d - | - { } w - - - | - º º : w | §§"º do? 3 University of Michigan - BU HR s i sº ; : §: §§. º: : "º gº Kºº º - * . . . . sº s sº .*, *.*.* º rºs wº 'º. sº ~ - *.*.*.*. §º º *...* º º tºº. § º §§§ & §§§ º §§§ º §§§ §§ º * * º ..º. - & 4 Sºº's Sºº - º §§ … º. * A Nºt §§ & [. §§§ & §§§ & Nº. ~g º º wº º .*.*. º & º NS § § - §: º § :NºSR& º § § fº § * º º º § R § § §§ §: sº§§ º §§ º º *...* s º : S-3'S.-2: . * * * * A , ºr i : {x} *; sº -, * •k . . - ...” * º |||||||||||||||||||||||||Illy ºr \, : A sº - - D- gº ºſs, lº * } , -... . Ş. --> \ § ºf - 9. P:º, * , 2 A's * : 3. : SºR. S. S º, ſº ºn. Tººrºº Gº Tºº º Pºlº. RECEIVED IN ExCHANGE FRONT | * Jºa º 'ºw Wºº Yº w = * * * * * * illiºl fH £4.1% 2% • 2.…&az "746'4-3, 6.2% 4. …, x-A.--~~ 4 ×" .#2, Zºſ 634,…4.” 'h..…” 6%-7. Jø. “ha... ...~&# º 222222 so over Tººlſ ºf G º º Wº Hill lay § W PUBLISHED BY #. M. Smith, 583 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. U. S. A. § COPYRIGHT SECUREI). - º -º-º-º-º-º- * - - -- Post-Office Box, 754, º - . Sºº- º COPYRIGHT, 1886. A229° l’IrLN TEL) BY MATLACK & HARVEY, IPIIILADELPITIA. ** |LLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPMEDIA a sº. F. 9 JEiº G, cóðASPsilves COINS OF THE WORLD, |LLUSTRATING THE 4. Allodern, 3.ncient, £urrent and (ſurious, FROM A. D. 1885 BACK TO B. C. 700. FINENESS, WEIGHT FACE VALUE AND METAL WORTH. FULL DESCRIPTION WITH EXACT FAC-SIMILE OF OWER SIX THOUSAND COINS. 3 * * > 3 financial and-šumismatic fibraru, COM PLETE IN ON E VOLUM E. - H Published by A. M. SMITH, NUMISMATIst, 533 CHESTNUT STREET. Post-OFFICE BOX, 754. COPYRIGHT. PHILADELPHIA, PA., U.S. A. 1886, -- -º ITTº sº * . | GOLD AND SILVER COINS OF THE WORLD, BY A. N.M. SMITH. INTRODUCTORY. Many years since, upon first applying myself to the study of Nu- mismatics, I diligently sought for a work which should contain, in brief form, the requisite information necessary for the casual in- quirer or business dealer in current and uncurrent coins of the world. Such a book did not exist. Constant demands from Banks, Bankers, Brokers, and Merchants for a work of this character, since I became a publisher, and the ever repeated regrets of experts and students in the science, that they could obtain nothing of the kind, with frequent requests from all, thaf I would prepare, write, or compile, such a text-book, finally: influced me to undertake the onerous labor, the results of whith:#1% presented in THE ENcyclo- pºdia of Gold AND Silviºr CôIRs of the World. Of works upon Numismatics, and of “Coin Books,” within the last two hundred years, there has been issued an immense number. many of them very valuable in specialities; but none universal in application, all crowded with unnecessary matter, and not one adapted to the requirement of every-day business life or students reference. To translate many of these works from the Latin, Greek, French, German, Italian, and other languages; to compare, sift, select, and verify all the mass, and to condense the information to the utmost, comprises but a portion of my task. Correspondence was entered into with the Financial Ministers of every nation on the earth possessing a coinage; official reports only were received as authority; every channel, every source of knowledge was ex- hausted to obtain authentic, reliable data. Our own and foreign &/0. ſ’ ŽCC (A/ //č(tw/ {{ } : 1/ /2 -//- 3 & * ) mints, national and private; museums, collections, and cabinets have given copies of their treasures to our artist's pencil. Foreign and Home departments, financial institutions and financiers, the most distinguished scientists, have all generously responded to every application for information and material. The results of long years of study and dearly bought experience; large sums of money for importations of literature, purchase of rare, costly vol- umes, specimen coins, artistic and clerical labor, have all been lav- isled upon this work to render it complete and correct, an authority beyond question, an embracement of the entire field. - . In the interests of the science to which I have been so long de- voted, to justify the flattering opinion expressed by those who de- sired this work from my hands, to aid, so far as in my power, in systemizing money and commercial transactions, and for my own reputation, I have expended upon THE ENCYCLOPEDIA an amount of hard, conscientious labor for which money cannot recompense l]] (2. - i With facts and figures alone I have dealt, and to present these in the plainest possible form, arranged for the most speedy and satisfactory reference, has been my sole object. Without egotism I may say that I consider my work well done; in the whole range of literature devoted to numismatics or coined money there is and has never been, a volume so exhaustive in ex- planation and illustration or so certainly reliable as this Encyclo- paedia. Errors there may be; mistakes will creep into the most carefully edited works. I have discovered them in every authority, official document or statement I have used; consequently I cannot, do not, claim infallibility, and will thankfully receive corrections. Just, fair criticism is invited, and will be heartily welcomed. I be. lieve my book to be the best and most complete, the only complete work of its kind, ever issued, and, claiming that high standard, I offer it to my friends and the public without further apology or commendation. \ Philadelphia, March, 1886. A. M. SMITH. |NDEX. —PLATES AND TABLES. Afghanistan, Gold, 415 Silver, 4.17, 419 Africa (Great Britain), Silver, 283 (Portugal) Silver, 379 Allegorical Plate, 463 Algiers, Gold, 421 Silver, 421 Altenburg (Germany), Silver, 175 America (Spanish) Silver, 411 Ancient Coins, Greek, 465 to 481 Jewish, 508 Roman, 483 to 503 Anhalt (Germany), Silver, 125 Argentine Republic, (S. A.), Gold, 33 Silver, 34, 35 Austria, Gold, (39 to 73 Silver, 74 to 85 Baden (Germany), Silver, 127 to 131 Bank Tokens (English), Silver, 259, 275 Batavia (Holland), Silver, 299 to 303 Bavaria (Germany), Gold, 133 Silver, 135 to 141 Belgium, Gold, ... 86 Silver, 87 Bolivia (S. A.), Gold, 36 Silver, 36 Bologne (Italy), Gold, 311 Silver, 311 Brazil (S. A.), Gold, 38 Silver, 39, 41 Bremen (Germany), Silver, 143 Brunswick (Germany), Gold, 119 Silver, 145 to 149 Burmah (Great Britain), Silver, 277 Canada (Great Britain), Silver, 274 Cash Value, Gold and Silver, (Table), 30 Characters and Numbers, (Oriental), 413 Chili (S. A.), Gold, 43 Silver, 45 China, Gold, 364, 365 Silver, 363, 367, 369 China (France), Silver, 106 Comparative Ratio, Silver (Table), 32 Coin History, U. S. A. (Table), 18 Coins, Ancient, 465 to 508 Greek, 465 to 481 Jewish, 508 Mediaeval, 505 to 507 Roman, 483 to 503 Current, (Table), 509, 510 Colombia (U. S. of S. A.), Gold, 46 Silver, 47 Current Coins of World (Table), 509, 510 Demerara (Great Britain), Silver, 277 Denmark, Gold, 89 Silver, 91 to 99 East Indies (Great Britain), Gold, 269 Silver, 268 to 273 (Holland), Silver, 301, 303 Ecuador (S. A.), Gold, 48 Silver, 49, 50 Egypt, Gold, 423 Silver, 425 England, Gold, 223 to 238 Silver, 241 to 28:3 English Grains and French Grammes (Table), 32 Equalization, Gold and Silver (Table), 26 Essequebo (Great Britain), Silver, 277 France, Gold, 101, 103 Silver, 105 to 117 (China), Silver, 106 French Grammes and English Grains (Table), 32 Frankfort-on-the-Main, (Germany), Sil- ver, 150 to 152 Germany, Gold, 119, 133, 176, 177, º Silver, 121 to 131, 135 to 175, 179 to 195, 199 to 207, 211 to 220 Gold and Silver Tables, Cash Value, 30 Current Coins, 509, 510 Equalization, 26 Standard Value, 28 TJ. S. A., (History), 1S Grains (English), and Grammes (French) Table, * 32 Grammes and Grains (Table), 32 Great Britain, Gold, 233 to 238, 261, 279 Silver, 241 to 283 Greece, Gold, 288 Silver, 289 Greek Coins (Ancient), 465 to 481 Greiz-Reuss (Germany), Silver, 191 Guatemala (C. A.), Gold, 51 Silver, 52, 53 Guiana (Great Britain), Silver, 277 Hamburg (Germany), Silver, 155 Hanover (Germany), Gold, 157 Silver, 159 Hawii (Sandwich Islands), Silver, 68 IIayti, Silver, 290, 291 IIechingen (Germany), Silver, 123 IIesse-Cassel (Germany), Gold, 119 Silver, 161, 163 Tſesse Darmstadt (Germany), Silver, 165 Hindostan, Gold, 427 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (Germany), Silver, 123 Holland, Gold, 293 Silver, 295 to 303 Honduras (C. A.), Silver, 54 7 Hungary (Austria), Gold, 69 to 73 Silver, 74 to 85 India, East (Great Britain), Gold, 269 Silver, 268, 271, 273 (Holland), Silver, 301, 303 Islands (Holland), Silver, 299 Italy, Gold, 304, 312, 316 to 320, 329, 337, 338, 348 Silver, 305 to 357 Japan, Gold, 358, 359, 362 Silver, 360 Java (Holland), Silver, 303 Jewish Coins (Ancient), 508 La Plata (S. A.), Gold, 33 Silver, 34, 35 Lechenstein (Germany), Gold, 119 Liberia (Africa), Silver, (38 Ligura (Italy), Silver, 1 3 Lippe (Germany), Silver, 167 Lobenstein (Germany), Silver, 191, 220 Lombardy-Venice (Italy), Gold, 312 Silver, 355 to 357 Lubeck (Germany), Silver, 169 Lucca (Italy), Silver, 315 Malta (Great Britain), Gold, 279 Silver, 281 Mecklenburg (Germany), Silver, 271 Mediaeval Coins, 505 to 507 Mexico, Gold, 56, 57 Silver, 58 to 61 Monaco (Italy), Gold, 320 Silver, 320 Morocco, Gold, 426 Silver, 429 Nassau (Germany), Gold, 119 Silver, 173 Netherlands (Holland), Gokl, 293 Silver, 295 to 303 Newfoundland (Great Britain), Silver, 274 New Grenada (S. A.), Gold. 63 Silver, 62, 63 Norway and Sweden, Gold, 443 Silver, 445, 447 Numbers and Characters (Oriental), 413 Nuremburg (Germany), Silver, 137 Obsidional Money (Great Britain), Silver, 257 Oldenburg (Germany), Silver, 175 Oriental Numbers and Characters, 413 Parma (Italy), Gold, 316 Silver, 317 Persia, Gold, 431 Silver, 433 Peru (S. A.), Gold, 64 Silver, * 65, 67 Portugal, Gold, 371, 373 Silver, 375 to 379 Prussia (Germany), Gold, 176, 177 Silver, 179 to 189 Ragusa (Austria), Gold, 69 to 73 Silver, 74 to 85 Reuss-Greiz (Germany), Silver, 191 Reuss-Lobenstein (Germany), Silver, 191 Ring Money (Great Britain), 265, 267 Roman Coins (Ancient), 483 to 503 Rome (Italy), Gold, º 319 Silver, 321 to 327 Roumania, Silver, 221 Rudolstadt-Schwarzburg, (Germany), Silver, 123 Russia, Platina, - 380 Gold, 381 Silver, 383 to 387 Sandwich Islands, Silver, 68 Sardinia (Italy), Gold, 329, 331 Silver, 313, 333, 33.5 Saxe-Altenburg (Germany), Silver, 121 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Germany), Silver, - 121, 193, 195 Saxe-Weimar (Germany), Silver, 121, 175 Saxony (Germany), Gold, 119, 197 Silver, 199 to 205 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (Germany), Silver, 23 Scotland (Great Britain), Gold, 261 Silver, 263 Servia, Silver, 28S Siam, Silver, 370 Sicily (Italy), Gold, 337, 33S Silver, 339 to 347 Siege Money (Great Britain), Silver, 257 Sierra Leona Co. (Gt. Britain), Silver, 283 Sigmaringen-Hohenzollern (Germany), Silver, 12 Silver, Comparative Ratio (Table), 32 Spain, Gold, 389 to 395 Silver, 390 to 411 (America), Silver, 411 Standard Fineness, G. & S. (Table), 28 Sweden and Norway, Gold, 443 Silver, 445, 447 Switzerland, Gold, 449 to 453 Silver, 455 to 461 Tables, See Special Table Index Tokens (Great Britain), Silver, 259, 27.5 Tripoli, Gold, 421 Tunis, Gold, 421 Silver, 429 Turkey, Gold, 423, 435 Silver, 437 to 441 Tuscany (Italy), Gold, 348 Silver, 349 to 353 United States, (America), Gold, 17 to 21 Silver, 23 to 31 Coin History (Table), 18 United States, Colombia, (S.A.), Gold, 46 Silver, 47 Uruguay (S. A.), Silver, 54 Venezuela (S. A ), Silver, 55, 56 Venice (Italy), Gold, 312 Silver, 355, 357 Waldeck (Germany), Silver, 207 Wurtemburg (Germany), Gold, 209 Silver, 211, 219 |NDEX. —DESCR; PTVE PAGES. Afghanistan, 414 || Demerara (G. D.), 242 Africa (British), 260 | 1).cnlm.urk, 86 West (British), 262 | District of Keewatin (G. B.), 24() Alaska (U. S. A.), 24 Dominion of Canada. “ 2:34) Algiers, 430 | } last Angles, England, 280 Altenburg (Germany), 74 | Eastern Possessions (G. B.), 2:34 Ancient, Gleece, 464 to 476 | IDCuador (S. A.), 48 Judea, 508 Egypt, 422 Rome, 482 to 500 | England, 224 Angu lla (G. B.), 250 & & Kings of Kent, 280 Anlalt (Germany), 124 English Money, Early Silver, 2.52 Antigua (G. B.), 250 ( & ‘‘ Gold Coin, 272 Antilles Islands (G. B.), 248 ( & “ of Necessity, 2.52 Archbishops, Coins (England), 284 ( & ( & Siege Pieces, 252 Argentine Republic (S. A.), 34 Essequibo (G. D. ), 242 Ascension Island (G. B.), 266 Falkland Islands (G. B.), 2(3() Asiatic Turkey, 434 Fiji Islands (G. B.), 248 Assam, (G. B.), 228 Fingoland & £ 262 Atlantic, South (G. D.), 266 || Foreign “Obsidional ’’ Money, 254 Austral-Asia & 4 242 | France, 100 Australia & & 242 Gambia, the Settlement (G. B.), 264 South & 4 244 Gealekland (G. B.), 262 Western & & 246 Gel many, 18 Austria, 70 Gibralter (G. B.), 26S Baden (Germany), 126 Gold Coast Colony (G. IX.), 264 Bahamas, Islands (G. B.), 248 Gold Coinage, England, 272 Barbados (G. B.), 258 || Great Britian, 222 to 287 Bavaria (Germany), 132 || Grenada (G. B.), 258 Belgium, 86 || Grenadines, The (G. B.), 258 T}engal (G. B.), 226 Griqualand (G. B.), 260 Berar & 4 230 Guatemala (C. A.), 52 Berbice “ 242 Guernsey, Isle (G. B.), 270 Bolivia (S. A.), 36 Guiana (G. B.). 242 Bombay (G. B.), 228 Guinea, New (G. B.), 246 Brazil (S. A.), 40 Guzo (G. B.), 268 Bremen (Germany), 142 | Hamburg (Germany), 154 British Africa, 260 Hawaii (Sandwich Islands), (38 & & “ West, 262 | Hayti, ºr 290 ‘‘ Columbia, 240 | Heligoland (G. B.), 270 T}runswick (Germany), 144 | Hesse-Darmstadt (Germany), 164 Burmah (G. B.), 228, 230 IIolland, 292 Cambodia, 462 | Honduras (C. A.), 54 Canada, Dominion of (G. B.), 239 & & (G. B.), 242 & 4 Proper, & & 239 || Hong Kong (G. B.), 234 Cape Colony (G. B.), 260 || Hungary (Austria), 70 Central Provinces (G.B.), 228 Idutywa Reserve (G. B.), 202 Ceylon (G. B.,), 234 India (G. B.), 222, 230 Channel Islands (G. B.), 270 | Indies, West (G. B.), 248 Characters, Oriental, 412 Ireland (G. B.), 224 Chatham Islands (G. B.), 246 “ Ring Money, 266 Chili (S. A.), 42 | Islands of Austral-Asia (G. B.), 242 China, 364 Italy, 308 Coinage of England, Gold, 272 || Jamaica, (G. B ), 248 & & { { Silver, 276 Japan, 3.58 Coins, Church (England), 284 || Jersey, Isle of (G. B.), 270 ('ommonwealth (England), 274 || Keewatin, District (G. B.), 240 Knights of Malta, 4 & 278 || Kings of Kent, England, 280 Monarchs, & & 284 Knights of Malta, 278 Saints, ( & 282 Jabrador (G. B.), 342 Colombia, U. S. (of S. A.), 46 || Labuan (G. B.), 236 Colony, Gold Coast (G. B.), 264 agoS & & 264 Cyprus (G. B.), 239 Leeward Islands (G. B.), 250 Liberia (Africa), 68 Lubeck (Germany), 168 Madras, (G. B.), 228 Malta (G. B.), 268 \lan, Isle of (G. D.), 270 Manitoba { { 240 Mauritius & & 236 Mecklenburg (Germany), 170 Mercia (England), 280 Mexico, 56 Mono, Isle of (G. B.), 270 Monaco (Italy), 320 Monarchs of England, 284 Money, of Necessity, 252 { % “Obsidional,” 254 & 6 Ring, 264 & & Siege, 252 Monserrat (G. B.), 250 Morocco, 428 Natal, (G. B.), 262 Native States, India (G. B.), 230 Netherlands, * 229 New Brunswick (G. B.), 238 New Grenada (S. A.), 62 New Guinea (G. B.), 246 New South Wales (G. B.), 244 New Zealand (G. B.), 246 Newfoundland (G. B.), 240 Nevis (G. B.), 250 Norfolk Island (G. B.), 246 North-west Provinces (G. B.), 226 North-west Territory (G. B.), 240 Northumberland (England), 282 Norway, 442, 444 Nova Scotia (G. B.), 238 Mumerals, Oriental, 412 Obsidional Money, 254 Oldenburg (Germany), 174 Ontario and Quebec (G. B.), 239 Oriental Words and Figures, 412 Ottoman Empire, 434 Papua (G. B.), 246 Penang (G. B.), 236 Persia, 430 Peru, (S. A.), 66 Portugal, 37.2 Prince Edward’s Island (G. B.), 240 Prince of Wales Island (G. B.), 236 Province Wellesley (G. B.), 239 Prussia (Germany), 17S Punjab, The (G, 13.), 226 Pyrmont (Germany), 206 Quebec and Ontario (G. B.), 2:39 Queensland (G. B.), 244 Ragusa (Austria), 70 Red River Settlements (G. B.), 240 R1 ng Money, 264 Roumania, Russia, Saints’ Money (England), Sandwich Islands, Sandy Island (G. B.), Saxons (English), Saxe-Altenburg (Germany), Saxe-Coburg-Go' ha (Germany), Saxony (Germany), Scotland (G. 13.), Siam, Siege Pieces, Sierra Leon (G. B.), Silver Coins of England, Silver Money, Early English, Singapore (G. B.), Socotra (G. B.), South Atlantic (G. B.), South Australia (G. li.), South England, Saxons, South George's Island (G. B.), South Saxons (England), South Wales, New (G. B.), Spain, St. IIelena (G. B.), St. John's Port (, r. B.), St. Kitts (G. B ), St. Lucia (G. B.), St. Vincent’s (G. B.). Straits Settlements (G. B.), Swan River Settlement (G. B.), Sweden, Switzerland, Tasmania (G. D.), Tembuland (G. B.), Tobago (G. 13.), Transkei (G. l; ), Trinidad (G. B.), Tripoli, Turkey, * 221 3S4 2S2 6S 27() 280 ~ : § -r 102 19(; 224 37 ) 25.2 262 27 (5 252 2:54; 2:34 2645 244 28ſ) 2($6 2S() 24-4 34).) 2(3S 262 25{) 2.5S 258 2:3'; 2(${} 44? 448 246 260 25S 260 25ſ) 43() 434 United States of America, 18 to Q4 of Colombia (S Uruguay (S. A.), Venezuela (S. A.), Victoria (G. B.), Virgin Islands (G. B ), Waldeck (Germany), Wales (G. D.), Wales, New South (G. B.), Walfish Bay (G. B.), Wellesley Province (G. B.), West Africa (British), West England Saxons, West Indies (G. B.), * Westein Australia (G. B.), Windward Islands (G. B.), Wurtemburg (Germany), ITNTIDIEDXC_-T_A_IET, TES_ Average value of U. S. A. $ since 1873, 82 British India, annual Regeipts and Expend. 23 Coin value of Gold and Silver by grains. 28 Current Coins of the World, 13, 14, 15, 16, 509 Foreign Siege Money, 258 Grains and Grammes, , 511 Production of Silver and Gold, e § 2 . A.), 45 54 Pure Metal in Coins, Ratio of Silver to Gold, Standard Fineness, States of U. S. A., * U. S. A. Coin History Wealth of U. S. A. in. Treasure, 55 244 250 206 224 244 262 239 202 28ſ) 248 246 2.5S 208 10 ORIGINAL SUBSCRIBERS. John W. Thurston, 50 Mill street, Germantown, Pa. II. Walworth, Plattsburgh, Clinton Co., N. Y. IIenry L. Jewett, Capitol Bank of Macon, Macon, Ga. J. C. Weston, Cashier Clinton National Bank, Clinton, Iowa. George F. Jasper, First National Bank of Quincy, Quincy, Ills. C. W. Stutesman, Bunker Hill, Ind. L. Fleury, Decatur, Ills. W. C. Stone, City Library, Springfield, Mass. General M. C. Meigs, Washington, D. C. E. F. Gerald, Auditor C. P. R. R., San Francisco, Cal. Edwin Andrews, Deep River, Conn. A. C. Gruhlke, Waterloo, Ind. Central Library, Syracuse, N. Y. S. L. Cushman, Cashier, The Bristol Co. Nat. Bank, Taunton, Mass. F. J. Lothrop, Leominster, National Bank, Leominster, Mass. P. H. Parker, Box 367, Washington, Ills. Christine Elberg, Apenrade, Schleswig, Germany. IB. W. Kumler, Seven Mills, Butler Co., Ohio. National Numismatic Museum, Smithsonian Ins., Washington, D. C. J. H. Gray, Palatka, Fla. Thomas Cunningham, Mohawk, Herkimer Co., N. Y. |F. W. Furman, 308 Westminster street, Providence, R. I. James E. Taylor, No. 10 Branch street, Lowell, Mass. C. W. Blume, Nuttellburg, Fayette Co., W. Va. S. A. McKean & Co., 100 Washington street, Chicago, Ills. Dr. G. H. Newcomb, 94 Chestnut street, Albany, N. Y. J. C. Fales, Prof. Nat. Science, Central College of Ky., Danville, Ky. W. R. Kinnaird, First National Bank, McGragor, Iowa. IIenry Abel, Jr., German National Bank, Pittsburgh, Pa. John S. Cavern, Cashier First National Bank, Macon, Ga. Academy, Mount St. Vincent on the Hudson, New York. Chas. E. West, 138 Montague street, Brooklyn, N. Y. W. E. Sherrill, Taylor, Texas. Geo. L. Bolton, Room 52, Penna. R. R. Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Geo. A. Holloway, 177 La Salle street, Chicago, Ills. Jushii Rinichi Kuki, Ministerfrom Japan to U. S. A. Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil, S. A. Albert M. Baker, 224 South Fifth street, Philadelphia, Pa. Charles H. Clarke. 224 South Fifth street, Philadelphia, Pa. 11 A. Hamlyn Todd, Library of Parliament, Ottowa, Canada. Augustine Schneider, O. S. B. Numismatist, Beatty P. O. Westmore- land Co., Pa. John Jones, Kent, Ohio. K. K. Chapman, Farmers and Merchants Saving Fund, Smithfield, Va. C. F. Sonne, Trukee, Cal. & Eli Foorman, Eaton, Ind. John Cashner, Box 2, Spearfish, Dakota. E. G. Hyman, Cashier, Bangor, Me. M. Herbert, Washington C. H., Ohio. Chas. T. Hull, Cashier First National Bank, Athens, Pa. John H. Werkheiser, Cashier, Silverton, Colorada. C. H. Ryland, Librarian Richmond College, Richmond, Va. Winslow J. Howard, Assayer, Silver City, New Mexico. Jesse Sweed, Quaker City, Ohio. R. W. McLochlin, 233 McGill street, Montreal, Canada. Frank McCoy, Los Angelès, California. John G. Anderson, 111 East 2d street, Jamestown, N. Y. Chas. Morris, 640 Adams street, Chicago, Ills. Edinger Bros., 18 Vesey street, New York City, N. Y. Lachman & Jacobi, Wine Growers, San Francisco, California. K. A. Lunderfielt, Librarian Public Library, Milwaukee, Wis. Francis Ravenscroft, Birkbeck Bank, Southampton Buildings, Chan- cery Lane, London, England. J. G. Staunton, Librarian Bates College, Lewiston, Maine. J. H. Day, 27 East Southern Bay, Exeter, England. Frank A. Wright, 43 Orange street, Lewiston, Maine. Chas. Norton, Connecut, Ohio. W. E. Berger, 324 N. 3d street, St. Louis, Mo, Capt. C. Penick, R. D., Copenhagen, Denmark. IEdwin S. Foster, 35 Merimack street, Haverhill, Mass. Judson W. Blacke, Wauseon, Fulton Co., Ohio. Geo. Follett, corner Maine & Thames streets, Norwich, Conn. Miss Nellie E. Williams, Colchester, New London Co., Conn. Byron Reed, Omaha, Nebraska. Chas. B. Bovier, Supreme Gov., Knights of Columbia, Westfield, Mass. J. G. Mills, 24 Plain street, Albany, N. Y. A. Gartner, Savannah, Ga. Miss S. S. Cox, 22 West Walnut Lane, Germantown, Pa. Carl C. Zschiesche, Numismatist, 4 Konigsstrasse, Leipzig, Germany. 12 G. M. Phillips, Cashier First National Bank, Northfield, Minn. C. M. Worthington, Sterling, Ills. G. H. Golding, 94 East Genesee street, Syracuse, N. Y. Dr. Sheffer, 1309 Arch street, Philadelphia, Pa. J. B. Lippincott Co., Booksellers, 715 Market street, Philadelphia, Pa. Lyman Low, Numismatist, 853 Broadway, New York City, N. Y. C. E. Foster, Hornsea, East York, England. E. S. Ballard, Davenport, Iowa. S. E. Meigs, 1713 Locust street, Philadelphia, l’a. Warren Gee, Spring Lake, Michigan. J. S. Harrington, 62 Orange street, Worcester, Mass. C. H. Martin, Oxford Bank, Oxford, Neb. Iſenry L. Sheldon, Middlebury, Vt. C. E. Morrill, Blackberry Station, Ills. Theodore F. Rose, Ivoryton, Conn. Geo. H. Heath, Monroe, Michigan. G. H. Stewart, Cashier, Zanesville, Ohio. A. II. Hall, Principal Normal School of Practice, 17th and Spring Garden, Philadelphia, Pa. Martin Steffan, Jr., Box 60, Memphis, Mo. C. D. Van Hoesen, Toledo National Bank, Toledo, Ohio. * L. S. Hill, Cashier Deseret National Bank, Salt Lake City, Utah. Hunter Stedman, Jr., 102 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa. Peter M. Schmidt, Aabenraa, Schleswig, North Germania. Dr. Edward Marris, 1106 Pine street, Philadelphia, Pa. Hans Berndt, Bismarck, Dakota. James Forbes, Ogden, Utah. Ralph Heaton & Son, Mint of Birmingham, England. Nunn & Christie, Bury St. Edmunds, England. Karl W. Hiersemann, 1 Turner strasse, Leipzig, Germania. Foster Ely, M. A. D. D., Syracuse, N. Y. Francesco Gnecchi, Numismaticco Di Brera, Camerino, Itali. Spink & Son, 2 Gracechurch street, London, England. Julius Hahlo, 41 Unter den Linden, Berlin, N. W. Germany. United States Counterfeit Detector, 42 Broad street, New York, N. Y. Adolph Weyl, Numismatist, Berlin, Germany. E. Fay, 3 Rue Montholon, Paris, France. E. v. Maack, Kiel, Germany. Lorenz J. Elberg, Lametsbjerg Löit, pr Apenrade, Schleswig, Germany Wm. H. Pederson, Jamestown, Dakota. COPYRIGHTED BY A. M. SMITH, (URRENT GOLD AND SILVER [[]]NS OF THE WORLD. A COMIPILATION FROM OFFICIAL I)ATA. Name, Fineness and Weight, of Coins furnished especially for this work by the HoN. Director U. S. Mint. A mount of Pure Metal in Each Piece, accurately computed. Cur- rent Valuation of the Coins based upon the official proclamation of the Secretary U. S. Treasury, that “the values of such coins, expressed in the money of account of the United States, are to be taken in estimating the values of all foreign merchandize, made out in any of said Currencies '' Gold, | Coin. *:::\º Fºssess º.º. ºf AUSTRIA. Quadr'pl Ducat. 215.40 986.1 212.4 $0.12 1 € $ 53.85 986. 1 53.1 2.28 8 Florins. 99.56 900. S9,6 3.85 4 IFlorins. 49.78 900. 44.8 1.92 ARGENTINE 1 Argentine. 124.45 900. 112. 4.S2 REPUBLIC. # & 4 62.22 - 900. 55.9 2.41 BELGIUM. 100 Francs. 497.80 900. 4.39 1S.S9 50- { * 24S.90 900. 224. 9.64 20 { { 99.56 900. 89.6 3.85 1() & 4 49.78 900. 44.8 1 92 * 5 { { 24.89 900. 22.4 .96 IBOLIVIA. 10 Dolivianos. 24S.90 900. 224. 9.64 5 { { 124.45 900. 112. 4.82 2 { { 49.78 900. 44.8 1.92 BRAZIL. 20 Mil reis. 276.63 916.6 253.5 10.92. 1() ( & 138.31 916.6 126.7 5.45 5 { { 69. 16 916.6 6.3.3 2.72. CENTRAL T IIalf Onza. 254. 75. 222.2 9.57 AMERICA. + ( & 127. 875. 111.1 4.78 § { { 63.5 S75. 55.5 2.39 I - 16 “ 31.7 875. 27.7 1.19 Ten Pasos. 294. 875. 257.2 11.07 5 { { 147. 875. 128.6 5.53 2 & & 5S.S S75. 51.4 4.21 1 { { 29.4 875. 25.7 1.10 CHILI. Condor. 235.35 900. 21 1.8 9.11 I)oubloom. 1 17.67 900. 105.9 4.51 Iºscudo. 47.07 900. 42.3 1.S2 Peso. 23.53 900. 21.1 .91 D ENMARK. 20 Crowns (Kroner.) 138.28 900. 1244 5.35 1() & 4 & K 60.14 900. 62.2 2 67 EGYPT. - 100 Piasters. 131.18 875. 114.7 4.94 50 { { 65,59 875. 57.3 2 47 25 { { 32.79 S75. 28.6 1.23 ISNGLAND. Sovereign, . . 123.27 . 916.6 113. 4,86. - # ( & - 61.63 916.6 56.5 2.43 FRANCE. 100 Francs. 497.80 900. 448. 19.28 50 & 4 +. 24S,90 900. 224. 9.64 20 { { 99.56 900. S9.6 3.S5 1 () { { 49.78 900. 44.8 1.92 5 { { ' ' .. 24.89 900. 22.4 ,96. GERMANY. 20 Marks. 122.91 > 900. 110.6 4.75 1 J { { , 61.45 Q00. 55.3 2.37 5 { { 30.72 900. 27.6 1, 18 GREECE. 100 Drachmas. 497.80 900. 448. $19.28 50 4 & 248.90 900. 224. 9.64 20 & & - 99.56 900. S9.6 3.85 10 {{ 49.78 900. 44.8 1.92 5 & & 24.89 900. 22.4 .96 HAYTI. 10 Gourdes. - - 248.90 900. 224. 9.64 5 4 & 124.45 900. 112. 4.82 Y 2 { { 49.7S 900. 44.8 1.92 SO 1 C & 24.89 900. 22.4 .96. 14 - L ... W. --- --- Grains of I Metal, Gold. | Coin. “...." Fixeness. Pure Gold, Value. INDIA. 15 Rupees (Mohur.) 180. 916.6 164.9 7.09 1() -- 120. 916.6 11(). 4.73 5 -- 60. 916.6 55. 2.36 ITALY. 100 Lire. 497.8 900. 448. 19.28 50 “ - 248.9 900. 224. 9.64 20 “ 99.56 900. 89.6 3.85 10 * 4).78 900. 44.8 1.02 5 -- 24.89 900. 22.4 .96 JAPAN. 20 Yen. 514.41 900. 462.96 19.92 10 * 257.20 900. 23 1.48 9.96 5 -- 128.60 900. 115.74 4.08 2 -- 51.44 900. 46.29 1.99 1. -- 25.72 900. 23.14 .99 MEXICO. 20 Pesos. 52.2.23 875. 456.95 10.66 10 * * 261.11 875. 228.47 9.83 5 -- 130.55 875. 114.23 4.91 2. “ 65,28 875. 57.11 2.45 1 -- 20.11 875. 22.84 .98 NETHERLANDS. 10 Florins. 103.7 900. 93.3 4.01 NORWAY. 20 Crowns. 138.28 900. 124.45 5.36 10 -- 69.14 900. 62.22 2 68 PERU. 5 Incas. 80.65 900. 80.68 3.47 2. “ 35.86 900. 32.27 1.38 1 * 17.93 900. 16.13 .69 PORTUGAL. 1 Coroa. 273.68 916.6 250.8 10.78 ! -- 136.84 916 6 125.4 5.30 1-5 “ 54.73 916.6 50.1 2.15 1-10 “ 27.36 913.6 25. 1.07 RUSSIA. Half Imperial. 100.98 916.6 92.55 3.09 3 Roubles. 60.59 916.6 ſº, 53 2.38 SPAIN. 100 Pesetas. 497.8 900. 448. 19.28 50 -- 248.9 900. 224. 9.64 20 -- 99.56 900. 80.6 3.85 10 -- 49.78 900. 44.8 1.02 5 -- 24.89 900. 22.4 .96 SWEDEN. Same as Denmark. SWITZERLAND. Same as France. TURKEY. 500 Piasters. 556.78 916.6 51034 21.96 250 -- 278.39 916.6 255.17 10.98 100 -- 111.35 916.6 102.06 4,39 50 -- 55.67 916.6 51.03 2.19 25 -- 27.84 916.6 25.51 1.09 º º 1.) Owing to the frequent variations in the metal value of Silver, it is here computed at U. 3, value, 1000 fine, $1.00 per ounce. PURE S2 e e LEGAL - M ETA L URRENT Silver. | Coin. WEIGHT | FINENESS Silver VA LUE º E AUSTRIA. 2 Florins. 381.03 900. 342.92 .71 $.79.6 1 & 4 190.51 900. 171.46 .35 .30 S 2 Union Thaler. 571.54 900. 514.3S 1.()7 1.10.4 1 { { 4 ( 285.77 9()(). 2.57.10 .53 ... :).7 AIRCENTINE 1 Peso 385.8 900. 347.2 .72 .9(; 5 REPUBLIC. } { { 192.9 {}()(). 17 3.6 .36 .4S 2 1-5 “ 77. 16 90(). 69.44 .14 . 1 ().3 1-10 “ 38.5S 90(). 34.72 .07 .(){}.6 1-20 “ 19.29 900. 17.36 .03 .04 S IBELGIUM. 5 Francs 3S5.8 900. 347.2 ,72 ..!}{}. 2 { { 154.32 83.5. 128.85 ..’6 .3S.6 1 77.16 S3.5. 64.42 . 1.3 .1 !).3 50 Centimes, 3S.5S S3.5. 32.21 .06 .()'.6 20 & 4 15.43 835. 12.97 ()2 .0.3.S BOLIVIA. 1 Boliviano. 38.5.8 900. 347.2 72 . S().6 3. & & 192.9 {}0(). 173.6 .36 .40.3 1 Peseta. 77.16 900. 69.44 .14 .16.1 1 Real. 38.5S 900. 34.72 .07 ()S. y “ 10.20 900. 17 36 .03 .04. BRAZII. 2 Mil reis. 385.8 900. 347.2 .72 1.0%).2 1 { { 192.9 900. 173.6 .3 . 54.6 } & t 96.45 900. 86. S .1S .27.3 CENTRAL 50 Centavos. 2.54. 7.50. 100. .39 ..}(). AMERICA. 2.5 ( ( 127. 750. 9.5. . 19 .2.5. 10 { { 50.S 7.50. 3S.1 .()S .1 (). 5 ( & 25.4 7.50, 19. .04 .().5. CIHILI. 1 Peso. 385.8 900. 347.2 .72 .91.2 50 Centavos. 192.9 900. 173.6 .36 .45.6 20 & & 77,16 900. 69.44 .14 .18.2 10 4 & 38.58 900. 34.72 .07 .09.1 5 & & 19.29 900. 17.36 .03 .04.5 DENMARK. 2 Crown. 231.48 800. 185.18 .38 .53.6 1 £ 4 115.74 S00. 92.59 .19 .26.8 50 Oere 77. 16 600. 46.30 .09 .13.4 40 “ 61.72 600. 37.03 .07 .10.8 25 “ 37.34 600. 22.40 .04 .06.7 10 “ 22.37 400. 8.94 .01 .02.7 ECUADOR. 1. Peso 385.8 900. 347.2 .72 .S.0.6 EGYPT. 10 Piasters. 192.9 75(). 144.6 .30 .49. 5 & 4 96.45 750. 72.3 .15 .24 5 2} “ 48.22 750 36.1 .07 .12 2 1 & & 19.29 7.50. 14.43 .03 .04.9 ENGLAND. Crown. 436.36 92.5 403.63 .84 1.21 6 * “ 218.1S 925 201.81 .42 .6() 8 Florin. 174.54 925 161.44 .33 .48.6 Shilling. 87.27 925 80.72 . 16 .24.3 Six-pence. 43.63 925. 40.36 .0S .12.1 Four-pence. 29.09 92.5 26.90 .0.5 .08. Three-pence. 21. S1 92.5 20.18 .04 .06. Two-pence. 14.54 925. 13.44 .02 .04. Penny. 7.27 925 6.72 ()1 .02. FRANCE. 5 Franc. 385.8 900. 347.2 .72 .96.5 2 “ 154.32 83.5. 128.85 .26 .38.6 1 tº 77. 16 S35. 64.42 .13 .19.3 50 Centimes. 38.5S 835. 32.21 .06 .0%).6 20 & 4 15.43 83.5. 12.07 .02 .03.S GERMANY. 5 Marks. 42S.66 900. 3S.5.79 . S() 1, 19. 2 { { 171.46 {}()(). 154.31 32 .57.6 1 & & 85.73 9()(). 77. 1.5 . . 6 .23 8 50 Pfennig. 42.86 {}()(). 3S 57 ,0S ..l 1.9 20 { { 17.14 9()(). 15.42 .03 .04.7 GREECE. 5 Drachmas. 38.3.8 900. 347.2 72 .96.5 2 { % 154.32 S35. 12.S.S5 .26 .38.6 16 Metal value of Silver, it is here computed at U. S. value, 1000 fine, $1.00 per ounce, c º , F. G A L PURE * SURR Silver. | Coin. | W: |Fismess sº | Sºlº GREECE—Continued. 1 Drachmas. 77,16 835. 64.42 .13 .10.3 50 lepta. 38.5S 835. 32.21 .()6 .09.6 20 “ 15.43 S35. 12.97 .()2 .07 7 HAYTI. 1 Gourde. 385.8 900. 347.2 .72 .96.5 50 Centimes. 192.9 835. 161.1 .33 .48.2 20 { { 77,16 835. 64.42 .13 .19.3 1() {{ 38.5S 835. 32.21 ,0(; .09.6 { { 19.29 835. 16.10 .03 .04.8 INDIA. 1 Rupee. 180. 916.6 165. .34 .38.3 * { { 90. 916.6 82.5 .17 .19.1 # 4 ( 45. 916.6 41.2 .08 .09.5 # { { 22.5 916.6 20.6 .04 ,04.7 ITALY. 5 Ilire. 385.8 900. 347.2 .72 .96.5 2 “ 154.32 835. 128.85 .26 .38.6 1 “ . 77.16 835. 64.42 .13 .19.3 50 Cent’simo. 38.58 - 835, 32.21 .06 .09.6 20 {{ 15.43 835. 12.97 .02 .03.8 JAPAN. 1 Yen. 416. 900. 374.4 .78 ,86.9 50 Sen. 208. 900. 187.2 .39 .43.4 20 “ 83.20 900. 74.9 .15 . 17.3 10 “ 41.6 900. 37.4 .07 .08.6 5 & & 20.8 900. 18.7 .03 .04.3 MEXICO. 1 Peso. 417.79 902.7 377.14 .78 .87.5 50 Centavo. 20S.89 902.7 188.57 .39 .43.7 25 & 4 104.44 902.7 94.28 .19 .21.8 10 {{ 41.78 902.7 37.71 .07 .08.7 5 { { 20.89 902.7 18.85 .03 .04.3 NETHERLANDS, 2} Florin. 385.8 945. 364.5 .76 1.00.5 (HOLLAND.) 1 4 4 154.32 945. 145.8 .30 .40.2 - 50 Cents. 77.16 945. 72.9 15 .20.1 NORWAY. . 2 Crown. 231.48 800. 185.18 .38 .53.6 {{ 115.74 800. 92.59 .19 .26.8 24 Skillings. 92.59 800. 74.07 ...15 .21 4 15 & 4 77.16 600. 46.3 .09 .13.6 12 & C 61.72 600. 37.03 .07 .10.2 3 & 4 22.37 400. 8.9 .01 .03.4 PERU. 1 Sol. 385.8 900. 347.2 .72 .80.6 5 Pesetas. 385.8 900. 347.2 .72 .80.6 1 4 & 77.16 900. 69.44 .14 .16.1 1 Real. 38.58 900. 34.72 .07 .()8. * ( & 19.29 900. 17.36 .03 .04. IPORTUGAL. 500 Reis. 192.9 916.6 176.8 .36 .40. 200 “ 77.16 916.6 70.7 . 14 .16. 100 “ 38.58 916.6 35.3 ..07 .08. 50 “ 19.29 916.6 17.6 ,03 .04. IX USSIA. 1 Rouble 3.19.92 868. 277.60 .57 .64.5 # { { 159.96 868. 138.84 .28 .32.2 } 4 & 79.98 868. 69.42 .14 .16.1 1-5 “ 63.98 868. 55.53 .11 .12 9. 1-10 “ 31.99. 868. 27.76 .05 .06.4 1-2() “ 15.99 868. 13.88 .02 .03.2 SPAIN. 5 Pesetas. 38 . .8 900. 347.2 .72 .96.5 SWEDEN. 2 { { 154.32 835. 128.85 .26 ,38.6 (See Denmark.) 1. { { 77. 16 . 835. 64.42 .13 .19.3. SWITZERLAND. 50 Centimes. 38.58 835. 32.21 .06 .00.6 (See France ) 20 { { 15.43 835. 12.97 .02 .03.8 TURKEY. 20 Piasters. 371.21 830. 308. .64 .88. 1() 4 4 185.60 830. 154. .32 .44. 5 { { 92. S() 830. 77. .16 22. 2 { % 37 12 830. 30.8 .06 . .08.8 1 { { 18.56 830. 15.4 .03 .04.4 # ( & 9.28. 830. 7.7 .01. .02.2 U. S. COLOMIBIA. 1 Peso. 385.8 900. 347.2 .72 .80.6 : 3 UNITED STATES, N. A. Gold. I. I will ºff; s S § º º { ; % *º:*. * §: SSºsºy v. S * wituſ, Yliºsitiºus tutº 'uh, *: Lifiğ, *ś"öß, IBī; S • * & * & º º & ſº O) º sºlº D ºxes § 133 . - & º, à Aw : of * | S TJnited States Coin History Tabulated. GOLD COINS. Aśw. º, FIN ENESS. REMARKS. I)ouble-lºagle ........ March 3, 1849. 5 l (; 900 Eagle........ ........... April 2, 1792... 270 916# “. .......... ......... { { - tº e 2:58 899.225|Changed by Act of June, 28, 1834. “ ................... & 4 258 900 Changed by Act Jan'y 18, 1837. Half-Flagle............ { { 135 916# “ ............ { { 129 899.225|Changed by Act June 28, 1834. “. ........... { { 129 900 Changed by Act Jan'y 18, 1837. Quarter-lºagle........ { { (37.5 9163 - “ ........ & & 64.5 899.225|Changed by Act June 28, 1834. “ ........ & 4 - - - 64.5 900 Changed by Act Jan'y 18, 1837. Three-Dollar I?iece. Feb. 21, 1853... 77.4 900 Onc-Dollar Piece....|March 3, 1849. 25.8 900 SILVISR ( OINS. Aºn. º, FINENESS. REMARKS. Dollar.................. April 2, 1792... 416 892.4 “. .................. & ſº º gº tº 412} 900 Changed by Act Jan. 18, 1837. Coinage of Dollars discontinued by Act of Feb. 12, 1873, and re-authorized dy Act of Feb. 28, 1878. Trade Dollar......... Feb. 12, 1873... 420 900 Half-Dollar ......... April 2, 1792... 208 892.4 - “. ......... • { tº e e 206+ 900 Changed by Act of Jan. 18, 1837. “. ......... & 4 192 900 Changed by Act of Feb. 21, 1853. “ ......... © & 192.9 900 Changed by Act of Feb. 12, 1873. Quarter-Dollar...... {{ 104 892.4 “. ...... ( & 103} 900 Changed by Act of Jan. 18, 1837. “. ...... & C 96 900 Changed by Act of Feb. 21, 1853. “. ...... ( . © tº º 96.45 900 Changed by Act of Feb. 12, 1873. Twenty-cent Piece. March 3, 1875. 77.16 900 Coinage Discontinued May 2, 1878. 12 me .................. April 2, 1792... 41.6 892.4 “. .................. & & • * * 41+ 900 Changed by Act of Jan. 18, 1837. “ ......... ......... & 4 38.4 900 Changed by Act of Feb. 21, 1853. “ .................. ( & 38.58 900 Changed by Act of Feb. 12, 1873. IIalf-Dime ..........., { { 20.8 892.4 “. ............ ( ( * 203 900 Changed by Act of Jan. 18, 1837. Coimage Discontin’d by Act Feb. 12, 1873. Three-cent Piece ...|March 3, 1851. 123 750 { { - - - * { * - a 11.52 900 Changed by Act March 3, 1853. Coinage Discontin’d by Act Feb. 12, 1873. THE UNITED STATES OF NORTHAMERICA. [NOTE, while in the following description there may be much that at first glance will seem to be unnecessary, being perfectly familiar to citizens of the United States, yet as this book is for the world, it is proper that the country in which it is published, should receive equal attention with that bestowed upon foreign nations, the inhabitants of which are not, in all cases, well acquainted with our land, its commerce and finance]. The United States of North America constitute a Federal Republic comprising the central part of the continent and the territory of Alaska, separated from the rest by British Columbia (see special article on Alaska). 24' N, (at the Lake of the Woods, W. of which the boundary follows the 49th paral- lel), and long. 660 50' and 124° 45' W. The main portion lics between lat. 249 30' and 490 It is bounded N. by British America, from which it is in part separated by Lakes Superior, IIuron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario, with their connecting streams, and the river St. Lawrence; E. by New Brunswick and the Atlantic Ocean; S. by the Gulf and Republic of Mexico, from which it is | urtly separated by the Rio Grande; and W. by the Pacific Ocean. The granted FS: is S. > S- s: E. S. S. se: it Sº sº 2 : ; S. S. : st s Sº S : E > S S SS 2: 3: - S : S. : ; E r > f S 2 : ; E = Sº-S S * - = r sº sº Sº * † : : E SFS S " 2.2° E; $ 5S 2 :: . F. S. S. S ..? : ; Ś.S. S - S.* * : S.S. Sº t S. * * Nº sº *\\\ º § § § tºº §§§ sº º *_* ... -- i. gº- - -- * > < : 2: * ~ - º 20 length, from Cape Cod on the Atlantic to the Pacific near the 42 parallel, is nearly 2,800 miles and the greatest bread; h, from the N. W. extremiſy of Miinnesoa to the southermost point of Texas 1,600 miles. The area, from the census report of 1880, 3,607,530 sq. miles (including Alaska but exclusive of the Lakes and River surfaces bounding the Republic or single States). There are 38 States, 1 Federal District and 10 Territories. The total area of the States and Territories, including water surface of the Lakes and Rivers, is equal to about 4,000,000 sq. miles. In 1790 the popula- tion of the U. S. was 3,929,214; there were 6 cities containing an aggregate of 131, . 472 inhabitants. The census of 1880 shows: population of the Republic 50,155,783; Number of cities 286; population of these cities 11,318,547. The official valuation of property in 1880, real and personal, of the people of the U. S., was $43,642,000,000. The Independence of the United States was acknowledged by England which had held them as colonies, on September 13th, 1783, after a war which commenced in 1770, thirteen States were in the original confederation and these are given first in the table following. | Value of FARMS IN T11 I. U. S. (1880) jºi x pºſt A ºf t A Tea, s * S as * PO l tion S £S * = Manufactured ub. Schools tº Opulation STATES Sq. Miles Hºo Acres | Value (1883) 1880) l’ennsylvania, 45,215 $ 744,748,045 20,060,455 $ 975,689,410 $ 9,335,360 4,282,89) New Hampshire 9,305 73,978,933 || 3:21 jº. 7,834,389 (0.88. §§§l Massachusetts §§ ### 8,359,079 145, ºlā 5,313.8% 1,783,085 Rhode Island 1,250 |ſºlº! 514,813 §§§ 9 #7,31; }{3,531 Connecticut 4,990 łºś. 3.4%il; 12,083,919 , 1,813,486 622,700 Now York 49,170 | 1,080,638,696 || 23,780,754 | 1,056,176,741 || 11.973,194 || 5,082,871 New Jersey 7,815 254,375,236 2,929,773 100,895,833 2,315,603 | 1,131,116 Delaware 2,050 20,514,438 || 1,090,245 36,789,672 207,281 120,160. Maryland 12,210 105,771,393 || 5,185,221 165,503,341 1,603.211 724,603 Virginia 42,430 31,810,602 | 19.910,700 216,028,107 | 1,297,620 | 1,512.565 North Carolina, § 29,084.2. 23.39,644 1337},603 §3.4.0 1,399,750 South Carolina, 39,519 .#733.9% lº º: 389,834 995,577 Georgia. 59,475 36,447,448 || 26,127,953 111,910.540 613,647 | 1,542,180 ICentucky 40,400 75,483,377 21,941,974 299,298,631 | 1,248,524 1,648,600 Vernmont 9,565 31,354,3 4,882,588 109,346,010 558,290 332,286 Tennessee 42,050 37,074,886 20,666,915 206,749,837 918,863 1,542,350 Ohio 41,000 848,305,390 24,529,226 1,127,497,353 || 9,451,143 || 3,108,062 Louisiana. 48,720 24,205,183 || 8,273,506 58,989,117 179,052 939,946 Indiana 36,350 148,006,411 20,656,259 635,236,111 || 4,307,020 | 1,978,301 Mississippi 46,810 7,495,803 || 15,883,251 92,844,915 803,876 | 1.131,597 Illinois 56,650 44,864,613 ,402,343 1,000,594,580 || 9,097,372 3,077.871 Alabama. 52,250 13,565,594 | 18.855,334 78,954,648 448,498 || 1,262,505 Maine 33,040 19,825,393 || 6,552,578 102,357,615 1,107,725 648,936 Missouri §§ 163,384,005 || 28,177,990 875,683,307 || 3,767,049 || 2,168.380 Arkansas 53,850 6,756,159 | 12.061,547 74,249,655 470,471 802.525 Michigan 58,915 159,692,025 | 13,869,221 499,103,181 3,299,003 | 1,636,937 Florida, 58,680 5,546,448 3,297.324 ,291,835 133,260 269,493 Iowa 56,025 7,045% ,055,163 567,430,227 5,525,449 1,624,615 Texas 265,780 29,719,923 || 36,303,454 170,468,886 1,150,332 | 1.591,740 Wisconsin 56,040 123,245,480 15,353,118 357,709,507 || 2,892,877 1,315,497 California 158,360 116,227,973 593,742 262,051,282 3,312,215 864,694 Minnesota 83,365 76,063,198 || 13.403,019 193,724,260 | 1,977,815 780,773 Oregon 96,030 lºſº | 4,428,712 56,908,575 461,809 174,768 Kansas $3,080 30,790.21; 21,454.47% 235,178,936 2,194,175 996,096 West Virginia, 24,789 23,861.12% 10,225.341 133,147,175 879,820 618,457 Nevada, 110,700 3.9% 530,862 5,408,325 154,327 62,266. Nebraska, 76.5 {}}}}}} | 9,044.826 105,932,541 1,358,346 452,402 Colorado 103,925 }},250,139 1,126,585 25,109,223 752,361 194,327 Dist. Columbia, 3. 11,882,316 18,146 3,632,403 5,3,312 177,624 Ter. New Mexico lº };}; $31,131 5,514,399 28,973 119,565 ** Utah $4.97% 4,324,933 655,524 14,015,178 182,414 143,963 “ Washington 69,180 §§§ 1,409,421 18,844,224 144,825 175,176 “ I)aſsota }{}lſº 2,373,970 3,800,656 22,401,384 532,325 135,177 “ Arizöna 113.9% (là,665 135,573 1,127,946 77,998 40,440. ** Idaho $4,800 1,21,317 327,798 2.832,890 (6,848 $2,610 ** Montana, 146,080 1,835,867 405,083 3,234,504 260,030 39,150 “ Wyoming 97,890 898,494 l24,433 835,895 28,504 20,789 4% e * 64,690 151.950 º º 577,390 * { laska, º Total 8,607,580 $5,360,607,706 539,300,179 $10,197,096,776 $95,709,945 50,155,783. UNITED STATES, Unauthorized coins Gold. I. TE & ASRſ. DFFICE OF GOLDT || 8 SAN FRANC \ | 3 W.C.A.L.I.FOR , 2 2 [The inhabitants of Alaska and the Indian Territory (both unorganized), are not included in the above total under “population.” In 1880, the Alaska census showed 30, 178 inhabitants; the estimated population of the Indian Territory was 75,000. In 1880, the total “colored” population of the United States, including Negroes, Chinese, Japanese and Indians, was 6,580,793. Foreign born whites, over 21 years of age, 3,072,487. J In the year 1884 there was exported from the United States; of merchandise: $740,513,609 in value; of specie $67,133,383; of agricultural products, $536,315,318. Immigrants arriving in the U. S., in 1884, 518,592; total immigration from 1820 to: 1885, 12,719,095. The report of the principal cereal productions in 1880, shows a total of 1,754,861,535 bushels of Indian corn; 459,479,505 of wheat; 407,858,999 of oats: 44,113,495 of barley; 19,831,595 of rye; and 11,817,327 of buckwheat. Total cotton production for 1880, was 5,737,257 bales, averaging 475 pounds to the bale. Salt produced, in 1880, was in value $4,817,636. The sugar product of the State of Louisiana alone, in 1883, was 221,515 hogsheads, the average weight of each being 1,137 pounds. The total tobacco crop of the United States, in 1879, was 469,816,208. pounds, valued at $36,624,357. Pig iron manufactured in 1883, amounted in tons to: 5,146,972. In 1884, there was in operation, a total of 110,414 miles of railroad, built and equipped at a cost of $6,684,756,045, the gross earnings of which, in 1883, amounted to $823,772,924. The telegraph companies of the United States, in 1884, had an aggregate exceeding 164 miles of line, one company alone controlling 145,037 miles of line, with 450,571 miles of wire, sending in that year 42,076,226 messages, and receiving $19,632,940. The coal fields of the United States are estimated to em- brace an area of over 600,000 square miles. There were within the Union, in 1884, 12,671 diſſerent periodicals in course of publication, daily, weekly or monthly. The public lands of the United States still open for settlement, and sold at government rates, in 1884, comprised an area of 2,835,883 square miles, or 1,814,965,179 acres. In 1883, there were 22,383 patents issued from the United States Patent Office. The public debt, in 1884, amounted to $1,830,528,923.57, a reduction of $942,707,250. 12. from 1866, at the conclusion of the civil war. There are 50,017 post offices; 43,338, - 127 miles of post-routes, and the service is administered at a cost of $46,404,960 per annum. The total tonnage in 1884, including vessels of every class, was 4,271,229 tons. The total receipts of the U. S. for the year ending June 30, 1884, were $348,519,869. The gold and silver produce from the mines of the United States in 1883, in value. was of gold $30,000,000; of silver $46,200,000. The amount of National Bank and Legal-Tender Notes, outstanding on October 31st, 1884 was, of National Bank No:es $332,473,693; of Legal-Tender Notes $346,681,016. The United States paid in 1884, in pensions to the 322,756 surviving participants in her wars, or to their legal heirs, the sum of $56,963,098. The amount of appropriation made by Congress, for the fiscal year 1885, to carry on the different departments of the government, was $137,- 451,398. To enumerate the cultivated and natural products of the United States. would require more space than a volume of this class can afford. There is no gift be- stowed by nature, necessary for the comfort or luxury of mankind that does not exist or have its equivalent within the boundaries of the nation ; the wealth of mindrals, UNITED STATES, N. A. Silver. I. ouvultunint *Es". \c ”, Yº- %2 O. & § º º º º º' ºn § . . . . . . a ſº §: c Wºº & Rºº § > § º - º Y." - Nº. NS US E. & 17 g .9 S º S ”, v S **, - & 6. - ”, & 9. Sº W º \ Sººn, wº.3 ° Wy wºW ºvululuwº. 8 "nuuuuunwº SS ºf ºt %in - ”uiliumut ...” o S J. N. - & ºutim; * www.uumni, lſit,'ſ wº º, sºy E. S.", * ºr Tºº, sº º, Sy & $º & º, (2. S 4' × . Šºsº SS *W sSAw 3 o §§ º sº S* § ATE S. *S. x(ſºč. 62 *º, º SS3 *... # ºf º * * º º [2. IFQ, UT-A-T-IZ_A_TIOINT T_A_IETIE GIVING THE AMOUNT OF GOLD OR SILVER IN COIN. Explanation:—To find the actual amount of pure metal contained in a coin, its finemess being known, take the gross Weight of the lº On the ‘ column of the given fineness is reached. grains pure. * calculations are only made as far as 800 fine. half of the figures here given for 900, &c., &c. f the coin weighs 199 gross take the 190 and the 5 figures in the grains table. grains” table and follow directly across until the Thus, 110 grains gross, at 875 fine is found to be 96% The - 4 If lower or intermediate graſles of fineness are sought, the simple rules of arithmetic will give the results of any possible combination, 450 fine being one- Of course 1000 fine means the entire gross weight is pure. F|NENESS FINENESS GROSS F|NENESS FINENESS FINENESS FINENESS FINENESS FINENESS a; 975 95O 925 900 | 875 85O 825 | SOO . GRAINS GRAINS | GRAINS GRAINS GRAINS | GRAINS GRAINS GRAINS t | g } # }} | §§ 3% † }% §§ 3 1 # | # #& #5 || || ## | # | } 2 # | # # # 1; 1ſo | 1%; 1; 3 2% 2% 2# †o 2; 2}} 921 9 22 4 3% 3# 34%, 3# 3; #" | 5 || 3: 5 4% 4; 4; 4} 4; 4; l. 4 6 5% 51%, 5%; 5% 5} 51%, 4}} 4} 7 6## 6}; 6# 64%; 6# 5}} 5}} 5; 8 7# 7; 73 7; 7 6# 6# 6% 9 8}} 8}} 8}} 81%; 7% 7}} 7+% 7} 10 9} 9% 93. 9 8; 8} 8} 8 15 14; 14} 13% 13} 13} 12; 12; 12 20 19% 19 184 18 17% 17 16% 16 25 24; 23; 23% 22} 21% 213 20; 20 30 29} 28} 27; 27 26} 25% 24; 24 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 50 48% 47% 46} 45 43; 42} 41} 40 60 58% 57 55% 54 52% 51 49; 48 70 68} 664 64; 63 61} 593 57; 56 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 90 87; 853 83} 81 78; 764 74} 72 100 97% 95 924 90 87% 85 82; 80 110 1074 || 1044 || 101; 99 96} 934 90% 88 120 | 117 114 111 108 105 102 99 96 130 | 126; 123} | 1204 || 117 1133 110} | 1073 || 104 140 | 136} | 133 1294 | 126 122; 119 1154 || 112 150 146} | 142} | 1383 || 135 131} | 1273 || 123} | 120 160 | 156 152 148 144 140 136 132 12S 170 | 1653 | 161} | 1573 || 153 148# 1444 1403 || 136 180 175} | 171 1664 162 1573 || 153 1484 || 144 190 1854 1804 || 1753 171 166} | 1614 1563 152 200 195 190 185 180 175 170 165 160 210 204} | 1994 | 194} | 189 183; 1784 || 173} | 168 220 214, 209 203 198 1923, 187 181} | 176 230 224% 218, 2124 207 201} | 1953 | 1893 184 240 || 234 228 222 216 210 204 198 192 250 243; 2374 2314 225 218; 2124 206+ | 200 300 2923 || 285 2773 270 2624 255 2474 240 400 390 380 370 360 350 340 330 320 480 468 444 432 420 408 396 384 COPYRIGHT SECURED BY A. M. smith, iss5. UNITED STATES, N. A. Silver. I. 6 Y. § {ſº}{ º #|W % SA gº §: SN s -z” º * ºr §§º \º º - /º º º *g y 2S COPYRIGHTED BY A. M. smith. Standard Fineness of .11n prieſt n Coins, the Ia fin ('u ion, at nºt Nine-Tenths of the World. T A B L E S. of Gold a wd Silver, 900 Pint', by Grºti ws and Pennyweights. Grains on outer column, money Yalue opposite. G O L D s () Ull! (!(..*. ('atsh J at late U. S. Standard, 900 fine, $18.60 per GRAINS. $ CTS. GRA|NS. onans $ CTS. T agains. crs. $ CTS .01}} 45T 1.74; T Five Pennyweight 200 7.75 i .03% ". Pennyweight 120 4.65 205 7.94; 2 .07; º e 125 4.84; 210 | 8.13% 3 ii; 30 lº 130 || 5.03; 215 8.3% 4 .15% tº ; j łł º; *}. rºº j .193. rº ºr .3% 5.42% 216 .37 º º (5.5 2.51% Six Peºght 220 8.52% 7 37. 70 2.71; 144 5.58 225 8.71% 8 ji" nº * 150 5.813 230 8.9 1} } .. *l *de 55 5. 5. - # 1. º T. 2.90; #. º ; rºa. . • ‘29.1 80 3.10 Seven Pennyweight 240 9.30 ° One-half Pennyweight y - * 3 ** f ≤ 1. Y * rº * i te 85 3.29 168 (5.51 : $83. 12 .46} gó | #4; 170 (5.58% 250 9.68% 15 .583 §5 || 3.6s. iń 6.7s; | # 20 ». 77 # Fº Pennyyeight 180 6.97 # F iº ºdight º, tº | }. 185 7.16% 360 | 13.95 º . . .”. ſº .87; 190 7.364 400 15.50 ! - .30; .26+ * tº Twenty Pennyweight .. 40 | 1.55" || ii.5 4.45} i; # "º “tºº S | LV E R oº:: in º table, is in the outer column, grains opposite. U. S. Standard tº ne, 90 cents per ounce. CENTS GRAINS CENTS GRAINS | CENTs GRAINS CENTS GRAINS 1.5 R Three Penl ight * } f : • 3.2 r. * of a || || "..." |#, # |º ; º; #| |{i, #" || | | *|†: ; o; i; ; , ; #2, # || || || 3: .04 21% #8 #, .28 1494 ||.40 213; ğ. * 16; 90 .28§ 150 e *# 215 * *-* ~ * * © 2 O .04+} 25 .17 㺠||3: # * | * x 2 1 3 r: .29# 155 * º g 05 263 º 17 Tö 95 30 160 Q 41 2.18% .05; 30 * * * 30}} 165 .41% 220 º: 9 : is: 100 †" 165% º: 3 : ºr" 37} .19 101 # Seven Pennyweight .# : § 074 40 .1944. 105 .313 | 168 .#, # oš' 423 ...," 1063 .31% 170 º #, .08 45 .20% 110 .32 1703 e º Two } remºval * 21 8. 11 2 * 32}; 175 * 44; 235 - T Fenny Weight ,09 48 .21%; 115 .33 176 ...” % ***> .10 53% Five | Pennyweight || - 34 1814 * 56; 300 .11 58% .23 1223 .35 1863 :09; ov : .11} * || 3: iá;" |}; ió" |*| * .12 64 .24 128 Eight | Pennyweight .#;" 400 .12; 65 .24; 130 ,36 2 .84; 450 º: # º 3. 5 # º #, * rºat • 1 & .2})* 135 .37 7% º 8 UNITED STATES, N. A. Silver. I. 7 30 COPYRIGHTED BY A. M. SMITH. Thus 925 (English Standard) is 7's per ent, less than this table. TA B L E S Giving the Cash Value of Gold and Silver 1000 Fine by Grains and Pennyweights. The value of any lesser fineness may be determined by detluçting at the rate of 10 per cent, for each hundred. For 900 fine (American Standard) (leduct. 10 per cent. ; for 850, take off 15 per cent. and so on to ally limit. GOLD. Opposite the number of grains on the outer Columns, stands its money value cal- culated at U. S. Standard, 1000 fine, $20.66 per ounce. osans. $ CTS. GRAl NS. $ CTS. GRA|NS. SS CTS. GRAINS, $ CTS. , .024's 45 1.95%. Five [Pennyweight | 200 S.60% 1 .043.iº 'I WO Pennyweight 120 5 16} 205 8.82 # 9 ()S.,7.3 48 2.06; 125 5.38:s 210 9.03% * ‘Y 130 50 2.15.5, * K K(\ 1 3 ... Yºg 3 .12;" || 29 º || 1:0 5.5%; 215 9.25}} 4 .17%; *) ) 3.3% 135 5.81 !. Nine | Pennyweight 5 .21% 60 || 2:58: 140 | 6.02.É. 216 || 9.29% 6 25% (55 2. 79% Six Pennyweight 220 9.464, • 3.0 70 3.01 144 $ 1 ()4 w); ...12 7 30 ºr | 3.01%r - • *-** 5 225 9.68-7 S : fi: Th; Peº 150 6.45; 230 9 go." C. • ‘’T3 () (2 3.09. < * * ‘’’. ‘’v3 à | # #| ||º || | | ºff, 335 | 10 if: 10 432 r 80 3. 44; G 160 6.88% Ten | Pennyweight •-roº •++3 Seven | Pennyweight 240 10.33 one-half Pennyweight 85 3.65 # 1. 168 - R - 12 51.3 248 P- #! 250 10.76%r ~ • ''1 2 () 90 3.87; 170 7.31% 3 -1. •. e G. 95 4.083; 175 7.53% 35 K ſyſ; 1 20 86-3. F. - iên ry r. A 3 50 15. 06}} - • OvIº Four | Pennyweight 180 ( . / 4; Fifteen | Pennyweight One | Penny Weight 96 4.13% & Yaº & yweig ..., | “..." || 1 , | jº 185 7.96%; 360 | 15.494 º '...}} R * || 100 8.17; 400 17.21% 30 1.29% 105 4 51}# Eight Pennyweight 450 19.36% 35 1.50% 110 4.73}} 192 .26% Twenty | Pennyweight 40 | 1.72% 115 || 4.95 ºr || 195 | 8.39; 480 | 20.66 S | LV E The money value occupies the outside columns in this table. . As the price of - Silver fluctuates more and more each year, these calculations have been based upon the metal at $1.00 per ounce, 1000 fine; such price being a fair and safe average for buyer and seller. CENTS GRAl NS CENTS GRAINS CENTS GRAINS GENTS GRAiNS .01; 5 .15; 75 .29 1394 .41 1964 .02 93 ||.16 76# ||.29% iſo" || 413 360° º }} # º : * º: 2013 .(); 2 s 3 . . .42%% 205 9. ij || 17, § |º, 145 || 4:" gº ºne Pennyweight |.18 863 .31 148# .43% 210 .05 B : 4 .18% 90 .31% 150 .44 211} º #, .19 91} .32 153; .44%; 215 X). .19.4% 95 32%r 155 Nine | Pennyweight .06; §, *| Pennyweight || 33 1583 ||.45 216 #. ; º 1. º 160 .45} 220 ...!? I - .20; . . 163} | .46 2204 .08 # ||3: 100% ||.34; 165 .46% 35;” .09 4% .21% 105 Seven | Pennyweight ||.47 225; º º remºlat .22 105; e ; 168 .48 2303 .10 48 .22}} 110 .35%; 170 .48# 235 5 R .23 1103 .36 1724 .49 235] e | y #, 23 # # 115 º 36}} 175 Ten remºnt * #5 24 1154 .37 1773. .50 240 .11}} *) ) e t); - $ * . * 12 2.4 57 # Five | Pennyweight |.37% 180 * º ; 5. & 25 120 .38 1822 . O2; : # } ||3: 134 || 384; is;" || 72}} | .. 350 & . £5 .26 125 39 Fifteen Pennyweight . 1343 (55 *r - e 1874 ( ) 360 jº 671 || 27 129; .39% 190 $3. 400 . 14-7 #6" .27.1% 130 Eight | Pennyweight || §§ 450 Tºé Pennyweight .28 1 34% .40 192 Twenty Pennyweight *) 72 .283 135 .40; 195 1.00 480 --~~~-------------------- *--------------- - --- - - - - - UNITED STATES, s.a. zººs $8. 35 Žexts gº”. º §§§º A. º sºº. § t– § {} § 3. zh sº Nº. º º º ſº -- #sº §§ - 3 C *R §§ Nſ § t - § § º - *} ºr sº wº & Y. & - § & º * : * º sº & tº º & wº I tºº eat & 32 t ADVANCE SHIEET IFROMI REPORT ON THE PRODUCTION of THE PRECIOUS METALS IN THE U. S. FOR 1885, BY THE DIRECTOR OF THE MINT. A perage price of bºtr silver in London, per ownce British standard, (935 } Since 1833, (tnd the equivalent in United States gold coin of at n ort mee 1,000 fine, taken at the average price. | \, 7: ( alºnular A Yºkº hº Calentlal Average lº Calendar A Verage hº * quotation. at average * Quotation. at average Quotation. at average year. i.ondon. quºtation. year. London. lºgº. , year. I,ondon. quºtagºn. d. Dollars. d. Dollars. d. I), llars. 1s53. ... 39 ºr ; 1.29,7 1851... 61 1.33,7 : 1869. . . 007 | 1.; 2,5 1834. . . . 50}} | 1.31,3 1852. . . 60} | 1.32.6 1870. .. 60% | 1.32,8 1835. . . . 501, 1.30,8 1853. .. 613 1.34,8 1871...| 60; 1, 2,6 1836. . . . . (50 1.31,5 : 1854. .. 61} | 1.34,8 1872. . . 60 ºr | 1.32,2 1837....] 59 ºr 1,30,5 : 1855... 61; 1.34,4 1873. . 59; 1.29,8 1838. . . . 59; 1.30,4 1856. .. 61%r | 1.34,4 1874...] 5Sº | 1.27.8 1830. . . . . 603 | 1.32,3 1857. .. 613 | 1.35,3 - 1875. . 56% | 1.24,6 1840. . . . 603 | 1.32.3 : 1858...| 61 ºr | 1.34,4 1876. .. 52% | 1.15,6 1841. . . . 601 | 1.31,6 1859. . . . 62 ºr | 1.36 1877 . . . 544; 1.20,1 1842.... 59% | 1.30,3 1860. .. 61}} | 1.35,2 | 1878... 52* | 1.15,2 1843....] 59; 1.29,7 1861. . . 60}} | 1.33,3 1879...] 51# | 1.12,3 1844. . . .] 59; 1.30,4 1862... 61%r | 1.34,6 1880. . . 52+ | 1.14,5 1845....| 59% | 1.29,8 1863. . . 61; 1.34,5 : 1881...| 51}} | 1.13,8 1846. . . 59% | 1.30 1864... 613 | 1.34,5 : 1882, .. 51}# | 1.13,6 1847 . . . . 50+} | 1.30,8 ; 1865...| 61%r | 1.33,8 1883. .. 505 | 1.11,0 1848. . . .] 59; 1.30,4 1866... 614 1.33,9 || 1884...] 50% 1.11,3 1849. . . . 59% | 1.30,9 1867... 60 ºr | 1.32,8 || 1885...| 48* | 1.06,48 1850. . . . 601 | 1.31,6 l 1868. . . . 604 1.32,6 - RATIO of sILver. To GoLD EACH TEN YEARS SINCE 1687. Y ICAR. RATIO. Y ICA R. I? ATIO. YEAR. RATIO. YEA IR. RATIO. 1687. . . . . 14.94 1840. . . . . 15.62 1690. . . . . 15.02 1740. . . . 14.94 1790. . . . . 15.04 1850. . . . . 15.70 1700. . . . . 14.81 1750. . . . . 14.55 1800. . . . . 15.68 1860. . . . . 15.29 1710. . . . . 15.22 1760. . . . 14.14 1810. . . . . 15.77 1870. . . . . 15.57 1720. . . . . 15.04 1770. . . . . 14.62 1820. . . . 15,62 1880. . . . . 18.05 1730. . . . . 14.81 1780 . . . . . 14.72 1830. ...|_15.82 1885. . . . . 19.41 cTATEMENT showing the Highest, Lowest, and Average value of the U.S. silver Dollar, Measured by the Gold Standard, and the Quantity of Fine Silver Purchasable with a United States Silver Dollar at the Average London Price of Silver Each Year Since 1873. GOILD VALUE OF A SILVER DOLL.A.R. gº;3.i.#: CHASABILE WITH A UNI- cALENDAR YEARs. TED STATES DOLLAR. | Lowest. IHighest. Average. * in a standard . 8-5 to (371.25 ; silver dollar.) 1878. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.98,1 $1.01.6 $1.00,4 369.77 1874. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97,0 1.00,8 .98,8 375.76 1875. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94,1 .97.7 .96,4 385.11 1876. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79.2 .99,1 .89,4 415.27 1877. . . . . . . . . . . . . tº tº a tº e º e º te e º & .90,2 .98.7 .92.9 399.62 1878 . . . . . tº dº e º 'º s is tº e º e g º º is e s tº $ tº a .83,9 .93.6 .89,1 416.66 1879 . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º e º 'º º e s is s a e = .82,8 .91.1 .86,8 427.70 1880. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº gº & .87,5 .89,6 .88,5 419.49 1881. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86,2 .89,6 .88 421.87 138% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84,7 .88.7 .87.8 422,83 1883. . . . . . . . . . . tº e º 'º e º º ºs º is tº gº tº e º a .84,7 .86,8 .85 8 432.69 1884. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83,9 .87, 1 .86, 1 431. 18 1885 . . . . . . - ‘tº-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º- .79,4 .84,7 .82,3 451.09 TREASURY DEPARTMENT, JAMES P. KIM BALL, BUREAU of TIME MINT, JANUARY 23, 1886. DIRECTOR OF THE MINT, ( * { * 3. Sl 06 f() I ()2S ‘sopmos I & op '0 ().' Of-g Slf- ClS ‘uoolquoGI ‘oſ Iqudo"I ‘g Cl’ 9:09: !] F () 'S 'uool quoCI tºsolſ Op. ‘F !!’ () 'g Øf. () "S 'uool quoCI 'uso?I 'g S$.” ISI S()3, 01S op # ‘oſ Iqndo I º Sl" ()6 j-() I () 'S ‘sopnosº a ‘JotLio.Aoy) ‘ūsoil I,uay) ‘I Rlºl.VII S 'N 10) º - ºw, ſºlº as a so sºlo on - SNIYN O LII: YIT \\ c l J. L ( I • "(W.Lvid VI) 'OIT9 ſld HºH HNILNEH+)?HV º + \* v S. º & º?. º ſtºº * ...(i); •. º ** º zº, wº Sº ‘p|OK) I pſok) v 's ('vivid vºi) “OTT9 ſld HºH H.N.I.T.NEH+)?IV (? (; • 4 | x . ) Silver. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. PERIOI) WEIGHT GRAINS ‘, IX * ſº I NT IN g N. f . No OR SECTION. COIN. FINE. cºs. s.i. V wº 1. The monetary system of Peso. 850 407 345 72 2. this Confederacy is the Peso of 8 Reals. 899 422 379 70 3. same as that of Spain, of do 931 437 406 .84 4. which it was formerly 1 Real. S51 46 39 .08 5. a Vice-Royalty, but the # Peso, 2 Teals. S00 103 S2 .17 6. standards are so much do 914 203 184 .38 7, below the Spanish that Peso, (1862,) 900 417 375 .74 S. its coins never pass at A Real. 750 26 19 .04 9. their face value. 1 do Sj1 45 38 .08 10. 3 Peso. 800 100 80 .16 are not required is, present their cash statements. Paraguay tea and fruits. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, South America. Bounded, N. by Bolivia and Paraguay, E. by Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay and the Atlantic, S. by the Atlantic Ocean and Patagonia, and W. by the Andes, separating it from Chili. eration consists of 14 Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, Buenos Ayres being the most populous. Total area, 1,619,500 square miles; population, 2,942,000. Exports mostly wool, hides and tallow, amounting in 1882 to $60,389,052, No banking law exists; the National and Provincial are the only authorized banks of cmission; private banks Agricultural products, wheat and maize, cotton, rice, fºugar, indigo, tobacco, flax, cocoa, cochineal, madder, cinchona, The Confed- Minerals, gold, silver, copper, coal, salt, alum and Sulphur. ſ ,” 32 •x ſº =w tº Y 1 a } {} Silver. BOLIVIA. * I y I f \ | * WEMGHT GRAINS No. or" ºn COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALU. . * CDIN. SILVER 1. Peso. 900 414 37.2 .77 2. No gold coins are issued Peso of 8 Reals. 900 41S 376 .78 3. by Bolivia for general do 900 418 376 .78 4. circulation. There is I}oliviano. 900 500 450 .93 5. a Doubloon minted, in 1-16 Peso or , lèeal. 900 25 22 .04% 6. general style resembling } do 677 210 144 .30 7. the silver coins; its value y do 677 210 144 .30 S. is $15.58. § do 900 52 47 .09 () + do 900 104 93 .19 BoLIVIA, S. A. Silver. III. Silver. PERIOD WEI(; 1:LT ( : i\ Al NS —, \ ~ .." T Tº “I’v * T is - , : I w - , ſº COIN. FINIE. OF PUR E VALUil. No OR SECTION. COIN. SII.V.ER 1. These Coins are struck On 130 liviano. {}()() 3S 1 343 .7 1 2 at “The Mint’’ Dirming- Ten Cents. {}(){) 3S 3-l .07 3. ham, England. Five do 900 10 17 .03% 4 Ralph IIeaton & Sons. Twenty Cents. 900 7 (3 (3S .1 ! 5. - Half Boliviano. 900 10.3 173 .30 BOLIVIA, a Republic and most central State of South America. Area, 536,300 square miles; population, 2,325,000. Immensely rich in Silver, the mines of Potosi. having yielded, since 1545 over $1,600,000,000; gold, copper, lead, tin, Salt and sul- phur are also found, with large guano deposits. The agricultural products are rice, barley, oats, maize, cotton, cocoa, indigo, potatoes, the choicest fruits, india rubber gum, cinchona bark and medicinal herbs. Exports in 1881, $9,381,973. Only one chartered bank exists. Most of the imports are through German houses. Its exports. comprise all the native productions. |BOLIVIA s. A. §(At : ! ! . - § * $9 ºf Nº. §. 38 BRAZIL. S. A. …tº 23&tº zó’s ſº AW Gold. BRAZIL. -------- weight GRAINST |: No. or ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. I. e COIN. GOLD. | 1. Don Pedro I [. 3 Dobra of 6,400 Reis. 916 221 202 $8.69 2. do do do 916 221 202 8.69 3. Pedro I. Moeda d'Ours, 4,000 Reis. 916 123 113 4.87 4. Pedro II. y Dobra of 6,400 Reis. 916 221 202 8.69 5 Pedro I. do do () l (; 221 202 8.69 BRAZIL. “ www.uuu Ǻkºsºs * $g - wº - - *Q $tuuuuuº & ºw & ſ Nº @º - - w *::::::::i-annº 33 () *-30m) Silver. BRAZIL. WEIGHT GRA INS No. oRººn. COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. - COIN. SILVER 1. Peter II 2 Milreis, 910 393 300 .75 2. do 1 do 916 106 170 .37 3. do 1 do 916 196 179 .37 4. do # do 916 QS S0 . 1S 4 () Silver. BRAZIL. IPERIOI) W El GHT GRAINS !, I\ T T -- No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE. cºs. sº, VALUE. 1. I’eter II. 1200 Reis Piece. 0.17 415 37S 7S 2. do 800 “ & 4 860 to 902 2.75 3. do 400 “ & ( 904 138 124 26 4. dó 100 “ {{ 897 34 30 6 5. do 200 “ & 4 807 69 63 13 6. do 80 “ & ( 915 35 31 04 7. do 160 “ ( & 917 59 53 11 8. do 320 “ { { 917 138 124 26 (). do 2 Patacas, 640 Reis. 906 280 253 52 |() do Pistare, 960 { { Q0() 420 378 78 BRAZIL, the only Kingdom on the Western Continent, and the largest country of South America; bounded N. by the Atlantic Ocean, Guiana, and Vene- zuela; W. by Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina, S. by Uruguay, and E. by the Atlantic Ocean. Area, 3,287,984 square miles; population, 11,831,326. Brazil consists of sixteen provinces along the coast, and four in the inferior. It has noble rivers; the forests abound in mallogany, logwood, rosewood, brazil and other Valuable Woods. Maize, beans, Cassava-root and nuts are generally cultivated, also Cotton, sugar-cane, coffee, india-rubber, and tobacco. The minerals comprise gold, silver, iron, diamonds, topazes and other precious stones. Its exports consist of all the products and amounted, in 1883 to $108,354,000. All the gold produced at the mines is exported except a comparatively small amount coined at the national mint. No gold is in circulation and very little silver, the paper money consisting of Treas. ury bills and notes of the Brazil and other banks. There are 23 lines of steam-vessels, receiving annual subsidy from the State of $1,000,000, besides the North American steamship line running from New York to Brazil receives $100,000 annually. In 1884 there were 3,500 miles of railway open and 1,500 in course of construction. BRAZIL. S. A. ZF '000'000 ‘Of $ to Ao ol āū []unoutu Solou XIUbol IOU)0 ptſt, Iultogu N Jo Kouou Ioduci u si 0.1oul : Utopºuln).U.) Uſ (toos s ][ Jo OL)][[ inq pollodzo Kiorºpouluſ soute s poupoo ploš out, St And “Fuſūl lution) tº N tº SI 3,10ULL '9&I ‘jºg “IL$ O] ‘888I III polūnout: Kou()—sſulout out) put IOOAA ‘llus ‘AAOILu] ‘Sopſ II ‘Inoiſ “tou A :S).IOdixo Joſuſ) 'soul AA huāll pun: Āpuntiq ‘duos ‘suouſ ‘oil’ploo “soluM Loddoo put uouligo out so.Innoujmuttu ou I, souois smopold, louno put [u]SAto Mool iodstſ ‘olušū ou', punoj out Suſùunotu sp. UI fuo.II pub loaus (In A pox{Uſ puol [too lod -doo ‘IOMIIS ‘pioš Jo Souſuſ otb olou.J., "pollod.No sº uoſt|A Jo spilul-OAA) slousnq 000 -‘000‘OI SośtioAb dolo quou.W out, souls.Inouſ ointnoſ.15 V. ‘U.IoII odu) on tº AIIo: Ulo, J OSIAlst:00 3uppu ol Ko ‘Sopu-W out, Jo so.W uſuoğulu, I jupulouſ ‘Utuo,)() ogoudLouil puu Suſulumou Jo 95 (Ital sopuſ V out, U20 Miloq “topiouſ V unnos Jo ollando M t; ‘ITIHO 8S 1 38 I (303 028 op & '8 Ig'QI 999 (). If ()/S ‘ūooſquo(I ‘p.It publis 'S'ſ) ou? Ao(eq Q8"I gif IQ £1S op i uontu sp. odou too ploš Slſ '9 6f'g|I 099 gli. 018 'uoolque (I "LISI "g #2" / 08T 80%, 0.18 op # up ‘uſuds tuo, J 5urpooos ºf I6'9 I6 #0I Ç18 Op + ‘op|qlıdo?I tº outbooq . It UC) 'g Z8'9. 06 #OI 1.18 Op # '3. Ql ‘QI GQg ZIf. 698 'uooſquoCI ‘I ‘CI’IOC) ‘NIOO * * * © NOIJ.OGIS SIO & GHQTIVA | I?Iſld JO GINIH NIOO ON SNIVYIS) J.H5)IGIAA CIOINIGHGH ‘ITIHO ‘pſok) 44 Silver. CHILI. IPERI () I) WEIGHT GRAINS ~ No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVER 1. Pesos of S Reals. 904 416 37S ,7S 2. # do 902 210 190 .3%) 3. See remarks on 20 Centavo. 900 72 64 , 13 4. (told page. 1-16 Pesos. 900 2S 25 .0.5 5. # do 900 210 189 ,39 6. § do 900 45 40 .08 7. # do 900 102 92 •19 S. # Pesos of 1 Real. {)06 45 41 ,0S {). Peso. 906 422 381 .7%) 1(). # do 900 03 S3 ./9 11. 10 Centavo. 900 36 32 .06% 12. 5 do. 000 18 16 .3} + ſ-i → þ—{ [I] GÐ N 1110 ; Sº, sºil iſ 3% Mºjº gº?; t N 46 COLOMBIA, U.S. of S. A. Gold REPUBLIC or coLoMBIA. s. A - + WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºn. COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - - COIN. GOLD. 1. These coins bear the names Doubloon. 870 416 361 15.53 2, “BOCOTA” and “POPA- do S70 416 361 15.53 3. YAN,” which are the # do or Escudo. 860 48 40 1.72 4. mints where they are # do 870 207 180 7.74 5. coined. 1-16 do or Peso. S72 24 20 .86 THE UNITED STATES OF COLUMBIA, a Republic of South America, including a large portion of what was once New Granada, consisting of nine States:—Antioquia, Bolivar, Boyaca, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Pana- ma, Santander, and Tolima. Area, 320,733 Square miles; population, 3,000,000. Its extensive forests contain mahogany, Cedar, fustic and other dye-woods and medic- inal plants. The mineral productions are gold, silver, platinum, copper, iron, lead, coal and precious stones. It grows tobacco, coffee, cocoa, plantine, bananas, vege- table ivory and indigo; also wheat and other cereals. The cattle of its plains yield large quantities of hides and “jerked ” beef. Chief exports: cinchona, tobacco, coffee, hides, Caoutclouc, straw hats, dye-Woods and the precious metals, amounting in 1883, to $5,625,000. Nearly all the gold in the country is exported; none has been in circulation for years past. In 1883, there was exported, in gold and silver coin and bars, $2,400,083. In December of that year the circulation of bank bills was $1,097,- 830, and silver coin of 50 cents each, at a discount of 25 to 28 per cent, below Ameri- can gold. § OCHO § * §: - %ºs, CŞ SS º º 60 Silver. MEXICO. “s WEIGHT GRAINS No or’sºon COIN. I'INE, OF | PURE | VALUE, e - COIN. SILVER | - 1. Augustine I, (Iturbide.) Dollar, 8 Reals 902 417 375 .78 2. Augustine I. # Dollar, 4 Reals, 902 208 188 .38 3. Augustine I. Dollar. 902 417 375 .78 4. Republic. # Real. 902 26 23 .05 5. Augustine I. * Dollar, or Real. 902 52 47 .09 6. Augustine I. # Dollar, 2 Rea's. 902 104 94 .19 7. Republic. * Dollar, Real. 902 52 47 .09 8. do # Dollar, 4 Reals. 902 208 188 .38 9. do Dollar. 902 417 375 .78 10. Augustine I. # Dollar, or Real. 902 52 47 .09 Gold. NEW GRENADA. | WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. | º COIN. GOLD. 1 Dobloom, 16 Pesos. 870 417 364 15,67 2. See remarks on Silver, § do 2 do S67 58 50 2.15 3. 1-16 do 1 do 867 26 23 .99 Silver. NEW GRANADA. .." [Q WEIGHT GRAINS No. oRººs COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. & COIN. SILVER 1. Peso, or Piaster, 8 Reals. 672 362 243 .50 2. In 1822, New Granada, with Ven- do do - 907 420 3s ſº 3. ezula, threw off the Spanish au- 1 Real 901 420 37 S ,7S 4. thority and became part of the # Real 900 11 1() .02 5. Republic of Columbia, cutting off 1 Real 900 40 36 .07 6. from that connection in 1831, but do 900 20 18 .03} 7, continuing until 1836 to use the Dos Decimos, 2 Reals, 900 77 69 14 º - - - x º 8. tºº. º Peso of 10 Reals. 900 398 358 .74 9. ...” Peso, 8 Reals De Plata. 900 398 358 .74 10 Peso 900 3S6 347 .59 NEW GRENADA, ^ ºr § ſº *s Wºź § “Śs “RSS and value with like coins described above. *r N. GRENADA. s. A Gold and Silver. X. , Gold. XI. §l Nºt f* * §. ..º º * , º, x Vºlo, a %; g § º ºš frº- SºC 2. % E. º º § * tº: 3 vº. \{\{º} & O, S, º º §§ sº º: . § º, § Fºllºw 8 \º sº-º-º: *AN $: º º & 1. Republic. Onza or Doblou. S70 416 362 $15.58 2 do do do S70 37.8 329 14.16 } . do do do S70 416 362 15.5S 4. do # Onza. S70 51 44 1.90 5 do ! (lo S70 208 1 S1 7.7 () 6. do } do 87 1()3 9() 3.S7 7. do 1-16 do - S70 , 26 22 .95 Silver. PERU. - - PI. IRIOI) WEIGHT GRAINS No. jºri COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. OR SECTION COIN. SILVER 1. Republic. 5 Pesetas. 900 385 346 .72 2. do Peso, 8 Reals. 900 369 332 .69 3. do do do 900 416 374 78 4. do One Sol. 900 385 346 .72 5. do 2 Reals. 900 104 93 .19 6. do 1-5 Sol. 900 77 69 .14 7. do 4 Reals. 900 1S4 165 .34 8. do A Real. 900 26 23 .04 gº NUI 㺠º º w §§ !. tº *:S tº º - K º 2. ' ºr * 6 5 y * 2. º- Wº IIIllilº N/ º | W: s º * §§ , SS Uğı t zºº. ($6 Silver. PERU. d WEIGHT GRAINS No. or';*N. COIN. FINE. c. PURE | VALUE. OIN. SILVER 1. This country revolted from Real. 674 50 33 .07 2. Spain 1821, and coined its 2 Real. 674 101 67 .14 3. first dollar 1822. Spain con- Peso of 8 Reals. 906 420 362 .75 4. tinued to issue money for Peso, restruck by Spain. 903 420 361 ,75 5. Peru until 1824, which some- # Real. 574 19 11 .02 G. times causes confusion, some Real. 907 44 40 ,08 7. of the coins being restamped. Peso. 902 428 387 .80 8. In 1836, the Republic di- 3 Peso. 900 200 180 .37 9. Vided into N. and S. Peru. 1-32 Peso. 899 12 10 02 10. Nor marks the N. Swd the S. Peso. 903 420 361 75 PERU, an important maritime Republic of South America, on the Pacific Ocean. Area, 416,493 square miles; population 3,374,000. Its valleys are very fertile, and the mountains rich in minerals; silver, quicksilver, and copper being most plentiful. Its medicinal productions are of great value: cinchona, Sarsaparilla, copaiba, etc. The Hunnillos, Guanape, Macabi Islands, Pabillon de Pica and Lobos supply Europe with guano; cotton, sugar, grapes and olives are largely raised. Silver is produced to the amount of 3 to 4 millions dollars annually. Exports from latest official report (1879), $31,000,000, consisting of guano, nitrate of soda, sheep and alpaca wool, sugar, silver and cinchona. Wars and revolutions have destroyed its finances; the expenditure is always in advance of the revenue. In 1879 the public debt was over 241 millions, and interest on the foreign debt in default. ROE ºrg ŒJººººº！!!！!ſā|| ſ© §ğſae#№ë)/, -Cru; •e" gº atta §.S.-: ** S$2.13 3. Sº (58 HAWII, SANDW ICH ISLANDS. w * . ºf fºrgiº , ” O. m * . lºſt|IIIll - . lºſſº. 4 1. These Coins conform One D.I. 900 412 - 371 .77 2. with the United States Half do 900 192 173 .36 3. Silver Money. One Dinme. 900 38 34 .07 4. Quarter Dollar. 900 96 86 .18 HAWAüAN (Sandwich.) Islands. A rich and beautiful chain of islands, situate in the North Pacific Ocean (consisting of 13 islands, 8 of which are inhabited), forming the kingdom of Hawaii. United area, 7,628 square miles; population, about 52,000. They are admirably situated for trade, being in the route from America to China, and in 1883 were visited by shipping to the extent of 185,316 tons. Exports (1882), $4,974,500, consisting of sugar, rice, coffee, pulm, hides, etc.; in- ports, $8,300,000. Revenue, 1,780,080; expenditures, $2,196,000; public debt, $301,– 495. In 1883, silver half-dollars were coined for this government in the United States to the amount of $300,000; this was done under what is known as the “Spreckel's contract.” Fifty per cent. of the gold in the country is of U. S. coinage. The amount of government (and only) paper currency outstanding at close of 1883, was $335,000, and this currency is issued only on and to the extent of coin deposits kept in the treasury for its specific redemption. - 2 and 3, Ten cents, (all these are of silver, same standard as the coins of United States.) LIBERIA is an independent Tepublic of Western Africa, composed of Colored Emigrants from the United States, and their descendents, founded in 1820 by The American Colonization Society as a settlement ; organized as a Republic in 1847. It occupies that part of the coast of North Guinea between the rivers San Pedro and Tong, about .500 miles extending inwards an average of 100 miles. Population, 1,500,000. Exports: coffee, sugar, ginger, palm- kernels, palm-oil, indigo, ivory, gold-dust, etc. Revenue, 1884, $190,000. Chief Town, Monrovia. - 63 AUSTRIA. HUNGARY AND RAGUSA. Gold. XIII. , Gold. * AUSTRIA. WEIGHT GRAINS | No. or ºn COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. e COIN. GOLD. | 1. Francis Joseph I. 8 Florins 900 90 SO $3.S3 2. do do 4 do 900 49 44 1 S9 3. Ferdinand I. Souverain d’Or 900 174 156 6.71 4 Maria. Theresa. do do 900 174 156 6.71 5. Ferdinand I. Quadruple Ducat. 986 215 212 9. 12 70 Gold. AUSTRIA. WEIGHT GRAINS No or ºn COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUID. º COIN. GOLD. 1. Francis I. Ducat. 9S6 53; 53 2.26 2. Francis II. Tucat. Hungary. 987 53 52} 2.24 3. Maria. Theresa. Ducat. 987 53 52+ 2.24 4. Charles VI. Ducat. 987 53 52+ 2.24 5. Maria. Theresa. Ducat. 987 53 52} 2.24 6. Of Salzburg. Ducat. 987 53 52} 2, 24 7. do Ducat. 987 53 52} 2.24 8. Francis I. Ducat. QS7 53 52} 2.24 9. Maria. Theresa. Ducat. 987 53 52+ 2824 10. Joseph II. Ducat. 987 53 52} 2.24 11. Charles VI. Ducat, Hungary. 987 53 52} 2.24 12. Of Montfort. Ducat. 987 53 52+ 2.24 13. Of Salizburg, Ducat. 987 53 52+ 2.24 14. do Ducat. 987 53 52} 2.24 AUSTRIA, called since 1867 the Austrio-Hungarian Monarchy. 246,954 Square miles of area; 39,196,494 population. Exports, $376,000,000. It possesses great mineral riches of gold, silver, copper, iron, quicksilver, lead, tin, zinc and coal. Principal exports, dried fruits, cereals, roots, animal products, textiles, leather goods, wood, glass and earthenware, hardware, machinery, tools, becr, matches and small sundries. The imperial royal principal mint is at Vienna, the capital. The Empire is divided into the Austrian State and the Hungarian State, each having its own Par- liament, Ministry and Administration. The lands of the Austrian Crown are Lower and Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Coast-Districts, (Görz, Istria, Gradisca, and Trieste), the Tyrol and Vorarlberg, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, Bukowina and Dalmatia. The Hungarian Crown holds—Hungary, Tran- sylvania, Fiume, Croatia, and Salvonia. As a wine producing country Austria is second only to France, the value of this product being annually in Austria $2,000,000, and in IIungary $55,000,000. The Gross Revenue in 1883–84 was $384,400,170. Expenditures, $406,872,690. Deficit (chronic) $23,472,520. Amount of Public debt, Jan. 1884, was $2,262,141,085. December 31st, 1883, the amount of specie in the Austro-Hungarian Bank was, in Gold, 77,682,053 Florins, ($30,917,457); in Silver 121,696,815 Florins, ($48,435,332). Paper circulation (Dec. 31, 1883) State notes 350,951,770 Florins, ($139,678,804); Austro-Hungarian Bank notes 380,457,420 Florins, ($151,422,053). XIII. , Gold. AUSTRIA. HUNGARY asp RAGUSA. 7 2 Gold. AUSTRIA. WEIGHT GRAINS No or ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. º COIN. GOLD. 1. Charles VI. Ducat. 987 53 52 2.23 2. Ferdinand I. Sovereign. 900 175 158% 6.80 3. Maria. Theresa. Ducat, Hungary. 987 53 52 2.23 4. do Double Ducat, do 976 110 107 4.60 5. Church, 1771. do do 976 107 104 4.47 6. Maria. Theresa. do do 990 107 106 4.55 7. do Ducat. 987 53 52 2.23 8. do do - 988 53 52 2.23 9. do do Austria. 971 54 52 2.23 10. Francis II. Double Ducat. 987 107 105} 4.58 11 } do Sovereign d'Or. 900 85. 76 3.27 -- 2 do do. 916 171 157 6.75 12. Ferdinand I. Ducat. 987 54 52; 2.25 13. Maria. Theresa. Sovereign. 900 175 158% 6.80 XIII. , Gold. AUSTRIA HU GARY AND RAGUSA. 7 | Silver. AUSTRIA. WEIGHT GRAINS No or "ºn COIN. FINE. or | PURE | VALUE. - Coin. Silver 1. Francis Joseph I. Double Veriens Thaler, 900 57() 513 1.07 2. do 2 Florins. 900 381 343 .71 3. do Vereins Thaler. 900 285 257 .53 4. do Zwanziger, 20 Kreuzers, 583 103 60 .12 5. do 10 New Kreuzer. 500 30 15 ,03 6. do + Florin. 520 82 42 .08 7. do 1 do 900 285 2.57 .53 8. do 1 do 900 285 257 .53 9. do 5 New Kreuzer. 375 20 7 03. 10. do 20 Kreuzers. 583 103 60 .12 4. XIII. Silver. AUSTRIA. HUNGARY AND RAGUSA. → · § iº`N *>.* %>），• º （º∞ √∞'， �� »， ſūſīÈS ,，ș3&№ ,^ ^ →�� ſkº 76 Silver. AUSTRIA. ~TD Y " I } WEIGHT GRAINS No. or’sºn COIN. FINE, OF . PURE | VALUE. e COIN. SILVER 1. Francis I. Specie Thaler. 834 405 337 .70 2. Leopold I. 8 Marc of Lorraine. 910 428 389 .81 3. Joseph II. Scudo of Milan. 896 320 286 .60 4. Maria. Therese. Scudo of Milan. 896 320 286 .60 5. Francis I. # Lira Lombardy-Venice. 900 33 29 .06 6. do 1 Lira Lombardy-Venice. 906 67 60 .12 7. do # Ecu or Florin. 901 200 180 .37 8. Francis II. 30 Soldi. 684 115 78 .16 XIII. , Silver. AUSTRIA, HUN GARY AND RAGUSA. |lllllIIȚIȚſ\\ p- { Silver. AUSTRIA. - —t WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºn COIN. FINE. OF | PURE | VALUE. N. tº COIN. SILVER 1. Francis II. Crown 874 455 3S8 .81 2. Of Salsburg. do 874 455 388 .81 3. Maria. Theresa 10 Kreutzer. 500 60 30 .06} 4. Of Gurk. Crown. 850 383 3.25 .67 5. Of Olmutz. do ,850 383 325 .67 6. Francis II. # Crown. 873 114 100 .22 AUSTRI A. HUNGARY AND RAGUSA. Silver. XIII. 6 ºf º #, U ###ppº - sk ºf wº ############ - º ############ BºttºHº [...] [. 5: º Hººtº:### §§%.- s t- §§ *SS º 80 Silver. AUSTRIA. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE e CoIN. SILVER 1. Francis I. Specie Crown. 833 433 360 75 2. Maria. Theresa. do S33 433 360 .75 3. Church Piece. Ducaton. 833 3.25 271 .77 4. Ferdinand I. Specie Crown. 833 433 360 .75 5. do 20 Kreutzer. 583 103 59 .12 6. do do 583 103 59 .12 7. do Gulden. 000 190 171 .35 8. do 10 Kreutzer. 496 51 25 .05 81 XIII. , Silver. AUSTRIA, HUNGARY AND RAGUSA. SS： §§§§§ §§$№ §§ （6% §§ģ ∞∞∞ §ý ∞a√∞ S2 Silver. AUSTRIA. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºn COIN. FINE. or | PURE | VALUE. - Coin. SILVER 1. Church Piece. Ducaton. 900 401 361 .75 2. Maria. Theresa. do 8.33 433 300 .75 3. Francis I. Crown. 868 456 393 .82 4. Leopold II. do 868 454 302 .81 5. Ferdinand 1. 3 R reutzer 343 26 9 .02 6. Francis II. 5 do 440 34 14 .03 7. Joseph II. | Crown. 866 228 194 .40 8. Francis Joseph I. 6 Kreutzer. 437 43 18 .03} 83 AUSTRIA. HUNGARY AND RAGUSA. & Sºn & ºft.) *ºs $º º : sº º : º º º §llº *4 Silver. AUSTRIA. HUNGARy. ..., , , , WILIGHT GRAINS No or "ºs COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - - - Coin. Silver 1. Maria. Theresa, Crown. 83; 433 360 .75 2. do do 833 433 360 .75 3. do Specie Crown. 83.3 440 365 .76 4. do ! do 83.3 21; 170 .37 5. do do 838 216 170 ,37 6. do Convention do 833 433 360 .75 8.) AUSTRIA. HUNGARY AND RAGUSA. Silver. XIII. , §º º º túWºulſ [Infº 33 g % e */ ^o" (šº ºc. §. 'g sº - S&#FO-123 Yºº {ſol & | Hº § #. % º ! 㺠= } f º º e &:kº S(; Silver. BELGIUMI. PERIOD WEIGHT GRAINS VALUE º, IV. †. d PURE 2. No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE cºs. SILVER 1. Leopold I. 5 Francs. 900 386 347 .72 () do do 900 3S6 347 .72 3. do 2} do 900 193 173 .36 4. do # do 900 19 17 .03% 5. do 20 Centimes. 900 15 13 .02}. d do # Franc. 900 39 35 .07 7. Ileopold II. 2 do 900 386 347 .72 S. Leopold [. 2} do 900 193 170 .36 9. do 1 do 900 78 70 .14. 0 Leopold II. 5 d § ſº BELGIUMI. WEIGHT GRAINS No PERIOD COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. OR SECTION. COIN. GOLD. 1. Leopold I. 40 Francs. 900 199 179 $7.70 2. do 20 do 900 99 89 3.83 3. do 10 do 900 49 44 1.90 4. do 25 do 900 122 120 5.16 5. do 20 do 900 99 44 1.90 BELGIUM, a Kingdom of Central Europe, divided into nine provinces, viz: Antwerp, Brabant, West Flanders, East Flanders, Hainault, Liege, Limburg, Lux- emburg and Namur. Total area, 11,373 square miles. in agricultural products, copper, zinc, lead, iron and coal. Population, 5,585,846. Rich Exports, amounting to $65,374,150, consist of flax, linen, yarns, woollens, Cottons, Sugar, paper, firearms, glass, lace, and the metals manufactured and crude. 87 > Þ }=| C5 H ĢĒ № DENIMARK. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºn COIN, FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - Coin. Gold. 1. Christian VII. Ducat. 880 59 52 2.23 2. Christian VIII. Christian d’Or. 897 102 91 3.91 3. Christian VII. Specie Ducat. 07.0 53 52 2.23 4. Frederick VI. Double Frederick d'Or 897 205 184 7.92 5. do 1. do 896 102 91. 3.95 6. Christian VII. Christian d'Or. 906 102 92 3.95 7. Frederick VI. Double Frederick d'Or 898 205 184 7.92 8. Frederick W. Ducat. 979 53 51 2.19 9. Christian VI. * Christian d'Or. 900 5() 45 1.93 10. do Dueat. 990 53 52 2.23 11. Frederick VI. Double Frederick d'Or 897 205 184 7.92 12. Christian VIII. * Christian d'Or. 897 205 184 7.92 13. Frederick VI. 1 Frederic d'Or. 897 71 64 2.75 DENMARK, a constitutional Kingdom, occupying an almost insular position between the North Sea and the Baltic. It consists of I. Denmark Proper, compris. ing the islands Zeeland, Füen, Lolland, etc., the peninsula of Jutland, the outlying island of Bornholm in the Baltic, and Faroe Isles; II. Greenland, Iceland; and III, its colonies of St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John in the West Indies. The total population of all these is 2,096,400, and the entire area 15,218. Products, wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, cattle, horses, pigs, sheep and butter; these all comprise its chief exports, amounting in 1883 to over 55,000,000. Most of the trade is with Great Britain. Exports of gold (1883), $6,700,000; circulation officially given March 11, 1884. Gold Coin, 3,000,000 crowns ($804,000); Silver, 15,000,000 crowns ($4,020,000); Bank Notes, 75,000,000 crowns ($20,234,000). 3. *<ſ. ºf Nºs iſ, º 90 Silver. DENMARK. PERIOD WEIGHT GRAINS No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. CoIN. Silver 1. Christian IX. 2 Rigs Dollars. 875 4.48 392 ,81 2. Frederick VII. 1 do do 875 223 195 .40 3. do 2 do do 875 448 392 .81 4. do 4 Skillings. 250 2S 7 .01). 5. do | Rigs Dollar. 875 112 98 .20 6. Christian VIII. 3 Skillings. 218 24 6 .01} 7. Frederick VII. | Rigs Dollar. 500 65 32 .06). 8. do Specie Rigs Dollar. 875 448 392 .81 9. Christian IX. 10 Ore. 400 22 8 .01. 1 (). do 25 do 6()() 37 22 .04% 11 Frederick IV. 1-24 Rigs Dol, for Norway. 365 44 16 .03 12 Christian IX. 1 Kroner. 900 115 104 .21 13. do 2 do {|00 231 208 .43 tº - º º |-- *\º º º º - º º Nº. º | | º º - - sº - º - -- - - Hº º .. º º - - º Wºº- º | 9 | DENMARK. 92 Silver. DENMARK. --- WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºs COIN. FINE. or | PURE | VALUE. - Coin. Silver 1. Frederick VI. Specie Rigs Dollar. 885 4.38 308 .83 2. do 3. do do 875 267 233 .48 --- do 1 do do 875 448 302 .81 4. Frederick IV. 12 Skillings. 500 65 32 .06 5. Christian VIII. * Rigs Dollar. GS7 9-1 64 .13 6. Christian V. 1-24 Rigs Dollar. 400 41 15 .03 7. Christian VII. Specie Rigs Dollar. 875 4.38 3S3 .79 8. do : do do 875 267 233 .48 94 Silver. DENIMARK. L-º- WEIGHT GRAiNS No. oºs COIN. IºINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - Coin. SILVER 1. Frederick VI. | Rigs Dollar. 875 223 195 .40 2. do do do 875 223 195 .40 3. Christian VII. 24 Skillings. 600 7) 48 .10 4. Christian VIII, Rigs Dollar. SS2 224 107 .41 5. Frederick VI. 32 Skillings. GSS 94 65 , 13 6. do 1-24 Rigs Dollar. 365 44 16 .0% 7. do ! do do 406 79 32 .00 8. do 1-12 do do 460 65 30 .06 9. Christian VII. ! do do 406 79 32 .06 10. Christian V. 8 Skillings. 365 44 16 .03 11. Christian II., (1535.) 1 Mark. Worth about 14 cents. DENIMARK, OF FER. el TIL sº 9/ S CHILL IN G- schººswiſolst." C{}UTRAN T / SKILLING T) ANSTRE RIGSBANK At SKILLING 1820 S Lºſ N \S % WY % º #: - 3, § –l- Aft Wºº Çr | A * º 1();3 3 XVII. Gold. FRANCE. 104. Silver. FRANCE. WEIGHT GRAIN S No. or'ºn COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. g COIN. SILVER 1. Republic. 5 Francs. 904 386 350 .72 2. Napoleon III. 20 Centimes. 900 15 13 ,03 3. Republic. 5 Francs. 904 386 350 72 4. Louis Phillippe. 5 Francs. 904 386 350 ,72 5. Itepublic. 2 Francs. 900 154 138 .28 6. Republic. 50 Centimes. 900 38 34 .07 7. Napoleon III. 50 Centimes. 900 38 34 ,07 8. Napoleon III. 2 Francs. 900 154 138 .28 9. Republic. 1 Franc. 900 77 69 .14 10. Napoleon III. 5 Francs. 904 386 350 .72 11. Napoleon III. 50 Centimes. 900 38 34 .07 12, Napoleon III. 1 Franc. 900 77 69 .14 13. Napoleon III. 20 Ce:-times. 900 15 13 .03 1 ().5 På †† ºrt iſ * * ** * * f -...". Flyf. kºy tº � ])Ēģ 106 Silver. FRANCE. T WllG.H. T GISAINS No. or’sºn COIN. I’INE.] OF PURE | VALUE. º COIN. SILVER 1. Republic. 5 Francs. 900 385 346 .71 2. do 5 do 900 385 346 71 3. I.ouis Phillippe. 5 do 900 385 346 .71 !. Louis Napoleon. 5 do 900 385 346 .71 5. Varićd. 3 and # Francs. 900 38 & 19 34 & 17 .07 .03. 6. Republic. 1-5 Franc. 900 15 13 .03 7. Louis Phillippe. # do 900 19 17 .03% 8. do 2 do 900 154 138 .28 FRANCE, (FoR CHINA) Silver. XVII. 4% Published by A. M. SMITH, Post Office Box 754, PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. Silver. FRANCE. COCHIN CHINA. We IGHT GRAINS º No. or."#ºn COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. º CDIN. SILVER 1. Tepublic. 50 Cents. 900 210 1S0 .39 2. do 20 do 900 84 75 .15 3. do 10 do 900 42 37 .07 1 ()7 FRANCE. Silver, XVII. . cº Sºviſit." Ž. , Sy º 2. {} §º º **ś; f(\S$: :*** ºš tºº. as wrº ”, sº º; §§§ S Žºrž" - * - s dº * | * , * . N Nº. .# * * * : *, *.*.* sº e º 'º' ºr Ée Vºl.2 º y .* \ . .2 * Q * * • * * 1 ()8 Silver. FRANCE * WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. g COIN. SILVER 1. Louis XVIII, 5 Francs. 004 386 350 .72 2. Louis Phillippe. 5 Francs. 904 386 350 .72 3. Louis XVIII. # Franc. 900 38 34 .07 4. Louis XVIII. 1 Franc. 904 77 69 .14 ". Charles X. * Franc. 900 38 34 .07 6. Napoleon, First Consul. 2 Francs. Republic, 900 154 138 .28 7. Napoleon, Emperor. 2 Francs, Frmpire. 900 154 138 .28 8, Napoleon, Emperor. 1 Franc, Empire. 904 77 69 .14 9. Louis XIII. 5 Francs. 904 3S6 350 .72 10. Charles X. 5 Francs. 904 386 350 .72 §3. • * - $. º Fifth-, º º & º & º 4 gº § º * ov. gº &B 3. \º BY-SA RS re “,9/6" , , , §nt * ºffº/ & )?, ºft . N *, *, * * . º/º | º § * º Jº .” . ; Sºº-ºº: - d &º * [. g sº º Sºº-ºº: º & W ſº º º- § W. Nºrºº fºr Yºº º . [. wº | 10 Silver. FRANCE. WEIGHT GRAINS No. oº's COIN. FINE. or | PURE | VALUE. - CoIN. SILVER | 1. Napoleon, Eumperor. 5 Francs, Republic. 904 386 350 .72 2. Republic, 5 Francs, 904 386 350 .72 3. Napoleon, First Consul. 3 Franc. 904 19 17 04 4. Republic. 6 lires. 903 452 400 .84 5. Napoleon, First Consul. Franc. 904 38 34 07 6. Napoleon. 1 do 904 77 (50 .14 7. Napoleon, Emperor. do Republic. 904 38 34 .07 8. Napoleon. 1 do do 904 77 69 .14 9. Napoleon. 5 Francs, Empire. {|0| 380 55) .72 10. Napoleon, First Consul, 5 Francs, Republic. 904 380 350 .72 11. Napoleon, Emperor. * Franc, Republic. 904 19 17 .04 º º-º-º: ſº - - º ºº: "º º XVII. Silver. FRANCE. 112 Silver. FRANCE. - WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºs COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. - CoIN. SILVER 1. Ilouis XIV. Ecu of Flanders. 854 575 490 1.01 2. do Constitutionnelle. Ecu. 90.3 453 409 .81 3. do do 906 453 411 .85 4. Constitutionnelle. 30 Sols. 663 156 103 .21 5. Louis Phillippe. 1 Franc. 900 77 69 .14 6. Republic. 2 Francs. 900 154 138 .2 7. do 1 Franc. 900 77 69 .14 8. Constitutionnelle. 15 Sols. 663 77 51 .10 | - """ - 113 Silver. XVII. , , *- -- *x /.( ** : .* Sºº-ºº: ~ *::..W. •. tº try, - - * X k ... • *. y f :A.'. º.º. s - £a. . -- - - ** § {{\ºlº, '', '-s' jºyº ... Sººyºº. . . . . . ſº ºy R - *"... . . *, * % $º } . *. §§ - º § * tº: gº? § º t w D § § { º g !'}; * §§ 5 ſº Nº. - & f t º º § t º B. : : - º ; } §ºsiº § º º, ſ rºº N 3. §§ ºğ §§ §3. § O * * & §§3 --- º §§ s:3% A j} *T. º 3 * * $) 2. § - Ż. /ºg & Nº - \º | [. § & 22S º dº & O - Q :- Jian - nE. I.A. s. Liſl, Eflºrs. 114 Silver. FRANCE. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or’sºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. e CoſN. SILVER 1. Louis XIV, Bcu, Flanders. 858 575 492 1.02 2. do do Navarre. 910 418 378 .78 3. do * Ecu. 910 104 93 .19 4. do } “ with 3 Crowns 913 235 211 .44 5. Napoleon, Emperor. # Franc. 900 19 17 .03 6. Louis XIII. Ecu Blanc. 913 418 378 .78 7. Louis XIV. do do 913 418 378 .78 115 FRANCE. Silver. XVII. , t wºx awsuitº.”, Jº" tº ps *****, «º. p º fºr, *** * º ºp & "\#3% Fºº, * § 2 SS - Y2K. $2. & * SS º º º & '• *, sº sº. * t sº à *: adº*. Ż ; -ºº: º a … º.º. *NSYS.".º. 6 ſº ------ **/15 & £º 3.3% º S (NAº ºt º - sº [** & * a A sº Rºº. *- -- - * ,w % %. A : . . º j/º, ſº º - * §: ** . *.x.yº,' gº.: §: - º º!' * * º Af - ... & §: *. rºyº * º ... º, **. w *ººg X .. sº & zºv Nº cºº ; : ºf zºº * ** Nº. * -e. ſº *: \S. - 2: See? SRX, % X&#. S㺠tº 4 ºff. Akºſº \ §§ ſº h 128 Silver. GERMANY. BADEN. WEl GHT GRAINS No. or ºn COIN. ' | FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. e COIN. SILVER 1. Leopold. - 2 Gulden. - 900 328 296 .61 2. Ludwig. 1 do 752 196 147 .31 3. do 2 do 757 386 291 .60 4. . I.eopold. Crown Thaler. 875 458 401 .83 5. Ludwig. Thaler of 100 Kreutzer. 877 282 247 .51 6. do Crown Thaler. 870 456 398 .83 129 GERMANY. BADES. Silver. XVIII. 6 I 30 Silver. GERMANY. BADEN. x II" I.) WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºn COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUL. º º COIN. SILVER 1. Charles Louis Federick. Crown Thaler. 870 455 396 .82 2. Leopold. do 876 454 397 .82 3. do do 876 454 397, .82 4. Charles Frederick. do 833 441 367 .76 5. do 20 Kreutzers. 583 103 59 .12 6. do do 583 103 59 .12 7. Leopold. * Gulden. 900 82 73 .15 GERMANY. BADEN. 7 S º sº §§§ ºs SSS tºº ... ſºcº º išić C º S. a --> * * * * [. &Lºſ g ºr it fº * & º tº $ $ Sºll, Wºº º 132 Gold. GERMANY. BAvARIA. WEIGHT GRAINS No or ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. e COIN. GOLD. 1 Ludwig I. Ducat. 986 54 53 2.28 2. Ludwig I. Ducat. 937 53 49 2.11 3. do do 937 53 49 2.11 4. Maximilian Joseph. Ducat. 984 53 52 2.23 5. Ducat of Nuremberg. 979 53 51 2.19 6. r # do do 979 27 26 1.11 7. Maximilian Joseph. Ducat. 979 53 51 2.19 8. Ducat of Worms. 979 53 51 2.19 9. Old Ducat of Nuremberg. 979 54 52 2.23 10. Carolin, St. Marc of Bavaria 771 150 115 4.95 11. Carolin of Palatina. 771 150 115 4.95 12. Double Ducat of Nuremberg 979 107 104 4.47 13. Ducat of Nuremberg. 979 53 51 2.19 Bavaria, the second kingdom in size and population of the German Empire, divided into two unequal parts, the eastern portion comprising eleven-twelfths of the whole; the western part forming the Palatinate on the left bank of the Rhine. Bavaria is divided into eight circles (Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Palatinate, Upper Palatinate, Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia, and Swabia). Area of all, 29,292 square miles, population (1880), 5,284,778. One-third of the country is in forest. The soil is highly productive. Lower Franconia and the Palatinate pro- duce fine wines; hops are largely grown. Minerals: salt, coal, iron, copper, pyrites and manganese. Brewing of beer here attains great perfection. Exports are tim- ber, grain, wine, hops, beer, leather, glass, jewelry, etc. Budget (1884), $56,615,- 640. l . } . 3 GERMANY. BAVARIA. GOld. XVIII. 8 T. W. sass gº ºr, º: §§. : 134 Silver. GERMANY. BAWARIA. * PERIOD WEIGHT GRAINS No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVDR 1. Ludwig I. Two Gulden or Iºlorin. 900 3.18 286 .59 2. do Crown Thaler. 874 455 397 .82 3. do Commemorative Coin. 900 31S 286 .59 4. do 6 Kreuzer. 43S 35 15 .03 5. do * Gulden. 900 S1 73 .15 6. do 1 do 900 179 161 .33 . GERMANY. BAvARIA. Wy; {{ſ} *ENTSCH; §ºkſ, N: 136 Silver. GERMANY. BAvARIA PERIOD W El GHT GRAINS No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVER 1. Ludwig I. 6 Commemorative Coins. S70 430 374 .7S 2. Francis V. 10 ICreuzer. 5S0 60 35 .07 3. Carl Albert. 30 do S7 S 110 96 .20 4. Joseph II. Nuremberg Ducat. 979 355 347 .72 137 GERMANY. BAWARIA. NUREMBERG, Silver. XVIII. 10 §y \\ § § o ę º gº : - … º. 2 º’ “ §§ -- * -sºº.” " * º wº *:::::::::iº. &º *** R 6- ...º NUR INTHS E. S • \\ 138 Silver. GERMANY. BAVARA. * IJ WEIGHT GRA1X 3 No. or ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. tº COIN. SILVER 1. Maximilian Joseph. Crown Thaler. 817 456 370 .77 2. Fou du Palatinat. 990 40) 396 .83 3. Ecu of the Convention. 833 43S 364 .75 4. Maximilian Joseph. Ecu Charte. 833 435 363 .75 5. Carl Theodore. 12 Kreuzer. 533 60 32 .06% 6. Maximilian Joseph. Ecu of the Convention. 833 435 363 .75 1:9 XVIII, 11 XXVI MAI 1 40 Silver. GERM ANY. BAVARIA. PERIOD WEIGHT GRAINS INo OR SECTION COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. tº COIN. SILVER 1. Christian IV. Ecu Bavaria. 833 440 366 .76 2. Maximilian Joseph. do 833 440 366 .76 3. Carlos Theodorus. $ do 833 220 183 .42 4. Ludwig I. 2 Thaler, or 3% Gulden. 899 572 513 1,07 5. Francis Ludwig. # Ecu. 800 *10 89. .18 141 GERMANY. BAVARIA. Silver. XVIII, 12 &%º º 2. • gº J; º gº º: - wº §º & º º Nº i.e. º 3. 3. {{{ §) # ($ yers & 㺠% 㺠}º #44. º, ºf > º * * #. * & r:E::=-º-º: J.R.Richter v. Rosic \s, L UI, W 10 J § §1 839 : i f % 142 Silver. GERMANY. BREMEN. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or ºn COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. e COIN. SILVER 1. # Thaler, or 48 Groten. 752 267 200 .41 2. 3 do or 36 do Q06 . 135 122 .25 3. The small coins of this 2 Grote. 4. Free City are remarkable 4 do 5. for their basemess as com- 6 do 6. pared with those of other § Thaler, or 48 Groten. 750 265 199 .41 7. nations. They are not 1 do 750 343 257 .53 8, current outside of the city. , Thaler, or 12 Groten. 737 59 44 .09 9. Purity and value cannot 1-12 Thaler, or 6 Grotem. 739 30 23 .04} 10. be given in many cases. 1 Groten. Base. 1 . 12 Groten. 737 59 44 .09 12. 3 Grotem. 737 14 10 .02 13. * Thaler, or 24 Groten. 750 134 .2() 100 Bremen is a “Hanse Town,” of Northern Germany, situate on the Weser, a free and confederate Republic. (1883), $3,345,500. Bremen carries on a very extensive American trade. Area, 97 square miles; population 156,723; revenue. 143 § º iſ zweites § § DEUTSCHES Silver. XVIII. 13 S.CŞ. § s *º º tº. (, sº wº tº º c. ſº º º B º gº ſº fill âCA º -- sº tº r * º Wºº º * * * Sz Wº sº sº * º - g E. Wº § 393 || g ** º ºf sº Sºº 144 Silver. GERMANY. BRUNSWICK. WE1GHT GRAINS INo. oRºn COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. & - COIN. SILVER 1. Wilhelm. 2 Thaler, or 3% Gulden. 900 572 514 1.07 2. do 1 Groschen. 220 33 8 .01; 3. Charles. 1-12 Thaler, 2 Groschen. 437 51 22 .04 4. Charles Frederick. 1-24 do 305 26 O9 .02 5. Nicholas Fredk, Peter. Vereins Thaler. 900 285 256 .53 6. Charles Wm. Frederick. § Thaler. 833 293 243 ,50 7. George III. § do 833 293 243 ,50 8. John Frederick. 3 do 833 203 243 .50 Duchy of Brunswick, a state of Northern Germany, consisting chiefly of three detached parts, comprising an area of 1,425 square miles; population 349,429; mostly Saxon and Protestants. Budget in 1883, $8,822,500. 14.5 Silver. XVIII. T 4 ſº 22*.*-->s. 1,3s. § *: GERMANY. BRUNswick. 5p, ºº. º %.S. 24 ºz is ºs--- ~f M’ ſ ASPE º º º &REA j/ '.S. #: >#º * $3% º ºš's - *Sº - tº & § XXIIII , MARIEN G ROSCH 146 Silver. GERMANY. BRUNswick. * - WEIGHT GRAINS No. or’sºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. e COIN. SILVER 1. Wilhelm. 2 Thaler, or 34 Gulden. 900 572 514 1.07 2. George IV. # Thaler. 900 143 128 .26 3. Wilhelm. # Thaler. 750 143 107 .22 4. Frederick William. ; Specie Thaler, 16 Groschen. 837 216 180 .37 5. George. Specie Thaler. 896 448 403 .84 6. Charles. # Thaler. 562 80 45 .09 7. George, St. Andrew Thaler. 889 4f13 401 .83 147 XVIII. 15 Silver BRUNSWICK. (GERMANY. l 48 Silver. GERMANY. BRUNswick. N To WEIGHT GRAINS - No. oºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. º COIN. SILVER 1. Convention. Thaler. 833 440 367 ,76 2. Charles. Florin. 993 203 199 .41 3. do Thaler. 833 440 367 .76 4. do # Thaler. 833 293 243 .50 5. do § do S33 293 243 .50 6. George III. 3 do 833 293 243 .50 149 GERMANY. BRUNSwick. Silver. XVIII. a ...ºf & 70+ I) * ºx. \\ || || S&W. 4A/%'. *). % §3. 3%.c. MARIEN Az GROSCH-5 FEINSILBER is D:A:P. S. As A As) | Cºſ G * 2. 2. 2. º 2 {ſ} %, Z/ | :) () Silver. GERMANY. FRANKFORD-ON-THE-MAIN. PERIOD WEIGHT GRAINS No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE. OF PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVER 1. As a “Free City” Frank- 3} Gulden or 2 Thaler 897 57.1 511 1.06 2. fort is the oldest in do do do 900 572 515 }.07 3. Germany. Its coinage has do do do 900 572 515 1.07 4. retained the same charac. 1 Gulden. 900 165 148 .31 5. teristics for many years. 6 Batzen, 20 Kreutzer. Worth about ten cents. 6. No Gold has been coined 6 do 20 do & 4 { { 7. since 1796. 6 Kreutzer. 31S 42 13 .02} S. # Gulden. 899 81 72 .15 Silver. NY º 1 *A* £: 2: * , ºs #º Á §º - - 7 a. Šiš' ..}º- w ſº §: * Nº ſº. Nº.2) i * ** * ULD ENº. 1662 : ..º. *, ; *... A- * Şe & - tºº; Sºssº. S-3 & SS } £, i º ; § lº & SS 2 Nº ; § §º º º * WEIGHT GRAINS No. on' ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. g COIN. SILVER 1. (Janauscheck.) Double Thaler. 900 572 515 $1,07 2. * Gulden. 900 81 73 .15 3. Gulden. 900 163 147 ,30 4. Gedenk Thaler. 900 285 257 .53 5. (Janauscheck.) Vereins Thaler. 900 285 257 .53 151 GERMANY. FRANKFORT.ON-THE-MAIN. Silver. XVIII. , -sº $º 2 sy" tº \tº Sºsº %" "º. kºk Áº [? º 9 . - ; A º º R - #3 5% §§º g § - < º lº sº º -: º N sº 2* º º 2. -- - - -º- ; ^ =º Nº º', º ...}} º: Rºnsºr ^2- * sº º - y • * * 8. -º-º: yº - #sº ~ º 4-4- tº sº. §ºjº ºr > * ºWT. **** w º § & Ö §: - §-> fºllººniſſ TMARRC FEIN S] LRE. B. UO T. º §. - Syſ, \S. Y ºn M *GUIDEN. tº § sº § §: § ** * jº \, Rºš S ſº § gº - Š: 2-4 ºša. }} 3, 152 GERMANY. FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN. Silver. No. PERIOD WEIGHT GRAINS - or spotion. COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. Coin. SILVER Risulollur. Sº 444 371 77 do 833 444 371 .77 2 (ºulden. 900 327 295 .01 6 Kreuzer. 333 40 13 .02. See remarks on other page. 3 Batzen, 10 Kreuzer. Worth about five cents. 2 Gulden. 899 330 297 .62 1 Kreuzer. 320 6 Worth about .00). 3 do 333 20 - .01 . Vereins-Thaler, 1 Gulden. 900 286 257 .5% 6 Kreuzer. 333 40 13 .02% * º Cº. *...*, * Altºs 4? \ © o o AS' aſſ $...sº °oooo. * , a ... $. by co" “co <>, cº © g gº El cº *...*. º, f - & Y2, º, & & X # % - f o –4 Ç c . - Çe º -> * - EINE FEINE #: MAſ; K 3 *** O§ §Öw |º AJ\gº§- ºº`--a lºººs }§- ;i;& É o coo” .* i : ;t Čºsº 3.º : iº * i i§ 52º JOHANTN VON § QESTERREIGILS, 242 & º k XK YS$ºss-->4 154 Silver. GERMANY. HAMBURG. WEIGHT GRAINS No. oRºn COIN. FINE. OF | PURE | VALUE. - º COIN. SILVER 1. Charles VI. Mark, 16 Schillings. 747 163 121 .25 2. August Francis I. Bank, Specie Thaler. 806 450 362 .75 3. August Francis II. 2 Marks. 754 282 212 .44 4. Joseph II. do 971. 219 212 .44 5. Charles VI. # Mark. 562 23 13 .02% 6. Ado'ph William. 1 Schilling. 375 16 5 .01 7. Joseph II. Mark. 750 141 106 .22 S. do 1 Schilling. 11 9. Wm. George. 1 Dreiling. 8 10. Fred’k William. 8 Schillings. 625 S5 53 .11 11. do 4 do 570 50 28 . .06 Hamburg is one of the “Hanse Towns,” a free and confederate Republic, in the North of Germany on the Elbe. Area, 157 square miles; population 453,869. The trade here is heavy. Imports from Great Britain to Hamburg in 1883 (exclu- ding bullion) amounted to $113,677,500. - :ÉS. | º *. ë. !º ...” §§ }} Ağ. ſ - >{\\{{| $5%& §§ (º *S㺠sº (C.A. ºº * * Alūīlū; III/7, WQU) § SCHILLING F. § counANT 1808- sgº /*cº gsº5&2.[… § ū 156 Gold. GERMANY. HANOVER WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºs COIN. º OF | PURE | VALUE. - CoIN. Gold. Fred'k William, Prussia. Ducat. 979 53 51 2.19 2. George III. Pistole. 903 103 93 4.00 3. Earnst August. Ten Thaler. 89.5 206 184 7,92 4. do do 805 205 183 7.88 5. George IV. do Q()2 207 186 8.04 G. George II. Florin. 784 50 39 1.68 7. Fred'k William, Prussia. D'bl Fred'k d'Or. 892 206 183 7.88 8. Frederick I. Fred'k l'Or. {}()4 103 03 4.00 9. George IV. 2. Thaler. 805 51 45 1.93 10, William IV. 5 Thaler. 89.5 103 92 3.95 11, George III. Ducat. 993 53 52 2.23 12, do George d'Or. 993 53 52 2.23 1.57 Gold. XVIII. . ºA: •vº Nº. 1 77 158 Silver. GERMANY. HANOVER. PERIOD) WEIGHT GRAINS No. OR SECTION COIN. FINE. OF PURE | VALUE. - Coin. Silviºr 1. Ernst August. Thaler. 750 343 257 .53 2. do do do 753 343 258 ,53 3. William IV. do 998 257 256 .53 4. do do 998 257 256 .53 5. Ernst August. 1-12 Thaler. 520 42 22 .04 0. George III. 3 Marien Groschen. 500 45 22 .04 7. George IV. 1-24 Thaler. 333 30 10 .02 8. do ! Thaler, 500 91 45 .09 9. George III. % Florin, 12 Marien Groschen. 996 101 97 .20 159 GERMANY. HANover. Silver. XVIII. , & MARIEN ? 3 2GROSCHEN 160 Silver. GERM ANY, HESSE-CAssel. WEIGHT GRAINS No or "ºs COIN. FINE. or | PURE | VALUE. - CoIN. SILVER 1. George Wilhelm I. Specie Thaler, 836 433 362 .75 2. Wilhelm II. Thaler. 750 3.10 255 .5; 3. Fred"k Wilhelm I. Vereins Thaler. 900 285 256 .53 4. do Silver Groschen. 220 33 7 .01. 5. do M Thaler. 520 82 42 .08 6. Wilhelm II. do 628 St. 56 .11 7. Frederick II. ! do 7,50 80 60 .12 8. Wilhelm IX. Gullen. 837 216 18() .37 9. do Thaler. SSG 205 201 .54 º jº … i. -- - = --- - - - º |Wººl ſº º º |{{}}|(ſ º º/* mº -- - - * - -º-º-º-º-º-º-º- 161 Silver. XVIII. . 162 Silver. GERMANY. HESSE-CASSEL. No. oºn COIN. FINE. of | PURE wº e CJIN. SILVER Y Y (TY T' WEMGHT GRAINS 1. IFred’k Wilhelm 1. 2 Thaler, 3} Gulden, 900 572 515 1,07 2. Wilhelm IX. Specie Thaler. 837 433 363 .75 3. I'red'k Wilhelm II. * Silver Groschen. Worth about .00% 4. do Thaler. 749 343 257 .53 5. Frederick II. do 747 362 270 ,56 6. Fred’k Wilhelm II. 2 do 3} Gulden. 900 580 522 1.08 7. do Thaler, Convention. 837 433 363 .75 º 㺠- ; & ſ $ :i ū º 164 Silver. GERMANY. Hesse-Darmstadt PERIOD weight GRAINS No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE. OF PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVER 1. Philipp. 2 Gulden. 899 324 291 .60 2. Ludwig II. 1 do 899 163 146 .30 3. do 1 do 900 162 145 .30 4. Philipp. § do 900 S1 73 .15 5. Ludwig I. Crown Thaler. 870 457 398 .83 6. Ludwig II. 3} Gulden, or 2 Thaler. 899 572 513 1.07 7. Ludwig III. 6 Kreuzer. 333 40 13 .()2 8. Ludwig II. 2 Gulden. 899 324 291 .60 Grand Duchy of Hesse, a central state in the west of Germany, comprising two disconnected territories, nearly equal in size. Total area, 2,966 Square miles; population (1880), 936,340. The southern portion is traversed by the Rhine, and the main forms part of its boundary. The land is fertile and highly cultivated. Fruit is abundant and the vine flourishes. Budget (1882-85), each year, $4,303,480. | 6’) GERMANY. HESSE DARMSTADT. Silver. XVIII. 24 160 Silver. GERMANY. 1 IPPE. - WEIGHT GRAINS No. PERIOD COIN. FINE, OF | PURE ww. OR SECTION. COIN. SILVER 1. Paul Alex. Leopold I. 2 Thalers, 3} Gulden, 900 572 515 $1.07 2. do Ris Dollar. S33 444 371 .77 3. do Base. 4. do Vereins Thaler. 900 2S5 257 .53 5. do Base. 6. do do 7. do - do S. do do 9. George William I. Double Thaler. 900 572 515 1.07 10. do Thaler. 747 332 270 .56 11. Adolph George I. Vereins Thaler. 900 285 257 .53 167 GERMANY. LIPPE. • * V2'- º - - QºS fº slº * GRÖSºHEN Nº. 18 6 1 &/º & SY. 69 º º º *] Q s 18 º # §§ § * | 68 Silver. GERMANY. work WEIGHT GRAINS - No. or ºn COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. o - COIN. SILVER 1. George II. 3 Marks, 48 Shillings. 750 424 3.18 .66 2. Joseph II. do do 750 424 318 .66 3. IFred’k William. 2 Marks, 32 do 748 283 211 .44 4. George I. 1 do 16 do 750 141 104 .21 5. George II. do 750 141 104 .21 6. George I. § do 8 do 625 84 52 .11 7. do # do 4 do 562 47 26 .05 Lubeck, a “Hanse Town,” a free and confederate Republic of North Ger- many, situate on the Trave, near the Baltic. Area, 109 square miles; population 63,570. The commerce of Lubeck is principally with Norway, Sweden and Russia. Budget (1884), $786,460. - - 69 I --> (qiaº ºvuno) | Hositiºn (It) MITTIHOS * IIIAX "JøATIS ºxogant ANVINIHEIF) 170 Silver. GERMANY. MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN. N T ) WEIGHT GRAINS No. or’sºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. § COIN. SILVER 1. Frederick, 32 Schilling Piece. 750 283 212 .44 2. Fred'k Franz. 3 Thaler or Florin. 753 266 202 .42 2. do Thaler. 750 343 257 .53 4. do # do 750 67 50 .10 ö. do Thaler. 750 343 257 .53 6. do 1 Schilling. 300 16 5 .01 7. Landes-Money. 4 do 500 47 23 .04% S. Fred'k Franz. 2 do 500 30 15 .03 9. Ilandes-Money. 4 do 500 47 23 .04% 10. Fred’k Franz. 1-12 Thaler. 500 37 18 .03% 11. Frederick. 8 Schilling 625 84 52 .11 12. Fred'k Francis. 4 Schilling. 500 47 2: .04% 13. do 1 do 1-48 Thaler. 208 20 4 .00% Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a maritime state of Northern Germany, on the Baltic. No proper Budget. 576,827. Area, 5,138 square miles; The finances are very flourishing. Strelitz consists of two detached pieces, separated from the above. square miles; population 100,269. No Budget. population Mecklenburg- Area, 1,131 Finances in good condition. 171 GERMANY. MEckLENBURG. Silver. XVIII. , - x ** $º º º # 2 & º SCIII.iiiNGE {}() URANT As ME (; KLENBURG- C4) LRANT TME (CECHLENB g º 's § $2. # ſº F. * .s. §§§ & Wºź & SCHWERIN: w & MUNZE * * tº * mº * * & * wº > * - º - 52; º : sº as I º : * * * * sº asº sºme sº - º: * sº * 2. & & * */ 3, 6& E ;CHILLINº. sº ME CRLENB schweft|N Mü'NZE 172 Silver. GERMANY. Nassau. - WEIGHT GRAINº, No. or "ºs COIN. FINE. or PURE VALUC. - - CoIN. SILVER 1. William. Crown Thaler. 873 455 397 .83 2. Adolph, 2 Thaler, or 3). Gulden 900 73 515 1.07 3. William. Crown Thaler. 87.5 454 397 ..Sº 4. Adolph. 2 Gulden. 900 327 295 .61 5. Frederic. 20 Kreuzer. 583 103 59 .12 6. Adolph. Gulden. 900 164 147 .30 7. do M do 900 81 73 .15 8. William. 6 Kreuzer. 325 37 12 .02 173 GERMANY. NASSAU. Silver. XVIII. as 174 - Silver. GERMANY. SAX-ALTENBURG. PERIOL) WEIGHT GRAINS No. OR SECTION COIN. FINE. OF PURE | VALUE. g COIN. SILVER - 1, 1’aul Frederick. 3. Guilden, or 2 Thaler. 900 572 51.5 1.07 2. 2 Grote. Base. 3. 1 do Base. 4. Nicholas Frederick Peter. Vereins Thaler. 900 285 256 F3 5. Paul Frederich August. Thaler. 750 343 257 53 6 § do 24 Grote. 625 122 76 .15 7. 12 Grote. 500 75 37 .07 8, # Thaler. 625 120 75 15 9. 2} Groschen. 430 47 22 .04% 1 (). # Thaler, 12 Grote. 500 75 37 .07 11. 2} Groschen. 375 49 1S .03} 12. 1 Groschen, 13. # Groschen. 14. Paul Frederich August. # Taler 500 75 37 .07 Grand Duchy of Oldenberg, a maritime state of North Germany, situ. ate on the North Sea and the Weser. Area, 2,470 square miles; population. 337,454. Budget 1883; revenue, $1,548,995; expenditure, $1,618,630. - - & ſº ſ j. “lºº. {{\º tº s ݺ º §: Tºkiº. sº * C f §§ſºftº: s Nº. & º º àº; 2^N. ſ | N º º ſº ºn, sº sº GROTE \\OLD COUR.MUNZE 176 GCld. PRUSSIA. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or ºn COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. º COIN. GOLD. 1. Frederick I. Double Frederick d’Or. 904 205 185 7.96 2. do do 904 205 185 7.96 3. Fred’k. Wrm. II. do 916 206 187 8.04 4. Frederick I. do 904 205 185 7.96 5. Fred’k. Wm. II. Ducat. 979 53 51 2.19 6. Frederick I. Frederic d’Or, 904 102 93 4.00 7. do Pistole. 904 103 94 4.04 8. Fred’k. Wm. III. Frederic d’Or. 806 103 92 3.96 9. do do 903 104 93 4.00 10, do do 903 104 93 4.00 11. do D’ble do 903 207 1S5 7.96 12. do do do 892 205 1S2 7.82 Gold. XVIII. . GERMANY. DIT I) WEIGHT GRAINS No. or'ºn. COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. COIN. GOLD. 1. Prussia. 20 Marks. 900 122 11 () $4.73 2. do 10 do 900 61 55 2.36 3. Baden. do 906 61 55 2.36 4. Wurtemberg. do 900 61 *5 2.36 GERMANY., PRUssia. ∞∞∞ §@₪ ∞∞ §Q\！<\！<\！！! 178 Silver. GERMANY. WEIGHT GRAINS No. oRºn COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. e COIN. SILVER 1. Prussia. 5 Marks. 900 428 385 .S0 2. Bavaria. do 000 428 3S5 .S0 3. Hesse. do 900 428 385 ,80 4. Baden. do 900 428 385 .80 5. Iſamburg. do 900 428 385 .80 6. Wurtemburg. do 900 428 385 .S() 7. Empire. do 900 428 385 . S() 8. do 50 Pfennig. 900 42 38 .0S 9. do 1 Mark. 900 S 5 76 .16 10. do 2 do 900 171 154 .32 11. do 50 Pſennig. 900 42 38 .0S Prussia comprises the larger portion of Germany. The kingdom comprises 13 provinces: 1. East Prussia; 2. West Prussia; 3. Brandenburg; 4. Pomerania; 5. Posen; 6. Silesia; 7. Saxony; 8. Schleswig-Holstein; 9. Hanover; 10. Westpha- lia; 11. Hessen Nassau; 12. Rhenish Provinces; 13. Hohenzollern; the area of all these being 135,955 square miles; and their population 27,279,111. The forests of Prussia cover nearly 10,000,000 acres, consisting chiefly of fir trees. Minerals: iron copper, lead, alum, nitre, zinc, Cobalt, Sulphur, nickel, arsenic, baryta, amber, agate, jasper, onyx, etc., and a little silver. Salt (from brine springs) is abundant; also coal. Wheat, rye, oats, barley, peas, millet, rape seed, maize, linseed, flax, hemp, tobacco, hops, etc., are extensively cultivated and largely exported. Cattle are raised in large numbers. The western division is noted for fine fruits and vege- tables, the Rhenish Provinces stand pre-eminent for their wines. Manufactures: chiefly linens. Cotton works are numerous; and also factories for silk, woollen, mixed cotton and linen fabrics, shawls, Carpets, etc., leather, earthenware, glass, paper, tobacco and metals. Brewing is a business of great magnitude. Principal exports: linens, woollens, hardware, corn, wool, timber, pitch, linseed, tobacco, mineral waters, horses, cattle, hams, Salt meat, and wines. sº. lº º 6 % $º Cºº §º (ſºlº &\{35. sº º; º [. & s ~ s sº ~ º \ & ºSº ſ) É& Published by A. M. SMITH, Post Office Box 754, PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. º º º º - º º º º - º º ºlº - Tºº ºf - ºf jº º - lºſſºſ º: º ºf º -- - - - - - º º -- º º º - º º sº - º º º º---- - - - º º Silver. PRUSSIA. PERIOD) OR SECTION. WEIGHT GRAINS COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. CoIN. SILVER | Thaler. 520 82 41 .08 do 663 129 82 .17 do 654 120 78 .16 do 505 81 30 .07 Trederick II. do 517 81 40 .08 Wilhelm. do 520 82 41 ,0s Fredk. William III. Vier Groschen. 514 81 40 .08 do * Thaler. 663 124) 82 .17 Frederick II. } do - 750 86 64 .13 Of Westphalia. do 500 SS 44 .0%) Fredk. William III. do 595 79 47 .09 Wilhelm. * Silver Groschen. 222 16 3 .00% do 2, do do 375 49 12 .03 do 1 do do 220 33 7 .01% No. Freilk. William IV. Frederick II. Fredk. William III. Fredk. William III. i : | 8 | E IN EN R.E I C H S THAIIER ~ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. A. M. SMITH, PUBLISHER. PHILADELPHLA, PA: ; 182 Silver. * PRUSSIA. PERIOD No. 4. COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. OR SECTION. COIN. SILVER - 1. Wilhelm. Five Marks. 900 - 428 385 ,80 2. do Double Thaler. 900 572 514 1,07 3. do Vereins Thaler. 900 285 256 .53 4. do Sieges Thaler. 900 2S5 256 ,53 5. Mansfeld Mines. Vereins Thaler. 900 285 256 .53 6. Wilhelm. 1 Mark. 900 85 76 , 16 7. Wm. and Augusta, 1861. Coronation Thaler. 900 2S5 256 .53 8. Wilhelm. 20 Pfennige. 900 17 15 ,03 BERGBAUES & tº 3. sº 184 PRUSSIA. # Groschen. Silver. - WEIGHT GRAl NS | No. orºn COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. ſº COIN. SILVER 1. Fredk. William IV. Thaler. 750 343 257 .53 2. Fredk. William III. do 754 355 267 .55 3. Fredk. William I. do 736 340 251 .52 4. Fredk. William IV. 2 do 3% Gulden. 900 573 515 1.07 5. Fredk. William III. Veriens Thaler. 753 358 269 .56 6. Fredk. William II. Florin of Silesia. 750 227 170 .35 7. Fredk, William IV. 216 17 4 18.5 Silver. XVIII. as (5 sººn Dºs 2\ ºMANSFELDER = Wºrkebauess/ C º *> º g º f Nº fº º º º º gº & & º º º 186 Silver. PRUSSIA. WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. º COIN. SILVER 1. Frederick II. Specie Thaler. S30 440 365 . .76 2. do do 830 440 365 .76 3. do do Convention. 830 440 365 .76 4. Alexander, Branderburg. do 830 440 365 .76 5. Fredk. William III, 1 Groschen. 215 34 8 .01% 6. do . 1 Thaler. 736 340 252 .52 7. do - 749 340 255 .53 187 Silver. XVIII. , ... } irº º § i§ 2. g tº - ë º wº * *...* º, U2' & Hºrºw º r ſº sº S. • º * R t §º ºº º º - 23. * * º - . -> º t : º º º - sº. 4 Eºs, &rº VA __{-ºº! ; . . & ſº ºº: - - sº - -- - > Č. ſº tºº § º º: º jº w º, \º º t ſº .* - º wº º o º: sº - S2 º \\ { * ..." º Nº º Fº -- - º º §§ºsſº o - & ſº º • T' Sº º º sº º º Ö º º- & gº T. ſº g: # ſ \\ º § RE I c Hs §rn ALER EIN TH 179 s §:N #; 1774 188 Silver. PRUSSIA. - WEIGHT GRAINS No. osºs COIN. FINE. or | PURE | VALUE. ** Coin. Silver 1. Alexander of Brandenburg. Rigs Thaler. S30 440 365 .76 2. Charles William, do do 823 |||ſ) 305 .76 3. Frederick II. Specie Thaler. S30 41) 365 .76 4. do Rigs Thaler. 740 343 255 .53 5. do ! Thaler. 750 171 128 .26 6. do Rigs Thaler. 740 343 255 .53 7, Fredk, William IV. 2) Groschen. 375 51 19 .04 189 GERMANY. PRUSSIA Silver. XVIII. as ſº | * E * & g ſº V . . . º º & tº º § 7 ºf : \\\\ Vº gº º ſº º ſº | º º º A\ \º & §ºſſº)\ ſº ſº § & % § {º & - pºs: - 4; º #ſ. % ºf SILBER º GROSCHEN . S y 190 Silver. GERMANY. REUss-GREIzaso REUss 1-OBENSTEIN. WEIGHT GRALNS No. or ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE vºwel e COIN. SILVER 1. Henry XX. 2 Thaler 3} Gulden. 900 57.1 514 $1.07 2. Henry XIII. Specie Thaler. 834 432 361 .75 3. IIenry XI. # do do S34 216 180 .37 4. Henry XIX. 1-12 Thaler. 432 48 20 .04 5. Henry XIII. * Specie Thaler. 834 432 361 .75 G. do Specie Thaler. $34 432 361 .75 7. do do do Conv’n. 834 432 361 75 - 191 GERMANY. Rººftºn. Silver. XVIII. As aim Hº º Silver. GERMANY. SAXE-CobURG-GoTHA. - WEIGHT GRAINS No or "ºs. COIN. FINE, 9 |º VALUE. CoIN. SILVER 1. Ernst Hertzog. 2 Thaler or 3!, Gulden. 900 585 526 1,09 2. do Specie Thaler. 8.33 441 367 .76 3. do Thaler. 750 343 257 .53 4. do Specie Thaler. 8.33 445 370 .77 5. do 3 Kreuzer, (1808), 330 25 8 .01% tº. do 2 Thaler or 3. Gulden. 900 573 515 1.07 7. do Crown Thaler. 871 461 401 .83 Duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a state consisting of two princi- pal and several smaller detached portions. Area, 816 square miles; population 194,- 716. The Crown revenue is $149,600, and that of the state $828,025 annually. 193 GERMANY. SAxE-coBURG-Gotha. Silver. XVIII. 37 º N Y. §§ N }º ‘sº & § 194 Silver GERMANY. SAX-COBURG-GOTHA. WEIGHT GRAINS |º or ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. º - COIN. SILVER 1. Enst Herzog. Half Thaler. 833 217 180 .37 2. do 20 Kreuzer. 583 104 61 .12 3. do 10 do 500 60 30 .06 4. do 6 do 371 36 13 .02 5. do 3 do 333 20 6 .01 6. do 1 do 10 7. do 20 do 583 103 60 .12 8. do * Thaler. 520 83 43 .09 {). do 20 IN reuzer. 5S2 103 60 .12 10. do 10 do 500 60 30 .06 11. do 1 Groschen. 23 Base. - 12. do 2 do 46 do 13. do 6 Kreuzer. 370 36 13 .02 14. do 6 do 187 63 12 .02 15. do # Thaler. 520 82 43 .09 16 do 3 Kreutzer. 30 17 do 1 do 10 18. do 2 Groschen. 46 Base. 19:) * GERMANY. SAX E–COBURG-GOTHA. Silver. XVIII. , 196 Gold. GERMAN. SAxONy. "WEIGHT GRAINS w No. or ºn COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. tº COIN. GOLD. 1. Fredric Augustus. Doub. August, 10 Thaler. 898 205 184 7.92 2. do 10 Thaler, 898 206 184 7.92 3. do do 898 204 183 7.88 4. Anton V. do 898 204 - 183 7.88 5. Xaver, Elector. August d’Or 5 Thaler 889 102 90 3.87 6. August III. 5 Thaler. 889 102 90 3.87 7. Frederic Augustus V. Ducat. 986 54 53 2.28 8. Frederic Augustus. do 984 53 52 2.23 9. do & do * 984 53 52 2.23 10. do do 984 53 52 2.23 11. do do 984 53 52 2.23. 12. Church Piece. do 984 53 52 2.23 13. Frederic Augustus. do 984 53 52 2.23 Saxony. The third kingdom in importance of the German Empire. Area, 5,789 square miles; population 2,972,805. Agricultural products: the usual cereals and leguminous plants, with rape seed, buckwheat, flax, hops and fruits. The tim- bers of its forests are a great source of wealth. Mines yield silver, tin, bismuth, co- balt, iron, zinc, lead, nickel, arsenic, etc., besides coal, marble, porcelain, earth and gems; such as topases, chrysolites, amethysts, cornelians, garnets, etc. Linen and cotton spinning, and weaving are most extensively carried on. Broad cloths, meri- nos, silks, mixed silk and woollen goods, thread, muslin-de-laines, laces and embroi- deries made here are in high repute. The “Dresden China” is noted throughout the world ; all these form the principal exports. 197 GERMANY. SAxONY. Gold. XVIII. , º Qırmº 198 Silver. GERMANY. saxony. WEIGHT GRAINS No. orºs COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. - Coin. SILVER 1. Fred'k August III. Thaler, 829 432 358 .74 2. Fred'k August II. do 829 432 358 .74 3. Fred'k August IV. 2 Thaler, 3% Gulden. 900 57.1 514 1.07 4. Fred'k Augustus III. do 8.33 109 91 .18 5. do A do 830 109 90 .18 6. do do 837 100 92 .19 7. Fred'k Aug. II. do 750 54 40 .08 199 Silver. XVIII. . № ‘ſ’ ()RAŤ§§ £、ſae |-Ķ £§§§§§2N\! 2：§§º：~ (GERIMANY. SAxONY. 200 Silver. GERMANY. SAxONy. WEIGHT GRAINS No or' ºn COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. - e COIN. SILVER 1. Anton. Special Thaler. S33 433 360 .75 2. Anton V. * Thaler. 833 433 360 .75 3. Frederic August V. Thaler. | 750 343 257 .53 4. Frederic August, (1696.) # Specie Thaler. 833 217 180 .37 5. Frederic August, (1813.) . § Thaler. 833 217 180 .37 6. do do (1765) do 833 217 180 .37 7. do do 1-12 Thaler. 435 50 21 .04 8. do do do 435 50 21 .04 2() | Silver. XVIII. , , GERMANY. SAXONY. ) Øſ ķiſ 202 Silver. GERMANY. Saxony. º W ElGHT GRAINS No. or’sºn COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. & COIN. SILVER 1. Frederick Augustus V. Specie Thaler. 833 433 360 .75 2. do Rigs Thaler. 834 433 360 75 3. do Convention Thaler. 834 433 360 .75 4. do Constitution Thaler. 834 433 360 .75 5. Anton V. * Thaler. 525 82 43 .09 6. Frederic August V. 1-48 Thaler. 250 15 4 .01 7. do * Thaler. 525 82 43 .09 8. do Goshen, 1-30 Thaler. 229 31 7 .01% 9. do 1-16 Thaler. 525 S2 4 .09 10. Anton V. 1-12 Thaler, 439 82 3.5 .07 203 SAXONY. *WonLEND.º.º. ) jor N 5 MAI 1824 & 20-1 Silver. GERMANY. SANONY. PERIOD) WEIGHT GRAINS No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. CoIN. Silver 1 Fredk. Augustus III. Specie Thaler, S33 4.38 365 .76 2 do do do Thaler. S35 440 ºùù .76 3. do do do Thaler of the Convention 837 440 367 .76 4. Fredk. August II. Thaler. S29 432 35S .74 5 Antone-Clement. # Thaler. S33 214 176 .36 6 do do # do 715 1-5 S.) .18 º I jim * | s = | | Q0% \ * Y S$ºs • §§ £º º º tº Cº. -º-º: غ. >s <&A. £4, IIIAX ‘JøAIIS ‘ĀNOXVS ÅNIVINIHHHHS) 206 Silver. GERMANY. WALDECK. WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. “. COIN. SILVER 1. George, Prince. Ecu, Convention. 833 445 371 .77 2. George Henry I. Palmen, or Crown Thaller. 833 438 368 .76 3. Prince Frederick, Ecu, Convention, 833 438 368 .76 4. George I. Specie Thaler, 889 453 403 .84 5. Frederick Wrm. 1-24 Thaler. 29 Base. 6. Charles August. 1-12 Thaler. 500 40 20 .04 7. George I. 2 Marien Groschen. 750 20 15 .03 8. Charles Aug. 10 Kreuzer. 500 40 20 .04 9. Frederick Wrm, * Thaler. 524 162 85 .17 10. do 1 Marien Groschen. Base. 22 Base. Waldeck and Pyrmont, a Principality in the North-west of Germany. Area, 466 square miles; population 56,522. The Budget for 1884 gives an income of $362,760, and an expenditure of $244,075. There is also a debt of $611,725. 207 208 Gold. GERMANY. WURTEMIFERG. WEIGHT GRAINS No or ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. e COIN. GOI.D. 1. Frederick I. Frederich d’Or, 11 Gulden. 890 I 12 90 4.25 2. William I. Double Ducat, I0 Florins. 869 104 90 3.87 3. Carl Alexandar. # Carolin, (1733.) 767 37 2S 1.21 4. Carl Alexander. # Carolin, (1735.) 767 74 56 2.4() 5. William I. Ducat. 980 54 52 2.23 6. Charles. Ducat, (1750). 975 54 52 2.23 7. Louis-Eugene. Ducat, (1794). 985 54 53 2.27 8. William I. Ducat. 985 54 53 2.27 9. Carl Alexander. Ducat, (1790). 9S5 54 53 2.27 10. Carl Alexander. Carolin, (1735). 775 148 114 4.91 11. William. Ducat of 5 Florins. 900 51 46 1.97 12. Frederic II. Ducat. 986 54 53 2.27 13. Frederick II. do (1804). 986 54 53 2.27 14. Carl Alexander. Ducat, (1737). 985 54 53 2,27 Wurtemberg, a kingdom of South Germany. Area, 7,531 square miles; population (1880), 1,971,118. Richly cultivated and highly productive throughout. Minerals: iron, granite, limestone, ironstone, fire-clay, etc. lain, leather, tobacco, iron and steel goods, Cabinet work, etc. mills, breweries and brandy distilleries. salt, oil, leather, woollen, cotton and linen fabrics, beer, wine, etc. $13,506, 270. Manufactures: porce- There are many oil Principal exports: grain, cattle, wood, Budget (1884), 20%) XVIII. . Gold. GERMANY. wurreMBURG 210 Silver. GERMANY. wurtEMBERG. WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºn COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE, * COIN. SILVER 1. William I, 2 Thaler, or 3% Gulden. 899 572 514 1.17 2. do Crown Thaler. 874 456 397 .82 3, do Crown. 872 455 395 .82 4. do 2 Gulden. 752 391 293 .61 5, do Medaille Florin. 898 164 146 .30 6. do 6 Kreuzer 320 39 13 2} 7. do Gulden. 751 196 147 .30 211 GERMANY. wurtEMBURG. Silver. XVIII. , 212 Silver. GERMANY. WURTEMBERG. WEIGHT GRAINS - No. or ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. N. º COIN. SILVER 1. Frederick I. Crown Thaler. 870 453. 393 .82 2. William I. do 870 453 393 .82 3. Convention. Thaler. - 830 432 357 .74 4. William I. Two Gulden. 900 325 292 .61 3. Fred II. # Ecu de Convention. 833 216 180 37 w BITºtº C §§§ 2, º \ º § | | -%§ Wººs §& 214 Silver. GERMANY. wurtEMBERG. - WEIGHT GRAINS t No. oºn COIN. FINE, of PURE | VALUE. e COIN. SILVER 1. William I. Convention Thaler. 833 4.38 365 .76 2. Francis, Prince, Thaler. 830 432 357 .74 3. John, Prince. do 830 432 357 .74 4. Charles I. do 830 432 357 .74 5. William. 24 Kreuzer. 498 122 61 .12 6. do 12 do 498 61 29 .06 7. Fred’k II. 20 do 568 .12 103 58 216 Silver. GERMI ANY. WURTEMBERG. WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºn. COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - COIN. SILVER 1. Erederick I. Crown Thaler. S70 453 393 ..Sº 2. Charles I. Ris Thaler, Specie. 830 432 357 74 3. Charles, Prince. do 830 432 357 .74 4. Charles I. do 930 432 357 .74 5. William Gulden. 751 196. 147 .30 6. William 6 Kreutzer. 328 . .35 12 .02% 7. do (ºulden. 7:51 106 147 .30 217 GERMANY. wurtEMBURG. Silver. XVIII. 49 *re § tº Sº 'N)) tº , is . * sº rººs -- tº - gº -º-º: ... 3 tº f: As -- ſº ºS .AN sº-N& & . º §º º, PSN. #j} as ºf - º º ºf sº * Rºg& § ({ - V ^º $3. W & &rA., 176%, sº º: F E sº & shºk YY: CVN- 218 Silver. GERMANY. WURTEM BERG. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºs COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - CoIN. SILVER 1. Of Furstenberg. Rix Dollar. 834 433 360 .75 2. Fredericus I. Ecu of Convention. 834 433 360 .75 3. Ludov, Eugen. Ecu. 834 433 360 .75 4. Karl Koenig. 2 Thaler, 6 Marks, 900 57.1 514 1.07 5. William I. 1 Kreutzer. 163 12 2 .00% 6. William II. Vereins Thaler. 900 285 257 .53 7. William I. * Gulden. 900 81 73 .15 8. William I. 3 Kreutzer. 275 21 6 .01 9. do 1 do 163 12 2 .00% ---. - º º - º º º - nº º º ºlº º: º . - ºf º - V. º º - º - - º - -- º --- º " º * sº -- º - º - tº -- \º *º-ºº º WURTEMBURG. GERMANY. \\32 \\&{ ºrix §§ S№sº ■ ſíºl}} Cſſae ' ■ ■ ≡* ， • .$, º „º g*-;ºſ,,5） （\ſ?? L.};}'）;... ? •_ae），• 2tº 。 、” →، ·* &Źgº ：: æ. …“ •';sae; ae */… * cae（Ş- 2&§§§ ��11885 <$ ��<» ra *S*t irs c.. ... rºC’ Sºśsº S. A st Office Box 754, PO PHILADELPHIA, PA., U Published by A. §）; ∞ （* 23. §2 §），źZ Silver. XVIII. / 25% º º º }. º º } º ſ * E. f \ ſ: §§§ §§§ º Ž § T º ~. §§§ º f º 4 d §º. & * º, 1861 & & PERIOD weight GRAINS No OR SECTION. COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. - COIN. SILVER 1. Henry LXXII. D’ble Thaler, 3} Gulden. 900 57.2 515 $1,07 2. IIenry XX. Vereins Thaler. 900 285 257 .53 3. do D'ble Thaler, 3} Gulden. 900 572 515 1.07 4. IIenry LXVII. Vereins Thaler. 900 285 257 .53 5. do 1 Silver Groschen. Billon. 6. do } do do do 7. do 2 do do do. BOUMANIA, ROUMANJA COINS.—Silver, all 900 Fine. No. 1, 5 Lei, 385 grains weight, 346 grs, pure, -72 cents; Nos. 2 and 6, 1 Leu, 77 grains weight, 69 grs. pure, 14 cents; Nos. 3 and 5, 50 Bani, 38 grs. weight, 34 grs, pure, 7 cents; Nos. 4 and 7, 2 Lei, 154 grs. weight, 138 grs. pure, 28 cents. ROUMANIA. This kingdom consists of the Moldo-Wallachia provinces, formerly belonging to Turkey, by treaty of Berlin, 13th July, 1878, recognized as an independent State, and the territory of Dobrudscha added to it; raised to a king- dom. March 26, 1881. Total area, 49,262 square miles; population 5,376,000. Walla- chia, largest of the three provinces, has area of 28,276 square miles. The soil is very rich. Products: corn, maize, millet, beans and peas; vines and various fruits are abundant; forests most extensive. Immense numbers of cattle, sheep and horses are reared; minerals and precious metals are said to abound. Exports: wheat, maize, rock-salt and cattle. Moldavia, the least of the three provinces, has about 2,200,000 inhabitants; it produces large quantities of fruit, grain and wine. Public revenue of Roumania (1884), $26,289,115; expenditures, about the same as the reve- nue; public debt, $132,816,060; imports (1882), $53,870,420; exports (1882), $48,- 946,141. Since 1881, there has been authorized an issue of 25,000,000 lei, in pieces of 5 lei; the coinage of gold has been very small, the circulation in that metal is composed almost entirely of Napoleons and Austrian pieces of 8 and 4 florins. The paper circulation in 1883, was 12,091,730 francs in treasury notes, and 58,498,790 francs in national bank notes. ſº º - GREAT BRITAIN. º º WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºs COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - Coin. Gold. 1. Victoria. 5 Sovereigns. 916 616 565 24.32 2. George IV. 5 do 916 616 565 24.32 3. George III. 5 Guineas. 915 647 592 25.48 4. do 5 Sovereigns. 916 616 565 24.32 5. do | Guinea. 917 64 59 2.54 6. do * Guinea. 917 42 39 1.68 7. Victoria. Sovereign. 916 123 113 4.86 8. do do 916 123 113 4.86 9. George IV. do 916 123 113 4,86 10. do ! Sovereign. 916 61 56 2.40 11. George III. Sovereign. 916 123 113 4.86 12. Victoria. do 916 123 113 4.86 13. George IV. * Sovereign. 916 61 56 2.40 14. do Sovereign. 916 123 113 4.86 GREAT BRITAIN, a kingdom embracing England, Wales, Scotland, Ire- land and the Channel Islands, has also immense landed possessions in all parts of the world; of these, the following table will be the briefest and most satisfactory presentation of the statistics of the entire British Empire : imports ArtEA. IN PUBLIO NAME OF COUNTRY ºs POPULATION REVENUE - AND SQ, MILES D.E.B.T. ExpoRTS Great Britain and Ireland 121,115 36,300,000 $ 436,025,000 $3,732,000,000 || $3,661,140,000 Indian Possessions, &c. 1,558,251 258,000,000 400,000,000 800,000,000 655,300,000 Other Eastern Possessions 30,000 3,900,000 15,000,000 14,000,000 202,500,000 Australia. 3,181,314 3,100,000 110,000,000 ,000,000 572,500,000 North America 3,520,500 4,650,000 35,925,000 205,000,000 175,000,000 Guiana, &c. 100,000 200,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 20,000,000 Africa 270,000 2,350,000 29,025,000 91,375,000 95,000,000 West Indies, &c. 12,707 1,350,000 7,750,000 10,000,000 49,500,000 European Possessions 120 75,000 1,275,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 Various settlements 96,171 200,000 2,500,000 1,250,000 10,000,000 Total 8,000,211 310,225,000 |31,040,000,000 |35,358,025,000 || $5,451,000,000 "...º. ... g. 6 GREAT BRITAIN. ji" jºy $ *I ju, 5' 9 224 Gold. GREAT BRITAIN. ... [O WEIGHT GRAINS No. oRººn. COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. COIN. GOLD. 1. George IV. 2 Sovereigns. 916 2464 226 $9.72 2. do Sovereign. 916 123} 113 4. S6 3. George III. Guinea. 016 129} 118 5.10 !. do 2 Guineas. 915 259 236 10.15 5. do Guinea. 91 (3 129, 11S 5.10 6. do A Guinea. 91 (5 64 59 2.55 7. George IV. 2 Sovereigns. 916 246% 22(; 9,72 S. do Sovereign. 91 ($ 123} 113 4.86 9. George III. Guinea. {} | {} 120% I18 5.10 10. do * Sovereign. {}] (; 61 ; 56} 2.43 11. do # Guinea. {)16 32; 29} 1.27 12. do Guinea. 916 129, 118 5.10 13. George IV. # Sovereign. 916 61 ; 56; 2.43 e England is divided from Scotland on the north, by the Cheviot IIills and the rivers Tweed and Solway, and from Wales by the Severn and Dee. Area, about 54,000 square miles; population (1881), 1,360,513. Agriculture is prosecuted indus- triously and intelligently, and yields large returns. The country is rich in minerals; iron, tin, lead, copper and coal, the product of pig iron amounting to about $80,000,- 000 per annum, and of coal to $230,000,000; the metal manufacture employs about 650,000 hands, and the textile industries are of such enormous extent as to require over one million operatives. British goods are found in every portion of the globe. The Island of Greal Britain contained in 1883, in active operation, 18,457 miles of railway. The telegraph extended 27,103 miles, owned and operated by the govern- ment since 1871. Wales has an area of 4,712,281 square acres, population (1881), 1,360,513. The country is generally mountainous, but like England, it possesses great mineral wealth. The country occupies a large peninsula on the West side of the island of Britain, bordering on the Irish Sea and Bristol and St. George's Channels. The laws of England were fully extended over Wales by statute in 1536. In the reigns of George IV and William IV, the last traces of political distinction were abolished. Scotland (the ancient caledonia) is situated in the most northerly part of the island. Area, about 30,000 square miles; population (1882), 3,735,573. The land is naturally barren and bleak, but the hardy persevering inhabitants have made it productive, and their country wealthy and prosperous. The union with England took place in 1707, a rebellion in 1745 was suppressed, and the Scotch people sub- mitting, devoted themselves to the material Welfare of their nation with results which have been continuously beneficial. Ireland is an island lying about 60 miles to the west of England, washed upon three sides by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the east by the Irish Sea, or St. George's Channel. Its greatest length is from north to south, 306 miles, and from east to west, from 120 to 180, with an area of about 31,759 square miles, with popu- lation, in 1881, of 5,174,836, which is continually decreasing and has been since 1845 at the rate of 37.6 per cent. This island abounds in natural beauties, the harbors Z }={ * f lºº ("ºſſ, &bºº. º - g 234 Gold. GREAT BRITAIN. PERIOD WEIGHT GRAINS N. No. OR SECTION. COIN. - FINE. cºs. ğ. VALUE. 1. Elizabeth, 1558 Noble or Royal. 960 120 115 4.95 . ( 40 38 1.68 2. do § and + Anglet. 960 { 20 19 | .82 3. Mary, (1553.) Fine Sov’rn or D'bl Royal 960 240 23() 9.90 4. do Noble or Royal 960 120 11.5 4.95 5. Elizabeth, Angel 960 80 76 3.26 6. Philip and Mary. Anglet. 960 40 38 1.63 7. do Angel. 960 80 76 3.26 S. Mary. Anglet. 960 40 3S 1.63 9. do Anglet. 960 80 76 3.26 #10. Edward VI. Dragon Angel. 960 80 76 3.26 11. do Angel. 960 SO 76 3.26 British Possessions in the East. Aden, a peninsula on the south coast of Arabia Felix. The British own the main peninsula and the opposite one of Little Aden; also a strip recently purchased, extending about three miles inward. Total area, 70 square miles; population (1881), 35,165, including troops who man the forti. fications. It is one of the English coaling stations on the Eastern highway, about 1,500 ships visiting it yearly. The exports which are all received from the neighbor- ing countries, consist of Arabian and African coffee, African dyes, feathers, gums and hides; Red Sea Mother-o'-pearl, Zanzibar spices, Mauritius sugar and Indian tobacco. The sea exports, in 1882-83, amounted to $7,224,450, and the land exports, to $397,400. Aden is subject to the Government of Bombay, and a small revenue is obtained from stamps, excise, Opium, Salt and arms. Nothing is manufactured but salt. Socotra, an island in the Arabian Sea, 150 miles E. N. E. of Cape Guardafui, the eastern extremity of Africa, in the direct line of communication with India. Area, about 1,310 square miles; population, about 4,000; subject to the Sultan of Keshin, who, in 1876, for a small subsidy, contracted never to cede the Socotra to any foreign power, or to allow any settlement to be made thereon without consent of the British Government. This island is famous for aloes, and the gun of the dragon's blood tree of which it produces, the finest in the world. Ceylon, an island in the Indian Ocean, south-west of the peninsula of IIindus- tan. Area, 24,702 square miles; population (1881), 2,758,529. It was first settled by colonists from the valley of the Ganges, B. C. 543. Chief exports: cinnamon, coir-stuff, cinchona, coffee, cocoanut oil, plumbago and tea, amounting in 1882 to $17,055,670. Hong Kong (“Fragrant Streams’’), an island off the south-east coast of China, at the mouth of Canton River. Area, 32 square miles; population (1881), 160,402. It is separated from the main land of China by a narrow strait (Ly-ee-moon Pass). The opposite peninsula Rowloon, ceded to England in 1861, forms part of the colony. This is one of the finest harbors in the world and a military and naval 235 tºº) & º * * sº Sº C º Y º ºS & ºx. º: & -- - * g [tº £º ſº § - S ~ *: - §§ wrº- | } º § - º º º: tº X. tº tº $. º Kººyººs * º º - [. *... º.º.º. º: º tºº & * & - # § w ** .. & i.S. 2:36 Gold. GREAT BRITAIN. PERIOD 4 WEIGHT GRAINS - w-w No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE. cºs. ğ. VALUX. 1. led Ward IV. IFine Sovereign. 916 240 219 9.42 2. do Sovereign. 916 169 155 6.67 3. Henry VIII. do 950 200 100 8.17 4. do St. George Noble. 960 \ 71 67 2.88 5. Edward VI. * Sovereign. 91(; 21 19 .82 6. do # do 916 84 77 3.30 7. do # Angel. 916 40 36 1.54 8. do # Sovereign. 916 42 38% 1,66 9. Henry VIII. # Angel. 916 20 18 .77 10. do - Crown. 916 57 52 2.23 1 1. Henry VII. Noble or Royal. 960 120 115 4.('5 12. do Sovereign. 960 240 230 9.9 () station for the protection of British commerce; the centre of trade in many kinds of produce—chiefly opium, sugar, flour, oil, amber, Cotton, ivory, betel, sandalwood, rice, tea, woollens, silks, salt, etc. It is a free port, has splendid docks, and is forti- fied. In 1882, shipping aggregating 5,000,000 tons, entered this port. The exports to Great Britain, in 1883, amounted to $5,859,930. Labuan, an island of the Malay Archipelago, about six miles off the north- west coast of Borneo. Area, 30 Square miles; population, about 6,000. There is a fine harbor. The trade consists in exchange of cloth, rice, crockery, ironware, etc., for the produce of Borneo and near islands; gutta-percha, india-rubber, birds’ nests, canes, beche-de-mer, wax, etc.; Sago flour is also manufactured, which, with the jungle produce, forms the export, chiefly to Singapore for the European and Chinese markets. Exports, 1882, $3,055,525. Mauritius is an island of the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, with the Scychelles groupe 940 miles distant; Rodrigues 300 miles distant, and about 60 other small dependencies, have a total area of 1,054 square miles; population, about 370,- 000. Port Louis, the capital, has a spacious harbor. Products: sugar, rum, vanilla, and aloe fibre. The entire trade of the island of Mauritius, amounts to nearly $30,- ( 00,000; exports to Great Britain in 1883, $2,074, 765. Straits Settlements. These derive their name from their situation in the Straits of Malacca, and comprise Singapore, Penang, Province Wellesley and Ma- lacca. Total area, 1,460 square miles; population 466,000. Singapore is an island off the southern extremity of the Malay peninsula. Area, 223 square miles; population 155,000. The town of Singapore, the seat of govern- ment for all the settlements, is a great commercial and shipping emporium, well fortified with excellent docks. It is a free port, no duties are levied upon anything; opium and spirit trade are farmed out to the Chinese. Penang, or Prince of Wales Island, is off the west coast of the Malay peninsula. Area, 10.7 square miles; population, including Wellesley, 212,000. GREAT BRITAIN. º Hº ©jºšū WEIGHT GRAINS No. or's ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. sº COIN. GOLD. 1. Henry VI. Noble. 960 120 115 4.95 2. Edward IV. Angel. 960 80 76 3.26 3. IIenry VI. do 960 80 76 3.26 #4. Edward III. * Florin. 960 27 25 1.07 5. Edward IV. } Angel. 960 40 38 1.62 6. do * Noble. 960 60 57; 2.49 7. Henry VI. # Angel. 960 40 38 1.62 8 Richard II. # Noble. 960 30 28 1.19 #The first English Gold Coin of which any specimen is extant. Nova Scotia, the most easterly province of the Dominion, is a peninsula, with area of 20,907 square miles (including Cape Breton Island), one-fifth part of which consists of lakes, rivers, and inlets of the Sea. It is connected with New Brunswick by a low, fertile isthmus. Total population (1881), 440,572. The harbor of Halifax (the capital) is not surpassed by any in the world. It is the principal naval station of Great IBriton in North America, and an extensive dock-yard is there located. Coal and iron ores are plentiful. The fisheries are upon the eastern coast. Cape Breton Island, incorporated with Nova Scotia, has an area of 3,120 square miles, and a population of 34,262. Sidney is its principal town. * New Brunswick comprises an area of 27, 174 square miles; population (1881), 321,223. Its forest products and fisheries furnish a revenue for the inhabitants. Coal is aliundant; antimony, copper, iron, manganese, and other valuable minerals are found in considerable quantities. The chief city is St. John. Capital, Fredricton. 239 GREAT BRITAIN. Province Wellesley, on the main land, opposite Penang, is a strip of coast, about 45 miles in length, with some land south of the Krian River, and a large district called the Dindings. It has an area of 270 square miles, is under the authorities of Penang, and in a high state of cultivation, compared with the neighboring territory. Cyprus, an island of the Levant, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, about 50 miles from the coast of Asia Minor, and 60 miles from its north-east ex- tremity to the port of Latakia on the Syrian coast, with which it is connected by submarine telegraph cable; the distance to Port Said at the entrance of the Suez Canal, is 240 miles. Area, estimated 4,000 square miles, with population in 1881, of 185,870. The principal productions are cotton, wine, grain, carobs (or locust beans), and fruits. In olden times it was celebrated for its mineral wealth, the copper being of superior grade; the mines were long abandoned, but are now being again worked; large quantities of salt are obtained from salt lakes near Larknaka. Exports: cotton, wine, salt, locust-beans, wheat, barley, wool, silk, spirit, sponges and raisins. Cyprus still forms part of the Ottoman Empire, but the government is administered by England, and will be while Russia holds Batoum and Kars. The Sublime Porte receives a yearly subsidy of $438,430. In 1883, the exports amounted to $1,451,050. Ontario and Quebec, or Canada Proper. The area of these two pro- vinces is 290,421 square miles (Ontario 101,733: Quebee 188,688); Upper or Western Janada is now Ontario, Lower or Eastern Canada is Quebec; and these are sepa- rated by the river Ottawa. Quebec also includes the Isle of Anticosti and the Mag- dalen Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The inhabitants of Lower Canada are mostly of French descent; those of Upper Canada chiefly British. The timber trade has long been, and still is, the most valuable of its commerce, though agriculture and cattle raising are fast growing in importance; the fisheries also yield great reve- nues. The mineral resources are not fully developed, but a large section, especially the shores of Lake Superior and Lake Huron produce gold, silver, cobalt, iron, lead, zinc and copper; sandstone, limestone, slate, and marbles of every color are found. Petroleum is produced in large quantities. Agriculture receives most attention in Ontario, and farm products as exports, are divided about equally between the United States and Great Britain; Montreal, Quebec and Toronto being the great cen- tres of distribution. Kingston occupies a relation to the Lake trade, similar to that of Quebec with the sea, Toronto being second in sharing this commerce. Montreal commands a vast overland system of communication by canal and railway. THE DOMINION OF CANADA, since 1867, a confederated govern- ment, embracing the British North American Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, British Columbia, North-West Territory, Wan- couver's and Prince Edward Islands. This territory, about as large as Europe, stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and the area is estimated at 3,580,- 290 square miles. Its exports are agricultural products, animals, and produce thereof; woods and lumber, fish, manufactured goods and gold, silver, copper, co- balt, iron, zinc, lead, Sandstones, limestone, slate and marbles, amounting in 1883 to $93,407,072. Population, 4,352,080. There is no mint in Canada. In 18S2 (latest report) of gold coin and gold bullion there was imported $1,228,752; and ex- ported $476, 192; of silver coin and silver bullion there was no export, and the import amounted to $880,000, $950,000 of gold was produced the same year from the mines. The paper circulation outstanding was, Government, $16,115,084, banks, $36,501.695. The average of duty on all imported commodities, subject to Q * Y duty, was 17.5 per cent, in 1883. 240 Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. N TO WEIGHT GRAINS No. oRººn. COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVER 1. Victoria. Crown. 925 436 403 .84 2. do Crown. 925 435 403 .84 3. George IV. Crown. 028 434 403 .84 4. do * Crown. 925 218 201 .42 5. Victoria. * Crown. 9.25 218 201 .42 6. George IV. A Crown. 025 218 201 .42 7. Victoria. 6 Pence. 9.25 43% 40 .08 8. do 1 Penny. 925 7 6 .01 9. William IV. 1} Pence. 925 10} 9 .01% 10. do 2 Pence. 9.25 14 12 .02 I 1. Victoria. Florin. 925 174% 162 .33 12. do 1} Pence. 925 10} 9 .01). 13. do 2 Pence. 925 14 12 .02 Manitoba (formerly the Red River Settlement) is situated about the middle of the continent. The Canadian Pacific R. R., when completed, will give an im- portant impetus to the rapid development of this province, which will become a great agricultural country. Area 123,000 square miles; population (1883), 125,000. Ca- pital, Winnipeg. Prince Edward Island is divided into three counties (King's, Queen’s, and Prince). Area 2,133 square miles; population (1881), 108,091. Agriculture, fishing and raising of horses and sheep are the principal occupations of the inhabi- tants. Capital, Charlottetown. - - British Columbia, on the west coast of North America and between it and the Rocky Mountains, includes Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte's Isles. Total area, 341,305 square miles; population (estimated), 49,459. It produces gold, fine timber and coal. The fur trade is most extensive, the skins exported being chiefly those of the mink, marten, sable, silver-fox, bear, beaver, sea and land otter, seal, deer and elk, with others of minor value. Vancouver Island has an area of 12,- 500 square miles, mostly mountain and barren rock. Coal is abundant. Capital, Victoria. - North-West Territory comprises nearly the whole of British North Amer- ica from the confines of the United States to the most northerly part of the continent and the archipelago of islands beyond. Area (estimated), 2,665,252 square miles; population, 56,446. The fur trade until recently was almost the sole occupation of the inhabitants; the country is admirably adapted to agriculture and stock-rais- ing. It has large mineral depots; gold, iron, and coal have been found. Capital, Regina. District of Keewatin, formed out of the North-West Territories. Area, about 500,000 square miles, of which only 30,000 are fit for culture. Population, about 10,000. Under the governor of Manitoba. New Foundland, an island on the north-east side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Area, 40,200 square miles; population (1874), 161,389. Export of codfish, cod and seal oils, seal skins, and copper ore, amounted in 1883 to $5,875,000. The industries are agriculture, fishing and mining, all confined to the sea coast. GREAT BRITAIN. 242 Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. WEIGHT GRAINS No PERIOD COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. * ()R SECTION. COIN. SILVER 1. George III. Shilling. 925 S7 S0 .16 2. do 6 Pence, 925 43 40 .08 3. George IV. Shilling. 925 S7 S0 .16 4. do Lion Shilling. 925 87 SO .16 5. do Lion 6 Pence. 925 43 4) .08 6. do 4 Pence. 925 2S 26 .05 7. William IV. Shilling. 925 S7 S() .16 S. Victoria. 4 Pence. 925 2S 26 .05 * 7 ſ 6 .01 $). George III. 1 and 2 Pence. 925 { 14 \ 12 .02 1 (). do 3 Pence. 925 22 20 .04 | |. George IV. Penny. 925 7 G .01 12. do 2 Pence. 925 14 12 .02 13. do 3 Pence. 925 22 20 .04 | |. Victoria. 4 Pence. 9.25 2S 26 .05 1.5. William IV. 6 Pence. 9.25 43 40 .0S 1 (5. George IIſ. Shilling. 9.25 S7 S() .16 17. do 6 Pence. 925 43 40 .08 1 S. do Shilling. 925 S7 SO .16 1:). George IV. Shilling. 925 87 80 .16 2(). do 6 Pence. 9.25 43 4") .08 21. do 6 Pence. 925 43 40 .08 22, Victoria. Shilling. 9.25 S7 S() . 16 23. do 3 Pence. 925 22 20 .04 Labrador, a dependency of New Foundland, forms the most easterly part of America. Capital, St. Johns. British Guiana includes the settlements of Demerara, Essequibo, and Ber- bice; situated on the north coast of South America. Area (estimated), 85,000 Square miles; population (1882), 257,473. The Corentyn separates it from Dutch Guiana. The chief product is sugar, the finest known, and this forms 92 per cent. of the ex- ports. Coffee, cotton, rum and timber are also produced. Total exports (1882), $16,043,155. There are but two towns of consequence. Georgetown, the capital, and New Amsterdam. British Honduras, in Central America on the Atlantic Ocean, is bounded north by Yucatan and Mexico, west and south by Guatemala, and east by the Carib- bean Sea. Area, 7,562 square miles; population (1881), 27,452, Staple products, mahogany, logwood and other valuable timber; sugar and coffee, fruits and cocoa, india rubber, Sarsaparilla and medicinal plants. Total exports (1883), $1,514,345. Capital, Belize. Austral-Asia comprises a vast number of islands, chiefly in the southern hemisphere, between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The whole of the British colo- nies in this area, including Fiji (but excluding New Guinea), is estimated to contain 3,082,770 square miles, and about 3,100,000 inhabitants, Australia, the largest island in the world, forms the main portion of Austral- asia. It covers an area of 2,944,628 square miles, and its population in 1884, was estimated at 2,296,223. It is a rich grazing country, adapted peculiarily to the raz- 243 GREAT BRITAIN 244 Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. * WEIGHT GRAINS No. or ºn COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. -- - - - -*. - COIN. SILVER 1. George III. Crown. 92.5 436 403 .84 2. George I. do 917 463 444 .92 3. George III. # do 9.25 215 198 .41 4. George II. # do - 924 231 213 .44 5. do 1, 2, 3 and 4 Pence. Value .013, .03%, .055 & .07% cts. 6. George IV. Crown. 926 434 401 .83 7. George II. do 925 436 403 .84 ing of sheep, of which in 1882 there were over 71,000,000. Minerals comprise gold, silver, copper, mercury, tin, zinc, iron and coal. It is divided into five Colonies: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. The totals for all Australasia in 1882, stood: Public debt, $496,098,410; revenue $109, - 555,075; expenditures, $100,284,115; imports $319,221,795; exports, $253,166,675. New South Wales. Area, about 310,700 square miles; population (1883), 840,614. Rich in agricultural produce and stock of all kinds; sheep alone estimated at 32,000,000. In 1882, 543,596 gallons of wine were manufactured. Of Wool, the great staple, 153,351,354 lbs. were exported in 1882. It also furnishes gold, silver, coal, iron, copper, tin, antimony, kerosene, cotton and tobacco. In 1883 the total exports amounted to $83,584,805. At Sidney, the capital, is a Royal Mint. Worfolk Island, the home of the descendants of the Mutineers of the Bounty, removed from Pitcairn's Island, is under the authorities of New South Wales. Victoria comprises the south-east corner of Australia; its coast line extends nearly 700 miles; total area 87,884 square miles. Population (Jan. 1st, 1884), 931, - 900. It is the principal gold-producing colony of the island, and from the discovery of gold in 1851, to the end of 1883, the amount mined, at $20 per ounce, amounted in value to $1,044,252,500; other minerals, chiefly tin and antimony raised during the same period are estimated at $4,000,000. The sheep in this colony in 1884, num- bered 10,800,000, and the wool exported was 56,000,000 lbs. Agriculture and manu- factures are in a flourishing condition. Melbourne, the capital, is possessed of a mint and all the public buildings which mark advanced civilization and culture. Balla- rat, Sandhurst and Geelong are the other important towns. South Australia is somewhat of a misnomer, for, since 1863 the boundaries of this colony have included the entire centre of the Australian continent from north to south, comprising an area of 903,690 Square miles, with population (on June 1st, 1884) of 307,917, exclusive of aborigines. It is an agricultural and pastoral province; breadstuffs and wool constituting three-fourths of its exports; in 1882 of native-grown wool was exported, 42,000,000 lbs. ; of bread stuffs, 242,261 tons, and minerals amount- ing to $2,105,720. Wine culture and the raising of horses, sheep and cattle are in- portant, and growing pursuits. Mining is actively pushed, copper being the chief mineral; the Moonta, Wallaro and Burra mines being the most extensive. Total ex- ports (1883–84), $25,688,400. Capital, Adelaide. Queensland has an area of 668,224 square miles, and population in 1883, of 287,475. Its climate is such that the productions of both temperate and tropical countries can be cultivated with success, 37,000 tons of sugar were produced in 1883. Exports consist of wool, gold, tin, copper, arrow root, preserved meats, beche-de- mer, rum, sugar and timber, amounting in 1883, to $26,383,040; gold, copper, tin, XIX. Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. § SN SS /Ø % Will/ %W %|\\ :^ **** ŞWiś ș% { -¿ %ł, ? ！ ^*，. º-№ºrſeſ！ №w 246 Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. 4 - WEIGHT GRAINS No. or" ºn COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVER 1. George II. Crown. 924 464 429 .89 2. George I. Crown. 924 464 429 .89 3. Anna. Crown. 924 464 429 .89 4. William III. Crown. 924 464 429 .89 5 & 6 George I. 1,2,3 & 4 Pence, 920 * * * * * * - 19%, 26 18, 24 .03, .04 7. George I. Shilling. 925 86 80 .16 8. do # Crown. 924 232 214 .44. 9. William and Mary. # Crown. 924 232 214 .44 10. do 6 Pence. 924 43 40 .08 lead, quicksilver, antimony and coal mines are in several districts, many of the in- digenous plants possess remarkable medicinal properties; the pasturage is of the best. In 1883, there were in the colony 236,154 horses; 4,246,141 cattle; 11,507,475 sheep. Capital, Brisbane. New Guinea, also called Papua, is next to Australia the largest island on the globe. It lies about 80 miles north of Queensland, from which it is separated by Torres Strait, and the area is computed at 303,230 square miles; the inhabitants are aborigines now undergoing missionary treatment. The island was formerly taken possession of in the name of the Queen of England and the government of Queensland, on April 4, 1883. Western Australia, formerly the “Swan River Settlement,” includes all of the continent W. of long. 1290 E. Area, 975,824 square miles, mostly covered with heavy growth of rare and valuable timber. In certain districts the vine, olive and fig are cultivated; silk growing is a flourishing industry and there are sections of good wheat-growing soil; magnetic-iron, lead, copper and zinc ores are found in large quantities. The exports are of wool, jarrah timber, lead, copper ore, whale oil, guano, sandalwood, pearls and pearl shells, and they amounted, in 1882, to $2,- 915,275. Capital, Perth. New Zealand, in the South Pacific Ocean, is North Island. Area, 45,687 square miles; Middle Island, 57,579 square miles; Stewart’s Island, 760 square miles (and only 295 inhabitants), and an adjacent group named the Chatham Islands, containing 377 square miles; these all constitute the colony of New Zealand, with total area of 104,403 square miles, and (in January, 1884), 540,877; every fruit, flower and edible flourishing in Great Britain can here be raised. Some very valua- ble timbers are peculiar to this island; wool is largely produced; gold has been found in many districts, and a rich iron ore, in the form of iron sand exists in Taranaki; coal is widely distributed, and copper is met with in several sections. Exports, 1883, $35,500,000. Capital, Wellington, in the North Island. Tasmania, an island off the South end of Australia (in the South Pacific Ocean), separated from it by Dass's Straits, in which are the Furneaux Group and King Island, included in the colony. Area, 26,215 square miles; estimated popula- tion (Jan. 1st, 1884), 126,220. The surface is mountainous and covered with forests of large and beautiful woods. Chief products, wool, gold, tin and fruits. Iron-ore exists in most districts, and coal is very generally distributed. Exports (1883), $7,936,945, - 247 -*«KNJJOKJO， s Ju º 2 . §§ ſº W e X$% & sº *Cºſſoſ)!\!\! ºlººlºº & ,5 №] ∞ № ſº \， * ： 3-P.źź ſºĒģ≡ §āšź GREAT BRITAIN. 248 Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. WEIGHT GRAINS No. oRºn COIN. FINE.] OF PURE | VALUE. • COIN. SILVER 1. William and Mary. Crow 11. 924 464 429 .89 2. Charles II. do 924 464 429 .S9 3. Cromwell. do 924 464 429 , S9 -1. Commonwealth. - do 924 464 429 .89 5. James II. 4 Pence. 900 32 2S ,06 6. do Crown. 924 464 4.2%) .89 7. Charles II. Penny. 900 8 7 .01; 8. (Pattern, B, Pillars) 6 Pence, 924 4S 44 .09 9. Commonwealth. 2 Pence. . 900 15 13 .02% 10. do 6 Pence. 924 48 44 .09 Fiji Islands, a group of 225 islands in the South Pacific Ocean. 1,100 miles north of New Zealand, extending 300 miles from east to west, and 240 miles north to south, 80 of which are said to be inhabited. Estimated gross area, 8,034 Square miles. All are of volcanic origin, with loft mountains and well wooded. The principal are Viti Levu (Great Fiji), and Vanua Levu (Great Land), each about 300 miles in cir- cumference. The island of Rotumah was annexed in 1881. Vegetation is remark- ably luxuriant, the chief productions being the breadfruit tree, banana, plantain, co- coanut, sugar-cane and arrowroot. Cotton, sugar, pearl-shells, maize, beche-de-mer, and copra and cocoanut oil are the chief exports, amounting in 1883, to $1,759,990. Population (1883), Europeans, 3,513; natives, 116,000; East Indian and Polynesian laborers, 10,381. Capital, Suva, in the island of Viti Levu. British Possessions in the West Indies. The West Indies are an im- mense number of islands and islets, about 1,000, some of them mere rocks, forming an archipelago between North and South America, separating the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. They are divided into four groups: 1, the Bahamas, south east of Florida, extending toward Hayti ; 2, the Greater An- tilles, between the Bahamas and Central America, comprising Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico, with a few neighboring islets; 3, the Lesser Antilles or Caribbe Is- lands, extending in a crescent from Porto Rico to the mouth of the Orinoco; by some called collectively the Windward islands; by others, and the English government, divided into the Leeward and Windward islands, respectively north and south of la- titute 15°; and 4, the group off the coast of Venezuela (the Leeward islands of the Spanish explorers). To Great Britian belongs: the Bahamas, Jamaica, and most of the Lesser Antilles; area, 13,754 square miles; population about 1,250,000. Haytiis independent. Cuba, Porta Rico, and dependences belong to Spain. France owns Guadaloupe, Desirade, Martinique, Marie Galante, Les Saintes, N. part of St. Martin's, all in the Lesser Antilles. Curacoa, Buen Ayre, Oruba, Los Roques, St. Eustatius, Saba and S. part St. Martin's (Lesser Antilles), are possessions of Holland. St. John's, St. Thomas and Santa Cruz (Virgin Islands) are under Denmark. St. 3artholomew (Lesser Antilles) is ruled by Sweden; and Margarita, Tortuga and a few more off Venezuela, belong to that country. The total area is 98,554, with popula- tion of 4,222,297. The total exports, in 1881, amounted to $28,928,620. Jamaica (aboriginally Xaymaca, or Land of Wood and Water) lies in the Caribbean Sea, about 90 miles to the south of Cuba. Area, 4,193 square miles; population (1881), 580,804; most of the staple products of the tropics are raised. 250 • * Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. PERIOD ** WEIGHT GRAINS No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE. OF PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVER 1. Charles I. Oxford Crown. 915 465 429 .89 2. do Siege Crown. 900 460 414 .86 3. do Oxford 20 Shillings. 924 1860 1717 3.56 4. James I. # Shilling. 920 46 42 .08 5. Charles I. Sixpence. 900 46 42 .08 6. James I. Shilling. 925 92 85 .17 7. do do 92 92 S5 .17 8. do Penny. 900 8 7 .04 9. do Half Penny. 900 4 3 .01 10. do # Groat. 900 15 13 .03 Exports: sugar, rum, coffee, fruit, pimento, dye and other woods, amounting in 1882, to $7,745,240. Kingston, the largest port and town, is the capital. Turks and Caicos (Cayos or Keys), part of the Bahama group, annexed to Jamaica in 1873, from which the principal island, Grand Turk, is 430 miles distant. They have an area of about 223 square miles, population (1881), 4,776. Trinidad, the most southerly of the W. I. Islands. Area, 1,754 square miles; population (1881), 153,128; the best harbor in the West Indies; an asphalte lake, 90 acres in extent, near the village of La Brea, contains a seemingly inexhaustible sup- ply of that article. Products: sugar, cocoa, molasses, rum, coffee, cocoanuts, pitch, various woods and choicest fruits; coal is found in Manzanilla. Exports, (1883), $13,433,350. Chief town and port of entry, “Port of Spain.” The Leeward Islands, those under British authority, are Antigua, Mont- serrat, St. Christopher, Nevis, Dominica and the Virgin Islands, forming part of the group of the Lesser Antilles. These six, previously separate colonies, were formed into one in 1871. The Federal colony contains about 119,546 inhabitants; the reve- nue is $578,320. Antigua is the most important of the confederation. Area, about 108 square miles; population (1881), 34,000. Exports: molasses, rum, sugar, tama- rinds, arrowroot and cotton, amounting in 1883, to $1,113,380. Principal town, St. John. Barbuda is 30 miles north of Antigua, and a dependency thereof. Area, 75. square miles, population 900. Flat and fertile, producing corn, cotton, pepper and tobacco. - Monserrat, 27 miles south-west of Antigua. Area, 47 square miles. Two- thirds of this island are mountainous and barren; the rest is well cultivated. Ex- ports (1883), $157,470. St. Christopher's, popularly called St. Kitts, about 46 miles west of Antigua. Area, 68 square miles; population (1881), 41,000; sulphur is. found in its mountains; sugar, rum and molasses are the only productions. Exports (1883), $1,161,335. Neots, which is but a single mountain rising 3,200 feet above the sea, has an area of 45 Square miles. Anguºlla (or Little Snake) is about 60 miles. north-east of St. Kitts, of which it is a dependence. Area, 35 square miles; popu- lation, 100 whites, 2,673 blacks; Salt and phosphate of lime, cattle and garden stock are the only productions. Dominica, or Dominique, the largest island of the confed- eration, 95 miles south of Antigua, has area of 290 square miles, and population in 1881, of 28,211. Principal productions: Sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, tobacco, molas- ses, rum, lime juice, fruit, and cabinet woods. Exports (1883), $316,420. The Vir- ######## ," ºſ. * E. **. }{; i ºf j *s * '* : W §§ * * * º:: ****** --- *A º 252 Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. PERIOD º *INE".'"º" value. No. OR SECTION. COIN F COIN. SILVER V 1. ('harles II. IIalf Crown. 924 232 214 .44 2. George II. Six Pence. 900 46 42 .08 3. Charles II. Four Pence. 900 32 28 .06 4. George IV. Half Crown. 925 218 201 .37 5. George III. Crown. 925 435 403 .75 6. William IV. Three Pence. 925 22 20 .04 7. Charles II. Penny. 900 8 7 .01% 8. Charles II. Two Pence. 900 15 13 .02% 9. Charles II. Three Pence. 924 24 22 .04% 1(). William IV. Four Pence. 925 28 26 .05 11. Charles II. Shilling. 925 S6 80 .16 12. George II. Shilling. 924 96 85 .17 13. George III. Half Crown. 9.25 231 213 .40 14, George IV. Crown. 925 435 403 .75 gin Islands; of these belonging to Great Britain, Tortola is the largest; then Virgin Gorda, and next Anegada. Total area, 64 square miles. They furnish good pas. turage for cows, sheep and goats; sugar and cotton are raised in small quantities. A valuable mine of copper has been worked at Virgin Gorda. Exports (1883), $61,635. SILVER. GREAT BRITAIN. PLATE 19. A general description of the coins upon Plate 19, is all that will be neces- sary; they are given here as types only of coinages under the early rulers of Great Britain : HENRY VII, from 1509 to 1547, talmpered With the coins of his Kingdom, and so outrageously debased them that they are rated from half their face value to nothing. RICHARD III, from 1483 to 1485. The coins of this King are very rare. His standard was 11 oz., 2 pennyweights fine silver and 18 penny weights alloy. HENRY VII, from 1485 to 1509. His coinage was in the same proportion as that of Richard III. EDWARD IV, from 1461 to 1483. Several changes in the coinage took place during this reign, and the pound sterling was debased 25 per cent. HENRY VI, from 1422 to 1461. His standard was the same as that of Richard III. HENRY IV, from 1399 to 1413. IIe debased the pound sterling 20 per cent. RICHARD II, from 1377 to 1399. This king kept his standard at 11 oz., 2 pennyweights fine silver and 18 penny- weights alloy. His money is very rare. HENRY v, from 1413 to 1422, the standard of Richard III. EDWARD I, II or III, from 1273 to 1377. All these King indulged in more or less variation in the value of their money. HE ſty I, from 1100 to 1135, or of Stephen ; authorities differ. RoPERT, EARL OF GLOUCESTER, about Same date as IHenry I and Stephen. STEPHEN from 1135 to 1154. History records that this King greatly debased his coin. WILLIAM I, from 1066 to 1087. This “WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR,” coined moined nothing but the penny of mixed silver and standard as followed by Richard III. HENRY I, from 1100 to 1135. Whatever changes this ruler is known to have made in his money was in favor of honesty and the people. Of course these coins are all excessively rare, and command high prices from collectors. It would be useless to give their money value at this date. dº ENGLISH “MONEY OF NECESSITY 2’ AND “SIEGE PIECES.” During the reign of Charles I of England, the ill fortunes of that King obliged him to melt for coin even his own and the plate of the colleges; and about 1644–45, he was so driven for the “sinews of war,” and so destitute of the means for minting money, that irregular pieces cut direct from the plate 253 Silver. XIX. . |- Nkº I.Y § W. ºſ 254 Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or" ºn COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. X, Y it ON. COIN. SILVER 1. Elizabeth Crown. 924 464 420 .89 2. Philip and Mary. 3. Crown. 916 240 224 .46 3. Elizabeth. * Penny. 900 4 3 .01 4. Elizabeth. Penny. 9()() 8 7 .02 5. Philip and Mary. Shilling. 924 96 Sj .17 6. do # Shilling. 920 4S 42 08 7. do * Penny. 920 4 3 .01 S. Edward VI. "Testoon. The gold and silver of Henry 9. do # Shilling. VIII., and his son Edward 1(). do # Shilling. VI., were so debased as to 11. do Crown. render it impossible to learn 12. Henry VIII. Groat. or estimate their weight, fine- 13. do 12 Penny Piece ness and value. contributed by his partisans were stamped in a rude manner by them and himself, and issued with numerals indicating the value by the weight of metal they contained. Many writers have ignored this “circulating medium ” On account of the silence in regard thereto maintained by contemporary documents; but lately lisgovered evidence, proves that it did exist. In the newspaper of that time. The Kingdom's Faithful and Impartial Scout, dated February 5th, 1648, is an item regarding some of this money found on a royalist prisoner by the Republicans, which describes it exactly : The “siege money ’’ is distin- guished from the “necessity coinage'' by the letters O. B. S. for “Obssessa '' (besieged) generally found on the true pieces. Some of this irregular coinage was struck at Dublin, known as the “Inchinguin money ; ” it can easily be identified on plate. Nos. 2 and 14 are pieces struck at Scarborough Castle ; No. 13 has upon it an unknown castle and the words Carolò Fortuna Rcs wrgam, No. 6 shows the castle of Pontefract, and bears the O. B. C. mark of the siege piece ; No. 2 is a crown piece struck at the Castle of Dublin ; No. 9 is a coinage of Dublin Castle, also with only the numerals denoting the penny Weights and grains, with no other device or legend ; No. 12 is a crown piece, the “V. S.'” in-licating five shillings, and bearing these marks alone ; Nos. 4 and 7 are pieces rudely struck upon hastily cut squares of plate, stamped with their money value and rude representations of what is believed to be Colchester Castle. These pieces form an interesting page in the history of modern coinage, and hence are here presented. FOREIGN “OBSIDIONAL ** MONEY. Money of analogous character to that of the civil war times of Charles I of England has been issued in other countries. It is merely mentioned here with- out illustration. In 1598 Charles, Duke of Sundermania, during the war with Sigismund III, King of Poland, issued “necessity'' or “siege '’ money, in gold and silver. John Frederic, the Elector, while besieged in Leipsig, 1547, by Duke Maurice of Saxony, was obliged to strike obsidional gold, and Gustavus I of Sweden, after his escape from imprisonment by Christian II of Denmark, struck copper money of the same character. Archduke Ferdinand of Hungary, resorted to like means when besieged in Vienna, by the Turks in 1529. The French fortress town of Landau, besieged in 1702, and Osanaburg, Bavaria, in 1633, likewise struck such coin. Frequently the obsidional money was of base metal ; in such cases, like the Gun money of James II of England ; they bore the values that belong to gold or silver. On some of these pieces were the words: Eactremum subsidium, the last resource. So far as known these Silver. XIX. º - §§ & º sº Sºlſº º A || º |, º ? iſ tº * * * *. | º ºrº" lº * ..." lºº l º g * Rºo-W.IIIor III. º º a & § º º { º ºw *. sº','! ºº: sº a . º º * * *º . . º Sººº… º º, s - ***...* a *.*, * Fº * sº a z º. - - B ©º º Wº tºW. º, Fº º ſº & tº *** gº Sº a GREAT BRITAIN."jº’ Silver. XIX. , º #| 1646 y 4. ! 258 silver Tokens. GREAT BRITAIN. WEIGHT GRAINS N PERIOD - N. * | N E,. R VA 2. No. OR SECTION. COIN FINE cºs. s: * LUI 1. George III. I ollar. 896 418 376 ,7S 2. do 6 Shillings. S97 415 374 .7 S 3. do - 3 Shillings. S97 226 205 .42 4. do do S96 228 205 .42 5. do 30 Pence. 896 191 172 .36 (j. do 3 Shillings. 896 198 178 .37 7. do 6 Pence, 845 28 23 .05 8. do 5 Pence. S97 31 26 .05 substitutes for coin were first issued by Francis I early in the fifteenth century, when engaged in his Italian Wars. The most common of the Siege pieces, with their date of issue, are : Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1524 || Tournay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1709) Cremona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1526 | Quesnoy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1712 Vienna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1529 | Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1798–1801 Alemaer, IIarlem ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1573 Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1799 Kampen and Middleburg . . . . . . Cisalpine Republic . . . . . . . . . . . 1800–02 Leyden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1574 Mantua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1802 Gironne, Perpignan and Vichy. . .1641 Italian Republic... . . . . . . . . . . . 1802–05 Aire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1641–1710 || Kingdom of Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1805–14 Barcelona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1641, 1808–14 | Irvin and Turin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1808–09 Carlisle, Colchester, Beeston Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1809 Castle and Scarborough, (Eng.). .1645 | Isles of France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1810 Catalonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1645 | Baden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1808 Newark, (England). . . . . . . . . . . . . 1646 | Utrecht. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1812 Pontefract Castle, (England). . . .1648 Dantzic, Walcheren. . . . . . . . . . . - Geneva. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1654 Cattaro (Albania). . . . . . . . . . . . . }. 1813 St. Venant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1657 || Zara (Dalmatia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Strasburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1687, 1814 || Genoa and Venice . . . . . . • . . . . . Bouchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1702–10 | Anvers and Palma Nova......... 1814 Landau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1702–11 || Cracrow (bearing portrait of Na- Lille . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1708 poleon). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829 Without dates there are pieces struck in Bearn, Flanders, Lyons, Navarre, and St. Domingo. The Windward Islands, of the Lesser Antilles, under authority of England are: Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, St. Lucia, and their dependencies, with about 285,000 inhabitants. Barbados, the most westward of the West India Is- lands has, of area, 166 square miles; population (1881), 171,860. Products : sugar, molasses and rum. It is the residence of the Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands, and the head-quarters of England’s forces in the West Indies. Capital, Bridgetown. St. Vincent; 90 miles west of Barbados; area, 132 square miles; popula- tion (1881), 40,548. Products: sugar, molasses, rum, arrowroot, cocoa, coffee and cotton. Exports (1883), $833,750. Grenada (and the Grenadines). Grenada is about 96 miles north of Trinidad, 68 miles south south-west of St. Vincent and 100 miles south-west of Barbados. Area, 120 square miles; population (including the Grenadines), in 1881, was 42,400. This island was discovered by Columbus in 1498 and named Ascension. The soil is very fertile. Products: cocoa, cotton, spices, Sugar, rum, coffee and fruits. Large numbers of turtle are caught and exported, and whales abound. Exports (1883), $966,620. The Grenadines are a chain of small islands between Granada and St. Vincent (within which Governments they are in- % . 3, * - º n: § : & ~ . sº S. siº. . # § < * SY #/A °2. 2% #6% ſº Y ſ //7) - 7,' Exxx P.E.Nce IR 1s ºf §3. § § ***ELA). S Kº & º % & º * * 26() Gold. GREAT BRITAIN. scot1..AND. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or" ºn COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. * COIN. GOLD. 1. James I. St. Andrew. * 2. James IV. Rider. 3. do * Ilion. The weight, fineness, and 4. do Crown. value of these coins 5. James VI. Lion. cannot be determined. 6. James V. Bonnet Piece. The pieces are invaluable 7. Mary. Dauphin. to collectors on account 8. James II. “St. Andrew” Gold Penny. of their rarity. 9. James IV. Unicorn. 10. James VI. Noble. 11. James II. Lion. 12. James II. # Lion. cluded) comprising an rea of 13 square miles; producing roots and live stock; the largest of them is Carriacou, Tobago, most southerly of the Windward group, is about 75 miles south-east of Grenada, 183 miles north-east of Trinidad, and 120 miles south south-west of Barbados. Area, 114 square miles ; population (1881), 18,051. Two-thirds of the island are still covered with primitive forests, comprising many va- rieties of hardwood and ornamental trees. Sugar, rum, molasses, Cocoa, coffee and cocoanuts are the staples of trade. Exports (1883), $240,180. St. Lucia, largest of the Windwards, is about 90 miles west, north-west of Barbados, and 25 miles north of St.Vincent. Area,250 square miles, and population in 1884, of 40,532. Exports (1883), $1,069,115. 13(thamas, a chain of about 20 inhabited islands, and an immense num- ber of islets and rocks, lying between 219 42'-27° 34', N. latitude and 720 40/–750 5' W, longitude, comprising an area of about 5,794 square miles, and a population in 1881, of 43,521. The principal islands are New Providence (containing the capital Nassau), St. Salvador, Great Abaco, Great Bahama, Long Island, Eleuthera, Maya- guana, IHarbour Island, Great Inagua, and Andros Islands. Exports: Salt, sponges, pine-apples, tomatoes and oranges, amounting annually to about $750,000. The Ber- mudas, or Somers Islands, are a cluster of about 300 small islands (only 15 or 16 being inhabited), situate in the west of Atlantic Ocean, in 32O 20' N. latitude and 64O 33' W. longitude. Area, about 41 square miles and population, in 1883, of 14, - 667, exclusive of army and navy. The nearest point of main land is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, U. S. A. Bermuda possesses a strongly fortified dockyard, where the British North American squadron refits. Products: onions, potatoes and arrowroot, fish and turtles. Exports (1883), $50,000. Hamilton is the principal town. British Possessions in Africa. Cape Colony. The Cape of Good Hope is a small promontory near the south-west extremity of Africa, but the extensive colony of that name is washed by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans on the west and south, and is bounded by the west degree of longitude 220 by the Orange River, from which point the limiting line runs north-eastward across that river. Including the adjoining territories in the “Transkei,” it reaches in S. latitude from 289 to 34o 50', and in E. longitude from 16O 25' to 29°. The area, including Transkei and Griqua- land west is 211,741 square miles; the estimated population is: Colony (limits as they existed in 1875), 811,450; Griqualand west (annexed in 1880), 49,101; Transkei (portion formally annexed), 58,623; Griqualand east (annexed), 75,352; Transkei (portion not formally annexed), 25,592; Tembuland (not yet formally annexed), 98, - 262 Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. Scotland. PERIOD WEIGH T G RAINS -* No OR SECTION COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. º COIN. SILVER 1. Alexander I, (No. 1107,) unknown by name. 2. James I, (1424.) Groat. 900 60 3. Robert Bruce, (1306.) Farthing. 920 4} 4. David Bruce, (1329) Groat. 800 61 5. John Baliol, (1292.) Penny. 920 22} *{}. Alexander III, (1249.) Half Penny. 920 11 *In this reign was first 7. Robert III, (1390.) Groat. 50 coined the Half- S. James V, (1514.) Half Groat. 916 30 Penny. This plate 9. do Groat. 916 50 exhibits a variety 10. Mary Queen of Scotts, (1544.) Testoon. 900 147 of Coins of Scot- 1 1. do do do Half Testoon. 900 73 land. Their money 12. do do do Testoon. 900 143 value is now of no 13. James VI, (1578.) Half-mark. importance. To col. 14. do Testoon. 916 118 lectors they repre- 1:). do Noble. 9:25 54 sent different sums 16. do Two-) ence. 9.25 15 according tora ity. 17. do Testoon. 925 157 The piece No. 1, 18. do XL Shilling Piece. 925 98 Alexander, is ex- 14). William, (1697.) 5 Shilling Piece. tremely valuable 20. Charles II. (1677.) Half-quarter Piece. 14 14 for such reason. 21. Anne, (1706.) 5 Shilling Piece. 530. Estimated total (1884), 1,129,648. The inhabitants of Cape Colony proper are chiefly employed in the production of wool and wine, the rearing of horses, sheep, cattle and ostriches, and the culture of wheat, barley, oats, etc. The mines yield copper, manganese, coal and diamonds. Principal towns: Capetown (the capital), Port Elizabeth, East London, Port Alfred, Mossel Bay, Port Nolloth, Simons' Town, Knysna, Plettenbergs Bay, and Port St. Johns. Exports (1883), $22,044,140. The Trankeian territories stretch from the Kei to Natal, and are bounded on the north by the lofty Quathlamba Mountains. The following territories are either formally an- nexed to the Cape Colony, or subject to control of its authorities: Griqualand East, Fingoland and the Idutywa Reserve, Gealekaland and Tembuland, Port of St. John's and Walfish Bay. Natal. This colony lies on the south-east coast of Africa, about 800 miles from the Cape of Good Hope, the Drakensberg Mountains forming its western boundary, separating it from the territory of the Cape Colony and the Orange River Free State. Area, 18,750 Square miles, with Seaboard of over 200 miles; population, whites, na-. tives and Coolies, in 1883, was 418,731. It has only one harbor on its coast, Durban, or Port Natal. Products: sugar, coffee, indigo, arrowroot, ginger, tobacco, rice, pep- per, Cotton, fruits and grains; sheep, horses and cattle are reared in large numbers; the minerals are coal and lime; large forests of valuable timber abound. Exports: wool, sugar, coffee, ivory, hides and skins, and ostrich feathers, amounting in 1883, to Great Britain alone, to $3,465,585. Pietermaritzburg is the capital. British West African Settlements consist of Sierra Leone and the settle- ments on the Gambia. †: tº & *- Sº:%. | gt ºs”sº sº o o º * º § ; i GREAT BRITAIN. Sierra Leone comprises the peninsula of that name, Sherboro Island, with some contiguous tracts and territory on the sea coast extending to, and including Mannah, which adjoins the IRepublic of Liberia and the Isles de Los, the whole sit- uated between 70 20–80 40' N. latitude, and 12° 20'—13° 20' W. longitude, embra- cing an area of over 600 square miles, with a population, in 1881, of 60,546, of whom only 163 were resident whites; tropical fruits and plants grow luxuriantly; coffee and cocoa have been introduced by the British. Bxports: bennie seed, cocoanuts, gin- ger, groundnuts, india-rubber, gum copal, hides, palm oil, palm kernels, and cola nuts, amounting in 1882, to $2,100,065. Capital, Freetown. Gambia, this settle- ment consists of the Island of St. Mary, British Combo, Albreda, The Ceded Mill, and McCarthy's Island. Area 21 square miles; population (1881), 14,150, of whom only 105 were whites; rice, cotton, maize, and a kind of millet, called Kous, are produced in the country along the Gambia River, but not sufficient for export. The principal exports are wax, hides and groundnuts. Gold Coast Colony comprises the coast of the Gulf of Guinea from 20 40'W. to 10 10' E. of Greenwich, extending inland to an average distance of 50 miles, in- cluding an area of about 16,620 square miles and a population of over 520,000. The oil-palm grows on this coast in great profusion. Exports: gold, ivory, gum Copal, monkey skins, palm kernels and oil; these are sent principally to England. The chief forts and settlements are Cape Coast, Castle, Elmina, Axim, Dixcove and Accra, the capital. Value of exports in 1882, $1,700,095. Lagos is an island and port on the Slave Coast, embracing also the north coast of the Gulf of Guinea, be- tween 20 50' and 4o 30' E. longitude. It was permanently occupied to effect the complete suppression of the slave trade in the Bight of Iłenin, and to develop its in- portant trade in palm kernels and oil, lead ore, indigo and camewood. Lagos is the principal town; population in 1881 was 75,270, of whom only 94 were whites. Ex- ports (1881), $2,300,035. RING-MONEY. That personal ornaments, made of the precious metals, were of a certain standard Weight and passed current as money is certainly proved by Holy Writ. In the 24th chapter and 22d verse of Genesis, Abraham's servant, meeting Rebecca at the well, “took a golden ear-ring of half a shekel Weight, and two-bracelets for her hands of ten shekels Weight of gold '' and gave them to the damsel who “was very fair to look upon.” IIieroglyphic Sculptures of ancient Egypt also show the weighing and recording of rings, evidently passing as payment, and pictured records of past ages, relating to other nations fully sustain the opinions of numismatists, in contradiction to the dissent of certain savants, that rings of different size and metals were current | | | Ol) (*W. From the far East, to the West and North, the ring-money found its way at an early age, and Caesar in his Commentaries, speaking of the money of Britain, says “ they use, instead of money, rings adjusted to a certain weight,” though they then had money both of bronze and gold in circulation ; this related to the century preceding the Christian Era. - In Ireland the ring-money was current for years later than the period men- tioned, and in Sweden and Norway it still existed in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. As most of the specimens now in collections were found in Ireland, it is probable that the use of ring-money was much more common in that country than in Britain, and its similarity to actual coinage is rendered more striking from its careful adjustment to special weight. There are small rings of exactly one-half penny Weight and so on through almost every intermediate grade up to thirteen ounces, seven pennyweight, Some even containing fractional thirds, Small change, as it Were ; a perfect money System. GREAT BRITAIN. “RING” MONEY. § gº : §: lººi 2. O º & & º sº K. C S. 3. 3 : º tº § & º C : & § º 2. .V. sº 2ſº ºS & lſº asſº; fº § - Nº. fifth ׺ft || \SINSY! gº / §§), m w §§ >\S & Ż32×YR Č Wºss SSSSSSSS 2:\\\ \ \ § *śl 'º º: **º-ºxº sº ;SWRS) rººft' Sºs §: •.º. sº * \ Tºº yº y: º º º .*. º º -*. 5 – 3% ń. %2.º2% * º: ź 1-tº- SESS ºğsšāºš §ssiº 2...” §§§ sºft” ** > šº see 22°5. CS - 266 GREAT BRITAIN. - The second plate illustrates different varieties of the ring-money, gold, of Ire- land. The earliest were little more than pieces of wire bent round, and plain at first, the ends were later flattened or shaped into various forms, with rude attempts at ornamentation, the progress of which can easily be traced by the specimens pre- sented. No. 10 is of cast brass, as is No. 9 also, with the rings treble joined ; in No. 8 the brass rings are looped one within the other for convenience in carrying ; these baser metal rings have been found in vast quantities. No. 5, which was found in a bog in County Galway, Ireland, is of gold weighing fifteen ounces, and is worth $300. No. 7 is also of Irish production, and contains 75 dollars Worth of gold. From the small circle of bent wire the fashion and weight of the ring-money increased, and people, especially the Gallic Warriors carried their fortunes upon their persons in the shape of ornaments, but al Ways having a fixed and standard Weight rendering it transferable as actual money. The torque, Worm around the neck, was generally of pure gold and sometimes Weighed as much as five pounds. In 1700 a specimen was unearthed at Pattingham, in Staffordshire, England, which contained three pounds two ounces of fine gold, was four feet long, very bright, and so flexible that it could be wrapped round the arm like a rope, and be easily extended to its original form ; the bend which formed a hook at each end, as shown in No. 2 of Plate, served to fasten it. The other specimens are also of pure gold and probably needed no fastening, their extreme ductility causing them to retain the shape when placed on a limb, as is still the case With the bracelets and anklets worn in Some parts of British India. The illustration No. 1 is of a bronze torque, found in Som- ersetshire, England ; it weighs two pounds, and is an exact reproduction of the gold ones mentioned. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5 are copies of other relics, discovered in 1832, and though they were soon melted and recoined into modern English money yet drawings were made from them and are here given on a reduced scale. No. 4 weighed 4lbs. 1 oz. 16 dwts. 11.66 grains; No. 3, 11b. 4 oz. 15 dwts. 13.47 grains, and No. 5, llb. 4 oz. 13 dwts. 10.47 grains. - The use of ring-money is still prevalent in Africa, the Foulah-jolaf and other African tribes still bringing gold-ring money to Sierra Leone, and as a proof that the precious metal is only thus shaped to give to it a monetary character, it is a fact that these people never use rings for Ornament. Ring-money has also, within the last few years been dug up in Ceylon; it is formed of a flat wire, doubled into a loop, and stamped with inscriptions such as “Sultan Ali Aadil Shah, struck at Lari, a stamped Daugh.” This prince reigned A. D. 1659, and “daugh '' is the denomi- nation of a coin of his country. In Ireland silver as Well as gold ring-money has been found, some being marked for division in halves. It is probable that the far greater extent of the use of this form of coinage in Ireland, over Britain, arose from the fact that the former country maintained its independence long after the Romans had subjugated Britain and re- coined every form of metallic currency into the money of Rome. British Possessions in the South Atlantic. Ascension is an isolated island, of volcanic origin, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean, 70 55' S. latitude, and 14° 25' 5" W. longitude. Area, 35 square miles. The English took possession of it in 1815. It now has a steam factory, naval and victualling yards, coaling depot and hospitals; game abounds and where the soil is cultivated, the yield is plentiful. In October, 1883, the population consisted of 89 officers, scaman and Krooman. Exports: turtles and birds' eggs. Falkland Islands. These, the only considerable cluster in the South Atlantic, lie about 300 miles east of the Straits of Magellan, and consist of East Falkland (area 2,700 square miles); West Falkland (2,000 square miles), and about 100 small islets, rocks and sandbanks, comprising in the aggre- gate 4,740 square miles, and a population in 1881, of 1,543. Exports: oil, hides, tallow, seal skins and wool. South Georgia, an island 800 miles E. S. E. of the GREAT BRITAIN. “RING” MONEY. § | ; ſº|- ~º *§ 3. º : §3. § §- § Ü SS § § : : { ''§ ºÜ § N Ü /> § § §§ º H } § § º§ T y % % º, '% §7% 268 Gold. GREAT BRITAIN. EAST INDIA. WEIGHT GRAINS No. PERIOD COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. OR SECTION. COIN. GOLD. 1 Mohur. 916 180 165 $7.10 2. do 913 181 164} 7.08 3. 2 Pagodas, 917 90 82} 3.54 4. All # Mohur. 915 102 93 4.00 5. struck Rupee 987 191 189: 8.16 6. by # Rupee 911 89 81 3.48 7. the - 5 do 916 60 54; 2.35 8. East India 10 do 916 120 110 4.73 {). Company Mohur 916 180 164} 7.08 10. during Pagoda. 917 45 41 1.76 11. different periods. Mohur. 9 16 182 166 7.14 12. do 915 204 186 8.00 13. Rupee 984 165 162 6.97 14. # Rupee. 919 90 83 3.57 15. Rupee. 914 179 163 7.02 GREAT BRITAIN, EAST INDIA. Silver. XIX. 26% Frº Rº º Jº º º SA tº º 4/º Ç \\ Ş º º - º S. 29*SS & º ſº § §ºrrº || } Falkland group, with an area of 1,570 square miles and several other small unin- habited islands, are comprised within this colony. Exports to Great Britain (in 1883), $422,465. St. Helena, probably the most familiar of all the solitary islands of the world, is in the South Atlantic, 850 miles from the nearest land, Isle of Ascension, in 150 55' S. latitude and 5C 42' W. longitude. Its area is 47 square miles; population (1881), 5,059. It is frequented by ships for water and fresh provisions. The chief town is Jamestown. Exports to Great Britain (1883), $7,775. British Possessions in Europe. Malta, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, comprising, with Guzo (an adjoining island), an area of 117 square miles It has one of the finest harbors in the world, an extensive arsenal and important dock- yard, being the headquarters of the Mediterranean Fleet. Products: Corn, cotton, oranges and potatoes; also much live stock. Total population (1881), 147,209, ex- clusive of British troops and their families. Exports to England (1883), $107,050. Gibraltar, a rocky promontory, 3 miles in length, ; of a mile in average breadth, and greatest elevation 1,439 feet, near the southern extremity of Spain, at the enter- ance of the Mediterranean, everywhere fortified, connected on the north by a low isthmus with Andalusia. It is a free port and about 4,000 vessels call there annually. Total population 1881 (including 5,610 military), 23,991. Exports to Great Britain 269 XIX. 270 \ Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. EAST INDIES. + WEIGHT GRAINS No. or’sºn. COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. - COIN. GOLD. 1. Victoria. * Pagoda. 900 328 295 .61 2. do # do 900 163 146 .30 3. do 5 Fanams. 898 71 63 .13 4. do 2 do 899 28 25 ,0.5 5. Ceylon Government. 48 Stivers. 884 131 115 .23 6. Victoria. 1 Rupee. 919 170 164 .34 7. do § do 919 22 20 .04 S. Ceylon Government. 24 Stivers. 8S4 70 ($2 .13 9. Victoria, 2 Annas. 92.5 22 20 .04 10. do # Rupee. 919 45 41 ,0S 11. William IV. # do 91S 44 40 .()S 12. do # do 916 80 S2 .17 13. do 1 do 919 179 164 .34 14. George IV. 3ix Dollar. 900 139 125 .26 15. Ceylon Government. 96 Stivers. 884 262 233 .48 16. Victoria. # Rupee. 919 90 S3 .17 (1883), $196,055. The Channel Islands comprise the bailiwicks of Jersey and Guern- sey (in the latter of which are comprehended the small islands of Alderney, Sark and Herm, situated off the north-west coast of France, at distances of from 10 to 30 miles). Total area, about 73 square miles; population (1881), 88,806. Exports to Great Britain (1883), $4,031,115. Isle of Man (Mona), in the Irish Sea, nearly equidistant from England, Scotland and Ireland. Area, about 281 square miles; population, 54,089. Rich in lead, iron, blende and slate, and exports large quantities of agricultural pro- duce. Heligoland (Holy Land), a small island in the North Sea, opposite to and about 25 miles from the mouth of the Elbe. Including Sandy Island, it is about 2; of a mile in circumference, with a resident population (in 1881), of 2,000. It is a favorite bathing resort and the inhabitants live on fishing and visitors. THE GOLD COIN AGE OF ENGLAND. On Plate XIX, 9, of the ENCYCLOPAEDIA GOLD AND SILVER COINS OF THE WORLD, cut No. 4, # Florin of Edward III will be found marked with an asterisk (*), which called attention to a note, “The first English coin of which any specimen is extant.” But it is not to be supposed from this that the #Florin or Edward III is the first English gold coin, for in the translation of M. Rapin de Thoyras, published in 1732, there is a distinct statement that “The manuscript Chronicle of the city of London, Says this King (Henry III) in 1258, coined a penny of fine gold, of the weight of two sterlings, and commanded it should go for 20 shillings.” Snelling, the acknowledged authority on coins of Great Britain, in his work of 1763, says, “if this be true, these were the first pieces of gold coined in England.” And the author adds “N. B. : The date should be 1257, and the value 20 pence.” Maitland's History of London, issued 1739, says: “This year (1257) the King caused to be coined in London a penny of fine gold, weigh- ing two sterlings, which is supposed to be the first gold coin in England.” Other and conclusive corroborative evidence is in existence establishing the existence of this gold penny, in 1257–58. But Edward III will always have the popular honor for having coined, and issued, and circulated the first English gold coins ; it was Anno 1344, that saw his “florin,” or “florence, ’’ With two leopards for 271 272 Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. EAST INDIA WEIGHT GRAINS PERIOD No. COIN. FINE. OF PURE | VALUE. OR SECTION. - COIN. SILVER 1. lºast India. Co. 1 Rupee. 923 189 173 .36 2. do do 0.25 182 168 .3.5 3. do do 900 185 166 .34 4. do do {}S2 179 171 .3.5 5, do do 920 179 166 .3-l 6. do Double Tupee, 901 370 334 .6.) 7. do Rupee. {}20 179 166 .3-4 8. do do 930 174 161 .33 9. do do 987 179 178 .36 10. do do 987 173 171 .35 11. do do 957 170 162 .33 12. do do 920 179 166 .34 13. do do 968 169 166 .34 14. do do 899 169 152 .31 * its device ; and the half-florin, with one leopard, put in the hands of the people; with them also came the quarter-florin, with fleurs-de-lis, and the royal helmet with a lion passant-gu ºrdant at top, the inscription round it being EDWIR. R. ANGL. Z FRANC. D. HIB ; the Ilegend IEXAI.TABITUIR INGLORIA. The whole florin of this date should weigh 108 grs, troy, the rest in proportion, the fineness was of 23 carats, 3 grains and a-half pure gold, and half a grain of alloy, that is 191 parts were fine, and one part alloy, and “this was the only gold used in our mints until the eighteenth year of Henry the Eighth, Anno 1527, or for more than 180 years, and in general is called the old standaid of England.” The florin was current for 6 shillings; } florin, 3 shillings; # florin for 18 (leniors or pence. -- The noble followed the florin ; issued by the same King, the designs on Which are well illustrated in our Plate XIX. 9, of English gold. Richard II (1377 to 1399) made no alteration in the style or value of his grand-father, Edward III, except in the inscription, on the Obverse of the noble it being RICARD DI GRA REX ANGL. Z. FIRANC. INS. HIB. Z. AQT, ; on the half-noble is found, RICARD DEI GRA, REX, ANGſ. INS. HiR., and on the quarter-noble, RIC.A.R.D. DIGRA. REX. An G. - HENRY IV and W coined the same types of gold, in every respect, as their predecessors, except that an II is placed in the centre of the cross on the Reverse. HENRY WI, during his short restoration to power, struck the angel in imitation of those of Edward IV, with the slight difference in the letter H and the fleur-de-lis, one each side of the mast, instead of an E and a rose. EDWARD IV made some very decided changes in the noble and half-noble ; he had constantly a square flag on the stern of the ship, with E upon it (this had always been in the centre of the Reverse), and he placed a large rose on the side of the vessel where none had previously appeared. The Reverse also lie changed, a Sun or star, with full-blown rose, replaces the cross which formerly occupied the centre. This King in the fifth year of his reign (1465) began to Coin money having the arch-angle, St. Michael, trampling upon and piercing the dragon. In the fourth year of this reign the noble, which for 120 years had held its original value of 6 s. 8d., was made current for half as much more, or 103., and was given the name of ryal, also rose ryal and rose noble. * RICHARD III coined no “nobles,” but only the ‘‘angel,” which differs in no wise from that of his brother, Henry VII, (1485), changes the “noble’” in many details of the ship, introducing the semi-dragon at the head and stern of the ship. The “sovereign,” a double ryal, was first coined during this reign. (See gold plate, Great Britain, XIX 8.) The ryal was current for 10 shillings, 27.4 GREAT BRITAIN, sacolonie Silver. XIX. ..., ſCENTs; at this time, the sovereign for 20 shillings, or one lound sterling ; the double sovereign for 40 s. ; the angel, 6s. 8d., as before. º • HEN Ry VIII: no “nobles,” or “ryals '' were issued by this King ; he coined the double ryal, or sovereign, and introduced the crown into the English series. The sovereign was current for 20 S., or 1, £ Sterling, the quarter, or crown, for 5 s., and the half-crown to 2 s. 6 d. Gold was raised only about ſº, while the silver was inflated 3 ; a profit of nearly 60 per cent. being made by exchanging silver for gold. e - Edward VI (1547) coined the same pieces as his father, Henry VIII. Gold was raised ºr, bringing the proportions of fine silver and fine gold to 1.48 to 5. During this reign the date was first placed on coins of the English Sel'10S. MARY, 1553 : No change in general design of sovereign or double ryal. Silver raised in proportion to gold to 1 to 11+ºr. º . s ELIZABETH (1558) made many unimportant changes in her coins ; issued the pound sovereign, and made the proportion of fine silver to fine gold, in the 43d year of her reign to be as 1 to 10}}}#; previous to which time it had been as 1 to 11%. - GREAT BRITAIN’s AMERICAN COLONIES.—All silver coins, 925 fine. No. 1; 50 cents of Canada, 179 grains weight, 165 pure grs.—34 cents. No. 2; 50 cents of Newfoundland, 181 grs. weight, 168 pure—85 cents. No. 3; 2 dollars of Newfoundland (Gold) 916 fine, 51 grs. weight, 37 grs, pure—$1.59. No. 4; 20 cents of Newfoundland, 72 grs. weight, 66 grs. pure—18 cents. No. 5; 10 cents of Newfoundland, 36 grs. weight, 33 grs. pure—63 cents. No. 6; 10 cents of Canada, 35 grs. weight, 32 grs. pure—6} cents. No. 7 ; 25 cents of Canada, 89 grs. weight, 83 pure—17 cents. - JAMES I (1603) shows the bust of the King in armor, on sovereigns. He also issued the unitie, or unite, the half-unite, called a double crown ; the quarter, called the Britain crown, and the half-quarter, called the half-crown. The Sovereign here is for the first time called the rose ryal. The angel type is the same as before. By proclamation of Nov. 1611, he raised the nominal and true value of gold to 10 per cent. CHARLES I coined but little gold in his reign ; the proportion of fine gold to fine silver was 1 to 1343;?. The COMMON weal.TH gold coin are in weight, fineness and value, exactly Similar to those of Charles I. silver Tokens. * |SSIXPEN cłº, + BAYABLE " T A- UCR LERSEURY &NSº . GREAT BRITAIN. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or ºn COIN. FINE..] OF | PURE | VALUE - e COIN. SILVER 1. George III. Dollar. 897 413 371 .77 2. do 1 Shilling, 6 Pence. 897 112 100 .22 3. do 6 Pence. 843 30 25 .05 4. do Shilling. S96 66 59 . 12 5. do 18 Pence 896 98 88 . 18 6. do 10 do 896 62 55 .11 7. do 12 do 899 61 55 .11 8. do 10 do 901 62 55 .11 9. do 1 Shilling, 6 Pence. 897 112 109 .22 276 Silver. Great Britain. DEMERARA AN 2-sfoUEBJ 60, Ak.a. PERIOD WEIGHT GRAINS { 4 } Yº No. OR SECTION, COIN. FINE. cºs. sº VALUE. 1. George III. 3 Shillings or 3 Guilders. 816 360 29.4 .61 2. do do do S1 (; 360 294 .61 3. do 2 Shillings or 2 Guilders. 816 240 1943 .41 4. do # Guilder. 816 30 24 .(); , 5. do § do 816 6() 49 .1() 6. do * do S1 (; (50 49 .10 7. do 1 do 816 120 98 .2() 8. do k do S1 (5 15 12 .02% 9. William IV. $ Guilder. S1 (; 60 49 .10 10, do 1 do S1 (; 120 98 .20 11. do 3 816 360 294 .61 do BURMESE Corns, Silver, all 925 fine. No. 1; 1 Rupee, 180 grains weight, 168 grs. pure—35 cents. No. 2; # Tupee, 45 grs. Weight, 42 grs. pure—8; cents. No. 3; 3 Rupee, 90 grs, weight, 84 grs. pure—173 cents. No. 4 ; ; Rupee, 22} grs. weight, 21 grs. pure—4 cents. CHARLES II coined his first gold and silver money, with the hammer until March, 1663, when the mill and screw gave him better pieces. The proportion, of gold to silver during the reign of this King was as 1 to 14;}. JAMES II (1685) coined the guinea, half-guinea, two-guinea and five-guinea. pieces, all of weight and fineness corresponding with those of Charles II. WILLIAM AND MARY (1689) placed their busts on the coins, but made no other changes. William III (1694) followed the former so far as regards coinage. ANNE (1702) altered the style of the coin to exhibit her portrait; and in her reign the proportion of silver to gold stood as 1 to 15}}#}. GEORGE I (1714) continued the same coinage, with a fall of 24 per cent. in gold value. GEORGE II: The only alteration in the portraiture. GEORGE III: Change in face only ; proportions of silver to gold, as, 1 to 15%. THE SILVER COINS OF ENGIANI). It has been the commonly accepted opinion that prior to the arrival of Caesar. in Britain the people of that island possessed no coined money, and used certain substitutes therefor. In the British Museum there is a manuscript of Caesar, of about the tenth century, in Which can be read this passage : “ Utwmtwr aut Oeere awt nummo awreo (vut annulis ferris ad certum pondws eacaminatis pro mummo.” “They use either brass money, or, instead of money, iron rings adjusted to a certain weight.” This certainly implies, as plainly as Words can express, that the Britons did use actual coin, and further proof has been established by the discovery, in different places, and at Various times, of gold, silver and copper coins, which, in type, form and fabric, bear not the least resemblance to any model introduced by the Romans. That these early pieces are of Greek origin is, certain. they being thick, dished, and in many respects similar to the Grecian; that they were struck in the island of Britain is almost equally certain, because they have all been found there, and in no other country, and there is no period after the occupation by the Romans that they could have been made. It is probable that, in commerce with the Phoenicians, or intercourse between the Britons and Gaul, Grecian coins were introduced into the island and were there coarsely imitated by the native artists. When communication was established With the Romans this rudeness was improved upon and Roman letters were introduced until, under Cunobeline, they attained their highest perfection and disappeared entirely when actual Roman coins became the established currency, upon the Occupation by Julius Caesar in 55 B. C. A considerable number of these pieces can be seen in the British Museum, - 277 GREAT BRITAIN.I.G., Silver. XIX. , ** 11 - 278 Gold. Grand Masters. KNIGHTS OF MALTA. | PERIOD WEIGHT GRAINS ALUE : *, IX £. |º OR SECTION. COIN, FINE, cºs. . V 1. Emmanuel Pinto. * Louis, S52 64 54% 2.34 2. do Louis. . 789 121 107; 4.63 3. do Dcuble Louis. 789 256 202 8.69 4. Emmanuel De Rohan. Double Louis. S41 256 216 9.29 5. do ! Louis. S52 64 55 2.36 6, Emmanuel Pinto. Double Ilouis. S27 256 212 9. 12 7 do do do 827 256 212 9. 12 8. do Louis. 789 121 95 4.08 9. Emmanuel De Rohan. Louis. S36 128 107 4.60 10. Struck by General Vaubois. Siege Piece, (Malta). 685 279 192 8.26 11. F. Ximenes De Texada. Double Louis. 790 258 203 8.73 12. Emmanuel Pinto. Double Louis. 789 256 202 8.69 13. F. Ximenes De Texada. Louis 716 128 91 3.91 COINS OF THE KNIGHTS OF MALTA. THE HostPTALALER BROTHERs of St. John THE BAPTIST OF JERUSALEM, Knights of the same title; Knights of Rhodes and Knights of Malta, are the several names borne at different periods, of the most celebrated Order of the middle ages, which combined religious and mili- tary organization and work. º e º In 1648, A. D., the Calif of Egypt permitted to build and dedicate to St. John the Baptist, a hospital at Amalfi, to receive European pilgrims to the Holy Sepulchie. The nurses were known by the title first given above. They afterwards assumed the name of Knights of St. John. By the Seljuk Turks the hospice was captured, plundered and held until the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 by Geoffroy de Buillon, who found Gerard, the first superior, in prison. Reorganizing the order, Gerard recruited it considerably from the rescuing Crusaders, and upon all the members taking vows of poverty, chastity and obedience before the Patriarch of Jerusalem, the institution, in 1113, was sanctioned by Pope Pascal Iſ, and later to the obliga- tion was added the duty of fighting against the infidels and defending the Holy Sepulchre. As the force grew in strength it became necessary to increase its accommodations and to add to its power and influence, various hospices, or commanderies were established in different maritime towns of Europe, and subsequently the Order was divided into eight languages. Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon, England, Germany and Castile; each nation having several Grand Priories, which controlled a number of commanderies. Persons of the highest rank and great fame attached themselves to the Order, and its wealth became immense. In 1187, when Saladim captured Jerusalem, the Knights retired to Margat, in Phoenicia. They were forced to retreat again to Acre, in 1285, and yet again, in 1291 to Limisso. Under Grand Master Foulkes de Villaret, the Knights, aided by Crusaders from Italy, took from the Greek and Saracen pirates, the Island of Rhodes and seven others adjacent, and from there they fought the Saracens successfully, until 1523, when they were obliged to surrender l&hodes to Sultan Solyman, after which they retired, first to Candia, and afterwards to Viterbo. The Island of Malta, with Tripoli and Gozo, were given the Order by Charles V, in 1530, and they waged continual war therefrom against the Turks for many years. Through degeneracy in the moral character of its adherants the power and number of the Knights declined, after the Reformation, and in 1798 Malta was surrendered to the French, the wealth and lands still belonging to them being soon after confiscated in almost all the European States. The Qrder still exists, to some extent in Italy, Russia and Spain, the Chief, called Deputy Grand Master, residing in the later country. No Grand Master has been appointed since 1801. The monkish habitand cowl, with Maltese cross on the left breast and golden cross in centre, Was the first dress of the members; red sureoats, with silver cross on breast and back, was their military costume. The badge of the Knights is a while enameled, gold-edged, Maltese gross, with various emblems thereon in signification of rank, country, &c. The money coined by the Order at different dates and under the several Grand Masters, is described in the tables and represented on the Plates. * | s § W. A - º Nºvº sº º w º <> - * As g ¥ * sº S. sº da **, I > (6 * *ss, W.’ī. **** *rī, JN- kº **wrºaº **An aluans? 280 silver and ºr KNIGHTS OF MALTA. WEIGHT GRAINS PERIOD - TA No. y COIN. FINE. OF PURE | VALUE. O OR SECTION. COIN. SILVER 1. Ferdinand IIomspesch. A Piece of 30 Taurins. 833 45S 3S2 .79 2. Emmanuel Pinto. do 30 Ounces. 715 458 325 .67 3. Struck by General Vaubois. Siege Piece, (Malta) 828 733 605 1.26 4. Emmanuel De Rohan. Scudo, of 12 Taurins. 736 187 138 .28 5. do do Piece of 30 Taurins. 833 458 382 .79 6. Remond Despuyg. Piece of 2 Ecus. 837 378 316 .66 Under the Romans it was very natural that the coins of that power should be substituted for all others, and Gildas asserts that an edict was issued and enforced ordering that all money in the island should bear the image and super- scription of the Roman emperor. The immense number of pieces of this class now in existence prove this Statement. About the year 450, after the final departure of the Romans, their money continued to circulate and the earliest coins of the Saxons, their successors, are the silver Sceattac, but it is uncertain if they were made there or imported. On the establishment of the several kingdoms of the IIeptarchy, money was struck in each of them, of definite form, bearing the names of the respective kings, taus enabling the numismatist to assign to them, with a great degree of proba- bility, their proper period and locality. The earliest of these are of the KINGS OF KENT, of whom the first was: Ethilberht I; from 568 to £15. There is only one coin known of this king, a sceatta of silver, and then there is a series attributed to Ecgberht, king from 665 to 673, which some ascribe to the division of Northumbria; the only certain Kentish coins that can with certainty be next thus classified are those of Ethil- berht II; from 725 to 760. This king commenced his reign united to Edbert, but from 749 he ruled alone. But one piece is ascribed to him, bearing the wolf suckling Romulus and Remus, and its genuineness is much suspected. The next: Badbearht, or Ethelberht, surnamed Proom; from 794 to 798. Pennies alone are found of this king, and the names of three moneyers are known. Cuthred; from 798 to 805, gives only pennies, and five of his moneyers names have been deciphered. Daldred, 805 to 823, was the last king of Kent, who was subdued by Ecg- berht in 823. His coins are the first known from the Canterbury Mint, and the first instance of the place of mintage being placed upon a Saxon coin. SOUTII SAXONs.—No coinage of this kingdom has ever been discovered. WEST SAxONs.—Certain pieces were formerly assigned to this kingdom during the reigns of kings Ethelheard and Brihtric, but it has been conclusively proven that they belong elsewhere. MERCIA furnishes the greatest number and most uninterrupted series of any kingdom of the IIeptarchy. All the coins are silver pennies, and present many Varieties in types; they are of the reigns of Eadwald, or Bthelbald; from 716 to 757. Offa; from 757 to 796. Cynethryth, Queen of Offa, and Egcberht, his son, who only ruled six months after his father's death, also left silver pennies, Coenwlf; from 796 to 818, left many varieties. Ceolwlf, 819, reigned but one year, and his pennies show the names of Seven moneyers. Beornwulf, 820 to 824, left but a few coins, and of Ludica, 824 to 825, and Wiglaf, 825 to 839, the same may be said. Of Derhtulf, 839 to 852, there are many coins, and the names of fifteen of his moneyers are known. The pennies of Burgred, 852 to 874, are more plenty than those of any other Mercian prince. He was driven from the throne and the power seized by his Minister Ciolwlf who reigned, until in a short time his expulsion terminated in the independence of Mercia. His coins are very rare. ISAST ANGLES.–IBeOnna, about 750, was the first king of this district. He is called J3Corm, and by Some Humbeamma, while others suppose them to be two 281 GREAT BRITAIN, MALTA. Silver. XIX. , -*s-º- ºr . . willillº 11111 sº www. It p ***, tuittium with ºnly **** "try * */ y Šº N § º º º fºx. º * - - P. l 5. º :*A ** 1 \\ **** **** **ulinurviv" II ºf www.nº ! ºn 1 Sºw" *ś ***, N AN º, 2 2. º à % | Y Ş \\ W W www. uluuuuuu. www.ºuin, . & sº e.V. TIR E3."o, º %2. P. º º 2. } | à g * %. \\ º & % º ------ -—s lºssº & % • X X X *p, sº %, T sº turnslsº mºnº" Zºº, SS W "inuinununwww" www-vasºn t If ***** *** a-l sºul".”unn, A. | * j § 5 º Wº 5 #! º º S tºp º N. **, 3 * - sº º s' * * * ~$...is \ * * , Published by A. M. SMITH, °. Post Office Box 754, * PHILADELPHIA, PA., U.S. A. W º oš N w WN "immunwº 282 GREAT BRITAIN. different persons. His coins of silver, in size, appearance and form like sceatta #ll'é very rare. After him came Ethelred, who had by his Queen Leofruna, Agilbrictus, to whom one unique penny is assigned. The history of East Anglia. about the first of the ninth century, is almost totally obscured, and the names of its rulers unknown. Beorhtric is a king known only by a single coin. Eadmund, 855 to 870 leaves pennies. He was murdered and then canonized, and is commonly called St. Eadmund. Ethelstan, 870 to 890, was baptized in that name in 878, having been converted to Christianity. He was a Dane, named Guthrumr IPennies, the only pieces he coined, are rare. There was only one king of East Anglia after him, Eohric, who reigned fourteen years, but who left no coins as yet discovered. NORTHUMBERLAND.—Here there are many peculiarities in the size, metals and denominations of the coinage. There are the Stycas, of metal, containing from 60 to 70 parts of copper, 20 to 25 of zinc, 6 to 11 of silver, with a little gold, lead and tin ; also the sceattac, in silver, of Varied finelless, and pennies of the usual description. Ecgfrith, 670 to 685 ; a styca of copper, very few in existence. Aldfrid, 685 to 705; only two coins—a sceattà of good silver, and a styca of mixed copper. - Eadberht, 737 to 758 ; these are a series of what may be called Sceattac, of a Very base quality of Silver, Well known to collectors, and are those previously mentioned as having been assigned to Egcberht, King of Kent. Alchred, 765 to 774 ; one coin formerly supposed to be of those above. Elfwald, 779 to 788; three coins only and their origin merely speculation. Iłeardulf, 794 to 806, is the next, the gap in date being unaccounted for ;. his few pieces are all genuine stycas, of base metal. - - Davred, 808 to 840; Same as the foregoing, but the coins are Very plenty. Alfwold, Who succeeded Heardulf and reigned two years, left no coins that are known. Jºlhelred, 840 to 848, leaves stycas differing generally from those of his pre- - decessors. Redulf, 844, usurped and held the throne of Æthelred for a few months, during which he coined stycas of base metal. The rightful king soon regained power. - Osbercht, 848 to 867, was banished in 862, restored in 867 to share the throne with Ella, or Ælla, and both were slain in battle the same year. IIis coins are all stycas and very rare. Of AElla, are certain pieces, stycas, which may or may not be his, the claims each way being about equal. Itegnald, 912 to 944, landed and established himself in Northumbria, as above. Coins of silver, resembling the Saxon penny ; very rare. He was ex- pelled in 944. - - Anlaf, 941 to 945, was called King of Ireland, the Son of Guthfurth, landed 937, in Northumberland, and was defeated ; 941 he was elected king by the people, and expelled by Edmund, 945. His coins are silver pennies, very rare, but the names of eleven moneyers appear on those in existence. Amalf, son of Sihtric, succeeded Amalf, son of Guthferth ; and there is some trouble in deter- mining between the coins of the two like-named kings. Eric, 927 to 951 ; son of Harold of Norway, was placed by Æthelstan as his feudatory king in Northumberland. He was afterwards expelled, but re- :alled and elected by the people in 949, to be again dethroned in two years, and killed. He was the last of the royal line of governors, the subsequent ones being only earls. His coins are silver pennies, and Very rare. After the death of Eric Northumberland was added by Eadred to his dominions. SAINTS.—Before giving a list of the coins struck by the Sole monarchs, it is proper here to mention a few pieces bearing the names of various Saints, coined by virtue of authority granted to certain abbots for that purpose, and the date of Which cannot be accurately stated. - - - §§§§§ §ºss: “: AF R} Śls suicitº 1 1 Dollar. 2. do do A do 3. George III. Ackey Trade Dollar. 925 216 200 .41 4. do Trade Dollar. 925 216 200 .41 5. Sierra Leone Co. 20 Cents. S17 81 66 .13 6. George III. § Ackey Dollar. 9.25 108 100 .20 7. do } Trade do 925 10S 100 .20 8. do 10 Cents. 817 40 33 .07 9. do 25 Sous. 457 52 24 ,05 10. do 50 do 457 104 48 .10 284 GREAT BRITAIN. St. Peter, all of silver, size and form of pennies; struck at York. St. Martin, only two specimens extant ; pennies, struck at the city of I,incoln. St Edmund, penny and half-penny, struck at St Edmundsbury about 950. ARCHIBISIIops.-Bishops, abbots, and archbishops were, in early times, given permission to strike money, but the latter alone were allowed to stamp their own portraits on the coin. The right was withdrawn in 924, by Æthel- stan, who ordered that all the money in the kingdom should be uniform ; after that the ecclesiastical mintages were distinguished from the royal only by some peculiar marks, and even these were banished in the reign of IIenry VIII. Men- tion is here confined to pieces struck by the Sees of Canterbury and York, prior to the restrictions imposed by Æthelstan. The earliest authentic coin originating at the mint of the Archbishop of Canterbury is a very rare penny of Jaenbrht, who held that See from 763 to 700, and on this he is united with the King of Mercia. AEthilheard Abp, 790 to 803, contemporary with Offa and Coenwlf, kings of Mercial, and both their names occur on his coins, which are very rare. Wulfred, 803 to 830, on his pennies dropped the king’s name, placing his own and lis portrait on the Obverse. - Theogild succeeded Wulfred, but held the See only three months and left no CO11)S. Ceolnoth, Abp, 830 to 870, put his name, bust and titles on pennies, of which Several exist. Ethered, Aby, 871 to 890; only one coin known, devices as preceding. Plegmund, 891 to 923, left a few of his pennies with name and title, but no portrait. - - The coins of the archbishops of York were stycas, until they were patterned after the regal coins, and then some symbol or mint-mark was the distinguishing feature. T Embald, 796, is the first of this See whose stycas are known, but he is prob- ably the second of that name ; there are many Varieties. Pigmund, 851, succeeded Wulsius, the immediate successor of Embald, Who left no coins. Wigmund left several types. Ulfhere, 854 to 892, the last Archbishop, whose name occurs on York mintage; his stycas, very rare, resemble the former ones. MON ARCIIS OF ENGLANI). Ecgbeorht, 800 to 837, became King of the West Saxons, called his terri- tories England, and conquered nearly all of South Britain. His pennies are Very rare. - Ethelwlf, 837 to 856, Son of the above, succeeding only to the West Saxon dominions : Kent, ESSex, Sussex and Surry, going to Æthelstan, on whose death, 852, they reverted to Ethelwlf. Fifty varieties of his pennies are known. AF'thelbald, 855 to 860, Son of Ethelwlf, seized on West Saxony in 855 and held it until his death. Only one coin of his ever known. AEthelbearht, 856 to 866, second son of Ethelwlf, succeeded to Kent, etc., on his father's death, and to West Saxony after his brother. Sixty varieties of his coin known. Aºthelred, 866 to 871, brother of the above. Coins not numerous, very light and of debased silver. , Elfred, 872 to 901, brother of the above. Coins very rare, mostly pen- Ilies; but some pieces are in existence that are not of that class. Eadweard, 901 to 925, son of Ælfred. Coins: pennies, half-pence or thirds of pennies; about eighty varieties known. Jºthelstan, 925 to 941, succeeded his father, and regulated the mints in Various towns ; conferred upon Some ecclesiasticals the privilege of striking GREAT BRITAIN. money, but ordered it all to be of one (the regal) type. About sixty variations of Imints and 110 of moneys occur upon his coins : all pennies, of good silver. JEadmund, 941 to 946, brother of foregoing ; and his coins all of like char- acter. Over 100 types known. Eadred, 946 to 955; types of coins (120 known) similar to those of his predecessors. Eadwig, 955 to 959, son of Eadmund ; 30 varieties. Types like the above. Erdgar, 958 to 975, brother of Eadwig, during whose life he had been elected King of all the country between the Thames and the Firth of Forth; after his brother's death, 958, he became King of all Britain, being the first monarch to rule over all the really and permanently united Kingdom of the Heptarchy. Coins similar to the others, though generally lighter; 170 moneyer’s! names and over 70 mints mentioned on his Varieties. Eadweard II, “The Martyr,” 975 to 978, eldest son of above, succeeding at the age of 13; murdered by command of his step-mother, Elfrida. Coins like his father's, with one exception, and numerous. AEthelreed II, 978 to 1016, succeeded his murdered half-brother ; passed laws for regulation of coinage. His money presents some novelties of type and appearance, and is quite numerous, over 250 Varieties being known. Cnut, 1016, to 1035. Sweyne, King of Denmark, 11ad in 1013, gained possession of part of Britain, and Æthelraed took refuge in Normandy. Cnut claimed the dominion of his father, Sweyne, and fought hard against Æthelrted and his son, Edmond Ironsides (who left no coins), and finally obtained rule over the whole kingdom. Of Sweyne, no English coins are known ; but the money of Cnut is very plentiful, 340 moneyers being mentioned and more places of mintage than any other king. IIarold I, 1035 to 1040, son of Cnut. IIis pennies are very light ; 50 Varieties known. * IIarthacnut, 1040 to 1042, elected to succeed his brother. English and Danish coins appear in this reign : all Very rare. Edward “ The Confessor,” 1042 to 1066. Coins various in type, size and Weight ; half-pence and farthings Were formed by cutting the penny into two or four parts. About 400 varieties. Harold II, 1066, succeeded Edward and reigned only nine months; killed at the battle of Hastings. Coins numerous. William the Conqueror, 1066 to 1087, and William Rufus, 1087 to 1100. The money of both these kings innitates that of their Saxon predecessors so closely that it is hard to distinguish to which one of them the pieces belong. Pennies alone were coined, and must have been struck in a collar, for they are uniformly round. Pieces plentiful. Henry I, 1100 to 1135, regulated coinage and passed severe laws against counterfeiters and debasers. Pennies only known of types and forms very Various. Stephen, 1135 to 1154, usurped the throne after Henry's death, dissipated the treasury and debased the coin. Very few of his pieces are extant ; all that are known are of good silver. Henry, Bishop of Winchester, the legitimate brother of Stephen. One coin is known as struck by his authority. Robert, Earl of Gloucester, illegitimate son of Henry. One type of coin known. - Stephen and Matilda: One type Supposed to have been struck when Matilda, wife of Stephen, took command of the army and liberated her husband When he was a prisoner. Eustace, elder son of Stephen and Governor of York. Two varieties very rare and very imperfect. Willvam, Son of Stephen, has two coins ascribed to him, but it is doubtful if they are rightly assigned. 286 GREAT BRITAIN. IIenry II, 1154 to 1180, adopted a new money, which was very poorly minted, irregular in size and shape and in parts illegible. In 1180 he sent for a foreign artist, Philip Aymary of Tows, to improve his coinage, and it became round and legible, but otherwise not much benefited. Coins numerous. Richard I and John : No English money known. Henry III, 1216 to 1272; Pennies only known. - Edward I, 1272 to 1307, coined pennies, half-pence and farthings; and the original groat is by some assigned to this reign, and it is generally believed that he first caused that coin to be struck. Many Varieties. Elward II, 1307 to 1327 : Coinage of same weight, standard and type as that of his father, but some distinguishing mint marks ; Hot Very rare. Edward III, 1327 to 1377, struck groats, half-groats, pennies, half-pence and farthings, very many varieties. I?ichard II, 1377 to 1399 : same coins, types, etc., as his predecessor. IIenry IV, 1399 to 1413. IIenry V, 1413 to 1422. Henry VI, 1422 to 1461. There is no certainty of the coins of any of these Henrys, so far as the date is concerned ; the types are similar and the coinage allmost identical. Edward IV, 1461 to 1483 : Same as the Henrys. Edward V, 1483, is said to have had coins struck, but none have been discovered. Ičichard III, 1483 to 1485 : Similar to the Henrys and Edwards; but no farthings known. - Iſenry VII, 14S5 to 1509 : Same as above; some variation in device, and many Varieties. - Henry VIII, 1500 to 1547 : Five different classes of coinage, all varying in type, weight and fineness of metal. Plenty. Edward VI, 1547 to 1553, tried to better the disgracefully debased money of his father without great success. He ordered testoons, or shillings, to be struck with equal parts of silver and alloy, and of the Weight of eighty grains, and in 1551 commenced the circulation of crowns, half-crowns, shillings, six-pences and three-pences, and pennies. There are many Varieties, with many variations of fineness. - Mary, 1553 to 1558, announced her intention of restoring the coinage of its original highest standard, but she made it lower than ever. Elizabeth, 1558 to 1602, set Seriously to work to restore the standard. In the Second year of her reign she had struck pieces of three-half-pence and three- farthings, never coined before or since. In 1561 the mill and screw process was introduced by a Frenchman ; and the pieces thus coined are known as milled money. Many varieties in this reign. James 1, 1603 to 1625 : On his accession the two Kingdoms of England and Scotland were united and a new coinage was ordered, of standard fineness, 11 oz., 2 dwt. of silver with 18 dwts. Of alloy; weight, 73; gr. to the penny. Many varieties and types. Charles I, 1625 to 1649, improved the appearance of his coins and kept up the standard. Very many Varieties. Commonwealth; Parliament seized the tower and mint in 1642, and struck money from the King's dies, coining none in their own name, until after the execution of Charles, their first pieces bearing date 1649. The standard was that of Elizabeth. Charles II, upon, his restoration, 1660, coined money like his father's, refusing to use the mill and Screw and striking his pieces by the hammer, which was last employed for this purpose in his reign. James II, 1685 to 1688, conducted his coinage upon the same principles as that of his brother, in denomination, size, weight and fineness. J Miam and Mary, 1688 to 1695, issued coinage identical with that of łł II]6S ll. 287 GREAT BRITAIN. William III, 1695 to 1702, made no change in weight or fineness, but altered the type of his money. Anne, 1702 to 1714, continued the standard of her predecessors. George I, 1714 to 1727, made no change in denomination, size, weight or fineness. George II, 1727 to 1760, same as preceding. George III, 1760 to 1820, no change. George IV, 1820 to 1830: A new coinage on the same principles. Victoria, 1830 to , a new coinage on the high standard, as before, and varied according to necessity of providing special pieces for colonial 100SS eS1011S. º º H . H H E SERVIA, SILVER COINs, all 900 fine. No. 1. 2 Dinar, worth about 39 cents ; No. 2. 1 Dimar ; and No. 3 is a piece of 50 Paras, equal to about 10 cents or a $ I)inar. SERVIA is a kingdom of Eastern Europe, bordering on Slavonia, Walla- chia, Bulgaria, Bosinia and II ungary, from which last named country it is Separated by the Danube. By the Berlin Treaty of 1878, its area was increased to 18,787 square miles ; population (in 1883), 1,820,000. The country is moun- tainous, its Valleys fertile, producing, when cultivated, good crops of corn and other cereals ; Said to be rich in minerals. The chief trade is With Austria and Turkey; principal exports; swine, cattle, prunes, grain, Wine and timber, amount- ing (in 1882) to $8,819,315, Revenue $7,473,000. Public debt, November, 1884, about $35,000,000, one-half of which was contracted for railroad. No official financial reports published. Capital, Belgrade. GREECE, Gold. XIXī. A - WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - COIN. GOLD. 1. Othon I. ( Gold.) 20 Drachmas. {}()() S{} 80 $3.44 2. do - 40 do 900 17S 160 6.88 GREECE, a maritime kingdom in the south-east of Europe, composed of a continental portion, almost separated into two parts by the Gulfs of Patras and Lepanto on the west, and the Gulf of Ægina on the east, the Archipelago of the AEgean Sea and the Ionian Islands, and is divided into thirteen provinces, called Nomarchies. Total area, 20,018; population (1879), 1,979,423. Vegetation is varied but agriculture is backward. Minerals: lead, magnesite and chromate of iron, which are all exported; also raw produce, currants, figs, fruits, tobacco, wine, olive oil, honey, wax, gum, silk, valonia, and sponges, amounting in 1881 to $12,091,160. This country is under a paper money regime. In February, 1883, the premium on gold was 15 per cent., and even fractional money was scarce. 289 PERIOD WE.IGHT GRAINS i No COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUIC. OR SECTION. CJIN. SILVER 1. Othon I. (Silver.) 5 Drachmas. 900 345 310 .64 2. do + do 900 17 15 .03 3. do * do 900 34 30 .03 4. Capo D'Istria. (Republic.) 1 Phoenix. 900 47 42 .0S$ 5. Othon, 1 Drachma. 900 69 62 .13 6. George I. (of Denmark.) 5 do 900 3S5 346 .72 7. do do 50 Lepti. 900 3S 34 .07 8. do do 1 Drachma. 900 77 69 .14 9. 18 do do 2 do 99 154 138 • 28 290 Silver. HAYTI. - EIGHT GRAINS No PERIQI) COIN. FINE!"." "º" vaLUE. * > OR SECTION. COIN. SILVER 1. IIayti. Royal Dollar. 490 2. do - Dollar of 100 (!ts, 1j9 3. do º do 78 - . do } do 39 ñ do 15 Sols. 72 It is impossible to ap- 6, do 7 : do 55 proach with accuracy 7. St. Domingo. * Fºscalin, 13 the purity and fineness S. Hayti. 12 Centimes. 21 of the coins of Hayti. {). do # Dollar. 38 The average value of j (). do A do 78 the genuine dollar is 11. (lo 30 Sols. 95 about 25 cts. 12. do 15 do 72 Fvery piece is coun- 13. do 7 do 55 terfeited largely. 1 - . St. Domingo. 2 Escalin. 55 15. do 1 do 27 1 (j. • Hay (i. # Dollar. 38 17. do 6 Centimes. 10 HAYTI. This Republic is the western or French portion of the Island of San Domingo, which next to Cuba, is the largest of the West India Islands. Total area, 28,000 square miles, of which about one-third belongs to Hayti; population, about 550,000. Tortuga, Gonave and other islands belong to Hayti. Revolutions have almost annihilated its commercial prosperity, and kept finances in chronic dis- order. It is said to have mines of gold, silver, copper, tin and iron. Its principal exports: mahogany, logwood, honey, coffee and cocoa, amounting in 1881 to $6,240,- 460. 0 AYTI, Silver. XXI. 1% OCUUJCC 291 XXI. " Silver. tſ: #$ * gº º: º * º: - º º º -: - - º º * IT º - | Gold. HOLLAND. PERIOD + WEIGHT GRAINS * | No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE. cºs. ... VALUE. 1. Louis Bonaparte. 20 Florins, 913 212 193 8.30 2. Republic Batavia. Ryder. 917 154 141+ 6.07 3. William II. 10 Florins. 900 103 93 4.00 4. Republic Bavaria. * Rider. 917 77 70 3.01 5, William I. 10 Florins. 900 104 94 4.04 6. do Ducat. 980 54 52 2.23 7. Louis Bonaparte. do 982 54 52} 2.25 8. do do 978 54 53 2.27 9. William I. 5 Florins. 900 52 46 1.97 10. William II. do 900 52 46 1.97 11. Republic Batavia. Ducat. 982 54 52} 2.25 12. Louis Bonaparte. 10 Florins, 913 107 97 4.17 13. William II. Ducat. 980 54 52 2.23 HOLLAND OR NETHERLANDS, a maritime kingdom of Central Europe, situate on the North Sea, consisting of eleven provinces, including part of the Duchy of Limburg. Total area, 12,741 square miles; population (Jan. 1, 1883), 4,225,065. The king is also sovereign of the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, contain- ing 999 square miles; 209,520 inhabitants. Diamond cutting is a special industry. Chief exports: refined sugar, flax, cheese, butter, sheep, madder, etc., amounting in 1883 to $300,824,984. Exports of gold and silver, in coin and bars during 1883, 1,475,757 florins ($593,254.31); circulation December 29, 1883, in Government notes, $3,787,053; in bank notes, $75,463,082. 293 HOLLAND. XII. , g ſºlº tº: * * : *** - "...º º #: § §" # º *::= jº & º sº 29.4 Silver. HOLLAND. No. - - . - WI-1 ( , HT GRAINS PERIOD COIN. FINE. or | PURE | VALUE. OR SECTION. Col N. SILVER Williºn II. 2. Guilders. 947 3-5 370 .77 William I. 3. do 807 105 44) .01 William III. 2) do {-17 3s, 370 .77 Louis Napoleon. 50 Stivers. 0.17 | | | |0.2 ..Sº Wm. V. Stadtholder. Florin. {|||} 15.5 41.3 º William II. 10 Cents. 640 21 13 .02% do 25 (lo 6-10 55 35 .07. Wm. V. Stadtholder. 1 Guilder. 907 162 146 .30 295 HOLLAND. Silver. XXII. , …Arº- 296 HOLLAND. - - WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºs. COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. CoIN. SILVER I Wm. V. Stadtholder, Rix Dollar. 806 440 38.2 .79 ". do do SG; 440 3S2 .79 3. do 3 Guilders. S66 440 382 .79 4. do do SG6 440 382 .79 5. William I, IXing. * Florin. 807 83 3 - 6 (lo 25 Cents. 507 65 36 ,07 7 do 10 and 566 27 15 .03! ºln 5 Cts. 566 13 7 .01 . EIOLLAND. t º S. * *> < 3. 3. ¥ º- ºf KJV-Vºtt jºivo C QXQ . G ºup º & º * sº §§ §§§zº º S. |5. § 2. #3 § *S ~- * , P-Nisº - º §§ f tº & lº -- N 863 - º Jºl º º -\| sººn-º" (){!" If I {{SI Z08 Op. OD º "FI fº 10 I 70ſ. Cºs Ol) 00 ºl) *::I º," 00I !' I 000 a dino'ſ OP op 'ſ I op op I C +. IS |- B "uapu O op on "I) L º' ſº I 99 | FIB * II*I'llº) OD op ". C 1’ {!! - ºS 96S "uop|nº) ſ op op 's Cº." Sº I ()(). 198 op 00 00 '' º ()' I 00ſ. IFS op oD op ºn gº." ()' I º(). Of-S ‘oodnoyl "Sputsi tº Du I JO º {|0" 9| SI 900 op op º 10' Fº Sº 90ſ; op } *A*1 tº: JO º 10' 0. {!) QQQ ‘uop|nº) { op ‘7 ()!" ºf I Ǻ I ÇF6 'uo), nº * I tubſ IIAA "I Nº ATIS 'NIOO --- ºn IVA ºlna do | INIH "NIOO *..." ºn SNI vºnº ºr H+) iºn M. sºlo cinviſion "...IOAIS 23.9 Silver. XXII. , 300 - Wºº-ºº: º ( º - ſº / Hºº º - ºffs iº. º º -º-, ſº Hºll ºfflillº ||||||||||| HOLLAND. º Tº - - º | |||| Silver. COLONIES. - W. E.I.C H.T. Givalns No. or "ºs. COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. CoIN. SILVER 1. Of Batavia. Crown. Particulars unknown. 2. Netherlands. IReal. do do 3. do 8 Reals. 917 183 167 .34 4. Colonial. 1 10 Gulden, 10 cts. 9.45 16 15 .03 5. Of Datavia. 1 Crown. Particulars unknown. 0. Netherlands. Gulden. 006 163 147 .50 7 do ! Real. T'articulars unknown. 8. do 4 Reals. do do 9. lo 8 do do do 301 EIOLLAND. EAST INDIES. Silver. XXII. , • * * * g o sº * * ve 9. % * ... •S - © / * ! o © de o e * > * * * * $º 9 ... As Gº”. •eº) *_ * & o **e. ‘’. o: Aº. °o & * 48's Tº º (h ex ** o o º–S • * o° - * º " a º º & S). g j7: °. o % •. ‘. * * g © Q ºº º o? (1% ; | i 2 & % | o &º i º % © P .# s g ..” e * to * : o 3. G 9. §§§§ - 3. - 9 oo on? ooooooooo g *: a CS § tº e & & j - g .º º o” 3. gº 8,” 4(O’s sº’ \'3 2 * * * 9 a. ge • , = * cº - o o oo° * & o ". Sašº'. o? e $." WEIGHT GRAINS No olºs COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. - Coin. SILVER 1 Gaul, Sub Alpine, 5 Francs. 892 385 346 .72 2. Savoy & Piemont. Scudo, vecchio. 917 413 376 .78 3. Cis Alpine Republic. 30 Soldi. 684 113 77 .16 4. Savoy & Piemont. Ducatone. 944 490 460 .96 5. Cis Alpine Republic. Scudo. 896 355 319 .66 6. Charles Emanuel III. * Scudo. 903 271 244 .51 ITALY, a kingdom in the south of Europe, consisting of a peninsula, the large islands of Sicily and Sardinia, the Island of Elba, and about 66 minor islands. Total area, 111,405 square miles; total population, 28,459,628. The kingdom is divi- ded for administrative purposes into 69 provinces; the small community of San Marino, enclosed within it alone, retained its independent form of government when, in 1870, the complete unity of the country under one crown was finally effected, and Rome once more made the capital of Italy. The country produces many and fine wines. Tuscany, Liguria and the Province of Bari furnish the finest olives and olive oil; the cultivation of silk is extensive; exquisite fruits abound, the supply of sea and fresh water fish is plentiful. Minerals: iron, galena, zinc, copper, manganese and antimony ores, sulphur, gypsum, amianthus, alum and boracic acid. Silver is found in Sardinia, and some gold in the Alps. Salt, a government monop- oly, is supplied from 11 salines, and deposits of native salt are common in the Apen- nines. Principal exports: olive oil, wine, raw and thrown silk, hemp, cattle, straw hats, rice, iron, zinc and copper ores, sulphur, marble, fruits, prepared meats and fish, chemical products, woods, roots, etc., for dyeing and tanning, works of art, etc. Exports in 1883 amounted to $239,732,259. Italy is a member of the Latin Union and her coins have a legal currency with those of France and the other na- tions comprising that Union. There are no late official reports of the finances. 309 Silver. XXIII. , CELEBRATA, OR0 BONAPARTE B C§ Fſº º º * 2: #º %2 Žºº #2 3. &ſº wº }% 2% § - ºf RAN.cº. ‘. % s § §§|| ſº | 310 Gold. PERIOD ITALY. BOLOGNE. weight GRAiNS No - COIN. FINE. or PURE | VALUE, OR SECTION. CoIN. Goln. 1. Pius VI. 4 Pistoles. {}()() 339 308 $13.26. 2. do 10 Sequins. 907 528 526 22.61 3. Benoist XIV. Sequin. 996 52 51 2.19 4. Gregory. Pistole, vieille. {|01 101 00 3.87 - BOLOGNE. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVER Commonwealth. Scudo, or Ecu. 847 4.48 3S2 .79 IPius VI. * Scudo. 913 204 186 ,38 do Scudo, 10 Pauls. 913 409 374 78 311 ITALY. BOLOGNE. \\\\nullilillllllll sw". 'º, ſº Z gº N. - § N >\ºnº §º N º §W^T, MY º º & s #$ Ele: Cº-º N ######. §s. R. §§ºzz/EEA ANY Sºº Sº HA tº sº XºA-F º - 17 Ö3. *a-a-a-a-ºdº §§" º º & Gold. XXIII. , Ze º lº § £ §§N. & \ |\ s: ºr * ~ - - sº ſ/ & V º Sº Tºš º ºg), t 312 Silver. ITALY. SARDINIA. -4 WE.1GHT GRAINS No. or "ºn. . COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. - COIN. SILVFR 1. Iłepublic Liguria. Scudo. 2. Geneva. do 950 596 576 1.20 3. do do John, the Baptist. 890 514 460 .95 4. do do do 900 320 28S .60 5. Carlo Emanuele IV. # Scudo. 900 135 121 .25 6. Geneva. do (Madonna.) 833 139 126 .26 7. Carlo Alberto. 2 Lire. 900 155 140 .29 - 8. Geneva. 2 do John, the Baptist 890 128 114 .23 Gold. XXIII. ; º 1. Under Austria. Sovereign. 900 175 157 || $6.77 2. Joseph II. Zecchino. 900 53 524 2.25 3 Republic. Ducat. 996 34 33; 1.44 4. Louis Manin. Zecchino. 907 53 52: 2.27 5. Under Austria. # Sovereign. 900 87 78} 3.35 (3. Joseph II. 1 Pistole. 905 98 88; 3.80 7. Maria. Theresa. # Scudo. 896 178 159; 6, S6 8. Louis Manin. # Zecchino. 906 27 26; 1.19 (). - do # do 906 13 12: .54 10. Under Austria. Sovereign. 900 17.5 1.57% 6.77 313 Silver. XXIII. , 1 # #ETſ 3. * * º sº Sºº fº § º ſ Šášiº 314 ITALY. Silver. LUCCA. * -- WEIGHT GRAINS No. olºs COIN. I'INE. or PURE | VALUE. - - CoIN. SILVER 1. Felix and Elisa. 5 Francs. 913 385 350 .72 2. Republic. Scudo. Q13 408 373 .77 3. do ! Barbone. (563 23 15 .03 4. do I}arbone. (jū() 45 3() .00 5. Telix and Elisa. 1 France. 000 76 (58 .14 (). Charles Louis. 2 Lire. (357 153 90 .20 7. (lo do 10 Soldi. (380 34 24 .05 8. do do 5 do 333 46 3() .00 (). do do Lira. (558 75 50 .10 10. Republic. \ and Scudo. |}}} ! #. . 11. do Quinto, 4 Ecu. 917 77 70 .14 3 l 5 Silver. XXI. I. 6, §§ s:- -- Ü. º - §º =^{\lflººr. …As =&#ºlºš º § º: - \ zººs º Q -2 º .*. º %22; 316 ITALY, FARMA Gold. XXIII. 6% swunnuntu, sovº **tº, * % lū * "wit, º * & ;§ § ITALY. PARMA. | WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE, | N. e COIN. GOLD. 1. Maria Louise. 20 Lire. 900 100 90 3.87 2. do do 40 do 900 200 180 7.74 3. Edward I. Double Pistole. 905 20.3 183} 7.89 4. Ferdinand I. Pistole. 87.2 110 95 4.08 Silver. ITALY exº, PERIOD WEIGHT GRAINS ~A No. OR SECTION. COIN. | FINE. OR PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVER 1. I'erdinand I. Ducat. 906 3.06 358 .74 2. Maria Louise. 5 Lire. 904 386 3.48 .72 !} do 10 Soldi. 902 30 35 .07 4. do 1 I,ire. 902 78 70 .14 5, do 5 Soldi. 900 20 1 S .03 6. do 2 Lire. . 902 155 1 40 .29 7 Ferdinand I. 3 Lire Piece. 826 54 44 .09 ITALY, PARMA. ITALY, ROME. WEIGHT GRAINS or "ºn COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. - Coin. Gold. Sede Vacante. Doppia. 910 84 77 3.31 Leo XII. Doppia. 916 84 77 3.31 IPius VII. Doppia. 916 84 77 3.31 Pius VI. Doppia. 916 84 77 3.31 Clement XII. * Sequin. 900 26 23 .99 Clement XII. Sequin. 900 53 47 2,03 Gregory XVI. 10 Scudi. 900 267 240 10.33 Pius VI. Sequin. 90ſ) 53 47 2.03 Clement XIV. Sequin. 900 53 47 2.03 Benedict XIV. Sequin. 900 53 47 2.03 Clement XIII. 5 Scudi. 90ſ) 133 119 5.12 Gregory XVI. 5 Scudi. 90ſ) 133 119 5.12 Sede Vacante. 5 Scudi. 900 133 119 5.12 Gregory XVI. 2. Scudi. 896 67 60 2.58 319 XXIII, a Gold. gººse W. A A. �AMILIIIIIĮui §. ſºº º 4 （KØ 3：J （ ） • SNØ & 320 Silver. ITALY, ROME. W El GHT GRAINS No. or "ºn COIN. FINE..] OF | PURE VAI,UF. 4 ge COIN. SILVER 1. Gregory XV 1. Scudo. 90ſ) 4 15 37 3 7 7 2. Leo XII. Scudo. 02() 4 l () 377 78 3. Setle Vacante. Scudo. {).21 41() 37 7 7S 4. Tius VII. Ecu or Crown. 91() 41 () 37.3 77 5. Gregory XVI. I-5 Seudo of 20 Bajocchi, 900 S3 7.5 .15 6. Gregory XVI. 30 Bajocchi. 9().) 124 1 12 .23 7. Gregory XVI. * Scudo of 50 Bajocchi, 900 207 1S(; ..}S S. Pius VI. Testoon. 8S3 124 1 10 .22 9. Itepublic.” 40 Bajocchi. 10. Republic.” 40 Bajocchi. * The fineness and weight of these coins cannot be stated with any certainty; their grade is lower than the Papal money, and the pieces are mostly held by collectors. Gold and Silver. ITALY. MONACO. § | º i & º • */º º • * ºr §§ #; i. # } § §§ sº § § Wy H re W. (Gold. 23 Francs. 900 wº on. ( do ) 40 do 900 1 Honore V. (Silver.) 5 Francs 899 2. do do # do 835 3. do do + do 835 4. do do 1 do 900 5. do do 2 do 900 a paradise for pulmonary patients and gamblers, is a principality of Italy, bºº .. W.H. bordering on the Mediterranean and the French depart- ment of Alpes-Maritimes, consisting of the town of Monaco and a small adjoining territºry, including the town of Mon e Carlo:, Total Area, about six square miles; population, 3.41. The ciimate is delightful. All taxes were abolished in 1869 by the reigning prince, ºf his entire revenue is derived from the rent of the Casino or gambling house, and a percentage on the games. 321 Silver. XXIII. , * º º * . AS 17 7.5 º 39 tº º Qūrmammº 322 Silver ITALY. Rome. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºn COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. - CoIN. Silver 1. Sede Vacante. Scudo. 904 408 368 .77 2. Pius VIII. do 921 408 376 .7, 3. Gregory XVI. Papetto, 20 Bajocchi, 918 82 74 .15 4. do Testone, 30 do 917 124 113 .23 5. do 5 Bajocchi. 918 21 18 .03 6. do Testone, 30 Bajocchi. 920 122 113 .23 7. do 50 Bajocchi. 932 205 187 .39 8. Pius IX. Scudo. 904 413 373 .77 9. Gregory XVI. Scudo. 100 Bajocchi. 920 406 368 .77 |||| T 323 ITALY. RoME. Silver. XXIII. . {BAIocCHI # t\\ \ . 836 º 2% --> º gºsº s ºf Eïa, #. jºll!! §º-G(ſ)\NS #S ſº - §§§ {& §§ §§ - is º º - & º $º A t º º, “ . º § 3 ; ; #9, R. 89: Romº 324 Silver. ITALY, ROME. - WEIGHT GRAINS No. or"N COIN. FINE. or PURE | VALUE. - CoIN. SILVER 1. Sede Vacante, Scudo. 900 415 373 .77 2. Republic, Scudo. 920 410 373 .77 3. Pius VI, Scudo. S75 408 856 .74 4. Sede Vacante Half Scudo, 900 205 182 .38 5. Pius VII. Half Scudo. 017 205 182 .38 6. Sede Vacante. Testoon. 919 122 112 .23 7. Pius VI. Double Testoon, 833 248 209 .43 ITALY. ROME. OOOOC ‘(SCS O CŞ QC *%º “s 2. 23%º § º s ſºft §|| # # P § º º sº w ºf ºğNº. sº Kºr / Fº * * * º g \\ §§ * † Nº. NATÉ. assºs §§W/.2% sº & & sº º sº sº 4|Wº Hº Wilſº =º §§"(/; º }} fº iſ $4%&º º §º 4J, Tº o § N Žiš. º º &º &;". 3& aſſº Kºlº WN § º é W G | ſºft | ºhººk 7.º § § ==:::::::"es; º - Šºšš %) Šºš S 'lij |||||||W W ºrmºsº * . §§ºj & §|\\\ ??’ s º § ... Sº Fº/š Sºº 320 Silver. ITALY. ROME. º WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "º's COIN. FINE. or | PURE | VALUE. - CoIN. SILVER 1. Innocent XI. Ducatone. 931 493 459 .95 ". Innocent XII. Piastre. {113 485 4-12 .º. ". Renois t XIV. Papetto, 1-5 Scudo. 910 81 7: . . . . 1. Clement XIII. Cou. Q10 204 185 ºS 7. Clement XI. Scudo, Antico. 900 490 4 || ..!)2 U. Clement XII. do do 913 4)} 450 º 7. Pius VI, | Scudo. 906 204 184 .38 Silver. XXIII. . cºunt V. ST 4% 32% - º sº - : . % * 2. º .2 2: -: ^^2% © ..., wº £ºf . .3% ºf // 2% ºffº, rºof” aſ: 2% " | - // º: é? *S* *\} { º iº & $ º: Jº % º g zºº zº £º ſº % º 2.9 ſº §§ &\llº fiſſiº § §§ 㺠º & * § º a º 'º' - º S-82°s \},\\ gº. º º wº - . º & º - ‘g - º ºf mº sitº gº º º, f t - - º d & º º miniumſ, Post Office Box 754, PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 328 º º ITALY. SARDINIA. ------- WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºs COIN. FINE. or | PURE | VALUE. - Coin. Gold. 1. Carlo Alberto. 20 Lire. 910 99. 90 3.87 2. Carlo Felix. 40 Doppetta, 80 Lire. 900 398 359 15.45 3. Carlo Alberto. 100 Lire. 900 497 447 19.24 4. Victor Emanuele. Doppetta. 905 14() 126 5.42 5. Carlo Emanuele. Old Doppetta. 905 105 95 4.08 6. Carlo Felix. D’bl do 40 Lire, 900 199 180 7.74 7. Carlo Alberto. 10 Lire. 900 49 45 1.93 S. Victor Emanuele. 20 do 900 99 90 3.87 9. Carlo Felix. do 900 99 Q() 3.87 10. Victor Emanuele. Doppetta. 905 140 126 5.42 11. Carlo Emanuele. Old Doppetta. 905 144 130). 5.61 * ITALY. SARDINIA. XXIII. , Gold. ‘’’’, **È ſæ, `` ?- ſtyçY№ ſy§§ T - T= - * ITALY. =Ti º | Gold. SARDINIA. - WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - CoIN. Gold. 1. Victor Emanuel. New Carlino. 904 702 634 27.28 2. Republic Genoa. Zecchino or Sequim, 995 53 52 2.23 3. do ! Genovino. 914 194 176 7.58 4. Republic Ligura. 4 Doppetta, 908 388 352 15.15 5. do Genoa. Genovine. 908 388 352 15.15 6. do 4 Doppetta. 911 413 376 16.18 7. Victor Emanuel. Carlino. 800 248 219 9.42 8. do * Doppetta. 904 70 64 2.75 !). do do 90.3 67 6() 2.58 10. Charles Emanuel. Zecchino, Annunciation. 986 53 51 2.19 11. Republic Genoa. + Genovine. 9|| 97 89 3.83 12 do Ligura. 2 Doppetta. 908 194 171 7.58 ITALY. SAR I).INIA. Bè. § & º ** * Wºº º 332 ITALY. Silver. SARDINIA. ºr, rº WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºs COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - - CoIN. SILVER 1. Victor Emanuel. 5 Lira. ()()() 387 3.48 .72 2. do 3 Cagliaresco. Worth about Penny. 3. Victor Amedee II. Scudo ſecchio. 917 414 378 .78 4. Charles Emanuel III. Huiteme d’Ecu. 90.3 67 61 .12 5. Charles Albert. 5 Lira. 899 387 3.48 .72 6. Charles Felix. 25 Centimes. 900 20 18 .03 7. Victor Emanuel. ! Ecu(Savoy&Piemont.)906 271 244 .51 S. Charles Albert, 25 Centimes. 900 14) 17 .30 0. Victor Emanuel. 2 Soldo, 6 Denaros. Worth about Penny. 10. Victor-Amelee II. 2 Liras. 906 188 171 .0% 11. Victor-Amedee. Quarter d’Ecu. 896 90 81 .17 ITALY. SARDIN1A. * * *N. VV iſſil it FF * *** *3, & • → º, • <^ ） ∞ae • ș # 1 * h \l T 334 Silver. SARDINIA. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or""s COIN. FINE. or PURE | VALU - - CoIN. SILVER 1. Victor Emanuel II. Scudo, 5 Lire. 900 385 246 72 2. Charles-Felix. Scudo, Piemont. 900 385 346 ,72 3. Victor Emanuel I. do do 900 885 346 .72 4. Victor Amedee III, New Scudo. 906 540 489 1.02 5. Charles Felix. 2 Lire. 900 154 188 .28 6. Victor Amedee III. º Scudo, Piemont. 903 270 243 .50 7. Charles Albert, Lire. 900 38 34 .07 8. Charles Felix. Lire. 900 77 69 .14 33.5 Silver. XXIII. 16 *§§S º§ s* º * * * A : º & mºs tº * s * | * sº as a = was g º & º k Gold ITALY. sicily. WEIGHT GRAINS No oºs COIN. FINE. or PURE | VALUE. - Coin. Gold. 1. Ferdinand II. 15 Ducats 996 292 , 291 12.52 2. do 3 do 99.6 58 57: 2.47 3. Joseph Napoleon. 40 Lire. 90ſ) 199 179 7.7() 4. do 20 do 900 99 89 3.85 5. Ferdinand IV. 6 Ducats. 906 116 115). 4.97 6. Charles VII. 6 do 996 116 115). 4.97 7. Ferdinand I. 3 do 996 58 57? 2.47 8. do 15 Ducats. 99.6 292 291 12.52 9. Ferdinand II. 6 (ld {{}} 116 115. 4.97 10. Ferdinand IV. 6 do 99.6 116 115). 4.97. 11. Charles VII. 3 do 99.6 58 57; 2.47 12 do 6 do 006 116 115). 4.97. 3:37 ITALY. SICILY. Gold. XXIII. , 338 ITALY, Sicily. ACINI sºo TITOLOMILLESINI 996 IJUCATI 30 C IN1 #50 2. Titoiómilºšsini” DUCATT 30 i ** WEIGHT GRAINS | No. or ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. | e COIN. GOLD. 1 Francis I. 3.) IDucats. 996 583 580; 24.98 2. Ferdinand II. do 996 584 581, 25.02 3. Ferdinand I. do 995 572 569 24.49 4. I'erdinand II. 15 Ducats. 996 292 201 12.52 5. Trancis I. do 996 292 , 291 12,52 (3. Joseph Napoleon. 40 Franc. 879 200 176 7.57 7. Ferdinand II. 3 Ducats. 996 58 57; 2.46. 8. - do 6 Ducats. 996 116 1.15% 4.97 ITALY. SICILY. i ºÉ V.º + º } i : A. A § i &\ º( Qº º-sº Napoleon. § Clſº { \ N W \ (Q wTR ..., @$$º w Çs º G. § 2, §§§ <º. ſ ſº § § º *s ſ 12 Carlinos. do 7 º Ferdinand IV. do Ferdinand II. do Ferdinand IV. Ferdinand III. do 10 Grani. 60 do 12 Tarins. Ecu, 12 Tarins. 83S S33 838 S33 S33 S26 S30 340 Silver. ITALY. sicILv. WEIGHT GRAINS No. orios COIN. FINE. OF | PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVER 1. Ferdinand II. Scudo. S33 424 353 .73 2. Joseph Napoleon. 5 Lire. 904 385 348 .72 3. Charles VI. Ducat. 910 335 304 ,63 4. Joseph Napoleon. Scudo. S36 421 352 .73 5. do do È Lire. 900 38 34 .07 6. Ferdinand I. Scudo, S34 424 354 s .73 7. Joseph Napoleon. 2 Lire. 904 151 136 .28 × ș>. H | iº º ſ º ºº 2 Ş sº Rºsº2. 348 Silver. ITALY. TUSCANy. PERIOD WEAGHT GRAINS No OR SECTION COIN. FINE, OF PURE VALUE. e COIN. SILVER 1. Ferdinand III. Ecu, 10 Pauls. 913 4 ×3 3SG so 2. Leopold II. Leopoldino. 013 423 3$6 .80 3. do do 913 423 336 .80 4. Ferdinand III. 1 Lira. 92.5 62 57 . 12 5. Charles and Maria, Louise. do 9.56 61 53 . 12 6. Leopold II. Ileopoldino of 2 Florins. 926 200 104 .4), 7. do 1 Paolo. 918 42 3S .08 S. Sºº § {} #. § % arºš . * I liſſiliit). =II | |ſy _2 }Âț¢ ！=\ ſın!}， };-* \ș2°A -\,ſię,}=a •\ț#āÄŤae. \\&&\\\//）;ºr; NJ…º `s）|- `~）. ;37 () Silver. SIAMI. T \\ WEIGHT GRAINS t No. or "ºn. COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVER 1. T h c s e a r e IBurmese Dollar. 900 180 162 .33 2. Coin, and correspond with Half Dollar. 000 90 S1 .16 3. the Rupee of other Orient- Quarter Dollar. 900 45 40 .08 al Nations. SIAM, an extensive kingdom of south-eastern Asia, situated in the heart Of the peninsula between India and China, consisting of 41 provinces, each governed by a Phya, or great functionary. Its area is estimated at 309,000 square miles, and the population at about 5,700,000. There are several ports along its coast-lines; in the Gulf of Siam, but foreign commerce is carried on entirely at Bangkok, a few miles up the river Menam, Paknam being the customs station at its mouth. The chief products are rice, gums, teak, sandalwood, rosewood, and the aquila-tree, fruits and garden produce. Exports: oil-seeds, drugs, dye-woods, timber, rice, etc. The government is an absolute and hereditary monarchy, and there are two kings, the first is actual monarch; the second is nominal head of the army. The exports in 1881 (latest official report), were $10,931,430. The latest official treasury report, dated June 20, 1883, says: “The finances of Siam are in an embarrassed condition, and no definite information thereon may be had except from Government, and Government, sphink-like, maintains silence.” 3 7 l º º º t º §§ º - ITIM º rº º | `û §ſ)|| * 3 is º, ºil * ,t}* | * * t { º gº it Y º W'ſ pº tity & | ſ § § PORTUGAL. …~...~ *Č. iſ...}} Sº, ſºlº º #|||||} |*|| a tº # 41 |N º nº {} | 2- H WEIGHT GRAINS No. or'ºn COIN. FINE. OF PURE | VALUE. e COIN. GOLD. 1. Pedro IV. Portugese, 7500 Reis. 910 221 2:) 1 SS.64 2. Don Miguel. do do 910 221 201 S 64 3. do # do 915 108 99 4.26 4. Dona-Maria II. Portugese, 7500 Reis. 913 221 202 8,6S 5. John VI. Escudo d’Or. 916 62 57 2.44 6. Dona-Maria II. A Portugese. 914 110 101 4.34 7. do Coroa d’Or. 917 144 132 5,67 8. do # Coroa d’Or. 917 73 67 2.87 37.2 Gold. PORTUGAL. * WEIGHT GRAINS - No. or’sºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - ſº COIN. GOLD. 1. John V. Dobra, 12,800 Reis. 915 442 402 17.29 2. do # Dobra. 915 220 201 8.64 3. do Escudo, 1600 Reis. 914 55 b() 2.15 4. do } Escudo. 914 :7 25 1.07 5. Maria I. 16 Testons, 1600 Reis. 914 55 50 2.15 (). do # Dobra. {}15 1 ſ () 100 4.30 7. do 8 Testons. 91.5 27 25 1.07 8. John W. New Crusado, 480 Reis. 911 16 14 .60 9. Joseph I. 8 Testons. 913 27 25 1.07 10. John V. * Escudo. !) 15 27 25 1.07 11. Joseph I. # Dobra. {}1.5 11() 100 4.30 12. do 16 Testons. 91-1 55 50 2.15 13. Maria I and Pierre III. 3 Dobra. {}}.} 220 201 8.64 14. Joseph I. do !) 15 220 201 S.64 15. Maria I. do 91.5 220) 201 S.64 16. Pierre II. # Moidore, 1200 Reis. 915 40 36 1.54 17. Maria I. New Crusado. 910 16 14 . (;() 1S. John, Pruise Regent. # Dobra. 91.5 220 201 8.64 PORTUGAL, the most westerly kingdom of Europe and a part of the great Iberian Peninsula, with its insular appendages. The total area is 35,812 Square miles; population (in 1881), 4,708, 178. Chief products: wheat, barley, oats, maize, flax, hemp, rice, grapes, olives, oranges, lemons, citrons, figs and almonds. “Port” wine is shipped from Oporto. There are forcsts of oak, chestnut, sea-pine and cork woods. Minerals: manganese, antimony, lead, copper, iron, marble, slate, Coal and Salt. Manufactures: gloves, silk, woollen, linen and cotton fabrics, metal and earthen- ware goods, tobacco, cigars, etc. Exports: wine, fruits, oil, Cork and salt, amount- ing (in 1882), to $18,998, 000. For many years the annual expenditure has been in excess of the revenue; the national and floating debt, now about $500,000,000, is continually increasing. The “Bank of Portugal” acts as fiduciary agent of the treasury, The Dependencies of Portugal consist of the Cape Verde and Bissagos Islands, off the west coast of Africa, St. Thomas and Princes Islands in the Gulf of Guinea, and a large extent of both the east and west coasts of South Africa, consti- tuting altogether an area of 697,365 square miles, with 2,410,000 inhabitants. In Asia, the settlements of Goa, Damaun, Din, etc., with area of 1,086 square miles; 408,000 inhabitants on the coast of India, Macao on the Chinese shore, near Hong- Kong, and part of the Island of Timur, in the East Indian Archipelago, Cover a sur- face of 7,134 square miles, and contain a population of 877,500. The Island of Ma- deira on the north-west coast of Africa is much frequented by invalids. , , " .. ) • ) ( . ) PORTUGAL. Gold. XXXVI. , sº"; º º ‘. . . * . . §º º º º : sº #.9 * \ §§§ 9% ºf \!º E.'s." & # 4 & º \\ Fº | gº X& º © & .* § M \\ º: ºf a d §§ º *: ; § : 3. §§ º: Čš. ; §: # ~ § *Amy S. s . 3?....” jºir." º - *N f M ºr, wº *** g * "nº 28 *º $0. Oğ; 1 | N e & A \\ & ww. finilºw" * * 9 - - - - º *z, | ves”."ºu,” • G. * º º*. % • s **, W t ! I * wº fy > sº OR%. * %, is *. sº G Zºº, < # *... '3" *xr? SAJ Sºº' ºt 2. 2 s $º *... 3 *3 sº & & & S. ºlº *... ; Sº Y-A = S A-, sº e Fº º a; : [. 2, 2 * : & { § * S tº ſº ºw º' º º: ſº Q S = Q- * *e dº ſº º * * * *s. *. S g % & 5 tº vſ. (& : ; £53 S 2 Sº º g Ş. tº- Sº- º º § : VA ikººl # (ºft|º]} %Cº. & 2 O Hå Aº Vºlºſſ), 32.2% * AL's 'vº 2. §§ #! 5%. &sº sº 2. - º º ſ º, Sºº- 2 S Jº ”, * vº ... • §§ 8. * º º ; “”, l 2. º 'º. % ..” Yºgy $ 2. d º § d } º S. ****{a\tº\" \ºvº'''''''''', l zoº. §§ Sº 'º'OR%. **ś *- 34° S.S. 2 \!\!\!) ..S. º, º, WSº sº º º * * \\\ 1 \ 1 \\ , , • £ .* S$º «» S’ º * Avv *** *, * ”, & º wº D. G. ****, 1 &T, < *- * ”, l ſ # ſº * * ºrn, wº $' *6 *. 0 J. * 'town ſinfiniſt." ºnly ºn will W. “C) º #S º º :º * $ w º Gr % 3 & & * 2 * Š º: S’ 2. 5 q) AS • K., & 2. S • , = $. Nº. 5 2 : 5 Sto #5 º: 5 EE * = - : - 4–’s - E E F2 Asºº’s £2. Bºjº S : \}_º * § § % & 2. * ** zººs & * g 2. §§ &; ©. Ş **t * ! I 6 1 , ...,x* 2.O & $ S. º, . . .”.” * *** {1,\ , º, ºw" 15 % ºx o:X ** ”, wº wº".”ua, e * *śtº lºng a lºvº". * sº */ sºč. "St. Aºût r sº§§ "s, & Oś ** ‘e 4 &S) ' 3. sº 1994.” .S.A. “ º * § & sº. ,” 5& * *gº, ; - & i S © & e , Nº. u \\* .* *::: nº inst Silver. PORTUGAL. PERIOL) - WEIGHT GRAINS - No. OR SECTION COIN. I’INE. or PURE | VALUE. - Coin. Silver 1. John W.I. 960 Reis. 90ſ) 4.1.8 37 | .77 2. Joseph I. Pataca, 600 Reis 910 271 24ſ, .51 3. Ludwig I. 500 Reis. 910 192 170 ...}} 4. Maria II. 200 Reis. 916 77 70 .1 | 5. John VI. 160 Reis. 916 00 5t; .11 (i. do 80 Reis. 916 30 28 .00 7. Pierre II. Pataca, 640 Reis. 0.17 29.3 207 .55 8. John VI. do do do 900 275 247 .51 PORTUGAL. %/V/// sº Illilulilihuluuwº * &P Hl \\\\\\\\\illinul #SN w" "tum, Est; “SS % N {} */ «sº cN § C g : C º *~ Silver. XXXVI. , #$!: 182O mimilmmm, * **** "ier,f º,Z/ º / <> sº P & > #ºi =j| || |} |g 2. 2. ) s *. & S. Silver. PORTUGAL. PERI ( )L) COIN FINE, "...","..." value OR SECTION. CoIN. SILVER 1. Maria ||. Crown, 1000 Reis. !) 17 45S 4|8 .St. 2. John VI. Crown, 960 Reis. 900 418 376 .78 3. Maria II. Crusade, 400 Reis. 012 224 203 .42 1. Don Miguel, 1827–33. Teston, 100 Reis. ()15 (j() 54 .11 5. Maria II. | Crown, 500 Reis, 0|7 2.2%) 21() .44 6. John VI, Crusade, 400 Reis. 90.3 225 205 .12 7. Don Miguel. | Teston, 40 Reis. 898 22 19 .04 8. do * Crusade, 200 Reis. 9| 6 113 102 ,21 9 do New Teston, 80 Reis. 898 47 42 .08 P Sil - * * J º }; ..','º' sº ''. &". . } Silver. AFRICA. portuguest. - WEIGHT GRAINS |*| oº's COIN. FINE. or | PURE | VALUE. I. - - Colin. Silver 1. Joseph I. 12 Macutas. 907 270 245 51 2. do 10 do {|03 223 200 | 1 ". Marie I. and Pierre III. 2 do 908 42 3S |N 4. do do 4 do 907 87 S1 .16 5. Joseph I. 4 do 907 87 81 .16 6. Marie I. and Pierre III. 8 do 909 174 157 .32 7. do do 6 do 910 134 121 .25 8. Marie I. 12 do 000 271 2-14 .51 9. do 1() do Q()3 2.2% 200 .41 10. Joseph I. 2 do 911 41 38 .08. :37%) PORTUGAL. Africa. Silver. XXXVI. , º: º º º WS'ſ 2:35 º 4' † & g 3. jº dº 2, Sºx (ſº º, &º $ tº º –4. - & ºff ; : º ºntº sº ºS’ s :Wºlff'ſ º £2. tº % .' |; & § • tº §% A 2. Q. KNº. $º º 380 Gold. RUSSIA. “A WEIGHT GRAINS No or" ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE VALUE. º COIN. GOLD. 1. Alexander I, lm perial, 10 l{oubles. 988 1S7 183; 7.91 2. ('atharine II. do 917 202 184 7 02 3. l, lizabeth Petrowna. Double Ducat, St. Andrew. 984 105 94% 4.07 4. Alexander I. 5 l'oubles. 97%) {)2 SO 3.44 5. I’aul I. Ducat. {)S6 54 52 2.23 6. Nicholas I. 3 Roubles, 20 Poltina. 918 61 56 2.40 7. Paul I. Imperial Ducat. QSO 54 51 2, [9 8. Nicholas I. # Imperial. 0.17 10] 92 3.05 !), do do 917 I()1 92 3.95 10. Alexander I. do 9S2 {}} S2 3.52 1 l. Paul I. - Imperial Ducat. ØS() 54 51 2.19 1 3. Catharine II. # Imperial. 917 101 {)2 3.95 13. do Ducat. 979 54 51 2.19 RUSSIA. tº § º Ü º Jº | º Platina. RUSSIA. N PERIOD ~ * * WEIGHT GRAINS O. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE. OR PURE | VALUE. COIN, ISILVER 1. Russia made money of platinum 13 Rombles. 1000 641 1000 9.00 2. from 1828 to 1837, but the metal 6 do 1 ()()() 32() 1000 4.50 3. was found unsuitable for coinage. 3 do 1000 160 1000 2.95 ..}8 | RUSSIA. Gold. XXXVII. , RORFQū01,AH'ſ, B #3 MG C § {} \, BT, C E H [HBP 382 Silver. - RUSSIA. * WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºn COIN. FINE. of | PURE ~ CoIN. SILVER 1. Peter the Great. Rouble. 729 431 296 2. (Several Types). Rouble. S6S 319 276 3. Nicholas I. 20 Copecks S77 65 57 4. do Rouble. 868 319 276 5. do 10 Copecks. S76 32 8 ) 2 6. do - 15 do 870 49 42 =d 3 S.; RUSSIA. | D ſºn, Å%. Silver. XXXVII. , 2. º & *"ºn, M.” * %. SYS à # 384 + t Silver. RUSSIA. -*. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or’sºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. • ge COIN. SILVER 1. Nicholas I. Rouble. 868 320 276 .57 2. Alexander I. do S68 . 320 276 .57 3. Nicholas I. do 87.6 324 283 .59 4. Alexander I. do 870 320 279 .5S 5. Nicholas I. 5 Kopeks. 86S 15 13 .02} 6. Alexander I. Rouble 87.2 31S 278 .58 7. Nicholas I. 5 Kopeks. S6S 15 13 .02} 8. do 10 do 868 32 27 .05 9. do 10 do 868 32 27 .05 RUSSIA, an Empire, said to comprise one-seventh of the territorial surface of the globe. In addition to Russia in Europe (exclusive of the Caucasus), embracing more than one-half of that continent, it comprehends one-third of Asia. European Russia consists of: 1. Russia Proper, 1,881,300 square miles; 75,604,788 population; 2. Poland, 49,158 square miles; 7,219,077 population; 3. Finland, 144,228 square miles; 2,028,021 population. Asiatic Russia : 1. Caucasia, 172,843 square miles; 2. Siberia, 4,826,480 square miles; 3. Central Asia (Turkestan, etc.), 1,251,384 square miles, with an aggregate of 15, 186,456 inhabitants, making the entire country ruled over by the Emperor, 8,325,393 square mlies, with 100,038,342 population. A great portion of this territory is unfit for cultivation, being either frozen barrens, rocks or sand. The country between the Baltic and Black Seas is eminently fertile, producing all the chief cereals; hemp, flax, potatoes and tobacco are also cultivated. The forests and wood lands of European Russia occupy 500,000,000 acres; oak, lime, maple and ash trees predominating. Mines in the Ural mountains yield gold, plati- num, copper, iron, rock-salt, marble, and kaolin, or china-clay. Silver, gold and lead are mined largely in the Altai mountains. An apparently inexhaustible bed of coal exists in the basin of the Donetz, near Kharkoff. There are many large manu- facturing establishments for weaving, tanning, fur-dressing, etc. Linen is exten- sively made by handlooms; woollen and worsted stuffs, fine cloths and mixed fabrics are also produced. The chief exports are grain, timber, hides and skins, raw and dressed, flax, hemp, tallow, wool, linseed and hemp seed. Exports (1882), $460, 150,000. Russia is very deeply in debt, but the precise amount is unknown; the interest bearing portion is about $2,028,355,000. In the Rudget for 1884, there is set down for interest on national debts, $139,642,014. Since 1843, paper money has reigned supreme in Russia, and the premium on gold and silver for many years has driven the precious metals abroad. The “Imperial Bank” is the sole depository of metalic money, and the stock therein in coin and bars was in April, 1883, 206,000, 000 roubles, mostly in gold. 385 RUSSIA. - Silver. XXXVII. , º ſ; *Tºº & tº-3 ºf . x__º: §: Sºiſſiliº % M. º ſº wº § QUITI, sºlº E. ‘. . . . 4. - a tº g ºn . § & * * * * * * : ſºlº º “...ſº : ºzº. º º: * { * Sº ºr wº º º CEPEBPA § 430A0TH 386 Silver. RUSSIA. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºs. COIN. FINE. c. PURE orn. Silver 1. Paul I. Rouble. 868 323 278 2. Peter III. do 750 324 243 3. Catharine II. do 750 389 291 4. Anne. do 799 403 322 5. Nicholas I. 25 Kopeks. 877 79 70 6. Catharine II. 20 do 750 83 62 7. Nicholas I. 25 do 750 79 60 . º º º- 387 RUSSIA, Silver. XXXVIII. 388 Gold. SPAIN. WEIGHT GRAINS . No. orºs COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. e CoIN. . GOLD. 1. Philip IV. D’blSov'rn, Flanders. 917 172 158 6.80 2. Charles III. Quadruple. 893 415 370 15,92 3. do do # Pistole, or Ecu d'Or. 891 53 47 2.03 4. Charles IV. Quadruple. 893 415 370 15.92 5. Ferdinand IV. do 908 415. 373 16.05 6. Philip V. # Pistole. 906 52 47 . . 2,03 7. do Quadruple. 909 415 373 16.05 8. Charles III. do 917 415 375 16.14 9. Philip V. # Pistole. 908 52 47 2.03 389 Gold. XXXVIII. , rºººººº;; aº' 4, & ^ º & wº % à § s . º ; à º t º, 2. b & tº 3. 'º, *, * * y º & aw º * º* A * ***&g : *** wº ***** Hºrntº ***** ****, ºw - * * A º as º ºsº #85 /. § gº fº/6& 㺠U jº \ Yº ſºlº tº [º É §§ Q\, \! |THIº: §§ ºr. § ºW º § is: § \! §3. Sº: & ºft| 3. \ - Sºğ r Hºº & #: Nº. lºssº N <1 § Nº. º * \, §Nº.4% Ass º §§ Sºº º * º ºś (S$ Rºs šº º § S. Sº gºš , S. Sº Q. & .* ºf $*S* ºft g ** ºf i r II ºn 1 ºf www.sºs, sº g H §º, 3. ^) Nº. • §§º º ºr (Nº. º §§ &O º, z 3 &; A-gº’ ” ź º º º & * º, R. - ... ." . - ~ w *...] * ..w § NºS - S. ”, 7 º wº º r Ş "fºr *** ** 7 &S **u in lºſſurvi' *ś, sº .*****, until tuº" **** - Wre w ºut ſet itſ wº ºxº ** sº Cºtti º: * º º º sº 4 Č. º º 2. w º sº SN **, * ©. &S Yº. : Se º, * # Yº º * sºr §º eå tº: º % #2: gº ºº:: * 5 § ºg ºf 5 º' S - iºsº ||= #iºiº 2. º t §§§ š º c; *{<"...rº "Sº Yo - *:S ***** *gO $§ *J. * Si •tºp & § -Eº 4. * & S* § nunnº º t §º :Sº gy • § *Y. £º x 2. *ś *:Sº º”--- - w; #A \º) ºf º § Rºº? Nº §§sº º g º - •x. - § '...}}. Alº, ‘‘ ºn tº 390 SPAIN, a kingdom, situate on the south-west of Europe, and occupying the larger portion of the great Iberian Peninsula. It was formerly divided into 14 provinces (now subdivided into 49), called the Ancient Provinces, and these are still best known and most referred to, viz: New Castile, La Mancha, Old Castile, Leon, Asturias, Galicia, Estremadura, Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia, Aragon, Catalonia, Basque Provinces, with the Canary and Balearic Isles, comprising an area of 195,775 square miles, with a population of (in 1883), 16,902,621. To these must be added Cuba and Porto Rico. Area, 70,466 square miles; 2,056,010 population; the Philip- pine Islands in Asia and Oceanica, 53,299 Square miles, 6,193,232 population; the African possessions in the Gulf of Guinea, Fernando Po, etc., 1,435 square miles, with 36,000 inhabitants, making a total of 320,975 square miles, and 24,914,000 population. Spain is rich in minerals, especially iron, copper and lead. The coun- try is fertile and tropical fruits flourish; also wheat, barley, oats, maize, rice, hemp and flax of the best quality. The vine is cultivated in every province, and superior wines are produced. Exports: silk, quicksilver, iron ore and other metals, wines, olive oil, dry and green fruit, Wool, grain, vegetables, cork, seeds and salt. Trade Was for many years confined to France and Great Britain, but the United States and Germany are now competing for a share. Home trade is rigidly protected by high customs duties. The national debt has been consolidated, and is now $1,290, 000,000 at 4 per cent. There is no floating debt. The only paper currency is that of the “Bank of Spain.” Exports in 1883 amounted to $127,661,846. There are no gold mines in Spain, and all the bullion of this metal is obtained from abroad, and from the remelting of old Spanish money. 391 Gold. XXXVIII.,,, W. SSS WN’ sº ** ºn ºf º C- PERIOD OR SECTION. WEIGHT GRAINS OF PURE COIN. GOLD. 1. Ferdinand VII. Half Doubloon. S75 20S 1S2 $7.82 2. Jos. Napoleon. Pistole. 872 103 90 3.87 3. Ferdinand VII. do 87.2 103 90 3.S4 4. do # do 872 51 44 1.SS) 5. Isabel II. Pistole. 87.4 104 91 3.91 6. do do S74 104 91 3.91 7. Ferdinand VII. Double Pistole. 873 193 16S 7.23 8. Jos. Napoleon. Pistole. 875 105 Q2 3.95 9. Ferdinand VII. do S72 103 9() 3.87 10. do + do S72 25 22 .94 11. Alfonso XII. 25 Pesetas. 900 122 109 4,69 12. Isabel II. 3 Pistole. Q()() 51 46 1.97 13. do 100 Reals. 900 113 1 IS 5.08 392 Gold. SPAIN. g WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºn. COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. - & COIN. GOLD. 1. For Mexico. Quadruple Pistole of 8 Escudos 872 419 364 ,76 2. do Carragone. do - do 875 420 367 .76 3. do do do do 875 415 362 .75 4. do Lima. do do 874 420 366 .76 5. do Carragone. do do 873 425 370 .77 6. do do - do do SS5 420 375 .7 7, do do Pistole. 885 104 92 .19 8. do Barcelona. 20 Pesatas. 875 104 92 .19 393 SPAIN. Silver. XXXVIII. 6 § tº Žº º § es § N$ºSN& §§§ . tº-T. C. § }*.x Published by Y 20 *...* S *s & ºzsºy Box 754, *re-runswu’ 394 GCld. SPAIN. * WEIGHT GRA1NS No. or ºn COIN. FINE..] OF | PURE | VALUE. o COIN. GOLD. 1. Charles II. Double Sovereign. 917 17.2 158 6. S0 2. Philip V. # Quadruple. 909 208 188 8.10 3. Charles III. do 911 208 189 8.14 4. do do 893 208 186 S.00 5. Charles IV. do 893 208 186 S.00 6. Charles II. Lion d’Or. 917 85 77 3 30 7. Philip V. Pistole. 909 104 94 4.04 S. Ferdinand VI. do 908 104 94 4.04 Q. Charles III. do 909 104 94 4.04 1 (). do do 909 104 94 4.04 11. do 906 103 94 4.04 Philip V. 395 SPAIN, Gold. XXXVIII. , ***** * * * * wV's *NS }% Ananswºrºwsrss. wn arranºsses ***** - * * *es .** **** §É* «» º ** * ºšš; Jº ºù ** S.S. 2sº 4.3% S asſº * ^, º i7 º, *& 2. % sº * * 2. º % * 3.24yº º º Sº gº º & *§ º © : Sº * I gº ºut." **, º, …" º: ~ S ww.ºr *ś -& sº º & ºx e. º,...º. ºº & Gº a. * º 43 \\ & tº sº.º.º. 2 sº %2.É.: * %. Mº # º 5 usunº ºne wº-Yº tº it *R*, * 33 sº. sº... . . jº º º **, & ºfºº °, %2. º C/ 3. S. * º Siº º * SS º jº sº º 3. 2 * . º S. º : ‘º * Ç. fºr Wººs Jºe 2. Z S. %2 * º * * 2. “ §y $2. º, *%+26oº & 54-y \O: = \{ gº r e-º EU/) K-4: Sº : * & & sº : 2. * & S. !" - 㺠Că ș’ 4 3.9 º' ºff & C 2 * as *ś, #2 *; ; ă şş º * * tº % .'s & & º: #3 *: & Y& Sº 2; S’ S.< tº £º •S Jº • S º Jr. usuw" º # * *"..., ^* . agy- º, & : • * * * * * *z, *...* 7 6 sº * *rrinslºtsunº º ºà. 4 * º 3. 9. º • º Q * § $ º 3. sº"; s § e S. º - - -> S wº º, $2. *..., ** 7 8 8, &P .." ##,...ii" **, * ſº *......?......" sº ô'i". s r u : 1 I R was * Jº * º w wº º Fºr * * & * sº º §s Sºº, 3 Sy © - 3. S. §§§ & * tº Yº: § - º, 5 *. : E * * * 2. * > * * & * s: 73. § *: Tº dº dº: g à i-J ©. º S. º º º, •º Q. * & & X S. •. °. SS-"sº j w :: y \|||}|\lºſ/ ; ºãº º alſº 3. ~ - * ".. - f WS * * *A*N* * §º” Published by A. M. SM15-11, **, * 2 *ś % i gºſ.-, ººº...） :: ,{ •■< * * « '，§\ <3<3） →:>> },\,\！* 3. 1% # a º #s & *** * 5 § : 6. 2 $ & # 3 3& 2. ro § § & 54. Krøvivº w *~. * º *t ~-º s varºvszkºvº, 6°ºº amuſ, º g ** wº," "th, ſº 2& 3 ba- l $ c. vault tº uſiq, "* © 2. Wºr ‘…. * * * p- §*. º's", sº .** ** **, Nº.” , $; $º 5.º.º.23 º W *** * - (?) § ºutuſ' "W W & cº § S. •sº §ºc. & "3 W. Jº (; āº. £º->. * & e * ºvvvy". "...a... } ë * •ºs sº -, * Yºr $ 5 J SS g jº º 3.5" SS “v. J s'. W.", sº tº K & * t , : 2. § ...Nº. “Ś & d %. º ”. p wº i’s x -º , ºut". º tio... " a & J. 2 ... : 3 kºan N Y; o'-º'-. -** 3. o *...* Sº :. S. º *: *s • * * s X} *\ſ" - : ** cºe < wº 3 * / • * UAJ º • O * § * * †: Yº- 5* S; § Nº. *.siº, \, tº S ºf ºumº * º & “S. § 3°ºrt & “a © A. © & - Ş"& 3 - % \; oo x; } $. % $ $ *** * * * 'sº 4. 2 * Sº "h, fit “ut W ". Hiſtºſ's "tillW *\\ , sº sº ^^vvvoſvuvivºt * & ), sº t} ºn, ºr, cºwa'º J.º EIIINDOSTAN. WEIGHT GRAINS No. oRºon. COIN. FINE cº, sº value OIN. SILVER 1. Aries, the Ram. 2. Tarus, the Bull, All 3. Gemini, the Twins. these The 4. Money Scorpio, the Scorpion. coins weight Each 5. of the Leo, the Lion. 3.I'e of worth 6. Grand Mogul Vergo, the Virgin. full each $7.23. 7. all Libra, the Scales. standard, is 8. Rupees. Cancer, the Crab. (1000) 168 9. struck Sagittarius, the Archer. fine. grains. 1(). about do do 11. 1774. Capricornus, the Sea Goat, 12. Each with a Aquarius, the Water Bearer. 13. Zodiacal do do 14. sign. Pisces, the Fishes. TTOROCCO. Gold. XXXII, , 428 Silver. MOROCCO. * WEIGHT GRAINS - No. or's ºn COIN. FINE.] OF | PURE | VALUE. e Corn. SILVER 1. Spanish silver is Miscal S55 439 376 .78 2. generally used in do 416 3. Morocco. do 910 436 396 .82 MOROCCO, in the north-west of Africa, largest of the Barbary States. The Fmpire is an absolute monarchy, consisting of the kingdom of Fez and Morocco, and the territories of Suse, Draha and Tafilet, which are again subdivided into 33 districts. Total area, 260,000 square miles; population 6,140,000. Agriculture is greatly neglected. The principal products are: wheat, barley and maize, oil, esparto- grass and hemp, figs, almonds, lemons, olives, pomegranates, Oranges and dates. The mineral treasures are said to be rich; gold, silver, antimony, iron, coal, copper, lead and tin are all found, the last three in considerable quantities. Wool is plenti- ful and all these are exported, with hides, carpets, slippers, gums, ostrich feathers, etc., mostly to Great Britain, which in 1883 received exports amounting to $1,375, - 270. The government refuse any account of finances. There is no National Bank or paper currency. Spanish and French coins circulate with a very few Moorish, the latter of silver only. Silver. TUNIS. t WEIGHT GRAINS No. oºn. COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. COIN. GoLD. 1. This money is stamped Pistare. 411 240 169 .35 2. only with the name of the D’bl Pistare. 288 360 137 .28 3. Sultan and his titles. # Pistare. 278 22 6 .01% 4. Value, fluctuating. Pistare. 276 179 49 .10 5. Coins rarely seen except # do 247 87 22 .04% 6. in collections. - 3 do 276 43 12 .02% - 1-16 do 290 12 4. .01 7 429 IMOROCCO. Silver. XXXII. , 430 Gold. PERSIA. PERIOD No. - *** COIN. FINE, OF PURE VALUE. OR SECTION. COIN. GOLD. 1. Piece of Ali Shah. 965 52 49 2.11 2. Roupee. 997 170 168 7.23 3. # do 964 52 48} 2.09 4. # do 810 46 37 1.58 5. See remarks upon Silver Plate. Piece of Ali Shah. 965 52 49 2.11 6. * Roupee. 982 23 21 .90 7. 1-16 do 965 11 10 .43 8. # do 990 89 87 3.73 9. # do 958 52 48 2.07 10. # do 980 53 49 2.11 PERSIA, called by the natives, Iran, is the most powerful, opulent, and ex- tensive native kingdom of Western Asia. Area, 636,368 square miles; population 7,653,600. Its immense valleys abound with rarest and most valuable vegetation; wheat, barley and other cereals, cotton, sugar, rice and opium; the vine flourishes and wines of Shiraz are celebrated. Silk is an important production, and the mul- berry tree is largely cultivated. Salt, iron, coal, copper, lead, antimony, Sulphur, turquoises and other precious stones are found. The Persians excel in their dyes, brocades and embroidery; arms, carpets, shawls, felts, cotton and woollen fabrics are all manufactured and exported to the amount (in 1882), of $2,500,000. There is no National debt, the revenue always exceeds expenditure, and the royal treasury is reputed to contain millions in gold and other treasure. There is no paper currency, and all the coinage is now made at the royal mint, after the modern system with uniform dies. Formerly every city had the right to issue money, and scores of coins of the same denominations, but bearing the names of different cities, were in general circulation. The governors of provinces and cities pay large sums for their offices and are required to furnish a specified revenue to the king, they taxing the people at their pleasure and making enormous profits. 431 432 Silver. 1. A sun shining over 2. the back of an 3. armed Lion consti- 4. tutes the Persian 5. Arms. 6. 7. Fatha Ali Schah, 1796-1834. 8. 9. 10. , 11. Fatha Ali Schah, 1796-1834. 12. On most of these 13. Coins both sides 14. are stamped with 15. extracts from the 16. Koran. Collectors will pay small premiums for all Persian Coins. PERSIA. Sahib-Koran. do do do do Rupee. # Rupee. Sahib-Roran. 3. do Rupee. do do do do Penebad. Rupee. 974 950 960 961 067 945 900 961 955 960 900 960 960 962 962 945 142 86 82 82 87 159 18 81 41 88 105 84 84 89 38 141 85 133 .28 .17 .16 .16 .17 .27 .03 .16 .08 .17 .19 .16 .17 .07 .27 PE SIA. GOld. TURKEY. PERIOD WEIGHT GRAINS No. ** 2° tº * - { 3. * OR SECTION. COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. COIN. GOLD. 1. l)ouble Sequin. ().31 69 64 - . ) 2. Sequin. SS() 55 48 2.00 3. The almost º repeated do S05 40 32 1.37 4, monagram to be found on Turkish * ) - $º coins is the Toghra, a combination # do 800 12 11 .48 5, of the letters of the name of Sultan do 875 28 24 . 1.();5 e * clim I 1. Sor, in i - T : * ſº * (j. The design resembling a flower Sequin, Fondoukli. 800 5.3 4.3 1.S.4 7. and leaves on a slem is the Stam- } Sequin. 747 24 2() .Sö 8 Loul, Constantinople Mint-mark. § l ~ :- Pey nº l so g No likeness or image can be put (! O 7:51 / {) .23 (). on Turkish coins, the religion of + do 74 1 | 1 5. Mahomimed for bids it. Arabic # ſº s * 4) ( & - I .53 10. inscriptions are placed upon pieces 3 do Fondoukli. S0.5 26 2 | .90 1 1. of different value and reigns. . Sequin Mahboob. (3S3 4() 2. 1, 17 1 he entire system of money in y * * * 12. this country is the most unreliable 4 do 802 1 ſ () 11.3% 4,80 sº through fluctuation, known in y e j ºf () Tº p- pº 13. . coinage "" D’bl Sequin, Mahboob. 956 74 70 3.01 14. do - S()2 68 55 2.36 15. Sequin, Mahboob. 950 30 34 1.46 16. 50 Piastres. 915 60 53 2.37 TURREY (the Ottoman Empire). Turkey in Europe, once very extensive, is now reduced to about 130,571 square miles; population 8,971,000 (this including Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia and Bosnia, without which the area is 80,000 square miles, and population 5,275,000). The soil is fertile, though but little cultivated; the agricultural products are maize, rice, cotton, rye, barley, millet; of trees, there are the pine, beech, oak, lime and ash, with the apple, pear, cherry and apricot in the basin of the Danube, the palm, myrtle, maple, sycamore, Walnut, chestnut, carob, box, laurel, etc., south of the Balkans; large forests of pine and fir in the north- west; the olive, orange, citron, vine, peach, plum and fruit trees in Albania, and abundance of roses in the valley of Maritza. Minerals: iron, lead blended with sil- ver, copper, salt, alum and coal. Manufactures: woollen and cotton stuffs, shawls, leather, fire-arms, dyeing and printing works. Turkey in Asia, largest of the two divisions, comprises Asia Minor, Syria, including Palestine, the greater part of Armenia and Kurdistan, Mesopotamia (the valley of the Euphrates and Tigris), and the western portion of Arabia, bordering the Red Sea, with the district of El Hasa on the eastern side of the Persian Gulf. Total area, 729,981 square miles; estimated population 17,536,465. The latest official reports of commerce and finances in Turkey, are as follows: (1884), Public debt, $538,186,170; the government by an arrangement with its bondholders, “scaled” its public debt in 1881 from $1,264,009,425 to the amount first given : revenue, $68,- 430,000; expenditures, $70,495,000; imports, $107,272,845; exports, $98,272,475. In 1883 there was coined in the Turkish mint, of gold, 30,560,000 piasters ($1,344,640); of silver, 1,000,000 piasters ($44,000); at the close of the year there was no gold in the treasury. Of government paper currency there was outstanding on December 31, 1883, 160,247,186 piasters ($7,050,876.18); the government paper is no longer in circulation. At the same date, the Imperial Ottoman Bank (the notes being re- deemable at par in gold), had outstanding in 500 piaster notes, 31,025,000 piasters, equivalent to $1,365,100. Turkish finances are and have long been much confused. TURE EY. & S S § º G {\º ſ SNW ºr. & l & 436 Silver. TURREY. WEIGHT GRAINS . No. oºn COIN. FINE. of | PURE | VALUE. - º COIN. SILVER ! 1. 3 Piasters. 475 490 233 .48 2. * Zarimlik, 20 Paras. 375 97 30 .07 3. See remarks on first Ikilik, 2 Piastres. 469 473 221 .46 4. page relating to 20 Paras. 397 120 47 .ſ 9 5. Turkey. Double Piastre, 730 395 285. .59 6. Piastre. 460 142 65 .13 7. Ikilik, 80 Paras. 463 410 190 .39. 4:37 TUREEY. Silver. XXXV. , tº sº º -- ~ Af sº N 72% §s=ſº 2% ºssºs 4.38 Silver. TURREY. IN Tºy WEIGHT GRAINS No. or ºn COIN. FINE, OF ' | PURE | VALUE. * COIN. SILVER 1. Piaster. 475 196 93 .19 2. 40 Paras. 490 203 99 .20 3. See remarks on Piaster 485 189 92 .19 4. other page. 1-16 Piaster. 180 14 2} .00% 5. & Piaster. 225 232 50 .10 6. do 464 203 94 .19 7. do 463 204 94 .19 XXXV. Silver. TURREY. 440 Silver. TURREY. X WEIGHT GRAINS No. orºn. COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. COIN. SILVER 1. Piaster. Base. 175 These coins are so base 2. do 436 190 that it is impossible to 3. A Piaster. 465 102 estimate the purity cr 4. # do 225 115 actual value. 5. See remarks on other pages do 465 71 They are made from 6. relating to Turkey. do 170 119 several compositions of 7. do 217 49 poor metals, and are 8. 1-16 do 472 12 sometimes plated with 9. § do 263 26 silver. They have actu- 10. } do 397 82 ally no value except to 11. # do 467 34 collectors. 12. # do 439 47 4 41 TURKEY. Silver. XXXV. , | 2 º Wºº- º - - º º º - º --- -- - is - ºvº-ºº-ºº: == º º * - ºf seº-TI Fºº º | SWEDEN. º WEIGHT GRAINS No. olºs COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - CoIN. Gold. | Charles XIV, 4 Ducats. 97.6 215 209 $8.99 2. Oscar. Ducat. 975 53 52 2.23 º. Charles XII. Double Ducat. 97%) 107 105 4.51 4. Charles XIV. Double Ducat. 975 107 104 4.47 5. Adolph-Frederic. Ducat. 979 53 52 2.23 tº. Adolph-Frederic. Ducat. 880 53 48 2.06 7. Frederic. Ducat. 979 53 52 2.23 8. Oscar. Ducat. 975 53 52 2.23 0. Charles XIII. Ducat. 975 53 52 2.23 10. Gustave IV. Ducat. 977 53 52 2.23 11. Gustave III. Ducat. 977 53 52 2.23 12. Frederic. Ducat. 979 53 52 2.23 13. Charles XII. Ducat. 975 55 52 2.2, SWEDEN AND NORWAY. These two kingdoms, now united under one sovereign, embrace between them the entire north-western peninsula of Europe, usually called Scandinavia, bounded by the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia on the west, and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Sweden comprises the eastern half of the peninsula, and, except the capital is divided into 24 governments, “Lan,” with an area of 170,980 square miles, and a population (Dec. 1881), of 4,572,245, of whom 3 millions were devoted to agricul- ture, 260,000 being owners of the land they cultivated. Most of the cereals are raised, and potatoes; oats are largely exported. Mineral products are very rich; iron which makes the finest steel; some gold and silver, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, cobalt, alum, sulphur, porphyry and marble; also coal. The chief exports are tim- ber, oats, cattle, butter, iron, copper, steel, paper, matches, zinc, ores, pitch, tar, etc., amounting in 1882 to $62,140,040. Revenue and expenditures about even. C]O | 13 02, ºn I XXV. Gold. NORWAY and SWEDEN. 444 Norway, conjoint with Sweden since 1814, occupies the western and northern part of the peninsula. It is divided into 20 provinces, or “amts,” comprising an area of 122,869 square miles; population 1,818,853; one-thirtieth of the country is cultivated, forests cover one-fourth, the rest is naked, uninhabitable, mountain- land. The cod and herring fisheries employ most of the inliabitants. Mineral pro- ducts are similar to, but less than those of Sweden. Ship building and timber dressing are the chief industrial arts. Exports: timber, cod fish and its oil, herrings, salmon, lobsters, minerals, furs and ice, amounting in 1883 to $34,154,415; public debt same year, $28,791,240, incurred mostly in constructing railways. The admin- istration of Norway is entirely distinct from that of Sweden, and it retains its own laws. Silver. NORw AY. ºn I.) iſ fix T WEIGHT GRAINS No. orºn. COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. e COIN. SILVER 1. Carl XIV Johann. Species-Daler. 876 446 309 83. 2. do do 87.6 446 399 .83 3. do Species do 120 Skilling.876 446 399 .83 4. d) A Species do 60 Skilling. 877 223 196 .41 5. do & Species do 876 224 196 .4 | 6. do # Species do 876 224 196 .41 7. Oscar. 24 Skilling 877 88 77 .16 8. Carl XIV Johann. do 1-5 Species Daler. 876 S!) 77 .16 9. Oscar. 12 do 1-10 do 877 47 41 .08 10. Carl XIV Johann 24 do 1-5 do 688 114 77 .16 *avºſ, 2& Jºãº &SW GES S & , 94. *%. SKII. I. IN G. & º SPEC I F. S. º # ; $$. 18? 13 I.G.P. & ſº [i. 44 (; Silver. SWEDEN. 1. WLIGHT GRAINS No. oºs COIN. FINE. of PURE | VALUE. - CoIN. SILVER |. Oscar. (Norway.) Riksdaler. 751 52S 397 .82 ". Charles XII. do 875 450 303 .82 ". Gustave IV. Specie Riksdaler. 875 453 396 .82 I. Adolph Frederick. Double Carolin. 694 320 223 ,46 7. Oscar. (Norway.) 1-16 Specie Riksdaler. 750 32 2 | .05 G. Gustave III. 3. do (lo 87.5 300 262 .5 ! 7. Carl XIV. 1 do do 750 522 3 | .81 :º ſº §§ º °. º sº § º * º jº 448 Gold. SWITZERLAND. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE VALUE. e COIN. GOLD. 1. IIelvet.a. Confederation. Double Pistole. {}\ 1 235 211 . 9,09 2. II elvetia Confederation. Pistole. 001 123 1.10% 4.76 3. Basel Canton. Ducat. 94.3 53 51% 2.21 4. IBasel Canton. Pistole. 900 118 106 4.56 5. I3asel Canton. Pistole. S91 118 104 4.47 (5. I}asel Canton. Florin. ($95, 49 35 1 50 7. Bern Canton. Ducat. 919 53 48} 2,07 8. Bern Canton. Ducat. 910 53 48% 2 07 9. Basel Canton. Double Florin. 700 98 69 2.97 10. Bern Canton. Ducat. 919 53 48} 2.07 11. Ber Canton. Ducat. 916 47 4: ; 1.87 12. IBern Canton. Pºstole. 897 117 105 4.51 13. Bern Canton. Double Ducat. 919 107 97 4.16 14. Bern Canton. Ducat. 919 53 48} 2.07 15. Iłern Canton. - Double Ducat. 919 107 97 4.16 16. Bern ('anton. Quarter Ducat. 919 13 12 .51 17. Bern Canton. Double Ducat. 919 107 97 4' 16 SWITZERLAND, a Federal Republic of Central Europe (the Helvetia of the Romans). It is composed of 22 Cantons, of very unequal size, united under a constitution dated May 29, 1874, and comprises a total area of 15,991 square miles, with 2,846,012 population in 1880. Forests cover one-sixth of the whole surface; in the Valleys, wheat, oats, maize, barley, flax, hemp and tobacco are produced. The manufactures consist chiefly of silks, cottons, linen, lace, thread, woollens, etc., clocks and watches have long been the staple produce of Geneva and Neufchatel, while leather, gloves, porcelain, pottery, tobacco, Snuff, cheese, sugar, etc., are made, and all these are exported. The debt in 1883, was $6,120,780. The commerce of this country is not officially reported in money values. The Swiss Confederation has no paper money in circulation. The amount of such money in circulation at the close of 1883, as issued by the banks authorized by law to do so, was 117,551,000 francs, $22.687,343. - - 4.4%) XXXIX. , S VITZERL GOld. E WA t # W. qſ). .. § { Hººjº, ºf º-ºº º jºº sº. - -- --- --- º - - º |-- tº Ea - lº IT | º | ||||| Gold. SWITZERLAND. EIGHT GRAINS No. oº COIN. FINE, "...","..." value. SECTION. Coin. Gold. 1. Canton Geneva. Triple Pistole. 914 264 247 10.6% 2. “ Lucerne. Double Pistole. 896 235 210 ().03 3. -- -- Double Ducat. S75 107 93 4.00 4. -- -- Double Pistole. 896 235 210 9.03 5. -- -- Pistole. 901 117 105 4.51 6. -- -- Ducat. 979 53 51 2.20 7. -- -- Pistole. 896 117 103 . 4.47 S. -- -- Double Ducat. 900 106 95 4.08 9. -- Soleure. Pistole and M. Pistole. 900 { ". ". º 10. -- -- 4 Pistole. S50 29 25 1.07 11 -- -- Pistole. 900 106 95 4.08 2 -- -- Double Pistole 900 212 - 190 8.17 13. -- Neufchatel, Pistole, Fred'k d'Or, 900 120 108 4.65 14. -- Soleure. Double Pistole. 900 235 211 9,07 15. . Schweitz. Ducat. 938 53 4) 2.11 15. … Zurich. do 983 53 51 2.19 17. -- Uri. do 967 52 49 2.11 18. -- Unterwalden. do 900 53 47 2.03 10. -- -- do 900 53 47 2.03 20. -- -- do 900 53 47 2.03 21. -- Zurich. + Ducat. 990 13 12? 54 22. -- do do 990 26 25; 1.11 4.51 SWITZERLAND. Gold. XXXIX. , Tºrrin 2: Sº Ariſs sº lººſ ºrº 3 : tº 5 º &/ºrs. sº D A Ş Nº ; §º. & º º * * [. ... ', .: º º - C vºl. c º M. Mr. - º º g .." [] . . tº sº. G [. - º º º ſº ** - Wº º • Y. w - * * ..ºf º ºf - & "... ººr, Sº e. . d *** - - * º º *s-vº . º Kº ; º, . a t º, Ivº º §º N. § Nº. ' .* §Y:"A : 'Aw," tº , fºx 32: t ſº ...sº fººtº - sº-'. . * &ſº º a * sº gº sº º Sºiſſº º º º º º Sº l | º /W *:::::"),S vºV 1787 §§ & 452 Gold. SWITZERLAND. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºn COIN. FINE, OF | PURE | VALUE. - | Coin. Goln. 1. Berne Canton. 3 Ducats. 975 157 15;} 6. S 2. Berne Canton. 3 Ducats. 975 157 153 6.58 3. Berne Canton. 2 Ducats. 975 100 103 4.43 4. Berne Canton. 6 Ducats. 975 304 2.96% 12.75 5. 13erne Canton. 4 Ducats. 975 212 206 8.86 6. Berne Canton. 8 Ducats. 975 424 412 17.72 7. Berne Canton. 10 Ducats. 975 516 512 22.02 8. Berne Canton. 8 Ducats. 975 424 412 17.72 9. Berne Canton. 5 Ducats. 975 258 256 11.00 10. Berne Canton. 1 Ducat. 975 53 51 2.21 11. Geneva Canton 20 & 10 Francs. 900 {!) S$) 3.83 45} 44). 1.91 12. Saint Gall Canton. Ducat. 950 52 50 2.15 13. Geneva Canton. Pistole. 900 87 TS 3.31 14. Geneva Canton. Pistole, (vielle,) 900 103 93 4.00 453 SWITZERLAND. §ºgxppictus', § spritºVA ſº Gold. XXXIX. , jº, ſº VIII §DucAT ºr ||||| | ". -- H|H = | W ||| w == | - Wººl- |m Iº Iº TTTI *i-º-º-º-º-º: |||| ºilii H|| ||Nº| | Hºf; |||| i Tiſº. Silver. SWITZERLAND. No. PERIOL) COIN riseſ”."º" value - OR SECTION. - -a- CoIN. SILVER - --- 1 Confederation Helvetia. 5 Francs. ()()) 385 3-16 72 2. do do 1 do 000 77 (5) .14 3. (lo (lo 2 do 900 154 13 × ...'s 4. do lo do 000 38 3 | ()7 ſ do lo 2 ºld 400 154 178 28 tº. lo (lo 1 do 900 77 (30 .1 | W. Canton Basilea. Teu. S(55 435 37 tº .78 8. ºld Graulounden. do {|00 |}}} 3.11 .S1 !). Neuſchatel, ºl lºatzen. ſº 2"|} 207 .43 45.5 sº º § 2 g & º g - ** sº séſ”º ſº #!? Ns | \ & 3 \ºiºsº Aº & &: Cº º *sO S §§ O t * *S N ă S *ºr, * * *** 4. y § *inuºus” 7 * §2. & $ººlin 2. Y. º wºrn º NººS sº º, NS1 Sº $2. %.2 \ºš.sº ** Ç 2. %2. & … *::::) @ % % - L79, “unminiº KWWººttiſ w SS S.S # Armſ C t º: [Nº. tº W º º §,&#º §§§ § - §: "Nº § ††§ tº ſº ^Sºlº Vº ºf § ºf ºrº ..º º: sº º #º sº tº ºstrº §§§ sº . § § f ÜN. 456 Silver. SWITZERLAND. PERIOD) WEIGHT GRAINS --- No. OR SECTION. COIN. FINE, OF PURE | VALUE. CoIN. SILVER 1. Canton Geneva. Gros Ecu. 870 518 450 .93 2. do do Six Soles. 236 43 10 .02 3. do do Ten Francs. 900 772 694 1.44 4. do do Patagon or Ecu. 844 422 356 .73 5. do do Five Francs. 900 386 348 .72 6. do do ! Gros Ecu. 87() 259 225 .47 7. do Claris. 40 Batzen. 896 454 405 .84 8. do St. Gall, 5 do 691 66 46 .09 4.57 tº S^^Nºvº, ºfºº º º gº ſº B º r Á & $ W #/ %. 63 *A 1 Á * & $ º % ‘A-I & ‘āś º : #2 - : 458 º */ - º, º º º - Silver. º º º - SWITZERLAND. º º PERIOI) WEIGHT" (;,&AI-S No. ------- COIN. FINE. O.F. PURE | VALUE. OR SECTION. CoIN. S.I.V.ER 1. Canton Berne. Ecu. 907 45.5 -|| 2 .80 2. do do Old Thaler, (Vinzenz) 840 420) 3.53 .73 3. do do Old Thaler, 840 420 353 .73 4. do Freyburg. 4 Francs. - 800 462 400 .85 5. do Berne Ecu. 907 45.5 - 12 .St. 6. do Freyburg. 10 Batzen. S25 | 2 | |U}} .21 7. do St. Gall. ! Gulden, S25 1SG 1.53 .32 453 SWITZERLAND. Silver. xxxix. III] º tºº. $º º #.º Ç*\Wº: {} Sº,' ... (? º : (ſ” º 2áſº §§ * sº iº §4 º º a . . & º § \ º ºiº. ºº ºłºńſºlºſiº, § tº as - ºr º § ſºft | wº * . ; : . § º | 460 Silver. SWITZERLAND. WEIGHT GRAINS No. or "ºs COIN. | FINE. of PURE | VALUE. - - Coin. Silver 1. Helvetique Confederation. 40 Batzen. 90.3 462 418 .87 2. do 20 do 903 227 205 .42 !. do 10 do 830 123 102 .21 4. do 4 Francs. 90.3 461 418 .87 5. Canton Appenzel. 2 do 000 231 207 .43 6. Canton Argovie. 20 Batzen. 899 227 202 .42 7. Canton Basilea. Ecu. 850 398 339 .70 8. Canton Appenzel. 4 Francs. 900 402 415 .86 9. do do 900 462 415 .86 º tº sº - \s. * Nº. 7. * º º ºa, lº 461 switzERLAND. Silver. XXXIX. , º grºss. 2 462 CAMBODIA, Silver. XXVII*. #Eºſ3s. Zº º NGºº S& © W. QX CO ſ º CAMBODIA, SILVER Corns.—No 1 : 3 Ticals, worth about $1.80. No. 2; Coin equal to 5 Francs, 900 fine, 385 grains weight—72 cents. No. 3.; Equal to 4 Francs, 900 fine, 154 grains weight—28 cents. . CAMBODIA, or CAMBOJA, or CAMBODGE, is bounded N. by Siam, E. by Cochin Chia, S. by the French Colony, and has a sea board of 200 miles on the Gulf of Siam. The French assumed a protectorate over it in 1864. It is the remains of a once powerful and wealthy nation. The Capital is Pemmpeuh, and Kampot is its the only port. Chief products and exports ; gamboge, carda- mous, caoutchouc, spices and fish. Elephants and rhinoceroses abound, and the magnificent remains of ancient glory are of greatest interest. No financial Statistics are to be obtained. 4 (33 Old Time yields up his precious hoards, By tarnished coin, th’ long-hidden past, restored, Calm Sciences gives her just awards; Proves History's truth, -completes her grand record. 464 ANCIENT GREEK COINS. The rather numerous plates devoted to Greek coins of past ages are by no means the least Valuable or interesting in this Work, comprising as they do, records and studies in mythology through the presentation of the gods and heroes as imagined by their Worshipers; in history presenting What must be accepted as authentic portraits of sovereigns and princes from Alexander to Augustus. covering a period of from B. C. 700, to the Christian Era, and giving reliable evidences of political changes and histories of the many automonomous cities and states of the then civilized World; the metrologist Will find much to command attention in comparison of the Various Systems and Standards; the paleographist will have examples of the ancient alphabets, Lycian and Cyprian, Phoenician, (+reek, Latin, Iberian, &c., in different stages of development, and the artist or medallist see before him models of perfection, that for elegance of design and excellence of finish defy the genius and skill of the present day to equal or even approach. The plates present specimen coins of Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor, Phoenicia, Northern and Central Greece, the Peloponnesus and islands of the AEgean, Italy, Sicily, Western Europe, the Southern shores of the Mediterranean, &c., &c., exhibiting the Period of Archaic Art, ending with the Persian wars, B. C. 700- 480; Period of Transitional and Early Fine Art, to the end of the Athenian supremacy, B. C. 480–400; Period of Finest Art, Age of the Spartan and Theban supremacies, B. C. 400-336; Period of Later Fine Art, Age of Alexander and the Diadochi, B. C. 336-280; Period of the Decline of Art, Age of the Epigoni, &c., B. C. 280-190; Period of continued Decline of Art, Age of the Attalids, I3. C. 190-100; and Period of the late Decline of Art, Age of Mithradates the (; reat and of Roman dominion, B. C. 100-1. The skill of the most eminent artists and engravers has been called into requisition in the preparation of these beautiful plates from authentic, original coins, and the results of their efforts, superior though it is, hardly does justice to the elegalnt models from Which they copied. 1. A Phocaic stater, electrum metal, of Lesbos. Obverse, a lion's head; Reverse, an incuse square. Probably belonging to the period immediately pre- ceding the reform of the coinage by Croesus, B. C. 560. 2. A “LAMPSACENE stater,” such as is mentioned in Attic inscriptions, together with the staters of Cyzicus. This is of electrum; about the end of the ſifth century a gold coinage was introduced. The Sea horse is a symbol of Poseidon. About B. C. 478. * * 3. Early gold coin, an Euboic stater of Sardis, capital of Lydia. Obverse, foreparts of lion and bull, face to face; Reverse, incuse Square. B. C. 568. 4. A double stater of Cyzicus, Lion with fish below, on observe; Reverse, punch-lmark, about 13. C. 470. 5. A gold T)aric, or Persian stater, of Darius IIystaspes, who died B. C. 404. Obverse, the King kneeling With bow and javelin; Reverse, the punch mark. 6. ColopiiON, a coin of a dog standing upon a fish. Pliny states that the people of this city trained their dogs to assist in War, and to do duty as sentinels; I)ate about B. C. 500. 7. T)oup L.E STATER of Phocea, an Ionian city in Asia Minor. A seal on the Obverse, and mark of punch on the Reverse. Date about B. C. 500. 8. DIDRACIIM of Ægina, an island in the Saronic gulf. Obverse, a land tortoise; Reverse, the punch-mark divided into compartments. Date B C. 750. 9. TEOs, a gold coin of head of the fabulous griffin on Obverse, and punch mark of Very early date on Reverse. Date B. C. 520. - - 10. An incuse coin of the city of Sybaris, destroyed B. C. 510. A bull is shown, looking backwards. The initial letters, read from right to left, the first letter turned partly over, indicating great antiquity. - 131 465 ANCIENT GREEK COINs. §§ \_º & 3% *S -- º °o sº. ºdºº :…-------- 466 ANCIENT GREEK COINS. 11. Of the Spartan colony of Cyrene in Africa. Obverse, the sacred Silphium plant ; IReverse, in punch mark, head of Jupiter Ammon. Date B. C. 450–430. 12. Of Athens, probably in the time of Pericles. Obverse, head of Athena (Minerva); Reverse, punch mark With Owl and the initials of the city. 13 Early coin of Syracuse in Sicily. Obverse, head of Jupiter, with thun- (lerbolt behind the slıoulder. 14. Very early coin of Selinus, a town on the south coast of Sicily. Obverse, leaf of wild parsley, the sacred symbol of the city. 15. TETRADRAcIIM, of Panormus. Obverse, IIead of Demeter, the products of the field in her hair; Reverse, a horse galloping past a palm tree. Date, 13. C. 480. 16. Bronze coin of Panormus. Obverse, Head of Janus, laureated; Reverse; Po, enclosed in a wreath of olive leaves. D. C. 480. 17. Bronze coin of Panormus. Obverse, a helmeted male head, laureated; name of the city around it; Reverse, a laureated male head. B. C. 480. - 18. Bronze coin of Panormus. Obverse, a fine head of Pallas; Reverse, a horse head and the trinacrin, typifying the three-cornered island of Sicily. B. C. 4S0. 19. Bronze coin of Mamertini. Obverse, Head of Hercules in a lion's skin; Reverse, an eagle standing on a support and having a Serpent trodden under his left claw. IDate, about B. C. 400. 20. TETRADRACHM, of Panormus, a city in Sicily. Obverse, Head of Her- cules with lion's skin; Reverse, a horse head between a head of wheat and a palm branch. Date, B. C. 480. 21. Bronze coin of Panormus. Obverse, a male head; Reverse, three spears of Wheat, indicating the fertility of the country. B. C. 480. 22. TETRADRACHM, of Zancle, now Messina, of Sicily. Obverse, a dolphin curved; lºeverse, fancifully subdivided by two series of parallel limes, at right angles to each other. In the central space is a shell. Date, about B. C. 400. 23. TETRADRACIIM, of Messama. Obverse, a hare, courant; Rºverse; a car drawn by mules, with victory, holding crown, flying above. These peculiar types were first adopted on coins by Anaxilaus, who won a victory at Olympia with the mule car, and who introduced hares into Sicily. About B. C. 400. 24. A bronze coin of Mamertini. Obverse, a male head, laureated; Reverse, a bull, with lowered head, advancing towards the observer's left. I)ate, about B. C. 400. - 25. TETRADRACIIM, of Messenia, a south-westerly district of Peloponnesus. Obverse, a lion’s Scalp; Reverse, head of a calf, looking toward the observer's left. D. C. 450. 26. TETRADRACHM, of Catana, a city of Sicily. Obverse, a male head, laureated, full-face fronting; Reverse, a quadriga passing a column, a victory flying above, a Serpent beneath. B. C. 400. 27, TETRADRACTIM, of Catana. Obverse, fine head of Apollo, laureated, etc.; l{everse, a quadriga, With a victory above and a crab beneath. B. C. 400. - 28. An electrum coin of the city of Syracuse, the most important in Sicily. Obverse, an elegant head of Artemis; Reverse, a fine head of Apollo. B. C. 500. - - 29. TETRADRACHM, of Syracuse. Obverse, head of Arethusae, surrounded by dolphins; Reverse, a quadriga, with Victory above, holding a legend; below are tWO dolphins. B. C. 500. 30. Bronze coin of Syracuse. Obverse, a fine head of Apollo; Reverse, a big º towards the observer's right; the Greek letter Psi in the exergue. B. C 500. 467 ANCIENT GREEK COINS. -----.-^' •..ſ...“.5:55; ſº |- （）*«arº/zzziii!！！ 3'…...„…” * • • • • • •* |N | · ? «» →ae …&* %|×2，2 ::： ，. . , **, ，，r}?, ?? ._.22°¿??????? |----> * · · · ·32 ！¿№&«» -}··§§-&…，%.::eº.· · · · -， ~→！ Țſ `~º: …ae ŌNÑff {Ķsº * j; % f f lºſiſ, ? | 46S ANCIENT GREEK COINS. 31. TFTRADRACIIM, of Syracuse. Obverse, head of Pallas, helmeted, and behind a bunch or grapes over a wine cup; Teverse, a pegasus galloping. 32. TETRAD RACIIM, of Syracuse. Obverse, head of Pallas, helmeted, bull’s head between the head and Uorder; leverse, a pegasus in motion. B. C. 500. 33. TETRADRACHM, of Syracuse. Obverse, a ſine male head; IReverse, the fore-part of a pegasus galloping towards the observer's left. 13. C. 500. 34. TETRAD RACIIM, of Syracuse. Obverse, a helmeted head; Reverse, a winged female standing, the right hand eievated, the left holding an animal by the head. B. C. 500. 35. TETRADRAC IIM, of Agrigentum, one of the most powerful and celebra- ted of the Greek cities in Sicily. Obverse, an eagle; Reverse, a crab, and hel- meted head beneath it. B. C. 500. - 36. Bronze coin of Agrigentum. Obverse, an eagle devouring a hare; Re- verse, a crab with animalcule above and Sea-plant beneath. Three globules around the border and one on the crab. B. C. 500. - 37. Bronze coin of Syracuse. Obverse, a laureated and bearded head of Zeus; Reverse, IIiero I, driving a quadriga, and holding a branch in his left hand. B. C. 470. 38. Bronze coin of Syracuse. Obverse, Head of Gelon, the hair confined with a fillet; Reverse, a lion walking towards the observer's right; club of Hercules; lamp beneath. D. C. 480. 39. Bronze coin of Agrigentum. Obverse, a bearded and laureated head; Reverse, an eagle standing With extended Wings, a cornucopia in front and star over the left Wing. B. C. 500. 40. Bronze coin of Agrigentum. Obverse, a bearded head; Reverse, a ser- pent colled round a staff, dividing the legend. B. C. 500. 41. DIDRACIIM, of Cephaloedium, a town in Sicily. Obverse, Head of Ceres; l{everse, a shepherd with thyrsus in his left hand, standing with left foot resting on a hound and his right leg touching a Second dog. About, B. C. 400. 42. Bronze coin of Syracuse. Obverse, bearded and laureated head of Posi- don; Reverse, all ornamented trident, With dolphin on either side. B. C. 480. 43. Pronze coin of Emporiae, a city of IIispania. Obverse, a head with I). I). stamped on the helmet; Reverse, a pegasus, stamped D. D., running. About B. C. 400. 44. Bronze coin of IIimera, a city of Sicily. Obverse, Head of Pallas; Reverse, female standing With lyre in left hand and Wreath in right. About B. C. 400. 45. A silver coin of Ileontini, a city in Sicily. Obverse, head of a lion, with open mouth, surrounded by four grains of Wheat; Reverse, a biga, with Nice crowning the horses. 46. Bronze coin of Ileontini. Obverse, a female head, elegantly ornamented with a head dress; Reverse, a lion Walking past a palm tree. About B. C. 450. 47. Bronze coin of Enna, a city in the centre of Sicily. Obverse, a pair of Serpents harnessed to a plow; Reverse, a man standing and holding a long staff in his left hand. B. C. 450. 48. Bronze coin of Tauromenium. Obverse, a young head of Apollo; Re- Verse, a bull butting. Tauromenium was a city on the east coast of Sicily. About 300 B. C. 49. Bronze coin of Mendenum. Obverse, a head of Apollo, laureated. Re- Verse, Aesculopius standing upon a Serpent and holding Something in his right hand. B. C. 300. - & 46.9 ANCIENT GREEK COIN.S. º, & A. p §§º §§§ &e & 470 ANCIENT GREEK COINS. 5.0. Tºronze coin of Gela, an important town in Sicily. Obverse, a female crowning a minotaur; Reverse, 13iga and Nice with wreath. About B. C. 500. 51. Bronze coin of Argyrina, a city of Sicily. Obverse, an eagle standing by a branch of fruit; lºeverse, a cross patonce, having in each of the angles two letters of the city. B. C. 300. 52, Bronze coin of Oenidae, a town in Acarnania. Obverse, head of Zeus; Reverse, head of the minotour; this fabled monster typifying the river Achelous upon the bank of Which the town was built. B. C. 400. 53. A silyer coin of Segesta, a city of Sicily. Obverse, a female head, the hair confined with a fillet or band; Reverse, a dog scenting the ground. B. C. 450. 54. Bronze coin of Menaenum, an inland city of Sicily. Obverse, a laureated, juvenile head; two fishes in front, thereof; Reverse, Ares advancing, with spear in right hand, Shield and cloak in the left. B. C. 300. * 55. TETRADRACIIM, of Segesta. Obverse, a male head; Reverse, a dog Walking past three heads of wheat which stand side by side. B. C. 450. • 56. Bronze coin of Halaesae. Obverse, a laureated head of Apollo; Reverse, a man standing, in his right hand an ornament; behind him is a lyre and in front a musical instrument—all emblems of Apollo. B. C. 300. 57. TETRADRACHM, of Naxos, an ancient city of Sicily. Obverse, laureated, juvenile head, laurel leaf behind it; Reverse, Silenus seated, with cup in his left hand, a thyrsus in the right hand, behind, an ivy branch, and in front a statue of Priapus. B. C. 450. 58. TETRADRACHM, of Naxos. Obverse, bearded head of Dionysus, fillet with ivy leaves; Reverse, Silenus Seated, with Wine cup, thyrsus and ivy, similar to No. 66. B. C. 450. - 59. Bronze coin of Morgantia, a city in Sicily. Obverse, a fine head of Pal- las, helmeted and olnamented; IReverse, a lion standing, with a Serpent below. 13. C. 450. 60. TETRADRACHIM, of Naxos. Obverse, bearded old head, surmounted by two horns; Reverse, a bunch of grapes hanging between two leaves. B. C. 450. - 61. TETRADRACHM, of Selinus, an important Greek colony in Sicily. Ob- verse, a parsley leaf in a sunken square, the letters S. E. L. I. in the angles; Reverse, a parsley leaf inverted. B. C. 550. 62. Bronze coin of Tyndaris, a city on the north coast of Sicily. Obverse, IIead of Demeter; Reverse, Castor and Pollux on horseback, galloping. 13. C. 400. 63. Silver coin of Abacaenum, a city in Sicily. Obverse, a bearded head. Re- Verse, the Erymanthian boar, With erect bristles. B. C. 550. 64. TETRADRACIIM, of Selinus. Obverse, a nude male standing, holding an offering in the right hand and a thyrsus in the left, a parsley leaf behind, a cock in a cage, and a bull behind; Reverse, two persons in a biga, one With bow and arrow, the other driving. B. C. 550. 65. Silver coin of Camarina. Obverse, a female head, much decorated and with a ſish on either side; Reverse Leda Seated on a Swan, a fish below, etc. B. C. 500. 66. TETRADRACTIM, of Camarina, a Greek city in Sicily. Obverse, head of Hercules in a lion's skin; Reverse, Ares driving a quadriga, Nice flying above, a Swan flying below. B. C. 500. * 67. Bronze coin of Centoripa. Obverse, bearded and laureated head of Zeus; Reverse, a thunderbolt dividing the legend. B. C. 500. - 471 ANCIENT GREEK COINS. /4 &’ o º §s Y S S. § ." NN : (#' s \º | §§ §§ YN S §§ x \ | § S.ºº \\ .* * , * § - §z sº...". º º ow” º ŞYS (s’s “. yº”,” Sº SS Sº t 2 Yº w .” º yt#- \tA_g ; : º# * is ..; *. . 472 ANCIENT GREEK COINS. 68. Dronze coin of Cossura, a small island in the Mediterranean, half way between Sicily and Africa. Obverse, a female head, crowned, Eros decorating the front; Reverse, Phoenician legend enclosed with a laurel Wreath. B. C. 500. 69. Bronze coin of Aetna, a city in Sicily at the foot of the mountain of same name. Obverse, head of Phoebus Apollo, with radiated crown; Reverse, Ares standing, With Spear and Shield. B. C. 500. 70. Bronze coin of Ioeta, a town in the interior of Sicily. Obverse, head of Zeus; Reverse, a soldier, standing, right hand extended, left holding a club. l3. C. 450. 71. Bronze coin of Melita, an island in the Mediterranean Sea. Obverse, head of Ceres; Reverse, an ornamented tripod dividing the legend. B. C. 400. 72. TETRADRACIIM, of Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse. Obverse, head of the tyrant, hair confined with a fillet; Reverse, a biga driven by Nice. B. C. 480. 73. Bronze coin of Iliparia, a town in the island of the same name. Obverse, IIaphoestus seated on tripod, holding in his extended left hand a cautharus, in the right a malleus; Reverse, six globules surrounded by the legend. B. C. 550. 74. Gold coin of Pyrrhus. Obverse, head of Pallas, the letter A. below; Reverse, Nice laying a Wreath on an altar. B. C. 280. r 75. Bronze coin of Calacte, a city on the north coast of Sicily. Obverse, head of Apollo; Reverse, his lyre dividing the legend. B. C. 400. 76. GoI.D STATER of Pyrrhus, King of Epeirus. Observe, head of Artemis; Reverse, Nice marching, a thunderbolt in the field. B. C. 280. 77. Silver coin of Agathocles, King of Syracuse. Obverse, fine head of Per- sephone, Wreathed; Reverse, Nice crowning a trophy, a triquetra in the field. IB. C. 300. 78. TETRADRACIIM of IIieron II, King of Syracuse. Obverse, fine head of Gelon, filleted; Reverse, Nice driving a quadriga. B. C. 220. 79. TETRADRACIIM of IIieron II. Obverse, a fine head of Pallas, helmeted; Reverse, a pegasus. B. C. 220. 80. TETRADRACHM of Philistis, supposed queen of Hieron. Obverse, a beautiful female head of Philistis veiled; Reverse, Nice driving a quadriga. Legend “Queen Philistia.” Date, B. C. 220. 81. Bronze coin of Panormus. Obverse, a female head, the hair confined by a band; Reverse, head of a horse, the letter A in the field, fronting the neck of the horse. B. C. 500. - 82. Bronze coin of Panormus, an important city in Sicily. Obverse, an old male head, bearded and laureated; Reverse, a horse running, three globules in the field. B. C. 500. 83. Bronze coin of Pyrrhus. Obverse, a handsome female head, veiled, a tri- dent behind. Reverse, a thunderbolt dividing the legend. B. C. 280. 84. Bronze coin of Panormus. Obverse, a turreted head of Rhea; Reverse, a horse's head in front of a palm tree. B. C. 500. 85. Silver coin of Syracuse. Obverse, head of Arethusæ, surrounded by dol- phins; Reverse, a man driving a quadriga, Nice crowning the horses. B. C. 500. 86. Dronze coin of Syracuse. Obverse, head of Persephone; Teverse, man driving a biga, the letter sigma below, a Sun above. D. C. 500. 87. Bronze coin of the city of Catana, in Sicily. Obverse, two bearded head, jugata; Reverse, a nude man standing, dividing the legend. B. C. 480. SS. Pronze coin of Gela. Obverse, a head with the hair erect, a grain of Wheat near the border. Indications of the fertility of the region; Reverse a bull. In the exergue, three globules. B. C. 550. 473 ANCIENT GREEK COINs. ¿ºc * tº ： Țīſ\ < ! 3 º= } {| {@ §.2, À N? /* 474 ANCIENT GREEK COINS. S9. Bronze coin of Agrigentum. Obverse, an eagle with expanded wings, devouring a hare; Reverse, a crab, with two globules above, and a marine horse below. B. C. 550. 90. Bronze coin of Messana, a city in Sicily. Obverse, a hare, running; Re- verse, an octopus. B. C. 500. *: 91. Dronze coin of Solus, a city in Sicily. Obverse, head of Hercules in lion’s skin; Reverse, a squill with three globules on and three globules under it. Punic inscription below. B. C. 500. 92. Bronze coin of Hybla, a city in Sicily. Obverse, a head, with bust draped, a bee bellind it; Reverse, Dionysus standing, with thyrsus and canthorus, a pan- ther erect before him. Ił. C. 500. 3. 93. Bronze coin of Megara, a city in Sicily. Obverse, head of Apollo, laure- ated; Reverse, the tlipod of Apollo, dividing the legend. B. C. 500. 94. Bronze coin of Paropi, a city of Sicily. Obverse, fine head of Persephone; Reverse, a wreath of leaves and flowers. B. C. 500. : . . - 95. Bronze coin of Gaulos, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, the present Gozzo. Obverse, a helmeted head in a crescent, two globules behind it; Reverse, a soldier standing with sword and buckler, a Sun in front. B. C. 500. 96. Bronze coin of Caena, a town in Sicily. Obverse, head of Pallas, two globules above; Reverse, Nice running with a crown in her right and a trophy in her left hand. B. C. 500. - 97. DIDRACTIM of Terina, a city of Bruttium. Obverse, a fine female head, the neck ornamented with a string of pearls; Reverse, Nice seated, holding on the back of her right hand a bird with extended wings. B. C. 500. 98. TETRADRACHM of Oluntium, a city in Crete. Obverse, head of Diana; Iłeverse, Zeus Seated with basta and holding an eagle in his hand. B. C. 500. 99. Bronze coin of Cyzicus, a city on the Propontis in Mysia, Obverse, a female head, the hair bound by a stalk of wheat, and three wheat ears around it: Reverse, a caduceses surrounded by a wreath. B. C. 500. 100. Silver coin of Heraclea, a city in Lucania. Obverse, head of Pallas in armor; Reverse, IIercules strangling a lion, his bow and club in the field. B. C. 500. - - 101. Bronze coin of Fleutherna, a town of great importance in Crete. Ob- verse, head of Apollo, laureated; Reverse, Apollo seated on a lyre, holding in his right hand a globe. B. C. 500. - 102. TETRADRACHM of Alexander The Great. Obverse, head of Hercules, with lion's skin over it; Reverse, Zeus seated with hasta and an eagle standing in his right hand. B. C. 320. 103. GOLD STATER of Alexander III, The Great; who died B. C. 323. Ob- verse, head of Pallas; Reverse, Nice holding a trident and a crown for the victor; in the field a caduceus. 104. GoLD STATER of Philip II, King of Macedonia, who died B. C. 336. Obverse, head of Apollo; lºeverse, the king driving a biga. t 105. GoLD STATER of Lysimochus, King of Thrace, who died B. C. 281. Obverse, head of the king in the character of the Ammonian Jupiter; Reverse, Pallas holding Nice in her outstretched hand. 106. TETRADRACIIM of Lysimachas. This coin bears emblems and inscrip- tions similar to those on the gold Stater No. 118. - 107. GoI.D STATER of Selencus, King of Syria, who died B. C. 280. Obverse, head of the king in the character of Apollo; Reverse, Apollo standing with a bow in his left hand and an arrow in the right. 47.5 ANCIENT GREEK COINS. «） *º. Ø%*ºſ,· gº|-';! {（**|v.·§§•.---* **…? , „ %%}·{4|?！（~--~*（§§§ :：=（S（s） \ ^\$ ? •} ~; ~} §|}***s{.\º. ¿ ±% ~5~rzez: :' ）,·- ºģ。'« （~\|-