 35,038 scholars, was, in the same year, 915,328 florins, or
about 28 florins each. In all these establishments this of
course only includes the tuition.
In such establishments as combine board and lodging with
instruction, the expense is very different; as, for instance, in
the noble academies at Vienna (Theresianum) and Innsprück,
the engineers' college at Vienna, the military academy at
Wiener Neustadt, the naval college at Venice, and the Pro-
testant and Catholic clerical seminaries. The average of these
institutions gives, in those for general education, a much
higher amount per scholar, while in the military colleges it
exceeds 200 florins, or 20l. per head. It must be remarked,
that in these establishments a great many extra charges are
made. In addition to the higher military academies, every
regiment has its regimental school for the sons of the soldiers.
The returns of the state of primary education show very
different results in the different provinces. The total number
of children frequenting the schools in 1837 is shown to have
been 1,562,546 in 16,754 schools. The number of scholars
was 61 per cent. on the total number of children of an age to
go to school; and since, according to M. Springer, the total
Austrian Statistics.
613
cost of the primary instruction amounted to two and a half
millions of florins, the expense per individual was about 13
florin.
This sum, however, does not represent the real cost to the
nation of the primary instruction; for the school is one of the
chief obligations on the lord of a manor, whether a private
individual or a corporation. Besides free lodging and fire-
wood, an allowance of corn is often made to the village-school-
master in kind; and it must be acknowledged that his lot is,
even then, often not an enviable one, when compared with
that of his neighbours.
The Austrian schools, however, enjoy the benefit of the
principle adopted generally throughout Germany, and which
tends to promote both their economy and their efficiency.
There is a constant promotion, more especially in the gram-
mar and higher primary schools, which induces the teachers
to devote themselves unreservedly to their business, and
makes them ambitious to distinguish themselves. Their zeal,
indeed, often calls for repression under the present system;
and, under any better, could not fail to produce highly laud-
able results.
The education department derives, in Austria, the greatest
advantage from the use of the buildings belonging to the
monastic establishments suppressed by the Emperor Joseph.
In Vienna a large monastery, and its accompanying church,
are devoted to the use of the university. The principal
schools of the city are in the former convent of St. Anne.
In the former Palace of the Knights of Malta the Brazilian
and Egyptian museums are located. In short, the Polytech-
nic School alone boasts of a recent and expressly erected
building. At Prague the University and Academy of Sciences
are lodged in the ancient monastery of the Jesuits, which
runs down the whole length of a street, and is one of the
finest buildings in the empire. The knowledge of this fact,
while the corporations to which these buildings formerly be-
longed are still in existence, and indeed have of late years been
patronized in a remarkable manner by the government, is
adapted to suggest unfavourable predictions for the future; and
we have already seen that a number of the schools have been
entrusted to the entire guidance of religious orders. Amongst
614
Austrian Statistics.
these the Jesuits are now openly reckoned, and have more
than one school under their direction. The Order of the
Knights of Malta was solemnly restored a few years back in
the Austrian states.
There lies an useful warning in this revulsion of things
within the space of half a century. We see the insecurity of
all that is based on revolutionary changes, whether proceeding
from above or from below, when they hurry on a crisis for
which the mass of the nation is not ripe. It must however
be owned, that to transfer these buildings back to their original
destinations, after an alienation of half a century, would be
a revolutionary re-action of a far more ominous kind than even
their original expropriation.
Two of the finest buildings in Vienna are legacies of the
emperors Joseph II. and Francis II. The former founded
and endowed a splendid college of medicine, at which a great
number of young men received gratuitous instruction, on the
condition of their serving for a number of years as surgeons
in the army. Since the candidates for scientific instruction
have recently become so numerous, and the military service
is so well organized that it is sought rather than avoided by
them, the gratuitous instruction, with its accompanying obli-
gation, has been discontinued. The fees however in this
college, as in the other institutions, are remarkably low. The
foundation of Francis II. is the Polytechnic School.
A seemingly natural connection brings the institutions for
the relief of the poor immediately after the schools. Amongst
the parochial duties undertaken by the government, the su-
perintendence of the poor-houses in the large cities is in-
cluded, although the details of management are left to the
local magistrates, and the cost forms an item in the city
budget. Vienna is divided into thirty-two circuits, eight of
which are in the town and twenty-four in the suburbs. The
"Armen Institut" has a branch and a receiving-house in each
circuit, where out-door relief is constantly administered in four
rates; 8 kreutzers (3d.), 6 kr., 4 kr. and 2 kr. daily, to the in-
firm and indigent. The funds are raised by voluntary con-
tributions, for which purpose collections are regularly made.
Legacies of considerable amount are frequent, and the defi-
ciency is made up by government. The city has a poor-
Austrian Statistics.
615
fund, the interest of which is applied to the same end, and
the total number of applicants relieved in the course of the
year is usually between 13,000 and 14,000.
In addition to this out-door relief, there are a number of
poor and alms-houses, both in the capital and in the pro-
vinces; and the city maintains both alms-houses and a hospi-
tal in the country, where the poor patients not only enjoy
invigorating air, but are maintained at less expense than in
town.
Our Table No. XIII. shows that the number of paupers
relieved in 1837 by 6229 parish-boards was 490,070, at a cost
of 2,358,942 florins. The number received into, and now living
in, the alms-houses in the same year was 27,047, and the
cost 1,289,813 florins. In the villages, however, the rule
common on the continent, that the parish must maintain its
own poor, obtains. The crippled, and those unable to work,
are usually received alternately into every cottage; but in a
country whose population is not dense or over-indulged, the
burden is not a heavy one. On occasions of general distress,
which of late years have been frequent, large sums are in-
stantly raised by subscription. In general the inhabitants of
the larger towns are very charitable, and in all classes it now
forms a serious object of attention to lessen the sufferings of
the destitute. Infant-schools are now found numerously
spread through the empire, and are remarkably well managed.
At Vienna a society of ladies of rank raises and conducts a
considerable subscription annually, which is spent in pro-
viding work for the industrious poor, or in relief to meritorious
but unfortunate persons. A great number of the principal
towns have workhouses for voluntary labour, where the in-
mates receive nourishment and occasionally a gratification out
of their earnings.
In 1837 the number of persons returned as employed in
voluntary labour in sixteen establishments was 4178; the
cost of the establishments was 313,959 florins, and the receipts
were 261,279 florins, including 114,056 florins as the value
of the work performed.
In ten houses-of-correction, 737 individuals condemned to
forced labour cost 123,925 florins; the revenue to defray
616
Austrian Statistics.
which was 148,819 florins, and 47,616 florins of this sum were
derived from the labour of the inmates.
Amongst the items of the Political Fund (No. VIII.) one
will be observed entitled the Criminal Fund. To this mode of
appropriating a portion of the sequestrated clerical lands a
great improvement in the treatment of criminals is due; and
the interior of the principal prisons of Austria, with the ex-
ception perhaps of those for political offenders, is now as well
managed as in any part of Europe. Persons under confine-
ment for criminal offences are obliged, without exception, to
work, and receive a small daily allowance from the produce
of their labour. This sum is laid aside for them, and is given
them on their leaving the prison, to prevent them, under the
pressure of want, from relapsing into their former habits.
In Hungary, where the prisons are managed by each county,
great attention has of late years been devoted to the improve-
ment of prison-discipline, which was formerly much neglected;
and so judicious has the management been in some instances,
that, while the condition of the prisoners is exceedingly im-
proved, the prisons so managed gradually cease to be a
charge upon the community. Under the impulse which
public spirit has of late received in Hungary, it may be ex-
pected that this country will soon take the lead in this re-
spect, as in others, of the rest of the empire. The state has
no returns of these disbursements in Hungary, on account of
their local nature in that country.
The Lying-in and Foundling Hospitals, although mostly
united, furnish separate returns, which will be found in No.
XIV. In the former the greatest mortality is observable in
1837 in Vienna, where the cholera prevailed in that year, and
unhappily most in the quarter in which the hospital stands.
The irregularity of this table may perhaps be accounted for
altogether from the same cause. The number of foundlings
received in Vienna, Grätz and Prague is in a pretty equal
proportion to the population of those cities.
The number of lying-in hospitals and foundling establish-
ments in the provinces of Lombardy and Venice, when com-
pared with the patients and children received, does not bear
out the usual supposition, that diminishing the disagreeable
Austrian Statistics.
617
and distressing results of carelessness or lasciviousness has a
tendency to increase the evil. The eight houses at Milan
and the other large towns of Lombardy, with a total popula-
tion far exceeding that of Vienna, only have one-sixth of the
number of patients returned from the one establishment in
Vienna. In Venice the proportion is still less; and both
prove that it is better to have morality inherent in the habits.
and sentiments of the people, than to seek to repress a con-
trary tendency by diminishing the aid afforded to the unfor-
tunate.
It would complete the cyclus of the general expenses of the
civil service, if we were able to give the amount of money
expended upon the roads, for which there is a special branch
in the budget; the estates appropriated to this purpose having
disappeared from the Political Fund (No. VIII.). This fund
is, however, charged with a further sum of 3,817,221 florins,
which, with 7,532,563 florins, makes a total of 11,349,784
florins (£1,135,000) for the service of the year. This must
however not be taken as the total cost of the roads; for a
number of local expenses, to which, as we have already re-
marked, the inhabitants of the districts which they traverse
are bound to contribute in labour or materials, and which
differ with the usages of every province, must be added. In
Tyrol the most is done without pressing on the inhabitants.
In Hungary many of the counties will not let themselves be
taxed for the purpose of constructing roads, and have so little
insight into the means of creating wealth that they actually
endeavour to do without them.
We come now to the heaviest item in the budget after the
expenses of the public debt-the War Office.
The sum
charged for the army amounts to fifty millions of florins, or
about one-fourth of the total expense for 1837, and absorbs
the whole of the direct taxes, with an addition of three mil-
lions of florins. This must be however understood as being
only the excess-charge over the sum drawn from the special
military fund, as a reference to our Table No. XVII. shows.
The total expense for the army in 1837 was 87,783,347 florins;
yet, great as this drain on the resources of the nation really
is, (so much so, that in the estimate submitted to the Emperor
618
Austrian Statistics.
for 1837 Baron Eichhoff earnestly recommends a reduction
in this branch above all,) it must be acknowledged that the
sum is not large in proportion to that which is effected by
its means. It must excite some surprise to find the cost of
a standing-army of 500,000 men, including the artillery and
marine, defrayed for less than the sum that it costs France to
support an army of 350,000 men, and about half the cost of
the British peace establishment.
The chief cause of this remarkable economy is to be found
in the dislocation of the troops, which are scattered over the
country and in the provinces to the north of the Alps, and to
a great extent quartered upon the inhabitants. While the
government thus avoids the expense of keeping up extensive
barracks, especially for cavalry, it at the same time escapes.
the artificial pressure on markets by the agglomeration of
large bodies in towns. The soldier finds his food and forage.
on the spot, and no unnecessary expense of carriage or storing
is incurred. We need not repeat here what we have stated
to be the set-off to this saving in a moral point of view, and
which may make many of our readers think that the nation
would be the gainer if the charge in the budget stood higher.
Under the power which the government possesses of quarter-
ing troops on the march upon the inhabitants, the addition
of transport expenses is avoided to the regular and easily con-
trolled items of the pay and equipments of the men. The
remarkable cheapness of provisions in some of the provinces.
induces the war-office to lay the greater portion of the army
in those parts, and occasionally a deduction is made from the
allowances of the regiments stationed in them. Galicia had in
1837 no less than 81,000 men, Bohemia 66,000, Moravia and
Silesia 43,000. In Hungary and Transylvania 61,000 men
were quartered, and this last-named body of troops being
maintained by those countries, the expense of supporting so
large a body is taken altogether from the accounts. The
57,000 men reported as stationed in the Military Frontier form
the élite of the male population of that district, which contri-
bute to support themselves, but by the payment of a land-tax,
and only draw full pay when called into actual service. We
have already seen that the saving on this head is more nominal
Austrian Statistics.
619
4C
than real, and forms no compensation for the exclusion of
those fine provinces from a commercial intercourse, by which
the nation would be incalculably more benefited.
It would be foreign to our purpose to enter into a detailed
description of the organization of the Austrian army. Some
remarks on the chief points of interest in a financial respect
will not be unwelcome to our readers.
The first peculiarity observed in the Austrian army is a
smaller number of field-officers than we are accustomed to.
Thus the fifty-eight regiments of infantry, which number
219,676 men on the peace and 352,830 on the war establish-
ment, have but as many colonels in both cases. The number
of battalions is in peace 174, in war 259, each of which is
commanded by a lieutenant-colonel or major. A company of
218 men has one captain or captain-lieutenant, one first and
two second lieutenants. A regiment is composed of three
battalions, the two first containing six companies and the
third four companies, besides the two grenadier companies,
which are always detached. It numbers, when complete,
3562 men; the complement of officers is, five field-officers,
sixteen captains, sixteen lieutenants, thirty-two second lieu-
tenants, one regimental adjutant, two battalion adjutants.
As the battalions are larger than regiments in the British
service, the number of adjutants is of course greater.
In war the addition made by calling out the second "Land-
wehr" battalion of 842 men is one major, four captains, four
lieutenants and eight second lieutenants. One chaplain, one
advocate, one paymaster, one surgeon, with three assistant
and nine deputy assistant-surgeons, serve for a corps equal
in time of war to two and a half British regiments of two
battalions or a brigade.
The Grenadier companies are formed into battalions of six
or of four companies, with their own complement of field and
other officers, and do the duty of guards in the neighbour-
hood of the Imperial palaces. The Tyrolese Riflemen form
but one regiment of four battalions, although numbering 5459
men. The companies are 225 strong. There are besides
twelve other rifle battalions of six companies each, com-
manded by majors or lieutenant-colonels, and mustering to-
gether 15,336 men on the peace establishment. Six garrison
620
Austrian Statistics.
auf
battalions, one battalion of Marines on the Danube, and
seventeen regiments of Military Colonists, rated at 47,000 men,
complete the infantry, which has, since 1830, twice not only
exceeded the peace complement of 315,000 men, but even
the war-estimate of 489,240. The two occasions alluded to
were in 1831 and in 1841. In the former year the force on
foot amounted to 546,715 men, with 89,963 horses; the cost
in the budget for that year amounted to 111,543,597 florins.
Nor is the economy in the number of officers less remark-
able in the cavalry. Each of the fourteen Cuirassier and
Dragoon regiments is, on the peace establishment, 1027 men
strong, and has but one major besides the colonel and lieu-
tenant-colonel, who does major's duty. The number of troops
is six, of 165 men and 151 horses each. The Chevaux Legers,
Lancers and Hussars muster in peace 1518 men and 1387
horses, and in time of war 2044 men with 1972 horses. These
regiments, twenty-three in number, have one major and two
captains more than the Cuirassiers and Dragoons. The com-
pany is 208 men and 202 horses strong. The cavalry on the
peace establishment is 48,842 men, and on the war footing
64,560 men strong.
In the branches of the service which we have named, more
attention has been evidently paid to increase the mass of
troops than to promote their obility and moral efficiency,
which is the result, under proper care, of a larger proportion of
officers. In the Artillery the principle followed has been a
different one in some respects, although the leading charac-
teristic features of this army prevail too in this branch of ser-
vice. A regiment of artillery numbers 3663 men, and divides
into four battalions; the first of six, the others of four com-
panies each. The company has 201 men. The total number
of the field-artillery in five regiments is 18,315 men; the
rocket-corps is 766 strong, the corps of bombardiers 1074,
and the garrison-artillery, which does duty in the fortresses,
is 4323 men.
The number of regimental officers is not proportionately
greater in the artillery than in the other services; but on the
staff, besides the master-general, there are one general of ar-
tillery, five lieutenant field-marshals, and five major-generals
or brigadier generals on active service. The exceptional
Austrian Statistics.
621
ין
treatment which the artillery meets with is caused by the
great importance justly ascribed to this branch of the army
in modern tactics. The men are enlisted for life, and their
drill is both strict and of a higher kind, as they are en-
couraged to study by the rule which promotes the officers
from the ranks. In this service an accumulation of men be-
yond the number absolutely required would be cumbersome
and disadvantageous in many respects; it becomes therefore
necessary to have the men well set up (to use the military
term), supple and strong. In most of these respects the
Austrian artillerymen are creditably trained. If they are not
quite so alert in their movements occasionally as the French
or British artillery, the blame must in a great measure fall
upon the late Emperor's inflexible attachment to jack-boots,
in which, reaching as high as the knee, he expected his men
to manage their guns. This absurd piece of primitive equip-
ment has disappeared in the present reign. In consequence
of the prospect held out of promotion, the whole corps is
raised in the character and qualifications of the men. Amongst
them first-rate mathematicians may be found. The rocket
corps is excellent.
The numbers that we have given are the normal ones for
the effective state of the Army, according to the regulations.
Some little deviation is observable in some of the corps in
1837, in which year the numerical efficiency was as follows:
infantry 323,937, cavalry 46,044, artillery 26,582, engineers,
sappers and miners, etc. 5732, garrison battalions and frontier
cordon 7186, military colonists 61,315;-total of the army
470,789 men, exclusive of the waggon-train of 27,443 men.
The Navy reckoned 5734 men, including 989 marine artillery-
men. The grand total amounts to 503,966, which, at a cost
of ninety millions of florins, does not amount to £18 per man
per annum, including the matériel. The whole number of
disposable men was not however called out in that year,
125,679 having had furlough; but the returns for 1831 and
1835 show at what cost the whole levy is made disposable.
This being unquestionably the largest army in Europe, the
details which we annex respecting it will also be viewed with
interest.
We have used our best endeavours to curtail as much as
622
Austrian Statistics.
possible the observations which it was necessary to offer on
the details of this financial system, and yet our article has
grown to an unusual length. In considering the national debt.
we shall therefore resume, as shortly as possible, the general
bearing of these details upon the credit of the country, as illus-
trating the position which it appears to us that Austria is en-
titled to occupy in this respect amongst contemporary nations.
The historical introduction prefixed to our remarks on the
budget of 1837 showed the praiseworthy exertions made by
the rulers of the empire to raise the national credit by the
fairest means; and few of our readers will believe that the
government would not have gained immense popularity by
giving all along the greatest publicity to their proceedings.
Austria has, in fact, suffered a heavy penalty from the secrecy
with which it has enveloped its domestic as well as its foreign
policy; for while it has studiously followed the leading im-
pulses of the times, and, as is now generally acknowledged,
has been unusually successful in detecting them, the influ-
ence of Austria was for many years far from having that as-
cendancy in Europe to which it was entitled. We need only
allude to the frequent aggressions of Russia upon Turkey and
Persia, and to the destruction of Poland, all of which must
have been sources of deep regret to the cabinet of Vienna,
but which, isolated as it so long stood, it could not single-
handed restrain. That the tenor of the policy pursued on
these and on other occasions was prescribed by the difficul-
ties which the minister found or anticipated in the money-
market, may be confidently asserted; but will it sound credible
to any one, to whom we have now afforded the means of
appreciating the revenue and the expenditure of the empire,
that the very rumour of war at Vienna not only renders un-
saleable all kinds of public stock, but actually makes landed
property, and especially houses, almost valueless? Such is,
however, the case. Now we assume that there is nothing on
the face of the financial system, as it lies before us, to warrant
such a want of confidence in the government. Whence then
does it proceed? Why does a minister who has the nerve to
tread, in a difficult case, so bold and judicious a line of policy
as Prince Metternich adopted but in 1841, want the support
of the mighty nation whose interests he so evidently under-
Austrian Statistics.
623
stands, and whose mighty march he has shown himself so
well able to guide? When the revolutionary party last year,
under the guidance of a diplomatic knight-errant in France,
was about to throw the torch of discord into Europe, the
Vienna cabinet did not for a moment hesitate as to the policy
it ought to pursue. There was no room left for petty jealou-
sies, no thought entertained of separate advantages to be ob-
tained by partitions or favourable barriers. The insight of
the minister into the state of things which had kept him pre-
pared for a crisis of the kind since 1830, showed him that
the result of a war might prove the prostration of the edifice
which he had erected with so much care, while an unhesi-
tating display of vigour might yet keep the sword in its scab-
bard, or at the worst might curtail the extent of its devasta-
tions. Prussia was the power threatened; and it cannot be
doubted that a Thiers cabinet would have purchased on such
an occasion the neutrality of Austria at its own price. But
on this side at least there was no wavering, nor did an Aus-
trian cabinet, since the days of Maria Theresia, ever show
grander and better-timed decision. The disposable forces,
which we see in 1837 amounted to 500,000 men, were placed
in a condition to march and their number increased. The
matériel of war was such as no army of that size could ever
yet command. The advanced guard of this formidable force
lay, covered by Sardinia and the lake of Constance, within a
few days' march of the French frontier, ready to carry back
the wave of destruction as soon as it began to roll into the
heart of the enemy's country. Yet was one result of the
threatened attack which Austria had apparently so little rea-
son to fear, a paralyzation of confidence, which has led,
amongst other results, to a disastrous commercial crisis;
while the hollow state of public credit was only prevented
from displaying itself in the most fearful manner by the tone
early adopted by the French Chambers. Why this strange
mixture of power and internal distrust? Why should such
unusual talents and such mighty means be exerted to effect
so simple an end?
The answer is, that the weak side of Austria, which is per-
haps even supposed to be weaker than it really is, lies in the
general belief that she is likely to prove powerless in a war
624
Austrian Statistics.
of opinion. The war threatened by M. Thiers was, fortu-
nately, undertaken with a blindness and presumption which
altogether deprived the French of the advantage which they
might otherwise have gained as the professed champions of
liberty. But when the lot is cast, who can say what turn the
game will take? and every one felt, that if public feeling
were once divided in Austria, the empire was lost. Now the
tendency to wars of opinion in our age arises from the fact
that men desire more than mere material benefits. Even
those of a practical turn are convinced that the only effectual
control on governments is the free expression of public opi-
nion, and that such a freedom under due restraints inspires,
instead of shaking, confidence. With confidence exertion
comes, which is the source of all prosperity. Thus a free
expression of public opinion, and unrestrained liberty of ex-
ertion, are what all nations demand, in opposition to police
restraints upon both. The value of these grand springs of
wealth is nowhere more appreciated than in Austria,—a coun-
try abounding, as we have seen, in resources that demand culti-
vation. Why then should the bestowing of such justly-prized
gifts be left to a foreign or domestic adventurer, and why
should Austria be taught that they are only to be purchased
by the sacrifice of the national honour, or by the disturbance
of civil harmony?
A careful examination of the items constituting the national
debt will show that it is the least, in comparison with the re-
sources of the empire, of all the states of Europe. The landed
property of the Crown, if raised to its due value by a judicious
encouragement of trade, would far more than cover its amount;
one tax, as we have seen, pays its interest, and if redeemed
would wipe off the sum. But as long as the secrecy in which
all the motives and acts of the government are involved is
preserved, and as long as the unlimited confidence which the
nation has so long placed in the guidance of one minister of
pre-eminent talent is demanded unconditionally for all his
successors; so long does the glorious fabric of this great state
rest upon the narrowest basis, and every political shock sets
it tottering and threatens its fall.
Is it going too far to assert, that a system of greater pub-
licity, and a submission to the control of public opinion on
Austrian Statistics.
625
the part of the government, would have removed the greater
part of the difficulties under which it has laboured since 1820?
The system of loans, commenced in that year, which were to
be paid off by annual instalments divided by lottery, showed
the desire on the part of the state not to add to its national
debt. The Emperor Francis, moreover, showed at all times.
a tenacious attachment to the old system of a sinking-fund,
which is a popular and often an expedient means of support-
ing public credit. The instalments of the lottery loans have
been regularly paid; the first contracted in 1820, of 20,500,000
florins, is entirely extinguished, and the others are in course
of reduction. They were, however, replaced by another loan
on a similar plan, contracted in 1838. The operation of the
sinking-fund has continued without interruption, and the sum
already redeemed from the debt is considerable.
Yet, as soon as the movement in France commenced in
1830, financial difficulties accumulated in Austria. The enor-
mous standing-army of 400,000 men was not considered suf-
ficient to meet the threatening posture assumed by France.
The effective force was raised in 1831 to 546,785 men, and
the matériel was completed on the war footing. The same
operation became necessary, as we have seen, in 1835, and
again in 1841, and in all instances the outlay was increased
and rendered more oppressive by a stagnation of credit and
of trade. Now, that these vast armaments were no less di-
rected against internal than external foes, is obvious; for in a
war against France alone, in which Austria was sure of the
active co-operation of England and Prussia, and perhaps of
Russia, such vast armaments seem superfluous. Under the
circumstances, however, that is to say, as long as the govern-
ment persists in refusing all control to public opinion, and,
as its necessary consequence, limits freedom of mental and of
trading exertion (which are inseparable),—this is the price
which it must be content to pay, not for security, but for the
inere removal of the appearance of danger.
Between 1830 and 1836 the national debt was increased,
in order to meet these armaments, by 205,457,600 florins. The
sum redeemed of the old debt in that interval by the sinking-
fund and the lotteries was 56,018,000 florins; so that in six
years 149,439,600 florins were added to the debt. In 1837
VOL. XIV.—Nº. XXVIII.
2 s
626
Austrian Statistics.
the further sum of 42,956,756 florins was added, and the de-
ficiency at the end of the year equalled 18,714,108 florins, as
appears on the face of our table No. I.
But while Austria was making this addition to her debt,
the other states of Europe were likewise not idle. While
France has involved itself in a far more enormous expendi-
ture and in complicated financial operations, both England
and Russia have done the same. The relative financial posi-
tion of Austria is, therefore, not worse than that of her neigh-
bours; on the contrary, she has the advantage of having
done more than the others with a less waste of money. Yet,
we see this does not avail her in the money-market, and for
the plain reason that a creditor always looks more to the na-
ture of the security than to the extent of the loan; and while
Austria can at every moment be shaken to her foundations by
a war of opinion, her security is not deemed good.
The Austrian debt, as it stood in 1837 (and in its main
features at present stands), is composed of the old debt which
we have described as accumulating through the war up to
1816, and of the new debt concluded since that epoch. The
latter contains state obligations emitted on various emergen-
cies, bearing interest from 1 to 6 per cent., to the amount of
766,768,832 florins 20 kr., of which 458 millions are at 5,
and 198,617,540 florins at 4 per cent. interest. The sums
due on account of the lottery loans, payable by instalment,
amounted to 55,620,000 florins. The sum noted as due to
the national bank shows the amount of the notes issued in
redemption of the reduced currency, which has been de-
scribed. This sum, which in 1837* amounted to 137,187,300
florins, is to bear no interest until the whole sum is redeemed,
when interest at 4 per cent. will be paid on 60 millions of the
capital advanced; it not being supposed that the bank will
be called to advance more than that sum in bullion. This
advance properly belongs to the old or deferred debt.
The old debt forms the last item in the table. By the edict
of 1816 it is by annual lotteries gradually replaced in its full
value, although such portions of it as are not drawn can only
* According to public prints the government has since paid off 60,000,000 of
florins of this sum; out of what fund is not stated.
Austrian Statistics.
627
claim the original interest in the reduced paper currency. It
is right in a financial statement to place it at its full value,
since the state has guaranteed the drawing of the annual lot-
teries, which reinstate it in full. But as its present worth in
the market is of course much less, since the drawing will at
the present rate be completed in 290 years, it would be al-
lowable, were any arrangement made for redeeming it sooner,
to reduce it very considerably.
To the sum of 1,253,535,379 florins, stated in our table as
being the figure of the Austrian national debt on the 1st
January 1838, must be added the sum of 11,885,135 florins,
being the amount of the outstanding paper currency not yet
exchanged for bank-notes. The real total on that day was
accordingly 1,265,420,514 florins, subject to the reduction in
the present value of the old debt, as stated above. Of this
sum the sinking-fund held 185,072,379 florins.
The operation of the sinking-fund in 1837 was uninter-
rupted, notwithstanding the addition made to the debt;
1,888,450 florins were paid off in annual quotas of the five
lottery loans then in course, and 1,333,693 florins from the
sum raised by the sale of the national domains were applied to
effect further reductions. The interest drawn by the sinking-
fund for the stock in its hands amounted to 10,571,433 florins.
From a passage in Baron Eichhoff's report to the Emperor it
would seem as if the minister was desirous of changing the
mode of conducting the financial operations followed until
then, and of doing away with, or reducing considerably, the
sinking-fund. He observes, however, that as long as the ex-
penditure exceeds the ways and means so much as to make
it necessary to resort to the money-market in order to meet
emergencies, such a change cannot be effected. He expected,
however, to effect in that year a saving of 30,000 florins on
the commissions paid to foreign agents for these negotiations.
We have stated our belief that a debt of one hundred mil-
lions of pounds sterling is not an alarming burden for Aus-
tria; since, independently of the small sum raised in the shape
of revenue annually from the nation, the crown-lands suffice
to cover this amount. That the raising of their value would
be accompanied by an increase of the annual revenue without
628
Austrian Statistics.
the addition of any perceptible burden to the nation, and the
way in which both may be effected, we shall take a future
opportunity of showing, when we propose treating of that
side of our relations with this powerful empire which is
closely connected with this subject.
END OF NUMBER TWENTY-EIGHT.
THE REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, AND PUBLIC DEBT OF THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE IN THE YEAR 1837.
The Revenue and Expenditure of the Austrian Empire for the year 1837.
State of the National Debt in the year 1837.
No. I.
RECEIPTS.
ORDINARY RECEIPTS.
Direct Taxes:
Land Tax.....
House Tax
Legacy Duty
Subsidium Ecclesiasticum
.
Class Tax
Personal Tax
Industry Tax
•
Composition for Trieste
Jews' Tax
Indirect Taxes:-
Excise
Customs
Salt Monopoly
Tobacco Monopoly.
Stamp Duty
Fees
Lottery Office
Post Office
Tolls
....
Diritti Uniti
Manufacture and Sale of Powder and Saltpetre……..
Crown Lands, Royalties and Factories:
859,676 31
57,758 7
787 37
1,274,726 14
19
2,552,335
60,000
966,939 46
20,547,717 1
15,687,565 53
21,514,191 40
9,083,986 27
3,553,698 31
EXPENDITURE.
ORDINARY EXPENDITURE.
Florins. Kr. Florins. Kr.
37,599,496 32
Public Debt:-
3,787,447 59
Interest
1. Funded Debt,-
Capital redeemed by purchase
FUNDED DEBT.
Florins.
Kr.
Florins.
Kr.
1. Interest payable in Silver money :—
Florins.
Kr.
Florins. Kr.
Capital, bearing Interest at 1 per cent.
"1
52,852,973 22
13
2
>>
2)
""
"
,,
redeemed of Lottery loans
387,739 1
7,979,847 42
2/
""
"1
""
""
3
"}
""
Interest
3. Sinking Fund,
"}
47,159,168 5
2. Unfunded Debt,
Sum charged this account
4. Cost of various Stock operations
Civil List:-
31/
"
""
1,000,000
""
3 31/10
""
"}
34
for the province of Lombardy
3,222,143 49
1,162,717 19
99,532 12
""
""
3/1/1
11,464,800
46,500
2,283,072 53
787,082 36
120
8,416 40
833 20
8,426,691 31
27,817,958 561
""
""
""
37
20,472 13%
4.
198,617,540 29
""
""
11
17
66,704,953 25
4 1/
5
""
20,261,699 201
458,016,466 63
Civil List
6
""
*"
5,457,193 25
2,436,197 17
3,920,323 12
2,254,268 19
1,956,732 36
312,557 8
59,596 12
81,326,834 16
Clerical offices vacant....………
Income of Crown Lands...
Factories on Government account..
3,339,914 50
123,629 2
for the expenses of occupation
Sundry receipts (War Office)
Mining Department
Sundry Branches :-
1. Revenues reserved to the War Office,-
From various branches of the service
From the Military Frontier
Sale of Powder and Saltpetre
2. Revenue not specially reserved for the War
Office,-
The General Frontier Fund
Received from Rome, Parma and Modena,
Balance of former accounts
Proceeds of Judicial Fines and Forfeitures.
Sundry receipts
...
Other ordinary sources of revenue
EXTRAORDINARY RECEIPTS.
Proceeds of Crown Lands sold
Sale of Copper Money
Interest from the Composition Fund......
Sum received from the towns Arad and Werscholz...
Sundry extraordinary receipts
387,148
9,819,876 23
4,228,910
11,201 12
1,285,253
6
Foreign Office:-
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
War Office:-
1. Excess over the Military Consolidated Fund,-
Pay, Equipments, &c. of the Army
For Gunpowder, &c. to the Factory
2. Charged on the General Revenue,
For the General Frontier Fund
Expenses in Rome, Parma and Modena
Balance of former accounts
Sundry expenses
Government Expenses :-
Salaries to Civil Officers....
Pensions and Gratifications
47,366,934
1,049,299 38
7,236 43
299,346 30
1,224,190 13
1,829,381 2
Capital not bearing Interest
* Obligations to the National Bank on which no
Interest is paid at present
16,776
39,000,403
766,768,832 201
137,187,300
Recent Lottery Loans:
11
Loan of April 4th, 1820, with prizes in lieu of
Interest (last series)
5,720,000
Loan of July 28th, 1830, for 27,500,000, with
Interest at 4 per cent. and prizes (rest)
Loan of May 21st, 1834, 25,000,000, with
prizes in lieu of Interest..
22,400,000
25,000,000
163,403 10
50,110,410 25
Series of Loan of 1828, not yet paid off
53,120,000
2,500,000
959,576,132 20
11,435,410 55
4,759,992 10
5,262,916 33
Provisional Allowances
185,624 18
Allowances from the Emperor
447,634 28
Supplementary Allowances to Salaries.........
199,367 23
1,207,825 40
893,505 56
825,494 32
Allowances for Apartments
507,048 48
"
""
""
"
Allowances for Table-money
110,127 14
=
Rent of Offices
Building Expenses
Office Expenses.
188,104
449,490 15
1,028,373
4
11
""
""
14
44-8
222345
2. Interest payable in Paper money:-
Capital, bearing Interest at 14 per cent.
13
80,050
24,167,597 127
139,329,417 1777
24
4,370,942 123
2/1/
120,425,713
8/1/
"}
3,052,628
16
"
5,709 48}
"1
17
"}
11
48,024 6
Estafettes by Post
Travelling and Removing Expenses
Daily Allowances
38,633 21
379,611 59
238,960 59
Capital not bearing Interest
2,489,677 13
37,511 434
293,959,246 51
Rewards and Aids
167,535 59
**Florins 1,253,535,379
12
64,316 24
Expense of the Conscription
31,644 28
302,259 29
Sanatory Expenses...
376,364 17
=
= £125.353.000 sterling
221,608 21
Expenses for Servants
107,773 35
721,281 50
Equivalents and Deductions on Accounts
736,188 22
14,489,340 41
Sums paid for Foundations, &c.
402,546
16
Sundry ordinary charges
7,846
Interest of Debts chargeable to the Exchequer...
Transport of Money, Cominissions, &c.
15,469 37
110,589 6
1,778,875 54
20,644 54
Sundry Charges
738,980 39
23,166,242 7
16
Police
1,702,160
8
45,490 55
531,470 49
Expenses of Surveying for the Land Tax.....
Expenses of Excise control
734,540 18
1,251,444 55
6,605,392 48
Preventive Service Guard
Sundry Charges
5,255,209 25
118,345 8
Revenue for the Year..........
Florins (Conv. M.) 154,340,734
a
9,061,699 54
4
Education Fund
Political Funds and Endowed Establishments
Church Fund (subsidiary charge)
Normal School Funds.......
Road and Waterworks Fund
Charitable Institutions
...
* The Vienna papers have recently declared that, of this sum, 60,000,000 of florins have
been paid in specie to the Bank by Government.
** Of this sum, 185,072,379 florins stood, at the close of 1837, in the name of the Sinking
Fund.
929,298 9
(do.)
1,228,655
210,900
9
7,532,563
4
I
1,536,237 23
}
Small-pox Prevention (Vaccine Fund)
Criminal Fund......
Sundry Charges
Balances due from other years
1,660,864 25
73,500
408,839 44
351,578 49
13,928,436 42
EXTRAORDINARY EXPENDITURE.
Purchase Money.
Copper Coin called in.....
Indemnifications on account of the Excise
Debentures Redeemed with Interest..
Cost of Bank Notes and Exchanges
Sundry Extraordinary Charges.
Closing of the General Debt Book
Total of the regular Expenditure for 1837....
160,611 6
36,070
1,218,039 46
46,336 42
19,660 3
1,312,797 32
3,010 32
2,796,525 41
...Florins 173,054,842 41
*4#
No. II.
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE OF THE EMPIRE ON WHICH THE LAND-TAX IS RATED FOR 1829.


Agricultural Produce.


Productive Surface, in Jochs. (1 Austrian joch = 1
= 13 English acre.)
Cor), in Austrian metzen. (1 metzen 1 English bushels.)
Wine,
Provinces.
in cimers.
Hay,
Timber and
Wood,
Estimated value of Produce in the year
1829,-in florins (10 = £1 sterling).
Land-Tax
levied in 1829,
in cwts.
Arable land.
Vine- Meadows
yards. and
Gardens.
Com-
mons.
Forests.
Total.
Wheat.
Rye.
Barley.
Oats.
Total.
1 elmer=
12 gall.
in klafters.
1 klafter
(in Florins.)
I cwt.=123lbs. 224 cubic ft. On Manorial Burghers and
Estates,
Total.
Peasants.
Lower Austria
Upper Austria
Styria.......
Carinthia and Carniola
Illyrian Coast
Bohemia
Moravia and Silesia
Galicia
1,399,910 80,153 447,758 251,347 1,122,285 3,301,453 587,487 3,757,130 556,643 3,843,641 8,744,901 1,394,540
8,744,901|1,394,540
975,523 73 530,916 119,640 1,116,762 2,742,914 741,010 2,703,599 1,412,636 2,431,665 7,288,910 585
701,385 54,674 491,336 525,535 1,959,194 3,732,124 788,408 1,676,721 606,613 2,386,064 5,457,806 641,372
477,492 16,814 556,973 763,846 1,528,942 3,344,067 391,778 799,775 561,188 1,534,636 3,287,377 239,360 3,728,874 920,381
247,974 25,780 169,566 517,984 312,838 1,274,142 168,038 89,197
540,246 359,587 1,157,068 631,607 1,097,686
3,891,646 4,471 948,718 611,642 2,316,123 7,772,600 1,863,799 10,059,713 4,147,284 8,225,569 24,296,365 26,142 8,079,024
2,213,855 51,793 390,152 463,098 1,114,849 4,233,747 1,700,775 5,482,104 2,326,098 5,770,682 15,279,659 287,415 4,811,002
5,770,718 30 2,068,731 1,361,613 4,260,897 13,461,989 2,802,709 7,553,450 10,528,280 14,693,543 35,577,982 225 22,753,054
Total...... 15,678,503 233,788 5,604,150 1,614,705 13,731,890 39,863,0369,044,004 32,121,689 20,678,988 39,245,387 101,090,068 3,221,246 56,915,058 10,892,881
3,982,530
1,006,410
42,375,479 2,395,346
7,701,889
1,046,928
1,046,928
4,760,999
1,633,802
1,633,802
1,276,300| 23,416,138 24,692,438
4,667,155 18,460,056 23,127,211
1,431,942 13,563,551| 14,995,493
377,155
10,532,989
2,165,340 21,944,792 42,609,102 64,553,894
1,310,656 14,276,667 19,509,458 33,786,125 3,487,896
2,432,209 15,169,981 24,176,511 39,346,492 3,161,409
253,410,121 18,990,169
1,678,150
1,387,534
1,138,195
386,378
5,355,261

Productive Surface, in Jochs.
1
Corn, in Austrian Melzen.
Provinces.
Arable land. Rice-fields. Vineyards.
Meadows Common
and grazing Forests.
Gardens. land.
Beans,
Pease, Mil
Wine.
Rice.
etc.
Oil of Olives, Potatoes, Chestnuts,
Nuts, Linseed, Walnuts, Beetroot,
Fruit.
Hay.
Straw.
Cocoons. Tobacco
Flax
and
Butter,
Timber,
Honey, Wood, and
Hemp. Wax, &c. Charcoal.
Value of

Produce in
1829.
Land-Tax
levied in
Olive-
1829.
Total.
Wheat. Rye.
Barley. Oats.
Maize.
Total.
let, etc.
grounds.
In Eimers.
In Eimers.
Tyrol..
Dalmatia
Lombardy
Venice
Military Frontier 1,493,197
377,262
161,831
372,455 90,160
55,230 432,492 648,738 1,946,199
91,265 10,291 583,210 301,438 16,447
531,940 430,781 305,659 709,801
15
365,402 23,658 1,226,526 475,463 503,260 430,606
48,919 824,681 760,935 1,873,575
3,459,936 211,552 567,185 243,982 169,991 389,607 1,582,317
1,164,482 115,472 43,106 497,641 142,091 211,911 1,010,221
2,940,796 2,951,112 488,582 50,048 26,038 4,108,316 7,861,096 441,791 520,856 2,889,686
3,024,915 2,745,961 179,741 44,484 243,186 3,060,570 6,273,942 279,394 211,805 2,704,734
5,001,307 | 515,4162,395,032 925,560 1,306,037 2,304,079 7,446,124 570,505
717,596
130,102
91,920
572,386 235 eimer.
814,404 75,208 cwt.
85,044
*
54,691
"1
235 eimer.
772,925 cwt.
6,805 metz.
1,244,138 cwt.
1,010,849 metz.
2,372,669
2,017,063 cwt.
"
In Austrian cwts (= 123 English pounds).
8,652,932 1,192,710 18,747 1,850 8,844 122,826 911,432 24,676,598 604,787
228,888 318,946 337
138
302,587 7,799,206, 396,307
9,726,659 6,236,216 180,958
119,461 695,998 177,136 120,891,255 7,359,761
6,141,561 2,827,659 122,267 3,389 79,336 27,609 107,461 54,648,825 5,320,967|
6,234,509
1,972 6,501 63,866
305,100 21,664,547 990,133!
Klafters.
Florins.
Total... 3,270,147 113,818 1,953,880 2,173,708 2,801,802 5,261,619 16,462 15,591,436 6,539,513 3,673,646 1,761,7152,124,343 10,074,483 24,173,700 1,513,712 732,6617,698,806 214,943 cwt.
Total Land-Tax raised in 1829, 33,662,124 florins.
3,390,323 metz. 30,984,549 10,575,531 324,281 11,740 271,645 846,433 1,803,716|229,680,431|14,671,955
No. III.
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE OF THE EMPIRE ON WHICH THE LAND-TAX IS RATED FOR 1837.
Productions (agricultural).
Productive surface, in Jochs. (1 Austrian joch = 1 English acre.)

Corn, in Austrian metzen. (1 metzen ==
1 English bushels.)
Wine,
in eimers.
Provinces.
Hay, in cwts.
Arable land. Vineyards.
Meadows
and
Gardens.
Commons.
Forests.
Total.
Wheat.
Rye.
Barley.
Oats.
Total.
1 eimer=
12 gall.
1 cwt. 123 lbs.
Timber and
Wood,
in klafters.
1 klafter =
224 cubic feet.
Total
estimated value
of Manorial
and other
Estates
(in Florins).
Land-Tax
levied in
1837.
Lower Austria
Upper Austria
Styria....
Carinthia and Carniola
Illyrian coast
Tyrol
Bohemia.
Moravia and Silesia
3,889,979
...
2,213,855
Galicia
Dalmatia.....
Total......
Lombardy
Venice.....
Total.....
1,399,910 80,153 447,758 251,347 1,122,285 3,301,453
834,556
27 530,601 517,683 1,141,823 3,024,690
709,147 54,875 456,960 596,341| 1,773,564 | 3,590,887
477,492 16,814 556,973 763,846 1,528,942 3,344,067
245,738
26,132 171,252 520,866
377,300 55,300 432,930 648,800
4,446 948,468 611,501
51,793 390,152 463,098
5,770,388 30 2,068,032 1,360,166
161,228 | 100,530 28,728 568,538
16,079,593 390,100 6,031,854 6,302,186 15,813,013 44,616,746 10,388,057 36,806,956 21,068,245 | 40,725,057
1,119,754 539,766 513,555 405,192 707,546 3,285,813 2,899,886 5,171,249 56,498 338,729
389,060 1,226,526 475,463 503,260 430,606 3,024,915 2,598,120 4,791,500 58,368 317,571
1,508,814 1,766,292 989,018 908,452 1,138,152 | 6,310,728 5,498,006 9,962,749 114,866 656,300
1,212,727 5,229,431 977,082 5,781,611
665,392 2,327,190 1,336,985 2,007,710
927,503 2,875,184 127,604 2,002,213
416,595 885,147 599,652 1,662,290
317,246 1,281,234 348,920 833,303 197,604 105,670
1,946,200| 3,460,530 304,850 1,191,060 292,900 271,200
2,316,298 7,770,692 1,892,840 10,056,409 4,175,846 8,223,322
1,114,849 4,233,747 1,700,775 5,482,104 2,326,098 5,770,682
4,250,932 13,449,548 2,802,510 7,552,114 10,527,264 14,693,140
300,874 1,159,898 115,945 375,014 507,210 207,219
13,200,851
1,966,210
6,337,277
216
7,694,148
11,579,240
976,311
1,086,820
34,592,836
2,402,672
5,932,504
830,488
8,560,840
23,168,799 1,723,649
1,820,234 22,444,393 1,395,538
3,563,684
238,832
3,774,655
1,132,597
12,421,284
1,485,497
952,610
2,145,839
234,039
12,577,098
2,060,010
723,000
14,568,900
896,000
1,122,792
350,792
52,713,713 605,423
24,348,417
25,989
8,076,563 2,165,579
15,279,659
287,415
4,811,002
50,104,188 5,395,953
1,310,657 24,663,165 3,768,485
35,575,028
225
1,205,388
655,753
22,738,542
1,001,545
2,423,363
39,724,421 2,848,598
Military frontier.....
108,988,315
8,466,362 2,341,282
7,765,559 | 1,970,979
16,231,921 4,312,261 21,711,853
1,490,335 48,404 851,292 788,115 2,154,907 5,333,053 704,724 6,290,240 1,068,372 1,735,357 9,798,693 431,146 6,966,127
Grand Total...... 19,078,742 2,204,796 7,872,164 7,998,753 19,106,072 56,260,527 16,590,787 53,059,945 22,251,483 | 43,116,714| 135,018,929 10,424,145 113,629,254 | 14,689,091 505,390,273 33,485,249
5,680,738
301,463
84,951,274 12,347,063 | 281,774,235 | 19,908,310
9,364,338 294,408
12,399,051 734,348 138,298,513 7,358,313
9,312,802 129,350 59,942,317 5,217,786
863,698 198,240,830 12,576,099
1,478,330 25,375,208 1,000,840
Salt Monopoly.
SALT AND TOBACCO MONOPOLIES, 1837.
The quantity of salt produced in 1837 was as follows:-
وو
Salines.
Rock-salt.
Boiled Salt.
Bay Salt.
Gmünden
...
5,585 cwt. 677,989 cwt.
Hallein
Aussee
Hall
2,008
150
59
202,911
208,974
206,802
""
""
Wieliczka
Bochnia
Galicia (Springs)
809,021
277.505
4,145
">
379,197,,
Dalmatia
Illyrian Coast
82,386 cwt.
347,231
Marmaros
785,980
""
Soovar
107,617,
Transylvania
947,945
Total...... 2,832,339 cwt. 1,783,490 cwt. 429,617 cwt.
The sale of salt to foreign countries takes place on a small scale in Tyrol and
Lombardy to parts of Switzerland, in Dalmatia to Turkey; on a larger scale in
Galicia to Russia, Poland and Prussia.
Besides the unlimited quantity of salt which Russia and the kingdom of Poland
can draw from Galicia at the rate of 2 florins (4s.) per cwt. for rock-salt, or for
140 lbs of boiled salt, Russia draws under the treaty of 14th of March 1831, for
eleven years, 320,000 cwt. of rock-salt and 42,000 cwt. of boiled salt, to be settled
for at a future day.
Those provinces which have no salt, or not sufficient to meet their demand, are
supplied from other provinces. Thus Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia are supplied
with rock-salt from Galicia, and with boiled salt from Gmunden. Carinthia and
Carniola are supplied by Aussee. The parts of Carniola bordering on the Illyrian
Coast province, and the coast itself, draw their supplies from the salt-works in
Istria, whence and from Dalmatia the supplies come for the Venetian territory
and part of Lombardy. Hungary, besides the quantity of Dalmatian and Istrian
salt used in Croatia and the military frontier, draws the salt which it requires
above its own production from Galicia and Transylvania.
275 under 4 leading offices.
1,276
The offices for the sale of salt are
The civil officers, clerks, &c.
Daily assistants, servants, guards, &c. 12,782
Pension list
1,412
Provisional allowances are given to
. 8,384
•
•
23,854
Individuals employed
Tobacco Monopoly (1837).
Tobacco Monopoly (continued).
:
No. IV.
In the factory at Milan, out of 17,282 cwt. of leaves and 279 cwt. of half-pre-
pared, there were finished 10,703 cwt. of smoking tobacco and 7827 cwt. of
At Venice out of 16,385 cwt. of leaves were made 8017 cwt. snuff and 1165
cwt. of smoking tobacco.

snuff.
The lb. of snuff cost in 1836 on an average (with the exception of Lombardy
and Venice) 12 kreutzers (5d.), and it sold for 564 kreutzers (1s. 10d.). The
profit from the monopoly consequently was 433 kreutzers (1s. 5½d.) per lb., or 774
per cent.
The lb. of smoking tobacco cost 144 kreutzers, and was sold at 26 kreutzers;
leaving a profit of 11 kreutzers (44d.), or 43 per cent.
In 1837 the lb. of snuff cost 124 kreutzers, and sold for 56 kreutzers; profit
78 per cent. The lb. of smoking tobacco cost 14 kreutzers, and was sold at
264 kreutzers; profit 443 per cent.
A comparison of the results of 19 years shows that (with the exception of the
allowance to the army) every snuff-taker, on an average, consumes 12 lbs., and
every smoker 18 lbs. annually. The proportion of consumers to 1000 of the male
adult population was as follows:-
Lower Austria.....
Upper Austria..
Styria........
Carinthia and Carniola.
Illyrian coast...
Tyrol....
Bohemia...
Male
Adults.
1836.
Snuff-
takers.
Smokers.
Male
Adults.
1837.
Snuff-
takers.
Smokers.
368,486 143 334
247,732 77 306
254,938 38 196
207,511 32 218
125,393 71 126
220,573 215 220
1,016,154
328,837 138 340
251,391
264,093
207,553
73 306
37 196
30 221
125,944 71 139
219,901 230 243
86 249||1,026,744 83 253
Moravia and Silesia...... 526,655 31 297 527,172 29 297
Galicia.
1,094,356 16| 193||1,130,186 16 185
Dalmatia.
101,880 17 33 103.204 15 32
Lombardy.
760,330 84 44 774,103 84 50
Venice....
594,612 112 20 595,909 112 21
....
Total in the 12 provinces
72 186
71 189
241,668 cwt.
49,053,,
The quantities used were-
Inland leaves
Foreign leaves .
290,721 cwt.
•
The quantities sold in 1837 were—
Snuff 47,620 cwt.
Tobacco 224,238
271,858 cwt. (123 lbs. English).
""
HALF MANUFACTURED.
FINISHED.

Factories.
Quantity produced.
In cwts. 123 lbs.
English.
Quantity of leaves used.
In cwts.
Quantity produced.
Quantity used.
In cwts.
In cwts.
For
Roll
Ground. Cut.
Ground.
Cut. Spun. Snuff.
Smoking. Tobacco. Ground.
nd. Cut.
Hainburg... 3,153 47,151
Fürstenfeld
22,559
Trent
4,120
Schwartz
2,801
Sedletz...
51,715
Göding..
22,256
Winicke
4,061 41,860 4,813 43,731 23 2,656 40 219
1,364 48,796 8,155 10,356 46,017 5,987 6,115 47,701
||
22,818 1,130 2,532 21,536 1.115 2,518 22,616
4,694
5,988
4,031
2,755 6,888
2,819 8,401
2,867
51,348 3,124|| 10,038 51,274 3,002 6,044 52,010
22,113 8,809 1,647 22,262 8,211 970 22,381
21 1,710 41,365
MANAGEMENT AND OFFICERS.
75 offices.
9 factories.
373 civil officers.
3,148 clerks, guards and workmen.
364 head warehouses.
39,158 retail shops.
ON THE PENSION LIST.
613 with pensions.
1611 with allowances.
2
11,334 188,342 10,871 191,561 28,129|| 33,217 184,127 26,737 21,388 188,940
POST-OFFICE, STAMP DUTY, SALTPETRE MONOPOLY, TOLLS OF ROADS, &c. IN 1837.
The Post-Office.
Parcels.
No. V.
The number of offices in 1837 was
19 Head offices.
132 Inspectorships.
1078 Post-stations.
139 Letter-collectors' offices.
142 Post stable establishments.
6 Water-posts.
1316 establishments, with 692 Civil officers, clerks and diurnists.
48 Government
1177 Private
}
Postmasters.
139 Letter-collectors.
142 Stable-keepers.
183 Letter-carriers (messengers).
194 Conducteurs.
266 Letter-carriers (distributors).
12 Office porters.
79
servants.
On the Pension List.........419.
The Office owns 69 Letter-carriages.
39 Mail coaches.
""
265 Coaches for passengers.
27 Cabriolets.
6 Semlin courier-carriages.
53 Fourgon carriages (vans).
6 Vienna Penny-post carriages.
31 Postchaises.
136 Luggage-carriages.
621 vehicles.
Movement of the Post in the undermentioned years :—
Inland.
Private correspondence: the Capital..
1836. Forwarded from the capital and provin-
cial chief towns, for private persons
from the country
520,132
561,690
Official parcels
""
""
1,081,828, in weight 3,499,645 lbs.
288,880
1,144,469
""
1837. Forwarded from the capital and provin-
cial chief towns
from the country
528,770
648,852
Official parcels......
1836. Money forwarded for private persons
Government
""
""
1837. Money forwarded for private persons
Government
1,177,622, in weight 3,119,319 lbs.
301,731
""
1,497,842
144,952,143 florins.
81.769,377
""
226,721,520
145,085,252
80,725,917
"1
225,811,169
"
Passengers forwarded:-1836. 92,828 individuals;-1837. 97,439 individuals.
The number of parcels forwarded by the different offices was-
In 1836. In 1837.
Parcels.
220
225 offices dispatched more than
100
333
322
500
""
111
122
11
""
1,000
105
105
""
5,000
18
26
10,000
""
10
8
""
17
>>
20,000
6
10
""
11
up to 50,000
3
2
""
more than 50,000
The Stamp Duty.
""
the Country.
not called for
1836.
6,615,604 letters
11,057,410
1837.
6,795,981 letters
11,331,839
No. of Stamps
Value
In Italy.
sold.
of each.
No. of Stamps
Value
fl. kr.
sold.
of each.
""
Official correspondence
206,336
4,789,466 packets
219,707
222 at
100 0
206 at
175 centesimi.
4,683,983 packets
265
80 0
21
115
845
40 0
""
Letters and packets
22,668,816
23,031,510
159,726
85
3,091
20 0
""
Newspapers.....
4,278,783
4,503,918
374,572
60
8,494
10 O
1,571,445
30
Foreign.
Letters received
...
in transit
""
1,614,144
284,955
1836.
Newspapers 1,436,240
14,894
7 0
"">
43,680
4 0
108,355
2 0
13,284
The Stamp-office employs-
199,370
1 0
>>
remained in the country 1,329,189
Letters dispatched
1,722,912
1,423,956
388,595
29,071
0 45
9 Offices with 64 civilians, and
20 diurnal clerks, &c.
175,652
0 17
In 1836. In 1837.
1,813,538
0 15
109
77 offices dispatched up to
188
223
100 letters.
500
596,951
0 12
29
5,860,000
0 6
The number on the Pension List from this
office is 143.
""
194
201
""
""
>>
384
380
""
""
210
222
""
147
147
90
89
1,000
5,000
10,000
20,000
50,000
281,236
0 30
""
3,367,490
0 3
""
""
46
49
above 50,000
The Sale of Saltpetre and Gunpowder.
Forty sale-offices with 43 civilians and 60 diurnal and other clerks, &c; the
number on the Pension List being 48.
Tolls of Roads, Bridges, Rivers, and the Diritti Uniti.
There are within the Empire 1370 Toll-houses :—-~-
In 1837 the Military Factories produced
The Crown Factories
•
•
Gunpowder.
20,279 cwt.
2,669,
Saltpetre.
13,885 cwt.
670
22,948
14,555
Managed by Government
Farmed out
•
•
141
1229
1370
""
Quantity of the above sold to private persons
to the War-office
16,645
3,533
""
2,784
""
24
"
The management was conducted by 49 civilians, 6 helpers and servants; and
the pensioners on this office are 41 in number.
20,178
Quantity on hand at the end of 1837
45,420
2,808
56,370
No. VI.
PROCEEDS OF THE LOTTERY (1837).
Result of the Lottery Accounts for the year 1837,
Showing the number of Players, the sums risked, and the sums paid for Prizes, in all the Provinces.
Risked.
Prizes.
In each province there averaged for
every inhabitant-

No.
of
Stakes.
Sum
risked,
in Florins.
Number.
Total
Amount
in Money,
in Florins.
Lower Austria......
Upper Austria.
Styria........
Carinthia and Carniola.
Illyrian Coast.
Tyrol.......
Bohemia
6,178,500
Moravia and Silesia..
8,763,550 1,501,898 107,231
6,648,100 1,109,775 89,846
2,778,771 414,988 34,233
975,312 135,256 11,809
1,625,361 256,208 14,733
1,016,900 163,403 14,475
887,130 73,485
4,161,100 566,838 267,011
Galicia......
Dalmatia...
Total.......
Lombardy...
Venice......
34,506,010 5,393,327 637,664 2,745,859 50 541 2,647,468 2
15,493,784 2,227,012 140,710 1,284,982 57 42
11,886,335 1,643,186 91,724 1,020,979 62 8
40
2
0
0 19 0 10 0 93
Amount
per cent.
on the
Stakes.
flor. kr.
Net Profit
to the
Crown,
in Florins.
800,101
No.
Staked.
Prizes.
Gain
to the
Crown.
Amount.
Amount.
flor. kr. flor. kr.flor. kr.
6 1 6 0 300 351
564,872 8 1 18/ 0 38/1/20 0 40
150,368 3 0 26 0 16/1/20
44/4
0 17 0 16
2,284,650
73,766
345,563 24,445
12,268 396
701,797 46 43
544,903 49 6
264,620 63 45
81,250 60 434
131,890 51 281
80,162 49 34
471,872 53 114
286,680 50 34
179,062 51 49
3,623 29 313
54,006 1 0 103
124,318 3 0 33
83,241 1 0 113
415,258 1 0 13
280,158 2 0 16 0
166,501
8,645
0
530 6
0 6
18782
8
0 2
0
13/
1912
942,030 6 053 0 31
622,207 6 0 460 29
0 22/1/0
0 172
Total
27,380,119 3,870,198 232,434 2,305,961 59 35 1,564,237
C
0 500 30
0 20/1/20
Hungary
Transylvania.....
Military Frontier
....
3,973,040 686,024 35,685 356,347 51 56
960,250 167,365 12,818
247,200 44,504 1,980
329,677
0
.98,801 59 13
25,183 56 35
68,564
0
19,321
0 2층
​33 W
3/10
13 0
5 0
Total
5,180,490 897,893 50,483 480,331 53 29 417,562
0
30
3 0
10
2 0 131
121
131
colt
2
Grand Total
67,066,619 10,161,418 920,581 5,532,151 54 264,629,267
2 0
17 0
91 0 72323
Receipts of the Lottery in 1837.
Sums risked by individuals
In forfeited stakes
Duty on Estates, &c. sold by Lottery.
Sundry receipts
For Prizes..
Salary of Collectors
Sundry charges
Net profit.....
Florins.
Florins.
10,161,418
3,729
236,760
Disbursements.
8,620
10,410,527
...
5,532,151
560,356
307,856
6,400,363
4,010,164 (=£400,000 sterling.)
PROCEEDS OF THE SALES OF CROWN LANDS FROM 1819 TO 1837.
No. VII.
In 1837.
In the years 1819 to 1837.
Setting up Sale Price.
Price.
Setting up
Price.
Sale Price.
Lower Austria
Upper Austria
118,058 190,100
119,405 150,600,
1,355,639 2,004,626
Styria......
432,991 563,312
186,023 271,209
Carinthia and Carniola
Illyrian Coast.
•
Tyrol
Bohemia
Galicia..
· •
Dalmatia.
• ·
Lombardy
Venice.....
Hungary
Transylvania...
Total.....
210,449 266,050
92,178 130,000
......
84,000 89,898
1,821,555|2,224,400
358,302 365,591
5,786 3,000
345,835 522,043
14,193 18,832
192,011 218,777
684,397 913,655
2,544,690 3,514,410
8,570 8,270
2,174,865 2,356,441
3,068,657| 3,569,296
8,672,204 10,239,294
63,273 47,009
2,809,733 3,419,639| 19,743,338 24,247,174
GOLD AND SILVER MONEY COINED AT THE IMPERIAL MINTS IN
1836 and 1837.

Gold Coin.
1836.
Silver Coin.
Souverains
d'Or.
Ducats.
Total.
Dollars and
Scudi.
zers.
Lire and Pieces of Pieces of
20 Kreutzer 10 Kreut-5 Kreut- Groats.
Pieces.
Total of
Gold and
Silver.
Total.
zers.
Vienna
Prague
Kremnitz
260,084 113,893
1,723,413 596,412 2,319,825 220,221 220,739 17,905 33,480 99,494
In conv. fl.
591,839 2,911,664
373,977 373,977
Carlsburg
661,487 661,487
1,330,519 1,330,519
973,702
380,772
Milan
Venice.....
1,287,027
369,027
1,287,027 347,932 299,740
369,027 296,202
973,703 1,635,189
380,772 1,711,291
647,672 1,934,699
296,202 665,229
Total
3,379,467 2,588,418 5,967,885 1,124,439 1,988,846||| 17,905 33,480 99,4943,264,164 9,232,049
1837.
Vienna
Prague
Kremnitz
......
2,173,333 2,126,362 4,299,695 291,616
115,876
Carlsburg
Milan
Venice
715,572 715,572
1,410,116 1,410,116
......
186,055 271,507 45,318 134,469 928,965 5,228,660
147,763 9,570
872,511
467,826 7,200
273,209 273,209
872,511 1,588,083
317,933
469,947
......
469,947 211,400
Total
317,933 485,632 258,296
4,275 479,301 1,889,417
1,143,928 1,461,861
211,400 681,347
2 961,213 4,252,050 7,213,263 1,104,524 2,332,451 288,277 45,318 138,744 3,909,314 11,122,577
Medals were coined at the Vienna Mint, 1836, to the value of 26,578 florins in gold, and 18,357 florins in silver.
1837,
15,541
6,671
""
""
The Mark of fine gold is taken at the Mint at 366 fl. 534 kr., the Mark of fine silver at 210 fl., and they
are coined at the same rate. At the purchase per cent. is deducted from gold, and 13 per cent. from silver
for coinage expenses.
From the Government and Private Mines were brought
In 1836,-5,567 Marks of gold, and 94,530 Marks of silver.
In 1837,-6,239
98,173
"
which formed an addition to the coin in circulation in 1836 of 4,311,220 f., and to that in 1837 of 4,681,914 Al.
UomoU
REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF THE POLITICAL FUNDS, 1837.
No. VIII.
Account of Receipts, Expenditure and Capital of the various Funds and Institutions called the
"Political Funds."
FUNDS DRAWING SUPPLE-
MENTARY ENDOWMENTS
FROM THE STATE.
Property and Capital.
In the Public Funds.
Other monied investments,
Receipts. Expenditure. Capital in es-
tates and
other real
property.
Bearing inte-
rest 5 per
cent. silver.
In florins, conv. money.
Bearing inte-
rest 2 per
cent. Vienna
currency.
Capital on
loan to private
Paper currency, conv. florins.
Debts
chargeable.
Other
receipts.
persons at 5
per cent.
conv. florins.
conv. florins.


Religious (Church) Fund
Education Fund........
Normal-school Fund
Road Fund.....
Fund for the erection of
...
2,401,741
597,693
268,804
2,885,829
4,979,453 28,076,074 27,028,515
955,180 1,850,780 4,653,731| 5,233,567
586,627
90,463
1,964,575
561,588
1,071,853
331,332
508,670
3,817,221
107,333
71,884
1,603,249 2,383,321
94,063, 222,168
176,674
1,519,713 1,085,412
882,555
.....
.....
469,393
120,577
works on rivers, &c.
Fund for the treatment of
criminals
...
163,429 1,119,352
Fund for charitable insti-
tutions
229,224
Vaccine Fund
Sundry foundations
1,384,393
47 77,940
43,572 220,835
35,000
885,160
35,970 98,834
322,968 1,124,958)
1,184 364,626 136,101
170,058
354,779 219,453
......
19,781
29,950
120,131 165,426 237,528
14,152
13,000
The "Political Funds" of
3,704,510 11,851,975 8,049,741 34,857,418 36,106,723|
301,222 3,040,450 796,862 234,093
Lombardy
Venice
Military Frontier
114,579 3,005,563 888,050 411,563
260,031 521,253
......
942,395
124,471
319,139 357,171
5,490,775
3,184,352
11,960 158,743
458,131
Total
4,380,342 18,419,239 9,734,653 35,503,074 36,106,723 1,386,005 5,859,906 3,801,226
UNENDOWED FUNDS.
Lower Austria
5,207,673 5,001,251 8,557,581 6,687,330 16,053,760
1,135,033 2,951,732
897,957
Upper Austria
2,184,424 2,065,678 8,478,462 4,359,220
7,046,126
4,498,548 2,630,169
1,274,036
Styria.....
1,148,462
Carinthia and Carniola
Illyrian Coast...
Tyrol
Bohemia
1,064,163 4.555,894 410,117
910,754 896,551 7,905,420 1,823,872
759,198 670,543 4,369,849 1,664,126
2,022,965 1,894,942 5,510,394
3,434,658 3,097,365 3,796,390
5,810,026
796,298
898,992
825,247
4,096,811
966,837
342,371
116,904
546,662
1,459,187
422,020
533,885
3,012,341
382,511
9,214,733 1,440,740
343,883
4,889,736
8,012,135
7,054,620 7,705,543
598,672
Moravia and Silesia
Galicia
Dalmatia
1,935,915 1,842,285 176,563 743,843
1,605,663 1,422,826 1,991,138
207,497 194,632 699,861
4,269,301| 1,840,856 335,496
138,521
1,587,893
2,050,486] 484,293
45,406
780,293
11,197 110,170 39,392
372,851
480
Lombardy
Venice
Hungary
Transylvania
Military Frontier
Total
19,417,209 18,150,236 46,041,552 25,223,884 48,279,015 27,560,575 17,546,748 5,102,436
8,868,520 8,752,463 104,496,274 6,650,745 19,627 26,203,969 2,139,674 14,310,357
4,234,196 4,102,231 25,657,498 5,877,237 150,126 8,306,641 3,556,825 2,269,929
13,102,716 12,854,694 130,153,772 12,527,982
1,855,240 1,378,459| 13,309,310
375,891 409,641 636,646
612,460 506,853 4,368,135
169,753 34,510,610 5,696,499 16,580,286
1,188,044 7,813,636 5,607,289 3,782,196 996,689
149,467 861,297 1,162,279 165,952 59,201
718,608 1,578,908 415,830 2,550,062 518,704
2,843,591 2,294,953 18,314,091 2,056,119 10,253,841 7,185,398 6,498,210 1,574,594
35,363,516 33,299,883 194,509,415 39,807,985 58,702,609 69,256,583 29,741,457 23,257,316
fotal of both kinds of Funds 39,743,858 51,719,122 204,244,068 75,311,059 94,809,332 70,642,588 35,601,363 27,058,542
Uor M
1
No. IX.
Property and Capital.
Capital in the Funds.
Revenue.
Expenditure. Capitalized
In silver.
Towns and Communes.
value of land
and real
In paper.
Capital lent
at interest
Other pro-
ductive ca-
Debts.
Towns and Communes.
property.
Interest.
5 per cent.
pital.
REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF THE CHIEF TOWNS AND COMMUNES.
The Revenue and Expenditure, with the property of the Towns and of other Communities in the Empire in 1837.

Property and Capital.
Capital in the Funds.
In silver.
In paper.
Interest.
Capital lent
at Interest
5 per cent.
Other pro-
ductive ca-
pital.
Revenue.
Expenditure. Capitalized
value of land
and real
property.
5 per cent.
24
24 per cent.
5 per cent.
24 per cent.
Florins conv. money.
Florins.
Florins conv. money.
Florins.
Debts.
LOWER AUSTRIA.
BOHEMIA.
Vienna
1,710,356
1,797,007
4,525,446
4,525,446
1,494,525 4,911,143
St. Pölten
9,596
10,620
61,650
8,515
18,278
8,400
126
789,045
7,026
3,416,146 || Prague
Budweis
404,576
391,280
2,403,684
51,160
7,720
51,684
53,368
882,657 19,429
6,995
23.463
27,881
223,831
154,770
35,507 19,121
Kornenburg
27,457
25,741
11,964
2,592
28,465
138
31,511
7,348 | Ellbogen.
38,381
38,531 495,062 13,297
9,604
3,771
48,609
710
Krems.....
29,650
21,582
20,626
20,320
26,510
3,664 Pilsen
63,903
60,299 1,093,189 79,295
18,110
19,883
66,852
504
17 Market Towns
223,944
253,567
1,413,285
19,626
100,889
148,653
150,175
13 Free Towns
36,938
32,767
Total.....
2,037,941
345,365
2,141,284 6,378,336
13,130
10,892
36,649
59,324
236,790 2 Royal Towns
33,114 Chrudim
92,589
6,225
Königgrätz
52,350
88,157 1,526,464 14,852
6,220 126,200
56,799 375,060
121,215
966
61,248 114,973
1,933
3,266
2.519
2,622 7,219
5,600
17,055
11,675
46,248 7,815
1,538,388 | 5,069,667
214,286 1,063,591 3,697,062 7 Towns
83,274
71,981 | 1,525,094
36,616
101,249
50,399
132,017 30,387
UPPER AUSTRIA.
Linz....
Steyer
Wels
Ried
Salzburg
7 Towns
...
Total......
239,603 212,310 2,458,359
83,027 84,120 693,395 4,234
29,454 23,462 440,493 10,550
15,878 10,586 290,194 4,445
7,513 4,421 117,801
47,758 45,793 250,569 59,876
55,973 43,928 665,907
7,527 77,010
141,421
3,298
42,462
23,826
77,950
Jungbunzlau
Czaslau
133,821 Klattau
•
17,795
12,126
269,932 1,310
14,096
11,889 9,925
14,738
13,361
14,392
10,582
25,224
623 Leitmeritz
...
14,478
17,443
3,233
41,525
13,895 Pisek
248
4,991
7,810
8,608 Saaz.
960
34,192
30,589
33,538
44,927
6,983 Tabor
58,456 31 Towns....
....
127,372
9,255 176,539
13,101 242,210
18,670 10,323 308,006
13,540 10,868
300,460 4,935
25,168 16,868 696,881 2,776
377,214 319,697 5,694,731 190,869
1,256
407
26,905
10,277
780
15,480
6,552
39,420 1,213
8,605
6,000
16,613
18,846 2,187
27,614
7,992
120,787
11,689
10,441
134
23,388
50,576
13,109 16,858
249,695
46,266 3,004
330,623
773,429 102,694
86,632
110,362
228,025
222,386
Total.....
1,288,977 1,172,234 16,243,541 431,457
608,809
533,832
1,677,864 527,061
STYRIA.
MORAVIA.
Grätz
Judenburg
4,889
Bruck
Marburg
Cilli.....
6,907
77,924 67,518 320,047
5,037 52,534
7,579 70,096
250
152,887
250
16,280
460
56,647
10,228
1,102
Brünn
154,544 154,084 1,216,388 7,931
16,847
15,937
139,364 9,822
831 Olmütz
59,510
54,671
785,210 5,960
58,574
73,106
67,605
368
9
14,049
207
3,987
657 Hradisch.
9,372
11,184
254,317 3,900
16,709
2,446
14,699
994
8,254
6,891
57,700
15,230
25,450
14,972
12,782
8,087
221,261
40,716
18,313
Iglau
69 Znaim
20,944
21,840
806,893 14,895 54,603
4,190
36,289 22,612
40,582
40,589
546,133 13,886
29,370
2,940
76,365 10,470
30 Market Towns
71,588
67,924
666,097
1,754 97,429
78,929
65,862
9,679 Mähr Neustadt
D
7,801
7,289
206,798 6,000
8,738
141
18,555
31,803
Gaya
10,237
9,334
114,195
8,290
5,042
24,148
1,5483
Total......
182,344
163,036 1,387,735
2,013 279,845
162,042
170,009
12,338
Total......
302,990
298,991 | 3,929,934
52,572
193,131
103,802
377,025
77,612
ILLYRIA.
Laibach
Neustadl.
Klagenfurth.
14 Towns
58,924 68,572
1,359
1,513
18,508 15,236
18,933
214,128
20,422
40
104
787
70
26,451
113,978
GALICIA.
177
2,201
16|| Lemberg
363,336
336,336
4,261,779
2,687
319,710
44,932
52,297
55
16,800
248,195
17,753
16,557
33,253
9,984
6,355 Wadowice
14,328
8,325
78,108 6,000
10,770
27,793 1,750
20,900
Total.....
97,724
102,121
535,042
17,952
50,467 21,077
26,866
65,502
9,262 Bochnia
35,632
24,837
460,025
268
196
3,423
41,934
30,193
Neu Sandec
12,108
11,769
129,611 Jaslo
4,466
4,309
173,969
57,611
553
25,235
7,650
6,400
1,400
15,367
301
ILLYRIAN COAST.
Tarnow
Rzeszow
16,701
12,484
181,631 2,359
10,892
1,556
29,953
5,106
11,821
10,802 125,955
17,783
2,400
10,727
8,106
528
Trieste
840,959
851,616
998,295
59,040
Görz....
22,955
23,622 28,771
1,573
Total.....
863,914
875,238 1,027,066
60,613
15,866
6,208 18,682
9,658 28,400
47,082 554,127
530,880
79,421 Sanok
19,026
4,439 86,931
325
555
10,460
37,304
285
23,247
1,554 Sambor
26,812
21,276 163,504
4,015
2,343
53,557
81,281
4,345
Przemysl..
28,946
23,771
403,252
360
4,194
61,089
76,587
570
80,975 Zolkiew
8,454
7,237
22,644
131
3,505
700
22,500
1,740
Zlozow..
4,903
4,591
14,741
8,300
3,040
1,107
11,615 2,671
TYROL.
Brzezan
6,294
4,601
21,311
....
1,000
10,689
240
Innsbruck
Brunecken
29,783
2,664
Botzen
31,671
28,637
2,954
29,853
124,233
9,304
6,733
5,690
6,640
8,378
14,180
82,437 Stry...
23,175
19,443
188,261 5,178
1,927
20,640
29,420
1,624
3,322
315,234
690
23,256
Stanislau...
135,037 Kolomea.
17,085
18,332
6,062
4,791
327,483
15,206 1,306
155
339
21,210
33,332
1,571
232
20,073
575
Trient
Roveredo...
Bregenz
157,484
123,298
177,419
20,355
152,021
143,217 60,268
5,709
30,380
369,462
357,460 Tarnopol..
19,244 13,196 33,628 1,235
11,957
23,634
39,250
1,820
51,544
297,984 Czernowitz.
11,707
7,666 191,654
8,799
10,195
16 Towns
97,528
97,724 754,821
47,463
Total.....
482,858
433,349 1,630,362
83,502
72,031
131,937
115,735
738|| 7 Towns
287,353
30,055 31,472
399,990
255,055
335,958 4,124,253 183,630
6,479
52,355
78,308
1,248
85,075
385,058
950,120
38,210
Total.....
1,048,438
897,969 | 10,995,347 231,598
142,989
657,918
1,858,577 145,359
587,694 1,161,009
REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF THE CHIEF TOWNS AND COMMUNES.
The Revenue and Expenditure, with the property of the Towns and of other Communities in the Empire, in 1837.
Property and Capital.
Capital in the Funds.
Revenue.
Revenue.
Expenditure. Capitalized
In silver.
In paper.
Capital lent
Towns and Communes.
value of real
property.
at Interest
Other pro-
ductive ca-
Debts.
Towns and Communes.
Expenditure. Capitalized
value of real
property.
Interest.
5 per cent.
pital.
5 per cent.
24 per cent.
Florins conv. money.
Florins.
No IX. (Continued.)
Property and Capital.
Capital in the Funds.
In silver.
In paper.
Interest.
5 per cent.
Florins.
24 per cent.
Capital lent
at Interest
5 per cent.
Other pro-
ductive ca-
pital.
Debts.
Florins conv. money.


Zara
DALMATIA.
Communes of the circle, Zara
15,363
14,004
9,345
11,522
10,998
32,237
108
3,803
2,190
421
Village Communities and Towns in the
Land of the Saxons.
552 Hermannstadt..
84,638
42,012
......
25,416
22,022
Spalato
23,897
21,713
137,435
6,286
311 Cronstadt
42,829
45,366
43,743
2,581
>>
""
""
Ragusa
13,032
11,967 71,938
5,256
15,880
8,019 || Schäszburg
12,810
12,513
27,042
3,191
Cattaro.
""
=
Total......
6,726
70,540
6,506
65,188
16,110
2,153
124 Medias
Bistritz
5,201
7,276
17,623
4,362
12,048
11,285
10,249
267,065
......
5,364
30,312
9,427 Mühlenbach
8,256
8,136
15,846
22,274
LOMBARDY.
Zeiden.......
24,25.6
10,486
16,818
1,906
Milan
Brescia
Cremona....…………
Mantua.
Bergamo..
Como
Pavia
997,980 997,980
192,698 192,201
110,404 105,008
126,502
117,592
273,195
885,781 28,260
14,080
13,800
121,860
661,420 || Szász Varos..
6,752
6,074
20,057
6,354
4,340
19,120
106,492 || 14 Towns
31,001
27,349
53,893
11,012
187,540
11,520
6,180
6,084
1,399 25 Villages in Hermannstädter Stuhl
36,446
33,608
136,055
34,637
126,052 235,887
16,380
3,060
27,490 14
Schäsburger
6,981
5,096
9,116
11,034
98,780
295,896
59,800
7,520
140,736
41.820
41,711
69,090
37,420
1,760
......
75,589
82,452
147,680
480
Lodi...
51,233
51,092
144,829 24,137
3,787
Sondrio..
Monza....
Casalmaggiore
Varese
•
Crema......
2221 Communes
24,899
24,899
16,809
5,720
37,757
2,901
583
45,173 9
6,446 21
26,164 23
6,680 10
31,311 20
Cronstadter
15,623
14,372
25,674
2,900
Mediaser
18,293
11,551
13,842
6,178
""
""
Bistritzer
12,315
8,961
30,094
8,756
""
Mühlenbacher
11,596
6,923
25,084
11,545
""
Gross Schenker
6,612
5,742
12,149
634
27,948
27,825 36,845 12,340
......
23,777 17
??
Repser
10,123
10,661
8,748
4,440
45,833
9,536
45,833
9,486
46,821
22,600
580
13,125
36,880
10,720
33,223
4,745,393
35,593
4,534,518 | 14,362,316
95,396
1,340
2,506,479
6,667
9,975
34,681
2,185 10
Reismarkter
7,385
6,508
8,864
11,056
""
92,946 11
21,567 12
Löschkircher
""
7,454
5,517
7,613
3,769
Szaszvaroser
15,784
12,855
57,647
8,173
648,645
832,518 4,068,040 || National fogaras University Fund..
National Seven Judges' Fund
71,127 46,069
454,041
14,216
28,516
17,155
106,132
58,298
Total...... 6,600,650 | 6,373,430 16,811,210 2,771,236
706,592
1,212,882 5,121,090 Hermannstädt-Stuhl Fund
11,869
9,014
2,165
VENICE.
Venice..
Verona
Cronstadt District Fund
7,116
7,941
5,928
138
543,713
530,940
79,596 76,880
440,126 568,361
Cronstadt Dominal Fund
30,130
24,776
3,149
6,242
201,128
179,293
101,692 42,500
1,290
72,168
60,331
9 other Funds.........
41,934
39,068
52,825
8,707
Udine
Padua
Vicenza
Treviso
Rovigo....
Belluno...
Bassano
...
13 Towns
55,594
45,576
24,424
35,180
2,832
36,733
93,308
159,313
137,575
77,225
2,622
68,839
128,388
Total..........
787,712
628,072
......
1,614,189
266,590
•
92,229
112,946 1,753,971
34,573
119,009
76,485
59,030
74,088 81,682
8,353
243
34,205
30,227
MILITARY FRONTIER.
22,639
25,770
41,226
3,762
12,319
37,564
26,888 Community of Carlobago
4,413
3,832
123,000
100
22,219
33,808
18,438
17,440
8,783
400
23,159
25,353 68,536
1,726
757
189,570
167,358 381,774 91,681
2,814
792 Communes
2,610,581
2,405,723
2,405,723
7,926,901
185,011
121,052
1,445
10,135
241,587
1,837,886
5,805
Zengg.
20,052
16,036
581,675
18,565
9,443
23,065
Petrinia
12,434
13,347
335,577
203
451
13,604
2,587
246,197
1,855,795
Koftainicza
7,621
6,889
216,036
8,161
1,422
Bellovar
12,083
12,088
309,769
5,000
50
18,575
13,750
75
Jvanich
2,721
1,884
54,885
1,180
16,842
8,704
5,935
183
Total...... 3,975,394 3,722,062 | 10,545,810
445,493
178,502
2,899,697 3,114,850
Brood......
10,705
11,537
278,171
......
8,855
279
Peterwardein.
TRANSYLVANIA.
21,063 16,182
471,302
24,121
257
Towns in the Land of the Hungarians.
Carlowitz
"
23,139 24,914 585,348
30,658
3,592
Clausenburg..
36,609
36,321
......
31,452
25,377
Semlin
11
39,773
50,331 1,079,901
582
269
336
37,829
1,779
Maros Vasarhely
19,184
19,172
45,281
22,363
5,399
3,005
... a
16,548
3,962
Pancsowa
Weisskirchen.
...
50,603
65,448 1,358,521
......
20,668
25,975
413
Carlsburg
"
25,700
19,914 611,239
Számos Újvár.
32,596
26,917
92,457
18,228
Elisabethstadt
Szász-Régen
Torda
Nagy Enyed
Dées
Vizakna
15 Towns
18,350
13,931
35,643
7,783
Total..........
230,307
242,402
6,005,424
875
7,637
150
29,761
36,156
1,878
17,514
78,595
245,828
55,716
23,553
26.170
29,897
7,007
•
8,686
7,950
22,823
8,526
17,327,686|78,215,231
Grand Total of the Empire... 18,209,392 17,327,686 78,215,231
5,729,093| 6,519,709 | 4,565,580 | 11,357,894 | 14,354,499
|
13,352
12,274
41,712
1,248
....
13,983
12,612
38,342
4,422
5,340
3,150
14,302
970
43,565 30,256
58,084
20,285
Total.....
220,617
191,758
......
......
......
426,541
120,171
.....
No. X.
EXPENSES OF THE CUSTOMS, EXCISE AND
MINING DEPARTMENT, 1837.
The Frontier and Coast Guards.
The Frontier Guard consisted in 1837 of 207 civilians and 13,367 men. The
Pensioners were 87; and the costs, 2,463,340 florins.
The Excise Guard had 395 civilians and 8041 men, with 899 pensioners. The
costs of this Guard were 2,089,232 florins.
The Frontier Guard was composed, in 1836, of—
8 Head Inspectors.
47 Head Commissaries. Salaries..
103 Under Commissaries
196
1506 Head Chasseurs.
8193 Chasseurs.
10,053
67 Pensioners cost
Florins..
99,159
Pay, &c.. 1,480,296
3,993
1,755,433
The Excise Guard, in 1836, was composed of—
Florins.
57 Inspectors.
Pay
.. 214,630
285 Under Inspectors.
374 Cashiers.
Pay
•
1,130,003
1580 Head Surveyors.
4395 Surveyors.
571 Pensioners. Pay
41,733
•
1,386,366.
The Mining Department.
The Mining Department occupied in 1837-
1,926 Civil officers in 295 offices,
32,579 Workmen, guards, &c., and had
15,301 individuals on the Pension List.
Florins.
The Expenses were
The Receipts
•
29,573,894
29,084,026
Deficit
•
489,868 florius.
Florins.
The clear profit on the mines was 2,883,491
Deduct
489,868
2,393,623
The sum for which credit is taken in the Budget is only ..1,285,253
EXPENSE OF THE CIVIL SERVICE, PENSION LIST, &c., FOR THE YEAR 1837.
Number and Expense of all individuals employed in the Civil Service whose salaries are paid by Government, also
of individuals on the Pension List, and receiving allowances, down to the end of the year 1837.
Number of Individuals in active service.
Pension List.
Branch of Service.
Secreta-
(The Military Frontier not included.)
Civil
ries and Clerks,
officers.
Candi-
&c.
dates.
Servants, guards,
and overseers.
bourers, &c.
Working la-
Regular sala-
ries and
allowances.
In florins, 10
Pensioned officers
Secretaries, &c.
Widows.
Servants.
Servants'
widows.
Children.
Individuals receiving allowances.

Regular
allowances
drawn.
Men.
Widows.
In florins.
Children.
Regular
allowances.
In florins.
1 sterling.
DEPARTMENT OF THE FINANCES.
Head Provincial offices
1,904
748
310
264
27 1,559,757
59 110 4 14 161
Fiscal offices
235
275
30
35
Provincial and other Collectors' offices
427
5
73
86
Customs and Revenue Guard
602
21,408
258,959 24 41 1
360,126
44 129 5
3,892,299 53 25
9 39
LO
22 100
86,895
25,156
71,781
1
72
2
628
98
4
256
...
15 16,506 628
140
125
50,695
Excise-office
657 44
18
11
24
Customs and Tax-office.
2,192 493
43
1,142
4
301,243 345 360
1,194,772 420 815
1
4
286 128,112 112
124 86
17,758
12
36
Salt-monopoly office
1,148 118
25
2,195 9,976
1,801,432 240 586
10
11
652 311,001 1,124 1,086 445
528 206,211 3,090 2,904 2,312
150,559
259,001
Tobacco-office
231 18
2
260 2,906
541,375 105 250
9
14
191 105,843
574 723 241
85,491
Stamp-office
103
5
25
...
Fee-office of the Courts.
416
38
164
84
57,316 12 34
292,045 33 49
4
19
9,511
1
164
5
9 57
29,103
2
146
Lottery Department
202 29
9
23
1
153,346 32 44
47
31,020
3
13 10
...
1,676
Post-office
504 114
8
567
13
574,745
27 95 22
65
93
55,848
14
42
36
4,628
Turnpike and Toll office
25
6
3
...
8,500
149 214 7
2
Crown Lands
2,304
187
164
3,196 1,690 1,424,382
332 742 96
42
Mining Board....
1,581
142
112
201
599 35
State Factories
38
2
12
Sundry claims
163 19
11
143
Total... 12,732 2,232
986 31,522 52,284 16,501,967 2,446 4,666 265
2,043 30,532 3,705,428
34 7,079 190,876 4 28
29 185,366 366 545 58
448 4,075 1,956,506 10,331 12,512 7,414 986,552
77 51,032 81 135 26
774 277,577 548
74 748 253,964 3,720 6,091 3,786
1 12 13,679 19 57
141 276 283,267 414
13,755
713 267
50,833
289,400
5 4,052
470 72 57,412
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.
Courts of Appeal
...
441 24
3
71
District Courts for the Noblesse
Provincial Diets....
652 231
12
138
...
51
7
20
1
...
Administration in the Provinces
2,248 677
133
786
724,227 59 130 10
696,439 60 195 25
45,383 9 20
2,076,615 323 326 78 118
22
49
104 170,256
191 141,591
22
1
1
378
4
402
23 10,855
376 272,547
10
31 10
2,776
Total... 3,392 939
168
996
3,542,664 451
671 113
189
694 595,249
14
36
11
3,556
HOME DEPARTMENT.
Chief Offices
Offices of Circles, Delegazioni, &c.
District Commissariats
Sundry offices.....
1,189
1,243 432
778 220
1,227 206
504
51
283
75 390
:
:
50
48
44
309
1,550,387 182 319 15
1,036,998 142 286 30
427,572 63 78 4
2 898,087 1,695 1,168 160
75
334 353,517
5 338 204,809
5
22
18
1,918
22
164
48
11,953
6
164
74 43,672
740 643,171
2
4
1
442
451
717
208
43,805
Total... 4,437| 1,362
220
1,030
2 3,913,044 2,082 1,851 209
250 1,486 1,245,169
480
907 275
58,118
Surveying Department
720
43
17
...
579,205
LO
5
19
3
9 4,932

Home Department for Lombardy and
Venice........
Police......
DEPARTMENt of Control.
Provincial Book-keeper's office, with
the Book-keeper's offices for Hungary
and Transylvania.
•
Building-board for the Provincial
Book-keeping Department..
Mining and Saline Department
Tobacco-officeController's Department
Factory Controller's Department….………..
1,049 94
55
1,376
2
969,938 3,213 97 67
127
50 639,504
32
48 17
5,706
498 111
2
507 1,321
866,673 51 127 31
33
71
58,298
130
99 43 15,616
1,480 188 191
84
...
1,038,716
126 360 5
24
337 195,945
...
7
57 3
6
43,471
...
99
9
5
69,144
00
24
1
23 13,857
20
1
8
10,150
5,450
...
...
...
1
2
3 1,457
Total...
1664 192 206
89
1,166,931
135 386
363 211,259
9
...
24,492 4,930 |1,680 |35,537|53,609| 27,540,422 | 8,383 7,817 690 1,075| 6,748|4,710,917| 10,987| 13,611| 7,760 1,070,123|
LO
5
25
485
...
40
50
575
Grand Total
The Emperor's State and Household
Offices, Privy Cabinet.......
The State and Court Chancery.
753 18
4
1,278 1,324 1,488,445 405 202 74 49
88 180,860 247 336 372 47,721
65
11
...
258,210 20 21
3
19 63,389
1
108
...
The Diplomatic Corps
242
3
13
1,018,476 9 13
14 22,146
...
The Council of State and Ministries..
The General Accountant's office
942 266
10
241
1,128
178
57
39
2,064,244 87 262 9 40
1,035,067 80 284 2 13
250 391,347
2
34 2 2,705
Grand Total
238 165,775
27,622 5,392 1,754 37,119 54,933 33,404,864 8,984 8,599 775 1,180 7,357 5,534,434 11,236 13,984 8,134 1,120,809
||
2
152
No. XI.
No. XII.
THE EMPEROR'S CIVIL LIST, FOR 1836.
EXPENSES OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY.
Sum charged for the Emperor's private use on the
Flor. Kr. Florins. Kr.
Salt-Works of Soovar
300,000 0
Jointure of the Empress-Dowager
Interest of the dowry of do., 83,333
50,000
4,166 41
0
54,166 41
The reigning Empress for Pin-money
50,000
0
The Archduchess Sophia
do.
20,000
70,000 0
APANAGES AND ALLOWANCES.
The Archduke Francis Charles (Heir-presumptive)...
45,000
The Archduke John.....
24,000 0
The Archduke Louis
24,000 0
93,000 0
The Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary
In lieu of estates
124,733 20
4,233 31
128,966 51
Total Expenses of the Imperial Family......
646,133 31
The Emperor's Secret Cabinet
23,000
0
Privy expenses of the Emperor
40,000
0
Expenses of the State-officers of the Court
1,118,199
74
*
Expenses in the Bureaux
Expenses of the Orders of Knighthood
The Imperial Body-Guards....
Medals for men of letters, artists, etc.
Medicinal department of the Household
Court Theatres..
Cost of Firing
Foundations
Allowances, daily appointments, etc.
Sundry charges………………..
EXTRAORDINARY DISBURSEMENTS.
Travelling expenses
....
Articles of ceremony
THE COURT AT MILAN.
Allowance to the Archduke Rainer
Expenses of the Court
12,680 30
1
31,066
0
308,279 36
4,458 48
8,467 45
126,200 0
51,059 321
3,021 15
1,977 12
4,352 24
Total
2,378,895 42
100,000
0
10,000 0
2,488,895 42
450,000
236,106 40
0
686,106 40
Total......
3,175,002 22
$
No. XIII.
RELIEF ADMINISTERED TO THE POOR, 1837.

Tabular view of the Relief afforded to the Poor by the Public
Institutions.
Parish relief.
Alms-houses.
No. of
poor-
houses.
Indivi-
duals
relieved.
Sum
disbursed.
No. of
Alms-
houses.
Indivi-
duals
lodged.
Expense.
Florins.
Florins.
Lower Austria
923
25,690
422,362
141
5,770
275,413
Upper Austria
540
17,569
232,240 131
2,476
103,544
Styria....
371
5,687
41,085
71
955
37,596
Carinthia and Carniola
213
6,496
37,312
24
775
34,058
Illyrian Coast...
6
2,221
40,323
17
577
28,013
Tyrol
436
21,773
173,452
37
969
53,658
Bohemia..
1,120
30,007
255,086
357
4,119
146,997
Moravia and Silesia
1,148
18,349
162,760
138 1,209
33,462
Galicia......
11 3,654
8,580
292
1,978
24,408
Dalmatia..
28
4,329
16,106
Lombardy
1,215 285,757
769,501
32
4,096
330,021
Venice......
192
67,715
182,230
20
3,800
216,597
Transylvania
18
641
15,618
6
155
5,278
Military Frontier
8
182
2,287
2
168
768
Total for 1837.....
6,229 | 490,070| 2,358,942
1,268 27,047
1,289,813
1836..
1835..
468,634 2,340,307
468,850| 2,279,758
::
26,785 1,231,581
26,012
1,190,461
LYING-IN HOSPITALS, FOUNDLING HOSPITALS, 1837.
Return of the Lying-in and Foundling Hospitals in the Empire, excepting Hungary.
Children.
Expenses.
Mortality.
No. of
Mothers
Children.
Lying-
No. of
Found-
in-Ho-
admit- Expenses.
Mo-
ling Ho-
ted.
spitals.
thers. Still- After
spitals.
Received
into the
house.
Lodged
out.
In the
house.
born. birth.
Out of the
house.
Florins.
Florins.
Florins.
Lower Austria
1
4,635
34,931 455 113 234
1
5,335
16,535
44,257
367,118
Upper Austria
1
291
2,832 4 10 8
1
198
1,565
1,184
37,712
Styria
1
1,127
7,304 1 60 21
1
1,076
3,823
9,182
44,481
Carinthia and Carniola
1
194
3,874
1
15
1
1,036
15,813
Illyrian Coast
1
155
2,307
11
1
492
1,517
11,164
...
39,545
Tyrol
1
182
7,069 3
4
17
1
215
583
5,676
13,892
Bohemia
1
1,562
8,903 9
61 60
1
1,573
5,240
10,620
82,984
Moravia and Silesia
1
387
4,871
5 4
2
426
1,497
8,523
33,135
Galicia
113
1,824 3 11 16
1
1,021
20,779
Dalmatia..
1
29
491
I
6
357
1,887
2,581
43,910
Lombardy
8
692
17,133 | 28 56 112 11
9,187
19,271 145,719
292,474
Venice...
16
397
4,949
LO
5 27 18 6
2,611
Transylvania
1
11,352
5
45,883
229,079
:
105
Total for 1837.
37
9,664
96,488 508 360 505
34
21,470
65,332 284,789 1,221,027
1836.
9,205
95,093 257 424 317
"1
...
20,815
65,381
1835
1830.
9,123 | 100,245 416 426 560
6,623 125,322 | 241
20,706
259,287 1,286,617
63,474 293,553 | 1,242,174
"}
No. XIV.

No. XV.
THE RETURNS OF MANUFACTURERS AND TRADERS FOR THE INDUSTRY TAX.

1837.
Manufac-
turers.
Bankers.
Merchants.
Dealers
and
Storekeepers.
Tradesmen.
Sundry
Occupations.
Total.
Number of
Apprentices Capital Employed.
& Labourers.
Industry Tax
levied.
Vienna
162
18
91
1,187
23,239
1,453
26,150
Lower Austria
237
705
33,927
1,374
27,062
36,243 29,687
4,594,700
2,519,800
799,766
Upper Austria
132
1
552
44,468
1,367
46,520
15,591
2,905,828
201,073
Styria.......
312
3
2
411
31,096
1,186
33,010
10,688
1,978,890
122,257
Carinthia and Carniola.
221
1
325
25,665
707
26,919
10,364
2,217,690
104,029
Illyrian Coast *
48
1
140
49
6,802
953
7,939
1,521
552,127
24,163
Tyrol.......
142
3
1
510
27,158
1,786
29,600
7,218
5,411,000
62,422
Bohemia
Moravia
...
Galicia
Dalmatia.
Lombardy
Venice
462
5
4
2,089
103,631
4,899
131,990
30,898
6,837,765
461,742
185
2
4
1,079
60,036
2,799
64,105
7,055
2,912,404
273,267
1,408
42
5
2,405
40,940
2,862
47,661
27,052
6,757,738
145,500
66
10
441
•
11,236
702
12,455
702
6,940
73
288
9,341
98,053
30,140
144,835 160,892
75,011,055
216,033
3,074
73
521
3,195
78,249
12,725
97,837 126,795
39,680,000
161,720
Total......
13,389
221
1,067
23,189
604,500 62,953
705,319 454,823
151,378,997
2,573,674
Transylvania
423
4
1
889
2,167
2,167
47,727
Military Frontier
41
907
1,095
1,095
22,038
4,975
4,103,326
1839.
Vienna
199
2
83
988
24,577
2,078
27,927
58,202
24,150,000
Lower Austria
213
674
...
40,728
1,392
43,007
28,595
2,604,986
830,097
Upper Austria
135
Styria
310
Carinthia and Carniola.
271
Illyrian Coast
*
66
Tyrol
. 148
Bohemia
1,171
Moravia
329
Galicia..
711
Dalmatia
85
Lombardy
6,657
77
Venice.....
3,066
73
2422352@ :*~
563
45,254
'''
1,407
47,361
16,345
2,908,899
208,694
2
415
30,994
1,100
32,825
10,802
1,986,870
123,334
796
25,293
880
27,242
18,953
5,523,992
104,434
253
266
10,998
1,682
13,267 12,106
564,960
25,651
1
535
27,545
1,769
30,001
10,048
5,802,000
66,071
4
3,065
123,483
5,156
132,884 31,531
6,888,097
466,507
5
2,491
69,392
2,359
74,578 18,737
3,460,066
281,392
5
2,420
45,354
3,238
51,760
36,215
7,819,855
147,061
11
503
13,217
774
14,590
764
382
9,406
107,091
31,316
602
3,288
81,340
12,776
Total......
13,361
204
1,348
25,410
645,266
65,927
154,929 172,898
101,145 136,105
751,516 550,547 201,345,928
93,736,203
222,728
45,900,000
164,494
2,641,227
Transylvania.....
123
7
1
Military Frontier
43
895
901
43,963
18,053
3,756
2,074
48,745
21,071
...
5,535
4,383,039
* Trieste pays a composition in lieu of the Industry Tax.
INSTITUTIONS FOR EDUCATION, WITH THEIR COST, IN 1836.
Institutions for Education, with their cost, in 1836.
No. XVI.

Academies of Science, Literature, and the Fine Arts, in 1836.
No.
Pro-
fessors,
Bursar- Endow-
Members.
Bursarships.
Students.
Outlay.
ships. ments.
No. of
Esta-
Di-
rect-
UNIVERSITIES.
blish-
florins.
florins.
ments.
Ordi- Hono.
ing. nary. rary.
Vienna
Grätz
1
71 4,718
165,671 256
21,583
Con-
Corre-
spond- tribu-
ing. ting.
Total. Pupils.
Expen-
diture.
No.
Endow-
ment.
1
28
876
25,372
47
1,267
Innsbruck
1
24
317
25,053 52
3,593
Academies of Science
18
12
Prague
1
63
3,341
66,864 55
3,065
and Literature
Ollmütz
1
26
640
29,525
112
5,600
Academies of Fine Arts...
Lemberg.
1
41
1,403
53,593
48
4,480
Pesth
1
Agricultural Colleges }
...
...
Pavia
Padua
1
60
1,316
80,821
24
4,200
Museums, &c.
6 56
11
10
520
204
32
405
1,824
607 1,488 3,070 276 59,757 1 3,622
127
60 460 2,798 92,402| 40 | 2,273
3 4,343 362 1,004 265 5,945 29 21,946 3 1,781
62 2,573
66 2,302 3,222
704 21,440 12
16
40
1,260
98,646
...
Total......
45 133 8,867 1,491 1,709 | 4,115 12,697 3,807 195,545 | 76
7,692
LYCEA.
Total (without Hungary)
Salzburg, with Theol., Philos., and Medicine...
......
9
353
13,871 545,545
594
43,788
20
212
23,465
7
455
Linz
Laibach
Klagenfurth
Klausenburg
12
>>
167
12,090 10
362
,,
""
1
23
299
""
22,160
39
2,294
1
14
171
4,624
26
1,409
1
14
330
8,810
""
1Q
5
83
1,179
71,149
82
4,520
Academies and Boarding-Schools.
In Hungary: 2 at Presburg; 2 Raab; 1 Agram,
Debreczin, Eperies, Erlau, Grosswardein,
Käsmark, Cashau, Oedenburg, Papa, Saros-
Patak
SEMINARIES FOR DIVINES.
Vienna (Protestant)
Redemptorists (for their order)
Admont
Mantern
Tarnow
Przemysl
Lemberg.
Pupils.
Scholars.
No.
14
...
......
Pro-
fessors.
Outlay,
Out
in florins.
In the
house.
Receiving instruction Receiving stipends
gratis in the house.
out of the house.
of the
house.
No.
Charge.
No.
Charge.
1
5
59
17,007
30
2,400
1
6
S
For Boys
florins.
florins.
1
6
S
For general education
98
727
1
7
9
2,650
..
For Theology
51
189
2
00
156
4,193
For Military Schools
...
For Girls....
1
5
31
3,010
...
For both
1
9
30
4,765
1
7
46
15,128
...
Total
181
40
101 612 4,125 586
17 99 1,537 3,026
307 1,808 19,004 7,984 3,311,342
6,652 3,153 1,143,286
3,233 1,219
3,457
2,539 524,292 41
5,958
634,172 2,317 460,388 335
613,332
450,036
2,725
625,286 2,549 355,204 10
295,166 1,445 167,652 2,373
21,149
1,310
77,331
11,575 1,957,572 2,759 | 105,748
|
1
1
60
180
...
10
54
409
46,933 30 2,400
Carlowitz (Greek Church)
Zara
Hermannstadt (Greek)
•
In Hungary, at Kerestur and Torda
COLLEGES OF PHILOSOPHY,-at Krems, Krems-
munster, Görz, Trent, Budweis, Leitomischl,
Pilsen, Brünn, Nikolsburg, Przemysl, Tarnopol,
Czernowitz, Zara, Milan, Brescia, Cremona,
Mantua, Bergamo, Como, Lodi, Venice, Ve-
rona, Udine, Vicenza....
In Hungary at Stein am Auger and Szeyechin
SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS
GYMNASIA (Grammar-Schools).
25
166
3,192
127,089
2
......
f for boys
for girls
3,508
10 29 429
116
f Catholic
899 25,458
89 2,451
Protestant... 14
198 1,378 35,038
31 195
38 2,140
248,151 163 29,097
21
21,775
2,026
505,350 446 20,515
12,963 13
72
915,328 681 53,850
Total cost of the higher establishments for edu-
cation, without including Hungary
222 1,868 50,497 1,578,955 1,387 104,558
| | |
Hungary has 67 Catholic and 13 Protestant Gymnasia.
The Mining Academy at Schemnitz has 7 Professors, 233 Students; it costs 11,500 florins,
and has 55 Bursarships endowed with 11,000 florins annually.
COST OF THE AUSTRIAN ARMY FOR THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.
1829.
1830.
1831.
1832.
1833.
1834.
1835.
1836.
1837.
No. XVII.

1838.
Pay
Lodging money
Allowances
for meat
....
sundry additional
for medals
Florins. Kr. Florins. Kr.
7,895,442 48 7,883,196 56
273,691 57 256,007 59
10,766,062 19 10,731,437 58
496,741 40 568,803 40
1,353,567 12 1,180,141 39.
111,999 33
194,514 9
106,362 33
in lieu of ditto
189,561 34
for stationery, &c.
1,227,817 59 1,220,435 19
for hire of horses, carriages, wagons,&c.
expense of quartering troops
427,068 6
487,008 12
900,694 59
251,624 55
899,750 7
131 28
927,248 59
226,755 24
641,834 58
Expense of recruiting
remounting cavalry, artillery, &c.
Extra services.....
Repairs, building, &c., of fortifications and mili-
tary buildings..
Allowances for food, &c. to men employed in the
various branches of the staff, commissariat, &c.
Regulation allowance for troops in Hungary and
Transylvania
2,657,728 47 2,258,243 55
9,586,208 50 8,320,296 34
Florins. Kr. Florins. Kr. Florins. Kr. Florins. Kr.
8,296,476 49 8,827,255 39 8,989,469 34 9,028,403 4
257,606 1 267,002 45 269,195 41 273,453 16
14,551,749 615,097,114 59 14,992,111 24 14,959,851 25
1,158,043 5 1,648,366 40 1,727,164 37 1,649,837 56
1,780,254 18 1,707,620 8 1,781,709 15 1,828,909 2
101,058 11 97,256 23 89,480 29 84,075 30
233,455 0 181,881 25 185,712 7 205,666 54
1,442,919 11 1,477,655 51 1,875,066 9 1,738,690 55
940,664 35 643,457 33 514,545 14 508,147 5
1,360,981 39 1,478,799 33 1,413,241 46 1,540,046 42
593,165 26 256,630 33 239,210 32
4,451,791 42 312,274 59 461,186 58
837 20
Florins. Kr. Florins. Kr. Florins. Kr. Florins. Kr.
8,971,492 37 8,861,493 43 8,727,570 33 8,556,524 38
274,982 17 270,492 14 283,638 59 316,015 32
14,174,113 412,648,203 4411,251,658 40 10,968,830 40
1,656,404 7 1,444,778 11 1,230,151 57 1,200,212 13
2,011,436 13 1,557,826 37 1,416,603 39 1,576,227 28
80,716 42
76,916 22
233,839 14 206,119 25
1,855,821 33 1,789,179 32
72,316 54 67,988 12
190,275 37 183,132 12
1,700,209 33 1,682,360 4
512,656 37 536,059 31
1,225,958 15 1,084,863 5 1,012,608 32
531,283 16
508,494 20
940,772 46
249,353 2
526,947 45
269,967 40
202,769 7
202,551 15
6,611 30
182,970 38
175,018 48
421,013 24
484,319 7
2,413,476 4 4,255,648 51 3,355,869 14 3,371,497 6
21,083,035 17 16,636,040 31 15,330,017 15 14,879,448 50
3,358,095 27 3,321,224 10 3,063,047 46 3,210,123 59
17,655,806 31 10,957,272 35 7,376,366 337,747,146 46
1,031,153 14 1,032,105 17
Clothing, arms and service money in the Military
Frontier
461,016 27
Chains for the army
162,037 58
454,522 50
176,765 16
10,936,633 435,521,938 18 5,234,905 17 5,398,947 32
594,186 22
Sundry incidental expenses
387,417 24
319,259 21
454,745 49
958,636 14 1,057,014 32
659,800 59
699,260 45
2,802,085 34 1,575,666 10 1,772,646 51 3,128,948 20
487,851 28 495,361 47
403,228 14
595,063 38
365,232 30
328,803 54
364,705 25
361,955 7
308,201 40
304,187 31
Medical board
341,881 53
344,875 13
660,875 57
889,888 56
729,849 8
591,566 34
543,303 3
470,958 9
371,272 58
310,570 28
Cost of managing the Estates specially assigned
for the use of the Army and Navy
135,570 15
211,763 15
146,024 47
162,157 51
175,469 16
154,814 40
168,998 8
150,697 5
193,322 23
202,679 31
Cost of raw materials worked up by the depend-
ant branches, and working expenses
3,945,047 39 2,917,453 31
219,929 46 233,681 32
2,849,531 15 2,830,357 37
3,548,453 59
1,480,274 53
The Military Colleges, Regimental Schools, &c....
Pensions and special allowances
Arrears
Extra charge, on account of the Hungarian Diet...
Total of the charge on the Military Fund... 45,545,472 23 46,029,468 14 79,810,961 066,820,385 43 64,509,341 57 63,729,553 13 67,238,396 5051,983,583 2847,288,720 55 48,758,944 50
Expenses not charged upon the Military Fund.....
19,668,989 34 31,732,636 28
57,217,632 23 44,334,296 35 40,494,626 53 41,586,553 34
1,763,127 40 1,709,988 32 1,634,758 28
244,671 21 196,155 8 199,155 29 201,054 54
2,818,836 20 3,781,654 47 3,812,909 38 3,876,014 34
3,805,075 31
4,959 51
1,155,616 43 1,711,977 16 1,477,462 38 1,252,532 25
194,568 49 195,481 51 181,478 20 187,616 59
3,949,790 6 4,057,894 94,090,238 36| 4,128,073 56
5,087,418 10
PRODUCE OF THE MINES WORKED IN AUSTRIA ON GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE ACCOUNT.
Metals and Minerals.
No. XVIII.

Results of the Go-
vernment Mining
Account.
Gold. Silver. Quick-
silver.
Tin. Copper.
Lead Verkauf Reich-
Ore. Blei.
Blei.
Litharge
Cala-
mine.
Zinc.
Raw Iron.
Cast Iron.
Anti-
mony.
Iron
Alum. Copper
Vitriol. Vitriol.
Cobalt. Arsenic.
Mineral
Green.
Sulphur. Coals.
nese.
Manga- Black
Lead.ning Produce.
Value of Mi-
Gain.
Loss.
Lower Austria-Private
per mark.
mark.
per cwt.
Upper Austria-Salzburg, gold
35
11
silver and lead
35
134
19
copper
iron
private
...
56
...
366f. 53324f. per 225f15k. 63f. 41k. 57f. 40k. 5f. 30kr. 14f. 48k. 9f. 45kr. 11f. 43k. 1 florin 10f. 5kr. 3f. 27kr. per 6f. 6kr. per 9f. 12kr. 6f. 37kr. 10f. 54k. 1f. 13kr. 7f. 16kr. 10f. 15k. 39f. 24k. 6f. 32kr. 74 kr. per 39 krs. 3f. 22kr. In convention In conv.
per cwt. per cent.liper cwt. per cwt. per cwt. per cwt. per cwt. per cwt.
per cwt. per cwt. per cwt. per cwt. per cwt. per cwt. per cwt. per cwt.
cwt.
...
...
cwt.
19,948
...
...
...
cwt. per cwt. per cwt.
450,661
757
florins.
In cony.
florins.
florins.
·
...
16
350
:
A
:
1,737
266
...
139,195
...
...
13,037
16,891
...
501
...
26,356
3,262
:
...
Styria-Innerberg chief mine government share
Neuberg and Maria Zell, iron
157
...
private
Carinthia Idria, quicksilver
and
Carniola.
lead
private
2
7
605
3
3,326
1,123
1
4
Illyrian Coast-Private...
Tyrol-Zell, gold
...
21
silver. copper, lead
iron
513
""
Hering, coals...
private
Bohemia-District of Przibram
Joachimsthal...
private
:
...
61
16,932
39,555
...
727
...
...
..
:
402,852 4,294
377,212 14,111
:
...
1,518
49
:
606
327
:
:
81
767
:
:
1,215
:
:
-,
1
108
20,212
1,318
1,101
1,922
34
1,323
2,395
·
1,123 1,617 1,968 12,912
1,140 1,711
3,073
62 17,904
148
Moravia and Silesia-Private
Galicia-Swoczowice, sulphur
186 1,172
::
"
private
Dalmatia..
Lombardy-Private
Venice-Agordo, copper
418
2,240
215
...
410
:
:
:
:
...
...
32,684 3,446
21,242
1,723
37,023 22,272
215,422
67,958
127,694 40,195
30,803 56,086
51,822
5,498
:
:
:
5,211 3,853 30,572
2,240
...
...
:
:
...
3,329
private....
Aurouzo, lead and calamine
Hungary-Schemnitz & Kremnitz, gold & silver
Radoboy, sulphur
Neusohl, silver, copper, iron
757
15,897
32
941
>"
private
723
16,901
Schmölnitz, silver and copper
5,242
:
2,318
791
4,097
: :
:
:
:
...
359
102
8,657 2,660
4,464
9,642
A
493
...
141
...
iron
:
private
4,151
Nagy Banya, gold, silver, lead
323
7,205
iron
""
private
545
8,607
:
:
:
:
:
Banat, silver and copper
Transylvania-Silver and copper.
3
1,510
iron
:
private.
36
712
3,770
338
...
...
...
...
...
20,128
1,069
169
83
9,273
300
...
248 5,013 4,125
:
iron
private
2773
Military Frontier-Private
6,161
403
30
908
:
3,693
277
1,447
897
348
2,397
3,605
...
1,457
84,152
8,689 928
12,628 2,133 1,258
...
444
4,916
122
137,893
13,979
720
1,230
519
8,635
12,301
10,720
6,731
1,717
1,946
•
13,212
786
14,847
55
***
15,097
5,456
:-
:
:
::.
87
:
:
:
Total
6,005
Deduct production on private account
4,087
Production on account of Government... 1,918
96,207 3,363 1,357 49,092 20,167 68,444 27,766 24,689 3,707 1,717 1,890,836* 218,390* 3,350 24,189 4,482 41,516 2,654 1,406
43,103
37 1,323 36,012 17,904 47,528 10,897 4,663 3,214 1,717 1,440,556 161,485 1,978 24,189 4,216 31,874 2,624 | 1,406
| |
|
53,1043,326 34 13,080 2,263 20,916 16,869 20,026 493
450,280 56,905 1,372
266 9,642 30
*The statement of the produce of the Iron mines is incomplete, as the private mine-owners in Hungary refuse to give their returns of produce.
26,310
2,514
821
397
216,017
24,016
13,519
95,778
326
3,790 90
17,823
:
745,259 446,633|
...
1,852 363
*..
542
4,239
165,851
24,870
729 421,316
2,254 1,592,911
...
...
749,181
...
...
250,594
-782156
...
92,653
35,200
43 1,986,793
10,953
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
...
...
7,666
110,130
20,100
133,780
76,516
:
10,748
4,012
1,344
201,739
941,982 291,263
...
30
60,001
83,263
1,080
5,071
:
:
:
:
...
831,572
134,952
...
39,765
...
158
2,120
5,252
12
7
...
99,788
7,502 2,745,010 135 30,486 2,026,828
1,120
808,272
33,131
9,623
287,995
16,809
...
217,294
204,736
64,434
:
...
5,806
3,090
1,916
767,729
95,317
34,313 14,085
519,936 145,719
833,518
:
:
364,266 159,794
...
17,704
5,899
...
2,082
1,841,600
450,765
26,119
7,409
4,257
559,363
44,279
45,058
78,043 70,027
180,122
715,476
:
:
...
288,607 108,274
...
19
19,2135,055,948
7
12
8,231 5,040,961
10,982 14,987
225 34,660 12,715,978
6,184,953
:
50,376 40,240
1,292,114
165,319
225 34,660 18,900,931
107, 26