STEPHEN SPAULDING
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
1923
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Engravedly I Malhes from an Original Drawing 4. MOS Horne
aldeshed May ng98 by IWalker A, Maeman Terata
SCARBOROUGH.
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far
, my friend reverd
detaisa
The page of history open to his view,
Wilt at the scenes of early life
And while his gimnaing one shall pleasing race,
The varied Beauties of His NativePlace,
Remombrunce swert, mitt pencil to the mind,
Priendo much belovd, connexions, dear and kind.
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.
THE
HISTORY
-
AND
ANTIQUITIES
OF
SCAR BORO U G H
AND THE
VIC I NITT:
d
WITH
VIEWS AND PLANS.
BY THOMAS HINDERWELL.
NeglecTA REDUCIT, SPARSA COLLIGIT, VTILIA SELIGIT, NECESSARIA OSTENDIT, SIC UTILE.
Baglivius.
!
Pork:
में *
PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLANCHARD,
FOR E. BAYLEY, successor To J. SCHOFIELD, SCARBOROUGH:
SOLD BY WM. RICHARDSON, NEAR THE ROYAL-EXCHANGEZ:
J. AND A. ARCH, LOMBARD-STREET, LONDON -
AND WM. TESSEYMAN, YORK.
I
1798.
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1
TO THE
Magiſtrates of the Borough of Scarborough,
THE
BURGESSES,
AND
INHABITANTS at LARGE.
THE language of adulation is too frequently uſed in ad-
dreſſes of this nature; but the profeſſions of eſteem now
offered, ſpring from a higher ſource than the formality of
a complimentary dedication—they are the ſentiments of the
heart, the dictates of a warm attachment, matured by
long reſidence, and cemented by the ties of friendſhip
and gratitude.
9
A
The motives which induced me to this undertaking,
were, neither the proſpect of emolument, nor the ambi-
tion
7
si
3
4
iv
DEDICATION.
tion of acquiring literary fame :-to the former, I. had.
not the moſt diftant regard, and to the latter, I could not
have the vanity to aſpire, from a conviction of my own
inability.
#
A predilection for the place of my nativity ſtimulated me
to the Work, and, as a teſtimony of fincere regard, I now
take the liberty to inſcribe this Hiſtory, to You the reſpect-
able Inhabitants of Scarborough.
4
Your indulgence will, I am perſuaded, caſt a veil over
its numerous imperfections, and pardon the imbecility of
the performance on account of the purity of the intention.
I have the honour to remain,
With ſentiments of perfect eſteem,
Your moſt obedient and faithful Servant,
THOMAS HINDER WELL.
SCARBOROUGH, 30th Auguft, 1798.
A
3
4,7 liepleri
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NAMES OF SUBSCRIBERS.
JOSEPH Armitage, Esq. Wakefield
,
,
Meſſrs. J. and A. Arch, London
Thomas Atle, Eſq. F. R. A. S. Keeper of the Re-
cords in the Tower
Mr. Cawdell
C. Candler, Erg. Ayton
James Colbie, Érq. London
Mr. William Chambers, Scarborough
Mr. Robert Clemeſha, ditto
Mr. M. A. Cole, ditto
John Caley, Eſq. F. A. S. Augmentation Office
The Rev. F. Crathorne
The Very Rev. the Dean of Chriſtchurch
His Grace the Duke of Beaufort
Her Grace the Ducheſs of Beaufort
Lieut. Col. Bewicke, Durham Militia
William Belcombe, M. D. Scarborough
Mrs. Bonfoy, London
Mr. Anthony Beſwick, Scarborough
Mr. John Bancroft, ditto
Allatíon Burgh, Eſq. London
Mr. William Bean, Scarborough
Mr. Thomas Beilby, Organift, ditto
Mr. William Blanchard, York, 6 copies
Jofeph Bland, Eſq. London
Mr. James Bland, ditto
George Beſwick, Eſq. Griſthorpe
Mr. Bolam, Newcaſtle
Mr. John Bielby, Troutſdale -
Mr. George Beilby
Mr. William Bentley, Helmſley
The Rev. James Brownfield, Whitby
John Boyes, Eſq. Hull
Rev. T. Bowman, Prebend of Lincoln.
Robert Carliſle Broadley, Eſq. Hull
Thomas Duncombe, Eſq. Captain 3d Weſt York
Militia
The Rev. F. Dixon, Vicar of Duffield
Sedgfield Dale, Eſq. Scarborough
Mr. John Dutchman, ditto
Mr. Donner, ditto
Mr. John Dodſworth, ditto
Mrs. Eliz. Duelbery, ditto
Mrs. Dickinſon, ditto
The Rev. Plaxton Dickinſon, A.M.
The Rev. Craven Dodſworth, A.M.
The Rev. Thomas Dykes, Hull
Mr. Daffield, Scarborough
Mr. Thomas Dueſbery, Beverley
Mr. Edward Dickinſon, Scarborough
Mr. Dunn, Wykeham
Mr. Watſon Denton, Cayton
Mr. Dawſon, Leeds
Mr. Drury, Scarborough
The Counteſs Dowager of Ely
Mr. David Efthill, Scarborough
Mr. John H. Eaſterby, ditto
The Rev. Elis, Hutton Buſhell
Arthur Cayley, Eſq.
Joſiah Cockſhutt, Eſq. Boſworth, Leiceſterſhire
John Coulſon, E{q. Scarborough
Mr. John Chapman, ditto
Mr. Frederick Cornwall, ditto
Mr. William Coulſon, ditto
Mr. Joſeph Cockerill, Hull
The Rev. John Cleathing, A. M. Thorpe-Ernold,
Leiceſterſhire
Mr. Robert Coffins, Scarborough
Mr. George Clubley, ditto
Mr. Courteen, ditto
Mr. Henry Cooke, ditto
The Rev. William Comber, Kirby-moorſide
E. F. Coulſon, Eſq. Hull
b
Sir Thomas Frankland, Bart. F, R.S.
The Rev. James Falconer, D.D. Lichfield.:
Thomas J. French, Eſq. London
F. F. Foljambe, Eſq.
William Foſter, Eſq. Hull
Willian Fiſher, Erg. Leeds
Mr. John Fox, jun. Scarborough
Mr. Valentine Fowler, ditto
Mr. George Fowler, ditto
Walter
::::....::::: -?"..
.....:::.
: : : .......:
mere
vi
NAMES OF SUBSCRIBERS.
Mrs. Loftus, York
John Lockwood, Eſq. Beverley
Walter Fawkes, Eſq. Col. 4th Weſt York Militia
Mr. Thomas Foſter, Scarborough
The Rev. Barnard Foord, L.L. D. Beverley
William Fowler, Eſq Hull
Mr. John Fleming, Beverley
*
Sir Henry Goodricke, Bart.
Francis Gibſon, Eſq. F. A. S. Whitby
Miſs Garnett, Scarborough
Mr. William Glaſs, ditto
The Rev. John Gilby; Beverley
The Rev. John Graham, York
Mr. John Greenwood, Halifax
The Right Hon. Lord Middleton
The Right Hon. Lord Mulgrave, 5 copies
The Right Hon. Lady Elizabeth Manners
The Right Hon. Lady Catharine Manners
The Right Hon. Lord Charles Manners
The Right Hon. Lord Robert Manners
Captain Metcalfe, Đurham Militia
Mr. Thomas Mennell, Malton
Mr. William M'George, Scarborough
Mrs. Mackley, Bellevue, near ditto
Mrs. Moorſom, Scarborough
Mr. E. Mundell, ditto
Mr. Robert Marflitt, ditto
Mr. Robert Morwan, ditto
Mr. Peter Marſhall, ditto
Benjamin Milne, Eſq. Bridlington
Miſs Moorſom, Ayton
Mr. Maddiſon, Louth
William Marſhall, Eſq. Brompton
+
The Right Hon. Lord Harrowby
A. Hunter, M. D. York
William Hall, Efq. Scarborough
Joſeph Hill, Eq, ditto
Mr. William Hebden, ditto
Mr. William Herbert, ditto
Mr. John Hall; ditto
Mr. John Hornſey, ditto, 2 copies
Mr. John Houfon, ditto
Mr. John Hugall, ditto
Mr. Richard Hudſon, dicto
Mrs. Hopper, ditto
John Halley, Eſq. ditto
William Hornby, Eſq. Gainſborough
Mr. Roger Hart, Scarborough
Mr. William Henry, ditto
Mrs. Henderſon, ditto
The Rev. Samuel Herbert, D.D. Rector of Folkton
Joſeph Hardcaſtle, Eſq. London
William Howard, Eſq. ditto
Sir John Nelthorpe, Bart.
N. G. Nevile, Eſq.
Mr. John Nesfield, Scarborough
Mr. Marmaduke Nelſon, ditto
Mr. W. H. Nichols, Surgeon, Whitby
Miſs Otbie, Scarborough
Mr. J. N. Oſmond
The Rev. Thomas Irvin, Scarborough
Sir R. Vanden Bempdè Johnſtone, Bart. Hackneſs
J. Johnſon, M. D. Beverley
Mr. John Johnſon, Cottingham
Mr. Gabriel Johnſon, Ayton
Mr. William Jackſon, Whitby
Mr. Jameſon, Nottingham
The Hon. Col. Phipps, M. P. 5 copies
The Rev. Robert Peirſon, A.M. Archdeacon of
Cleveland
Thomas Pennant, Eſq. F. R. S.
Mr. Thomas Philliſkirk, Scarborough
Mrs. Philliſkirk, ditto
Marmaduke Prickett, Eſq. Bridlington
Major Pitts, ditto
Mr. Pennythorne, Scarborough
Mr. John Peirſon, Fallgrave
Mrs. Park, Scarborough
William Paul, Eſq. ditto
Mr. Thomas Peirfon, Whitby
Mr. William Pridgin, York.
The Rev. J. Kirk, A. M. Vicar of Scarborough
Mr. Thomas Keld, Surgeon, ditto
Rear-Admiral Kendall, ditto
Mr. John Kingſton, ditto
Chriſtopher Keld, Eſq. Beverley
Mr. Keld, Falſgrave
Mr. Knowies, London
Sir John Legard, Bart. Ganton
Richard Langley, Eſq. Wykeham Abbey
The Rev. Daniel Lylons, F. A. S. Putney
Book Society at Lichfield
Mr. John Levett, Hull
The Rev. F. Lundy, A. M. Rector of Lockington
Iſaac Leatham, Eſq. Barton
Richard Humpton Liſter, Eſq. Scarborough
Her Grace the Ducheſs of Rutland
His Grace the Duke of Rutland
Mr. Richard Smith Robſon, Scarborough
William Ruflell, Eſq. Brancepeth Caſtle, Durham
Major Ruſell, Durham Militia
Thomas Rawlinſon, Eſq. Lancaſter
James Robinſon, Eſq. Popplewick, near Notting-
ham, 2 copies
Miſs Richardſon, Scarborough
J. Rceve, Efq. London
Mr. William Rawſon, Hull
Mr. John Routh, Whitby
The
1
NAMES OF SUBSCRIBERS.
William Thompſon, Eſq. Leeds, 2 copies
Mrs. Taylor, Bridlington
Mr. Gawan Taylor, Scarborough
Edmund Turnor, Eſq. Coltſworth
Mr. John Todd, Hull
Mr. James Thornton, ditto
Mr. Teſleyman, York, 6 copies
Mr. William Tinſdill, Leeds
Mr. R. Terry, Hull
The Corporation of Scarborough, 2 copies
The Right Hon. Lord Charles H. Somerſet, M. P.
Sir Chriſtopher Sykes, Bart.
The Rev. James Scott, D.D.
The Rev. John Swann
Henry Sutton, Eſq. Kentiſh Town
Thomas Woodrooffe Smith, Eſq. London
John Staniforth, Eſq. ditto
Mr. John Sawer, Sheffield, 2 copies
Mr. Smart, Surgeon, Hutton Bulhell
Mr. William Sollitt, Scarborough
Mr. James Smith, ditto
Mr. George Staveley, ditto
Mr. Samuel Staveley, ditto
Mr. E. Sherwood, ditto
Mr. Gawan T. Sutton, ditto
Mr. Doyley Saunders, Whitby
Captain Samuel Sutton, Royal Navy
Miſs Sollitt, Scarborough
Richard Fitzgeorge Stackpoole, Eſq.
The Rev. Richard Sykes, Foxholes
Mr. Walter Stericker, Yedingham
Mr. Joſeph N. Vickerman, Scarborough
The Right Hon. the Marquis of Worceſter
The Hon. Henry Willoughby
The Very Rev. R. D. Waddilove, Dean of Ripon
The Rev. F. Wrangham, A. M. Hunmanby
The Rev. John Wilkinſon, Potter Brompton
Major Woodall, Scarborough Volunteers
Mr. John Woodall, jun. Scarborough
The Rev. Thomas Watſon, Whitby
Mrs. Walker, Wakefield, 2 copies
Mr. John Watkinſon, Scarborough
Mr. Wilſon, Surgeon, Scarborough
Mr. Williamſon, ditto, ditto
Mr. Willis, ditto, ditto
Mr. Watſon, ditto, ditto
Mr. Richard Williamſon, Scarborough
Mr. Stephen Wharton, ditto
Mr. William Wharton, ditto
Mr. Windle, ditto
Mrs. Wolley, Hutton Buſhell
Mr. Richard Wilſon, jun. Scarborough
The Rev. William Whitehead, Hornley
Mr. Robert Ward, Surgeon, Helmſley
James Tindall, Eſq. Lieut. Col. Commandant of
the Scarborough Volunteers, 2 copies
Robert Tindall, Eſq. Scarborough
Mr. John Tindall, ditto
Miſs A. Tindali, ditto
Mr. Travis, Town-Clerk, Scarborough
Mr. Stephen Temple, Scarborough
Mr. Thomas Thornton, ditto
Mr. William Travis, Surgeon, ditto
Mr. Thirlwall, Scarborough
B. B. Thompſon, Eſq. Hull
Thomas Thompſon, Eſq. ditto
Mr. Joſeph Taylor, Scarborough
Mrs. Temple, ditto
Mr. Wyvill Todd, ditto
The Right Hon. Lord Yarborough
The Very Rev. the Dean of York
Mrs. Younge, Scarborough.
*
PREFACE
.
5
NA
PRE FACE.
THE
HE object of the preſent Work is to reſcue from obfcurity, the
ſmall remains of information relative to the Antiquities of Scarborough
and its Environs, as connected with other Hiſtory; and to exhibit a to-
pographic and economic view of the ſtate of theſe parts of Yorkſhire.
The Author is ſenſible of the diſadvantages attending the ſubject,
from the nature and paucity of the materials, and from the difficulty
of general connection, which muſt'accompany a detail, neceſſarily de-
tached and interrupted.
นี้
The firſt and ſecond Sections, which are chiefly introductory, but in
ſome meaſure required for the illuſtration of the Ancient Hiſtory of
Scarborough, may, perhaps, call for an apology on account of their am-
plification.
A further indulgence is alſo requiſite, as the work was not originally
intended for Publication, but was merely the amuſement of leiſure hours,
and
PREFACE
ix
and is now offered to the Public, ſolely from a hope of its being found,
in fome degree, uſeful, yet with all the imperfections of a Writer un-
accuſtomed to compoſe for the Preſs.
The Author begs leave to expreſs his thanks to the Bailiffs and BUR-
Gesses of SCARBOROUGH, for the very liberal manner in which they
have permitted him to have acceſs to their Records and Charters. He is
alſo much indebted to DR. BELCOMBE, the reſident Phyſician, for the
favour of his copious and valuable account of the Mineral Waters, his
Strictures on Sea-Bathing, the Climate and Diſeaſes incident thereto. He
likewiſe takes this opportunity to thank MR. WILLIAM TRAVIS,
Surgeon, for the account of Natural Productions, and for the commu-
nication of ſeveral original documents relative to the Ancient Hiſtory ;-
And he has, at the ſame time, to acknowledge the kindneſs of other
friends, for their ready aſliſtance in ſupplying materials for the Work;
particularly that of the Rev. DANIEL LYSONS, Author of “ The Environs
of London,” for his obliging reſearches in the Tower, and Britiſh
Muſeum.
CON
-in:
+
CON TEN T S.
BOOK I.
Section 1. INQUIRY into the ORIGIN Of SCARBOROUGH
of
- Invaſion of the Romans,-Roman Roads,-Ancient Camps,
Tumuli or Burying Places, &c.
Page 1-22
Section II. Incurſions of the Saxons and Danes.
23-27
Section III. Ancient Town of SCARBOROUGH,-Bounds
of the Ancient Town,--the Caflle,--Convents,—Churches,
Hofpiials, &c
Section IV. Antiquity of the BOROUGH,-Charters --Mem-
bers ſent to Parliament,--Arms and Seals
SECTION V. PIERS and HAVEN
156–166
Appendix to the ANCIENT HISTORY
167–170
28-107
108–155
월
​honey
BOOK II.
Section I. MODERN Town of SCARBOROUGH,—Population,
-Climate,-Spaw,—Sea Bathing ,-Natural Productions
171-215
215
Section II. Trade,- Projected Canal,-Fiſheries
216-230
Section III. Poor, and Parochial Aliments - Charitable
Inftitutions, -Friendly Societies --Military Defence
231---238
Appendix to the Modern Town
239-240
BOOK
:::::
>
CONTENTS
xi
BOOK III.
VICINITY OF SCARBOROUGH.
***** :-9. We do not taid's ...
Introdu&tion,--Walgrave
Page 241–243
Section I. Filey,--Hunmanby,---Flixton-Flamborough, Brid-
lington,--Bridlington Quay,--Little Driffield,--the Wolds,
Slediere
244_264
Section II. Robin Hood's Bay,--Whitby,_IVhitby Abbey, -
Mulgrave
265-281
SECTION III. Hackneſs, ---Ayton,-Scalby, -Seamer,--Hutton-
Bufhell,-Wykebam, -Ganton,-Brompton-Ebberſton,-Picker-
ing, -Newtondale Well, ---Staintondale, -Yedingham,---Scamp-
Jion,--Malton,---Kirkham Pricry,--Cafile Howard, --Duncombe
Park,-- Helmſley, -Sheriff-Hutton
282-351
ADDENDA.---Table of Diſtances
352.
ERRATA.
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5. 7 from bottom, for depictis, read de pidis.
67. Ir ditto, for twelve, read eleven,
80. 21. for Caſtle-hill, read the Caſtle-hill.
135. paſim, for Gates, read Gate,
136. 1, for 2 (years), read 1.
140. laſt, after Porters, add-Pi&ores, Painters.
193. 9, for Hypocrates, read Hippocrates.
336. 150 for Diana his fedibus, read Diana his fylvis.
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REFERENCES.
Independent Chapel
2 Baptift D:
3 Quakers Meeting House .
4 Methodifts D:
☆ News Room
6 Theatre
1 Donners Aſsembly Rooms.
& Free Masons Lodge.
9
Poſt Office, on Palace Hill
1o Custom House.
11 Gaol
12 Old Pier.
13 Locker House.
14 New part of old
Pier.
15 New Pier .
16 North Battery
19 South - Steel Battery
18 .
SCARBOROUGH
Scale of Chains .
*
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81
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THE
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HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES
OF
SCARBOROUGH, &c.
Та
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SECTION I.
INQUIRY INTO THE ORIGIN OF SCARBOROUGH-INVASION OF
THE ROMANS, &c.
T
re
THE hiſtory of ancient times is enveloped ſo much in ſhade,
that it is difficult to trace with preciſion the remote origin of
places ; and, in the elucidation of ſubjects of this nature, the
mind is too frequently led aſtray by the deluſive excurſions of fancy.
There is no authentic account - from hiſtory of the foundation of
Scarborough, though it may be reaſonable to preſume that it had as
early an origin as moſt of the places bordering on the German ocean;
and a variety of arguments may be adduced, to fhew the probability
(if not the certainty) of its having formerly been an eſtabliſhment of
the Romans, and afterwards of the Saxons.
A
Ancient
.
:
**
..
(2)
æra.
Ancient hiſtorians inform us that the Phænicians, Greeks, and Romans
traded with the inhabitants of Britain ſome ages before the Chriſtian
.
The Phænicians ſeem firſt to have diſcovered the weſtern ex-
tremities of the iſland, and to have ſent their ſhips to the Caſterides
(now the Scilly ifles) where they bartered for tin and other commodi-
ties; but long before this period, Britain was peopled from the conti-
nent. And whether the maritime places on this part of the iſland were
ſettled fo early as thoſe on the coaſt oppoſite to France, it is not very
material, or perhaps eaſy to determine; though it is probable that the
Gauls, from their vicinity, would firſt occupy the ſouthern ſhores.
The ſtate of Britain, previous to the invaſion of the Romans, is very
imperfectly underſtood.
The diſcordant opinions of hiſtorians, re-
fpecting its original ſettlement, have a tendency rather to obſcure,
than reflect a light upon the ſubject, and their accounts of thoſe early
times are, generally, the creation of fancy, embelliſhed with numerous
fictions.
The memorable æra of Cæſar's invaſion was in the year of the world
3947, and fifty-five years before Chriſt. He embarked, with his troops,
at Morini or Picardy, on the 26th of Auguſt, at four o'clock in the
inorning, and at ten arrived off Dover, where he found the cliffs lined
with armed Britons. Struck with this hoſtile appearance, and the difficult
acceſs of the perpendicular cliffs, he called a council of war, and directed
the veſſels to proceed round the point of the South-Foreland, to find a
more plain and eaſy ſhore, which was diſcovered at the place now called
Deal. But here the Britons were aſſembled to oppoſe his deſcent, and
required all the ſkill and courage of Cæfar to effect a landing, many
of the braveſt of his troops having been lain in the attempt. The im-
petuous valour of the Britons was at length obliged to yield to the
ſuperior diſcipline of the Roman legions, and having retreated to a
diſtance, they fent ambaſſadors to ſolicit peace.
Cæſar, in his deſcription of the country, writes, that the maritime
provinces were poſſeſſed by ſuch as came out of Belgium in Gaul, and the
interior
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it
( 3 )
interior parts by the aboriginal* natives, He repreſents them as very
numerous, living in houſes after the faſhion of the inhabitants of Gaul.
In his Commentaries, he praiſes their valour, and elegantly deſcribes
their manners, cuſtoms, religion, and government. Their habitations
(ſays he) were in the midſt of large woods, where, having felled the
trees, and cleared the ground, they built themſelves huts, which they
covered with ſkins, boughs, turf, or reeds; and here they had alſo folds
for their cattle. Thus were all their towns conſtructed, and the
avenues defended with the trees which they cut down, and with ram-
parts of earth.
Tacitus (who wrote at a-ſubſequent period) obſerves, that it was ex-
tremely difficult to determine who were the firſt poſſeſſors of Britain.
In their countenances and perſons (he ſays) the inhabitants varied.
The red hair of the Caledonians and their large limbs ſeemed to teſtify
their deſcent from the Germans. The ſwarthy complexion of the
Silures, and their hair which was curled, and their ſituation towards the
coaſt of Spain, indicated them to have been of the race of the Iberians.
Thoſe who lived neareſt to Gaul, reſembled alſo the Gauls in their
per-
ſons, manners, &c.
It is natural to ſuppoſe that when the people from the continent
had eſtabliſhed a ſure footing in Britain, they would make choice
of the moſt convenient places upon the Sea-coaſt for erecting towns,
eſpecially ſuch as had proper bays or harbours for the ſafety of ſhips
and conveniency of landing, as well as for fiſhing, and commerce;
whence there is reaſon to conjecture that Scarborough, which is fo
advantageouſly ſituated, and yields to few other ports in all theſe re-
ſpects, might have been diſtinguiſhed as ſuch, ſome centuries before
we find any account of it in hiſtory.
The ſtate of our anceſtors, before they were civilized by their inter-
courſe with the Romans, was rude and uncultivated, though not in ſuch
an extreme degree as ſome have aſſerted. They lived in ſeparate tribes
1
*
Aboriginal here means firſt ſettlers.
under
✓
..............
.( 4 )
:
ruſhes;
1
under the government of their reſpective lords, and of theſe little prin-
cipalities there was a great number. To luxury indeed, and what we
in theſe days call the conveniences of life, they were perfect ſtrangers.
Their limited wants were ſatisfied with the rudeft accommodations, and
the ſimpleſt fare. They ſlept upon the ſkins of beaſts, or on beds of
and
many of the tribes were inured by habit to ſuſtain, with-
out clothing,* the ſeverites of the moſt inclement ſeaſons.
The Brigantes, who inhabited the northern part of the iſland, were
juſtly ranked amongſt the moſt warlike of the tribes. Iſurium Brigan-
tium, which is now only an inconſiderable village, called Aldburgh, or
Old-Borough, about half a mile diſtant from Boroughbridge, was their
metropolis ; but their ardent ſpirits would not ſuffer them to be con-
fined within the limits of their own demeſnes. They invaded their
neighbours, and the whole extenſive region, now divided into the coun-
ties of Durham, York, Weſtmoreland, Cumberland, and Lancaſhire,
was reduced under the dominion of the Brigantian capital IJurium.
The Eaſtern Brigantes, ſituated towards the Sea-coaſt, made a vigorous
reſiſtance againſt the Romans, defending their towns with the moſt
deſperate valour, and it was not till after many bloody conflicts, that
they yielded to the invincible power of the Roman arms. The Propræ-
tor Petilius Cerealis received their ſubmiſſion in the reign of Veſpaſian,
about the year 70.
The inſular ſituation of Britain naturally directed the genius of the -
people who lived on the Sea-coaſt, to navigation and commerce; and,
notwithſtanding the faint dawn of the arts in thoſe early ages, the en-
terprizing ſpirit of the Belgæ was actively exerted, and they ſeem to
have acquired no little degree of ſkill and taſte in mechaniſm, and
the works of fancy. They opened a trade with foreigners; and
the articles exported were, gold, † ſilver, iron, tin, lead, cattle, corn,
and
.
:
* Some covered part of their bodies with the ſkins of beaſts; but their arms, legs, and thighs
were naked, and painted blue.
+ Tacitus, the Roman hiſtorian, as an encouragement to his countrymen that Britain was wor-
: thy a conqueſt, ſays, that it produced gold, &c.
" Fert
::
w
( 5 )
1
and flaves: * iron-chains, ivory-boxes, amber-toys, baſkets, t and glaſs-
veſſels.
Such was the ſtate of commerce when the Romans ſettled here, and
it was by thoſe who inhabited the Coall, that the communication be-
tween different nations was increaſed, and the various commodities and
conveniences of life were tranſported and exchanged.
The Romans, after their eſtabliſhment in Britain, encouraged agricul-
ture, and introduced all the improvements of civilized life. They
taught the natives to conſtruct roads, to open canals, work mines, to
erect ſumptuous buildings, and extend their commerce. The arts and
ſciences flouriſhed in the nation, and enlightened the people, who at
length became reconciled to the laws, the language, and the manners of
Rume 1.
The falutary regulations of a wife juriſprudence defended the
pro-
perty
of individuals from the incurſions of rapine and plunder, and they
proſecuted their occupations in peaceful ſecurity. Under the benign
influence of ſuch an enlightened ſyſtem, the country became a region
of exquiſite beauty, and the land was ſo much improved by culture,
1
Fert Britannia aurum et argentum et alia metalla, pretium victoria, gignit et oceanus margarita.
fed fubfuſca et liventia.”
Britain produces gold, ſilver, and other metals, which render it worth conquering : the ocean
too produces pearls, but of a browniſh caſt and livid."
..
* “During the reign of Edward the Confeſſor, Gith, the wife of Godwin, carl of Kent, ac-
cumulated an immenſe treaſure by this barbarous traffic, and the people of Briſtol were addicted
to it about the middle of the eleventh century, but they declined it at the inſtance of Wolfftan,
biſhop of Worceſter !--- It Nill prevails among the civilized nations of Europe, in the eighteenth
century!
+ The Britiſh baſkets were eſteemed for their beauty and elegance, even by the Romans.
“ Barbara depidis veni Barcauda Britannis,
Sed me jam mavult dicere Roma ſuam.” Martial cp.
By painted Britons wrought, a baſket came,
Which Rome imperial might be proud to claim."
Tacitus writes that the Britons imitated the Roman manners, language, and dreſs, and were
partial to the toga, or gown. That they ſurpaſſed the Gauls in the mechanic arts, and erected
magnificent buildings.
B
that
*
( 6 )
3
M
ng
$
that the Roman garriſons in Germany and Gaul were ſupplied from
this Iſland with proviſions ; and ſo great was the abundance, that the
Emperor Julian employed eight hundred veſſels in tranſporting corn to
the continent.
The climate and ſoil of Britain were ſo meliorated by the cultivation
of the ground, that an ancient author has celebrated its falubrity and
fertility in the following lines.
“ Tu nimio nec ftri&ta gelu nec fidere fervens,
Clementi cælo temperieque places.
Cum pareret natura parens varioque favore
Divideret dotes omnibus una locis,
Sepoſuit potiorem tibi, matremque profeſſa.
Inſula fis felix plenaque pacis ait,
Quicquid amat luſus, quicquid deſiderat uſus,
Ex te proveniet, vel aliunde tibi."
« Nor cold, nor heat's extremes thy people fear,
But gentle ſeaſons turn the peaceful year.
When teeming nature's feeble hand beſtow'd
Her various favours on her num'rous brood,
For thee, th' indulgent mother kept the beſt,
Smil'd in thy face, and thus her daughter bleft:
In thee, my darling ifle, ſhall never ceaſe
The conftant joys of happineſs and peace;
Whate'er can ſerve to luxury or uſe,
The ſea ſhall bring thee, or thy land produce."
The enterprizing ſpirit of the Romans was not ſolely confined to the
improvement of the interior country. They circumnavigated the iſland,
furveyed the Sea-coaſt, and choſe convenient ſtations for their ſhips, and
for the eſtabliſhment of maritime garriſons.
The commander of the garriſons on this Eaſtern coaſt, was called
Comes littoris Saxonici, or Count of the Saxon Shore. He was ſubordinate
to the Dux Britannia, whoſe reſidence was at the Prætorian Palace at
York, where the ſixth legion was ſtationed to oppoſe the incurſions of
the Caledonians, ſhould they have broken through the northern barrier.
The Count of the Saxon SHORE was an officer of conſiderable truſt,
whoſe ſtation required great activity and vigilance. He had under his
command ſeveral companies of foot, and ſome troops of horſe, to guard
the
A
Want
1
( 7 )
1
1
the coaſt againſt the invaſion of the Saxons. Theſe people, who were ori-
ginally ſettled in Cimbrica Cherſoneſus, being of a reſtleſs diſpoſition, and
addicted to a life of fpoil and plunder, took poffefſion of all the weſtern
ſhore of that part of the continent (on the borders of the German
ocean) oppoſite to Britain, from the northern extremity of Jutland to
the ſouth of Batavia, even to the mouth of the Rhine. They were well
ſkilled in naval affairs, inured to the perils of the ocean, and were ac-
cuſtomed, in the ſummer, to croſs the ſea in ſhoals in order to commit
their piratical depredations.
Flavius STILICO, a renowned commander in the reign of the Em-
peror Theodofius, was celebrated for his vigilance in ſecuring Britain
againſt the Saxons, Scots, and Piets; and under his care, the natives en-
joyed a ſeaſon of temporary repoſe, as appears by the following verſes :
" And I will ever own his * happy care,
Who fav'd me ſinking in the doubtful war,
When Scots came thund'ring from their native ſhores,
And ocean trembled, itruck with hoſile oars.
Secured by him, nor Scottiſh rage I mourn,
Nor fear again the barb'rous Piet's return;
No more their veſſels on the dubious tide,
ports, the Saxon pirates guide.”
To my
ſafe
The ROMANS, more effectually to ſecure the Sea-coaſt againſt theſe
ferocious invaders, conſtructed military roads to preſerve a communica-
tion between the maritime garriſons and the grand ſtation at York.
They are generally found to terminate at ſome diſtinguiſhed place upon
the coaſt, poſſeſſing a convenient bay or harbour; and as one of the
branches of theſe roads has been diſcovered to communicate with Scar-
borough, it is a ſtrong circumſtance in favour of the opinion that the
Romans had a maritime ſtation here.
The veſtiges of many of theſe roads are yet to be traced, and the
following deſcription of their ſituations and lines of direction may
gratify the curioſity of the reader.
th
95
* Stilico.
ROMAN
S
.....
( 8 )
image
ROMAN ROADS,
* PI
TOLEMY, the ancient geographer, in his ſea chart of the German
ocean, deſcribes the promontories, bays, and rivers on the Britiſh coaſt.
His Abus Æftuarius is agreed to be the river Humber, and his Ocellum
Promontorium, next it northward, may probably have been the Spurn-
head.”
Mr. Drake (in his hiſtory of York) is of opinion, “That the Prætorium of
Antoninus, which Camden has ſuppoſed to be at Patrington, was no other
than the Promontorium of Ptolemy, as the Latin word ocellum joined to it
(fignifying a little eye) correſponds ſo well with the ſite of the place.
And, no doubt, in the time of the Romans, a watch-tower was built
here, not only to overlook the mouth of the Humber, but as a guard
to theſe coaſts. The preſent name of Spurn-head, called in our old
Engliſh Chronicles Spuren-head, is certainly derived from the Saxon
verb Spurien, to look out, watch, or exploreį and ſo remarkable a point
of land as this was, might ſerve for the ſame purpoſe in the time of the
Saxons as of the Romans.--Here was alſo formerly a remarkable fea-
port town, called Ravenſer, well known to our hiſtorians for two
deſcents made at it by Henry IV. and Edward IV. but it is now ſwal-
lowed up by the fea*: - The military way from this place to York, was
directed to Delgovitia the next ſtation, which Mr. Drake has proved by
many ingenious arguments to be Londeſburg, and not Weighton, as
Cainden ſuppoſed. At this ſtation was a conjunction of two grand
roads, viz. the one from Prætorium, and the other from Lincoln.-
Lindum or Lincoln bears many evident tokens of having been a con-
liderable Roman ſtation, and the military road is ſtill very evident
acroſs the Heath, and may be traced to Wintringham, on the River
Humber.-On the oppoſite ſide is a town called Burgh or Brough on the
:
* The inhabitants of Ravenſer, when the ſea encroached upon it, retired to Hull.
3
--
York-
1
:
..
A
...........
9
Yorkſhire coaſt, where the way began again, and continued to Delgó-
vitia..Wherever the name or termination of Burgh or Cheſter is found
in
any part of our iſland, it will generally lead to a Roman ſtation.
Where then, (ſays Mr. Drake) can Delgovitia be fixed better than at
Londeſburg, in the neighbourhood of Weighton ?-It is remarkable that
the road from Brough to Londeſburg Park pale, is in a continued
ſtraight line; that it was formerly, and is ſtill, by ſome elderly people
called Humber-ſtreet, that the ſtratum of the road may be traced under
hedges, &c. acroſs one of the canals in the Park.--It is compoſed of
materials very ſcarce in that country, and lies buried under a fine ſoil
about fifteen inches, and it was with great difficulty that the workmén
could dig through the agger. The name is plainly derived from a
Burgh or fortreſs on land, (the Saxon word Lond, having that ſignifica-
tion) to diſtinguiſh it from Brough or Burgh on the water. But to
give it yet a ſtronger evidence in this caſe, there have been found at
Londeſburgh, ſeveral Roman coins, of the middle and leſſer braſs.-A
great many repoſitories for the dead have been diſcovered in digging in
and about the town, park, gardens, and even under the hall. The
bones were found to lie in pure clean chalk, ſeven or eight bodies, or
more together, ſide by ſide, very freſh and entire, though in ſome places
not above twenty, or twenty-two inches deep from the ſurface.—The
cuſtom of burying their dead in chalk or rock, where ſtone coffins were
not to be had, is very obvious.-Laſtly, if the word Delgovitia is to be
derived from the Britiſh (fignifying a wood of idols,) it will agree as
well with Londeſburgh as any other place thereabouts, no ſoil being
more productive of wood in all that country.”
From Delgovitia, the next ſtation on the road to York, mentioned
in the Itinerary, is Derventio, which Mr. Drake fixes at Stainfordburgh
(vulgarly called Stanford-bridge) and not at Aldby, as was the opinion of
Camden.-Stanford bridge,* was formerly called Stain-forth-burgg,
C
ſignifying
* This place was famous for the battle fought between the Engliſh under the command of
HAROLD, and the NorwECIANS, 23 September, 1066, when HAROLD killed the Norwegian
general
&
.
There
And as
1
}
(
10)
fignifying a ſtony ford, or paſſage over a river at a town.
Drake ſuppoſes that the Romans built no bridges over the rivers, but
took great care to guard the fords; he thinks this muſt have been the
ancient ſtation of Derventio, as he knew of no other place on the Der-
went fordable, from Malton down to the river Oufe. From Londef-
burgh to this ford, he imagines the road muſt have paſſed to Pockling-
ton, whence the line directs you on the north ſide of Barnby-moor to-
wards Stainforth-burgh, &c. On the upper part of the moor, near Barnby-
town, ſome traces of a Roman pottery were diſcovered; near which,
were ſcattered pieces of urns, flag, and cinders; and it is worthy of
obſervation, that the preſent road to York goes through this bed of
ſand and cinders; but the Roman way is fuppofed to lie a little on the
right hand of it.
“ Derventio thus appears to be the preſent Standford-bridge, or
Burgh; at which place a detachment of the Roman army was con-
ſtantly kept as a guard to the city of York on that fide, all the while
the Romans were in poſſeſſion of it.”-[Although Mr. Drake does not
admit Aldby to be the ancient Derventio, yet he acknowledges it to be a
place of great antiquity, and ſuppoſes a Roman palace or manſion to
have been built here, for the Præfect or Commander in Chief of the
ſtation at Derventio or Standford-bridge, from which it is only one mile
diſtant; and he is alſo of opinion that this might probably be the
palace, which Bede writes, that the Saxon king Edwin reſided in, when
he had like to have been aſſaſſinated.]-Vide Drake's Hift. York.
« We find that the next remarkable Bay, in Ptolemy is called GA-
BRANTOVICORVM europeevns xontos, Sinus Portuofus vel Salutaris; which
general with his own hand, and obtained a complete victory. In commemoration of this battle, it was
formerly, and may ſtill be the cuſtom for the inhabitants to have a Pie made on the anniverſary
of the day, in form of a boat; from a tradition, that a Norwegian of great ſtature and ſtrength
defended the bridge, until a party of Harold's men paſſing the river in a boat, flew him with an
arrow
A piece of ground on the left hand of the bridge, is ſtill called Battle-flats, and ſeveral pieces
of old ſwords have been found in the tillage fields.
certainly
$
1
( 11 )
certainly muſt be our Bridlington-bay.-A village upon it is now called
Sureby quaſi Sure bay, and is an exact tranſlation of Ptolemy's Greek ap-
pellation.-That which is ſafe and free from danger, ſays Camden, was
by the Britons and Gauls called Seur, which is yet retained in the Eng-
liſh tongue.-Nor has it this name without reaſon, being eſteemed the
largeſt and ſafeſt bay on theſe coaſts.--The name of GABRANTOVICI,
given to the people inhabiting about this bay, is ſuppoſed to be derived
from goats, and 'tis probable the people, more into the country, were
called PARISI * (ſhepherds), thoſe goat-herds."
“ From this famous Bay, the Roman ridge is ſtill very apparent, for
many miles, over the Wolds, directing in a ſtraight line for York. The
country people call it the Dykes ; # it is now ſcarce any high road at all
near Sledmere. At this laſt mentioned village, the ridge wholly dif-
appears, for which reaſon Mr. Warburton, in his ſurvey of this coun-
try, has drawn it on to Fridaythorpe, as the neareſt way to York; and
it is probable there might run an occaſional road this way to Stainford-
burgh, as the neareſt cut to the city; though no traces of it appear at
this day.-.--But there was another remarkable ſtation in this diſtrict,
which, though not mentioned in Antoninus's Itinerary, yet is plainly
enough pointed out to us in Ptolemy's geography.—This is CAMVLO-
DVNVM, which by the ſame ſituation, and tract of the road to it, can
be no where ſo well placed as at MALTON.-It would be very erroneous
to ſuppoſe that the CAMBODVNVM in the Itinerary, and this were
the ſame; the rout in the Iter fixes that in a different part of the county.
You
• The Wolds were inhabited by the Pariſ, who kept here large flocks of ſheep.
| Dike ab A. S. dice dic.—Danice diige, dige. Belg. duck, Agger, foſſa vallum, &c. vide
dick etym. Skinner.
$ The veſtige of this road was lately diſcovered at Sledmere, by Sir Chriſtopher Sykes, in level.
ling a high bank forming one ſide of the Slade (Saxon word for a hollow way) near the Mere.
The workmen came upon a very diſtinct layer of ſmall gravelly ſtones at almoſt two feet fix
inches from the ſurface, laid in a barrel or convex form, nine feet wide, and ſix or ſeven inches
thick, in the direction between York and Hunmanby; but after it aſcends the hill from Sledmere,
it is more in the form of an entrenchment than a road, and has probably been uſed at different
periods for both purpoſes.
-But
( 12
12 )
-But Ptolemy, from York, is plainly drawing up to deſcribe the ſea
coaſts, and well havened bay; and therefore mentions this ſtation as in
the road to it. From Sledmere then, our road points to Malton; and,
though not by far ſo viſible as before, yet the ſtratum is eaſily traced
on the Wolds, by Wharram-en-le-ftreet, as it is called, to Settrington-
brow, whence it run, no doubt, to Malton.—The affinity in the name is
another ſtrong proof of this aſſertion; Malton is the very fame as Mal-
dune; (ton and dune are ſynonymous) nor can it admit of any other
interpretation.--It being ridiculous to derive it Malton, a town of Malt,
when there is ſuch evident reaſon to deduce it from the Roman appel-
lation.”
“ CAMBODVNVM and CAMVLODVNVM are two different ſta-
tions, though the affinity of their names has created ſeveral miſtakes about
them.-In ſome copies of the Itinerary, the laſt named ſtation is put
down at ſeventeen miles from York, a proper diſtance for Malton.—But
then it has been miſtaken for the former, which lies in the ſecond Iter
in the road to Mancheſter; and in all probability was the name of the
grand camp now to be ſeen on the hill near Almondbury.-CAMVLO-
DVNVM by its adjunct * LEG. VI. VIC. is rightly ſuppoſed by Dr.
Gale to be a ſummer ſtation for that Legion ; but Malton bids much
fairer for that honour than the other, on ſeveral accounts.--For no per-
fon (without being obliged to it) would either winter or ſummer on the
other.'
“ But to make this ſtation ſtill more conſiderable, we muſt return
to the Sea-coaſt, and take notice of two more bays convenient for land-
ing in. ,
Theſe are FILEY-BAY and SCARBURGH, which, though not
put
down in Ptolemy's general tables of the whole Roman empire, could
not have been omitted in a particular geographical account of Britain.
The art of failing was in their time at a very low ebb, and it is not to
be ſuppoſed that when the Romans ſet fail, or rather rowed from the
* Legio ſexta vietrix.
Belgick
S
Y.
............1....?
(13)
Belgick or Gaulick coaſt for Britain, that they could be ſure of their
landing-place on the other ſide.---Theſe two conſiderable bays then
muſt have been occaſionally made uſe of by them; and though no
military road does ſeemingly lead from them to Malton; yet we are
not without ſome teſtimonies to prove it.---From Filey to Flotmanby,
the road is vulgarly called the Street, and in ſome grounds, on this road,
is the veſtige of a fortreſs, moſt probably Roman, now called CASTLE-
HILL.--Hence the Street runs to Spittal, where it meets the Scarburgh
road. Whoever ſurveys the way from Scarburgh to Seamer, * with an
Antiquary's eye, will find ſeveral traces of Roman work on it. ----Parti-
cularly I aver it is very viſible on both ſides the bridge, betwixt Seamer
and Spittal, which is over a rivulet that runs from the vaſt carrs in this
place.”
“ The quantity of large blue-pebble, and the particular manner of
jointing, fufficiently indicate it to be Roman. And were there no other
teſtimony in the whole road but this, it would be a ſtrong argument in
its favour. The road is evidently forced through theſe carrs, which
were otherwiſe impaſſable, and ſeems to have required Roman induſtry
and labour to perfect it.-Beſides, this is the direct way from Burling-
ton-bay to Whitby, two noted Roman ports, and it is probable that
there was a communication by land betwixt them. The Comites Littoris
SAXONICI, or guardians of theſe fea-coaſts againſt the invaſions of the
Saxons, could not have defended them without ſuch a junction.-And
it is not unlikely that ſome more viſible teſtimonies of it remain on this
road, if it were diligently inveſtigated.”
“ What is more to the purpoſe to deduce our Roman way from the
port of Scarburgh to Spittal ; (which laſt name comes from an hoſpital,
and it was uſual with our Chriſtian Saxon anceſtors to build fuch
houſes at the conjuncture of ſeveral roads, for the relief and entertain-
ment of poor diſtreſſed travellers)--here it may be preſumed it met
* Part of the ancient military road was diſcovered ſome few years ſince in this lane, near Mr.
Huntriſs's barn, about a mile from Scarborough.
D
the
{
( 14 )
the Filey road, and ran with it, in a direct line for Malton; and though
there be no remains Now apparent to confirm this, yet the name of the
Street * renders the conjecture probable.The Roman Vicinary, or oc-
caſional roads, were not raiſed with ſuch care and pains as their grand
military ways; for which reaſon we are not to expect to meet with
them at this day.”
“ The next conſiderable port, on the Britiſh coaſts, is the DVNVS
SINVS of Ptolemy, which our Antiquaries have fixed near Whitby...
Mr. Horſley has here made an egregious miſtake by placing DVNVS
at the mouth of the river Tees, and has taken no notice at all of this
remarkable ſea port.--Dunſley, now a village on this bay, bears yet
fome teſtimony of the ancient name; but what makes it more confider-
able is, a Roman road which runs from it, for many miles over theſe vaſt
moors and moraſſes towards York. This extraordinary road, not now
made uſe of, is called by the country people, WADE's Causey, and
they tell a ridiculous traditional ſtory of Wade's wife, and her Cow,t as
the reaſon of the making of it.-It is worth obſerving however, that
this name ſuits well with Mr. Camden's Saxon duke Wada, who, he
ſays, lived at a caſtle on theſe coaſts, and probably in the abandoned
Roman Fortreſs, or Station. It is believed, adds he, that this Saxon
prince was a giant; and they ſhew you his tomb, which is two ſtones
about ſeven feet high éach, and ſet up at twelve feet diſtance, called
now Wade's GRAVE.It is ſtrange Mr. Camden got no intelligence of
the cauſeway, as well as the grave, when he was upon the ſpot. But
* Street is derived from the Latin word Aratum, and wherever we meet with a road called a
Street, or any town or village ſaid to lie upon the Street, we may be aſſured that a Roman road
was at or near it.
+ The fabulous ſtory is, that Wade had a cow, which his wife was obliged to milk at a great
diſtance, on theſe moors; for her better convenience, he made this cauſeway, and ſhe helped him
by bringing great quantities of ſtones in her apron; but the ſtrings breaking once with the
weight, as well they might, a huge heap (about twenty cart load) is ſhewn that dropped from
her.The ſuppoſed rib of this monſtrous cow is ſtill ſhewn to ſuch as viſit MULGRAVE CASTLE.
But Mr. Charlton conceives it to be the bone of a whale; however ihe common people are ſtill
infatuated with the ancient opinion.
theſe
( 15 )
theſe ſtones, I take it, are Roman tumuli of the nature of thoſe at Bur-
rough-bridge."--Vide Drake's Hiftory of York.
A
In addition to this account of Drake's, Mr. Robert King, * late of
Pickering, ſays, that he diſcovered the veſtiges of the Dunus Sinus road
in the fields near the village of Broughton, where eleven Roman urus
were found, in making the fences of the late incloſure, and the ſtones
of the road are frequently plowed up in the tillage fields. Thence he
traced it to the banks of the river Rye near Newſom-bridge; which
river (he ſays) it has croſſed. There was alſo another Roman road
which paſſed weſtward, through the range of towns called Stréct-towns,
viz. Appleton-le-Street, Barton-le-ftreet, &c.-The great Roman road, con-
tinues by the towns of Barugh, t and not far from Thornton-Rifea
borough, to the Barrows, near the little village of Cawthorn or Cold-
thorn, where there is a ſmall ſpring. And a houſe in the village ſtill
retains the name of Bibo, ſuppoſed to be derived from having been a
drinking-houſe of the ſoldiers from the Barrows $ camps.--Hence, the
road proceeds to Stopebeck, which it croſſes in the line of the Egton
road, and then continues at a ſmall diſtance from that road, to a
ſtone-croſs called MALO CROSS, which it paſſes at about the diſtance
of forty yards on the weſt of the croſs. Then it runs northward
to Keys-beck, which it croſſes about fixty yards eaſt of the Egton road,
and purſues the northern direction, until it croſſes Wheeldale-beck,
at the point of junction of that beck and Keys-beck, whence it paſſes
by the Hunt-houſe to July or Julius Park, to the ancient caſtle of
Mulgrave, ſituated near Dunus Sinus or Dunſley-bay, in the neigh-
bourhood of Whitby, where ſeveral Roman urns have been found.
* Mr. King, who was employed as a ſurveyor, frequently traverſed this part of the country on
foot, and ſcrutinized every inch of the ground with his uſual attention and accuracy.
+ Towards the eaſt of the towns of Barugh, is Kirby Miſperton, where are ſeveral remains of
Roman work. In digging for gravel here, a great number of human bones were found, and a
fone obeliſk, curiouſly carved with ramificd tracery.
# Thus called from the artificial mounts or Burial.places near them. Barrow is derived from
the Saxon birighe, to hide or bury.
Mr.
1
i
::::::': +4.0:
( 16
)
i
Mr. Charlton-obferves " That the Romans were not ſo well acquainted
with the art of navigation, as to venture their ſhips into a river. ſo in-
conſiderable as the Elke * is at low-water. They rather choſe, after
the example of Cæſar, (when he firſt made his landing good in Britain)
to bring the tranſports, in which were the ſoldiers, along-ſide of ſome
beach, or into an open bay; where, after diſembarking the troops,
the
veſſels might ride at anchor; or, in caſe of bad weather, be hauled up
on dry land. And this ſeems to have been their practice in DUNSLEY
Bay, about two or three miles weſtward of Whitby; for there, if tra-
dition and the general conſent of Antiquarians do nor deceive us, they
frequently landed their foldiers, and marched them up into the country,
as occaſion required. And to confirm this opinion, we find Dunus Sinus
or Dunſley-bay, mentioned by Prolemy, as a landing-place they fre-
quently uſed. Moreover, there is in its neighbourhood a certain Dale,
called to this day, MARS-DALE, from a grove that ſeems to have been
planted there, and dedicated to the Heathen God Mars - Towards its
ſouthern extremity there are yet ſome remains of an altar, where pro-
bably ſacrifices were offered; whence is a fine proſpect of the bay.-
The uncommon form in which the trees have been planted, and the
great pains that have been taken with two or three acres of ground,
as well as the name of the Dale, are conſiderable arguments to corro-
borate what is aclvanced.''
Vide Charlton's Hiſtory of IV hitby.
:
# The river, upon the banks of which Whitby is ſituated.
7
ANCIENT
( 17 )
ANCIENT CAMPS, TUMULI OR BURYING PLACES, &c.
The Romans, in addition to the maritime garriſons and military
roads, formed camps in the moſt convenient ſituations, to prevent the
enemy penetrating into the interior country. -The lofty promontory at
Scarborough, on which the ruins of the caſtle now ſtand, the elevated
hill of Weapon-Neſs,* and that of Seamer-Moor, t at a little diſtance,
have oppoſed a ſtrong natural barrier to any hoſtile invaſions from the
ſea, and muſt have been formidable ſtations when occupied by the Ro-
man troops. The country to the weſt, has alſo preſented a grand line
of defence. The hills riſe with gentle aſcents from the ſouth, and fall
with ſteep brows and ſudden declivities to the north. Theſe precipi-
tous brows forming a long chain weſtward, had but few paſſages prac-
ticable for armies, which were rendered difficult by the aſſiſtance of
The line of defence ſeems to have commenced at Weapon-Neſs,
which has been interfected by a rampart, ſtill viſible; and the Tumuli
on its eaſtern ſide, render it probable that there may, at this place, have
been a conteſt. The continuation of the line again appears in the
Camps on Seamer Moor. The remains of theſe Camps ſhew that the
ſummit of the hill has been ſtrongly fortified by military works. The
principal parts of the Camps are in the form of parallelograms, or long
ſquares, with double ditches.—On the ſouth-eaſt part of the moor were
many Tumuli, ſome ſquare, ſome oblong, others round, of a conſiderable
elevation ; but moſt of them have been plowed up ſince the incloſure.
In one, near the farm-houſe of the late William Hall, were found three
ſmall mill-ſtones, about eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, a piece
art.
* Weapon-Neſs is in a commanding ſituation, a little to the South-weſt of Scarborough, and
overlooks the town. It is a compound word, Weapon indicating a place of defence, and Neſs,
a point of land. The modern name is Oliver's Mount, thus called, from a miſtaken opinion, that
Cromwell erected batteries here againſt the Caſtle, during the ſiege, in 1644-5.
+ Seamer-Moor is about two miles weſt of Scarborough.
E
of
..::.. ...
( 18 )
of iron in form of a dagger, and ſeveral iron plates. In another, near
the farm-houſe occupied at preſent by Mr. Cook, adjoining the York
road, were diſcovered many human bones.
The Camps on this Moor were rendered almoſt inacceſlible on the
eaſtern, northern, and weſtern fides, by the precipitous declivities and
woods of Row-brow, Raincliff, and thoſe which overhang the Forge-valley
near Ayton, where the river Derwent purſues its courfe from Hackneſs.
The ſouthern ſide had its natural defence by the vale, ſtill known by the
name of the Carrs, which abounded with waters and moraſſes then im-
paſſable; and King's-bridge, to the north, was entirely commanded by
the camps.
Beyond Ayton, the aſcent to Hutton-Buſhell Moor has been defended
with a ſquare camp, (Itill viſible) near to which are ſeveral Tumuli.
From Hutton-Buſhell Moor, the line is of great natural ſtrength, by
the deep vale of Troutſdale, and the ravines extending and ſpreading
like branches from the upper end of the valley of Bedale, acrofs theſe
heights.
The next practicable paſs was at the weſtern end of Troutſdale, * by
the plain of Scamridge, where there is a continuation of lines and en-
trenchments, called Six Dikes and Ofwy's Dikes. Theſe entrenchments
conſiſt of a great number of ramparts and ditches parallel to each other,
and not above nine feet diſtant. They are of immenſe ſtrength, and of
great extent.
From Scamridge, weſtward, it is doubly defended, by a great moraſs
on the Moor, called MA Moss, and the deep valley of Staindale, which
ſecured the country as far as High Dalby.
From High Dalby, the lines which now paſs between the towns of
Kingthorp and Lockton, extended to Croſdale-Thwaite.
The valleys of Newtondale, Raindale, and the craggy plain, called
Weapon-gate Moor, were then ſufficient barriers as far as the paſs of
Rawcliff, near which are the Roman camps, diſtinguiſhed by the name
* On Sawdon heights near Troutſdale, within the bounds of Bafon-Howe Farm, there is a large
Tumulus hollowed like a Bafon, hence the etymology of the name of the farm.
of
white
:
1
4
(19)
of the Barrows' Camps; and here the military road paſſed from Malton
or Aldby to Mulgrave-caſtle, interfecting that part of the country.
On the brow of the hill called Rawcliff, on Pickering Moor, are two
Roman Camps in high preſervation; they are of great ſtrength, and
ſituated at a ſhort diſtance from each other. There are alſo ſeveral
other ancient Camps between the Barrows and the town of Pickering;
ſome of which, it is ſaid, were included within the allotments of Mr.
Richard Simpſon, at the late incloſure of the Moor ; and, on levelling
the land near one of them, many round ſtones were found, like the
ſeveral parts of a column, having holes in the end as though deſigned to
connect the joints. They were of the rudeſt workmanſhip, without any
inſcription.--On the weſt Moors of Pickering, many Camps are dif-
perfed, and fome entrenchments over the heights called Middleton-Lays,
which completed the defence of this part of the country as far as
Cropton.
The north ſide of this line is a large tract of barren Moor-land, which,
affords no ſupply of forage or proviſion, being all covered with heath
and woods, and many of the higheſt hills. interſperſed with great
moraſſes.-To the ſouth, is the mountainous diſtrict of the Wolds.
It will appear by this account, that the country weſtward from Scar-
borough, has, even from the borders of the ſea ſhore, been a continued
line of defence, communicating wich the military road, which inter-
fected the country from Malton to Mulgrave, near Dunſley-Bay.
Many other veſtiges of antiquity have alſo been found in the vicinity
of Scarborough.
At Stainton-Dale, about ſeven miles to the north, ſeveral Roman urns
were found in the Tumuli there, in the year 1768, when theſe fepulchrab
hills were opened for gravel and ſtones to repair the road with. The
urns contained bones and aſhes.
Mr. Charlton, in his hiſtory of Whitby, alſo mentions the diſcovery
of a ſtone with a curious inſcription found at Ravenhill-Hall, on the
Sea-coaſt, about eight miles north-weſt of Scarborough ; which, if his
con
Եվ
7
f
stat
( 20 )
conjectures be juſt, ſeems to indicate that the Romans were in Britain,
poſterior to the time generally admitted by Hiſtorians. As it is a ſingu-
lar curioſity, the following deſcription of it, with Mr. Charlton's ob-
ſervations, is ſubjoined.
“ In the year 1774, Captain Child's workmen, on digging for the
foundations of Ravenhill-Hall, met with a ſtone, at the bottom of ſome
ruins, on which is the following inſcription :
TIITTI
..
IVSTINIANVS PP
VINDICANUSI
MASBIERIVPRO
Watch
Breadth fifteen inches.
Thickneſs five' inches.
ACASTROMERO
!
Length twenty-two inches.
'Which inſcription, I am of opinion ought to be read as follows, viz.
Juftinianus, Pater patriæ, Vindelicianus, Mauritanus, Africanus, Sar-
maticus, Britannicus, Imperator excellentiſſimus Romanorum, quater
Prætor, Maritimum Caſtrum effecit, ad navigantium opus. Which
9 *
3
* Mr. Charlton in his preface obſerves, “ As to the reading in the laſt line of the inſcription,
it ſeems not ſo certain: I was formerly of opinion it denoted the intention for which this Caſtle
was erected, and ought to be read ad navigantium opus; but upon a cloſer examination of the
ſtone, I am inclined to think the ſecond letter in this line is G, and that the reading ought to be
A. G. ominibus, where the two letters ſtand for the name of the General who acted under Juſti-
nian, here in Britain, and by whoſe direction this maritime caſtle was built for the protection of
the coaſt."
may
+
누
​$
'
WAWA...................
..........
........:::..."
( 21
)
so
3
may be thus englithed, “ Juſtinian, the Father of his country, the Con-
queror of the Vandals, Moors, Africans, Sarmatians, and Britons, the
moſt excellent Emperor of the Romans, four times Prætor, built this
Maritime Caſtle for the uſe of navigation.”
This ſtone ſeems to have been the foundation-ſtone of a Fort, or
Caſtle, built during the reign of the Emperor Juſtinian, for the protection
of the fea-coaſt (here in Yorkſhire) and by its ſituation on a promon-
tory, or head-land, which may be ſeen at a great diſtance, ſeems alſo to
have been intended for a watch-tower, or light-houſe, to direct thips at
ſea to ſteer a proper courſe, either for that place, for Flamborough-Head,
or Whitby harbour. It has alſo been built on a ſquare plat of ground,
each fide thereof extending about thirty yards in length; and probably
continued ſtanding there on the coaſt till the arrival of Hungar and
Hubba, who demoliſhed it, that it might be no impediment to them
afterwards on the march to the interior of Britain. Whether the model
thereof might be taken from the watch-tower at Streanſhalh, or that at
Streanſhalh was really taken from this, ſeems difficult now to deter-
mine; for notwithſtanding what I have obſerved in another place, it is
poſſible they might both be the work of the Romans.
“ And here I cannot help animadverting on the great miſtake that all
our hiſtorians have fallen into, who ſuppoſe, with Gilda, and Bede, that
the Romans entirely quitted Britain, never more to return, about the
year 436, or 427; ſeeing this ſtone and caſtle plainly prove that they
were there above a hundred years after that period, viz. in the reign of
the Emperor Juſtinian, who held the Empire from the year 527, till the
year 566. We will indeed readily allow that, before the arrival of the
Saxons, the Romans withdrew all their forces out of Britain.
fooner did Juſtinian aſſume the reigns of government, than, by means
of Beliſarius, Narſes, and his other victorious Generals, he extended the
Roman Empire to its ancient limits, and even took in Britain, as this
ſtone demonſtrably makes it appear. Nay further, if we allow B in
the aforegoing inſcription, to ſtand for Britannicus, we muſt own him
to have been maſter of the whole iſland, and that both the Britons and
Saxons
But no
F
toy
*
Waka
}
.....:::.... "
( 22 )
Saxons were his vaſſals. Nor can I forbear obferving, that all the
mighty fears and heroic actions which our hiſtorians fabulouſly aſcribe
to the Britiſh King Arthur, were, in my opinion, really the perform-
ances of the old Romans; and that it was not Arthur, but this warlike
people, which reduced theſe new comers, the Saxons, to fo low an ebb;
from which ſervile ſtate, however, they ſoon recovered themſelves after
the death of Juſtinian; for the Roman Empire falling again into dif-
traction, their garriſons were withdrawn from Britain, and the Saxons
once more became maſters of all they formerly poſſeſſed in England.”
“ This Caſtle on Ravenhill ſeems to have been built in, or foon after,
the year 534; for in that year, it is certain, Juſtinian was the fourth
time Conſul, and moſt probably Prætor alſo, ſince theſe two dignities
had then for many ages been almoſt always united together at Rome.
SECTION
.
Sipening
#
*
SECTION II.
INCURSIONS OF THE SAXONS AND DANES.
TH
HE ROMANS were in poſſeſſion of Britain upwards of four cen-
turies; but ſuch are the extraordinary revolutions of the world,
that theſe mighty conquerors, who had ſubdued ſo many nations, and
graſped at univerſal dominion, were reduced to the humiliating con-
dition of ſeeing their own Empire fubverted by the invincible power
of fierce barbarians. About the year of Chriſt 446, (hiſtorians write)
they left this iſland, being five hundred and one years after their firſt
deſcent, and four hundred and three after their ſettlement in the country.
The Britons, deſerted by their protectors, and enfeebled by a long
ſubjugation, had neither the ſkill nor courage to reſiſt the incurſions
of the Caledonians, who broke down the wall erected by Severus, and
ſubdued and waſted this northern part of the country, even to the banks
of the Humber.-In a moment of extreme deſpair, they invited over
*
* The following epiſtle to Etius, the Roman general, then in Gaul, is a proof of the extreme
deſpair to which they were reduced.
“ The GROANS OF THE BRITONS."
« We know not which way to turn us.
The Barbarians drive us to the ſea; the ſea drives
us back to the Barbarians; and we have only the hard choice left us, either to be butchered by
the ſword, or ſwallowed up by the waves."
the
...
( 24
24 )
1
:
the Saxons, and by their aſliſtance defeated the Caledonians; but this
proved a dangerous expedient, and eventually became fatal to the in-
dependence of Britain.—The Saxons, allured by the fertile plains of
this country, had no deſire to return to their own ſhores, and having
received conſiderable reinforcements, they turned their arms againſt
the natives, and proſecuted their conqueſt with a ferocious fpirit.
In the year 547, IDA, a Saxon Prince, attended with a numerous
multitude of his countrymen, landed at FLAMBOROUGH-HEAD, and
deſolated all the neighbouring Sea-Coast.-He extended his conqueſts
to the North, and ſubdued the country, now called Northumberland,
the Biſhoprick of Durham,—the ſouth eaſt part of Scotland, and af-
ſumed the title of King of Bernicia.
ÆLLA, another Saxon Prince, about the ſame time conquered Lan-
caſhire, and the greateſt part of Yorkſhire, and received the appellation
of King of Deira.--The river Tees was the boundary between theſe
two kingdoms, Bernicia being ſituated on the north, and Deira on the
fouth.
The Saxons about the year 550, ſubdued the whole of South Britain
(Wales excepted) which they divided into ſeven kingdoms called the
Heptarchy.—The ancient inhabitants were moſt of them expelled, and
obliged to take refuge in the mountains of Wales, while the few who
remained at the mercy of the conquerors, were reduced to the moſt
abject ſervitude.—The Saxon government, laws, manners, and lan-
guage, were introduced, and ſo perfectly eſtabliſhed, that all me-
mory of the inſtitutions, previous to the conqueſt, was aboliſhed, and a
new order of affairs took place.
The SAXONS were extremely partial to the Roman foundations in
Britain, to which (when they occupied them) they gave the appellation
of Burgh, implying in its primitive fignification a place of ſtrength.
The Saxon Burghs * (or towns) were of royal creation, defended
with
....
*" The ancient Saxons (according to Spelman) gave the name Burgh to thoſe called, in
other countries, Cilies; but the name city was afterwards applied to epiſcopal towns, and that of
Burgh
yan.............
25 )
.
to
with walls or caſtles, inhabited by mechanics, tradeſmen, and mer-
chants, and enjoyed many privileges.—The burgeſes clected their own
magiſtrates, and tranſacted public buſineſs in their general meeting,
which was called a Burgmote. Theſe privileges and the excluſive enjoy-
ment of markets and fairs diſtinguiſhed them from the villages, which
were folely inhabited by perſons employed in huſbandry. After the
Norman conqueſt fome alterations were made in them; but ſtill the
Burghs retained many of their former immunities.
The moſt ancient name of Scarborough (Scearburg) + is of Saxon
origin, Scear ſignifying a rock, and Burgh a fortified place. Hence there
is reaſon to conclude, from what has been premiſed, that it has been a
Saxon town on a Roman foundation. The Saxons, from their attachment
to the ſea, ſelected the moſt convenient ports, and encouraged the
fiſheries. The ſituation of Scarborough, with its adjacent fiſhing-
ground, would conſequently induce numbers to ſettle there. The
fiſheries and a Northern trade were favourite objects with Alfred the
Great. He planned an expedition to explore the North ſea, and the
coaſts of the Baltic; and employed two navigators, a Norwegian, and an
Anglo-Saxon, to carry it into execution. The name of the Norwegian
was Ochter, who viſited the Northern ocean; that of the Anglo-Saxon,
Wolffian, who failed to the Baltic. The journal of theſe voyages ap-
pears in Alfred's own preface to Orofius, and very accurately deſcribes
the coaſts, the inhabitants, and the fiſheries of the North, as far as the
Burgh retained to the reſt; though theſe too had the appearance of cities; being governed by
inagiſtrates, having laws of their own making, lending repreſentatives to Parliament, and being
fortified with a wall and caſtle, and the like."
Campbell's Survey of Great Britain.
+ Scéarburg ſignifies, according to Camden, Burgus in prærupta rupe, a Burgh upon a craggy-
rock. -- According to Somner, it is Urbs vel Arx in Acula, vel acuminuta rupe fita, ut apud Bra-
bantos Scharpenberg, i. e. Mons Acutus; a city, walled town, or a fort or caſtle upon a point, or
ſituated upon a pointed rock, as amongſt the Brabanters Scharpenberg, that is a ſharp or pointed
hill. Scarr alſo ſignifics Collis petroſus, et aſpera rocky and rugged hill.
Skinner's dilionary, Art. Scarborotgb.
G
utmoſt
!
Baterie
(
)
26
2
utmoſt bounds of Norway and Finland. It is a very curious and intereſt-
ing piece, as it ſhews that the Wbale and Seal-fiſhing were practiſed in
thoſe early ages; and that the Finlanders and Laplanders placed their
chief riches in ſkins, furs, and Rein Deer, as they do at this day. *
The Saxons, during the reign of Alfred, were much diſturbed by the
invaſions of the Danes, who inſtigated by a ſpirit of rapine and piracy,
iſſued from the ſhores of the Baltic, and frequently croſſed the German
ocean with numerous fleets, to commit their depredations on the Eaſtern
coaſt of Britain.---Flamborough-Head, Scarborough, and Whitby were
generally the places upon the coaſt to which they directed their courſes,
being conſpicuous promontories, and convenient for landing. Flam-
borough-Head to this day bears teſtimony of a Daniſh encampment,
and is ſtill called Little Denmark.
Hungar and Hubba, two celebrated Daniſh chieftains, having col-
lected a great many adventurers, fet fail for England with a numerous
fleet in the ſpring of the year 876, and landed in two divifions. The
firſt diviſion, commanded by Hubba, † debarked in Dunfley-Bay, about
two miles to the weſtward of Streanfhalb, (Whitby); where they erected
their ſtandard, a Raven, on an eminence or riſing ground, which is
ſuppoſed to have been known ever ſince by the name of Raven-Hill;
while the other diviſion, under Hungar, made their landing good at
Peak, about ſeven miles to the eaſtward of Strean halh, (and ten to the
north-weſt of Scarborough); where, on the top of a very high cliff or
hill, they erected another ſtandard or flag, with a Raven pourtrayed
thereon, which might be ſeen all the country round; which hill is to
this day alſo known by the name of Raven-Hill.”
* It is ſaid that Alfred ſent ſhips to explore a North-weſt paſſage to the Eaſt Indies; and it is
agreed that an Anglo-Saxon Prieſt, called Sigchelm, performed a voyage (by the Cape of Good
Hope) to St. Thomas, on the coaſt of Coromandel, at the command of Alfred.
+ At Appledore, there is an artificial mount with a large ſtone erect upon it, raiſed to perpetu-
date the memory of Hubba, who was there flain, in the year 879. It is called Hubbe-Lowe.
Charlton's Hiſtory of Whitby.
Theſe
$
*
....
be
to
the
( .27
27 )
Theſe barbarians committed the moſt cruel exceſſes. They fet fire
to the houſes, after plundering them of every thing valuable, put the
miſerable inhabitants to the ſword, without diſtinction, ſparing neither
the delicacy of the ſex, nor the infirmities of age; and a large extent of
the coaſt, reduced to a wilderneſs, exhibited a melancholy ſcene of de-
folation.
The exalted genius of Alfred the Great triumphed over theſe cruel
invaders. He not only vanquiſhed the Danes by land; but raiſed a
formidable navy to oppoſe them on the ſea. A fleet of one hundred
and twenty ſhips, formed into diviſions, conſtantly guarded the iſland;
and, a ſurvey of the ſea-coaſt having been made by his command, he
appointed the moſt convenient ſtations for his navy to oppoſe the de-
ſcent of the Danes. The natural harbour of Scarborough, in the receſs
of a ſpacious bay, formed by the projection of the Caſtle-cliff, which
muſt at that time have extended to a more conſiderable diſtance into
the ſea, would undoubtedly appear a proper ſtation for a fleet to repel
the invaſions of the Danes; and it is reaſonable to ſuppoſe that it would
be ſelected on ſuch an occaſion.
Such are the arguments in favour of the opinion of an ancient origin
of Scarborough, and the circumſtances which have been recited, form
as connected a chain of evidence, as could reaſonably be expected on a
ſubject of fo remote an enquiry.
"**************WAY...op.122"********
SECTION
SECTION
III.
ANCIENT TOWN OF SCARBOROUGH.
THE
HE revolutions which happen to particular places, from various
contingencies, during the courſe of ages, ſhew the great inftabi-
lity of worldly eſtabliſhments, and ought to huinble the pride of the
moſt flouriſhing ſituations.
Towns, which were once famed for opulence and fplendour, are now
gone to decay, and exhibit only the gloomy veſtiges of their ancient
grandeur. Others have emerged from the loweſt ſtate of humility, and, by
a combination of fortunate circumſtances, attained an extraordinary dem
gree of proſperity; but theſe may, by a ſucceſſion of unforeſeen inci-
dents, ſink into their original obſcurity.
The extenſion of commerce, and the introduction of ſeveral lucrative
branches of manufactures, have made wonderful improvements in this
favoured country. If we compare the preſent ſtate of many conſider-
able places with that of former ages; how great is the difference! The
city of York, which was the capital of a great province, contained (as
appears by Doomſday-Book) at the time of the Norman conqueſt, not
more than fourteen hundred and eighteen families. What traces of
opulence were viſible in ſome of the manufacturing towns in the
weſtern
(
29)
-
1
weſtern part of this county a few centuries ago?~And Hull, in this
eaſtern
part, which is now the emporium of five counties, and progreſ-
fively increaſing in commerce, in population, and opulence, was founded
only in the reign of Edward I. and was a place of little conſideration,
even in the time of Edward III.
There is no mention of Scarborough in Doomſday-Book. The cruel
defolations of the invading Danes, the deſtructive conteſts of the Nor-
thuinbrian Princes, and the vindictive policy of William the Conqueror,
who laid waſte a great part of Yorkſhire, and the Sea-coaſt north of
the Humber, might have reduced it to a miſerable ſtate of obſcurity.
But the following account is given of Walſgrave, (in this ancient book
of record) within the manor of which, Scarborough was included.
“ There are in Waleſgrif and in the hamlet of Nordfeld 15 geldable
(i. e. taxable) carucates of land which may be cultivated by 8 ploughs.
Tofi* held theſe as one manor. It is now the King's. There are
within this manor 5 villans, who hold two carucates. There is a wood,
with paſturage, three miles in length and two miles in breadth. In the
time of King Edward (the Confeffor) it was valued at 56 pounds, now
at 30 ſhillings. t To this manor belongs the foke (or juriſdiction) of
the following lands. Afgozbi (4 carucates); Ledbeſton; Greiftorp; Scage-
torp; Eterſtorp; Rodbeforp; Tacelac; Bertune ; Depedale ; Atune ; Neuue-
tun; Preftetune ; Hortune ; Martune ; Wicham; Roſtune; Tornelai ; Stein-
tun; Brinniſtun ; Scallsbi; Cloetune. In the whole there are 84 carucates
of geldable land, which may be cultivated with 42 ploughs. Upon theſe
lands there were 107 focmen who had 46 carucates.
There are now 7
i
******...
3
* Tofti or Tofton was Count of Northumberland, and brother to Harold, King of England.
He had large poſſeſſions in theſe parts, and was a monſter of brutality, on which account, he was
juſtly diſpoſſeſſed by his brother, at the inſurrection and remonſtrance of the Northumbrians. In
revenge for this diſgrace, Tofti engaged the aſſiſtance of Harfagar, King of Norway, who arrived
in the Humber with a fleet of two hundred ſhips. They landed, and laid waſte the country of
Yorkſhire, and routed the King's forces at Fulford, near York; but Harold procuring large rein.
forcements, met and totally defeated them at Stamford-bridge, and Tofti and Harfagar were both
Nain.
+ A proof of a great deſolation,
H
focmen
9 « Haralld Hardrada [ Harfagar ] having appointed his ſon Magnus to govern Norway in his abſence, failed with his
other fon Olaf, and with his queen Elliſif (Elizabeth) and her daughters Maria and Ingegerdr, acroſs the Britiſh ocean. He reached
Shetland, and, after a ſhort delay, he failed to the Orkneys. He left there his family, and, directing his courſe along Scotland, he
landed with his multitude of warriors at the Tyne. His aggreſſion ſeems to have been unforeſeen. The duke of Normandy ab-
forbed the attention of Harold, who did not expect that his hour of difficulty would have been made more ſtormy by a competitor
from the north. Hardrada found no oppofition of importance on the Engliſh coaſts. Toſtig joined him. They ſailed onwards to
SCARBOROUGH, which they plundered and burnt. They turned the point of Holderneſs, and with above five hundred fhips
entered the Humber. They proceeded up the Ouſe as far towards York as Richdale. "
Sept. 1066.
( Hiftory of the Anglo-Saxons, by Sb. Turner, F. A. S. 1805.)
+
( 30 )
focmen and 15 villans, and 14 bordars, who have 7 carucates and a half.
The reſt of the land is waſte." *
The firſt authentic record indicating the period when Scarborough
had emerged from a ſtate of obſcurity, is the recital of a charter,
granted to the town, by Henry II. which ſhews that it muſt have been
a place of ſome importance in thoſe early ages.
Henry III. in the year 1252, granted a Patent for making a New Port
at Scardeburg; and in a charter of his, recited and confirmed by Ed-
ward III. in 1356, mention is repeatedly made of the new town in con-
tradiftinction to the old. +
Edward I. in the year 1275, 3d of his reign, kept a fplendid court
here, attended by a large train of nobles. " And a difference having
ariſen between the Dean and Chapter, and the Citizens of rork, an inqueſt
was taken by twenty-four Knights, who were charged to inquire about
the articles exhibited on this occaſion; and the verdict was given up at
Scarthbourg before the King and Council.”
Richard III. (according to Leland) reſided ſome time at the Caſtle of
Scardeburg, and ſecured the town with walls and bulwarks.
Many religious houſes, of great antiquity, were alſo founded here ;
but theſe will be treated of more fully in other parts of the work.
The moſt ancient hiſtorian, who has given a regular topographical hiſtory
of this kingdom, is Leland, who was librarian to Henry VIII, and in
the year 1534, received a commiſſion from the King, granting him li-
berty and power to enter and ſearch the libraries of the religious houſes,
and all other places, wherein any records or writings relative to anti-
quity were depoſited.
He continued his travels and reſearches without intermiflion, ſeveral
years, and viſited moſt parts of England and Wales, recording ſuch me-
inorable circumſtances as occurred to his obſervation. His deſcriptions
* Another proof of a great deſolation.
+ A proof of its great antiquity.
Drake's Eboracum.
of
&
( 31 )
of places are generally ſhort; but they are the compleateſt of the kind
at that early period.
The following account of the ancient town of Scarborough is extracted
from the firſt volume of his Itinerary.
Scardeburg Toune though it be privilegid, yet it femith to be yn
Pickering Litbe, for the Caſtelle of Scardeburgh is countid of the jurif-
diction of Pickering, and the ſhore from Scardeburgh to the very point
of Philaw-Bridge * by the Se about a vj miles from Scardeburg towards
Bridlington is of Pickering Litb juriſdiction. Scardeburgh where it is
not defendid by the Warth and the Se is waullid a little with ſton, but
moſt with ditches and walles of yerth. In the toune to entre by land
be but 2 gates : Newburgh Gate, meately good, and Aldeburgh Gate, very
baſe. The Toune, ſtondith hole t on a flaty clife; and ſhoith very fair
to the Se fide. Ther is but one Paroche Chirch, I in the Town, of our
Lady, joyning almoſt to the Caſtelle: it is very faire and illed on the
ſides, and croſſe illid, and hath 3 auncient Towrcs for belles with Pyra- .
mides on them: whereof 2 Toures be at the weſt end of the Chirch,
and one in the middle of the croſs iſle. There is a grcat Chapelle S by
ſide by the Newborow Gate.
There were yn the Toun 3 howſis of Freres, Gray, Blake, and IVhite."
“ At the South Eſt point of Scarburgh Toun, by the ſhore, is a Bul-
wark, now yn ruine by the Se rage, made by Richard the Third, that
lay awhile at Scardeburg Caſtelle, and beſide began to waul a pece of
the Toun quadrato faxo." ||
Ther cummith by South-Efte of the Bulwark a rill of freſch water,
and ſo goith into the Se.”
“ I hard there of an old mariner that Henry the Firſt gave grete pri-
vilege to the Town of Scardeburge."
“ The Peere whereby focour is made for ſhippes is now fore decayid,
and that almoſt yn the midle of it.”
66
* Filey-Bridge.
+ Wholly
* St. Mary's.
§ St. Thomas's.
| Squared Stone.
BOUNDS
*
( 32 )
-
BOUNDS OF THE ANCIENT TOWN.
The Town of Scarborough was anciently confined within narrow
limits, and might probably at firſt, have conſiſted of the habitations of
fiſhermen, which, for the conveniency of the fiſhery, would be ſituated
ncar the Sea ſhore. As it increaſed in reſpectability and opulence, it
gradually aſcended the hill to the weſt.
Some of the foundations of the ancient walls are yet remaining, and
the line of their direction may be traced ſo as to aſcertain the boundaries
with ſufficient accuracy; and it is evident that the Old town has not
extended weſtward beyond the ſituation of the preſent Market-croſs.
The town appears to have been defended on the weſt (towards the
land), and on the ſouth-eaſt (towards the fea), by ſtrong walls. On the
north, by a deep moat and mounds of earth, whilſt the Caſtle-cliff
formed a defence on the eaſt, totally inacceſſible.
The houſes in Awborough, or Auldborough-Street, and Crofs-Street,
have ſome of them been built upon the foundations of the weſtern
wall, which has purſued a ſouthern direction from Awborough-gate,
until it has terminated at the cliff, now called Bland's cliff, * a little to
the ſouth of the Market-croſs.-Thus has the old town been bounded
and defended on the weſt.
The wall which protected the town on the ſouth-eaſt towards the ſea,
joined the ſouthern extremity of the weſtern wall, and purſuing an
* Until the year 1722, the only road for carriages from the town to the ſea-ſhore, was through
Merchant's Row and the weſt Sandgate, where thoſe of the nobility alſo paſſed. About that
period, Mr. John Bland, a merchant in the town, undertook, as his agreement with the Corpo-
ration, dated 2ed March, 1792, recites, “ To make at his own coſt a horſe-way quite down the
“cliff to the ſands; and to pave the ſame from the top to the bottom, and to build a ſubſtantial
“ Itaith or wall facing the ſea,--and the Corporation engaged to pay him 851. on this account."
He completed this communication with the ſhore in ſuch a manner as to accommodate carriages"
alſo; and hence it obtained, and ſtill retains the name of Bland's Cliff.
eaſtern
See
( )
33 33
caftern direction, paſſed along the ſouth ſide of the ſtreet, now called
MERCHANTS' Row, and terminated at the foot of the Caſtle-dykes.
On the north fide, the veftige of the ancient moat is yet viſible, and
may be traced from Awborough-gate in an eaſtern direction, through
a little field to the great bank, which has been a part of the ancient
mound.-The line of this bank, which ſtretches to the north cliff, is a
fufficient demarcation on this part, and it is prefumed it muſt afterward's
have purſued an eaſtern direction to the foot of the Caſtle-hill, through
Charnel-garth, which has been an ancient burial-ground; but, as the
land has conſiderably waſted away in that part, this line cannot now
be traced.
Such have been the boundaries and defence of the old town; and it
appears that the addition of Newborough or the New town, had either been
made in the reign of Henry HI. or previouſly to that time, the New
town being contradiſtinguiſhed from the Old, in the charter of that
monarch, recited and confirmed by Edward III, as before obſerved.
There is a traditionary report that the old Market-place was ſituated
to the north, behind the covered Ropery t, near St. Mary's Church;
and the great blue fone, which is to be ſeen there, is ſaid to have con-
tinued for many ages, and to have been the place where public bargains
were ratified and discharged; it being the cuſtom in thoſe days to pay
the money for goods bought in the market, upon a ſtone or at the
croſs, † in the preſence of witneſſes.
The northern extremity of Toller-gate has communicated with this
Market-place, and it may have derived its appellation from being the
place appointed to collect the tolls.
MEAL si elementer intensitat de har en fait den ander in die
+
+ This is confirmed by an ancient deed, in the poſſeſſion of Mr. John Parkin, which mentions
that one of the fields now adjoining the Ropery, then butted upon the Market Street, on the North.
$ The Market was kept upon the Sands in the reign of Edward VI. It has alſo been held
in other parts of the town; the remains of a very ancient Market croſs are ſtill viſible at the low
Conduit; and public proclamations continue to be read there, and at the Sand-gate.
I
THE
:
&
( 34 )
#
THE CASTLE.
THIS
HIS noble Caſtle, whoſe venerable walls defend the ſummit of a
,
lofty precipice, was built in the reign of King Stephen, about the year
1136, by WILLIAM Le Gros, Earl of Albermarle and Holderneſs, a
nobleman of Norman extraction; who, having extenſive demeſnes in
this
part of Yorkſhire, and in Holderneſs, obtained permiſſion of the
King to build a caſtle upon the ſea-coaſt.
Ancient hiſtorians have been liberal in their praiſes of this Caſtle.
William of Newburg, a Monkiſh hiſtorian, (who wrote about the year
1190,) and Leland, have given the following deſcriptions of it.
“ A Rocke of a wonderful height and bigneſſe, which by reaſon of
ſteepe cragges and cliffes, almoſt on every ſide is unacceſſible, beareth
on the fe, wherewith it is compaſſed about, ſave only a certain ſtreight
(or ſlip of land) in mannor of a gullet, which yieldeth acceſſe and
openeth into the weſt; having on the toppe a very faire greene, and
large plane, containing about threeſcore acres * of ground or rather
more; a little well alſo of freſh water ſpringing out of a ſtony rocke.
In the aforeſaid gullet or paſſage which a man ſhall have much adoe to
afcend up unto, ſtandeth a ſtately and princelike toure, and beneath
the ſaid paſſage, the city (or town) begins, ſpreading its two ſides ſouth
and north, but having the fore part weſtward, and verily it is fenced
with a wall of its owne; but on the eaſt ſide with the rocke of the caſtle ;
and both ſides thereof are watered withe ſe. This place, William Le
Groſſe, Earl of Aulbermarle and Holderneſſe, viewing well, and ſeeing
it to be a convenient plot to build a Caſtle upon, helping nature forward
with a very coſtly worke, cloſed the whole plaine of the rocke with a
wall, and built a toure within the very ſtreight of the paffage, which
.
* The preſent area of the Caſtle.yard is no more than 19 acres 5 perches. There is proba-
bly ſome miſtake in Newburgh's account, though the Caſtle-yard is evidently much reduced.
The ancient accounts of acres are generally very imperfect.
being
za
( 35 )
*
'
1:
being in proceſe of time fallen downe, King Henry II. caufed to be
built in the ſame place, a great and goodly Caſtle, after hee had now
brought under the nobles of England, who during the looſe govern-
ment of King Stephen, had conſumed the lands of the crowne, but
eſpecially that William aboveſaid of Aulbermarle, who had in this tract,
ruled and reigned like a King, and poſſeſſed himſelfe of this place as his
owne.
Leland gives the following account:
At the eſt ende of the toune, on the one poynt of the bofom of the
Se, where the Harborow for ſhippes is, ſtondith an exceeding goodly
larg and ſtronge Caſtellc on a ſtepe rok, having but one 'way by the
ſtepe ſlaty crag to cum to it. And or ever a man can entre áream
Caſtelli there be 2 toures, and betwixt eche of them a Draw-Bridg, having
ſtepe roks on eche ſide of them. In the firſt court is the Arx and 3 toures
on a row, and then yoinith a waul to them, as an arme down from
the firſt courte to the point of the Se cliff, conteining in it vj toures
whereof the ſecond is ſquare, and full of longging (lodgings) and is caulid
the Queen's Toure or Lodging."
“ Without the firſt Area is a great Grene, conteyning (to reken down
to the very ſhore) fixteen acres, and yn it is a Chapelle, and befide
olde waulles of houſes of office that ſtood there. But of all the Caſtelle
the Arx is the eldeſt and ſtrongeſt part. The entery of the Caſtele be-
twixt the Draw-Bridges is ſuch, that with coſtes † the Se might cum
round about the Caſtelle, the which ſtandith as a little foreland or poynt
betwixt 2 Bayes.”
The veſtiges of this once noble and formidable Caſtle, convey but a
faint idea of its original ſtrength and grandeur; but the following de-
ſcription of the general plan of the works of ancient fortifications, will
allift the reader in his conceptions of the ſubject.
“ The firſt member of an ancient Caſtle was the Barbican, which was a
watch-tower, for the purpoſe of deſcrying an enemy at a great diſtance.
#
* Vide William of Newburg's account in Camden's Britannia, Art, Scarborough.
+ Cost or expence.
IC
Pastillas o in tam 12 kilicho alimentare: w dolinie material: Altamurais e emrat
ht
( 36 )
K
Iè ſeems to have no poſitive place, except that it was always an outwork,
and frequently advanced beyond the ditch; to which it was then joined
by a draw-bridge, and formed the entrance into the caſtle.”
“ The work next in order was the ditch, moat, graff, or foffe, for by
all theſe names it was called. This was either wet or dry, according
to the circumſtances of the ſituation, though when it could be had, our
anceſtors generally choſe the former; but they do not ſeem to have
had any particular rule for either its depth or breadth. When it was
dry, there were ſometimes fubterranean paſſages, through which the
cavalry could fally. This ditch was fometimes called the ditch Del
Bayle, or of the Ballium ; a diſtinction from the ditches of the interior
works. Over it was either a ſtanding or draw-bridge, leading to the
Ballium. Within the ditch were the walls of the Ballium, or outworks."
" The wall of the Ballium in Caſtles was commonly high, flanked
with towers; and had a parapet, embattled, crenellated, or garretted :
for the mounting of it, there were flights of ſteps at convenient dif-
tances, and the parapet often had the merlons pierced with long chinks,
ending in round holes, called oilets.
Within the Ballium were the lodgings and barracks for the garri-
fon and artificers, wells, chapels, and even ſometimes a monaſtery.
Large mounts alſo were often thrown up in this place, and theſe ſerved,
like modern cavaliers, to command the adjacent country.”
“ The entrance into the Ballium was commonly through a ſtrong
machicolated * and embattled gate, between two towers, ſecured by a
herſe, or portcullis. Over this gate were rooms, originally intended for
the porter of the caſtle: The towers ſerved for the corps de garde.
« On an eminence, in the centre, commonly, though not always,
ſtood the keep or dungeon; ſometimes emphatically called the tower';
it was the citadel, or laſt retreat of the garriſon, often fürrounded by a
Marina
***
Machicolations over gates are ſmall projections, ſupported by brackets, having open intervals
at the bottom, through which melted lead and ſtones were thrown on the heads of the aſſailants;
and likewiſe, large weights faſtened 10 ropes or chains, by which, after they had taken effect, they
were retracted by the beſieged..
ditch,
3
.
*
$
.....:
( 37 )
... ::. :
.....:
i
ditch, with a draw-bridge and machicolated gate ; and occaſionally with
an outer wall, garniſhed with ſmall towers. In large Caſtles it was ge-
nerally a high tower, of four or five ſtories, having turrets at each an-
gle: in theſe turrets were the ſtair-caſes; and frequently, as in Dover
and Rocheſter Caſtles, a well. If, inſtead of a ſquare, the keep or dun-
geon happened to be round, it was called a Julliett, from a vulgar opi-
nion that large round towers were built by Julius CÆSAR."
The walls of this edifice were always of an extraordinary thickneſs,
which has enabled them to outlive the other buildings, and to with-
ſtand the united injuries of time and weather : the keeps or dungeons,
being alınoſt the only part now remaining of our ancient Caſtles.
Here, commonly on the ſecond ſtory, were the ſtate rooms for the
governor, if that title may be given to ſuch gloomy cells ; whoſe dark-
fome appearance induced Mr. Borlaſe to form a conjecture more inge-
nious than well-grounded; namely, that theſe buildings were ſtiled dun-
geons, from their want of light, becauſe the builders to ſtrengthen their
ramparts, denied themſelves the pleaſure of windows : not but moſt of
them had ſmall chinks, which anſwered the double purpoſe of admit-
ring the light, and ſerved for embraſures, whence they might ſhoot
with long and croſs-bows: theſe chinks, though without, they have
ſome breadth, and carry the appearance of windows, are very narrow
next the chambers, diminiſhing conſiderably inward. Some of the
ſmaller keeps had not even theſe conveniences; but were ſolely lighted
by a ſmall perforation in the top, or ſkylight, called Courts."
The different ſtories were frequently vaulted, and divided by ſtrong
arches; ſometimes indeed they were only ſeparated by joiſts : On the
top was generally a platform, with an embattled parapet, whence the
garriſon could fee and command the exterior works. ."
Such is the account given of the works of ancient fortreſſes ; and by
comparing the correſpondent members with the following deſcription
I
" **
* Grole's Antiquities.
I
K
81
of
4
}
(38.)
*
of the veſtiges of Scarborough-Caſtle, a tolerable judgment may be
formed of fome of its principal parts.
The lofty promontory at Scarborough, on which the ruins of the
ancient Caſtle are ſituated, is bounded on three fides by the German
ocean, and elevated more than three hundred feet above the level of
the ſea, preſenting to the north, the eaft, and the ſouth, a vaſt ſweep of
craggy, perpendicular rocks, totally inacceſſible. The tremendous ap-
pearance from its aſpiring ſummit, perfectly aſſimilates with the de-
fcription of Dover-cliff, by the inimitable pen of Shakeſpeare.*
Its weſtern aſpect is bold and majeſtic. A high, ſteep, and rocky
flope, thinly covered with verdure, commands the town and the bay by
its ſuperior elevation.
The firſt approach to the Caſtle is, by the gateway on the ſummit of
a narrow iſthmus, on the weſtern ſide; above the town. Within this
gate, the north and ſouth walls of the Caſtle form an angular projec-
tion. † This outwork or corps de garde, which is without the ditch, with
which it communicates by a draw-bridge, forms the entrance of the
Caſtle, and is, what was anciently called the Barbican.
The draw-bridge is a ſmall diſtance within the gate, and under it is
a deep and perpendicular foffe. This foſſe continues ſouthward, along
the foot of the weſtern declivity of the Caſtle-hill, the whole length of
the line of the wall.
* How fearful
And dizzy 'tis to caſt one's eye fo low!
The crows and choughs that wing the midway air,
Sbew ſcarce ſo groſs as beetles. ---,
The fiſhermen who walk upon the beach
Appear liķc mice; and yon tall anchoring bark
Diminiſh'd to her fiff, her ikiff à buoy
Almoſt too ſmall for fight—The murm'ring ſurge
That on th' unnumber'd pebbles idly chafes,
Can ſcarce be heard ſo high."
+ At the weſtern point of this projection, without the walls, is an outwork on an eminence,
which was a battery, at the ſiege of the Caſtle in 1644, mounting ſeven guns, and was called
Buſhel's Battery
Within
YY
Camera
:
39)
*
(
Within the draw-bridge, on the right, is a part of the wall of the
Ballium, to which there is a little acclivity; and here riſes a ſtately
tower, * majeſtic even in ruin. This tower, which has been the keep
or dungeon, is a very lofty, ſquare building, ninety-ſeven feet high,
and has formerly had an embattled parapet. † The walls are twelve
feet thick, cafed with ſquared ſtones, and the mortar, having been mixed
according to the cuſtom of the ancients, in a fluid ſtate, which required
a long period for the gradual exhalation of the moiſture, has received a
conſiſtency by age, that renders it more impenetrable and durable than
even the ſtone of the building. The different ſtories have been vaulted,
and divided by ſtrong arches; and private paſſages are viſible in ſome
of the intervals of the caſing of the walls. The windows have femi-
circular arches, ſupported by round pillars, and are larger than uſual
in ſuch buildings.
The area of the Ballium, where the tower is ſituated, contains more
than half an acre of ground. It is ſeparated from the internal párt of
the Caſtle-yard by a ditch and a mound, ſurmounted with a wall.
Near to the weſtern wall, on plowing out this ground, in the
year 1783,
a pavement of neat ſquare bricks. was diſcovered, and a fire-place of
grit ſtone. Here was alſo a deep well; but whence it was fupplied
with water, cannot, at preſent, be aſcertained. In the Ballium, were
moſt of the habitable buildings belonging to the Caſtle, and adjoining it
were the towers, mentioned by Leland, containing the Queen's lodging,
&c. The embattled wall which has defended and adorned the ſummit
of the hill on the weſtern ſide, continues hence to the ſouthern extre-
mity of the Caſtle-yard. It is flanked with numerous ſemicircular
turrets, with chinks or openings, whence they diſcharged their arrows.
and other miſliles. Theſe are haſtening to decay, and exhibit a ſcene
of venerable ruin.
>
Sementara mention to creation on download
* This is the Arx mentioned by Leland, who alſo writes that there were two other towers
which defended the approach to this, and between each of them a draw-bridge.
+ In its original Nate, it cannot have been leſs than 180 feet in height.
Various
外
​$
( 40 )
»*
Various modes of defending the Caſtles were ancientiy practiced, and
every contrivance that ingenuity could deviſe, was adopted.
“The beſieged oppoſed the aſſailants with flights of darts and large
ſtones, ſhot from their engines, with arrows and quarrels from their
croſs-bows. They alſo made fallies wherein they attempted to burn or
demoliſh the machines of their enemies. Upon the cattus and fow they
threw monſtrous weights to break, and wildfire to burn them. Sacks
filled with wool were looſely ſuſpended from the wall, in the part at-
tacked, to break the ſtroke of the ram, and beſides this, there were divers
other inventions, ſuch as nippers, worked by a crane, for ſeizing it;
and ſometimes they let fall upon it a huge beam, faftened with chains
to two ſtrong leavers.
Hence, may be perceived the extreme difficulty of any hoſtile attempt
ſucceeding againſt a fortreſs, ſo ſtrongly ſituated by nature, and im-
proved by art, as that of Scarborough ; more particularly when it is
conſidered, that the enemies' battering engines could not be brought
to act againſt the walls, on account of the ſteep declivity of the hill in
front; and, it is ſaid, that large maſts and ſpars were ſo placed, 'as to
be in conſtant readineſs to be rolled down the ſlope at the moment of
any ſudden alarm of an attempt to gain the walls by ſurprize.
The Gate-way has evidently been machicolated : the approach to it,
by the narrow iAbimus, was alſo flanked with numerous turrets, and the
entrance triply defended with draw-bridges and towers, particularly by
the formidable Arx, which ſeems, in early ages, to have been impreg-
pable.
The poffeffion of this important fortreſs muſt have added much
to the power and influence of William Le Gros, who having thus
attained the zenith of his glory, ruled in theſe parts with princely
authority, and was in high favour with Stephen, his ſovereign.
But on the acceſſion of Henry II. he experienced a fevere humi-
liation. This King, in order to reduce the exorbitant power of
E
.
3
* Grofe's Antiquities
A
the
+
( 41 )
3
the nobles, commanded all the Caſtles erected in the preceding reign to
be demoliſhed. The Earl of Albermarle reſiſted the royal mandate,
until he was compelled by force, to deliver up a fortreſs, which at an
immenſe expence he had rendered almolt impregnable. Henry II. came
into the north to ſee his orders carried into execution; and the ſituation
of Scarborough Caſtle appeared fo great a defence to the ſea-coaſt, that
he not only preſerved it from deſtruction, but improved it in ſtrength
and inagnificence.
William Le Gros was ſo much afected with this ſudden reverſe of
fortune, that he retired from the ſcenes of public life to a ſequeſtered
retreat at Thornton in Lincolnſhire, where he died in the
year 11.79,
(25th Henry II.) and was buried in the Abbey at that place, which he
had founded and liberally endowed.
This illuſtrious Nobleman was grandſon of Odo * de Campania, who
married Adeliza, the daughter of William the Conqueror, whence it
appears that he was of the blood-royal of England.
To Odo, ſucceeded Stephen, Earl of Albermarle and Holderneſs. And
William his fon, ſurnamed Le Gros (the fat) inhcrited his titles and
eſtates. He married in the reign of Henry I.) Cecilia, one of the
daughters of William, the ſon of Malcolm, King of Scotland, and bro
ther to King David.
WILLIAM LE GROS, in early life, was diſtinguiſhed for his military
accompliſhments. He is deſcribed as “juvenis ftrenuiffimus; in armis mula
tum exercitatus." +
* The Conqueror, at the interceſſion of the Archbiſhop of Roan, gave Odo the feigniary of
Holderneſs, and he was alſo endowed with the city of Albermarle, upon condition, that in every
expedition in which the Archbiſhop attended in perſon, he ſhould be the ſtandard bearer with
twelve Knights.
Odo, when he came to ſettle in Holderneſs, found it a barren country, bearing nothing but oats,
he therefore requeſted the King to give him fome lands that would produce wheal, to whịch he
conſented, and granted him the Lordſhip of Bycham in Lincolnſhire. The Engliſh hiſtory fays
this grant was made to Stephen (fun of Odo) to feed his ſon William, then an infant, with
wheaten bread.
+ A moſt vigorous young man, of great experience in arms.
I
He
*
E 닮
​( 42 )
1.
*
He had the honour of the chief command of the Engliſh army,
which engaged and defeated that of David, King of Scotland, upon
Cuton-Moor, near Northallerton, anno 1138. This battle was called The
STANDARD, from a carriage upon wheels of a ſingular conſtruction, in
which was erected a maſt, ſurmounted by a ſilver croſs, and under that
were ſuſpended three banners, dedicated to St. Peter, St. John of Bever-
ley, and St. Wilfred of Ripon. This was a ſignal diſplayed only upon,
the moſt extraordinary occaſions, when the very kingdom itſelf was in
danger, and ſo great confidence had the Engliſh in this Standard; that:
they thought themſelves invincible, fighting under it.
The following account is given of this remarkable battle
David, King of Seotland, paſſed the Tyne with twenty-fix thouſand
men, and was advancing towards Yorkſhire, propoſing to fubdue and
defolate the whole north of England.-Stephen, having full employ-.
ment for his forces in the ſouthern parts of the kingdom, committed
the defence of the north to the northern barons, who were aſſembled
at York to confult on the beſt means of obviating the danger:--The
Archbiſhop of York, though very old and' infirm, diſplayed on the oc-
calion, a moſt heroic fortitude. By his fpeeches and example he excited
the moſt enthuſiaſtic zeal in the cauſe, and agreeably to the religious
cuſtom of thoſe times, enjoined a faſt of three days; at the end of
which, after hearing their private confeſſions, he gave them a public.
abſolution and his epiſcopal benediction. He had a ſtrong inclination
to accompany them to the field of battle; but upon account of his great
age
and infirmities, they prevailed upon him to ſtay at home and offer
up his prayers for their ſucceſs: however, he fent all his vaffäls with
them, together with his Archdeacon and one of his fuffragans, Ralph,
Biſhop of the Orkneys; for at that time theſe iſlands were not ſubject
to Scotland.—Thus prepared, and aſſiſted by a body of cavalry ſent by
Stephen, the army of the Barons, conſiſting of many Knights and Gen-
tlemen, with about eight thouſand of their vaſals, marched to meet
the enemy, who had now paſſed the Tees, and with the moſt horrid
barbarities were ravaging the borders of Yorkſhire.-The forces of the
Barons
:
*
}
sta
( 43 )
Barons were commanded by WILLIAM LE Gros, founder of Scar-
borough Caſtle, who led them to Cuton-Moor, wherс they arrived at
the break of day, on the 22d Auguſt, 1138. Being ſecured on their
Aanks by moraſſes and entrenchments, they diſpoſed their foot in cloſe
compact order round their ſtandard. The cavalry were ordered to
ſerve on foot; except fome few, who were poſted in the rear to guard
the horſes of thoſe who were diſmounted, which were removed to fome
diſtance behind the army, that they might not be affrighted with the
ſhouts of the enemy.-In the foremoſt ranks of the Engliſh army were
all the braveſt of the Barons and Knights, intermingled with the heavy
armed ſoldiers, and under their protection were placed a great number
of archers and pikemen-By the time they were completely formed,
the Scottiſh army appeared in fight, and was diſpoſed for the attack in
three lines.—The firſt confiſted chiefly of Galwegians, the moſt feroci..
ous and daring, but the worſt armed and worſt difciplined corps in the
field. The ſecond line was commanded by the gallant young Prince:
of Scotland, and the third by King David himſelf;
“ As ſoon as the vanguard of the Scots began to advance, Ralph, Biſhop
of the Orkneys, exhorted the Engliſh to fight valiantly; then calling upon
God to aſlift them, lre firſt gave them a general abſolution, and then
his bleſſing.-The Galwegians came on with terrible ſhouts or rather
yells, and charged with ſucht fury as compelled the Engliſh pikemen in
the firſt: ranks to give ground'; but they were repulſed by the men at
arms.-The Galwegian ſpears being long and ſlender, and of little uſe
againſt liehnets and breaft-plates of iron, chey threw them away and
boldly maintained the fight with fwords. In the conflict, however,
another diſadvantage attended them; their targets covered with hides,
were no defence againſt the Engliſh archers, whoſe firſt ranks, in-
termixed with the men at arms, levelled their arrows fó well at the
breaſts and faces of the enemy, while the rear ranks ſent their
rovers into the air with ſuch a well-directed range, that they inceſſantly
fell in mortal ſhowers upon the Galwegians, and togethermade fo
dreadful a carnage, that the fields were foon covered with the dead and
dying. The flanks gave way and began to quit their poſts. The Prince :
of.
med ene siden resistents cari sila masurile sunt de tous artis
( 44 ) .
of Scotland, ſeeing this, advanced to their fuccour at the head of his
cavalry, and made fo fierce an attack upon the Engliſh that, in one
part, he broke through them, then attacked the Engliſh cavalry in the
rear, drove them before him, and rafhly went in purſuit of them.-
The terror and confuſion in the Engliſh army was at this period fo
great, that ſome of them were beginning to quit the ground; but an
old foldier, having cut off the head of one of the enemy, fixed it upon
his ſpear, and called out, “ THE HEAD OF THE SCOTTISH KING.”
An object fo intereſting inſtantly ſtopped the flight.-The Engliſh,
cloſing their ranks, with redoubled alacrity, charged the remaining
Galwegians, who could no longer ſuſtain the Engliſh arrows, nor the
ſwords of the Knights.--Their two chiefs being llain, they fled out of
the field.-The victorious Engliſh then attacked the third diviſion of
the Scots, who diſmayed by the deſtruction of their firſt and the total
diſappearance of their ſecond line, hardly ſtood the firſt onſet, David
himſelf refuſed to flee, and it was with extreme difficulty, that the
Knights of his guard forced him away from captivity or death. Thus
the King returned to Carliſle in great anxiety for the loſs of the battle,
and the fate of his ſon, who did not arrive there till the third day after
his father, with part of his cavalry, the reſt of the diviſion having been
diſperſed or deſtroyed.-The Scottiſh infantry left upwards of ten
thouſand dead upon the field, and many were ſlaughtered in the flight
by the ſoldiers who purſued, and the enraged country people. Many
Knights were made priſoners, many banners and moſt of the Scottiſh
baggage taken. The Engliſh loſt only one gentleman of diſtinction,
and but a ſmall number of ſoldiers.'
The government of Scarborough Caſtle, after the diſpoſſeffion of
William Le Gros, was eſteemed an office of ſuch diſtinction, that the
honour of the appointment was folicited by the firſt nobility.
Roger, * the celebrated Archbiſhop of York, was appointed gover-
1
i
.
.
* A contention arole in his time, between the Sees of York and Canterbury, reſpecting the
fupremacy, which was not finally determined until the year 1534, when Pope Innocent tbe Sixth,
deſirous to gratify both parties, invented the nice diſtinction of Primate of England, which was
given to the Archbiſhop of York, and that of Primate of All England to the Archbiſhop of Can.
terbury
nor,
WE...;
( 45 )
nor, in the year 1174, (20th Henry II.) which was five years previous
to the death of its illuſtrious founder.
It may appear ſtrange to ſome, that one of the firſt dignitaries of the
Church ſhould have been inveſted with ſuch an office; but it was not.
uncommon, in thoſe days, for the epiſcopal order to engage both in
civil and military affairs; and Bithops, ſometimes, had the command
of armies.
The Archbiſhop of York continued in the government of Scar-
borough Caſtle during his life, and was ſucceeded by Hugh Bardolph,
a younger ſon of Lord Bardolph. This young nobleman was in fo
great eſtimation with Richard I. that he was appointed one of the four
commiflioners to aſlift the Biſhops of Ely and Durham in the exerciſe
of the government of the realın, during the King's abſence on a Cruſade
to the Holy Land.
The infatuation of the human mind, under the influence of ſuperſti-
tion, is aſtoniſhing. Richard I. was accompanied by the flower of the
Engliſh Nobility. The whole of Chriſtendom was agitated with a
ſpirit of enthuſiaſm.--Princes, Prelates, Nobles, and even Ladies of the
firſt diſtinction, embarked to ſhare in the glory of the Holy War; and
the frenzy did not terminate, until more than two millions periſhed in
the different cruſades.
Richard I. obtained diſtinguiſhed honour in the fields of Paleſtine,
by his ſuperior valour ; but while he was gathering laurels in a foreign
land, the unwelcome tidings of the diſſentions which prevailed in his
own kingdom, haftened his return; and on his arrival in England, he
degraded Bardolph for various miſdemeanors, and diſpoſſeſſed him of
the government of Scarborough Caſtle.
A.D. 1215. The memorable compact made between King John and his
ſubjects at this period, forms an illuſtrious æra in the annals of this coun-
try: the plains of Runnemede were covered with a vaſt aſſemblage on the
important occafion. The King, the Prelates, the Barons, and an innu-
merable multitude of the other claſſes of the people appeared in great,
folemnity; and after ſome conferences, the King eſtabliſhed the conſti,
tutional rights of the ſubjects, by the two celebrated charters of MAGNA
M
CHARTA
2
į
( 46 )
CHARTA and CHARTA de Foresta. The Government of Scarborough
Caſtle was then eſteemed of ſo much importance, that the
governor
was obliged to bind himſelf by an oath, to conform to the directions
of the ſelect noblemen who were appointed guardians of the privileges.
And it was agreed, that ſuch only ſhould be placed as governors in this
fortreſs, who were judged to be inoſt faithful to the Barons and the
realm.
Brian Fitz-Alan of Bedale, Sheriff of Yorkſhire, (20th of Henry III.)
was made governor of this caſtle. And William de Dacre of the North,
(32d of the ſame reign) was appointed to both theſe offices.
John de Vefci, (in the reign of Edward I.) having returned from a:
Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, ſucceeded to the government of this,
Caſtle, which he retained to his death. And Iſabel de Beaumont, his.
ſecond wife, who ſurvived him, being a kinſwoman of Queen Eleanor,
had the cuſtody of it committed to her, and continued it during her
life.
William de Vefci, the brother and heir of John, fueceeded Iſabel de:
Beaumont. And Thomas de Oughtred, in the ſame reign, having difa
tinguiſhed himſelf in the Scottiſh wars, was rewarded by the King, for
his ſervices, in being appointed the governor.
A. D. 1312. Piers de Gaveſton, a Gaſcon Knight, the favourite of
Edward' II. having by his unbounded infolence excited the reſentment
of the Engliſh Barons, they formed a powerful conſpiracy againſt him.
Thomas, Earl of Lancaſter, Couſin-german to the King, and firſt Prince
of the Blood, was the chief of the party, who had confederated
and bound themfelves by: an oath to expel Gaveſton. The Earl of Lan-
caſter ſuddenly raiſed an army and marched to York, where he found
the King already removed with his favourite to Newcaſtle. He haſtened
thither in purfuit of them, and Edward had juſt time to eſcape to Tin-
mouth, where he embarked and failed with Gaveſton to Scarborough,
and appointed him the governor of the Caſtłe, which was then eſteemed
one of the ſtrongeſt fortreffes in the kingdomThe Earl of Pembroke
was ſent by the confederate Nobles with a conſiderable force to beſiege
the Caſtle ; but Gaveſton with great bravery repulſed ſeveral aſſaults,
and
+
.
.
( 47 )
and it was the want of proviſions only which obliged him, after a no-
ble defence, to capitulate and ſurrender himſelf priſoner. The con-
ditions which he had ſtipulated with Pembroke were totally diſregarded;
and he was conducted to Dedington Caſtle near Banbury, where he was
ſeized by the Earl of Warwick, and beheaded on Blacklow-hill (now
Gaverſley Heath) 20th June, A. D. 1312.
Edward II. in the sth year of his reign, ſeized the Caſtle and Town
of Scarborough into his own hands. † And in the 14th of Edward III.
an inquiſition was taken of the amount of the annual value of their
rents, of which the following are particulars, viz. 15 acres of meadow
within the Caſtle, valued at 6os. per annum.-The herbage without the
walls, 108.-The fiſhery (or taking of fiſh) belonging to the Caſtle, 6s. 4d.
-The drying of nets within the Caſtle, communibus annis, 138. 40.-
Rent of aſſize in the town called Gablage, 161. 178. 11d.-Other rents
of aſlize, 1ol. 7s. 6d. which it is ſtated would have been higher, but that
feveral houſes fpecified in the writ had been dilapidated-45. rents paid
by the Ciſtercian Monks--rents of aſſize at Walſgrave, 71. 55. gd.--60
acres of land which Henry III. recovered in an action againſt certain
burgeſſes of Scarborough, valued at 6os. per annum.--The tolls of the
Borough, valued at 271.--Four water-inills and one wind-mill, valued at
16l. per ann.--The drying of nets in the fields at Scarborough, valued at
roos. per ann.---Three tenements belonging to the Crown, valued at
los. 8d.--Profits of Court, 100s. per ann --The whole value, 1ool.4s. 10;d.
“ In the unſucceſsful war which Edward the Second carried on
againſt Robert de Brus, King of Scotland, the counties of Northumber-
land, Durham, and Yorkſhire; were ravaged by the latter : and, in the
year 1318, Douglas, the Scottiſh general, burned the towns of North-
allerton and Boroughbridge, and impoſed a contribution upon the in-
habitants of Ripon. Then he reduced Scarborough and Skipton to
alhes, and, together with much plunder, carried a great number of pri-
foners into Scotland. §
*
• Hume's Hiſtory of England.
Brevia Regum Ebor. pt. 1. No. 43.
+ Clauſe Roll, 5 Ed. III.
$ Smollete's Hiſtory of England.
The
........
..::::
ba
( 48 )
The formidable ſituation of the Caſtle ſeems to have preſerved it from
the fury of thoſe invaders, as there is no account in hiſtory of its hav,
ing ſuffered on this occaſion.
In the patent, 14th Edward II. * is a grant that the ſervices rendered
gratuitouſly by the men of Scarborough in watching and fortifying
the Caſtle, ſhall not be conſtrued into a precedent to their diſadvantage,
It alſo appears by a record among the Brevia Regum Ebor. † that,
previous to the 16th of Edward III. the following perſons had been con-
ſtables (or governors) of Scarborough Caſtle.
John Sampſon, (in whoſe time the dilapidations amounted to pool.)
RalphFitzwilliam-Johnde Mowbray: In his time the great hall and other
parts of the Caſtle became ſo ruinous that they fell down; the dilapi-
dations were eſtimated at 2001.-Talliferus de Tyke, and John de Rol-
leſton-Giles de Bello Campo (or Beauchamp)-Henry de Percy and
Eleanor, his mother-Robert de Sapy-William Ward, and Robert
Wawayne-Robert Wawayne, and Alex. de Bergh-Roger de Som-
mervill.
In the 16th of Edward III. Henry de Percy was governor, at a fa-
lary of 40 marks per annum. The whole expence of putting the
Caſtle into repair was then eſtimated at 2000l.; the principal dilapida-
tions were in the Barbican and the walls.
A. D. 1377, iſt of Richard II.--A daring Scottiſh freebooter, of the
name of Mercer, having been taken by ſome northern ſhips, was com-
mitted priſoner by the Earl of Northumberland to Scarborough Caſtle.
His ſon, in revenge for the father's impriſonment, formed a deſperate
enterpriſe, and entering the harbour of Scarborough with ſome Scottiſh,
French, and Spaniſh fhips, carried away ſeveral veſſels in triumph.---
ALDERMAN PHILPOT, an opulent Citizen of London, of a noble and
patriotic ſpirit, reſenting ſo great a national indignity, equipped a fleet
of armed ſhips, and embarked in perſon. He had the good fortune to
encounter Mercer's feet, and obtained a glorious victory. All the
veſſels taken from Scarborourgh were recovered, and fifteen Spaniſh ſhips
Pt. 2. m. 5.
it Pt. 1. No. 18.
richly
2
::...
TE
( 49 )
4
richly laden were captured. The gallant Alderman, on his return to
London with his prizes, was impeached for preſuming to raiſe a navy
without the conſent of the King and Council; but his motives appeared
to generous and noble, that he was honourably acquitted, and ever
after lived in great eſteem and reputation. “He alſo maintained a
thouſand ſoldiers at his own charge, for the defence of the kingdom
againſt the French, who ſorely infeſted the ſouthern coaſts in the be-
ginning of the reign of Richard II.” He had the honour of Knight-
hood conferred upon him in the year 1382, for his eminent ſervices.
John de St. Quintin was made governor of the Caſtle, for life, in the
6th of Richard II. with the annual ſalary of 40 marks.
It appears by a record in the Britiſh Muſeum, that the Caſtle and
Town of Scarboroagh, with the port and haven, and the manor of Wall-
grave, were granted to Richard, Duke of Glouceſter, and Anne, his
wife, and her heirs, in exchange for the manor of Buſhey, and that in
1473 (12 Edward IV.) an act of Parliament paſſed, by which it was
provided, that if the ſaid grant were ever annulled, they ſhould have
poſſeſſion again of the ſaid manor of Buſhey. *
Sir Thomas Lumley, Knight, was appointed to the office of governor,
23d of Henry VI. He married a natural daughter of King Edward IV.
and was ſummoned to Parliament from the roth of this King's reign
to the 13th of Henry VII.
In the year 1536 (27th of Henry VIII.) the internal peace of the nation
was diſturbed by various inſurrections, on account of the ſuppreſſion of
religious houſes. Forty thouſand men, aſſembled in Yorkſhire, were fur-
niſhed with armour, artillery, and all the implements of war. Prieſts in fa
cerdotal veſtments, bearing crucifixės, preceded this tumultuous ariny,
and they ſtiled their inſurrection, the PILGRIMAGE OF GRAÇe. Their
banners were painted with curious devices, repreſenting the five wounds
of Chriſt, the cake, the chalice, &c. and on their Neeves was inſcribed
the name of Jeſus. ROBERT Aske, a gentleman of inconſider-
*
Cotton, MSS. Julius B. xii. lol. 212.
N
able
( 50 )
i
able property and of a bold and enterpriſing ſpirit, was their com-
mander, with one Rudstone, his aſſociate in the field:- JAMES DIA-
MOND was general of the foot, with his colleague, a poor fiſherman,
who ſtiled himſelf the EARL of Poverty. They all took an oath, *
that they had engaged in the Holy Pilgrimage, from no other: motive
than love to Almighty God and the Church, the preſervation of the
King's perſon and iſſue, the purifying of the nobility, and the expul-
ſion of all baſe-born perſons and evil counſellors from the preſence of
the King
A detachment of this fanatical army, under the command of ROBERT
Aske, beſieged Scarborough Caſtle, and expected inſtantly to have reduced
it.-SIR RALPH EURE or Evers,, deſcended from a family diſtinguiſhed
for military honour, was then governor. The garriſon was inconſider-
able, conſiſting principally af the tenants and ſervants of the governor,
and a few volunteers who were attached to him from motives of
per-
fonal eſteem. They were deftitute of military ſtores and in ſuch want
of proviſions, that they were under the neceſſity of ſuſtaining them-
felves half the time with bread and water; yet from the great natural
ſtrength of the Caftle, and the ſkill and intrepidity of the gallant RALPH
Eure, the furious aſſailants were obliged to: abandon the enterprise
with confuſion and diſgrace.t
This inſurrection was ſuppreſſed, without much bloodſhed, by the
Earl of Shrewſbury and other Generals of the King, and the deluded
*«Ye ſhall not enter into this our Holy Prilgrimage of Grace for commynfelth, but only for the
love you doc bere Almyghte Godde his faith, and to Holy Church militant, the maintenance thereof
to the preſervation of the King's perſon, his iſſue, the puryfying Nobilitie, and to expulſe all villayne
blode, and evil councellors agaynft the Commynwelche, from his Grace, and the Privie Counſel
fame, and that ye ſhall not enter into ouer ſaid Pilgramege, for no particulier proffite to youre felfe,
nor to doe no difpleaſure to no privey perfon, but by counfel of the Commynwelthe, nor flee,
nor murder, for no envye, but in your herts put away all feare and dreade, and take afore
you
the Croſſe of Chriſte, and in your herts bis faithe, the reſtitution of the Churche, the ſuppreſſion
of the Herytyks and their opynions, by all the holle contents of thys booke."
+ Another detachment under the command of one Hallam, took the town of Hull by ſurpriſe ;
but their triumph was of ſhort duration -- the Mayor, with affidants, attacked Hallam's party, and
ſeized him with other ringleaders.
mula
1
( 51 )
::
multitude diſperſed peaceably to their own habitations. . But the
flames of civil diſcord were not entirely extinguiſhed, as they broke
out again in the year 1537, in the north and eaſt of Yorkſhire ; in
which moſt of the perſons, who had been principal actors in the former
commotions, were concerned.—Sir Francis Bigott diſplayed his banners
in this vicinity, and having collected a great multitude from Settring-
ton and Pickering Lyth, he ſent an imperious mandate * to the Bailiffs
of Scarborough.
“They alſo attempted to make themſelves maſters of the town of Hull;
and, agreeably to this intention, puſhed forward with all expedition, in
hopes of ſurpriſing it; but Sir Ralph Ellerker and Sir John Conſtable,
Knights, who reſided in the neighbourhood, having received intelli-
gence of their plan, with ſuch forces as they could collect on a ſudden,
threw themſelves into the town, ſhut the gates, and determined to de-
fend it. Scarce were they entered into the town, when the rebels ap-
peared before it; who were ſo highly exaſperated at the deſign of fe-
curing this fortreſs being defeated, that they revenged themſelves on the
ſurrounding wind-mills, all of which they ſet on fire. After this effort
of revenge, they cloſely beſieged it for ſeveral days, and in very haughty
and menacing language demanded entrance. The garriſon refuſed,
and after ſome fruitleſs attempts to reduce the fortreſs, being informed
that the country was arming againſt them, they thought proper to
raiſe the fiege, and make a timely retreat. Mr. John Harriſon, he
1
TE
* Wellbelouyd, we, Francis Bigott, Knygħte, and John Hallom, Yeoman, in the name of all
the communes commande and charge you, that ye allemble yourſelves mediately upon recepete
hereof, and ſo take this oath wych we here ſende unto you; and then after, in all halte poſſible,
to aſſyt and hayde theis ower brethren, wome wee fende to you to kepe, and make ſure the
caſtell and towne and port of Skarboro', that no man enter into the ſame caſtell, that belongys
unto Rafe Evers, the younger, Knyghte, nor any other wych did not take full part with the
Communes, at our firſt and laſt aſſemblynge, in whoys name, authority or attorney ſo ever they
cume, unleſs they have licence of all the Communes, wythe wyche we charge you at our late
being here, and thys not to fayle; upon payne of your lives ye ſhall reſer credence unto thys
Mellenger, thus in haft. Fare yee well; from Settrington, this Mondaye Sancte Mawrii daye.
« FRANCIS BIGOTT, Knyghte,
" In the name and by the commandment of all the Communes.”
mayor,
&
5
( 52 )
mayor, Sir Ralph Ellerker, and Mr. John Conſtable, with a; ſtrong party
of the town's-men, purſued them, fell upon their rear, ſlew ſeveral, and
took many priſoners.
The rebels had no ſooner raiſed the fiege, than Sir Robert Conſta-
ble, and ſome others, of his ſentiments, who had favoured the inſur-
rection, finding their ſtrength would not avail, made uſe of a ſtrata-
gem; and entering the town diſguiſed like market-people, yet ſecretly
armed, they ſeized the gates, admitted the remainder of their followers,
and took poffeflion. Having thus ſecured the town, he aſſumed the
title of governor. He continued maſter of the town about a month,
when, to his great mortification, intelligence was brought him, that his
partners in the country were either ſlain, diſperſed, or taken priſoners
by the King's forces.'
“On receiving theſe unwelcome tidings, his fortitude abandoned him;
he became, indeed, ſo very much diſpirited, that the forebodings of his
diſtracted mind were viſible in his countenance, which was overſpread
with a deſponding melancholy. The loyal magiſtrates and inhabitants
of Hull, obſerving his conſternation, and that of his party, imagined this
a favourable opportunity to recover the rown; accordingly the inhabi-
tants, headed by the Mayor, fell upon the Knight and his adherents in
the middle of the night ; when, after a faint reſiſtance the rebels were
quite overpowered, and many of them were taken priſoners, amongſt
whom was their chief, Sir Robert Conſtable.” *
The Inſurgents were afterwards defeated in every quarter, and many
of the leaders taken priſoners.
Lord Darcy, Robert Aſk, Sir John Bulmer, Thomas Percy, brother
to the Earl of Northumberland, &c. were apprehended and ſent to the
Tower of London, and being arraigned for High Treaſon, were found
guilty and ſuffered death. As alſo at the ſame time, William Thurſt,
Abbot of Fountains; Adam Sudbury, Abbot of Jorval; William Wold,
Prior of Bridlington; and the Abbot of Ryval or Riveaux.
Peter
* Tickel's Hilory of Hull
A. D.
:
( 53 )
ott
A. D. 1553. - In the reign of Queen Mary, Sir Thomas Wyatt, the
Duke of Suffolk, &c. having engaged in a rebellion ; and Mr. Thomas
Stafford, a gallant young nobleman, the ſecond ſon of Lord Stafford,
being at that period in France, he collected fomnc fugitives, and return-
ing with them to England, by the following ſtratagem, obtained pol-
ſeſſion of Scarborough Caſtle, which was ſlightly garriſoned.
Having previouſly arranged his plan of taking the Caſtle by fur-
priſe, he diſguifed his little troop in the habit of peaſants and country-
men, and came to Scarborough on a market-day, under the most un-
fuſpicious appearances. He gained an eaſy admittance into the Caſtle,
and ſtrolled about with a careleſs air, apparently to gratify his curioſity.
About thirty of his men alſo entered without the leaſt fufpicion, and
embracing a favourable opportunity, inſtantly ſecured the different
centinels, took poſleſſion of the gate, and admitted their remaining
companions, who, under the exterior garb of countrymen, had con-
cealed arms. But the triumph of Mr. Stafford was of tranſient
duration, and the ſucceſs of his enterprize was eventually the cauſe
of his death. He had retained the poſſeſſion only three days, when
the Earl of Weſtinoreland, with a conſiderable force, recovered it with-
out loſs. -Mr. Stafford, Captain Saunders, and three other of the leaders
were taken priſoners, conducted to London, and confined in the Tower.
They were afterwards arraigned, and being convicted of High Treaſon,
Mr. Stafford, on account of his quality, was beheaded, and three of his
aſſociates were hanged and quartered.
There are no other inemorable incidents upon record, relative to the
Caſtle, until the civil war, which commenced in the reign of Charles I.
during which period it was twice beſieged, and taken by the Parliament's
forces, viz. by Sir Matthew Boynton, July 25th, 1645; and by Colonel
Bethell, December 19, 1648.
The confuſed accounts of thoſe agitated times, render it difficult to
preſent a regular detail of the operations. Sir Hugh Cholmley, who
was the governor of the Caſtle, during the principal fiege, in 1644-5, had
o
kept
... ::
...-! .....::::... :::......:::::::::
( 54 )
kept an accurate journal; but this and other family papers were un-
fortunately conſumed by an accidental fire. One manuſcript, contain-
ing a detached account, has been preſerved. Sir Hugh, after afligning
his reaſons, in this memoir, for abandoning the ſervice of Parliament,
and attaching himſelf to the Royal cauſe, gives the following account
of his preparations to defend the Caſtle.
“ Sir Hugh, by a commiſſion from the Marquis of Newcaſtle, ge-
neral for the King in the north parts, was now governor both of the
Town and Caſtle of Scarborough. *_He had likewiſe a commiſſion for
being a Colonel of Horſe; and another to be Colonel of Dragoons; and
had alſo a commiſſion to order and judge of all marine affairs,
within all the ports from the Tees to Bridlington, that fell within
that extent. He lived at Scarborough in a very handſome port and
faſhion ; but upon ſuch an account, as he thought not many in employ-
ment for the King and Parliament did the like, for he had neither
pay
nor allowance, but maintained the poſt of the Governor's place at his
own expence; not having the worth of a chicken out of the
country
that he did not pay for, till the time was come to be beſieged.”
At the ſiege of Hull, the Marquis of Newcaſtle required his
pre-
fence, and would have needs impoſed upon him the command of a
brigade of horſe (which was the curſe of the army) and whither he car-
ried him his own regiment of horſe, being the beſt in the army, con-
fiſting of 350 men raiſed at his own charge; and drew 400 foot out of
this garriſon, anno dom. 1644.--After the battle of Helſe-moor, the
Marquis of Newcaſtle came to Scarborough, and lodged at his houſe
two days, till he had furniſhed him (the Marquis) with a ſhip to go
beyond ſea; at his departure, the Marquis thanked him for his enter-
tainment, and told him he had feared he ſhould have ſtopped him; ſaid
he
gave
all for loft on the King's ſide, and wiſhed his departure with
him, which, he conceived, would be ſome countenance. To this, Sir
Hugh's anſwer was, that he would with the Marquis to ſtay; that if
* He had previouſly held them for the Parliament.
be
.
( 55 )
he (Sir Hugh) had committed an error, he knew his duty ſo well, that
he was not to call him (the Marquis) to account, but obey him, being his
general. That for his own part, though the place was in no defenſible
pofture, he meant not to render, till he heard from the King, or was forced
to it. And after the Marquis of Newcaſtle's departure moſt of the gentle-
inen of the country, which came thither with him, procured paſſes to go
home, or go to Prince Rupert, then in Weſtmoreland, which gave ſuch
diſcouragement to the foot ſoldiers, as many of them ran away; and in-
deed he was in a very bad condition, for the town, by ſituation, was not
tenable ; the caſtle was almoſt without habitations, proviſion, or much
ammunition and Sir Thomas Fairfax was come with 1000 horſe
within five miles of the place, whereof he had intelligence, and that the
foot was to follow from York, where the forces were under the com-
mand of Mancheſter, who had no other employment for them at that
time.--Sir Hugh was not in a condition to withſtand this ſtorm; nor
knew how to reſiſt, but by propounding propoſitions for rendering:
which he did by Mr. Henry Dorley, a priſoner, who was a com-
miſſioner from the Parliament to the Scots, fetched out of their
army, during the fiege at York.-Dorley did not perfectly underſtand
how matters paſſed between the armies, and being deſirous of liberty,
undertook thoſe propoſitions, and to obtain ceſſation for twenty days,
whilſt they were ſent to the Parliament. The man being partly overjoyed
with liberty, and partly over-reached in his employment, gave them, at
York, ſuch aſſurance of the rendering, that Mancheſter and his army
marched to the ſouth; and the Scots, to beſiege Newcaſtle.--Lord Fair-
fax and his forces fat down before Helmſley Caſtle ; ſo that, before
the twenty days expired, Sir Hugh had put the Town and Caſtle, in a
much better poſture of defence; and had got into it 400 loads of corn,
cut from the fields; he therefore was out of fear for the preſent to be
beſieged -Dorley being returned from London with the anſwers to the
propoſals ; the Lord Fairfax fent them to him, (Sir Hugh) requiring his
anſwer. Indeed there was as much granted to himſelf, as he could ex-
pec; yet not fo much as was offered by the propoſitions ; of which,
ſome
Ý
Telephone
(56)
foine being of that nature, he was aſſured would not be aſſented
to; and thereby he took occaſion to break the treaty, having then
no fear of being beſieged ; though it had been impoſſible for him
to have held out, which he now did for about twelve months.
At the beginning of February following, (1644). the fiege began of
Scarborough Town: he ſent into Holland two of his children; but
Lady Cholmley would not forſake him, but determined on facing all danger:
ſhe continued with him the twelve months, during the fiege of the
Town and Caſtle.'
k
Ruſhworth’s-Collections contain the following circumſtances relative
to Sir Hugh, and the Caſtle.
“ Sir Hugh Cholinley had raiſed a troop for the Parliament, and ap-
peared active for their ſervice, whereupon he was by them entruſted
alſo with the government of Scarborough Town and Caſtle, a place of
conſiderable ſtrength, and great importance ; but her Majeſty (Queen
Henrietta) being landed, * and now come to York, he, about the middle
of March, entered into intelligence with the Royal party, and letters
paſſed between him, Colonel Goring, and others'; and upon one
day, two trumpeters came to Scarborough, one from the ſaid Colonel
Goring at York, the other from Sir Francis Mackworth at Thornton,
2
* «On the 20th of February, 1643, the Queen arrived at Bridlington Quay. Her Majeſty
liad enbarked at Helvoetſluys, and was conveyed over by a Fleet of Dutch ſhips of war, com-
inanded by Admiral Van Tromp. She brought with her thirty pieces of braſs, and two of
iron ordnance, with ſmall arnis for ten thouſand Men; and, in expeétation of her arrival, the
Earl of Newcaſtle had drawn his Army that way in order to protect her from the inſults of her
Enemies. Four of the Parliament's ſhips, however, which lay at anchor off Newcaſtle, and which
had been cruizing with a view to intercept her, having notice of her arrival, immediately weighed
their anchors and came into the bay before Bridlington. Chagrined at the diſappointment, Bat-
ten, the Parliament's Vice Admiiral, drew up his ſhips in the night as near the Quay as poſſible,
and diſcharged above a hundred ſhot, many of which were bar ihot, and all of them directed to
the Houſe where the Queen lodged. Some of theſe actually paſſed through her chamber, ſo
that ſhe was obliged to quit her bed, and ſhelter herſelf in a ditch, in a neighbouring field;
and as ſhe changed her uncomfortable Tituation in ſearch of a more coinmodious place, the balls
flew ſo very thick, that a Serjeant was flain near ber Perſon, and here ſhe might probably have
terminated her life, had not the reflux of the yide, and the menaces' of Van Tromp obliged them
to deſiſt."
where
( 57 )
where there had lately happened a rencontre between ſome of the
King's forces, and a party ſent out of Scarborough, the latter having
brought in ſeveral priſoners: and the errand of theſe trumpeters was
now given out to be, to treat about exchange of priſoners. But, from
that time, Sir Hugh was obſerved by fome officers of the garriſon, to
be very frequently magnifying the Earl of Newcaſtle's forces, in his
diſcourſes, and undervaluing thote under the command of the Earl of
Ellex, and the Lord Fairfax; he alſo complained that he was flighted
by the Parliament; for that having ſeveral times importuned them for
ſupplies, he could never obtain them in that meaſure he deſired.--Mr.
James Cholmley, his kinſinan, whoſe fon ferved the Earl of Crawford,
(and who was ſuppoſed to have ſome influence with himn in his turn) was
ſent to York, as was believed, about effecting this deſign, though at his
return, he gave out with deep proteſtations, that riding into the coun-
try about buſineſs, he was caſually made priſoner, fix miles from Scar-
borough, and carried to York; whence, he ſaid, by ſome friends and
acquaintance, he found means to eſcape.-On Monday, March 20th,
Sir Hugh rode out early with one ſervant only, and declared to a prin-
cipal Officer of his, that he was to meet Sir John Hothain to conſult
about ſending forces, for clearing that ſide of the country; but deſired,
if
any
aſked for him, it ſhould be ſaid he was gone to Whitby to his
own houſe, to take care for the preſervation of it, and the town; hc
ſtaid out all night, and alleged next day, that he lay at Ganton, at a
friend's houſe, about ſix miles from Scarborough, but indeed, in that
time, waited on the Queen at York, and received a commiſion to hold
Scarborough Caſtle for the King. Having now fixed his reſolutions,
and conſidering that he had money, goods, and other things of value,
in Hull, which upon his declaring for the King, would be ſeized; he,
therefore, reſolved to get them firſt thence, and on Thurſday, March 24th,
fent Captain Brown Buſhell thither with a ſmall,ſhip, and ſeven pieces
of ordnance, to bring them away; but it ſo happened, that very night
Sir John Hotham had ſome intimation of his practices, and being con-
firmed therein, by his ſending for his goods, the ſaid Sir John Hotham
P
3
P
not
( 58 )
not only ſtopped the ſhip from returning, but alſo diſpatched a ketch
to Captain Steddoe, and other Parliament ſhips abroad, to give them
notice, left they, not fufpecting a revolt, ſhould put into the haven, and
fo be ſnapped.-- This ketch being at ſea, well manned, and having in her
four guns, met with a Scarborough ſhip laden with ammunition, going
from Parliament to Sir Hugh, viz. three pieces of ordnance, twenty
barrels of powder, forty carbines, with piftols, ſwords, and two great
fats of matches ; all which they ſeized, and carried' away to Hull.-In
the mean time, on Friday, March 25, in the evening, Sir Hugh ſent
for one of the Captains, a kinſman of his, to the Caſtle where he lay,
and told him he was reſolved to hold the Caſtle for the King; but
withal, was willing to allow him the uſe of his conſcience; ſo that if
he did not think fit to continue his command there, he mould, with his
wife and children, freely go to Hull; and the next morning declared
ſuch his reſolution, to Sir Thomas Norcliff, Captain Froom, and Captain
Vanderhurſt, a German, that likewiſe ſerved under him in the garriſon,
who were all much diſſatisfied with it.—The ſame day he gave leave to his
kinſman, the firſt mentioned Captain, to go to Hull; upon his parole,
and promife to procure Sir John Hotham to enlarge Captain Buſhell
within two days, or elſe he himſelf to return to Scarborough.-Captain
Frooin, and Captain Vanderhurſt, with ſeveral troopers, followed, re-
fuſing to ſerve for the King in Scarborough; but Captain Brown
Buſhell was, by Hotham, releaſed, and came back to Scarborough ; and
though he were Couſin-german to Sir Hugh, yet he made many pro-
teſtations, ere he went from Hull, to recover the Caſtle, and accord-
ingly performed it; for Sir Hugh, having, as he thought, firmly ſettled
all things, repaired to the Queen, and committed the Caſtle to the truſt
of Mr. James Cholmley, a man of no great experience in war, under
whom Henry Buſhell, (Captain Buſhell's brother) was lieutenant.--The
two brothers conferred together, and having prepared the ſoldiers, who
were diſſatisfied at the former revolt, on Thurſday the laſt day of March,
in the night, they firſt ſeized the ferjeant that commanded the guard, and
next the gunners, and then cauſing the ferjeant to knock at the gate
of
the
( 59 )
5
the tower, (a place of great ſtrength) where the Captain was lodged,
under pretence of an alarm in the town, and defiring powder and ſhot
for the ſoldiers from the keeper of the magazine, got the gate open, and
fo became maſters of the whole Caſtle and Garriſon. Which, though.
able to hold out againſt an army of 10,000 men, was thus twice caken
in one week, without fhedding one drop of blood. And upon notice
thereof, Sir John Hotham fent thither more ſoldiers to relieve them, and
201. to the garriſon to drink. -And the Houſe of Coinmons, upon in-
telligence of Sir Hugh's revolt, reſolved that he ſhould be diſabled from
continuing any longer a Member of that Houſe, and that he ſhould be
impeached of High Treaſon.-But notwithſtanding all this, Captain
Buſhell, ſome time after, held correſpondence with the Royal party, and
delivered up Scarborough; for which he was impriſoned at Hull, but
releaſed by Sir John Hotham, and betook himſelf to the ſervice of the
King."
As affairs were now brought to a criſis, the parties acted againſt cach
other in open hoſtility. Sir John Hotham, the governor of Hull, for
the Parliament, concerted a plan with his fan, Captain Hotham, to ſeize
the Town of Scarborough; and, in order to accompliſh the deſign, ſent
two ſhips thither with armed ſoldiers, provided with ten pieces of can-
non and other amınunition. Captain Hotham alſo, with a choſen troop,
marched by land to aſlift in the enterprize;. but Sir Hugh Cholmley
having received intelligence of their plan, went down by night to con-
fult with the magiſtrates, and it was agreed to ſuffer the ſhips to enter
peaceably into the port; but, immediately on their arrival, Sir Hugh
and his aſſiſtants ſeized the veſſels, landed the cannon, and placed it in
a convenient ſituation for annoying the troops deſtined for the attack
by land:. Captain Hotham, confident of ſucceſsy, made a rapid march;
but as ſoon as his detachment approached within ſhot, a diſcharge of
the artillery and mulkets killed twenty of them, and the reſt being fu-
riouſly attacked, thirty more were taken priſoners, and the remainder:
put to a precipitate flight,
Sir;
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(60)
Sir Hugh Cholmley acted with the greateſt energy, and exerciſed
all the reſources of his mind to contrive the means of obtaining
every neceſſary article to enable him to ſuſtain a long fiege; and
upon
this occaſion he equipped ſome armed veſſels, and ſent them out of the
harbour to intercept the coal-ſhips. He had alſo a pinnace conſtantly
employed in bringing ſupplies for the garriſon. But the Parliament
liaving received intelligence of theſe proceedings, ordered ſome ſhips of
war to be ſtationed on the coaſt.
The importance of Scarborough Caſtle induced the Parliament to
fend Sir John Meldrum, a Scotch foldier of fortune, who had lately dif-
tinguiſhed himſelf in the defence of Hull, againſt the King's forces, to
fucceed Sir William Conſtable, who had been appointed by Lord Fair-
fax, in the command of the ſiege.
Sir John poflelled an uncommon ſhare of intrepidity and enterprize,
and his ardent fpirit determined him to attempt to take the town by ſtorm.
The records of the times give the following account of the attack.
“ On February 1Sth, (1644), about ten o'clock, Scarborough was
ſtormed in four places by the Engliſh and Scottiſh foldiers, who gained
the Town and the Church, with the loſs of eleven men. In the Church,
they took eighty ſoldiers, and the Governor of Helmſley Caſtle. Sir
Hugh Cholmley perceiving the town likely to be loft, fled into the
Caſtlc, and was purſued, and one of the works was taken; but the
white tower in the Caſtle commanding it, they beat out Meldrum's
men with ſtones.-Cholmley intended to eſcape by ſea in a little pin-
nace he had there, which he called his running horſe; but Meldrum
got between him and the pinnace, and forced him back again into the
Caſtle."
Sir Hugh Cholmley had five Dunkirk veſſels lying in the road,
which interrupted Meldrun's men in the ſtorm ; but the cannoneers
funk two of thein, and the other three fled.”
“ Meldrum took in the Town and Church, thirty-two pieces of ord-
nance, with ſtore of arms and other prize; and in the haven, 120 ſhips.”
$
" The
( 61
)
>
.
The Commons were ſo gratified with the account of this ſucceſsful
enterprize, that they ordered one thouſand pounds to be preſented to
Şir John Meldrum, and twenty pounds to the meſſenger who brought
the news.
Sir John, having by this fortunate coup de main, obtained poſſeſſion of
the town, regularly inveſted the Caſtle ; and being convinced of the
great natural ſtrength of its Gituation, as well as of the courage and
abilities of the Governor, he exerted all his precaution and ſkill to re-
duce it, not only eſtabliſhing out-poſts to intercept the ſupplies, in order
to compel the garriſon, to ſurrender by the preſſure of famine, but alſo
erecting batteries in the moſt convenient ſituations.
The veſtiges of one of the finall encampments may yet be ſeen upon
the hill above Peaſeholin-vale, about three quarters of a mile diſtant from
the Caſtle, on the north. It is a regular pentagon, every angle and
part of which is grown over with a verdant turf, as though lately inade.
It
may probably have been an out-poſt to guard the road, and North-
ſand-beach, and prevent any communication from that quarter. |
The ſouth bay and road were commanded by a battery, ſtill remain-
ing upon Ramſdel-cliff, above the dropping-ſpring; and, it is prefumed,
the town, before it was taken by ſtorm, was cannonaded from this
point, as mention is ſaid to have been made, in an old pariſh regiſter
of burials, in the year 1644, “ of the town being beleaguered by the Par-
liament's forces, and that ſeveral perſons were then killed by cannon
balls from a battery on Ramſdel Mount." But the moſt formidable works,
which annoyed the Caſtle, were eſtabliſhed upon the North-Cliff, not far
diſtant from the preſent Rope-yard; and the great bank here, formed
by the deep excavation, was choſen as a favourable poſition for the at-
tack of Buſhell's battery I at the flank of the Caſtle-gate.The ap-
t
* Whitelock's Memorials.
+ The markets are ſaid to have been prohibited in the town, during the fiege; but the inhas
bitants had permiſſion, under particular reſtrictions, to attend one which was kept at Peaſeholm.
| The remains of this battery are to be ſeen on the little eminence adjoining to the angular
point of the weſt part of the Caſtle. The communication with the Caſtle is ſtill viſible, though
walled up, and ſeven guns are ſaid to have been mounted here, which were under the command
of Captain Buſhell.
Q
proaches
#
now...
... nothing
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1
( 62 )
proaches were carried on ſtill nearer, and Sir John Meldrum liaving
made a lodgment with his troops in the Church of St. Mary, conveyed
feveral pieces of artillery into it in the night, and opened a battery from
the eaſt window; but the garriſon made ſuch a vigorous and well-
directed fire, that the choir of the Church was demoliſhed, and the
ruins, yet ſtanding at the eaſtern part of the Church-yard, are monu-
ments of this deſolation,
The able defence made by Sir Hugh Cholmley rendered the fiege.
tedious and difficult to the aſſailants; but the works by inceſſant batter-
ing were greatly injured, and the garriſon was weakened by fatigue
and ſicknefs.
“ On the 24th of March, 1645, Sir John Meldrum afcending a rock
to reconnoitre, and to view a convenient place to plant his cannon
againſt the Caſtle, was blown down by a violent wind, and bruiſëd.”
April 15th.-A Dunkirk ſhip loaden with arms and ammunition
for the King, was taken by the befiegers.
May 5th.-Sir John Meldrum's men attempted to ſtorm the Caſtle ;
but were repulfed with the lofs of twenty men." *
Sir John was not, however, diſcouraged with this defeat; and, there-
fore, conceiving, from the enfeebled ftate of the garrifon, that Sir
Hugh would be obliged to capitulate, he fent him a haughty ſummons
to ſurrender at difcretion, which was rejected with the greateſt in--
dignity. Having thus failed to fucceed by menaces, he prepared for
another ſtorm.
Onthe 17th of May, 1645, he commenced his operations fortħeattack;
and, in order to divert the attention of the Governor, made two different
afſaults ;-one, at the gate which led to the entrance of the Caſtle ;-
the other, at the ſouthern extremity of the wall, towards the fea, where -
ſtood a lofty tower, (taken down in the year 1730) known by the
name of Charles's Tower. The ruined ſtate of the outer gate of the
Caſtle gave an eaſy admiſſion to the beſiegers in that part, and they
* Whitelock's Memorials.'
pene-
1
( 63 )
penetrated to the inner one at the foot of the grand Tower'; but here
they met with the moſt deſperate reſiſtance, and were fo furiouſly aflailed!
with ſtones and other miffilcs, that they were repulſed with great
Naughter. During this conflict, Sir John Meldrum at the head of a
chofen diviſion of troops, lcd them to the attack at the foot of Charles's
Tower. The acceſs to this part was protected by a prccipice of difficule
aſcent, and the conteſt here was inore ſevere and bloody than at the
gate; but the garriſon, under the command of their brave Governor,
diſputed the ground with ſo much valour, that they compelled the
aſſailants to abandon the attack, with conſiderable loſs, the leader being.
ſeverely wounded, and fereral of his officers and men Nain. *
The Parliament, notwithſtanding Sir John's fevere repulſe, being
much fatisfied with the bravery of his conduct, preſented him with.
five hundred pounds, and pay for his forces.
June 3d, 1645.-Sir John Meldrum died of his wounds received at
the fiege of Scarborough Caſtle."
“ June 10th.—A fhip of Scarborough, driven by ſtorm into Hartle-
pool, was there ſeized upon by the Parliament's forces, and her two
braſs, and four iron pieces of ordnance, with ſtore of arms." +
The reduction of Scarborough Caſtle was an object of ſuch magni-
tude in the eſtimation of Parliament, that a ſtrong reinforcement was
fent, and Sir Matthew Boynton appointed to ſucceed Sir John Meldrum:
the fiege was therefore renewed with the utmoſt vigour, and continued,
without intermiſſion, from the above affault in May, to July 22, 1645.
The fortifications being ruined by inceſſant battering ;-the military
ftores almoſt exhauſted ;--the proviſions diminiſhed, and the garriſon
* The Mercurious Ruſticus, mentioning this tranſaction, ſays, " that May 11, 1645, his Ma.
jeſty's forces made a gallant fally from Scarborough Caſtle, wounded Sir John Meldrum, wio
commanded the fiege, whereof he died, ſlew Col. Cockeraine, Licutenant-Colonel Stanley, Major
Dent, Captain Piercy, and fifty others, whereof moſt were commanders, and took divers pri.
ſoners. On his Majeſty's part, were only flain Captain Gower and ſome fous common ſoldiers.""
+ Whitlocke's Memorials.
weakened
#
B
( 64 )
4
weakened by fatigue, and the rage of an inveterate ſcurvy; the foldiers
were ſeized with deſpair, and determined no longer to defend the
walls; and, it is ſaid, that ſome of them even connived at a daring plan
of the enemny, of climbing the rock, and ſcaling the north-weſt wall
of the Caſtle.
Sir Hugh Cholmley deprived of all hopes of relief, and ſenſible
of the diſpirited ſtate of the garriſon, after having bravely defended
the Caſtle above twelve months, at length ſurrendered it on honourable
terms.
Heath's Chronicle, for the year 1645, mentions, " that the Town and
Caſtle of Scarborough, ſo gallantly defended, a long time, againſt enemies,
by ſeveral commanders, and lately againſt Sir John Meldrum, the Scot,
who left his bones under its walls, wąs, after, more vigorouſly beſieged
by Sir Matthew Boynton, to whom, after a tedious beleaguering,
the garriſon worn out by ſickneſs, and many ſlain, and without hopes
of relief, the valiant and loyal commander, Sir Hugh Cholmley, de-
livered it
up, after a long treaty, upon honourable conditions; moſt
part of the North being poſſeſſed by the Scots, and Parliament's forces."
The diſtreſſed ſtate of the beſieged will more particularly appear by
the following extract from a letter contained in a ſcarce pamphlet in the
Britiſh Muſeum, entitled, “ An exact relation of the Surrender of
Scarbrough Caſtle, by Sir Hugh Cholmley, governor of the ſame, to Col.
Sir Matthew Boynton, Col. Laſcelles, and Col. Needham, commanders
in chief of the Parliament's forces in Scarborough, together with a
copy of the articles agreed upon at the ſaid ſurrender, publiſhed by
authority.
" What we have ſo long weekly expected is now happily effected and
brought to paſſe, namely, the ſurrender of Pontefract and Scarborough
Caſtles. For the particulars of the latter, I ſhall refer you to the incloſed
articles. I ſhall.only add theſe enſuing paſſages.-Many of Sir Hugh's
officers and ſouldiers belonging to the Caſtle, were in ſuch a weak con-
"*
** London : Printed by John Field"-410-No date.
A
dition
( 65 )
:-
dition, that ſome of them were brought forth in ſhects, others were
helped out between two men, the reſt were not very fit to march. The
general, and common diſeaſe was the Scurvy, which made fuch a
mortality among the ſouldiers as before, that Sir Hugh haſtened to
make conditions. The women in Scarborough could hardly be kept
from ſtoning Sir Hugh."
;
:
Then follow the Articles :
“ Articles agreed and concluded upon the 22d day of July, 1645,
betwixt the Hon. Sir Matthew Boynton, Knt. and Bart. one of the Mili-
tary Committee for the Northern Aſſociation; Col. Francis Laſcells
Col. Sim. Needham, Commanders in Chief for the King and Parliament
in Scarborough ; and the Hon. Sir Hugh Cholmley, Knt. and Bart.
Governor of the Caſtle there, concerning the rendition thereof to the
perſons before named.”
“ I. That the Caſtle be ſurrendered on the 25th day of this inſtant,
July, 1645, by twelve of the clock at noon: that all the arins, ordnance,
ammunition, proviſion, and goods, of what ſort ſoever, now in, and about
the Caſtle, (except what is hereafter excepted) ſhall be delivered to the
Commanders in Chief, in Scarborough, or to whom they ſhall appoint,
to the uſe of the King and Parliament."
II. That all priſoners now in the Caſtle be ſet at liberty within ſix
hours after the ſealing of theſe articles.'
“ III. That the governor, Sir Hugh Cholmley, and thoſe officers and
gentlemen fouldiers, if he deſire it, ſhall have a ſafe convoy from hence
into Holland, or be ſafely conveyed to Newark, whether they ſhall
chooſe, and, if any, after their coming to Newark, ſhall then reſolve to
go into Holland, giving notice thereof within ſix days, to the Committee
for Military Affairs at York, they ſhall have paſſes from thence to take
ſhipping at Hull, Scarborough, and Bridlington-key; and be there ac-
commodated, paying ſmall rates, ſo that they take the firſt opportunity
of wind and ſhipping; and ſuch other, who deſire paſſes, ſhall have
them from the ſaid Committee, to go to the King's army, or any of his
R
garriſons,
5
.:..:.:.
7
2.
( 66 )
garriſons, as they pleaſe, travelling not above twenty in a company,
where the Governor 'or Colonel ſhall be in perſon ; otherwiſe not
above ten in company: the time to be permitted in their ſeveral paſſes,
as the diſtance of the place to go to, ſhall require, none of them paſſing
through any garriſon for the King, if there be another way."
“ IV. That no perſon whatever going from this Caſtle be plundered,
arreſted, or ſtaid upon any ground or pretence whatſoever; and in ſuch
caſe, upon complaint made to the aforeſaid Committee at York, to be
fpeedily redreſſed.”
“ V. That Lady Cholmley ſhall have liberty to live at her own houſe
at Whitby, and enjoy ſuch part of her eſtate as is allowed by ordinance
of Parliament: that ſhe may have two men-fervants, and two horſes, to
carry herſelf and ſuch neceſſary things as ſhall be granted her.”
“VI. That all inferior officers, common ſouldiers, and others, who have
deſire to live at home, ſhall have paſſes granted them for that end, and
fhall not be forced to take up armes againſt their mindes : that the fick
and wounded ſhall be provided for, till their recovery, and then have
paſſes to travel to what place they pleaſe, having fufficient time allowed
for their journey, and two perfons permitted to take care of them.
VII. That the Governor march on his own horſe, with ſword, piſtolls,
and defenſive arms; and all Field-officers upon their own horſes, with
their ſwords and piſtolls; allCaptains whatſoever, Lieutenants, and Cornets
of Horſe, in like manner; three ſervants for the Governor, and one for
every Field-officer as aforeſaid, and all other Officers and Sauldiers
whatſoever on foot, without any other arms than their fwords, and not
to be compelled to march more than ten miles a day.”
“ VIII. That all Officers and Souldiers may carry upon their perſons
what is really their owne; that nothing be carried in cloak-bags or
knapſackes, but their own wearing apparell, writings, evidences, and
bills."
“IX. That every Officer, Gentleman, or Clergyman may have liberty
to buy or lawfully procure a travelling horſe for himſelf and his fer-
vant; that all fick and lame men may enjoy the fame privilege."
X. That
22
( 67 )
“X. That all Gentlemen of quality, and Clergymen, have liberty to
march. Gentlemen with their ſwords ; that none carry above the
value of 5l. in money or plate about their perſons, and nothing in their
cloak-bags, but as is expreſſed in the 8th article.
“ XI. That there be no fraud or deceit whatſoever uſed, in ſpoiling or
embezzling any thing before-mentioned or comprized in theſe arti-
cles; and if any of them ſhall be violated, the
of thein ſhall be violated, the party offending ſhall
be delivered to the Commander in Chicfe where the fact ſhall be
done, to give ſatisfaction for his offence, and his particular act ſhall
not be underſtood as a breach of theſe articles, nor be prejudicial to
:
any other.
H. CHOLMLEY."
*
“ We do atteſt that the within written
articles were ſigned and ſealed by
Sir H. Cholmley, in our preſence.
Tho. GOWER,
T110. CROMPTON,
RICHARD LEGARD."
Another ſcarce pamphlet in the Britiſh Muſeum, cntitled “ The
Coppie of a Letter from Major General Poines his quarters, of the taking
of Scarborough, &c. &c.”* gives the twelve preceding articles with
this addition :
" There were about 200 in the Caſtle, and 100 came in to the Parlia-
ment. There was taken in the Caſtle of Scarborough, viz.
5
braſs
pecces
of ordnance, 30 iron peeces of ordnance ; fome field peeces, 1000 armes ;
a great quantity of powder, match, bullets, and other ammunition, all
Cholmley's bag and baggage.”
Of ſuch conſequence was the ſurrender of this Caſtle eſteemed by the
Parliament, that there appears in the Journals of the Houſe of Commons,
19th Auguſt, 1645, “ A day appointed for a Thankſgiving to Almighty
*" Printed and publiſhed according to order, by B. Alſop and J. Coe, London, 1645, 410.”
God
3
( 68 )
God for his late mercies vouchſafed to the Parliament's forces in the
taking of Scarborough Caſtle, and ſome other places.”
The following account of the damages ſuſtained by the Town of
Scarborough, during the fiege, was preſented to Parliament in Novem-
ber, 1646, by Sir Matthew Boynton, Bart. and Luke Robinſon, Eſq.
“ That the Towne hath been impoveriſhed by various oppreſſions,
both by the Royal party and the Parliament's forces."
1. Diſabled in their ſhipping, by the taking away the fails, cables,
anchors, and furniture belonging to them.”
“ 2. That ſeveral of the ſhips are totally fpoyled with continuance
of lyeing on the ſands, having no proper perſons to look after them.
And that many were diſabled by the enemy from ever going to ſea
again, whereby they have loſt to the value of 3000l. at leaſt, beſides
the loſs of the benefit of trading.'
3. That the Towne being taken by ſtorme, the ſhips were made
prizes of by the ſouldiers, and the owners forced to pay one fourth of the
value, for their releaſe."
“ The Towne hath fuſtained theſe further loſſes ſince the army came
before it."
1. The waſte and ſpoyl which have been made of the grounds
belonging the Tuwne, there having beene no profit at all received there-
of; but the herbage totally eaten up by the fouldiers horſes, to the
great impoveriſhment of the Towne.'
2. Spoiling of their Conduit, which brought water in leaden pipes
to the Towne, a mile from thence, by pulling up and breaking the
pipes.”
3. Their Churche wholly ruinated, except the walls and ſome part
of che roof, which was formerly in good repaire.”
4. Their four mills belonging the Towne totally pulled downe.”
5. The charges they have beene att for making workes, for timber
and deales for the platformes, their providing candles and fuell for the
army ever ſince the Towne was reduced, which doth ſtill continue.”
6. There
66
is
( 69 )
*
6. Thefe that were formerly the ableft men of the Towne have had
their eſtates fequeſtered to the publique uſe, ſoe that we have wanted,
and ſtill doe want their contributions towards theſe great charges."
7. That whereas there is but xxviijl. per annum, for the maintenance
of a preaching Miniſter att Scarborough, there may be ſome courſe
taken (by the Committee for plundered Miniſters, or otherwiſe) for pro-
cureing lxl. more to be added to it, to be paid yearely for that purpoſe.
“ The valuation of the loſſes (excluſive of the ſhipping);"
£. s. d.
“ The ſpoile of the ground 3 yeares and more
600
“ The Conduit pipes renewing
The repaireing of the Church
600 Ó
“ The new building 3 Mills, and I quite gone
300 0
" The charges of works
300 0
.”
O
200
0
: ܘ ܘ ܘ ܘ ܘ
It does not appear what compenſation was allowed on account of
theſe damages, excepting that an order was iſſued from Chancery in
1646, for remitting the payment of the fee-farm rent for three
years,
viz. 1643, 1644, and 1645.
There are other petitions on record for long arrears of pay, advanced
by the town, to the foldiers of the garriſon. Theſe petitions were ſup-
ported by the Members for Scarborough, Sir John Lawſon, and the
neighbouring gentlemen.
During this memorable fiege, ſquare-ſhaped ſilver coins of the value
of five ſhillings, and two ſhillings and ſixpence each, were iſſued, have
ing, on one ſide, a repreſentation of the Caſtle, inſeribed Obſidium
Scarborough, 1645, and, on the reverſe, the nominal value of the piece.
The following particulars of Lady Cholmley's heroic fortitude, during
the fiege, extracted froin Sir Hugh's Memoir, ought not to be omitted.
* The Church was far from being effc&tually repaired, as there was a neceſity for rebuilding
it, in the year 1660.
&
S
«
She
:: SA
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"She 'endured much hardſhip, yet with little ſhew. of trouble; and in
thegreateſt danger would never be daunted, but diſplayed a courage above
her fex; and whilſt the Caſtle was beſieged, ſhe did not omit to viſit
the fick perfons, and take extraordinary care of them, making ſuch
help and proviſion as the place would afford:; infomuch that her maids
were ſo overwrought and toiled with it, that one of them, in the night,
ſtole away, thinking to get into the town ; but the enemy's guards
taking her for a ſpy, cauſed her to return, which was acceptable to her
lady; there not being ſufficient perſons, in health, to attend the ſick. At
the ſurrender of the Caſtle, be procured an article, that the garriſon at
Sir Hugh's houſe at Whithy might be removed, and ſhe have the liberty to
live in it; but the Captain, in poſſeſſion, liked the houſe fo well, that he dict-
not quit it, until one of his ſervants died of the plague ; and before he
durftreturn againſhe unexpectedly (leaving her own daughters behind her
at one Mr. Pearcy Hay's, near Malton)adventured over the moors in a dan-
gerous ſeaſon, they being then covered with a thick ſnow; and fo got
to the houfe, and kept, poffeſſion, though in a ſad condition.—Her two
fons were beyond fea; and her girls ſhe durft not bring thither in re-
ſpect of the late illneſs.-She was ill accommodated with all things;
the houſe being plundered, having nothing but what ſhe borrowed, yet
her fpirit would not ſubmit her to complain ; and when Sir John
Meldrum had ſent propoſitions to Sir Hugh, with menaces, that if they
were not accepted, he would that night be maſter of all the Works and
Caſtle; and in caſe one of his men’s: blood was ſhed, would not give
quarter to man or woman, but put all to the ſword -Lady Cholmley.
conceiving Sir Hugh would relent in reſpect of her being there, came to;
him, without any direction or trouble, and prayed him, that he would
any
conſideration of her do ought which might be prejudicial
to his own honour or the King's affairs."
By the article of render, they had liberty to march to the King, or
have paſſes to go beyond ſea; and hearing the King was then removed
into Wales, at Royland; and Sir Hugh neither in bodily health, nor
having force to ſerve him; that he would, in all likelihood, have died in
the
not for
“
( 71 )
the
way, had he attempted to paſs to the King; he, therefore, took a Mip
at Bridlington for Holland.--His brother, Henry Cholinley, when he
came out of the Caſtle, ſent him 200l. which he diſtributed ainong the
officers and ſoldiers, to relieve their diſtreſles; leaving his wife not above
151. in her purſe; and himſelf not above gl. inore than would diſcharge
his paſſage."
Sir Hugh Cholniley continued in exile until the year 1649, when his
brother. Henry finding means to pacify the Parliament, obtained per-
miſſion for his return to England ; and, on certain conditions, he was,
once more, ſuffered to enter into the poiTeffion of his clates.
Sir Hugh was of an ancient, and honourable family: he was born at
Roxby, near Thornton, 22d of July, 1600, and after receiving a liberal
cducacion at Beverley, and at Cambridge, was admitted alſo to the
Inns of Court, where he obtained a conſiderable knowledge of the law.
In 1624, he was choſen a Member of Parliament for the borough of
Scarborough; but King James dying this year; he was, in the firſt year
of his ſucceſſor, Charles, again returned for the ſame place, to that Par-
liament diſtinguiſhed by the name of the Short Parliament, in which he
joined the minority (agreeably to his inſtructions from his conſtituents)
in their oppoſition to the illegal method of levying fhip-money. In
1641, he was created a Baronet of Great-Britain, and the King, having
the ſame year convoked a Parliament, Sir Hugh was, once more, choſen
a burgeſs therein for Scarborough ; and afterwards appointed Governor
of the Caſtle.
He died 20th November, 1657, and was, according to his particular
requeſt, interred at Peckham, near the remains of his beloved lady:
It appears, by an inſcription on one of the Towers at the entrance of
the Caſtle, that the Gateway had been repaired in the year 1645.
The diſorders of the times, during this period of the civil war, were
ſo great, that the coaſt was frequently infeſted with pirates ; and the
following letter was ſent from the town of Scarborough to Captain John
Lawſon (afterwards Sir Jobn) on the ſubject.
66 The
grad
· X-...
( 72 )
b
The pirates doe ſtill continue their miſchiefes upon theſe coaſts,
having taken 9 ſhipps, within 8 days, ſince the 21ſt March: John
Headley being one, fome of Lynn, ſome of Ipſwich, and ſome of other
places, which will be the totall undoeing of all trading, if ſome ſpeedy
and eſpecial care be not taken for our reliefe. 3d April, 1646.”
In conſequence of this application, the Warwick, the Defiance, the
Meſlenger, the Preſident, the Sampſon, the Hector, and the Cygnet,
ſhips of war, being of the North-ſea ſquadron, received a ſpecial order,
2 3d of April, 1646, to attend more ſtrictly to theſe coaſts.
Sir Matthew Boynton, who had been appointed to the government of
the Caſtle, in 1645, (and was alſo a Repreſentative for the Borough in
Parliament) died in the ſpring of 1647.
In 1648, * Colonel Matthew Boynton, to the fucceffor of the late Go-
vernor of the ſame name, having declared for the King, the Town and
Caſtle of Scarborough ſuſtained another ſiege. The following detached
narratives, relative to the circumſtances, are extracted from Whitelock's
Memorials.
“ Auguſt 7th, 1648. Commiſſioners were ſent to treat with Colonel
Boynton for the ſurrender of Scarborough Caſtle to the Parliament, from
whom he had revolted; but they made no agreement, though the Com-
miſſioners ſhot in a printed order to the ſoldiers in the Caſtle, pro-
miſing them one thouſand pounds to deliver it up to them.”
September 12th, 1648. Colonel Bethell and Laſcelles are ſent to
enforce the ſiege of Scarborough, where three hundred Walloons are
landed by command of the Prince.”
“ September 15, 1648. The Town and Caſtle of Scarborough, not-
withſtanding the blocking up, received from the Prince, relief of men,
* A vote was paſſed in the Houſe of Commons, 2d May, 1648, for goool. towards repairing
the works at Scarborough.
+ It does not appear whether this gentleman was of the fame family as the former Governor
of that name, though it is moſt probable. He was included in the liſt of Royaliſts excepted from
mercy, 17th March, 1648-9.
victuals,
( 73
73 )
:
.
:
victuals, and ammunition, which put thoſe before it upon reſolution to
ſpeed the gaining it. They reſolved to ſtorm the town, which was
done by the foot, to whom joined 400 troopers, who did with firelocks
excellent ſervice. After fome diſpute, the Town was taken ; four of
the aſſailants were killed, and eighteen of the beſieged ; and one hun-
dred and fifty were made priſoners ;--ſome Walloons, whom the fol-
diers took for Iriſhmen, were put to the ſword.”
December 4th, 1648.-Of the ſtate of Scarborough Caſtle more par-
ticularly thus : Upon Wedneſday night laſt, there came out the Gover-
nor's enſign, who declared, that upon our taking off their boat from the
ſally-port, the night before, they were fearfully alarmed, upon which
the common ſoldiers fell into a mutiny, deſiring the Governor to make
terms for their marching out; for that their fiſh will laſt but a month,
and their fire three weeks; though their corn and butter would laſt longer.
Their greateſt wants are of ſhoes, and cloaths; of which they had pro-
vided good ſtore to have got in by their boat; but prevented : and
their harbinger-general, Licutenant Sallet, is now come in, and ſub-
mitted to mercy.
“ December 23, 1648.-_Lord Fairfax received letters from Colonel
Bethell, dated at Scarborough, 19th inſtant, of the ſurrender of Scar-
borough Caſtle, * that day, unto him. The effect of the articles of the
rendition, is, that the Governor, Officers, Gentlemen, and Soldiers,
ſhould march out with wearing apparel, colours flying, drums beating,
and bullet in mouth, to Scarborough Common, and there lay down their
arms. The Governor to march with his horſe and arms, and three
ſervants to attend with their ſwords; Soldiers alſo with their ſwords to
march to their ſeveral habitations. That all gentlemen within the ſaid
Caſtle, ſhall be ſuffered to paſs out to ſuch places as ſhall be nominated.
And none obliged to march more than eight miles in a day, towards
their habitations.
“ The cauſe of giving ſuch favourable articles, was, by reaſon of in-
formation, that ſeveral ſhips, with men and proviſions, from the Prince
:
Scarborough and Pentefract Caſtles were the laſt to ſurrender.
T
werc
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were deſtined thither, and expected every hour for the relief of the
Caſtle. There was in the Caſtle good ſtore of proviſion, eſpecially of
rye and butter; and at leaſt fifty barrels of powder, and great ſtore of
match, ſo that it might have held out three months."*
A. D. 1659. The coaſting trade being harraſſed with ſhips of war
commiſſioned by the exiled King, (Charles II.) a ſucceſsful enterprize
was made in the month of April, with the approbation of Colonel
Bethell, the governor of the Caſtle, by a fiſhing veſſel then lying in Scar-
borough harbour.
The particulars will appear in the following depoſitions :
“ Whereas I, Robert Colman, maſter of a North-fea boat belonging
to Yarmouth, being with my faid veſſel in Scarborough Peares, on or
about the firſt day of April inſtant, upon the notice I received, that
a ſhip of warr was on the coaſt, I did offer myſelf to Colonel Bethell,
governor of Scarborough Caſtle, to adventure myſelfe, and veſſel, though
then loaden with fiſh, and my company to goe to ſea, to endeavour the
takeing the ſaid ſhip of warr, provided Col. Bethell would furniſh mee
with ſome foldiers, armes, and ammunition, which he accordingly did;
and I perſuaded divers others of my neighbours, then in the harbour,
to adventure themſelves alſo in that ſervice, and foe, upon the ſaid day,
with about twenty-five ſeamen of my owne company and neighbours,
and with about as many ſoldiers commanded by Captain Thomas
Laſſelles, wee failed forth, and, that evening, met with the ſaid ſhip of
warr, who called to us, and commanded us, ſaying, ſtrike yee dogs for
King Charles, and ſo brought their veſſel aboard on us; whereupon I
gave the word to the ſeamen, then in my veſſel, who immediately en-
tered the ſhip of war, and, after a very hot ſkirmiſh, (myſelfe and three
ſeamen being ſorely wounded) we ſtowed the men, twenty-nine
in number, who were alive, beſides five more ſlaine and drowned;
tooke the veſſel, and brought her, with one gun, and other armes and
proviſions, and the men, as priſoners, into Scarborough Peares: All
which premiſes (for the more full fatisfaction of my owners and others
* Whitelock's Memorials.
whom
( 75 )
..
whom it may concern) I doe deſire the Worſhipful the Bayliffes of Scar-
borough, to certifye with mee, under their hands and feale of office,
with what further they know to be true concerning the famc.-Wit-
neſs my hand the fourth day of April, 1650."
« ROBERT COLMAN.”
“Scardbrough,
2d April, 1650."
“ The examination of Joſeph Conſtant, maſter of a veſſel of war, called
the St. Peter, of Jerſey, Ralph Slee, and others of the ſhip's company,
before Thomas Gill and William Saunders, Bayliffes of the Towne of
Scardbrough, and Juſtices of the Peace within the ſame, and Libertyes
thereof."
“ Who ſay that, upon Wedneſday laſt, being the 27th of March laſt,
they came to ſea from Dunkirke with thirty-two men or thereabouts,
with commiſſion from Charles, eldeſt ſonne to the late King of England,
to apprehend and poſſeſſe, and, in caſe of reſiſtance, to finke, fire, or
otherwiſe deſtroy all ſhippes and veſſels, together with their men, goods,
lading, and merchandize belonging to any place or perſon not in obe-
dience to the ſaid Charles, whom they call King of England : And upon
Monday the iſt of Aprill, towards the evening, they efpyed a veſſel
coming towards them, which they preſently fayled to, and layd her
aboard, thinking to have taken her, fyring upon the fayd velfel; but
they being too ſtrong, tooke and brought them priſoners into Scar-
borough Peares.
Signed by twenty-nine Perſons, all of foreign Names.
Print Sulawesi *** L' How will be the
**** min. 4.1.1 82;'**'WW.3.-4.***
#
In the year 1665-6, Sir Jordan Crosband was governor of Scarborough
Caſtle, at which time it was fully garriſoned.
At this period, George Fox, the firſt of the people called Quakers,
was impriſoned here more than twelve months, having incurred a pre-
munire, on account of thoſe religious principles, which a more en-
lightened age has tolerated.
His conſtitution was delicate and feeble, yet he ſupported the rigours
of a ſevere confinement, in a miſerable cell, with perfect reſignation.-
The
( 70 )
4
"The peaceful ſerenity of his mind was ‘unmóved by external accidents;
and, though deprived of every focial intercourſe with his friends, and
expoſed to the deriſion of his enemies, this holy man, in patience, pof-
ſeffed his ſoul, ſuperior to every indignity. He was confined, at ſeparate
times, in tliree different rooms ; one of them on the ſea-ſide, now in
ruins, at a little diſtance from the ſpring, called the Lady's-Well; which
(he ſays) “ lying much open, the wind drove in the rain ſo forcibly, that
the water came over his bed, and ran about the room, ſo that he was
glad to ſkim it up with a platter.” “ A threepenny loaf lafted him
three weeks, and ſometimes longer, and moſt of his drink was water
with wormwood infuſed in it.
The exemplary patience, the great humility, and inoffenſive conduct
of George Fox, fo conciliated the eſteem of the Governor and Officers
of the Garriſon, that they became his friends and advocates, and were
accuſtomed to ſay, “ that be was fiff as a tree, and pure as a bell, for they
could never move bim."
He was releaſed by order of the King, and the following paſſport was
granted by the Governor.
“ Permit the bearer hereof, George Fox, late a priſoner here, but now
diſcharged by his Majeſty's order, quietly to paſs about his lawful oc-
caſions without any moleſtation.--Given under my hand at Scarborough
Caſtle, this iſt day of September, 1666.
JORDAN CROSSLAND,
Governor of Scarborough Caſtle.
t
In the year 1706-7, William Thompſon, Eſq; was diſcharged from
arrears of rent due to the Crown from his Manor of Humbleſton, and
other Lordſhips in the county of York, in conſideration of a grant
made by Mr. Thompſon's anceſtors to Charles II. of the ſite of Scar-
borough Caſtle; but this was not then effectually done by reaſon of a
miſtake in the Letters Patent,
*
* See the draft of diſcharge in the Britiſh Muſeum, Harl. MSS. No. 2268.
:
During
( 77 )
*
ta
so
During the time of the rebellion in 1745, Government, convinced of
the important ſituation of this Caſtle, gave it a temporary repair, and
depoſited therein a conliderable quantity of military ſtores.
At this alarming period, the public ſpirit of the inhabitants of Scar-
borough was inanifeſted, not only by a liberal ſubſcription for general
defence, but alſo for local ſecurity, the Town being then in an unpro-
tected ſtate.
The following repreſentation will ſhow their exertions on the occaſion:
" To the Right Honourable Sir Conyers Darcy, Knight of the Bath,
Deputy Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding of the County of York."
“ The ſtate, ſituation, and circumſtances of the Town and Port of
Scarborough in the ſaid Riding, are humbly recommended to you in the
following particulars.”
“ That the faid Town and Port of Scarborough are, at preſent, in a
very defenceleſs condition both by ſea and land, and much expoſed to
any inſult or invaſion of the enemy, there being only eight guns or can-
non planted upon the Pier, and no ſoldiers or other proper perſons in
the Town, to watch or attend the ſame on any fudden emergency.'
“ 'That according to the laudable example of others, and in conformity
to the voluntary ſubſcription 'begun at BISHOPTHORPE, the 2 3d of Sep-
tember laſt, the inhabitants of Scarborough have ſubſcribed and raiſed
the ſum of 300l. concerning the application whereof, we have this day
had a public meeting, at which it was propoſed and concluded (but
with great ſubmiſſion to your judicious ſentiments) for the good of the
public:
6. That, as this Town and Port are, at preſent, ſo naked and defence-
leſs, for. Want of ſome regular forces therein, we might be allowed to
raiſe fifty men, to be arined, and to watch and attend the ſaid guns,
and alſo the Town and Harbour, as well within the ſame, as. at the
uſual avenues without the Town; and that we ſhall not be obliged to
be called abroad from the Town and Port."
“That, as for this purpoſe, it is judged abſolutely neceſſarý to have
your commiſſion for a proper ferjeant, able and ſkilled in military ex-
प
erciſe,
7
................
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Y 랑
​erciſe, and other officers, to enlift, inſtruct, and train the men, we ham-
bly requeſt that you would depute, or commiſſion a Serjeant upon this
occaſion; and alfo'a Captain, Lieutenant, and an Enſign, to be chofen
from among the Members of our Aſſociation, by a majority of the fame,
the names of whom will be tranſmitted for your approbation.”
“ It is further propoſed that, fó ſoon as the money for fubfifting the
new raiſed ſoldiers ſhall be exbauſted, the inhabitants of this town will
ſubſcribe and raiſe more money to continue them in pay, if occaſion
ſhould require.--And as ſeveral of the inhabitants of this town ſubſcribed
conſiderable ſums at York, which will conſequently be applied among
the public ſtock of the County; and as the money which the Quakers
of this place are diſpoſed to contribute on the occaſion, will be applied
in the ſame manner; it is humbly hoped that the money now ſubſcribed.
by the inhabitants, with the fole view of its being employed for the de-
fence of this Town and Harbour, may be permitted to be reſerved in
our own hands for that purpoſe.”
“ Theſe circumſtances we humbly beg leave to repreſent to your
Lordſhip, and offer them to your Lordſhip’s conſideration, to which we
requeſt an anſwer to.
Your Lordſhip's
Moſt devoted,
Obedient Servants,
The INHABITANTS of
SCARBOROUGH.
Ioth October, 17453"
It would ſeem that this application was attended with ſucceſs, as the
inhabitants ufed the greateſt activity to place the Town in a refpectable
ſtate of defence, by the erection of ſeveral batteries. *_The Moat or
Town-
+
2
16 guns.
6 do.
* No. 1. North-Cliff-Tindall's battery
2. Awborough-Gatem-Maling's do.
3.
Along the Moat from Tanner-Street end to St. Thomas's Hoſpital.
17
2 do.
4.
11 do.
No. 5.
(79)
Town-ditch was cleanſed out, and ninety-nine guns, from the ſhips in
the harbour, were mounted, which were principally manned by the
Sailors.-A report being circulated that the rebels were in full march to
Scarborough; the feamen repaired with alacrity to the batteries, under
the direction of their reſpective commanders. The ardour, the intre-
pidity, and the cheering voices of the Sailors animated the other inha-
bitants ; but, happily, the report proved to be without foundation.
After the ſuppreſſion of the rebellion, the Duke of Montague,
Maſter-General of the Ordnance, in the year 1746, cauſed the preſent
Barracks to be erected, which will contain 120. ſoldiers, in twelve apart-
ments; beſides which, there are others for the officers.
On the ſouth-eaſt point of the Caſtle-yard, upon a projecting plain,
fome diſtance below its fummit, facing the bay and the haven, at a con-
venient height above the level of the fea, a battery (called the South-Steel)
was at the ſame time erected, and twelve guns, 18 pounders, placed
therein.-A covered way, deſcending from the Caſtle-yard, by a flight
of Iteps, leads down to this.battery, which is the principal defence of
No. 5
7 do.
? do.
10 do.
4 do.
2 guns..
6.
Along the Moat from St. Thomas's Hoſpital to Newborough Gate.
7.
8.
9. Newborough.Gate-Hodgſon's battery
6 do.
10. Along the Moat behind Harding's Walk
16 do.
11. North end of the New Buildings
12. Hinderwell's garden
do.
13. South point of St. Nicholas's Cliff
6 do.
14.
2 do
Near the foot of Bland's Cliff.
15.
2 do.
16. Fiſher's Staith-Fiſher's battery
2 do.
Between Bland's Cliff and West Sand Gale.
27. Batty's Staith-Batty's do.
2 do.
3
Number of guns mounted
99
And ſeveral more offered if neceſſary; .
Number of perſons to manage them
400
Number of perſons, with ſmall arms, quartered at the reſpective batteries
400
the
.::. ... ... ...
( 80 )
..
the Town to the ſouth; and is, in ſome degree formidable, from its
favoured ſituation.--Here is alſo a ſtore-houfe with a guard-room; and
a gun-room, where the military utenſils are depoſited, in which there
are ſeveral old cannon balls that were found lodged in the earth and
walls of the Caſtle, fome time after the ſiege.
Under an arched'vault in the Caſtle-yard, near the ruins of the ancient
chapel, there is a reſervoir of water called the Lady's Well, fuppofed to
be the ſpring mentioned by old hiſtorians, and to have been conſecrated,
in the days of fuperftition, to the Virgin Mary. It is difficult, upon
philoſophical principles, to determine the fource whence it is ſupplied,
as the neareſt adjacent land of equal, or greater elevation, is more than
a mile diſtant, with which it does not now appear to have the leaſt.com-
munioation. The following circumſtance is offered as a ſolution of the
difficulty, and it carries with it a great degree of plauſibility.
It is faid, that the engineer, who ſuperintended building the bar-
racks, and other military works, abont the year 1746, ordered the
workmen to dig a circular trench round the reſervoir, in order to
trace the ſource, and that they diſcovered ſeveral ſubterraneous drains
or channels which appeared to have been made for the purpoſe
of conducting therein the rain-water, that might fall upon the area of
Caſtle-hill.
This reſervoir, when filled, contains about forty tons of water, which
is very tranſparent, and has been found, by experiment, to weigh lighter
by one ounce in the Wincheſter gallon, than any other water in the
vicinity.
A facetious circumſtance brought it into eſtimation with ſome ſtrangers
who viſited Scarborough:
The late maſter of the Coffee Houſe, (Mr. William Cockerill) a
perſon of great humour and ingenuity, having been often folicited
by the company who frequented his houſe, to introduce Briſtol Water
to his table; ſubſtituted the Caſtle Water in its place. The decep-
tion was carried on with great dexterity. The wax upon the corks
bore the impreſſion of the Briſtol ſeal.-A freſh importation was
pre
( 81 )
1
:
L
':
tended to be made every ſeaſon, warranted from the fountain-head,
and the connoiſſeurs pronounced'it genuine. But the ingenuity of the
contriver failed him in an unguarded hour. He had, in a convivial
party, taken too much wine, and in the confuſion of an intoxicated mo-
ment, the Briſtol feal was applied to a bottle of Sberry, which was haſtily
ſent
up to the table, even before the wax had time to cool. This un-
lucky circumſtance occaſioned a diſcovery; and the maſter of the
Coffee-houſe not only received a ſevere reprimand for the impoſition;
but was obliged ever after, as its reputation was eſtabliſhed, to ſupply
the water gratis.
In the year 1794, a battery of four guns was made in a place, called
the Holmes; on a ſmall eminence, at the foot of the Caſtle, to guard the
North ſhore; and, for the better defence of the South part, a battery of
three guns, was, in 1796, made in the ſouthern corner of the Caſtle-yard.
In the ſummer of the year 1797, a private in the North Lincolnſhire
Militia, fell from the South-eaſt part of the Caſtle-hill to the bottom,
among the rocks :-He fractured his ſkull, and was much bruiſed;
notwithſtanding which, he fortunately recovered.
The Right Honourable Lord Mulgrave, Major General of his Ma-
jeſty's forces, is the preſent Governor of the Caſtle.--Beſides whom, the
military eſtabliſhment conſiſts of R. V. Drury, Eſq. Storekeeper; a
Barrack-Maſter; Gunner; and a ſmall detachment of Invalid Artillery.
The venerable walls of this ancient Caſtle, which have ſtood the
ſhock of many centuries, are ſo much impaired by the ravages of time,
and ſo rudely ſhaken by the winter ſtorms, that they frequently fall in
maſſive fragments.
In turning from theſe mouldering remains of antiquity, the eye is
relieved, and the mind exhilarated by the captivating charms of the
ſurrounding proſpect. The variegated ſcenes of the adjacent couritry';
the romantic appearance of the town; the fands enlivenied with vari-
ous objects, and the unbounded view of the ocean, form a rich aſſem-
blage, beyond conception beautiful,
:
4
2
X
CON
41
...:::
( 82
CONVENTS-CHURCHES-HOSPITALS.
+
In the primitive ages.of Chriſtianity, many magnificent buildings were
erected by the piety and munificence of, our anceſtors, and there is ſuf-.
ficient evidence both from ecclefiaftical hiſtory, and ſome of thoſé ve-
nerable remains of antiquity, to ſhew that Scarborough was once
adorned with many facred edifices.
Four Convents, four Churches, and two Hofpitals are recorded to
have been eſtabliſhed here, viz.--The Convent or Abbey of the Ciſter-.
cians, founded in the reign of Henry III.- The Convent of Franciſcan
or Grey-Friars, founded in 1245: (29th Henry III.), by Sir Adam Sage.
The Convent of Dominican or Black-Friars, founded by Henry Percy,
Earl of Northumberland, in the ſame King's reign.--And the Convent
of Carmelite or White-Friars, by. Edward II, in the year 1320.—The
Church of St. Nicholas, founded in the reign of Henry II. and that of
St. Thomas the Martyr, with the two Hoſpitals (their appendages) of
the ſame name. And the Churches of the Holy Sepulchre and St.
Mary. *
CISTERCIAN ABBEY and" RECTORY.
The Cisterciens, on their firſt eſtabliſhment at Scarborough, which
was prior to the reign of. John, had only a ſolitary cell for the uſe of
their community; but through the liberal indulgence of Henry IJI..
who granted thein a ſite for an Abbey, they were enabled to build a
ſpacious edifice. The Church of St. Mary, the juriſdiction of the an-.
cient chapel within the Caſtle, and of all other Chapels, as well within
the walls of the Town, as without, were confirmed to the Ciftercians
in the year 1285, 13th Edward I. and all right of the Crown in the .
Rectory was then given up. f The Vicar of St. Mary's Church was to
* See Speed, Dugdale, and Burton.
+ Cart. 13 Edw. I. No. 57.
be
( 83 )
*
Be appointed by the Abbot, and the profits, during a vacancy, were to
be received by the Convent. The Vicar was alſo to ſwear obedience,
and to be removed at the will of the Abbot. No perſon was allowed
to erect a Chapel in the pariſli, or an altar in any Chapel, under the
forfeiture of 101. *—The claim of the Abbot of the Ciftercians (as
Rector of Scarborough) to the profits of the Chapel in the Caſtle, was
recogniſed and allowed in the 5th year of Edward III. † And the
cuſtody of the Rectory was granted to Hugh de Sancto Lupo, 16th of
Edward III. on payment of a rent of 35 marks per annum to the Crown. I
In the year 1363 (36th Edward III:) licence was given to the Abbot
of the Ciſtercians to give a Vicarage houſe to Henry Bentelowe, Vicar
of Scarborough, and his ſucceſſors for ever. S.
In the reign of Henry IV. the poſſeſſions of the Ciſtercian Abbey
having been ſeized by the King as an alien priory, he granted the
cuſtody of the Church and Advowſon of Scarborough to the Prior and
Convent of Bridlington; and the Abbot and Convent of the Ciſtercians
afterwards obtained licence to alienate them to the ſaid Priory. | But,
previous to this, it appears, that the King had, in the firſt year
of his
reign, granted a rent of 110 marks, iſſuing out of the Rectory of Scar-
borough, to the Abbot and Convent of St. Mary de Grace (near the
Tower of London), to be enjoyed by them during the war, or ſo long as
the Church of Scarborough ſhould remain in the King's hands. **
The Rectory of Scarborough was afterwards ſeized by Henry VIII. tt
as parcel of the attainted Priory of Bridlington; ££ and, in the 30th year
of his reign (Sept. 30), the King granted it to Charles Brandon, Duke
of Suffolk, in tail male.-The. Duke dying without iſſue, the Rectory
1
# Cart. 13 Edw. I. No. 57:
+ Cl. roll. 5 Edw. III. pt. 2. m. 13.
# Fin. roll. 16 Edw. III. m. 29, Pat. 36 Edw. III. pt. 2. m. 30. .
ll Pat. 8.Hen. IV. pt. 1. m.
8.
** Cart. antiq. Augmentation Office, H. 75.,
++ Then eſtimated at 15l. per annum.
# William Wöde or Wold, Prior of Bridlington, was attainted of High Treaſon in 1537,
28th Henry VIII. and executed at London (ſee page 52). The eſtates, &c. belonging to the
Priory were confiſcated to the King,
was
**
***
3
TT
#
( 84 )
* On
}
was in the Crown again in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and fucceflively
leafed to Walter Whalley, Rabert Whalley, and John Awdley.
the 22d of December, 1613, and 11th James I. it was granted by
Letters Patent, under the great ſeal, to Francis Morris and Francis
Phellipps, and their heirs and alligns, on a yearly payment of 281 per
annum to the Vicar. By virtue of this grant, the Rectory and Patronage
are now held by Sir Charles Hotham, Bart. who is entitled to the great,
and ſmall tithes, t mortuaries, &c.
In a ſequeſtered vale, near high Peaſeholm, emboſomed with fur-
rounding hills, a ruinous building is viſible, which is ſuppoſed to have
been a farm or grange belonging to the Ciſtercian Abbey, there, being
a traditional report that the Manor of Northſiead or Peaſeholm was re-
ferved to ſupply the Ciſtercian Monks with poultry, butter, milk, and
other neceſſary articles for their table.
The CISTERCIANS were a branch of the Benedictines, and derived
their name from Ciftertium, or Cifteaux, in the Biſhopric of Chalons, in
Burgundy, where the order was founded in the year 1998, by Robert,
late Abbot of Moleſme in that province, from which he had withdrawn,
on account of the wicked lives of his Monks. But they were reformed,
and brought into repute by Stephen Harding, an Engliſhman, (third
Abbot of Ciſteaux), a perfon of great zeal and fanctity of manners, who
was, therefore, eſteemed the principal founder. They were alſo called
White Monks, from the colour of their habit, which was a white caf-
fock, with a narrow fcapulary, and over that, a black gown, when they
went abroad; but a white one when they attended the Church. This
order came into England in the year 1128 ; and, previous to the dif-
ſolution, they had eighty-five religious houſes in this country, all dedi-
cated to the Virgin Mary.
*
* Records, Augmentation Office.
+ As an encouragement to the fiſheries, the tithe of fiſh is paid by the Corporation.
"!
FRAN
:
( 85 )
-
FRANCISCAN CONVENT.
The religious houſe erected in the reign of Henry III. for the Francif-
can Grey-Friars, or Friars-Minor, ſeems (from the extent of the found-
ations, which are yet viſible in the Friarage, to the north of St. Sepul-
chre-ſtreet,) to have been a very ſpacious building.
It appears by Patent, 29 Henry III. (m. 2.) that licence was granted
to the Franciſcans to pull down houſes, and to build their Convent on
a ſpot of ground between Cukewild-hill and the water courſe, called
Mill-beck, given to the Crown by Williain, ſon of Robert de Morpeth,
The Knights Hoſpitallers of St. John of Jeruſalem (28 Edward I. A. D.
1300) made a grant to this Convent of a Meſſuage in the town of Ber-
wick, and alſo of another in Scarborough, of which laſt, the following is
a tranſlation:
Deſcription given by the Chapter of Hoſpitallers of a Meſſuage in Scar-
borough, granted to the Minor Brethren of the faine Town.
To all the Sons of the Holy Mother Church, to whom the preſent
writing comes.--Your Brother, William de Tothall, humble Prior of
the Holy Hoſpital of St. John of Jeruſalem in England, wiſhes health
in the Lord. Know all of you, that we, by the common conſent and will of
the Brethren of our whole Chapter, have granted and given unto the Con-
vent of Minor Brethren of Scarborough, the whole Meſſuage, ſituated
between the land of John Blaks, which William de Harum holdeth of
him in fee, on the ſouth, and the ſtreet called Dumple on the north,
and which joins to the wall of the Borough, and the aforeſaid ſtreet.
To have and to hold the whole of the ſaid meſſuage with its appurte-
nances, to the ſaid Convent and Brethren for ever.---In teſtimony
whereof, we and our ſaid Brethren have reciprocally ſet our common
feals to theſe our hand writings.
Witneſs, Brother Robert de Sopizby, Brother Robert de Aſkeby,
Brother Henry de Lund, Brother Walter de Inſula, Brother John Fiſchet,
Brother Richard de Annindergley, then preceptor in the
county
of
Y
York,
:
( 86 )
..
York, and others,-the day of St. Barnabas the Apoſtle, in the year of
our Lord one thouſand three hundred.
Various confirmations of other grants of land are contained in
Patent, 9 Edward 11. *-Reginald Miller gave a piece of land in the
Old Town, extending eaſt and weſt from St. Sepulchre's burial-ground,
to the highway; and north and ſouth from the highway to a water-
courſe called Damgeth; alſo the land which extended eaſt and weſt from
the Borough well to the highway, and north and ſouth from the high-
way to the ſaid water-courſe. Sir John Ughtred gave a rent of 20s. to
find two great tapers daily, and bread and wine for divine ſervice,
alſo ſeveral houſes. A confirmation of the grant of a well in a place
called Gildbuſcliff t was made by the Burgeſſes of Scarborough (13 Ed-
ward II.) for the purpoſe of making an aqueduct to the Conventa
Licence was alſo given (15 Edward II.) to ſhut up an Alley called
Dumple; making another equally commodious.
The lands belonging to the Franciſcan-Friars at Scarborough, are now
in the poſſeſſion of Sir Charles Hotham, Bart, and the ancient manſion,
ſituated in St. Sepulchre-ſtreet, once the feat of fplendour and magnifi-
cence, is now converted into a work-ſhop.; I ſo ſtrangely humiliating are
the fad reverſes incident to human grandeur !
The FRANCISCANS came into England, in the year 12247-8th of
Henry III.
Agnellus of Piſa, the firſt Provincial of the Order, who came here at
this time, tendered his commiſſion to King Henry, who favourably re-
ceived him and his attendants, in reſpect to the character of the cele
brated St. Francis, and in regard to the purity and dignity of the evan-
gelical rules of life introduced by this fraternity.
* Pt. l. m. 21
+ A hill on Fallgrave Moor, the ſprings of which afford the only ſupply of water to the pre-
ent conduits of the town.
* In the occupation of Mr. Anthony Beſwick.
They
(87)
They were called Franciſcans, from St. Francis, their founder; Grey-
Friars, from their clothing; and Friars-Minor from their pretended
humility.-Their habit was a looſe-garment of grey colour, reaching
down to their ancles, with a cowl of the fame, and a cloke over it when
they went abroad. Theſe Friars went barefooted, as St. Francis their
founder did, and girded themſelves with a cord.
DOMINICAN OR BLACK FRIARS.
There are no veſtiges of the Convent of Dominican or Black Friars,
which was founded in the reign of Henry III.-One of the principal
ſtreets (Queen-ſtreet) was formerly called Black Friar's Gate.-The
Friar's Entry, which branches from it, ſtill retains its name; and not
far from thence was ſituated this religious houſe. *
In the 36th of Henry III. in the year 1252, theſe Monks paſſed a
fine for a houſe and meſſuage held by them in Scardeburgh, and the
Community of Scardeburgh granted, that the effects of the Monks and
their men ſhould be toll-free in that borough:
The Dominicans, or Black-Friars, came into England in the year
1221,
and had their firſt houſe at Oxford. In the year 1250; a general
chapter of the Dominicans, was held in London.--Henry III. honoured
them with his preſence, and dined with the order : The King provided
a ſumptuous entertainment, and defrayed the expences of the firſt
day; the Queen entertained them with great magnificence the ſecond
the Biſhop of London did the honours of the third day; the
Biſhop of Weſtminſter the fourth ; and the other Prelates and Peers in
fucceffion.
The rules obſerved by the Dominicans were rigid; perpetual filence
was enjoined; no time being allowed for converſation, without per-
تسلسل هستند. س
day;
:..............
* The late Jeremiah Barton, in digging a cellar in his houſe, in Friar's Entry, evidently met
with the burying place of this Convent, from the great number of human bones which were
found there,
million
T
4
( 88 )
miſſion of the Superior. They were reſtricted to almoſt continual faſts;
particularly from the irth of September to Eaſter.-Abſtinence from
fleſh, unleſs in great fickneſs; wearing of woollen inſtead of linen ; a
rigorous poverty, and ſeveral other auſterities were the eſtabliſhed rules
of the order.
St. Dominic, their founder, was a Spaniard, born at Culagueraga, a
ſmall town in the dioceſe of Oſma, in Old Caftile.-His followers were
alſo called Preaching Friars, from their office, to preach; and Black Friars
from their upper garment.
In France, they were called Jacobins, from
having their firſt houſe in St. James's-ſtreet at Paris. They wore a black
cloke over their veſtments, reaching down to their heels, with a hood
or cowl of the fame, and a fcapulary; and under the cloke, a white
habit made of flannel, as large as the former, with boots on their legs.
At the diſſolution, there were about forty-three houſes of this order.
*
CARMELITE CONVENT.
In the 13th year of the reign of Edward II. a grant was made to the
Carmelites of certain houſes, late Robert Wawayne's, * for building
their Convent and an Oratory : Alſo a grant of licence to the Ciſter-
cians to ſell a piece of ground for the ſaid Oratory: And a grant of
leave from the Abbot of the Ciſtercians, as Rector of Scarborough, to
build an Oratory; and a confirmation of two tenements and a toft for
its ſupport. +
Robert Bastos deſcended from a reputable family in Yorkſhire,
became, in his youth, a Carmelite-Friar, and was afterwards Prior of
this Convent at Scarborough. He was a perſon of exemplary life and
behaviour, was Poet Laureat and Public Orator at Oxford, and extremely
well accompliſhed in all polite literature.
# Conſtable or Governor of the Caſtle.
+ Pat. I. Edward III. pt. 2, m. 21.
Edward
A
.....:
$
( 89 )
Edward I. in his expedition againſt the Scots in 1304, being delirous
to have ſome perſon of abilities to record his actions, engaged
Robert to defcribe his battles, particularly the ſiege of Stirling, which
he performed in elegant heroics, and with much truth and commend
ation.
Edward Il. alſo, after the example of his father, choſe to have Ro-
bert Baſton to accompany him to Scotland in the year 1314, to celebrate
his archievements. He attended the King at the famous battle of
Bannocburn, between the Engliſh army under the command of
Edward, and that of the Scots under Robert de Brus. As this was a
very memorable battle, the following account of it is ſubjoined.
sh
“Thirty thouſand choſen Scots, trained up to war and hardſhips;
and determined to conquer or die, took poſt on a piece of ground
bounded on one ſide by a morals, and on the other by an inacceſſible
mountain. A rivulet, called Bannocburn, ran in the front, which was
rendered almoſt impaſſable by digging holes in the bed or channel,
and ſharpened ſtakes were fixed for the deſtruction of the Engliſh
horfe ; large pits were likewiſe made between this rivulet and the
camp, provided with the ſame inſtruments of annoyance, and artfully
covered with turf and boughs. As the van of Edward's army ap-
proached Stirling, under the command of the Earls of Glouceſter and
Hereford, Henry de Bohun perceiving a body of Scots at the ſide of a
wood, advanced againſt him with his Welſh followers, and was drawn
into an ambuſh by Robert de Brus, who fallied upon them, in perſon,
from a thicket; and riding up to Bohun cleft his ſkull with a battle-
axe.--The Engliſh being reinforced from the rear, a ſharp diſpute
enſued, in which the Earl of Glouceſter was diſmounted, and the
Lord Clifford repulſed with confiderable loſs; and the battle would
have become general, had not night parted the combatants...The fol-
diers lay upon their arms, and they, as well as the horſes, were fo
fatigued with their march, and the want of repoſe, that the moſt ex-
perienced officers of the army propoſed to defer the attack until the
Z
troops
.
:
3
+
go
troops ſhould be refreſhed. His advice was rejected by the young nobility,.
who were eager to ſignalize their courage.; and it was reſolved to give
battle to the enemy in the morning.--The troops were accordingly.
drawn
up
in order of battle: the wings conſiſting of cavalry, being
commanded by the Earls of Glouceſter and Hereford ; and the King
himſelf taking his ſtation in the centre.--Robert de Brus formed his
army into three lines, and a body of reſerve, which was commanded
by Douglas and the Lord High Steward of Scotland.As he had little
confidence in hịshorſe, be ordered his troops to diſmount; he placed .
his brother Edward at the head of the right wing, Randolph-conducted
the left, and he himſelf commanded the main body. When the Eng--
liſh army was on the point of charging, a diſpute aroſe about the point -
of honour, between the Earls of Glouceſter and Hereford; and the
former impatient of controul, advanced immediately to the charge with :
great impetuoſity. -But their career was foon ſtopped by the hidden
pits and trenches, into which the horſes. plunged headlong, and were :
ſtaked in a miferable manner. This unforfeen diſaſter produced the
utmoſt confuſion, and the Scots, taking advantage of this diſorder, fell
upon them, ſword in hand, with ſuch fury, that moſt of them were
cut in pieces.---The Earl of Glouceſter's horſe being killed; he fell to
the ground, where he was immediately trodden to death, and Sir Giles.
de Argentein ſeeing him fall; ſprung forward to his reſcue, but that
gallant officer was flain, together with Robert de Clifford, Payen de
"Tibetot; and William Mareſchal. While this havoc was making in the
right wing of the cavalry, the Engliſh archers advanced againſt the
right wing of the enemy, and galled them ſo effectually with their ar
rows, that they were on the point of giving ground, when Douglas and the
Steward making a wheel with their body of reſerve, fell upon the flank of
the Engliſh, and routed them with great flaughter. Meanwhile the centre,
commanded by Edward, moved on againſt the main body of the Scots,
and met with a very warm reception by Robert de Brus, who fought in
the front of the line with unequalled valour.—The Engliſh were already
diſpirited by the deſtruction of their wings, and the loſs of the braveft
officers
Š
3
( 91 )
officers, when the boys and other followers of the Scottiſh camp, who
viewed the battle froin a neighbouring hill, perceiving the ſucceſs of
Douglas and the Steward, began to ſhout aloud, and run towards the
field for the ſake of plunder. The Engliſh ſtartled at their acclama-
tions, and ſeeing ſuch a multitude in motion, imagined they were re-
inforcements for the enemy, and upon this ſuppoſition, fled with thic
utmoſt precipitation.-.-Twenty-five Engliſh Barons were taken priſoners,
together with a great number of Bannerets and Knights.-The num.
ber of lain amounted, to, about ſeven hundred Lords, Knights, aud.
Eſquires, and twenty thouſand common ſoldiers.--Nor was the victory
purchafed without bloodſhed on the Gide of Brus, who loſt above four
thouſand of his beſt men on the field of battle."
5
Edward eſcaped with great difficulty, and Robert Baſton prevailed
upon him to make a vow to found a houſe for the mendicant Carmelites,
if he returned in ſafety to England, to which the King conſented..
Robert Baſton was ſoon after taken priſoner, and was compelled by
Robert de Brus, to extol the Scottiſh nation, in the ſame manner he had
before magnified the Engliſh. The performance was ſo painful to his
feelings, that he loſt all the fervor of compoſition; and he was, at length,
liberated and ſent to England.-On his return he reminded the King
of his promiſe, who to diſcharge his vow, conveyed hia palace at: Oxford
to the Carmelite Friars.
Baſton was auchor, of ſeveral books, which, according to Bale and
Pitts, were the following:-1. The Siege of Stirling.-2. The ſecond
Scottiſh War.-3. The ſeveral Wars of Scotland.-4. The various States
of the World.-5: The Luxury of Prieſts.-6. Epiſtles againſt the
Artiſts.--7. The Rich Man and. Lazarus.-8. A Book of Poems.--
9. Synodal Sermons.--10. Letters to ſeveral Perſons.-II. A Volume.
of Tragedies and Comedies in Engliſh. He died towards the cloſe of
the reign of Edward II. and was buried at Nottingham. His brother
Philip, a learned Friar, ſucceeded him in the Convent of Scarborough.
The
UK
3
}
(92)
sonra
The Carmelites had the prefumption to derive the inſtitution of their
Order from the Prophet Elias, who, they aſſerted, was the firſt Carme-
lite. But the æra of their foundation was the year 1122, by Albert,
Patriarch of Jeruſalem, who, with a few Hermics, reſided on Mount
Carmel in Paleſtine, whence they were driven, by the Saracens, about
the year 1238.
The firſt account we find of the Carmelite, or White-Friars, fettling
in England, is, in the year 1240, (24th Henry III) at which time Sir
John de Vefcy of Alnwick, in Northumberland, a great Baron in thoſe
days, and one of the renowned Commanders of the Engliſh forces in
the wars with the Saracens, returning from the Holy Land, brought
with him into England thig Order of Friars, and built chem a Mo-
naſtery at Holm in Northumberland, then a deſart place, which had
ſome reſemblance to Mount Carmel in Syria.—After this eſtabliſhment
they increafed much; and ſpread, in a few years, into the principal cities
and towns in the kingdom.
• They were called Carmelites from the place of their firſt reſidence;
White-Friars, from the colour of their habit; and alſo Brethren and
Friars of the Bleſſed Virgin.--They wore a white cloke and hood, and
under it a coat, with a ſcapulary. The original habits were of this
colour ; but the infidels, as a mark of contempt, obliged them to make
them party-coloured, which they continued to wear near fifty years
after their arrival in England; but about the year 1290, they refumed
the ancient colour. There were forty houſes of this Order, in England
and Wales
MLA
11
+
CHURCH
( 93 )
-
CHURCH OF ST. NICHOLAS.
This Church, erected fo early as the reign of Henry II, * was ſituated
upon the Cliff, ſince called St Nicholas-Cliff, where there is now a plea-
fant Terrace in the front of the New Buildings. † There are not any
veſtiges of it to be diſcovered, as the land has, in the courſe of ages,
conſiderably waſted away. In the year 1786, the entire ſkeleton of a
human body of large ſtature was found in the Cliff; the teeth in the
ſkull were regular and in great preſervation, which is ſomething re-
markable, as it might probably have lain there ever ſince the diſſolution
of religious houſes in the year 1539. A tomb-ſtone was alſo found in
the Cliff ſome years ſince, without any inſcription, though there was
the form of the croſs, with the chalice on one ſide, and the pix on the
other, in the rudeſt ſculpture. Several human bones, in a regular poſi-
tion, were alſo diſcovered on levelling the Terrace, in the year 1791,
which is a proof that this muſt have been a part of the Church-Yard. Con-
tiguous to this Church was, the Hoſpital, dedicated to St. Nicholas; but
it has ſhared the ſame fate, as not a veſtige of it is to be traced. It was.
under the patronage of the King.-William de Olive was made Keeper
of it, gth of Edward II. and Robert de Spynge, 14th of the fame reign.
ST. THOMAS'S CHURCH.
The Church, dedicated to St. Thomas the Martyr, was a fair and ſpa-
cious building, ſituated to the north of the upper part of the ſtreet,
now called Newborough-ſtreet. The preſent Poor-houſe is built upon
its fite, and the houſes, near that ſituation, towards Newborough-gates,
are charged with the payment of a ſmall annual Church-rent. This
...
* See Burton's Monafticon, page 56.
+ The Lodging-houſes, on the Cliff, are diſtinguiſhed by this appellation.
Аа
Church
L
( 94 ).
Church was converted into a magazine by Sir John Meldrum, the
Commander of the Parliament's forces, during the ſiege of the Caſtle,
in the year 1644, and was totally demoliſhed by the fire from the
garriſon.
The Hospital of St. THOMAS, ſituated near the Church, was in
the cuſtody of the Bailiffs and Burgeſſes of Scarborough, to which they
appointed a Maſter at their own diſcretion, from the time of Hugh
Bulmer, (who was a liberal benefactor to it) till the time of William
Champneys, Maſter of the ſaid Hoſpital, whom Roger Weſtyſe ejected,
with the Brothers and Siſters thereof, becauſe he falſely informed the
King, that his royal grand-father had given to it a carucate and a
half of land
any
By an inquiſition taken in the 26th year of Edward I. it was obſerved
that the Hoſpitals of St. Nicholas and St. Thomas, the Martyr, were
formerly founded by the Burgeſſes of Scardeburgh, and the goods
and chattels of St. Nicholas were to the uſe of the Brothers and Siſters
of the ſaid Hoſpital, and that none of the Town had committed
dilapidations.
The Hoſpitals of St. Nicholas and St. Thomas were both of St. Au-
guſtine's Order for the infirm. There were ſeveral of theſe Hoſpitals
in England appointed for the Lazars, who bound themſelves, by a vow,
to poverty, to ſubjection, and to charity. Many of them had particu-
lar rules of their own, beſides thoſe of St. Auguſtine, and were de-
pendent on the Biſhop of the place where they reſided. The manner
of their dreſs was, to have a gown, with a ſcapulary under it, and a
cloke of a brown colour, upon which was fixed a braſs croſs.
The preſent Hospital of St. Thomas (near the Rope-yard to the weft
of the Work-houſe) is under the direction of the Bailiffs and Bur-
geſſes. ,
It is a poor, low building, conſiſting of a range of ſmall apart-
ments appropriated to the uſe of aged and infirm perſons. They pre-
ferve the ancient cuſtom of ringing a bell at fix o'clock every morning
and
( 95 )
and evening. This, in more religious days, was a ſummons to prayer ;
but the devotional part is now difuſed.— The Work-houſe yard, and con-
tiguous gardens, are part of the premiſes belonging to the Hoſpital ;
and were formerly the burial ground of St. Thomas's Church.
ST. SEPULCHRE CHURCII.
This ancient edifice was ſituated in the ſtreet now called St. Sepulchre-
ſtreet ; and it is probable that the Friarage, with the whole of the
ground extending thence to PALACE-Hill, * belonged to the Fran-
ciſcan Convent and this Church. +
There were two Orders.of the Holy Sepulchrc, the one Religious,
the other Military. The Canons were a Religious Order, inſtituted at
Jeruſalem, in honour of the Holy Sepulchre, or the Tomb of Jeſus
Chriſt. Theſe Canons were brought from the Holy Land into England,
where they erected ſeveral religious houes ; but the order was ſup-
preſſed by Pope Innocent VIII. who transferred their revenues and
effects to that of our Lady of Bethlehem, which alſo becoming extinct,
they were given to the Knights of St. John of Jeruſalem.
The Military Order of the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, was eſta-
bliſhed in Paleſtine, about the year 1114
1
* Palace Hill was formerly a noble terrace, and might probably have derived its name from
having been the ſite of the reſidence of the Chief of the Religious Order.
+ There are veſtiges of Gothic arches, in ſome old buildings in St. Sepulchre-ſtreet, ſuppoſed
to have belonged to the Church.
* Theſe Knights gave a Melluage in Scarborough, which belonged to their Order, to the
Franciſcan Convent-See page 85.
$r.
( 96 )
t
2
ST. MARY'S CHURCH.
This ſacred building, venerable for its antiquity, has much the ap-
pearance of a Conventual Church, and was formerly a very ſpacious
and magnificent edifice, conſiderably ſurpaſling its preſent extent. The
ruins, yet ſtanding, at the eaſtern part of the church-yard, the diſmem-
bered appearance of the weſtern end of the church, the many ſubter-
raneous arches extending to the weſt, and the great quantity of foun-
dation ſtones diſcovered in the new burial ground contiguous to it, are
ſufficient proofs that it is, in the preſent ſtate, only a finall part of a
vaſt edifice, which may have formed the Ciſtercian Abbey and the
Church.
It appears, by Leland's Itinerary, that, previous to the Reformation, it
was a very noble building, adorned with three handſome Towers;
two of which were at the weſtern end, and one was over the centre of
the tranſept. There was alſo a grand arch of gothic architecture in
the Choir, the ruins of which were viſible a few years ago, but have
ſince been taken down. The centre, or tranſept Tower having been
greatly ſhaken during the ſiege of the Caſtle in 1644, fell in October,
1659, and conſiderably injured a great part of the Nave of the Church..
The extent of the damage which it occaſioned, may yet be ſeen by the
imperfect junction of one of the arches in the middle aiſle, near the pulpit.
The preſent Steeple, which now fingularly ſtands at the eaſtern end, was
erected
upon the ruins, and occupies the place of the ancient tranſept
Tower. The ſouthern part of the building attached to the Nave, ſeems
to have, in ſome degree, eſcaped the injury ſuſtained by the other parts;
as ſome of the remains of the Chantries are ſtill viſible under the Arches
adjoining the ſouth aille. Theſe Arches are three in number, and
have formed the ſeparate Chantries, which, in the days of ſuperſtition,
were founded by our anceſtors, as places of prayer for the ſouls of the
deceaſed.
$
One
Home
$
( 97 )
annum.
One of theſe Chantries was founded in the reign of Richard II. and
endowed with five houſes, and five acres of land.
The Bailiffs of Scarborough alſo erected one, which they dedicated
to the Virgin Mary, and endowed it with five pounds per annum.
Robert Goland erected one to the honour of St. James, which he
endowed with fix pounds per annum.
Robert Rillington founded another, endowed with three pounds por
.
Many ancient benefactions were inade to this Church by the pious
Inhabitants of the Town.
Aylmar de Cliff-land gave liberally to St. Mary's Altar, with money
for oblations, and three Prieſts to officiate.--A toft was beſtowed by
Olbert de Hanſard.-A great houſe on the rock was given by Walter,
ſon of Gunner, and money by his brother Richard.--Some land, on the
Cliff, was granted by William de Harton; and another parcel, in the
Town, by Thomas Hardin.
Galfrid de Lutton, and Galfrid de Croom gave lands to this Church,
and alſo to Kirkſtall-Abbey, * and Keldholme Nunnery.
Emera, a beautiful and religious virgin, the daughter of Robert de
Filey, in the year 1219, was a liberal benefactreſs. And there
appears
a long liſt of Inhabitants, too tedious to recite, who were very bountiful
to the Church.
#
The deſolation which this venerable edifice ſuſtained, during the
fiege of the Caſtle, and by the ſubſequent fall of the tranſept Tower,
reduced it to a ſtate of ruin; and the Inhabitants had ſuffered ſuch a
variety of misfortunes by a ſucceſſion of calamitous events, that they
were under the neceſſity of having recourſe to a Brief, in the 12th
Charles II. (1660) to enable them to rebuild it.
+
* Near Leeds, now in ruin.
Bb
The
Het
( 98 )
)
: The following is an extract from this Brief :
“ Charles II. by the Grace of God, &c."
" Whereas we are credibly informed by the humble petition of the
Inhabitants of the Town Corporate of Scarborough, in the North-Riding
of the county of York, as alſo by a certificate ſubfcribed with the hands
of divers of our Juſtices of the Peace for the ſaid Eaſt and North-Riding,
inhabiting near unto the faid Corporation. That during the late wars,
our faid Town of Scarborough was twice ſtormed, and the ſaid Inhabi-
tants diſabled from following their ancient trade; whereby they are
much impoveriſhed, and almoſt ruined in their eſtates; and that no-
thing might be wanting to make their condition more deplorable, their
two fair Churches were, by the violence of the cannon, beaten down;
that, in one day, there were three ſcore pieces of ordnance diſcharged
againſt the ſteeple of the Upper Church there, called St. Mary's, and
the choir thereof quite beaten down; and the ſteeple thereof ſo fhaken,
that notwithſtanding the endeavours of the Inhabitants to repair the
ſame, the ſteeple and bells, upon the tenth day of October laft, fell and
brought down with it, moſt part of the body of the ſaid Church; but
the other Church, called St. Thomas's Church, was, by the violence of
the ordnance, quite ruined, and battered down; ſo that the faid Church,
called St. Mary's, muſt be rebuilt, or otherwiſe the faid Inhabitants
will remain deftitute of a place, wherein to aſſemble themſelves for
the public worſhip of Almighty God. And that the charges of re-
building the Church, called St. Mary's, will coſt two thouſand five
hundred pounds at the leaſt, which of themſelves, they are not able to
diſburſe; their fortunes being almoſt ruined by the calamities of the
late war, as aforeſaid.
“ William Thompſon, Triſtram Fiſh, John Hickſon, William Ford,
and William Walker were appointed treaſurers and ſuperintendants of
the work, to account unto John Legard, William Thompſon, Efqrs.
and the Bailiffs of the Corporation of Scarborough, for the time being,
for the receipt and diſburſements of the money.”
Ву
(
99 )
By the aſſiſtance of this Brief, and other contributions, part of the
body of St. Mary's Church, and the Tower, as it now ſtanda, were re-
built in 1669,* on the foundation and ruin of the old fabric. +
The ancient burial-ground, ſurrounding the Church, being much
crowded, the Corporation purchaſed a piece of ground contiguous to
the weſt, which was conſecrated in 1779.
St. Mary's Church is the ſole place of religious worſhip in Scar-
borough, where Divine Service is performed according to the cere-
monies of the Church of England:-But there are other places of wor-
fhip, belonging to the Diſſenters of different denominations, viz. Indea
pendents, in St. Sepulchre-ſtreet ;-Baptiſts, in Weſtgate ;--- Quakers, near
Cook's-Row ;--and Roman Catholics, in Weſtgate. The Methodiſts have
alſo a Meeting-houſe in Church-ſtreet.
There are, in the Church, ſeveral marble Monuments of elegant
workmanſhip, but of modern date. I It is alſo ornamented with a.
* By this Brief, the ſum of 2471.7s.61d. was colle&cd, of which 541. only were from London
and ten Southern Counties. A rate for 841. gs. was alſo laid upon the parifh... The accounts of
the repairs ſhew that the hire of a labourer was then no more than from 6d. to jod. per day.
+ The North Aile was then added. The Pews in the Middle and South Aiſles were erected
anew in 1636.
# The following Latin Inſcription, upon an obſcure brafs plate in the North Aiſle, may, per,
haps, be worthy of notice,-a Tranflation is alſo offered.
Memorice Sacrum,
Dum te, chara Uxor, gelido ſub marmore pono, While thec, dear Spouſe, in this cold tomb, I placcz.
Illuftret vigili lampade funus Amor;
Let Love with watchful torch thy fun'ral grace ;
Heu! periit pietas dulciſima, caſta cupido,
With thee, alas, ſweet piety is gone,
Teque omnis virtus quæ negat effe meam.
And chalte affection ſleeps beneath this ſtone,
Ob quam felicem, nuperrima, Sponfa, beáfi!
And all the virtues, which too plainly prove
Nunc pariter miferum reddis amata Virum. Thou waſt not mine, but formed for joys above.
ifte dolor levis eft, charos ubi cafus amicos,
How happy, lately, was thy Huſband's fate!
Mors.ubi, disjungit, fola tremenda venit.
But now, how chang'd, how wretched is his fate!
Light is the caſual grief of parting friends,
To that which Death's tremendous blow attends.
In piam memoriam Annæ cbariffimæ Ušorisa bac
dedicavit mæfiifimus Maritus-Nortb.
In pious Memory of Ann, his deareſt Wife, her
moſt ſorrowful Huſband North, bath dedicated
there lines.
She died the 14th day of Auguſt, in the year of
our Lord 1695, and in the 22d of her age.
Obiit die xmo 4to Augufti, Anno. Dom. 16959
Ætatis ſuæ 22
hands
(
100)
handſome Organ, erected in 1762, and the fronts of the galleries are
inſcribed with the benefactions which have been made to the Poor.
Amongſt the moſt memorable of theſe, is the following by Sir John
LAWSON, a celebrated naval commander of the laſt century.
“Sir John Lawſon, by his. Will, gave one hundred pounds: The
intereſt thereof, fix pounds per annum, to be paid by the Corporation
yearly, on St. Thomas's day, to the Poor of Scarborough.”
SiR JOHN was a 'reſident of this place ;* and as a proof of his attach-
ment to it and to the Poor, he bequeathed the above legacy. The
following account of him is extracted from Campbell's lives of the Ad-
mirals, and from the works of Lord Chancellor Clarendon.
“ The active part which this gallant officer bore in the naval tranſac-
itions of his timne, entitles him to a diſtinguiſhed rank amongſt the moſt
illuſtrious.commanders.”
“His parents were in the loweſt circumſtances of life, and he was ſent
at an early age to ſea. After having been ſome years employed in the
merchant's ſervice, he paſſed from that to the royal navy, where he
ſoon diſtinguiſhed himſelf, and although deſtitute of friends and in-
tereſt, was advanced, on account of his extraordinary merit, to the
command of a ſhip of war. During the Civil Wars he joined the Par-
liament, whom he ſerved faithfully, and was preſent in moſt of the
great actions of thoſe times, in which he diſplayed a ſuperior degree of
bravery and ſkill.”
“In the famous fea-fight between the Engliſh and Dutch fleets, which
commented on the 18th of February, 1653, near Cape La Hogue, and
continued three ſucceſſive days, Captain Lawſon had the command of
the Fairfax, and gallantly ſeconded the Admirals, Blake and Deane, in
* The houſe in which he lived is ſtill remaining, and ſituated oppoſite to the lower end of
Merchants-Row, near the Weſt Sandgate. - It appears. that Sir John Lawſon purchaſed this
houſe in June, 1647; and it was ſold in 1695, by one of his daughters, Dame Anna St. George,
wife of Sir Thomas St. George, to Mr. James Rickinſon of Scarborough, and is now occupied
by Mr. John Parkin, who has the deeds in his poſſeſſion.
A parcel of land at Scarborough, belonging to Sir John, was alſo ſold by his grand-daughter,
Ann Kenafton, in the year 1698.
the
( 101
)
that a
the Triumph. In the firſt day's engagement, one hundred men were
killed on board the Fairfax, and the ſhip was wretchedly ſhattered.
In the ſecond day's engagement, Captain Lawſon boarded one of the
Dutch ſhips of war, and brought her off.—On the third day as the
Dutch endeavoured to eſcape among the ſhallows, Captains, Lawſon,
Marten, and Graver, followed them ſo boldly, that each took a Dutch
man of war."
“In the memorable engagement with the Dutch, 2d June, 1653, the
Engliſh fleet was commanded by Monk and Deane, aſſiſted by Vice-
Admiral Penn, and Rear-Admiral Lawſon.* The blue ſquadron charged
through the enemy, and Rear-Admiral Lawſon lay his ſhip along-ſide
of De Ruyter, to whom, in former actions, he had been a deſperate op-
ponent. At this time he had well nigh taken the Dutch Admiral; but
being diverted from that object, he ſunk a Dutch ſhip of 42 guns.
“In another obſtinate battle with the Dutch, 31ſt July, 1653, Ad-
iniral Lawſon ſingled out his old antagoniſt, de Ruyter, and attacked
him with ſuch fury, as to kill or wound above half his men, and ſo
diſabled his ſhip that it was towed out of the fleet. This
This engagement
was very bloody. Twenty-fix Dutch ſhips of war were either burnt
or ſunk, and between four or five thouſand of their men killed. Their
celebrated Admiral Van Tromp was alſo ſlain, being fhor through the
body, with a muſket-ball, as he was giving orders. The Parliament
ordered gold chains t to be ſent to the Generals Blake and Monk, and
likewiſe to Vice-Admiral Penn, and Rear-Admiral Lawſon."
In 1653, Admiral Lawſon was appointed to the command of a fleer
of 44 fail, which were ſent over to the coaſt of Holland; and in this
* He was promoted to this rank, after the ſea-fight of La Hogue.
+"The late Colonel Richard Norton, of Southwick in Hampſhire, grandſon to Sir John
Lawſon, had his grandfather's.gold chain and medal in his pofleflion, which he left, by will
, to
Mr. Richard Chickley."
Grainger's Biography.
сс
expc-
( 102 )
.
expedition, by taking a conſiderable number of prizes, his acceptable.
ſervice had a great influence in making the peace.
On the change of the government, and Cromwell's aſſuming the
fupreme power to himſelf, he was continued in the command, and
treated with very much reſpect; but being diſguſted with the Pro-
tector's conduct, his principles did not incline him to ſupport hinz
ſteadily.--He was one of a Committee appointed to confer with a
formidable body of men, ſtiled Fifth-Monarchy Men, who conſpired.
againſt Cromwell; but their proceedings being diſcovered to Secretary
Thurloe, they were not able to effect any thing ; on the contrary,
April 10, 1657, Major-General Harriſon, Vice-Admiral Lawſon, and
ſeveral others were committed.".
“ When he recovered his liberty, he went into retirement;
* but the
Parliament, on the return of Admiral Montague with the Fleet from the
Baltic, fent for Mr. Lawſon, declared him Vice-Admiral, and ordered:
him to take the charge of the whole Fleet. When Monk had matured
his plan for the reſtoration of the ancient Conſtitution, Admiral Law-.
ſon's concurrence was obtained, and the Navy followed the example
of the Commander.'
“ After the reſtoration, he had the honour of Knighthood conferred
upon him by King Charles ; and to the end of his life conducted himſelf
with great judgment and ſpirit in ſeveral engagements, and was never,
for any length of time, out of actual ſervice.--He was appointed one of
the Commiſſioners of the Navy Board, at the recommendation of the
Duke of York, and was alſo ſent as Vice-Admiral, to the Earl of Sandi
wich, to bring Queen Catherine from Portugal. He was afterwards
employed in the Mediterranean, againſt the Algerines, to whom he did
conſiderable damage, and ſo effectually blocked up their ports, that they
were not able to fend out any cruizers; which reduced them to the
neceſſity of ſuing for a peace.”
* It appears probable that Sir John Lawſon retired to his houſe at Scarborough, as the Corpora-
tion's Rent Roll ſhews, that, in 1658, he had farmed ſome fields, called the Garlands, belonging
to the Bailiffs and Burgeſſes.
" At
( 103 )
“ At the breaking out of the Dutch war, he received orders to return
home, the King having ſent for him to ſerve under the Duke of York,
as Rear-Admiral of the Red. In all things relative to the Fleet, his
Royal Highneſs, the Duke, conſulted daily for his own information and
inſtruction with Sir John Lawſon, Sir George Ayſcue, and Sir William
Perin, all men of great experience in naval affairs, and who had com-
manded in ſeveral engagements; but Sir John Lawſon was the man,
of
whoſe judgment the Duke had the moſt eſteem.
“In the memorable engagement with the Dutch off Loweſtoff, 3d of
June, 1665, after having exceeded all he had done before, he received a
ſhot in his knee, with a muſket-ball, which, in the end, proved fatal."
>
Lord Clarendon gives the following account of this melancholy event,
and of fome other particulars :
“ There was another irreparable loſs this day in Sir John Lawſon,.
who was Admiral of a ſquadron, and of ſo eminent ſkill and conduct in
all maritime occaſions, that his counſel was conſidered in all debates ;
and the greateſt ſeamen were ready to receive advice from him. In:
the middle of the battle he received a ſhot, with a muſket-bullet, upon
the knee, with which he fell, and finding that he could no more ſtand,
and was in great torment, he ſent to the Duke, to deſire him to ſend
another man to command his ſhip, which he preſently did. The wound:
was not conceived to be mortal, and they made haſte to ſend him on,
ſhore as far as Deptford or Greenwich, where, for ſome days, there was
hope of his recovery; but, ſhortly his wound gangrened, and ſo he
died, with very great courage, and profeſſion of an entire duty and
fidelity to the King.'
He was indeed of all the men of that time, and of that extraction.
and education, incomparably the modeſteſt and wiſeſt man, and moſt.
worthy to be confided in. He was of Yorkſhire, near Scarborough, of:
that rank. of people who are bred to the fea from their cradle; and a
young man of that profeſſion he was when the Parliament firſt poſſeſſed
themſelves of the Royal Navy: and Hull being in their hands, all the
Northern
( 104 )
Northern ſeamen eaſily betook themſelves to their ſervice: and his in-
duſtry and ſobriety made him quickly taken notice of, and to be pre-
ferred from one degree to another, till, from a common failor, he was
promoted to be a Captain of a ſmall veſſel, and thence to the command
of the beſt ſhips."
“ He had been in all the actions performed by Blake, ſome of which
were very ſtupendous, and in all the battles which Cromwell had fought
with the Dutch, in which he was a ſignal Officer, and very much valued
by him. He was of that claſs of religion which were called Indepen-
dents, moſt of which were Anabaptiſts, and the King's greateſt enemies."
“He was Commander in Chief of the Fleet, when Richard was
thrown out; and when the conteſt grew between the Rump and Lam-
bert, he brought the whole Fleet into the river, and declared for that
which was called the Parliament; which entirely fruſtrated the other
defigns, though he intended only the better ſettlement of the Common-
wcalth."
“ It looked like ſome preſage that he had of his own death, that, be-
fore he went to ſea, he came to the Treaſurer and the Chancellor, to
whom he had always borne much reſpect, and ſpoke to them in a dia-
lect he had never before uſed; for he was a very generous man, and
lived in his houſe decently, and plentifully, and had never made any
the leaſt ſuit for money. Now he told them, he was going upon an
expedition in which many honeft men muſt loſe their lives; and though
he had no apprehenſion of himſelf, but that God would protect him, as
he had often done on ſimilar occaſions ; yet he thought it became him,
againſt the worſt, to make his condition known to them; and the ra-
ther, becauſe he knew he was eſteemed generally to be rich. He ſaid,
in truth, he thought himfelf fo ſome few months ſince, when he was
worth eight or nine thouſand pounds; but the marriage of his daugh-
ter to a young gentleman, in quality and fortune much above him, Mr.
Richard Norton, of Southwick, in Hampſhire, who had fallen in love
with her; and his father, out of tenderneſs to his fon, had confented ;
it had obliged him to give her ſuch a fum as might, in ſome degree,
make
Å
( 105 )
make her worthy of ſo great a fortune, and that he had not reſerved fo
much to himſelf and wife, and all his other children, which were four
or five, as he had given to that daughter ; he deſired them therefore,
that if he ſhould miſcarry in this enterprize, the King would give his
wife two hundred pounds a year for her life ;-if he lived, he deſired
nothing, he hoped he ſhould make ſome proviſion for them by his own
induſtry; nor did he deſire any other grant or ſecurity for this 200l.
yearly, than the King's word and promiſe; and that they would ſee it
effectual. The fuit was ſo modeſt, and the ground of making it fo juſt
and reaſonable, that they willingly informed his Majeſty of it, who as
graciouſly granted it, and ſpoke himſelf to him of it, with very obliging
circumſtances; ſo that the poor man went very contentedly to his
work; and periſhed as gallantly in it, with an univerſal lamentation.
And it is to be preſumed the promiſe was well perforined to his wife.
Sure it is, it was exactly complied with whilſt either of thoſe two per-
fons had any power.
* The following are the dates of his appointments from the year 1660.
By whom granted.
Lawſon, Sir John, Captain
London, 1660.--His Royal Highneſs.
Swiftſure, 1661.–Ditto.
Reſolution, 1662.-Ditto.
N. B. His flag on board theſe Ships Swiftfure, 1664.-Ditto.
Royal Oak, 1665.--Ditto.
London, 1665.-Ditto.
Vice-Admiral of his Majeſty's Fleet
1660.
Ditto
1661.
Admiral of the Fleet on a foreign expedition 1662.
1664.
Vice-Admiral of the Red Squadron
2 1665.
W
Dd
The
( 106 )
The ſubjoined Letter is a copy from an original, ſent by Sir John
Lawſon to the Honourable Luke Robinſon, Efq. (Member of Parlia-
ment for Scarborough) who reſided at Rifeborough, near Pickering,
From on board the Commonwealth Ship, near Quinbrough, this:
18th of March, 1652."
“ Honourable,
“ Your's of the firſt inſtant, came to my hand but yeſterday: Mr.
Coxmore is not Secretary to the Honourable Commiſſioners for the Ad-
miralty; therefore I ſuppoſe it has laid in his hands. I heartily thank
your honour for your great expreſſions of affection mentioned towards
me, as alſo. of your great love and tenderneis in relation to
my
dear
wife and little ones, by your writing to his Excellency and Mr. Speaker
in their behalf. Upon the intelligence of my removal hence, I muſt
take it as a greater favour than can be done me in
iny life-time; and
therefore do acknowledge myſelf engaged for it in the higheſt bonds
of gratefulneſs. The Almighty and my good God has renewed my
life to me; and indeed has redeemed it from the jaws of death :--His.
name I deſire with that life to give (and bring) glory to the comforta
able iſſue of our laſt engagements, who ſtruck terror into the hearts of
our enemies only, and ſent them away with loſs and ſhame. Oh! the
Lord was the Author and Finiſher of it! His name, therefore, be
mag-
nified for it, the honour and praiſe of it are his : and truly I truſt he
will keep the hearts of his inſtruments humble with him; elſe they may
juſtly expect his withdrawing for the future. Honourable Sir, the
Right Honourable Council of State, Commiſſioners of the Admiralty,
and Generals of the Fleet, have appointed me Rear-Admiral of the Fleet:
a very high truſt! I pray God enable me to diſcharge it; fòr of myſelf, ,
I am not able; it is too heavy; but I truſt that as the Lord, and their
Honours, have called me to it, without any ſeeking of my own; fo he
will, in ſome meaſure, enable me to anſwer that by faithfulneſs and di-.
ligence, which I want in ability; and that he will keep my heart hum-
ble with himſelf. I am ſorry to hear you have been ſo ill: I ſhall not
further
( 107 )
!
further become troubleſome at preſent, but in the preſenting my moſt
humble and bounden ſervice to yourſelf, and good Mrs. Robinſon.
My kind love and reſpect to all yours, and all faithful friends.
“ I take leave, but remain,
Honourable,
" Your Honour's and the
“ Commonwealth's faithful Servant,
“ JOHN LAWSON.”
“ I am removed out of the Fairfax into the George, a gallant ſhip,
though I could have been content to have ſerved in the Fairfax; but
this is a more ſtately ſhip of about ſixty guns. I have not been at
London. The Fairfax is gone to Chatham to be repaired. This ſhip
met me here. I ſhall be ready to fail within ten or fourteen days; but
am commanded, when this ſhip is fit to fail, to attend their Honours at
Whitehall
“ J. L.
There are extant ſeveral of Sir John Lawſon's Letters to the Corpora-
tion of Scarborough, but not on ſubjects ſufficiently intereſting for
public peruſal. He ſeems to have been a zealous, and ſteady friend to
the Town of Scarborough, and to have promoted its interefts to the ut-
moſt of his power.
$
2
SECT.
V 중
​W
SECTION IV.
ANTIQUITY OF THE BOROUGH.
HE Saxon government in Britain, notwithſtanding it was formed
in an unenlightened age, ſeems to have been conſtitutionally fa-
vourable to liberty; and though our knowledge of the Hiſtory and
Antiquity of thoſe times be limited and obſcure, yet the dawning of a
free Conſtitution is diſtinguiſhable in the Laws of Ina, Alfred the Great,
and Edward the Gonfeſor.
It is the opinion of many Hiſtorians, that the eſtabliſhment of Com-
munities or Corporations was poſterior to the Norman conqueſt. Hume
is of this opinion, and Robertſon, in his Hiſtory of Charles V. obferves,
that Charters of Community were firſt inſtituted in France and other
countries in Europe, about the years 1108 and 1137. But Lord Lyttleton
differs from theſe authors, and ſays, “It is not improbable that ſome
towns in England were formed into Corporations under the Saxon
Kings, and that the Charters granted by the Kings of the Norman race,
were not charters of enfranchiſement from a ſtate of ſlavery, but con-
firmations of privileges which they already enjoyed.”.
Scar-
(109)
ME
Scarborough is a Borough by Preſcription, that is to ſay, in virtue of
cuſtoms and privileges, which had, from immemorial uſage, obtained the
force of law. Theſe privileges are of very great antiquity, and, fome
of them, might probably have been granted during the reign of the
Saxon Monarchs. But, leaving the obſcurity of thoſe early ages, it is
clear from authentic records, that the town was incorporated by Charter,
in the reign of Henry II. *
CHARTERS.
THE
HE CHARTER of Henry II. inſpected and confirmed by his fuc-
ceſſors, grants unto the Burgeſſes of Eſcardeburgh all the ſame cuſtoms,
liberties, and acquittances, which the Citizens of York enjoyed through
all the land, in the time of Henry I. “And that they and their heirs
ſhould poffefs all the ſaid liberties and tenures belonging to the Bo-
rough, well and in peace, freely, quietly, and honourably, in the wood
and in the plain, in paftures, in ways, in paths, in waters and in havens,
and in all things, as the ſaid Citizens of York, &c. &c. The Inhabitants
of Eſcardeburgh were alſo to render to the King yearly, fourpence for
every
houſe in the town whoſe Gable was turned towards the
way,
and
for thoſe whoſe Sides were towards the way, fixpence.” I
Theſe cuſtoms, liberties, &c. were confirmed by King John 25th
March, firſt year of his reign, A. D. 1200; and by Henry III. 2och
January, 37th year of his reign, 1253.
* See Tower Records, Cart. Antiq. N. N. 60. 61.
+ The liberties, &c. enjoyed by the Citizens of York, were thoſe of a Merchant Gild, and
acquittance of any tolls, laftage, pontage, paſſage, &c. the ſame as expreffed in the ſucceeding
recital of a Charter granted by Henry III. 1 June, 1253, to the Burgeſſes of Scarborough.
| By the amount of the Gablage 14 Edward III. 161. 175. 11d. (ſee page 47) it is evident the
number of houſes at that early period was not leſs than 7 or 800 ---It appears by the Eſcheat
Bundle, 54 Hen. III. No. 37, that if any number of houſes, paying ſeparate Gablage of 6d. each,
fhould be thrown into one, it was the old Cuſtom of the Borough, that they fhould for the future
pay as for one only.
Еe
Henry
( 110 )
Henry III. by Charter, dated 22d January, in the ſame year, grants,
" That the Burgeſſės may lawfully build upon and improve all the waſte
places of the ſaid Borough, åccording to what may ſeem expedient to
them. And that they who pay ſcot and lot in the ſame Borough, inay
not be exempt or acquitted of taxes, aids, or any other burthens, to be
aſſeſſed in the Borough. And that no Burgeſs ſhould implead or be
impleaded out of the Borough concerning any complaint or plea, except
of foreign tenures. And that the Judges of the Circuit may hold
Afſize of Common Pleas within the Borough. That no alienations of
lands, &c. within the liberties, be made to any Religious Societies with-
out the conſent of the Commonalty. And that the Burgeſſes and their
heirs for ever may have one Fair in the Borough every year to continue
from the Feaſt of the Aſſumption of the Blefled Mary until the Feaſt of
St. Michael next following, unleſs it ſhould be to the detriment of the
neighbouring fairs.
Henry III. by another Charter, dated iſt June, 1253, 37th year
of his reign,
“ Confirms to the Burgeſſes the ſame privileges as en-
joyed by the Citizens of York; granting them acquittance of any toll,
laſtage and wreck, pontage, paſſage and treſpaſs, and all cuſtoms.
through all England, Normandy, Acquitain, Anjou, and Poictiers, and
throughout all the ports and coaſts of the ſea of England, Normandy,
Acquitain, Anjou, and Poictiers. And that the fame Burgeſſes may
take a diſtreſs for their debts, and defend themſelves from all appeals
by the oath of thirty-ſix men of the Borough, unleſs any one be ap-
pealed againſt by the Crown. And alſo grants to the ſame Burgeſſes
and their heirs, the town of Eſcardeburgh with all its appurtenances and
liberties, and all things belonging to the Farm of the Town, for fixty-fix
pounds* to be rendered yearly at the Exchequer, at the Feaſt of St. Michael.
And alſo to the Merchants there, all the liberties, laws, and cuſtoms
of the Merchants of England and Normandy; and that neither they,
* The Fee-Farm rent continues to be paid by the Corporation annually, viz. 421. 115. to
Trinity College, Cambridge; and the remainder to Lord Middleton and Mrs. Elizabeth Iham.
nor
(
)
III
4
1
nor any coming to the Borough, ſhould be diſturbed in the enjoyment
of thefe privileges, under a fine of ten pounds to the King. That the
Burgeſſes of Eſcardeburgh, and the men of the Manor of Whalleſgrave,
inay be toll-free through Pickering Foreſt, and have, and carry away,
freely and quietly, through the ſaid Foreſt, their timber, wood, turves,
heath, and fern, without any impediment of the verdurers, foreſters, &c.
except during the fence month. *
And that they be not convicted
of any injuries, tranſgreſſions, crimes, &c. except by their Fellow-
Burgeſſes."
Henry III. 25th May, 40th year of his reign, 1256, by another
Charter, “Confirms more fully to the Burgeſſes of Eſcardeburgh, the
enlargement of the faid Borough, by adding the Manor of Whalleſgrave,
with all the lands, paſtures, mills, pools, and all other things to the ſame
Manor belonging, without any reſerve; and with fixty acres of land in
the fields of Eſcardeburgh, † which he formerly recovered againſt
}
* The fence month continued during the fawning of the deer, from fifteen days before Mid-
ſummer to fifteen days after.
+ Schedule of the parcels of Land lying in different places near Scarborough, which formed
the fixty acres then granted to the Corporation,
Imprimis, xii lands (feliones terra, ridges of plough land) upon Colclyff.
Item, v lands between John Sparrowe's ground and Tyntyngholme.
Item, viij lands in Grenegate.
Item, x lands near John Aclom's ground.
Item, viij lands upon Brakanhill.
Item, iij lands upon Rameſdale.
Item, iiij acres in Kyngeſcloſe.
Item, iiij lands under Falſkarche.
Item, iiij lands under Quarrell neb.
Item, ij lands beyond Quarrell neb.
Item, iiij lands in Burtondale.
Item, vj lands in another part of the ſame valley.
Item, xx lands near John Helperby's ground.
Item, xij lands below Wapeneſſe.
Item, xx lands in another part below Wapeneſſe.
Item, xxiv lands in the tenure of Thomas Coukar.
Item, v lands in one part of the South Field.
Item, ix lands in another part of the fame.
(Tranſlated from Vellum Book of Corporation Records.)
3
cer-
FR
1T2 )
certain of the Burgeſſes. To hold the ſame in fee-farm, on payment at
the Exchequer, at the Feaſt of St. Michael, of the yearly ſum of twenty-
five pounds, for all ſervices, fuits, cuſtoms, &c. ſo that the ſame
Burgeſſes may have the tax of the men of the ſaid Manor, to be taxed
the ſame as other demeſne lands, in augmentation of the Borough, to
be anſwered at the Exchequer, &c. That the ſaid Manor and the
Borough aforeſaid, with all lands and tenements within the bounds of
the ſame, be for ever diſafforeſted. And that the ſame Burgeſſes and
their heirs may build upon, incloſe, and improve the ſaid Manor,
,
within its bounds, as may ſeem moſt expedient for them and the faid
Borough. And that they may have free warren in all the demeſne
lands of the ſaid Manor. And that no one may enter into thoſe lands
to hunt in them, or take any thing that to warren may belong, without
the licence and conſent of the Burgeſſes or their heirs, upon forfeiture
of ten pounds. And that no Forefter or Miniſter of the Foreſt, or any
other, except the ſame Burgeſſes, may intermeddle concerning any at-
tachments or diſtreſſes to be made within the bounds of the ſaid
Manor, for any thing to the Foreſt belonging. That no Port or Quay
may be made, or permitted to be made, by the King or his heirs, or
any other perſon, between the ſaid Borough and Ravenſer.
may chooſe a Coroner or Coroners, as often as it ſhall be expedient,
and keep all things which belong to the Crown in the ſaid Borough
and Manor. So that they may plead in the fame Borough all pleas
which
may
be pleaded or determined, or have been accuſtomed in any
Borough or City without the Juſtices Itinerant.
That they
All the preceding grants, liberties, privileges, &c. of Henry III. were
confirined by his ſucceſſors, as follow:
By Edward II. 14th March, 1312, and 5th year of his reign, at York.
By Edward III. 17th February, 1348, and 22d year of his reign, at
Weſtminſter.
* Spurn Head.
Ву
( 113 )
$
geſles
By Richard IL 10th December, 1377, and iſt year of his reign. :
By Henry IV. iſt July, 1405, and iſt year of his reign.
By Henry V: 14th December, 1414, and 2d year of his reign, with
theſe additions,
“ Moreover being willing to do a more ample favour to the fairl Bur-
on this behalf of our eſpecial grace, we have granted, for us and
our heirs, as much as in us is, to the ſame Burgeſſes, that although they
or their predeceſſors have not in any caſe, as it aroſe, hitherto fully uſed
any of the liberties and acquittances in the charters and letters afore-
faid contained : nevertheleſs they, and their lieirs and ſucceſſors, may
hereafter fully enjoy, and uſe the liberties and acquittances and every
of them without the lec or impediment of us, our heirs, the Juſtices,
Eſcheators, Sheriffs, and other Bailiffs and Miniſters whatſoever:of us or
our heirs.
And further of more ample grace, to the end that the. Burgeſles
of the ſame Town of Scardeburgh, and their heirs and ſucceſſors in
the time to come, may the better, more freely, and quietly, have
and enjoy, according to their own purpoſe, the benefit of the ſaid
words, granted to the ſaid Burgeſſes, among other liberties and fran-
chiſes, by the Charters of our progenitors, formerly Kings of England,
we grant and confirm, that they and their heirs and fucceffors for
ever, may have the whole conviction, puniſhment, authority, and power
of enquiring, hearing, and determining by the Bailiffs of the fame Town
for the time being, all and every the matters, felonies, complaints, de-
fects, cauſes, and other articles and things ariſing or happening within
the faid Town, and Precinct * of the ſame, as the Juſtices of the Peace
Ff
for
* The Juriſdiction of the Borough of Scarborough is very limited; it includes the whole of
Weaponneſs, and is bounded by the White Nabb to the South, this boundary is about two miles dir.
tant; toward the Welt, at the diſtance of two miles and half; it is ſeparated from Seamer Moor
by a deep valley, and by a ſmall rill of water, which there riſes and runs into the Sea, near Peale-
kolm, about a mile to the North of Scarborough. Toward the Eaſt it extends to fourteen fathoms-
of
3120
la
( 114 )
for the North-Riding of the County of York, or the Juſtices of La-
bourers, Servants, or Artificers, might or ought, in their diſtricts, in
any manner enquire or determine, or which they (the Juſtices) before
theſe times had done, or in future might do without the Town and
Precinct abovefaid; and they (the Juſtices) may not hereafter, in any
nanner intermeddle themſelves about any matters, felonies, complaints,
defects, cauſes, or other articles and things ariſing or happening within
the ſaid Town or Precinct. And all fines and amerciaments what-
ſoever belonging to the juriſdiction, to be received in ſupport of the
reparations of the Quay of the aforeſaid Town, and other charges there
daily ariſing and happening.”
Ý
Confirmed with all the foregoing, as follow:
By Henry VI. rith June, 1423, and iſt year of his reign.
By Edward IV. sth May, 1463, and 3d year of his reign.
By Henry VII. iſt June, 1492, and 7th year of his reign.
By Henry VIII. 4th February, 1511, and 2d year of his reign.
By Edward VI. 28th November, 7547, and 1ſt year of his reign.
By Philip and Mary, 12th December, 1554, and iſt and 2d year of
their reign.
By Elizabeth, 10th November, 1561, and 3d year of her reign.
By James I. 9th May, 1608, and 6th year of his reign;
Uſually to this effect, “ that any privileges not fully uſed, may re-
main in full force notwithſtanding."
>
Beſides thefe Charters of general privileges, there are many other
ancient grants for particular purpoſes, viz. for murage, paveage, and
kaiage.
of water beyond low-water-mark. The Caſtle and its Precincts are extra parachial, and nat in.
cluded in the liberties of Scarborough Theſe boundaries are opticed in the Map of the vicinity:
they are perambulated annually by the Officers of the Corporation.
The
F
Ý
( 115 )
..
the Port of Scarborough, laden with corn, fiſh, or other articles for
The earlieſt grant for murage, or tolls, for the purpoſe of encloſing
and fortifying the Town, occurs in the 9th year of Henry Ill. It
grants a duty of one ſhilling on every great veſſel going in or out of
$
fale; every ſmaller veſſel, 6d. ; every boat, 2d.; every cart going in
or out of the Town with goods for ſale, id. -to continue in force three
years.
*
The moſt ancient record of paveage, or grant of tolls, for paving the
the Town, is, in the 28th year of Edw. III. although the Dominicans
had paved a ſtreet at Scarborough, ſo early as the 27th of Edward I.
The
paveage-grants are for a very limited number of years, and the laſt
(of nineteen) + on record, is, in the 37th year of Henry VI.
The kaiage, or grants of tolls for the repairs of the Quay, will be no-
ticed in treating of the Haven
V
The Charter (or Letters Patent) 30th of Edward III. 22d of Novem-
ber, 1356, inſpected, exemplified, and confirmed in the 8th year of
Charles I. 4th of May, 1632, contains the moſt authentic evidence ex-
tant, of the conſtitution and privileges of the Borough. This Charter,
confirming the very ancient, and immemorial rights of the Borough,
veſts the civil adminiſtration in forty-four perſons, under the name of
Bailiffs and Burgeſſes.
* Other Charters for myrage, for a limited number of years, may be ſeen among the Tower
Records, Pat. 52 Hen. III. m. 6. and m. 9-1 Edward II. pt. 2, m. 7.-12 Edw. II.
m. 22.-18 Edw. III, pt. k. m. 10:23 Edw. Ill. pt. 1. m. 11.-8 Rich. II. pt. 2. m. 8.
None of later date appear.
Pt. 2.
+ Theſe may be found in the Tower, Pat. 35 Edw. III. pt. 1. m. 29.--38 Edw. III. pt. I.
m. 18.-44 Edw. III. pt. 1. m. 1.-49 Edw. III. pt. I. m. 20.-51 Edw. Ill. pt. 1. m. 5.-
10 Rich. II. pt. 2. m. 12.-15 Rich. II. pt. 1. m. 12. 2 Hen. IV. pt. 1. m. 37.---5 Hen. IV.
pt. 2. m. 29.–8 Hen. IV. pt. 1. m. 3.-- 11 Hen. IV. pt. I. m. 5. -14 Hen. IV. pt. unic. m. 1.
-10 Hen. V. pt. unic. m. 8.—2 Hen. VI. pt. I. m. 29.- Hen. VI. pt. 1. m. 18.-13 Hen. VI.
pt. unic. m. 30.-34 Hen. VI. pt. unic. m. 11.-37 Hen. VI. pt. 2. m. 14.- None later.
The
( 116 )
The Corporation of Scarborough conſiſts of two Bailiffs, two Coroners,
four Chamberlains, and thirty-ſix Common-Council ; *. the latter are
claſſed in three Benches or Twelves, denominated the iſt, 2d, and 3d.
According to the preſent conſtitution, and uſage of the Borough, the
corporate elections are thus conducted. The Coroners are choſen by
a majority of the whole body. The Bailiffs, (Town-clerk,) and Cham-
berlains, by the unanimous choice of twelve. Electors.—The Coroners
appoint (from among the Members preſent) four of theſe twelve Electors,
is
* Body Corporate of SCARBOROUGH; as arranged 12th December, 1797. :
William Hall, Robert Tindall, Eſquires, Bailiffs.
Mr. John Coulſon, Mr. Sedgfield Dale, Coroners.
Firſt Twelve.
Mr. Thomas Hinderwell, fenior
Mr. John Woodall, ſenior:
Mr. John Halley
Mr. Thomas Foſter
Mr. James Tindall
Mr. Valentine Fowler
Mr. Thomas Hinderwell, junior
Mr. Thomas Pbillifkirk.
Mr. William Clarkſon
Mr. Benjainin Fowler
Mr. William Dueſbery
Mr. Jolin Robinlon Clince dead)
Chamberlains.
Mr. John Woodall, junior
Mr. John Hugall:
Mr. William Sollitt
Mr. Gawan Taylor
Second Twelve
Third Twelve.
Mr. Richard Moorſom
Mr. Cant Candler
Mr. Thomas Vickerman
Mr. John Hall
Mr. John Parkin
Mr. Thomas Thornton
Mr. John Maling
Mr. Thomas Keld
Mr. Anthony Beſwick
Mr. William Travis
Mr. James Cooper
Mr. J. N. Vickerman (Church Warden).
Mr. William Herbert
Mr. John Dodſworth
Mr. W. G, Turner
Mr. George Fowler
Mr. Thomas Dueſbery
Mr. Jofeph Wilſon
Mr. John Travis
Mr. Thomas Hall
Mr. Samuel Wharton
Mr. Robert Porrett
Mr. John Hopper
Mr. Thomas Colley (Church Warden)
#
1
His Grace the Duke of Beaufort, RECORDER..
John Travis, Efq; DEPUTY RECORDER and COMMON CLERK.
who
.
>
( 117 )
who ſelect to themſelves the other cigbt, as aſſociates. The firſ
Bench or Twelve are arranged (generally according to ſeniority) by a
Committee of twelve of the ſecond and third Benches, or Chamberlains,
which Committee (called Faĉtores) are nominated by the Bailiffs.
The firſt twelve, thus formed, arrange the ſecond and third twelves,
and fill up the vacancies; they alſo elect the Pariſh-Clerk, the two Church-
wardens, Harbour-Maſter, Conſtables, and other inferior officers.
The election of Bailiffs, Coroners, and Chamberlains, takes place an-
nually on St. Jerom's Day, the 30th of September; and the arrange-
ment and filling up the vacancies of the three twelves, ſome ſhort time
afterwards.
Such is the exiſting ſtate of the Corporation; and as the Charter,
30th Edward III. contains ſome curious ancient cuſtoms and privileges,
the following extracts are tranſlated from it:.
“ If
If any one draw blood of another in the Borough of Scarburgh, or
violently ſtrike any other, the offending party ſhall find one good and
fufficient pledge, or two, who may be able to make ſatisfaction for the
offence. But if the offender cannot find ſuch pledge or pledges, he is
to be carried to priſon, and there detained, until he be delivered
according to the law of England, and the cuſtom of the aforeſaid
Borough."
“No one may take diſtreſs of another, nor is bail to be given for any
ane in port, whereby he may be hindered from going to ſea, unleſs the
offence be done the ſame day whereon he was to fail. On ſuch day
the diſtreſs may be taken, or bail given, or diſtreſs may be taken the
day on which he ſhall enter the port. Nor ſhall any one take diſtreſs
within the port or without, unleſs he be of the liberty of the Borough..
or a Burgeſs."
"Gablage * to be paid on or before the day of Aſſumption.".
“ If any Burgeſs take diſtreſs of another, and detain it againſt furety
and pledges of his neighbour, and againſt bail, the Bailiff for the time
being, may detain ſuch perſon by his chattles, in whatever manner and
* Now diſuſed
4
Gg
Wherce.
( 118 )
whereſoever found, to deliver up the diſtreſs and make ſatisfaction for
the offence.
“ None may buy fiſh to ſell from the Strigwelbat, but only when
thrown on ſhore at the foot of the ſands, neither in the Hodmel, nor in
any ſhip, but upon the ſhore, except the Dogdrawe and the Herring,
which are ſold upon land.”
They who are ſworn Conſervators of the meaſures, ulnages, weights,
and gaugings; that is to ſay, two of the New Town and two of the Old,
are to examine twice in the year in the Common Hall of the aforeſaid
Town, at Eaſter and the Feaſt of St. Michael, all common meaſures,
gaugings, weights, and ulnages, and ſuch like, and offenders in theſe
reſpects are to be puniſhed and chaſtiſed by the Bailiffs of the ſaid
Town."
“ All kind of dirt found in Scarburgh, as well in the Old Town as the
New, at all times of the year is to be common to all and every of the
Burgeffes, to take and carry away wherever they will, ſo that it be
within the public ſtreet, and the dirt from the pavement is to be taken
away once in every week, that is to ſay, on Friday or Saturday, which,
if not done, he who ſhall be keeper of the pavement, ſhall enter the
houſe of him from whom ſuch dirt has ariſen, and ſhall take ſurety for
removing the dirt on the Monday following, and retain it until he is
paid two pence for his own reward."
“ If any woman ſhall trangreſs againſt man or woman, or e contra, and
her huſband ſhall not be in Town, ſhe ſhall anſwer, and be anſwered,
of all matters and complaints which can be determined in Strander-
lagh, and of thoſe matters and complaints which cannot be determined
in Stranderlagh, ſhe ſhall not anſwer or be anſwered of, unleſs her huſ-
band abſent himſelf from the Town a quarter of a year.”
“If any one abiding at Scarburgh, whether a Burgeſs or any other,
be bound to a Burgeſs in any fum of money on any merchandize, and
he acknowledge the ſaid money or merchandize before the Bailiff and
other Burgeſſes, the then Bailiff, for the time being, by virtue of his
office, may enter ſuch perſon's houſe, or his lands, to diſtrain him by
all his chattels wherefoever they ſhall be found, to ſatisfy the Burgeſſes
of
( 119 )
of the ſaid money or merchandize. And if any one be bound to a
foreigner in a certain ſum of money, and be thereof convicted, or con-
fefs the ſame in our Court there, the Bailiff for the time being, may dif-
train by virtue of his office as before, and if he neither be convicted, nor
confeſs in our Court, and yet hath acknowledged the debt before the
Bailiff, he may be diſtrained if he will not pay as before."
“ No Regrater, male or female, may buy any thing before the firſt
bell ringing, nor then, but in the market aſligned by common con-
fent for the ſame. And ſo it ſhall be done for all proviſion coming to
town for ſale.
Neither may any Burgeſs or other perſon buy any
wheat, barley, fine ſmall wheat, mixed grain, beans, peas, or oats, before
the firſt bell ringing,* and not till they are brought to the market aſſigned
for the ſame. And all Burgeſſes, and each perſon of the aforeſaid
Town, ſhall have a reaſonable part and ſhare in all ſales made in their
preſence, if the parties require it, according to their degree. And no
one ſhall make fale by deceit or falſe covering in fraud of another, nor
buy fiſh or herring, unleſs in the day, and on the land, and in the
market, and after the ſhip ſhall have anchored in the port.
one may take merchandizes of another, nor do any thing to him by
force, or againſt the will of the ſeller. And if it happen that any one
do ſo, it ſhall be lawful for the Bailiff for the time being, to puniſh
and amerce him. And no one ſhall implead another for money advanc-
ed, nor for bread, nor ale delivered to him, unleſs he be the principal
debtor or ſurety. And all are to ſtand to their bargain, which they
ſhall make as well when they have loſt as when they have gained.
“ Moreover, if any one, male or female, ſhall act againſt the form of
the ſaid proviſions, and will allege ignorance, he may eſcape the firſt
time on oath; but if he will not ſwear it, he ſhall give twelve pence in
the pound of all his chattles towards the farm of the ſaid Borough ;
but if he be unwilling to do ſo, no man or woman of the liberty may
buy or ſell with him, or have ſociety with him by ſea or land, until he
And no
* A Bell was continued to be rung at the Market-Croſs before any Corn was allowed to be
fold until ſo lately as the year 1795.
ſhall
( 120
)
2
ſhall make ſatisfaction to the Commonalty of the Town. And if any
one have not twenty ſhillings in chattles, ſo as to pay twelve pence, when
convicted, he ſhall fit in the Stocks for one day and one night, and no
perſon or perſons are to have power to remit the ſaid penalties, nor any
part thereof. And any one may fell his merchandize there to whom..
foever he will, without hindrance of any other. And no one is to in-
termeddle there with the ſale of another's fiſh or herring, or of any
other merchandize but of his own, in fraud of the Burgeſſes of the ſaid
Town."
“ And no one of the faid Town by himſelf, or by any other is to
hinder merchants coming to the ſaid Town by fea or land, with their
merchandize to be fold there, and no one is to take reward or brokage
from
any
merchant for fiſh or for herring, nor for other merchandize to
be fold in the ſaid Town, in deceit of the People and Burgeffes of the
faid Town."
“ And the Bailiffs of the ſaid Town, and others, who receive our
money together with all the iſſues of the faid: Town, are to render their
account every year at the Feaſt of the Exaltation of the Holy Croſs, be-.
fore the Commonalty of the ſaid Town.”
“ Alſo a common cheſt is to be provided, prepared, and kept in a ſafe
place, in which the farm, as it ſhall be collected in parcels from the
iſſues of the Town, ſhall be placed, and therein ſhall be laid the com-
mon inſtruments of the liberty, with the common ſeal and other valu-
ables, to be ſafely kept, and they ſhall be committed to four honeſt
men,
* elected and fworn to the care thereof, under four keys."
Alſo the PROFITS of the Borough, of the Hoſpitals of Saint Nicholas
and Saint Thomas, of the benefačtions to the fabric of the Mother Church ut,
and the cuſtody of the port, with the paveage and other profits of the
Town, are to be committed to perfons truſty, choſen, and fworn, all
* The Chamberlains.
+" Item appruamenta Burgi, Hoſpital. Sandi Nicolai et Sancti Thoma, Hoſpitalitatum Fabrice
Matris Ecclefia".
and
( 121
)
and
every of whom ſhall ſwear to render a juſt account of their offices
annually.”
Alſo the head Bailiffs are to have a certain falary * yearly for their
labours, and as well they, as the under Bailiffs, ſhall be diſiniſſed
every
year at the will of the electors. The Bailiffs alſo are to take an oath
that they will execute faithfully their offices without deceit, and take
nothing of complainants in the execution of their office, nor favour or
ſupport either of the parties impleading, as if retained in their cauſe.'
“ Alſo whoever will lay his complaints before the Bailiffs is to be
heard without hindrance, and ſo in like manner as to the defendant,
except as to plea withdrawn thence by writ.'
“ Alſo the damages of the complainants are to be. taxed before the
Bailiffs in Court by the oaths of true, chofen, and ſworn men, and in
like manner for diſtreſs made for debts acknowledged before the
Bailiffs, are to be appraiſed by the like oaths.”
“ Alſo no one inhabiting the Borough is to implead another out of
the ſame liberty againſt the tenor of our Charters, nor in the Eccleſiaſti-
cal Court, except in a cauſe teſtimentary or matrimonial."
Alſo the Bailiffs are to proclaim every year at the Feaſt of St. Mi-
chael, the aſſize of bread and beer. And the bread and beer are to be
tried by the Bailiffs whenever they chooſe, and have cauſe of ſuſpicion,
in the preſence of the Coroners of the ſaid Borough; and alſo the bread
of foreigners coming to the Town may be tried.”
“Alſo no one may be made a Burgeſs there unleſs by conſent of the
whole Commonalty.”
Alſo no ſeizin of land is to be teſtified by the Bailiffs unleſs it be
delivered in their preſence.”
“ Alſo if any one dwelling in the Borough buy goods of foreign
merchants, and do not pay according to agreement, and hath any
thing whereof he may be diſtrained for payment at the ſuit of the com-
plainants, he, who ſhall ſo defraud, may be diſtrained of by all his
# Diſcontinued by unanimous vote, 4th May, 1798.
Hh
goods
( 122
122.
)
99
goods and chattles without delay, and ſhall be kept in arreſt until he
can make ſatisfaction for the money and debt; and if nothing can be
had therefrom, he may be attached by his body, and kept in priſon till
he make fatisfaction to the party.”
No confederacies with one another are to be made, to leſſen the
profits of others.”
Alſo every Burgeſs buying corn, beans, peas; or other kind of grain,
or falt, of foreign merchants and others, within the Borough for ſale,
is to ſell to every Burgeſs of the aforeſaid Town, according to his con-
dition, being willing to have it for houſehold conſumption, without
any contradiction, according to the quantity contained in the ſhip, one
buſhel, half a quarter, or two quarters, for the price bought at firſt
hand, and with this advantage alſo, that it be meaſured in the ſhip, and,
for this purpoſe, there are to be two fworn meters, as well for the peo-
ple as for the ſaid Borough. And in like manner is to be done con-.
cerning corn, beans, peas, and other grain, or falt, brought to land by
foreign merchants."
“ Moreover, if any one ſhall diſturb our peace in the Court, by breed-
ing contention, and by contempt to the Bailiffs, he is to be thrown into
priſon, and not ſet at liberty without heavy puniſhment or ranſom..
And in the fame manner is to be done with malefactors, night-
walkers, and diſturbers of our peace, found within the limits of the
ſaid Borough.”
“ Alſo all and ſingular malefactors and foreſtallers found there are
to be puniſhed and chaſtiſed by the Bailiffs of the ſaid Town, fo as that
the puniſhment of them be an example to others, and that the peace;
:
there be ſtrictly obſerved.'
“ And the market for every merchandize is to be kept in the ſaid
Town, in ſuch places as ſhall be affigned by the ſaid Commonalty, and
not elfewhere, under pain of amerciament."
“And no one may take, or do any thing, or fiſh, or preſume to fish,
or plow paſture ground, within the aforeſaid liberty, without the aſſent
and will of the whole Commonalty, under a heavy amerciament.”
" And
( 123 :)
€
And the Bailiffs, for the time being, are to punih all offenders and
eppoſers of the aforeſaid articles, or any of them in the ſaid Borough,
according to the law of the land and cuſtom of the ſaid Borough, and
they are thereupon to fee to the execution of the premiſes."
The Charter further adds, “ That the Burgeffes of the Town of Scar-
borough, in the time of Henry (III.), King of England, great grand-
father to Edward III. and long before, had uſed in the ſaid Borough all
the articles contained in this Coinpoſition Charter, quietly and peace-
ably, until it was maliciouſly deſtroyed by one Adam Rcignaldfone
Cartere, one of the Chamberlains of the ſaid Town. But that, notwith-
ſtanding this deſtruction of the Compoſition, all and fingular the arti-
cles eſtabliſhed therein, were accepted by the King and Council, and
granted, and confirmed to the Bailiffs and good men of the Town of
Scarborough, and their heirs and ſucceſſors, Burgeſſes of the ſaid Town,
for ever.
→
A Charter; with more ample privileges, was granted by Richard III.
in the year 1485, 2d of his reign. It changed the form of the Conſti-
tution of the Borough, by appointing the Town to be governed by a
Mayor, Sheriff, and twelve Aldermen; and alſo granted that the Town
of Scardeburgh and Manor of Whalleſgrave ſhould be one Entire County
of itſelf, incorporated, diſtinct, and ſeparate from the County of York,
and ever be eſteemed and named the County of the Town of Scardeburgh. *
“ The Mayor and Burgeſſes to be a Body Corporate, with perpetual
ſucceſſion, having power to elect, from among themſelves, twelve Alder-
men, veſted with the ſame powers as the Aldermen of London."
“ The Sheriff to be elected by the Mayor and Burgeſſes, and to have
authority to exerciſe the ſame juriſdiction and powers as any of the
other Sheriffs in the kingdoin.”
7
* A field, near the weſt: end of the Common; a little to the north of the York Road, is ſtill
called Gallows.Cloſe, and, about forty years ago, three ſkeletons were found there, ſuppoſed to
have been the remains of male factors executed in the County of the Town of Scardeburgh.
66 The
( '124 )
* The Mayor and Burgeſſes to elect a Coroner. And, in caſe of the
death or amoval of the Mayor, the Aldermen, Sheriff, and Burgeſſes
to chooſe another Mayor, from among themſelves.”
“ The Mayor, and his fucceffors, to be Clerk of the Market, and
Efcheater."
The Mayor and Burgeſſes to have cognizance of all pleas, aſlizes,
attaints, &c. within the Town and Liberty ; the Caſtle of Scardeburgh,
and Manor of Northftede excepted.”
“ The Mayor and Aldermen to be Juſtices of the Peace.”
The Charter further granted to the Mayor and Burgeſſes;--" The
Town of Scardeburgh, the Suburbs, and the County of the Town, with the
ports, ditches, walls, lands, tenements, rents, ſervices, &c. belonging to
the Crown; and alſo the Manor of Whalleſgrave, with all meſſuages,
lands, meadows, paſtures, houſes, ſhops, cottages, gardens, mills, pools,
water-courſes, rents, tolls, pleas, courts, fairs, markets, ſtallage, pavage,
and all other profits to the Crown belonging, within the Town, the
Suburbs, and County of the Town, the Caſtle of Scardeburgh aforeſaid,
and Manor of Northſtede excepted.”
It alſo recited, “ That as the Burgeſſes of Scardeburgh, and their
predeceſſors, had holden the Town in Fee-farm at ſixty-fix pounds a-year, ,
and the Manor of Whalleſgrave in Fee-farm, for twenty-five pounds
a-year; out of which twenty-five pounds, Edward III. granted to the
Warden and Scholars of the Hall, called King's Hall in Cambridge, and
their ſucceſſors, 221. 11s. annually. And out of which fixty-ſix pounds
iaforeſaid, Richard. II. granted to the Warden and Scholars of the fame,
twenty pounds a-year: * the King, by this Charter, releaſed the Mayor
and Burgeſſes, and their fucceffors, of 10l. a-year, parcel of the ſaid ſixty-
fix pounds of the Farm of the Town aforeſaid.”
The Town of Scardeburgh was declared to bem" A Sea-port of it-
ſelf, diſtinct, and ſeparate from the port of the Town of Kingſton-upon-
* The preſent payment to Trinity College (ſee page 110) is by virtue of a grant of King
Henry VIII. and is in lieu of theſe two payments.
Hull;
2
ter
( 125 )
Hull; and the Mayor and Burgeſſes were to enjoy all the profits of the
Port, &ć. faving the ſubſidies and duties due to the King."
“ The Mayor, and his fucceffors, to be Admiral between the metes
and bounds of Scaryhale towards the fouth, and Northland towards che
north. And to exerciſe the ſame juriſdiction, authority, and power
within theſe metes, as any other Admiral had a right to exerciſe, to-
gether with all the profits and emoluments to the office of Admiralty
belonging, without any interference."
“ The Mayor and Burgeſſes to have the Quay of the ſaid Town, and
the Kaiage, with all the profits, &c. thereto belonging, without render-
ing any account thereof to the King, his heirs, or ſuccellors.”
Such were the extenſive privileges granted by Richard III. which con-
tinued in force during the ſhort reign of that Monarch ; but the Charter
is not recited or recogniſed by any of the Charters of the ſucceeding
Kings.
After the death of Richard III. the Corporation returned to its ancient
mode of Government by Bailiffs and Burgeſſes, which prevailed without
interruption from the beginning of the reign of Henry VII. ſucceſſor
to Richard III. until the year 1684.
Charles II. in the 36th year of his reign, granted to the Borough a
New Charter, which changed the form of its Government, by incorpo-
rating and nominating forty-four perſons (the ſame number as the
Bailiffs and Burgeſſes had heretofore been). under the title of Mayor,
twelve Aldermen, and thirty-one Cammon Councilmen. * This Charter
The following perſons were nominated in this Charter:
JOHN KNOWSLEY, Eſq. MAYOR, 1684.
Alderinen, 12.
1. Sir Johu Legard, Bart. (Mayor 1685) 3. Wm. Ofbaldelton, Eſq.
9. Tim, Ford, Gent.
2. Sir W11. Cayley, Bart. (Mayor 1686) 6. John Wyvill, Eſq.
Ic. Matt. Anlaby, Erq.
3. Sir R. Olbaldellion, Kor. (Mayor 1687) 7. Tho. Craven, Gent, .
11. Tho. Sedman, Gent.
4. Arthur Cayley, Eſq.
8. Triſtram Fiſh, Gent.
12. Ralph Porter, Gent.
Common Council, 31.
1. Sir Hen. Cholmley, Bart.
3. Hen. Slingſby, jun. Erg.
5. Henry Crolland, Eſq.
he Sir Tho. Slingſby, Bart.
4. Ralph Egerton, Eſq.
6. Ed. Hucchiofon, Efq. &c. &c.
durante
CORNELIUS FISH, Gear. CORONER,
1
!
WALTER PARTRIDGE, Gent. TOWN-CLERK;}
Lene placito.
THOMAS AISLABIE, Eſq; was the lar Mayor in 1688.
I i
was
( 126 )
7
was acted under four years, until the cloſe of the year 1688-9, when
King William publiſhed his declaration for reſtoring to all Corporations
the Charters which had been wreſted from them, during the latter part
of the reign of Charles II. and that of James II. conſequently it appears
that on the 30th January 1688-9, the Bailiffs were elected * according
to the ancient uſages of the Borough, ſince which period, the ſame
mode of government has invariably continued.
The following Liſt will ſhew the fuccellion of Bailiffs during the reign
of his preſent Majeſty:
1760. Wm. Porrett (ad time) 1773. John Mackley
1985. James Tindall
Benj. Fowler
Mattbew Dueſbery (died)
Richard Fox
7761. Robert Ducſbery (2d time)
James Goland clected 238 1786. Thomas Haggitt
Thomas Maling
September, 1774
William Parkin
1762. Wm. Coulſon ( 3d time) 1774. Plaxton Dickinſon
1787. John Travis
Christ. Harriſon
Gawan Tranmar
William Clarkſon
1763. Wm. Porrett
1775. William Porrett
1788. James Tindall
John Tindall
Thomas Hinderwell
William Dueſbery
1764. Robert Dueſbery
1776. John Travis
1789. John Harriſon
Robert Grange
Joſeph Huntrifs
John Woodall
1963. Robert Cockerill (died) '1777. John Mackley
1990. Tho. Hinderwell, jun.
W. Coulſon elected Dec. 9 John Halley
Thomas Foſter
Francis Harriſon
1778. Plaxton Dickinſon
1791. Richard Fox
#766. William Porrett
Jonas Sutton
Valentine Fowler
William Frank
1779. William Porrett (8th time) 1792. John Woodall
3767. Thomas Maling
Thomas Haggitt
John Coulſon
Francis Coulſon
3780. John Travis
1793. Wm. Clarkſon
1768. Benj. Fowler
James Tindall
Tho. Philliſkirk
William Bean
1781. Joſeph Huntriſs
1794. Thomas Foſter
1769. Francis Coulſon
Tho. Hinderwell, jun.
Benj. Fowler
John Travis
1782. John Halley
1995. Val. Fowler
1970. William Porrett
John Garnett
William Hall
John Mackley
1783. Thomas Haggitt
1796. John Coulſon
1771. William Porrett
Timothy Otbie
Scdgfield Dale
Plaxton Dickinſon
1984. Tho. Hinderwell, jun.
1797. William Hall
1972. Robert Dueſbery
John Harriſon
Robert Tindall.
Ralph Betſon
The Borough of Scarborough has not only a claim to great antiquity
from the grant of the Charter in the reign of Henry IL, but it alſo
John Wyville and James Cockerill, Esqrs. until September 30, the uſual day of Election, when Timothy Foord
and Ralph Porter, Eſqis. were choſen.
ranks
( 127 )
ranks amongſt the moſt ancient privileged Boroughs, which fent Members
to Parliament.
The firſt inſtance we find, upon record, of the Boroughs being ſum-
moned to ſend Repreſentatives, is in the 48th Henry III. 1264, dur-
ing the uſurpation of the Earl of Leiceſter. It ſeems that the ineeting
of this Parliament had been prevented by the inteſtine troubles which
then prevailed. The Parliament which was convened in the ſucceeding
year, 1265, is eſteemed the model of the preſent Britiſh Parliaments,
and hiſtorians date that period as the grand epoch of the Houſe of Commons.
The Writs of Summons to the Boroughs were directed generally. But,
in the memorable Parliament convened in the year 1282, 11th of
Edward I. the writs are more explicit, and thew that Scarborough was
one of the privileged Boroughs ſummoned to ſend Members. The
firſt writ is directed to all the Earls and Barons, by name, to the
number of 110, to meet the King at Shrewſbury, on the 30th of Sep-
tember. The ſecond writ is directed to the Sheriff of each county, to
cauſe to be choſen two Knights for the Commonalty of the ſame
county ; the third to the ſeveral Cities and Boroughs ;* and, a fourth,
to the Judges. The following is a tranſcript of the writ to the Cities
and Boroughs.
* Only 20 Cities and Boroughs were ſummoned.
V
«
Res
( 128 )
Rex Majori, Civibus, et Vice-comitibus, London."
" Quot fraudum et machinationum generibus lingua Walenfium, ad
inftar vulpium, progenitores noftros, et regnum noftrum invaferit a
tempore quo poteft hominis memoria recordari: Quot ſtrages magnatum
Nobilium et aliorum, tam Anglicorum quam aliorum juvenum atque
fenum, &c. ut in brevi fuperiori ufque hæc verba.”
“ Vobis mandamus quod duos de fapientioribus et aptioribus civibus
prædictæ civitatis eligi faciatis, et eos ad nos mittatis, et quos fint ad
nos apud Salopiam, in craſtino Sancti Michaelis proximè futuri nobiſ-
cum fuper hoc et aliis locuturi :-et hoc nullatenus omittatis."
"Tefte Rege apud Rotheland, 28 die Junii, 1282. *
“Eodem modo mandatum eſt omnibus fubfcriptis."
“Majori et Civibus Winton.
Majori et Civibus Ebor.
Majori et Civibus Exon.
Majori et Civibus Cantuar.
Ballivis Norwice.
Ballivis Nottingham.
Majori et Ballivis de Grimſby.
Majori et Ballivis de Lynn.
Majori et probis hominibus de Hereford.
Ballivis et prob. hom. Salop.
Majori et Ballivis Novi Caftri fuper Tyrnam.
Majori et Ballivis Briſtol.
Majori et Civibus Lincoln.
Majori et Civibus Carleol.
Majori'ét prob. hom. Northampton.
BALLIVIS de SCARDEBURGH.
Ballivis de Colcheſter.
Ballivis et prob. hom. de Gernemu.
Majori et prob. hom. de Ceftriâ.
Majori et prob. hom. Wigorn.
* Vide Parliamentary Hiſtory of England, Vol. I. Page 86.
TRANS-
( 129 )
TRANSLATION.
**
« The King to the Mayor,Citizens, and Sheriffsof London."
“ With what various ſpecies of fraud and artifice, the people of
Wales have, like Wolves invaded our progenitors and our kingdom,
ſince the memory of man: What havoc they have made among the
Nobility and others, as well of the Engliſh as of different nations, of
young and old, &c. as has been briefly ſet forth according to the
tenour of theſe words in a former declaration."
“We command that you cauſe two to be choſen out of the wiſer and
apter Citizens of the aforeſaid city, and ſend them unto us at Shrewf-
bury, the day after the Feaſt of St. Michael next enſuing, to confer
upon this and other matters :--Herein fail not.”
Signed by the King at Rotheland, 28 June, 1282."
* In like manner it was commanded to the following :"
To the Mayor and Citizens of Wincheſter.
To the Mayor and Citizens of York.
To the Mayor and Citizens of Exeter.
To the Mayor and Citizens of Canterbury.
To the Bailiffs of Norwich.
To the Bailiffs of Nottingham,
To the Mayor and Bailiffs of Grimſby.
To the Mayor and Bailiffs of Lynn.
To the Mayor and good men of Hereford.
To the Bailiffs and good men of Shrewſbury.
To the Mayor and Bailiffs of Newcaſtle upon Tyne.
To the Mayor and Bailiffs of Briſtol.
To the Mayor and Citizens of Lincoln.
To the Mayor and Citizens of Carlille.
To the Mayor and good men of Northampton.
To the BAILIFTS of SCARBOROUGH,
To the Bailiffs of Colcheſter.
To the Bailiffs and good men of Yarmouth.
To the Mayor and good men of Cheſter.
To the Mayor and good men of Worceſter.
Kk
In
f
( 130 )
In the 27th, 28th, 29th, and 33d years of Henry VI. the Sheriff of
Yorkſhire made no return of Burgeſſes to Parliament from any place in
the county, except Scarborough, the return for which concludes in the
following ſingular manner: Et non funt aliquæ civitates; vel aliqua civitas,
nec plures Burgi in comitatu Ebór. unde aliquis
, civis, ceu plures Burgenfes ad
Parliamentum prædi&tum ad præfens venire facere poſſum."~" And there are
not any City or Cities, or more Boroughs in the County of rork,* from whence
I can make any Citizens or more Burgeſſes at preſent come to the aforeſaid
Parliament."
Brady, in quoting the above, aſſigns the following reaſons for ſuch;
an extraordinary circumſtance. “ That many times there were not
found any proper perſons in the Boroughs for the ſervice of Parlia-
ment, when the returns were made, the Repreſentatives being choſen out
of their own body, and not of Strangers or Country Gentlemen. And,
in the next place, the Boroughs were fo. poor, † that they were not
able to pay the Members their wages or expences. I fee not (fays he)
any other temporary reaſon that the Sheriff of Yorkſhire could not
cauſe more Burgeſſes to come to thoſe Parliaments, from other Boroughş
than Scardeburgh, except one or both of thoſe above-mentioned.”
*York being a City and County, the Writs for its Citizens were directed to, and returned by
Sheriffs of its own. Hull had alſo a ſimilar privilege, being a Town and County.
+ It was accounted a burthen and a grievance, by ſome Boroughs, formerly, to be obliged to
ſend Burgeſſes to Parliament. The Borough of Toriton, in Devonſhire, petitioned to be ex-
onerated from the charge.
WW
The
& 독
​(
131 )
The following is a List of Members ſent to PARLIAMENT, by the
BOROUGH of SCARBOROUGH, from 26th of Edward I. 1298, to
the 7th of Edward IV. 1468.*
10001312000
SCARDEBURGH BURGUS.
5
26 Ed. I. A. D. 1298. P. ap. Ebor. Johes Rofton, Robtus Paus
28 Ed. I. P. ap. Linc. Johes Pickford, Johes Hammond.
35 Ed. I. P. ap. Karl. Almaricus Gegg, Robtus Wawayn, p. 27. +
2 Ed. II. P. ap. Weſt. Radus Godye, Johes filius Emerici.
4 Ed. II. P. ap. Ebor. Rogerus Ughtred, Johes de Cropton.
5 Ed. II. P. ap. Weſt. Rogerus Wrightred, Fobes de Cropton, p. 36.
6 Ed. II. P. ap. Weſt. Rogerus Ughtred, Thomas filius Johannis.
8 Ed. II. P. ap. Weſt. Rogerus Ughtred, Johes Huterburgh.
12 Ed. II. P. ap. Ebor. Evericus Godge, Willus de ſancto Thomas.
19 Ed. II. P. ap. Weft. Adam de Somer, Henricus Roſton.
20 Ed. II. P. ap. Weſt. Henricus de Rolton, Robtus. de Hupthorpe.
I Ed. III. P. ap.. Ling. Henricus de Novo Caſtro, Johannes de Bergh.
2 Ed. III. P. ap. Weſt. Robtus. le Coroner, Johes le Skyron.
2 Ed. III. P. ap. Nov. Sar. Henricus de Novo Caſtro, Willus. Hendon.
3
Ed. III. P. ap. Nov. Sar. Henricus de Novo Caſtro, Willus de Hedon,
P. IO2...
4. Ed. III. P. ap. Weſt.. Philippus Humbury, Johes Le Serjeant.
7 Ed. III. P. ap. Weft. Henricus Coroner, Henricus Le Roſton.
8 Ed. III. P. ap. Ebor. Henricus le Coroner, Henricus de. Roſton, p. 137.
9 Ed. III. P. ap. Ebor. Robtus de Helperthorp, Henricus le Coroner, p. 142.
10 Ed. III. P. ap. Nott. Henricus, de Novo Caſtro, Willus de Bedale, p. 145.
* Copied from Prynne's Brevia Parliamentaria, pt. IV.
P.
iii.
+ References to the pages of the writs de. expenfis, whence they are taken.
IQ.
8
( 132 )
10 Ed. III. P.ap.Weft. Richus deWillefthorp, Jobes de Mounte Peffelers, p.150.
11 Ed. III. P. ap. Weſt. Thomas Le Blound, Henricus de Novo Caſtro.
12 Ed. III, P. ap. Weſt. Henricus de Novo Caſtro, Thomas Le Coroner,
13 Ed. III. P. ap. Weft. Henricus Roſton, Henricus de Novo Caſtro.
14 Ed. III. P. ap. Weſt. Henricus de Roſton, Henricus de Nuvo Caſtro, p. 180.
14 Ed. III. P. ap. Weſt. Henricus Roſton, Robtus Coroner.
20 Ed. III. P. ap. Weft. Willus de Killum, Jobes de Irlaunde, p. 204.
21 Ed. III. P. ap. Weft. Robtus Scardeburgh, Willus Cutt.
22 Ed. III. P. ap. Weft. Robtus Scardeburgh, Willus filius Rogeri.
24 Ed. III. P. ap. Weſt. Johes Beaucola, Heñricus de Ruſton.
29 Ed. III. P. ap. Weſt. Henricus de Ruſton, Richus de Novo Caſtro. .
31 Ed. III. P. ap. Weſt. Johes Berneſton, Willus Burton.
33 Ed. III. P. ap. Weft. Robtus Le Coroner, Johes Hammund. .
34 Ed. III. P. ap. Weft. Henricus Roſton, Petrus Percy.
34
Ed. III. P. ap. Welt. Richus de Novo Caſtro, Petrus Percy.
36 Ed. III. P. ap. Weft. Petrus Percy, Johes del Aumery.
37 Ed. III. P. ap. Weft. Edwardus Thwailes,
39 Ed. III. P. ap. Weft. Richus del Kichin, Richus Chelman.
42 Ed. III. P. ap. Weſt. Stephanus Carter, Henricus de Rofton.
43 Ed. III. P. ap. Weft. Robtus Aclom, Johes de Barton.
Ed. III. P. ap. Weſt. Willus Cobbenham, Johes Aclom.
50 Ed. III. P. ap. Weſt. Johes de Stolwich, Henricus Ruſton.
2 R. II. P. ap. Glouc. Willus de Semer, Jobes de Moreſhoin, junior, p. 335.
ap:
Weft. Henricus de Ruſton, Thomas de Brune.
6 R. II. P. ap. Weft. Henricus Ruſton, Johes Aclom.
7 R. II. P. ap. Weſt. Johes Stockwich, Richus Cholman.
8 R. II. P. ap. Weft. Johes Aclom, Henricus Ruſton.
9 R. II. P. ap. Weſt. Robtus Martyn, Johes Moreſham.
10 R. II. P. ap. Weſt. Willus de Seamour, Johes Carter.
II R. II. P. ap. Weſt. Willus Sage, Johes le Actlom.
15 R. II. P. ap. Weſt. Johes Carter, Johes Martyn.
16 R. II. P. ap. Wynt. Robtus de Alnewyke, Jobes de Morelheme, jun. p. 422.
18 R. II. P. ap. Weft. Henricus de Harrow, Robtus Shillbotil.
47
3 R. II. P.
20
YA
( 133 )
**
20 R. II. P. ap. Weft. Johes Carter, Willus Percy.
1 H. IV. P. ap. Weſt. Johes Aclom, Willus Harum.
2 H. IV. P. ap. Weſt. Johes Moſdale, Robtus Acclom, p. 459.
3 H. IV. P. ap. Thomas Carethorp, Willus Harum.
6 H. IV. P. ap. Covent. Jobes Boſtale, Robtus Acclon, p. 475.
12 H. IV. P. ap. Weft. Johes Moſedale, Willus Sage.
I H. V. P. ap. Weſt. Thomas Carethorp, Johes Mofdale.
2 H. V. P. ap. Weſt. Johes Moſedale, Willus Sage.
3 H. V. P. ap. Weſt. Thomas Carethorp, Rogerus de Stapelton.
7 H. V. P. ap. Glouc. Johes Carter, Thomas Copeland.
8 H. V. P. ap. Weſt. Johes Aclom, Willus Foreſter.
9 H. V. P. ap. Weſt. Johes Aclom, Willus Forefter.
I H. VI. P. ap. Weft. Hugo Rayſyn, Willus Foreſter.
2 H. VI. P. ap. Weſt. Willus Foreſter, Johes Daniel.
3 H. VI. P. ap. Weft. Robtus Bamnbergh, Willus Foreſter.
6 H. V. P. ap. Weft. Johes Danyell, Willus Fonſter.
7 H. VI. P. ap. Weſt. Johes Danyell, Willus Foreſter.
11 H. VI. P. ap. Weſt. Willus Forſter, Johes Danyell.
20 H. VI. P. ap. Weſt. Willus Forſter, Robtus Carethorp.
25 H. VI. P. ap. Weſt. Willus Helperby, Johes Aclam.
H. VI. P. ap Weſt. Henricus Eyre, Willus Paulin.
*28 H. VI. P. ap. Weft. Johes Aclom, Robtus Benton.
29 H. VI. P. ap. Weſt. Georgius Topclip, Thomas Benton.
33 H. VI. P. ap. Weft. Johes Danyel, Robtus Hoggſon.
38 H. VI. P. ap. Weſt. Johes Sherriffe, Thomas Hoggſon.
7 Ed. IV. P. ap. Weſt. Jghes Pawlyn, Johes Robbynfon.
*
27
*
***
Many of the names are evidently the ſame, though differently ſpelt in
the writs, viz. Hendon and Hedon-Ughtred and Wrightred—Foreſter
and Forſter, &c.
The Writs, Indentures, and Returns from this date to i Edw. VI.
1547, are all loſt throughout England, except an imperfect bundle,
33 Henry VIII. 1541.
* See page 130
L]
A LIST
( 134 )
받
​A LIST of the ENGLISH PARLIAMENTS, when convened and
diffolved, with the period of their duration, from the year 1941,
33. Henry VIII. to the preſent Time.
Duration.
Parliaments.
When Convened.
When Diſolved.
33 Henry VIII.
coe Days.
Aww Years.
37 Do.
L
í Edward VI.
Noende bemand ann Months.
II
7 Do.
O
i Mary
2
ma
I Do.
2 Do.
5 May,
3:
4.
I I
18
3 Do.
5 Do.
28
16.
1558
O
9
3
I I
1 Elizabeth
5 Do.
ی در ت
IP
1562
22
I
27
10
10
16 January,
1541 29 March,
1544
3
23 November, 1545 31 January, 1547
4 November, 1547 15 April, 1552 4
i March,
1553 31 March,
1553
5 October, 1553
6 December, 1553
2 April, 1554
1554
12 November, 1554 16 January, 1-555
21 October,
1555
9 December, 1555
20 January, 1557
17 November, 1557
23 January, 1558
8 May,
11 January,
2 January, 1507 4
2. April, 1571 29 May, 1571 O.
8 May,
1572 18 March, 152017
23 November; 158.5 14 September, 1586
29 October, 1586 | 20 March, 1.58.7
4 February, 1588 29 March,
1588
19 November, 1592 10 April, 1593
24 October,
1597 9 February, 1598
7 October, 1601 29 December,. 160.1
19 March,
1603 9 February, 1611
7
5 April,
7 June,
1614
30 January, 1.620. 8. February, 1621
19 February, 1623. 24 March, 1625
17 May, 1625 12 Auguſt, 1625
6 February, 1626 15 June,
1626
17 March,
1627 10 March, 1628
21
14 Do.
15 Do.
79 Do.
29 Do.
31 Do.
35 Do.
39 Do,
43 Do.
O
9
4
I
23
25
22
16
که در د
O
22
,
IO
21
1614
O
2
2
1
O
i James I.
12 Do,
18 Do.
21 Do.
1 Charles I.
i Do.
2
1
:
o
2
5
26
9
23
4
3 Da.
ter
+
( 135 )
%
1
NAMES of the MEMBERS ſent from SCARBOROUGH. *
Sir Ralph Eure, Knt. a
Sir Nicholas Fairfax, Knt. b
*
***
**
Richard Whaley, Eſq.
Thomas Eyns
John Tregonwell, Knt.
Anthony. Brann, Eſq.
Reginald Beſeley
William Haſye
Richard Joſne, Gent..
Sir Henry Gates, Knt.C
Sir Henry Gates, Knt. d
Edward Gates, Eſq.
Sir Henry Gates, Knt.
John Hotham, Eſq.
Ralph Bouchier, Eſq..e
Edward Gates, Eſq.
Edward Gates, Eſq.
Sir Thomas Poſthumus Hoby, Knt: g
William Eure, Eſq.
Francis Eure, F.fq.
Sir Thomas Pofthumus Hoby, Knt.
Sir Richard Cholmley, Knt. h.
Hugh Cholmley, Eſq. h
Hugh Cholinley, Eſq.
Hugh Cholmley, Eſq.
Sir Wm. Conſtable, Knt. and Bart.
Reginald Beſeley, Recorder.
General Dakins, Cof Hackneſs)
Leonard Chamberlain.
Robert Maffye, Eſq.
Triſtram Cook.
Francis Aſhley.
Edward Befeley.
William Strickland.
William Strickland, Eſq. d
William Strickland, Eſq.
Edward Carey, Eſq.t
William Strickland, Eſq.
Edward Hutchinſon, Eſq.f
William Fiſhe; Eſq.
Roger Dalton, Efq.
Walter Pye, Eſq.
Edward Stanhope, Eſq..
Sir Thomas Pofthumus Hoby, Knt.
***
William Conyers, Eſq.
William Conyers, Eſq. Counſellor.
William Thompſon, Eſq. i
Stephen Hutchinſon, Eſq. f
John Harriſon, Eſq.
* Extracted from Noritia Parliamentaria, by Browne Willis, L. L. Da
+ Cayley of Brompton?
e. Proprietor of the Eftatc at Ayton, and Governor of Scarborough Caſtle.
b. Of Waltou and Gilling, County of York.
6. The family of the Gates, Proprietors of Seamer Eſtate, and reſided in the Hall there.
d. d. Sir Henry Gates, and William Strickland, Eſq. returned likewiſe for Knarcſborough, but retained their
Seats for Scarborough. William Strickland, Esq; an anceſtor of the Boynton Family.
6. Of Beoninghorough, in the County of York.
f. Of Wickham, or Wykeham.
g. Of Hackneſs : in the Parliaments of 1620, 1623. 1625, 1626, and 1627, was Member for Ripoa.
b. Of Whitby.
i, Of Scarborough.
( 136 )
Duration,
Parliaments,
When Convened.
When Diſſolved.
Years.
u O Months.
Days.
O
22
15 Charles I.
16 Do.
13 April,
1640
3 May,
3 November, 1640 28 April,
1640
1653
I 2
5 17
5
8
During the Uſurpation
of
Oliver Cromwell
and
Richard Cromwell.
12 Charles II.
4 July,
1653
3 September, 1654
17 September, 1656
27 January, 1658-9
25 April,
1660
12 December, 1653
24 January, 1654-5
4 February, 1656-7
16 March, 1659-60
29 December, 1660
O O O O
4 1 21
4 / 18
2
I
8
17
4
O
13 Do.
31 Do.
31 Do.
33 Da.
1679
816
4
6
3
I
o 7
I
1 James II.
1685
2
4/16
3 Do.
I
4
నిస - 0
6 | 22
7
IO
1 William III.
6 Do.
9 Do.
11 Do.
12 Do.
I Anne
3 26
8 May,
1661 24 January, 1678 16
6 March, 1679 12 July,
1679
17 October,
18 January,
1681
21 March,
1681 28 March, 1681
12 March,
28 July, 1687
22 January, 1688 26 February, 1689
20 March,
1689 11 October
1695 6
27 November, 1695
7 July,
1698
24 Auguſt, 1698 | 19 December, 1700
26 February,1700-I
11 November, 1701
30 December, 1701
7 July,
1702
20 Auguft, 1702
5 April,
1705
14 June, 17052
15 April,
1708
1 May, 1707 S
8 July,
1708
21 September, 1710
25 November, 1710
8 Auguſt, 1713
12 November, 1713
15 January,
1715
17 March,
1715 10 March,
1722
10 May, 1722 5 Auguſt, 1727
28 November, 1727
18 April, 1734
8
5
612
O
2
7/16
4 Do.
2
10
*6 Do.
7 Do.
2 13
9
Do.
12 Do.
$
on an in s
i George I.
8 Do.
i George II.
8
14
2 3
II 21
2 26
41:21
* This was a continuation of the Parliament convened June 14, 1705, being from the IR of May, 1907, the
time of the Union, called the Firſt Parliament of Great-Britain.
+
1
( 137 )
Names of the Members of Parliament fent from Scarborough.
Sir Hugh Cholmley, Knt.
John Hotham, Eſq.
Sir Hugh Cholmley, Knt. and Bart. a John Hotham, Eſq.a
Sir M.Boynton, Knt.&Bart. 6 died 1647 Luke Robinſon, Eſq.c
John Anlabie, Eſq. ſucceeded d
No Members fummoned from the Borough.)
John Wildman, of the City of Weſtminſter, Eſq.
Edward Salmon, Eſq.e only.
Thomas Chaloner, Efq.f
Edward Salmon, Eſq.
Luke Robinſon, Eſq. 8
William Thompſon, Eſq. k
John Legard, Eſq.
Sir J. Crolland.b
William Thompſon, Eſq.
Francis Thompſon, Eſq.
William Thompſon, Eſq.
Francis Thompſon, Eſq.
William Thompſon, Eſq.
Francis Thompſon, Eſq.
William Thompſon, Eſq.
Sir Thomas Slingſby.
William Oſbaldeſton, Eſq.
William Harbord, Eſq.
Francis Thompſon, Eſq.
William Thompſon, Eſq.
Ditto.
Lord Irwin.
Sir Charles Hotham.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Sir Charles Hotham.
William Thompſon, Eſq.
John Hungerford, Eſq.
Ditto.
Robert Squire, Efq.
Ditto.
Robert Squire, Eſq. died
William Thompſon, Eſq.
John Hungerford, Eſq. ſucceeded
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto. i
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto. I
Ditto.
Sir William Strickland, Bart. 71
John 'Hungerford, Eſq. died.
Ditto.
William Thompſon, Eſq. fucceeded.
a. a. Diſcharged the Houſe for delinquency. New writ ordered Sept. 12, 1645.
b. Governor of the Caſtle, was elected Member of Parliament in 1645.
6. Luke Robinſon, Eſq. of Riſeborough, elected Member of Parliament in 1645, was Bailiff of Scarborough in
-1652, and one of the Council of State in 1649, 1650, and 1659.
d. John Anlabie, Eſq. one of the perſons named as Judges of Charles I. attended the Trial one day; but did
not ſign the death warrant. He was Bailiff of Scarborough in 1653, and was elected one of the eight County
Members for Yorkſhire in 1653.
c. Of Havering in Eflex, a Colonel of Foot, and Commiſſioner of the Admiralty.
f. Of Guiſborough. g. Expelled the Houſe, and John Legard, Eſq. of Ganton, returned on his cxpulſion.
b. Of Newby, near Scalby, Governor of Scarborough Caſtle in 1666.
i. John Hungerford, Esq. Curfitor of Yorkſhire and Weſtmoreland, and one of the Commiſlioners of Alicnation.
k. Of Scarborough. 1. William Thompſon, Eſq. of Scarborough, appointed Warden of the Diing,
an. Of Boynton, near Bridlington.
M m
( 138 )
B
Duration.
Parliaments.
Months,
When Convenedi
When Diſolved.
a Years.
Daye.
8 George II.
13 June,
1734 28 April,
1741
LO 15
25 June,
15 Ditto.
1741
18 June,
*747
1124
5
7 | 26
21 Ditto.
27 Ditto.
i George III.
13 Auguſt,
31 May,
19 May,
1747 | 8 April
,
20 March,
1761 12 March,
1754
17:54
1761
1768
aaa
9 | 2a
9
21.
8 Ditto.
10 May,
1768 30 September, 1774
6
4
15
Ditto.
29 November, 1774
1 September, 1780 | 5
9
3:
21 Ditto
24 Ditto.
30 Ditto.
31 October, 1780 25 March,
18 May, 1784 11 June,
25
November, 1790 20 May,
1784
1790
1790
er aw
4 25
24
5 25.5
*36 Ditto.
12 July,
1796
* N. B. The Reader will obſerve, that the Names of the Members for Scarborough in this liſt correſpond wilka
the darcs, &c. of the Parliaments in cach oppoſite line and page.
(139)
Names of the Members of Parliament for Scarborough.
William Thompſon, Eſq.
Sir William Strickland, Bart. died.
A new writ.
Tho. Viſcount Duplin *
Win. Oſbaldeſton, Eſq. a
William Thompſon, Eſq. died 1744. William Oſbaldefton, Efq.
Edwin Laſcelles, Eſq. fucceeded.
Ditto.
Roger Handafyd, Eſq.b
William Oſbaldeſton, Eſq.
Sir Ralph Milbank, Bart.
William Oſbaldefton, Eſq. died sth
Sept. 1766.
John Major, Eſq.
F. W. Olbaldeſton, Eſq. fucceeded.c
George Manners, Eſq. died. 27th Fountaine Wentworth Oſbaldefton,
June, 1772
Eſq. died 10th June 1770.
Earl of Tyrconnel, ſucceeded..
Sir James Pennyman d ſucceeded.
Earl of Tyrconnel..
Sir Hugh Palliſer é vacated his
Seat 1778.
Hon. Charles Phipps f ſucceeded.
Ditto.
George Oſbaldefton, Eſq.8
Ditto..
Hon. Col. Henry Phipps h
Ditto..
Ditto-vacated his Seat, Aug. 1794.
Hon. Lieut. Col. Edmund Phipps.
fucceeded, Sept. 19, 1794.
Hon. Lieut. Col. Edmund Phipps.. Rt. Hon. Lord C. H. Somerſet. i
, }
1
Thomas Viſcount Duplia was returned. The.Bailiffs, being in the minority, had polled the Froemen at large.
William Ofba!deſton, Efq; having a majority of votes of the Capital Burgeſſes, petitioned the Houſe of Commons,
who declared him. duly elected, and determined, 211 April, 1736, “ the Right of Eleation to be in tbe Commen Houſe,
or. Common Council of Scarborougb, confifting of two Bailiffs, two Coroners, four Cbamberlains, and tbirty.fix Burgeles only."
2. Of Hunmanby.
b. General of his Majeſty Forces
6. Of Hunmanby, brother to the late William Olbaldeſton, Erg.
d. Of Beverley.
6. Comptroller of the Navy, Vice-Admiral of the Blue, Governor of Scarborough Caſtle and Greenwich Hoſpital..
f. Captain in the Navy: brother to Lord Mulgrave.
g. Of Hutton Buſhel.
b. Major-General in the Army, Colonel of the 31ſt Regiment of Foot, and Governor of Scarborough Calle.
After the death of his brother, (in 1792) he became Lord Mulgraue (of Ireland); and, in 1794, was called to the..
Houſe of Peers by the title of Lord Mulgrave of Great-Britain.
i. Son to the Duke of Bcaufort, the Recorder of Scarboroughos.
Scarborough
( 140 )
Scarborough gives the title of EARL to the noble family of Lumley.
This Earldom was conferred 15th April, 1690. Thomas, the third
Earl, by Act of Parliament, added the ſurname of Saunderſon to that
of Lumley, in purſuance of the Will of Jame's Saunderſon, Earl of
Caſtleton in Ireland, to whoſe eſtates he ſucceeded. The Right Hon.
George-Auguſtus Lumley-Saunderſon, Earl of Scarborough, Viſcount
and Baron Lumley, of Lumley Caſtle (in the County of Durham); and
Viſcount Lumley in Ireland, is the preſent and fifth Earl of that family.
--@labla
*
“In the year 1349, 22d of Edward III. the Corporations of Hull and
Scarborough entered into an agreement, that they and theirs ſhould
hereafter be mutually exempted in each place, from all manner of tolls,
pontage, kayage, murage, cuſtoms, &c. to which they each affixed
their Corporate Seals." **
The records of the Corporation ſhew that there were ſeveral Trading
Companies exiſting at Scarborough, ſo early as the year 1468, 7th of
Edward IV.
The following liſt is copied from the Vellum Book:
Mercatores, Merchants t-Carpentarii, Carpenters or Joiners--Fabri,
Smiths-Torpificatorės, Blackfiniths and Wiremakers--Reftiones, Rope-
makers or Eftrynglayers--Latomi, Maſons-Tegularii, Slaters--- Piſtores,
Bakers-Carnifices, Butchers-Sciſſores, Taylors--Allutarii, Shoemakers--
Cerdones, Barkers or Tanners--Tonfores, Barbers--Candelizatores, Chand-
lers - Textores, Weavers ---Cbirothecarii
, Glovers--Fullones, Fullers - Por-
tatores, Porters.
* Tickel's Hiſtory of Hull.
+ Cominon Tradeſmen were in thoſe days called Merchants; but here ſeems to be a diſtinction.
1 Only three of theſe Trading Companies now remain incorporated, viz. the Shoemakers,
Smiths, and Weavers. The Joiners and Coopers united, (not mentioned above) at preſent form
a fourth Chartered Company; and are probably ſucceſſors to the Wrights.
Dr.
( 141 )
Dr. Brady, in his Treatiſe on Cities and Boroughs, obſerves, that the
Burgeffes or Tradeſmen in great towns, in the Saxon times, and thoſe of
the Conqueror, had their patrons, under whoſe protection they traded,
or elſe they were in a more fervile condition. And that a Free Burgh, was
only,a town of free trading, with a Merchant Gild or Community, without
paying toll, pontage, paſſage, ftallage, &c. and being free from certain
fines and mulcts, from Suit to Hundred and County Courts, or being pro-
ſecuted, or from anſwering any where but in their own Burgh; except in
plea of the Crown, with other privileges, liberties, and cuſtoms, according
to the tenour of particular grants and charters; and a Free Burgeſs was
no other, than a man that exerciſed a free trade, according to the line
berties and privileges of his Burgh. On account of theſe liberties, the
King or Lord of the Burgh, received tolls and cuſtoms for the goods
bought and fold, or a Fee Farm Rent or annual compoſition in lieu of
them. Of this, laſt nature, was the Burgh of Scarborough, according
to the Charter of Henry III. &c. which was a privilege of great con-
ſequence in ancient times...
The Free MART granted by Henry III. was alſo an important pri-
vilege, and anciently attracted a great concourſe of ſtrangers. The
favourable ſituation of the town, contiguous to the German ocean,
invited the Flemiſh Merchants to reſort to Scarborough at the time of
the Marte Booths and tents, for the accommodation of the Merchants,
were pitched in MERCHANTs' Row, between Palace-Hill and the South
Eaſt Wall of the town. Various forts of merchandize, viz. woollen
cloths, manufactured in Flanders ; * German and other foreign wares
were brought to the Mart, and expoſed to ſale in great quantities.
Minſtrels, Jugglers, and all the ancient ſcenes of merriment abounded.
The annual return of the day was celebrated as a Jubilee by the in-
habitants, and the following ceremony was performed on the opening
of the Mart..
**The Fngliſh Wool was exported to Flanders, where it was manufa&ured, and the cloth
returned to England for ſale. This cuſtom prevailed until Manufactories of this kind were efta-
bliſhed in this kingdom, and then the exportation of wool was prohibited.
Nin
On
.
( 142 )
On the morning of the Aſſumption, (12th Auguſt) the Town's Officers
preceded by a band of muſic, and attended with crowds of people,
made a grand proceſſion on horſeback. The heads of the horſes were
adorned with flowers, and the hats of the riders ornamented in the
fame fanciful manner. The cavalcade thus decorated, paraded the
ſtreets, halting at particular ſtations, where the Common Cryer made
Proclamation of the Mart, and welcomed the ſtrangers to the town, on
paying their tolls and cuſtoms. Such was the ancient ceremony of
this day, corruptly called Fabler's day, * the inhabitants being for-
merly ſummoned at this time to pay their Gablage, the tax impoſed
by Henry II. upon the houſes of the town, as recited in the Charters.
76
A. D. 1551,4th of Edward VI. The Burgeſſes of Scarborough häving
been interrupted in the exerciſe of their juriſdiction, and in holding their
fair and market upon the Sands, by William de Neville, Admiral of
the Fleet, North of the Thames, and his Deputy; the King cauſed an
inquiſition to be taken at York, and granted a confirmation of the
Sands to the ſaid Burgeſſes, as follows:
* We have inſpected the Letters Patent of the Lord Edward III. formerly
King of England, our progenitor made in theſe words :-Edward, by
the Grace of God, King of England, &c.We have inſpected a certain
Inquiſition made by Roger de Tuilthorpe and others by our command,
and returned into our Chancery in theſe words : An Inquiſition taken
at York, on Thurſday next, before the Feaſt of Saint Peter ad Vincula,
in the fiftieth year of the reign of the Lord the now King of England,
before Roger de Tuilthorpe and his companions, Juſtices of the Lord
the King, aſſigned to enquire by the oath of good and lawful men of
the County of York, concerning a certain waſte, called the Sands, lying
between the town of Scardeburgh and the Quay of the ſame town, ac-
cording to the tenour of a certain commiſſion to the fame Roger and
his companions thereof directed, by the oath of Juhn de Cane and
others : who fay upon their oäth, that all that waſte called the
Diſcontinued in 1588.
Sands,
( 143 )
Sands, lying between the town of Scardeburgh and the Quay of the
fame, which waſte extends itſelf in length from Taſteclyff towards the
Eaſt, as far as Rameſdale towards the Weſt, and in breadth from the ſaid
Town of Scardeburgh as far as the more outward part of the Quay of the
famé town, is within the precinct of the ſaid Town of Scardeburgh, as
parcel of the ſame town, and has been fo, from time whereof the memory
of man is not to the contrary; upon which waſte very many edifices had
been formerly erected by the Burgeſſes of the ſame town, and the anceſtors
to the fame Burgeſſes; which edifices are now deſtroyed by the flux
and tempeſt of the fea, and upon which waſte, the Bailiffs, Burgeſſes,
and Commonalty of the ſaid town have been accuſtomed to have their
market and fair for all the time aforeſaid ; and alſo have been accuf-
tomed to execute and ſerve executions of debts, treſpaſſes, and other
contracts and profits whatſoever, by the fame Bailiffs and Miniſters of
the fame town for the time being, until William de Nevill, Admiral of
the King's Fleet from the mouth of the Thames, towards the Northern
parts, and his Deputy, now newly, have hindred them, without this,
that the Lord the King or his progenitors, or the Admirals, Miniſters,
or Deputies of them, have intermeddled in any thing within the waſte
aforeſaid, or the precinct of the ſaid town, in any manner, for that it
belongs, and for all the time aforeſaid did belong to the ſaid Burgeſſes
and Commonalty. Alſo they ſay that the ſaid waſte is worth nothing
beyond reprizes."
We therefore allowing and approving the letters aforeſaid, and all
and every thing in the ſame contained, for us and our heirs as much
as in us is, by the tenour of theſe preſents, Do ratify and confirm to
our beloved the now Bailiffs of our Town of Scardeburgh aforeſaid,
and their fucceffors, as the ſaid Letters reaſonably teſtify."
“Witneſs, the King at Weſtminſter, the tenth day of May, in the
fourth year.of his reign."
&
ARMS
( 144 )
*
4
we are in radio , **
The
ARMS AND SEALS OF THE BOROUGH.
The ARMs of the Borough bear the marks of great antiquity.-A
Ship of the rudeſt form, a Watch-tower, and a. Star. appear on the Com-.
MON SEAL: the veſſel is of Norman conſtruction, with the ſhrouds lead-
to the head and ſtern, both of which are alike, and ſeveral of the letters,
of the ſurrounding inſcription are evidently Saxóna * Ies, regiſtry in
the Herald's Office is without date, and it is there claſſed amongſt the
moſt ancient.
The BAILIFFS? SEAL Op-Office is a. Ship only, of a very ancient form, .
with two Towers on the deck, and a ſmaller one on the top of the maſt.
*The inſcription, on the original, is barbarous Latin,
“SIGILLVM VILLE DE SCARDEBROVGH.”
As this part of the Hiſtory leads to ſome inquiry reſpecting Ancient
• Naval Architecture, a digreſſion to that ſubject will be intereſting to
Maritime readers, and need no apology.
The Roman Hiſtorians deſcribe the Britiſh Marine as very inconſider-
able, and in the rudeſt ſtate of infancy at the time of Cæſar's invaſion.
According to Lucan's account, the veſſels of the Ancient Britons were
of the ſimpleſt Itructure, being nothing more than open boats formed
with oſier, and caſed with leather: The fails were alſo of hides, and
the tackle of thongs, yet in veſſels of fo flight a texture, which were
unable to bear the violent ſhocks of a tempeſtuous element, the daring
Britons croſſed the ſea to Gaul.
The following lines from Lucan's Pharſalia are deſcriptive upon this
occaſion:
* Utque habuit ripas Sicoris campoſque reliquit,
Primum cana falix madefacto vimine parvam
Texitur in puppim, cæfo quæ induta juvenco,
Vectoris patiens timidum ſuper emicat amnem:
Sic Venetus ftagnante Pado, fuſogue Britannus
Navigat oceano.
»
* The Saxon Alphabet was frequently uſed after the Norman Conqueſt.
“Soon
ERSIVODESORDEBURG
ITAL
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ.
VVVV
NITY
Τετά
Ετα.
καν
ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΑ
ΑΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ
SEAL OF OFFICE,
ΠΕΠΠ
...
:
:
8.
VREBBE
VV
Σε εκ χα* * ε. ε.έ. 2.
ΥΥΥΥΥΥΥ
*
.
*
善
​在
​?
( 145 )
1
Toit
** Soon as the falling Sicoris begun
A peacelul ſtream within its banks to run,
The bending willows into barks they lwine,
Then caſe their works with ſkin of ſlaughter'd kine:
Such are the floats Venetian fiſhers know,
When in dull marſhes ſtands the ſtagnant Po:
On ſuch to neighb'ring Gaul, allur'd by gain,
The bolder Britons croſs the raging main.
There does not appear to have been any great degree of improvement
in the ancient ſhips before the time of Alfred. The veſſels of the Anglo-
Saxons, previous to this period, were rudely formed, ill equipped, and
exceedingly ungovernable ; but the ſcientific ſkill of Alfred improved
their conſtruction, increaſed their dimenſions, and rendered them fu-
perior in magnitude, ſtrength, and ſwiftneſs to thoſe of his enemies
and they alſo excelled in all the inaterial points of equipment and ac-
commodation
;
*The following deſcription of an Anglo-Saxon merchant-ſhip, built
with planks of wood, having a whole deck, and furniſhed with a ſquare
fail, is curious, and accurately explains the form of the trading ſhips in
that age.
“At its ſtern were two bars which ſerved in the place of a rudder;
on the middle, and near to the maſt, was erected a cabin, for the recep-
tion of the paſſengers; the keel continued from the ſtern increaſing
gradually in breadth towards the head, which as gradually decreaſed
up to a point, in order the more readily to cut the water in the ſhip's
courſe. When full laden, it became funk fo low that the head was al-
moft entirely immerged in the water. Over the head was a projection,..
intended, perhaps, either for the convenient faſtening of the rigging, or
to hold the anchor.” In the plate* from which this deſcription is
taken, the fail is furled up, and therefore no clear idea can be given of
* Strutt’s Navigation of the Saxons, vol. I. page 42. plate 9, fig. 1. And Kent's Biographies
Nautica.
Oo
the
( 146 )
the mode of fixing or working it while the ſhip was under way.
ſhould ſeem that it was managed like the fails of the Narmans, which
were of very little uſe, except when the ſhip went before the wind. No.
holes were made for the reception of oars, and, therefore the veſſel here,
alluded to, was calculated only for failing.
The Fleets of Athelſtan, Ethelred, and Edgar, were very numerous,
and it was the pride of the age to affect much pomp and magnificence
in the Royal veſſels.
“ Athelſtan had one, the liead of which was wrought with gold, the
fails were purple, and the deck, elegantly gilt all round with gold.” *
“ Earl Godwin, to appeaſe the wrath of Hardicanute, preſented to
him a ſplendid galley. Its head and ſtern were profuſely gilded, as
were alſo the rigging and furniture; within it, were fourſcore men,
whoſe garments and arms were alſo ornamented with gold; and each
of them had two golden bracelets on either arm, weighing fixteen
ounces; the helmets on their heads were alſo richly gilt with gold;
and round their waiſts each man had girded a rich fword, whoſe hilt
was of mafly gold; and every man had a Daniſh battle axe on his left
ſhoulder, and in his right hand he carried a lance, called an Engliſh
Hateger. Beſides theſe rich habiliments, they had each a triple coat of.
mail, wrought in gold, and a ſhield emboſſed with gold, and adorned
with nails richly gilt." +
The Royal Fleet of Canute-was profuſely magnificent:
« The ſides of the ſhips were richly decorated with gold and filver;.
and on the top of the maft of each ſhip was the gilt figure of a bird,
that turning on a ſpindle with the wind, indicated the point whence it
blew. The ſterns of the ſhips: were adorned with various figures caft in:
metal, which were partly gilded, and partly covered with ſilver. On:
one was the ſtatue of a Man,-on another was a Golden Lion--on ai
* William of Malmeſbury de Geft. Reg. Ang.
of Ibid.
>
third
(147)
third, a Dragon of burniſhed gold, and on a fourth, a furious Bull with
gilded horns, which dreadful appearances, joined with the bright re-
flections from the ſhields of the ſoldiers and their poliſhed arms, ſtruck
terror into the mind of the beholder." *
“ The formidable armament, prepared by William, Duke of Nor-
mandy, for the invaſion of England, confifted (it is ſaid) of three thou-
fand veſſels of various ſizes; which tranſported an army of fifty thou-
fand horſe, and ten thouſand foot. † The ſhip which conveyed Wil-
liam was richly decorated. The prow was ornamented with a carved
and gilded figure of a Boy, who pointed at England with his right hand;
and, with his left, applied to his mouth an ivory horn.” I
The largeſt of the Norman veſſels were called Buccas or Burciis, and
carried three fails.'
“ The next in ſize were diſtinguiſhed by the name of Naves Oneraria,
or veſſels of, burden."
After theſe, were the Carikes, or Hulkes." S
“The common failing ſhip had a. whole deck; and the head and
flern differed ſo little. ix form, that had the rudder been contrived to
have changed to each end, the ſhip might have failed either way. The
brouds were quite differently fixed from thoſe in the preſent age. Inſtead of
proceeding from the top of the maſt to the ſide of the veſſel, they were faſtened
below to the bead and fern ; || whence a ſtrong inference may be drawn,
that they were accuſtomed to ſail before the wind, as there was no
fupport to the maſt with a fide wind." The anchor was placed over the
Gde near the ſtèrn, which feems to indicate that the anchor was caſt
from that end of the veffel, which cuſtom we find recorded in Scripture,
>
* Encom. Emma. +-Pietav. geft. Gul. D.
* Tayler's Gavelkind. $ Holingſhed.
| See the figure of the veſſel on thc Common Seal of the Borough, plate facing page 144.
in
( 148 )
in the Apoſtles' days, as was the caſe with the veſſel in which St. Paul
was ſhipwrecked at the iſland of Melita.
!
“The ſhips of war, or galleys, were of two ſorts ; the one navigated
with fails and oars, the other with oars alone. The former of theſe,
generally called Galiones, were larger than the laſt, which were ſome-
times of a ſize ſufficient to carry ſixty heavy armed foldiers, excluſive
of a hundred and four rowers, together with the mariners. They were
furniſhed with a piece of wood affixed to the prow, intended to ſtrike
and pierce the veſſels of their adverſaries. By the Anglo-Normans, it
was called a Spur, and by the ancients, a Roſtrum. On board of each was
a cramp iron, ſomewhat reſembling an anchor or a modern grappling,
with which, during an engagement, the veſſel of the enemy was cloſely
ſecured, and the adverſe parties fought hand to hand."*
The following deſcription of a ſea-fight, near the city of Ptolemais,
will convey a competent idea of the mode of engaging during the time
of Richard I.
As the Turkiſh and Chriſtian Fleets approached to the engagement,
the latter were arranged in the form of a creſcent, in order that the
enemy, when attempting to paſs the extremities, might be incloſed
within it, and conſequently overpowered. In the front of the creſcent
were ſtationed the ſtrongeſt of the. Chriſtian gallies, prepared either vi-
gorouſly to begin or repel the attack. On the upper deck of each galley,
the ſoldiers having their bucklers cloſely joined, were diſpoſed in a circle.
On the lower deck the rowers fat all together, to prevent the men đp-
pointed to fight above from being incommoded during the action;
which began, on both ſides, by a general diſcharge of ſtones and ar-
rows. Immediately afterwards, the Chriſtians rowed fwiftly on; and
with the Spurs, or beaks of their gallies gave a violent ſhock to the
veſſels of the Turks. From this, they proceeded to cloſe fighting ; the
!
* Vide Kent's Biographia Nautica.
oppofite
>
149)
oppoſite oars were mixed and entangled together ; they faſtened the
galleys to each other by grappling irons thrown out on both ſides,
and fired the planks with a ſpecies of burning oil, commonly called
Greek Wildfire.* Of this preparation, it is obſerved, that with a pernicious
ſtench and livid flames, it confumes even flint and iron : nor can it be extin-
guiſhed by water ; but by ſprinkling fand upon it the violence may be abated;
and vinegar poured upon it will put it out." +
Robert de Brune, ſays, that in the barges and galleys belonging to
Richard I. were mills, turned by the wind, which caſt fire and ſtones,
in this engagement, upon the enemny.
** In Bargeis and Gallies
He fet mylnes to go,
The failes, as men fais,
Some were black and blo.
Some were rede and grene,
The wynd about them blewe;
A felly ſight to ſene,
Fire the failes threwe.
4
The ſtones were of Rynes,
The noiſe dredfulle and grete;
It affraid the Satazins,
As leven the fire out ſchete."
Other engines were ufed in the throwing of ſtones, as the Mangenels,
Trabuches, and Briccolas. Mill-ſtones of two or three hundred weight
were ſhot by theſe to an incredible diſtance."
* Galfr. de Vino Salvo,
1
# The Paris prints of the preſent day, mention that the celebrated compofition called Greek
Wildfure, loft for fo many centuries, had been diſcovered by the Chemiſts at Paris. It is held to be
an ignited ſubſtance not only unextinguiſhable by water ; but alſo having the peculiar quality of
infeparable adhefion when ſhot from a miſſile inſtrument. It is ſaid to have been ufed by the
Greeks in 660, with refifleſs fucceſs in a ſea fight; but the extraordinary qualities attributed to it
are very doubtful.
# Peter Langtoft's Chronicle improved by Robert de Brune. $ Holingſhed.
“ Strong
P P
( 150 )
**
Strong and lofty wooden towers * were alſo conſtructed, and fixed
on board the veſſels, whence they galled the enemy below, with ſtones
and arrows.
"A Caſtell I underſtond
------ was made of tymbir in Englond,
With ſexe ftages, and made of ſtyrelles
Well, and flouryſched with good kernelles."
Robert de Brune, inentioning this tower, built at the command of
the King, adds, that
"In ſchip he did it lede,
To raiſe up high the walle,
And it him flode in nede,
To cover him, with alle.
1
The large failing ſhip in the reign of Richard II. was furniſhed with:
only a ſingle maſt and fails : The ſhrouds (unlike thoſe of the Norman
veſſels which ran from the top of the maſt to the head and ſtern) were
fixed to each ſide. In the Norman veſſel; the head and ſtern were alike.
In the Engliſh veſſel, the ſtern was flat behind, and the head riſing and
terminated nearly in a ſharp point. In the time of Henry VI. the
failing-ſhip was built on a, more improved, plan, having a fluſh deck
and a bowſprit. With this laſt the gallies were furniſhed, as appears
from the rude lines of a contemporary bard, deſcribing the effects of a
ſtorm.
“And brake her fchyppes, maſte, and ore,
And all ther tackle leſſe and more;
Bowſprete, ancre, and rother,
Ropes, cables, oon, and oother.”
“Toward the latter end of the reign of Henry VI. and during the
time of Edward IV. Richard III. and Henry VII, the ſhips, confidera-
bly improved, carried four maſts, (beſides a bowſprit) with each a fail':
and theſe were two hinder, or mizen-maſts, the main-maſt, and the
fore-maſt, An ingenious Antiquary obſerves, that the fore-caſtle,
* See the figure of the veſſel on the Bailiffs' Seal of Office, plate facing page 144.
and
( 151
151)
2.
and cabin in the ſtern, were like two towers, the communication of
which in the middle, is, as it were, the baſe courts to two monſtrous
keeps. The bowſprit was apparently intended to ſerve only as a holdfaſt
to the fore-maſt. Ships of this conſtruction failed tvith a ſide wind;
an advantage which the others of a former æra wanted. The large
ſailing-ſhips were frequently called Carikes.
“The Balinger was a ſmall ſailing-veſſel. Beſides theſe, were Crayers
or fiſhing-boats ; the ſhip-boats ſtrong and well compacted ; and during
the wars, light boats conſtructed with wicker or thin timber, covered
with leather ; in theſe the troups were conveyed acroſs rivers. Ed-
ward III. uſed boats, which were ſo artfully made of prepared or
boiled leather, that each conveniently held three men.”
" The French alſo decorated the ſhips with painting and a profuſion:
of gilding. The veſſels belonging to the French Fleet, (fitted out to
eſcore the troops deſtined to invade England, in the tenth year of
Richard II.) were ſuperbly blazoned with the arıns of Charles VI.
The banners, pennons, and ſtandards were all of filk; the maſts were
painted from top to bottom, and glittered with gold. The Lord Guy
of Tremoyll, was fo extravagant in ornamenting the ſhip in which he
failed, that the charge of the painting and colours amounted to two
thouſand Franks in French money ; which fum, at that period, was
more than equal to two hundred and two pounds of the current coin
of England. On board of this Fleet, and in ſeparate parts, was a wall
of wood conſtructed to the height of twenty feet;, at every twelfth foot,
was raiſed a tower, ſufficiently capacious to hold ten men, and loftier
by ten feet than the reſt of the wall, which, when ſet
up, extended full
three thouſand paces. The purpoſe of this erection was to ſcreen the
troops from the arrows of the Engliſh archers. When the French ſhips
were taken, this wall was brought to Sandwich, and there fet up to be
a place of defence againſt the enemy who contrived it.” *
Mr. Willett, in his Memoir on Britiſh Naval Architecture, t gives à
curious and intereſting account of the progreſſive improvement. Some
* Kent's Biographia Nautica.
+ Archæologia, Art. II. Volume XI.
extracts
+
( 152 )
extracts from the work may be acceptable to thoſe who have not had
the opportunity of peruſing it.
It is to the reign of Henry VIII. that we muſt look for the eſta-
bliſhment of a regular navy. Before his reign, ſhips were hired occafion-
ally from the Venetians, the Genoeſe, the Hanfe Towns, and other
trading people. Theſe, with the others, ſupplied by the Cinque Ports,
and other Britiſh ſea-ports,* formed the ſtrength of our Engliſh Fleets.
Henry reſolved to form a permanent ſtrength at ſea....To execute this
plan, he, therefore, eſtabliſhed building-yards at Woolwich, Deptford,
and Chatham ; but was at firſt obliged to hire foreign artificers, Italian
Shipwrights.”
Henry the Eighth left a navy of 10,550 tons, conſiſting of ſeventy-
one veſſels, whereof thirty were ſhips of burthen;" and one of them,
the Regent, appears from a record before, to have carried “ ſeven hun-
dred ſoldiers, mariners, and gunners.”
* Edward the Sixth had fifty-three ſhips, containing 11,005 tons,
whereof only twenty-eight were above eighty tons. Queen Mary had
only forty-ſix of all ſorts. Queen Elizabeth's conſiſted of 17,030 tons,
whereof thirty ſhips were of two hundred tons or upwards.”—The
whole navy, at her death, amounted to no more than forty-two ſhips,
the four largeſt carrying only forry guns each ; twenty-three were be-
low 500 tons, ſome of them were only 50, and ſome even fo low as 20
ton's. The total number of guns belonging to the Fleet was but 774,
and theſe of ſmall calibre. The whole of the veſſels belonging to
the kingdom at large, did not amount to thirteen hundred ; and
not more than two hundred of theſe were of eighty tons burthen.
The number of mariners in England, including all claſſes, did not ex-
ceed 14,295
* Edward III. in the year 1949, made a levy upon the ſea-ports for a number of thips and
mariners, in proportion to the abilities of each port. Scarborough furniſhed one ſhip and nine.
teen mariners. Only 25 ſhips belonged to the King, and the Merchant Veffels were larger than
thoſe of the Royal Navy, which apon a medium did not carry more than feventeen men.
}
* The
( 153 )
“ The pacific reign of James the Firſt is not more brilliant in the
ſhips, than perhaps in the other parts of it, having added only 1596
tons to the navy left by Elizabeth.'
“ Charles the Firſt added only nine ſhips, beſides the Royal Sovereign.
But, in giving this laſt, he did great ſervice to the Navy, by increaſing
the ſize, as well as improving the form of building them. The Royal
Sovereign, built by Phineas Pett, in 1637, gives us the firſt idea of any
( extraordinary) knowledge in the art, and is really an aſtoniſhing proof
of the rapid progreſs it had made, for this continued a uſeful, and valu-
able ſhip in our navy, which until the beginning of the preſent cen-
tury, was in all the actions at ſea during the reigns of Charles the Second
and William the Third, and did great ſervice in the fight off La Hogue
in 1692."
« During the Uſurpation and Oliver's time, it appears that the ſize of
the ſhips was not increaſed; and that the great Naval Officer, the gal-
lant Blake, was more intent of making much and honourable uſe of
the ſhips he found built, than of adding much to their number, or any
thing to their magnitude."
“ Charles the Second, in 1684, enlarged the number as well as the
fize of them to 100,385 tons; one hundred fail of them, ſhips of the
line. We ſee with pleaſure, therefore, the happy effects of
ſecurity, in the powerful Fleets raiſed in this reign; Fleets that gave us
truly the dominion of the ſea, and eſpecially as thoſe of the Dutch, our
only competitors, at this time, decreaſed as rapidly as ours increafed.
It was ſome time after this before the French began to be formidable
at fea.. Charles's Navy conſiſted in 1684, of one hundred (or one hun-
dred and five) line of battle ſhips, eleven fifth-rates, fixteen ſloops, nine
ſmaller floops, eighteen yachts, eight ſmaller ditto, and eight hulks."
James the Second had a genius for maritimne affairs; and he had
improved his theory by practice before his acceſſion. When Duke of
York, he regulated and facilitated the manoeuvres of the Navy by che
introduction of ſignals. The Britiſh Fleet, at the time of his abdications
conſiſted of one hundred ſhips of the line, two-fifth rates, fix ſmaller
peace and
aq.
főigates
( 154 )
uc
frigates and floops of war, three bombs, twenty-fix fire-ſhips, fix hoys,
eight hulks, three ketches, five ſmacks, and fourteen yachts. The num-
ber of men belonging to the Fleet was 42,003, and of guns 6930."
In 1697, the Navy was increaſed to 168,224 tons, one hundred and
twenty-one line of battle. It may be ſufficient to obſerve, that the
fhips built in the reign of William the Third, though they added very
much to the number, were not very much increaſed in fize; for ex-
cepting a new Royal Sovereign, (built towards the end of this reign)
which was of 1882 tons, and remained a ſerviceable ſhip till about
1786, we find no other that cqualled the magnitude of the Britannia,
of 1715 tons, which was built by Charles the Second.'
" At the end of Anne's reign, the Navy was 147,830 tons, one hun-
dred and thirty-one line of battle. In 1730, (3d George II.) 160,275
tons, one hundred and twenty-fix line of battle. At the end of
1745,
(19th Georgell.) 165,635 tons. But, at the end of 1782, (23d GeorgeIII.)
when the American war ended, during which Great-Britain had the
united naval force of France, Spain, Holland, and the American States
to contend with, our Navy conſiſted of 491,709 tons, and in number,
fix hundred and fifteen veſſels, whereof one hundred and fixty-four
were of the line, although they had increaſed nearly to their preſent
magnitude."
“ Much hath been done; and our anceſtors would be ſurpriſed at
the ſeveral improvements which have been made in our Navy. Per-
haps all hath not been done that would accompliſh it; but the fize of
our ſhips ſeems now to have reached nearly its ultimatum. It is man
who is to navigate and manage them; and, unleſs our bodily ſtrength
could be increaſed likewiſe, every manæuvre on board them muſt be
conducted with difficulty and delay. * Our firſt-rates are now above
2,300
* The increaſe of the fize of the ſhips is not ſo conſiderable an impediment to ihe manoeuvres
as may be ſuppoſed. Some of the firſt-rates are made to perform the various evolutions with
the facility of frigares, though it muſt be admitted, that a greater number of men are required.
The grand objection to enlarging the magnitude, ſeems to be the difficulty of giving a propor-
tionate
( 155 )
**
2,300 tons, our ſecond-rates above 2000, and one of them 2,100 tons ;
our eighties from 1900 to 2000 tons; our ſeventies from 1700 to up-
wards of 1800 tons; and our fixty-fours of above 1400; with calibre
of guns that they can now bear very well. * The French, indeed,
have latterly built a ſhip of a moſt extraordinary ſize; tonnage of
above 2850 tons; but ſhe is pronounced entirely unfit for ſervice, and
hath never been out of harbour ; and the Spaniards are ſaid (by ſuch
a reſpectable authority as that of the Marquis del Campo) to have built
one ſtill larger. But the Spaniards, on ſending this unwieldy monſter
to fea, found that ſhe muſt have been loſt, if they had not had the
precaution to ſend out two other ſhips with her, which towed and
brought her back again."
“ The art and induſtry of man hath been ſufficiently evinced, in
having made this gradual progreſs from the firſt ſimple raft, or a few
logs of wood tied together, to paſs a man over ſome inconſiderable
river, up to our preſent firſt-rates above 2,300 tons, able to carry
eleven or twelve hundred men, with every accommodation, and a nu-
merous heavy artillery, acroſs a turbulent, tempeſtuous ocean, for
many
months.
In the preſent year, 1798, the Britiſh Navy conſiſts of ſeven hundred
and fifty-five ſhips of war; one hundred and eighty-fix of which are of
the line ; twenty-ſeven of fifty guns; two hundred and fixteen frigates,
and three hundred and twenty-fix floops, beſides cutters, yachts, gun-
boats, &c.
tionate ſtrength to the different parts of ſuch enormous fructures, and preventing them ftraining
in the ſea. The want of water in our docks, for any increaſe in the draught of the large ſhips,
is alſo an obſtacle. The French and Spaniards have a ſufficient depth of water in their harbours
and docks.
* The late Lord Keppel made ſome experiments upon the calibre of the guns: and it was
found that one of 32 pounds could be loaded and fired at leaſt thrice as ſoon as one of 42 pounds
could be twice. Theſe reaſons induced him to confine himſelf to 32 pounds on board the
Victory, and to eſtabliſh them, generally, as the largeſt ſize, through the Navy.
SECT.
*
SECTION V.
PIERS AND HAVEN.
TH
5
HE Piers and Haven of Scarborough are of very great antiquity,
and the following is a tranſlation of a Patent Roll of King
Henry III. 36th of his reign, 30th of July, 1252, concerning a New Port
to be made at Scardeburgh.
« The King to his Bailiffs and Burgeſſes, and other good men of
Scardeburgh greeting. Whereas we have underſtood by an inquiſition,
which we commanded to be made by our Sheriff of Yorkſhire, that it
is for the benefit of our Town of Scardeburgh, to make a certain New
Port with timber and ſtone towards the ſea, whereby all ſhips arriving
there, may enter, and ſail out without danger, as well at the beginning
of flood, as at high water. We have granted you in aid of making the
ſaid Port, that from the day of the Aſſumption of the Bleſſed Mary, in
the thirty-ſixth year of our reign, to the end of five years next follow-
ing, ye may take in the ſaid Port of every merchant's ſhip coming
thither, fixpence, every time, it arrives with merchandize; of every
fiſherman's ſhip there coming with filh, fourpence; and of every fiſher-
man's boat there coming with filh, twopence. And we will that ye
take
6
с f
C
Barracks
Church S!
Cross S
Castle Gala
Princes S:
Globe S
Mercbants Row
Titlul
Plane of
Blands Cliff
Part of Castle Yard
Scarborough Harbour
a
Sand Gate
E.Sand Gate
Quar S.
Dolphins
V: 1800
Veap Tide Migh Water:
Pred
Iligh Water Mark spring Tide
Puer
bus
JE
B
Coach Road
Dooher Hele
vaval Rock
:
ucker House
5.
*.
8
Veu Pier
8
8
2
10
12
1. Old Work.
Newbres
A. to B. The whole extent of the old Pier in 1614.
B. 10 C. A solid extension of the same, soon after that period.
C. Supposed to have been insulated on a subsequent continuation
of the old Pier from B. to b d D. about the year 1700.
b. to E. Vincent's Pier adoed soon after 1732, when Dd was insulated.
Ney Pier:
e. The extent of new work, anno 1752.
Do. of foundation, samedate.
5.
The extent of the pier in 1781.
Go to H. The proposed Completion.
minampsuuma
Rum.vedadle Scan
llagnetic North
Proposed Direction of Per
N. The Figures except those of reference
denote the Depth in feet at low Water
Spring Tides.
X
The Ramsdale Sear Reeks are so much taken away as not to
appear above the Sand, and the Naval Reck (vo går as it lies
between theTiers ) is also covered with Sand.
Direction of Flamborough Head S. SEŁE 5 Leagues.
Built prior to 1732
Sards
Mampeter Panor Cattle Work,
巴士 ​- -- 华​中学
​1
子
​1
Airite Types.
曾​:
言
​--
( 157 )
take the ſaid cuſtom as is aforeſaid. But the ſaid term of five years
being completed, the ſaid cuſtom is wholly to ceaſe and determine."
“ Witneſs the King at Farendon, the thirtieth of July."
This grant was, however, renewed for three years by Pat. 52. Hen. III.
*
in. 9.
In the year 1546, 37th of Henry VIII. an act of Parliament was paſſed
for impoſing a duty, to repair the Pier at Scarborough, the preamble of
which ſtates as follows:
“That of old antiquity, this Port or Haven had afforded refuge and
ſafe harbour, at all tides, and at every full fea, to ſhips, boats, and
veſſels, in any adverſity, tempeſt, or peril on the North Coaſt, and that
they had ever been accuſtomed to reſort thither, for their ſafeguard and
aſſurance, as well of men's lives, as of veſſels, goods, and merchandize;
by means of which great reſort, the Town was well inhabited, and the
inhabitants well occupied with fundry occupations, and with fiſhing,
or taking and drying of fiſh, to the great convenience and profit of the
ſaid Town and Country adjoining, as of all the merchants of this realm,
thither reſorting; and that the King's Cuſtoms did yearly extend to a
good and large ſum of money at the ſaid Haven. But the ſaid Quay
or Pier within the ſaid Haven, by the flood and rage of the ſea inſurg-
ing over and upon it, had freated and broken down, and marvellouſly
worn away the ſaid Quay or Pier, infomuch that the Haven was not of
late
years, ſo frequented as formerly, to the great impoveriſhment of the
inhabitants, &c."
In the 8th year of the reign of Elizabeth, the Pier being ruinous and
decayed, the Queen granted 500l. in money, 100 tons of timber, and
* Grants of Kaiage or Tolls for the repair of the Haven for a limited number of years are to
be found in the Tower, Pat. 8 Edw, I. m. 4.-13 Edw. I. m. 20.--26 Edw. I. m. 6.-35 Edw. I.
m. 28.-5 Edw. II. pt. 2. m. 12.-12 Edw. II. pt. 2. m. 22.-18 Edw. II. pt. 2. m. 20.-
i Edw. Ill. pt. I. m. 26.--6 Edw. III. pt. I. m. 116—8 Edw. III. pt. 2. m. 171-13 Edw. III.
pr. 1. m. 33.-26 Edw. III. pt. 1. m. 23.-47 Edw. III. pt. 2. m. 8.- 15 Rich. II. pt. 1. m. 9.
--2 Hen. IV. pt. 2. m. 8.--5 Hen. V. m. 10.
Rr
fix
VA
( 158 )
fix tons of iron, in aid of rebuilding it, on the following conditions,
viz." That it ſhould be in breadth at the bottom, 45 feet, (it then being
only 30); at 'the top, 12 feet, (then only 9); and in height 20 feet,
(then only 16.)
This aid having proved inſufficient, the following petition was pre-
ſented to James I. in 1605 :
$
To the KING's Most Excellent Majeſty.
“ The humble Petition of the Bayliffes and Burgeſſes of the Town of
Scarborough in the County of Yorke,
SHEWINGE,
“ That whereas the Towne of Scarborough hath heretofore ben av
Towne of great traffique by Sea, as well in trade of merchandize as for
fiſhing, both of which late are verie muche decaied, and the Towne
thereby greatly depopulated; three parts thereof, to the number of 600,
tenements, being utterly ruinated. And nevertheles the poore remainder
of the Inhabitants are conſtrayned to be att a yerelie charge of rool.
and upwardes in mayntennen of their Peers for defence of their Har-
bour, being a cheif and principall fafegarde to all diſtreſſed perſons
tradinge the Northenne Coafts, and alſo doe paie yearlie unto your
Highnes their auntient ffee ferme of gıl. By bothe which payments,
the faid Inhabitants are charged more than they can well ſuſteyne, and
yett are alſoe rated att every whole taxe to paie unto your Highnes the
ſome of 661. 135. 4d. more, whereby fondrie poore handicrafte men,
dwellinge within the ſaid Towne, are aſſeſſed towardes the faid taxe ate
sl. a peice, or thereabouts, which added unto their former great pay-
ments, and other ordinary charges of a night watche, and füche like,
doe lie verie heavie upon the ſaid Inhabitants, and are of more weighte
than they can well undergoe. And whereas, a little before the deathe
of our late dread Soveraigne Ladie Queene Elizabeth, the ſaid Bayliffs
and Burgeſſes, being encouraged by her faid late Highnes' gracious
favor extended unto ſome other Coaſt Townes (of lefle ymportance) in
the like nature, did exhibit their moſt humble fuite unto her faid late
Highnes
(159)
整
​Highnes for the releaſe of their faid taxe, which was referred unto the.
Right Honourable the Lord Admyrall, and the Lord Burghley, then Lord
Preſident of the Counfell in the North, which ſaid reporte was not re-
torned, by reaſon of her faid late Highnes' deceaſe.”
They therefore humblie beſeeche your moſt excellent Majeſtie,
that in tender comyſeration of their diſtreſſe and povertie, it maie nowe
pleaſe your Highnes, out of your princelye grace and bountie, to be yn-
formed by their Lordſhips of the ſtate of your faid towne of Scar-
borough, and that thereupon your Majeſtie will vouchſafe to grante
unto your faid towne a releaſe from the payment of the ſaid greivous
taxe, whereby your Highnes ſhall do a moſt charitable and gracious
deede, and ſhall much enable the poor inhabitants thereof to aunſwere
your Highnes fee farme, and to maynteyne their faid Peers and Har-
bour, to the great benefitt of all your Majeſtie's ſubjects that traffique
northwards, and your faid ſubjects ſhall daily praie for your Majeſtie's
moſt proſperous raigne longe to be contynued over us.?
To this are added the opinions of the Lord Admiral and Lord Burgh-
ley, as follow :
“ This pore towne is a place of good importance, and worthie to be
cheriſhed, beinge the greateſte ſuccoure to all veſſels that trade to the
northerne parts.' And of my knowledge was attempted in Queen
Marie's tyme to have been ſurpriſed, and now throughe want of trade
growne to great povertie, is much depopulated. Your Majeſtie, there-
fore, in my pore opinion, thall doe a very gracious deed to graunt them
their foe reaſonable ſuite, wherby they may be inhabled the better to
mayneteyne their peeres and harbours.
.
“ NOTTINGHAM, Admyrall."
" In
से
We 42
( 160 )
of your
“ In the time that I ſerved our late Sovraigne Lady Queen Elizabeth,
as Preſidente of her Counſell in the North, I was an eye-witneſs of the
great charge whereat the towne was, for the maintenance of their
peeres. At what time I did finde-the great good which
many
Highnes' ſubjectes did daylie receive therby. I was alſo then a witneſs
of their povertie, 'foe as your Highnes ſhall deale very graciouſlie to
them, your gracious.comiſeration towardes them.
" THO. BURGHLEY."
The petition was followed by ſeveral others from the merchants and
fhip-owners belonging to the ſeveral ports on the coaſt, from Sandwich
to Tinmouth-haven, that a duty might be impoſed upon all coals, ſhipped
at Newcaſtle upon Tyne, or any other place, reputed to be a member
thereof, for the building and maintenance of Scarborough Pier. The
prayer of theſe petitions was granted in 1614, and a duty of 4d. for all
ſhips under 50 tons, and 8d. for all others above 50, loading at the
northward, was made payable to the Bailiffs and Burgeſſes.*
* This Pier, being conſtructed with round ſtones, looſely connected,
and the interior part filled up with gravel and rubbiſh, was expoſed to
frequent damages; and it ſeems wonderful at this day, that it has been
able to reſiſt the violence of a tremendous ſea for ſo many years; but
it ſhould be conſidered, that a bed of rocks called the Naval, contri-
buted to its ſecurity, by breaking the force of the waves which threat-
ened it with a total ſubverſion.
In 1617, the Bailiffs of Scarborough and Great Yarmouth agreed, by article, that their ſhips
ſhould be mutually exempted from all ſorts of duty.
NEW
more
( 16 )
**
3
New Pier Act.
The confined ſtate of the old Harbour, and the inſufficiency of the
ancient Pier, being repreſented to Parliament, an Act was paſſed in the
sth of George II. for enlarging the Pier and Harbour, eſtimating the
coſt at twelve thouſand pounds. By this act, which is called the New
Pier Act, a duty of one halfpenny per chaldron is impoſed upon all
coals, laden in any ſhip or veſſel, from Newcaſtle, or ports belonging it,
together with ſundry other duties on imports, exports, and ſhipping,
payable in Scarborough. The Commiſſioners appointed to carry this
Act into execution, are 115; (choſen from among the neighbouring
gentlemen) and all queſtions which may ariſe, are determined by a
majority preſent. The meetings are held at Scarborough, where the
accounts are examined, and neceſſary directions given for the accom-
pliſhment of the work.-The accounts are afterwards ſubmitted to the
North-Riding Seſſions,
Wp
In conſequence of this Act, an experienced engineer was employed,
who propoſed an additional work to the Old Pier, extending from near
the Locker-houſe, weſtward, and curving outwards to the ſea at the ex-
tremity. The whole of this Pier is ſtill diſtinguiſhed by the name of the
Old Pier, though ſome call the additional new work, Vincent's Pier, from
the name of the engineer who finiſhed it. The point of junction is vi-
fible near the Locker-houſe, and the new work may eaſily be diſtinguiſhed
from the old, by the different modes of building, and the greater regu-
darity of the ſtones.
The whole length of the Old Pier (including the additional work) is
1200 feet-chę breadth is irregular, from 13 to 18 feet; the new part is
broader than the old; and near the extremity, meaſures 42 feet.
* The Bailiffs of Scarborough for the time being, are alſo Commiſſioners, and included in
that number.
ST
A bat-
162)
A battery of eight guns was formerly placed on the platform at the
outer end, and another of three guns at the Locker-boufe :- the latter has
been rendered uſeleſs, by the extenſion of a New Pier; and the former
was thought to be in too expoſed and dangerous a ſituation, in caſe of
an attack from the fea :--the guns have, therefore, been removed, to
the Caſtle-yard.
New Pier..
Notwithſtanding this enlargement of the Old Pier, it was, by experia
ence, found inadequate for the intended purpoſes; and upon mature
conſideration, the Commiſſioners judged it expedient, in order to in-
ereaſe the capacity of the Harbour ftill more, and obtain a greater
depth of water, to build a New Pier, ſweeping into the ſea with a
large portion of a circle. This was an undertaking of great magnitude;
it being neceffary to build it of extraordinary dimenſions, to reſiſt the
violence of the waves in fo expoſed a ſituation, and it is not yet com-
pleated, after the labour of many years.
Mr. Smeaton, the celebrated engineer, was conſulted upon this occa-
fion, and he drew a plan with two lines of direction ;-the one called
the outer,--the other, the innen direction; the latter of which, by curving
inwards, towards the extremity, was to form a junction with the end of
the Old Pier. Various opinions have prevailed reſpecting the preference
of theſe two directions, but the Commiſſioners (after taking the opi.
nion of two engineers) adopted the outer one.
Mr. Hadſkinſon, an experienced engineer in the bụilding of piers,
has lately recommended a different plan ; of which the following is an
abſtract:
5 I am informed (and from the obfervations I was enabled to make,
it appears, rightly informed) that both on the flood and ebb, there is a
conſtant indraught or current, from the weſt or Spaw ſide, into the
Harbour, which taking a turn by the Town fide, goes out at the
point of the Pier, or thereabouts. The curving the new Pier toward
the
을
​( 163 )
the old ope, as recommended by Mr, Smeaten, muſt neceſſarily occa-
fon a lodgment of ſand, brouglit in by the current, and prove very de-
trimental to the Harbour To obviate this, I ſhould recommend, that
inſtead of curving it in towards the Old Pier, the part of the Nery Pier,
now to finih, fhould have an outer direction given it. This will leave
an opening between the two Piers af 170 feet, and afford a better opt
portunity for veſſels in diſtreſs to make the Harbour, than one of only
90 feet. It would be ſtill better if the opening were to be made wider
than 170 feet, provided it can be done conliſtently with the direction of
that
part of the Pier which is already finiſhed. The extenſion of the
New Pier, I ſhould recommend to be continued until it interſects the
line from the point of the Old Pier, to Filey-bridge, and Flamborought
head. When thus extended, it will prevent any great ſwells from en--
tering the Harbour, to the annoyance of the ſhipping there.”.
In lieu of a baſon or reſervoir (as recommended by Mr. Smeaton) to
fcour out the Inner Harbour, I propoſe the more natural mode of ex:
tending the preſent opening in the Old Pier, to near the Block-houſe.
This will give free courſe to the current from the weſtward above,
mentioned to paſs through the Inner Harbour, and prevent any material
lodgment of ſand or filth between the Piers. To preſerve the com-
munication between the Pier and the Town, a wooden þridge may be
erected acroſs this opening, which, ſtanding upon piles, will not prevent
the free paſſage of the current.
“Should any thing further be neceſſary to ſcour out the Outer Har-
bour, recourſe may be had to an aperture, through the New Pier,
which might be fo conſtructed with draw-gates, as to admit, at plea-
ſure, any proportions of the ſwells through it; and a conſtant draught
of water, at, or about the time of low-water, may be obtained, which
cannot, I conceive, fail of keeping the Harbour clear from any material
lodgment whatever. A more particular deſcription of this opening,
and its probable effect upon the Harbour, is not, at preſent, neceſſary,
as it may, or may not be wanted.”
Arundel-ſtreet, London,
J. HODSKINSON.
April1797
Mi-
( 164 )
Mr. Hodſkinſon alſo propoſed a different mode of placing the ſtones
in the Pier, viz. to lay them in courſes, having a dip or inclination into
the Pier, by which means each ſtone would have a bearing upon that
which is within it, as well as upon that immediately under it; or, in
other words, have a double bearing, and thereby be rendered more
ſteady, and more difficult to be moved, than when the face of the Pier
is perpendicular, and the bed of the ſtones upon a horizontal plain,
as at preſent.
The foundation of the New Pier is, fixty feet in breadth, and, at the
curvature, where there is the greateſt force of the fea, it is fixty three.
The breadth at the top is forty-two feet; and the elevation of the Pier
is forty. The height of the inſide, has lately been diminiſhed, by fe-
veral courſes of ſtone, and as the angle of the moſt forcible action of
the ſea is paſſed, the breadth will alſo probably be diminiſhed. The
whole length of this Pier, when completed, will be upwards of 1200
feet. The part already finiſhed is 760. The preſent Act of Parlia-
ment * will expire in the year 1-803; and as the length of a fage, con-
taining forty feet, is the labour of a year, the Act muft either be re-
newed, or the Pier left unfiniſhed.
The ponderous rocks t uſed in the building of the New Pier, are
taken from a quarry called the White Nabb, an oppoſite point, & about two
miles diſtant, and conveyed in flat bottomed veſſels, called Floats. This
quarry (about a mile beyond the Spaw) is a great natural curioſity, and
worthy of obſervation. It is a vaſt bed of flat rocks, lying upon the
Thore in regular ſtrata. They are ſeparated without much difficulty,
are of a cloſe texture, and almoſt impenetrable to the tool, by their ex-
treme hardneſs. Iron chains are fixed to them when dry at low water,
* The ſeveral Acts of Parliament which have been obtained for the New Pier, arc,
Firſt, the 5th of George II. from 24th June, 1732, to 24th June, 1752.
Second, -25th George II. from 24th June, 1752, to 24th June, 1763.
Third,-3d George III from 241h June, 1763, to-241h June, 1783.
Fourth, -18th George III. from 24th June, 1783, 10 24th June, 1803.
+ Some of the largeſt of theſe rocks weigh from twenty to thirty tons.
Mentioned in page 113, as the South boundary of the Juriſdiction of Scarborough.
and
A
( 165
)
$
and as the tide flows, the floats, when there is a ſufficient depth of wa-
ter, take them in by means of cranes fixed on board for the purpoſe.
Some of the largeſt rocks are only weighed as high as the bow and
ſtern of the veſſels, and, ſuſpended by the chains, are thus conveyed to
the Pier.
Shooting through the deep,
The Mole immenſe expands its malfy arms,
And forms a ſpacious haven Loud the winds
Murmur around, impatient of controul,
And laſh, and foam, and thunder. Vain their rage;
Compacted by its hugeneſs, every ſtone
With central firmneſs reſts. Theſe hills of rock
Uptorn from ocean's bed, where fix'd they ſlept
In beauteous order ſince the ſea was form'd,
Returning tides that groan beneath their weight,
Bear home to Scarborough. Each a Delos feems!"
Scarboro', a Poem.
1
The HARBOUR of Scarborough is the only port between the Hum-
ber and Tinemouth-Haven, where ſhips of large burthen can find re-
fuge in violent gales of wind from the eaſt; and it has frequently af-
forded the means of preſerving the veſſels, their cargoes, and the lives of
the mariners. It is eaſy of acceſs, and has a ſufficient depth of water,
at full tide, * to admit fhips of large burthen.
The ſituation of the Harbour unfortunately expoſes it to be warped
up with fand, and as there is no natural ſtream to counteract the ef-
fects by ſcouring, it ſeems beyond the power of art to deviſe an ef-
feftual remedy. The floating fand, brought in by the tide, ſubſiding
by its gravity in ſtill water, gradually accumulates, and the more qui-
eſcent the ſtate of the Harbour, the greater is the accumulation. The
agitation of the ſea in ſtrong gales of wind from the eaſt, is the moſt
powerful agent for cleanſing ; hence we find, that, by the action of
the waves in the ſtorms of winter, the ſand collected in the moderate
weather of ſummer, is in a great degree removed, otherwiſe the Har-
bour would, in proceſs of time, be entirely choaked up.
* The depth of water at the extremity of the Pier, at full ſpring.tide, is from 20 to 24 feet:
At low-water, only three or four feet.
Tut
Some
܀
1,66 )
Some idea may be formed of the alarming progreſs of the encroach.
ing ſand by reflecting that Quay-Streçt has evidently formed a part of
the Old Harbour ; mooring-pofts having been diſcovered in the cel-
lars of ſome of the houſes in that fatuation, and it is within the me
mory of ſome old men yet living, when fiſh were taken with angling
lines, towards high water, from the ſtaith on the ſands, where the ſea
now ſcarcely waſhes at high ſpring-tides. *
Mr. Smeaton's plan of reſervoirs to keep up the water for the pur-
poſe of ſcouring the Harbour during the latter part of the ebb, would
prove a fruitleſs expedient, as it could not poſſibly operate to any real
effect upon the extenſive area which compoſes, the Harbour. The other
plan, propoſed by Mr. Smeaton, of erecting a quay along the line of
the building-places, to cauſe a re-action of the fea, might probably
produce a partial effect, yet it muſt be of inconſiderable inportance, as.
the rebounding power could not operate to any, conſiderable diſtance.
The opening at the Old Pier, called Ducker's Hole, has certainly been
of great ſervice in cleanſing that part of the Harbour, and it may pro-
bably admit of being enlarged, when the New Pier becomes more ex-
tended. Every practicable and reaſonable experiment ſhould, in a caſe of
ſuch importance, have a proper trial. But expenſive and chimerical pro-
jects, ariſing from the fertile inventions of fpeculative men, without a.
rational foundation, ſhould certainly be avoided.
By returns on record, in the year 1730, of the Commiſſioners ap
pointed to ſurvey and fix the limits of Scarborough Harbour, it ap-
pears
that the bounds and limits of the port of Scarborough, as a mem-
ber of the port of Hull, extend from the inoſt eaſterly part of Flam-
borough-Head, northward to Peaſeholm-Beck, including all the fea-
coaſt to 14. fathoms of water into the ſea, at low water mark. +
The true or magnetic bearing of the extremity of the Old Pier from
Flamborough-Head is, N. W. ; W. but, by the compaſs, N. N. W. W.
diſtance five leagues. The time of high water at Scarborough, at the. .
full and change of the Moon, is 3 hours, 45 minutes.
* About a century ago, the ſpring-tides flowed as high up the Weſt Sand-gạte as the end of
Merchants' Row.
+ N.B. This reſpects the Cuſtom-Houſe juriſdiâion only.
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
TO THE
ANCIENT HISTORY OF SCARBOROUGH.
pacientaloaa.
*
HE induction of Vicars to the Church of St. Mary, Scarbo-
rough, during the laſt hundred years, has been in the following
order :
Rev. John North (ſucceſſor to Noel Botelor) 10th July, 1696,-died
28th Jan, 1708
Rev. Henry Docker, 22d July, 1708,--died 24th Aug. 1721.
Rev. Theophilus Garencieres, inſtituted 22d September, 1721; in-
ducted 28th September, 1721, died in 1750.
Rev. John Morfitt, inſtituted 28th December, 1750) inducted
7th March, 1751; died in 1782.
Rev. John Kirk, A.M. the preſent Vicar, inducted 30th November, 1782
The late Rev. John Hewetfon became curate in November, 1770;
and continued in that office until his death, in the ſpring of 1797.
* This
ſent to the preſs.
paper was not in the póffeflion of the Author when the account of the Church was
Subjoined
( 168 )
Subjoined is the Agreement * between the Corporations of Hull and
Scarborough, mentioned page 140.
“ This compact, or deed, in writing, witneſſeth, that whereas dif-
putes had ariſen between the Burgeſſes and Community of Scardburg,
on the one part, and the Burgeſſes and Community of Kyngeſton upon
Hull, on the other part, reſpecting certain dues, pavages, kayages, and
divers other cuſtoms, the ſaid diſputes are ſettled, and finally deter-
mined, after this manner; viz. the aforeſaid Burgeſſes and Commu-
nity of Scardburg will and grant for themſelves and heirs, that the
aforeſaid Burgeſſes of Kyngeſton upon Hull and their heirs, &c. be
relieved and diſcharged at Scardburg and within the liberties thereof,
for ever, from all dues, tolls, paveages, pontages, murages, kayages, and
every
other kind of cuſtom whatſoever : And the aforeſaid Burgeſſes
and Community of Kyngeſton upon Hull will and grant for themſelves
and their heirs, that the aforeſaid Burgeſſes of Scardburg and their heirs,
&c. be relieved and diſcharged, for:ever, at Kyngeſton upon Hull, from
all dues, tolls, pontages, murages, paveages, kayages, and every other
kind of cuſtom whatſoever.
In teſtimony hereof to one part of this agreement in poſſeſſion of the
Burgeſſes and Community reſiding in Kyngeſton upon Hull, the cor-
porate feal of Scardburg is affixed; and to that part thereof in the pof-
ſeſſion of the Burgeſſes and Community reſiding at Scardburg, the.cor-
porate ſeal of Kyngeſton upon Hull is affixed.
“Given at Kyngeſton upon Hull, on Wedneſday next after the Feaſt
of the Purification of the Bleſſed Virgin Mary, and in the thirty-third
year of the reign of King Edward (I.) fon of King Henry (III.)”
# Tranſlated from the Vellum-Book of Records belonging to the Corporation of Scarborough,
in which it bears date as above: the Rev. Mr. Tickell in his Hiſtory of Hull, dates it 1349,
22 Edw. III. which may, probably, have been taken from a confirmation of the ſame.
( 169 )
In the year 1626, the Corporation of Scarborough built a Peſt-houſe,
in a retired place in the Holmes, for the reception of ſuch of the inhabi-
tants as were infected with the Plague, which viſited this country at
that period.
The laſt century was marked by peculiar viſitations of Providence to
this kingdom. A Civil War of ſeveral years' duration, and not leſs than
three Plagues ; the laſt of which, in the year 1665, was dreadful. It was
preceded by ſuch a drought, that the meadows were parched, burnt up,
and barren as the high-ways. The want of food for the cattle occaſioned
a grievous murrain among them, ſo that they died by hundreds and by
thouſands. A general contagion then affected the human ſpecies. It
prevailed fo inuch, that, in the city and ſuburbs of London, eight or
ten thouſand died in a week. The ſhops and houſes in London were
conſtantly ſhut
many
of them marked with a red croſs, and the
following inſcription over the door: “Lord, have mercy upon us!”-
Graſs grew in the ſtreets of the city; and every night, perſons ap-
pointed to the fad office, went about with their carts, ringing a bell,
and crying out —“ Bring out your dead!" The plague ſpread into the
different towns and villages of the kingdom; and the calamity conti-
nued near nine months, till it had, in the city and ſuburbs of London
only, ſwept away almoſt one hundred thouſand of the inhabitants.
This awful viſitation was followed by the great fire in London, which
reduced a conſiderable part of the city to aſhes. *
up, and
In mentioning thoſe calamities, it may be proper to add, that, at the
above period, a torrent of profaneneſs had overſpread the land. The
* In the year 1666, the dreadful conflagration liappened in London. It broke out the ad
of September, and, within three or four days, conſumed eighty-nine Churcies, (among which
was St. Paul's Cathedral;) the City.gates, Guildhall, many public ſtructures, hoſpitals, ſchools
,
libraries, thirteen thouſand two hundred dwelling-houſes, and four hundred ſtreets. The ruins
of the city were 436 acres, from the Tower, by the Thames' fide, 10 Temple Church, and
from the north-eaſt gate, along the city-wall, to Holborn-bridge.
Book
U u
( 170 )
Book of Sports, by which the people were releaſed from all reſtraints on
the Lord's Day, was ordered to be read in the churches. The Sabbath
was openly violated, the Divine ordinances were neglected, ſcenes' of
unbounded licentiouſneſs prevailed among all ranks of the people, and
the accumulated ſins brought down the judgments of God upon the
nation!-An awful memorial to ſucceeding generations !
NOTE, omitted at Page 29.
Several of the names of the Lands, in the extract from Doomſday Book, being now obſolete, it may
be proper here, to give the modern names in illuſtration. Nordfeld, Northſtead or Peaſholm; Afgozbi,
Orgodby; Ledbeſton, Lebberſton; Grieftorp, Griſthorpe ; Scagetorp, Scagglethorp; Eterſtorp and Red-
befforp, uncertain ; Facelac, Filey; Bertune, Burton-dale, near Weapon-neſs; Depedale, Deepdale, be-
tween Weapon-neſs and Cayton ; Atune, Ayton ; Neuuetun, Preftetune, Hortune, and Martune, now united
in Hutton Bufhell; Wicham, Wykeham; Rotune, Rufton ; Tornelai, uncertain ; Steintun, Stainton-dale;
Brinniſtune, Barnifton; Scallebi, Scalby; and Cloetune, Cloughton.
BOOK
Β Ο Ο Κ ΙΙ.
0
SECTION I.
MODERN TOWN.
S
CARBOROUGH is ſituated in the receſs of a beautiful bay, on
the borders of the German Ocean, in latitude 54° 21' North,
and longitude o° 28" Weſt, * in almoſt a central poſition between
Flamborough-Head and Whitby. This part of the coaſt, near forty
miles in extent, is bold, varied, and rocky, with many points of confi-
derable elevation. The line is undulating, indented with ſandy bays,
formed by the action of the ſea, where the land is of looſe texture.-
The moſt dangerous winds upon the coaſt are thoſe from the eaſtern
quarter, which, in the winter ſeaſon, ſometimes occaſion fatal ſhip-
wrecks.
The Town riſes from the ſhore in the form of an amphitheatre, and
has a romantic appearance on the concave ſlope of its femicircular bay.
* The longi'ude is taken from Tuke's Map of Yorkſhire, the lateſt and, generally eſteemed, the
moſt accurate biberio publiſhed.
It
$
( 172 )
It is peninſular, laved at the foot by the waves, and much admired for
its varied beauties.
To the Eaſt, ſtand the ruins of the ancient Caſtle, whoſe venerable
walls adorn the ſummit of a lofty promontory. "To the South, is a vaſt
expanſe of the Ocean, a ſcene of the higheſt magnificence, where fleets
of ſhips are frequently paſſing. The receſs of the tide leaves a ſpacious
arca upon the ſands, delicately ſmooth and firm, equally convenient for
exerciſe and ſea-bathing. The refreſhing gales from the ocean, and
the ſhade of the neighbouring hills, give an agreeable temperature to
the air, during the ſultry heats of ſummer, and produce a grateful ſe-
renity.
*** Thus bright unfolding from her concave ſlope
Fair Scarb?rough ſtands. The fandy pediment
Firſt gently rais'd above the wat’ry plain
Embraces wide the waves: the lower domes
Next lift their heads, then ſwiftly roof o'er roof
With many a weary ſtep the ſtreets ariſe
Teſtudin'ous, till halt o'ercome the cliff,
A ſwelling fabric * dear to Heav'n aſpires,
Majeſtic ev’n in ruin."
Scarborough, a Poem,
The principal ſtreets, in the Upper Town, are ſpacious, with the ad-
vantage of excellent flagged footways on each ſide. † The houſes have
a handſome appearance, particularly in Queen-ſtreet, Newborough, and
Long-Room-ſtreet; and the New Buildings, on the Cliff, ſtand unrivalled
in beauty of ſituation. As lodging houſes, they are commodious and
elegant; and, in the ſummer, agregably ventilated by refreſhing breezes
from the ſea. The adjoining terrace in front, elevated near a hundred feet
above the level of the fands, commands a variety of delightful proſpects. I
Befdes: the New Buildings, there are many other excellent lodging-
10.GIÀ GeMatyi%Church. .
+ This improvement took place in 1775.
† The carriage-road to the Sands is in front of the New Buildings, and cloſe to the ter-
race. There is another, and more convenient carriage-road, winding, with an eaſy defcent to
the Sands, behind the New Building s2 ft asyhadle at the expence of the Rev. Dr. Falconer of
Litchfield, who purchaſed a piece of ground for that, and other purpoſes.
houſes
**
Orif. 901 209
( 173 )
houſes in the Town, where viſitors may be agreeably and genteelly ac-
commodated. A range of handſome, uniform buildings, has alſo
lately been erected in Harding's Walk, with Mr. Bean's gardens * in
front, and a proſpect of the country, bounded by the weſtern hills.
SCARBOROUGH, in the Spaw-ſeaſon, exhibits all the refined amuſe-
ments of poliſhed life. An elegant Aſſembly-Room and a neat Theatre
are alternately open during the ſummer evenings.
The MINERAL WATERS of its celebrated SPAw have ſupported their
fame more than a century and a half. Dr Wittie writes that the dif-
covery of their virtues was owing to the following accidental circum-
ſtance:
"Mrs. Farrow, a ſenſible, intelligent lady, who lived at Scarborough,
about the year 1620, ſometimes walked along the ſhore, and obſerving
the ſtones over which the water paſſed, to have received a rufſet colour,
and finding it to have an acid tafte, different from the common ſprings,
and to receive a purple tincture from galls, thought it probably might
have a medical property, and having therefore made an experiment her-
ſelf, and perſuaded others to do the fame, it was found to be efficacious
in ſome complaints, and became the uſual phyſic of the inhabitants.
It was, afterwards, in great reputation with the citizens of York, and
the gentry of the county ; and, at length was ſo generally recom-
mended, that ſeveral perſons of quality came from a great diſtance to
drink it, preferring it before all the others they had formerly frequented,
even the Italian, French, and German Spaws." +
The SPAW-HOUSE is pleaſantly ſituated on the ſea-ſhore, at the foot
of the cliffs, a little to the ſouth of the town. The firſt ciſtern for col-
lecting the waters, was built in 1698.
A ſuperintendant (called the Governor) of the Spaw, appointed by
the Corporation, attends to receive the ſubſcriptions, and to preſerve
* There are public walks in theſe gardens for the accommodation of the company, on payment
of a trilling ſubſcription for the ſeaſon.
+ Dr. Wittie on Scarborough Waters.
order
( 174 )
order. A certain number of poor widows (under the ſame appointment)
are alſo conſtantly in waiting, to preſent the water. The ſubſcription
is 75. 6d. for the ufe of the water, the rooms, and the walks. The
pro-
portion of this allowed to the widows is 2s. 6d. and the Corporation
receives 5s. towards a re-imburſement of the conſiderable expence in-
curred by the ſupport of the Spaw, which, generally exceeds the amount
of the receipts.
In the month of December, 1737, the Staith of the Spaw, compoſed
of a large body of ſtone, bound by timber,as a fence againſt the fea, for
the ſecurity of the Spaw-houſe, in a moſt extraordinary. manner gave
way.
A
great mals of the Cliff, containing near an acre of pafture-
lan with the cattle grazing upon it, funk perpendicularly ſeveral
yards. As the ground funk, the earth or ſand, under the Cliff,
roſe on the north and ſouth ſides of the ſtaith, out of its natural pofi-
tion, above 100 yards in length; and was, in ſome places, fix, and in
others feven yards above its former level. The Spaw-wells aſcended
with the earth or fand; but fo foon as the latter began to riſe, the
water ceaſed running into the wells, and, for a time, ſeemed to be loſt.
The ground, thus riſen, was 26 yards broad; and the ſtaith, not-
withſtanding its immenſe weight (computed at 2463 tons) roſe entire,
12 feet higher than its former poſition, and was forced forwards to the
fea, about 20 yards.
The ſprings of the mineral waters were, by diligent ſearch, afterwards
recovered, and the ſtaith being repaired, the Spaw continued in great
reputation."
The celebrated Dicky DICKINSON, an original character, was at the
above period, the Governor of the Spaw. His perſon was, in the
higheſt degree, deformed ; but he poffeffed an uncommon brilliancy of
wit, and conſiderable ingenuityais
The annexed lines were compoſed in honour of the vivacity of his
talents.
“ Samos unenvied boaſts her Æfop gone,
“ And France may glory in her late Scarron,
“ While England has a living Dickinſon."
The
}
( 175 )
The following obſervations on the climate, mineral water, and ſea-
bathing, have been obligingly communicated by Dr. Belcombe.
“ To comply with your requeſt to have ſome account of Scarborough,
as a place for the recovery of health, or increaſing the enjoyments of
that bleſſing, I muſt conſider our ſituation in three points of view.
iſt, Our climate-2d, Our falubrious waters-3d, Our convenience for
ſea-bathing. To which I ſhall add ſome general directions for the proper
uſe of the two laſt.
The effect of climate upon health and longevity is a very curious
and intereſting topic, and has only of late years engaged the attention
of philoſophers and phyſicians. It appears from moſt accounts that I
have examined, that the aggregation of many individuals within a ſmall
compaſs is unfavourable to health ; and this in a ratio nearly propor-
tionate to their number, to the area which contains them, and perhaps
to the free or limited circulation of air, in all climates. And hence it
might be concluded that climate had but little to do with itį and that
health depended more upon ſome circuinſtances connected with the
contiguity of perſons or the habits of ſuch ſocieties, or with both.
Climate, however, has its operation both in large and ſmall com-
munities. Its effects are with difficulty appreciated, being com-
bined with many other circumſtances. But if we doubt as to the ef
fects of climate, we can have no heſitation in pronouncing upon the
healthfulneſs of particular ſituations, however great or ſmall the popu.
lation. Neither can we diſpute the ſingular effect of change of place,
eſpecially in fome diſeaſes, although the intermediate diſtance be very
ſmall, and the aſpect, elevation, &c. &c. be nearly the ſame. Upon
what does this difference depend? The air.--And yet the experiments
of philoſophy have hitherto found very little difference between the
pureſt country air, and the air of the moſt crowded aſſembly. But it
would lead me from my purpoſe to enter further into this curious fub-
ject. It will be taken for granted that one ſituation is more healthy than
another in every climate, and that ſituation muſt have conſiderable
effect upon health and longevity in populous Towns, as well. as in
country
( 176 )
*
identit dhe
country Villages. Scarborough is a medium between large and ſmall
Towns, for according to a recent, and I believe, accurate account, it
contains, including the Townſhip of Falſgrave,
1603 houſes, *
1753 families,
3496 males, wat
3854 females,
2416 married perſons,
di 6 136 widowers,
451 widows!
2265 perſons under 15 years of age,
487 between 60 and 50; » som
gostivint bound
205 between 7o and 88;
itab je vrlo bry6 between 86
etween 86 and 60 yoT dobre insito
alustiza ei b99band 11 between go andº100.
bapro mob197 nisust aroma
This account reduces our populationºConſiderably below its come
puted number.-The number of perſons to a houſe exceeds The
number of individuals to a family is nearly 1:01 930 191 he stando
The marriages annually, on an average of five years, ending 1795,
are 63-baptiſms, 171-burials, 1563. t. In the ſame period of five
trwonix 035d 1915r and wd on bas won arviot
jaslasglia tersisn a 9194 Befides ja hinhabited Parfsbezi ylsbi bsənqt
sode 399910 joog 9d; bas : s oda to, aonq999 adjaotis300)
+ The only Church-regiſter now extant at Scarborough commences in 1689, and is for the firſt
ten years, far from being accurate. Since that period, it is inuch more corred, and particularly
fince the induction of the preſent Vicari who carefully notes the age of all that are interred.
cunod Marriagesag Bapsifmeid Burials dato sist b Marriages io Baptifmos.
to out Batiale.
17303 3rdulitesi suwita woT 364d21981!tduin 49 usds 969
1740. tıxa gasg[llid 1181 yıivil958 sdi aogz92:0iJAID 09.11 oj 9178c9m 18:59
baixona oli tuoi bield 1798 yd bound 1193 au 14201
1770.1 JOİW44 7190316iasqmos del #7958 to 10949 »d, Jógs botsi
195
obilnog diw olfs wold 1199-100,49716 drogo odmagz abniw 165
The mortality in 1930 and 1996 was much increated by the mill-pošahd heales. 11 In the
latter year 184 infants died or theſe"epidemicshot an afbor art rovo zadnjom donde
Vauder los aiasmo yokrogu) odlo sgears;
90
OT 1901yaan
153
dom
14400
152
301
1780.
58
..
*$
$
( 177 )
years, 86 perſons have died between 70 and 80
years
of
age; 70 be-
tween 80 and 90; and 18 between go and 100. In January 1796, only
fix perſons were interred, whoſe ages together amounted to 481 years ;
in 1797, 28 perſons lived to 70 and upwards ; 15 to 8o and upwards ;
and 6 from go to 100: and according to the above account there are
now living 779 perſons above 60 years of age.
Females conſiderably
exceed the males in number; but the moſt remarkable difference is
between the widows and widowers; the former exceed the latter in the
proportion of 10 to 3! This appears to be owing to the occupations of
the men, and our vicinity to the ocean. Therefore taking our popula-
tion at 7350, our mortality appears to be ſomewhat leſs than 1 in 47
per annum.
Hence we may fairly infer that Scarborough is a healthy
fituation, and ſomewhat remarkable for longevity: Indeed the climate
is excellent, and the Town is very feldom viſited by any epidemic.
Contagious fevers feldom ſpread. The ſmall-pox indeed is extremely
fatal to children among the poorer claſſes of the people ; but this is
really in conſequence of an inveterate prejudice againſt inoculation, and
an obſtinate adherence to the ancient popular mode of treatment. The
fcarlet fever has alſo viſited us, but has never been malignant. Putrid
fevers are ſcarcely ever ſeen, and the low nervous fever, the ſcourge of
many other Towns, is now and then ſeen, but has never been known
to ſpread widely its deſtructive contagion. There is neither Diſpenſary,
nor Hoſpital for the reception of the fick; and the poor, except thoſe
who are ſupported by the pariſh rates, are obliged t8, the liberality
' of
the medical profeſſion, for advice and medicines. The cleanlineſs, tem,}
perance, and habitual good fare of the inhabitants in general contri-
bute much to their healthfulneſs; but the Town owes its ſalubrity in
a great meaſure to its ſituation upon the acclivity of a hill, lying expoſed
to the ſun, well bruſhed by foutherly, and ſouth-weſterly winds, and
ventilated by the current of air which accompanies every flowing tide.
The winds from the north and north-eaſt blow alſo with conſiderable
velocity, and being forced againſt the Caſtle-bill, they form an eddy
which mounting over the rocks is forced down upon the Town by the
ſtrength of the ſuperior currents, and ventilates the narroweſt lanes and
у
paſſages.
1
(778)
paſſages. Theſe wiñids are often very inconvenient'to the houſes fitu-
ated near the foot of the hill ; ' as the-eddy, blowing directly down the
chimney, frequently fills the houſes with foot and ſmoke.
!
WINTER.
}
Our Winters are milder than places in the ſame parallel of latitude
whoſe ſituation is more inland. We have in general leſs rain than our
neighbours :- the Wolds on the ſouth, and the high Moors on the north,
draw away many ſhowers to the right and left. It is, univerſally ob-
ferved that froſt is leſs ſevere near the ſea, and that ſnow ſeldom lies
there long. And we experience, this to be true. The ſnow is often
ſeen to cover the neighbouring hills, when we have ſcarce an atom
within a mile of the ſhore. Strong froits are frequently obſerved in
the country, when we have ſcarce a veſtige of ice.. And ſtrangers, who
have ſpent the winter here, have been ſatisfied of the truth of theſe re-
marks, which have not, however, any accurate meteorological table
for their foundation. In moiſt and wet ſeaſons I have often ſeen thick
fogs covering the valley leading to Malton, beyond the race-ground;
whilſt the plain on this ſide has been enlivened by ſun ſhine. During
winter we have often many beautiful days, which reſemble thoſe of
much more ſouthern climates.
É
2
:
SPRING.
The Spring months, March, April, and May, as is the cafe all over
this Iſland, are commonly the leaſt agreeable of the year. The Vernal
Monſoon from the eaſt generally fets in with violence, and often con-
tinues to blow with little intermiſſion for ſix weeks or two months;
and ſometimes envelops us with ſea-fogs ſo cold and damp as to be felt
feverely by delicate conſtitutions; more eſpecially by thoſe inclining to
conſumption. At this period, they, who have ſtruggled through the
winter with fymptoms of this lamentable diſeaſe, commonly fall victims
to
( 179 )
to its ravages! I have frequently obſerved theſe fogs riſe from the ſea like
alittlecloud, which ſpreading itſelf upon the horizon drives upon the ſhore,
and in an inſtant obfcures, the brighteſt day; ſuddenly changing the tem-
perature 8 or 10 degrees. Theſe fogs feldom extend far from the coaſt;
often not more than a mile, and rarely farther than the neighbouring
hills. Coming into a ſea-fog from the ſun ſhine of a clear day, reſem-
bles entering an ice-houſe in ſuinmer. The robuſt and healthy inhabi-
tants do not conſider theſe fogs unwholeſome; but conſtantly follow
their diverſions and occupations in the midſt of them. Indeed I believe
the cold they bring with them is the only inconvenience to be dreaded;
for there is no foetid or other diſagreeable ſmell, as is frequently ob-
ſerved in the land-fogs of low and marſhy places. Sometimes they con-
tinue for many hours together, and return at almoſt the fame hour
daily; at other times they diſappear as ſuddenly as they came on:
They are frequently corfdenſed into a plenteous dew, and often ſhew
little fenſible figns of humiditya
Theſe fogs ſeem to be occafioned by a precipitation of the moiſture
of a warm current or ſtratum of air by contact with one that is colder.
(For it is well known that warm air will ſuſpend a much greater quan-
tity of water than cold, as we ſee exemplified by the falling of dew in
the evening of a fine warm day; and alſo in the morning about ſun-
riſe, which is uſually the coldeſt time of the antemeridian twelve hours.)
Hence this phænomenon moſt commonly happens after the vernal equi-
nox; when the north-eaſt wind ſtill continues to blow frequently, but
is now and then oppoſed by warmer breezes from the oppoſite quarter.
When the warm wind from the ſouthern hemiſphere is overcome by
the force of the colder, wind from the north, it depoſites fome of its
humidity, which according to the relative degrees of temperature be-
tween the oppoſing currents, forms an opaque fog, or is precipitated in
a fine dew.
The ſeverity of our north-eaſt winds is too well known to require
any particular deſcription; yet notwithſtanding the expoſed ſituation
of the coaſt, I have experienced as ſevere effects from this ſearching
wind in the ſtreets of London, as I ever did in thoſe of Scarborough.
This
(180)
This wind having depoſited much of its moiſture with its heat in the
cold regions of the north, occaſions a moſt rapid evaporation (and con-
ſequently great coldneſs) from the humid ſurfaces, with which it comes
in contact, in theſe warmer climates. Hence its deleterious effects
upon animal and vegetable life. I am aware, however, that the want
of trees, the ſtunted appearances of the quick-wood, and even the un-
healthy look of the thinly ſcattered firs, favour an opinion that theſe
winds are more prejudicial to this coaſt, than to other ſituations. But
a concluſion drawn from theſe obſervations admits many objections.-
The land about the Town, and cloſe in the neighbourhood is generally
divided into ſmall properties, and occupied by a numerous tenantry,
whoſe object is immediate produce, and whoſe ſpeculations have not
yet taught thern the real thrift of good fences. Conſequently the
quick-wood is ill protected, orergrown by weeds, and unwiſely pruned.
The young plantations ſuffer from ſimilar cauſes. May we not, how-
ever, reaſonably hope that the Corporation of Scarborough, by proper
care of the new plantations on Weaponneſs, will ſhew what good
management will.do?
SUMMER
Spring reluctantly yields to ſummer, which at this place is delightful.
Although we boaſt no ſhady woods, our atmoſphere is generally tem-
perate and cool; reſembling the winters of the ſouthern parts of Europe.
The oppreſſive 'heats, to which the watering places on the ſouth coaſt
of England, particularly Brighton and Weymouth are ſubjected, are
ſeldom experienced here. Like ilands between the tropics, we have
our diurnal fea breeze, commonly ſetting in about noon and continu-
ing until evening, wafting health and refreſhment to our numerous
viſitors. The fands are enchantingly cool, and the ride cloſe to the
edge of the fea is fought with avidity, whilſt the Cliff is crouded with
beauty and faſhion. At this ſeaſon few places can boaſt a climate
fo agreeable, ſo fälutary to every deſcription of invalids and vale-
tudinarians.
?
( 181 )
i ne
ishte
tudinarians. Here the tempeſt, the thunder ſtorn of more fouthern
climatesy, and of ſituationssmarerinland, feldom happens, and when it
does occur, is of ſhort durationun There is no record of any damage
having been ſuſtained in the Town, by lightning. It is probable we
owe this exemption and ſecurity to the neighbourhood of the hills, and
vicinity of the ocean, by which both clouds and lightning are con
ducted from us.
Sea-bathing at this ſeaſon of the year is a great luxury and when
fucceeded by the enjoyment of the ſea breeze excites the moſt'agreeable
ſenſations. And I cannot fufficiently recommend to cvery deſcription
of invalids for whom ſea-bathing; or a cool elaſtic atmoſphere is ad-
viſed, to pay their viſits to Scarborougħat an early period of fummer.
102
91
to b1597017!11100w-ris
WÁ 10.1 9a vall. 25. 15 MN moni uAut 11011630F!q Ynioy 511"
gennai Aguji 1993 to AUTUMN sods aqori yldesols31 (29v;
Suminer vencroachés a fúllanoDEAVUpôA AmUHASIqAmat is open
haps the moſt agreeable time of the year in mottopaktsomhengiamas
The air is ſerene and bracing, the atmoſphere for the moſt part clear.
With us the Monſoon now begins to blow from the fouth-welt; and it
is generally repreſſed by violent, but tranſient gales from the north-eaſt.
The intervals are uſually fine 2 IKMful, and often continue for
many, weeks is and thenceecalera Mishaskmaszályamérasidiós periodjöf
the year-is more favourableuforudealabing bsandrit
may be purſuéda.
with ſignal advantage, in many amplaints thaimiddle of Decembersi?
or even through the Wintergarthe temperature of thosſeaviálnøy grad
dually decrealipes, and the bracines fillest ru&ifgnisqueptļpurgteater.
Nor are they diminiſhed by gbreguemi rakapatįgpai físoin the beat of
Summer. Exerciſe
may be more fresky faker and the habiefbtrified for
the Winter. Thoſe who ſtay the Autumncah Scarborough are geherally:
much delighted, and their health.myclubenefited our
Byta po cơmmonly
the equinoxial guſts, fcare from our slidsthe, frightened aftranger, who,
in idea, beholds the ſtiffening hand Winters already
out our daor. Let
747
DE HON? )
17,19 01 vreme i him
.
361
.
Wy!
( 182 )
him but wait a few days, the ſtorm which lifts the foaming billow to
his lofty dwelling, fubfides, and a fucceffion of clear open weather pre-
vails, which is often protracted to Chriſtmas. We have ſeldom any
ſea-fogs at this ſeaſon, which I apprehend may be owing to the in-
creaſed warmth of the regions from whence theſe winds blow. Having
been heated for many months by the rays of a never-fetting ſun, they
acquire nearly the ſame temperature as our own climate, and conſe-
quently make little change on the humidity our atmoſphere contains.
But I haften to ſpeak of our falutary waters.
À
1
SCARBOROUGH SPAWS.
HEN I was requeſted to give a ſhort account of the virtues of theſe
celebrated Mineral Waters for the Scarborough Guide, I thought it necef-
ſary to make fome apology for not detailing more minutely the Analyſis,
and for not entering more at large into the opinions, of former Phyſicians
on theſe particulars; but as the Editors did not think proper to inſert
that introduction, it may, perhaps, be neceſſary to preface what I have
now to ſay, by obſerving that a diſplay of chemical experiments ne-
ceſſary to prove rigidly the ſubſtances contained in thefe waters could
afford little entertainment to that claſs of readers for whom the Guide
was publiſhed ; and that this was referved for a future opportunity, and
for a work of a different nature. But although the ſame reafons for
fupprefſing a detailed account of the Analyſis exiſt on the preſent occa-
ſion, yet I eſteem it neceffary that a Hiſtory of Scarborough ſhould con-
tain the exact Analyſis according to our preſent knowledge.
The firſt author, as far as I know, who has mentioned Scarborough
Mineral Waters was Dr. Wittie, who publiſhed a fmall book in duode-
cimo, which he entitled “Scarborough Spaw.” It was printed at
York, 1667, and addreſſed to “The Right Hon. and truly Noble Lords,
James,
#
→
9
( 183 )
James, Earl of Suffolke, and John, Lord Roos, ſon and heir-apparent to
the Earl of Rutland." In this publication he gives an account of the
contents, qualities, nature and operation of the Spaw Water in a variety
of diſeaſes, together with directions for its uſe. According to Dr.
Wittie it hath its virtues from its participation of vitriol, iron, alum,
nitre, and falt. It is of thin parts piercing into the moſt narrow and
“ ſecret paſſages of the body, and is excellent in opening obſtructions,
“ which are the cauſe of moſt diſeaſes. It doth attenuate, cut, and dif-
“ folve viſcous, lentous, and clammy phlegm in the ſtomach, bowels,
meſentery, reins, and bladder, and is alſo cleanſing and deterging,
" &c.” p. 156.
It is found good, he obſerves, in diſeaſes of the head and nerves, as
megrim, fcorbutic palfy and epilepſy; diſeaſes of the breaſt, as ſhort-
neſs of breath, afthma, &c. ; inflammations of the face and eyes ; gout;
diſeaſes of the ſtomach, as heart-burn, debility, ſurfeit, pains of the
ſtomach, &c.; old obſtructions of the meſentery, liver, ſpleen; fchir-
rus; fome dropſies; fcurvy;.cachexy, &c. ; rebellious agues ; hypochon-
driacal maladies; worms; ſtone and gravel; diſeaſes of the womb, and
" that it furthereth conception;" of all which he gives ſeveral caſes,
and concludes his account with a quotation from Böethus.
Felix qui potuit boni fontem viſere lucidum. *
This Book gave birth to the Hydrologia Chymica of Dr. William
Simpſon, printed in 1669, in which he feverely criticiſes Dr. Wittie's
Chemiſtry; but makes little progreſs in the Analyſis of the Spaw Water.
According to Dr. Simpſon it contains “ a red earth or ochre, or terra vi-
trioli, eleven or twelve diſtinguiſhable earths, or fabulums, and laſtly
the eſſence of Scarborough Spaw, a kind of Alumino-nitrous ſalt, or
Sal Hermeticum."
He acknowledges, however, the great uſe of this water in ſcurvy,
dropſy, ſtone, or ftrangury, jaundice, hypochondriac-melancholy, ca-
chexies, and womens' diſeaſes proceeding from obſtructions.
Happy the man, who can viſit this clear fountain of health,
k
This
+
( 184 )
This brought a reply from Dr. Wittie, entitled Hydrologia Mimica,
full of acrimony and yirulence, in which the principal authors of the
dawn of Chemiſtry are preſſed into the ſervice. And as both theſe
Phyſicians attended the Spaw in the ſeaſon, many perſonal diſputes oc-
curred, and ſome experiments were publicly made at the Spaw for aſcer-
taining the point in diſpute, viz. whether vitriol or iron were two diſ-
tinct ingredients, or conſtitutive principles of the Scarborough Spaw?
The public experiment terminated in favour of Dr. Simpſon rather on
account of a deficiency of chemical knowledge on both ſides, than from
the exactneſs of that experiment. For it will hereafter appear that the
Spaw Water does indeed contain iron, but not combined with vitriolic
acid, which forms what was then called vitriol.
Near this time, 1669, Dr. Tunſtal wrote a Treatiſe on Scarborough
Spaw; and his Analyſis agrees pretty much with Dr. Simpſon's. It
contains, according to his account, nitro-aluminous ſalt, raments of
ſtone, and glebe of alum; but he denies the exiſtence of iron.
Whether theſe diſputes gave riſe to other authors on the ſubject, I
am not informed; having met with no writer on this Water until Dr.
Short, who particulariſes the two ſprings in his general account of the
Mineral Waters of Derbyſhire, Lincolnſhire, and Yorkſhire, publiſhed in
1734, at which time Chemiſtry had made conſiderable advances, and
was abandoning the jargon of Paracelſus and Helmont. Dr. Short ſays,
that a gallon of the Chalybeate Water yielded by evaporation, 220
grains of ſolid matter, viz.
70 grains.
Vitriolated Magneſia, 139
Sea Salt,
220 grains.
A gallon of the Purging Water, according to Dr. Lucas, contains,
Calcarious Earth,
52 grains.
Ochre,
*Vitriolated Magneſia, 266
320 grains
- Dr.
* Earth,
II
독
​2,
he
- 1
( 185 )
Dr. Rutty has fince obtained only 284 grains of folid mátter from
the ſame quantity of the ſame water.
But the Phyſician to whom I ſhall particularly attend is Dr. Peter
Shaw, who publiſhed “ An Inquiry into the contents, virtues, and uſes
of Scarborough Spaw Waters,” in 1734. According to his Analyſis
theſe Waters are a natural compound of air, a mineral ſpirit, or vo-
latile iron, common water, ſalts, ochres, and earths.” A gallon of the
Purging Water contains 240 grains of ſolid matter, compoſed of
Calcarious, Bolar, and Ochreous Earths and Selenites, 80 grains.
Vitriolated Magneſia,
150
Sea Salt,
IO
240 grains.
It will appear that this Analyſis, like thoſe of preceding Chemiſts, is
not correct. Neither did Dr. Shaw, nor any prior Analyzer know what
was the nature of the Mineral Spirit. Notwithſtanding this, I conſider Dr.
Shaw's inquiry an effort of great genius for the time it was written;
long before the diſcoveries of Black, Cavendiſh, Prieſtley, and the foreign
Chemiſts. Dr. Shaw had a very high opinion of the virtues of theſe
Waters, and they were then coming into high eſtimation with the moſt
eminent Phyſicians in London, as appears from the dedication of his
Book to Dr. Mead. “Theſe Waters, ſays he, fraught with virtues
formerly known to few, and healing chiefly the ſick of inferior rank,
are at length by your experience and ſubſequent juſt and generous re-
commendation of them, introduced into better company, and now cheer
the ſpirits and brace the nerves of Peers as well as Commoners.” He re-
commends their uſe in “hypochondriacal and hyſtericaldiſorders,in ſtran-
gury, dyſentery, ſuppreſſion of urine, cramp, convulſions, and ner-
vous diſorders, repletion, inappétency, worms, beginning of dropſies,
jaundice, gout, cold ſweats, catarrhs, and other defluxiong; rheuma-
tic and ſcorbutic pains, afthmas, hectics, phthfick and conſumption
(with aſſes milk); ſterility, ſuppreſſed menſtruæ, and moſt effectually
w
މް
3 A
as
( 186 )
as an alterative and deobftruent in all beginning hardneſs, tumor and
pain of the bowels.” He obſerves thatı;ın ſtubborn and obſtinate
cafes a courſe of three or four months is requiſite.
Since the days of Dr. Shaw a great many Phyſicians have viſited
Scarborough in the ſeaſon, and if I be well informed, the preſent learned
Preſident of the London College, and the venerable and excellent Dr.
Heberden made ſome attempts to analyſe theſe Waters.
The late Mr. John Travis, furgeon, whoſe accuracy, learning, and
many amiable qualities are ſtill freſh in the memory of all who knew.
him, evaporated theſe Waters at the deſire of one or both the above-
mentioned gentlemen ; as well as the Water of moſt of the ſprings in
this neighbourhood. According to his account 50,000 grains, (ſomewhat
more than a gallon) of the South-Well Water, after gentle evaporation
left aa3 grains of reſiduum. And 50,00n grains of the North-Well
Water left 205 grains. The fummer of 1763, when theſe experiments
were made, was remarkably wet and rainy. In the manth of October,
in the ſame year, the South-Well Water evaporated in a fand heat at
94° Farh. left 2.46 grains. Dr. Short has alſo remarked that he found
the reſiduum of different evaporations vary conſiderably, probably
owing to the wetneſs or dryneſs of the ſeaſon, or time of the year
when the evaporations were made, and alſo to the degree of heat
employed.
Phyſicians who have lately viſited Scarborough have not, as får
as I know, publiſhed any correct account of the Spaw Water. * My
Analyfis- differs from all the foregoings yet I would not have it under-
that focontemn the labours of my predegeſſorss. The improve
به را
ſtood
* The ſubſequent Analyſis is given by Dr. Bryan Higgins, 31ſt May, 1780. “A Wincheſter
gallon of Scarborough Water, contains, of Calcareous Earth, faturated with Vitriolic Acid in the
form of Selehite, a dwis.14* -grs. or 627 grs.; Caledredus 'Earthl, combined with Atidulous Gaz,
(Carbonate of Lime) 2 dwts. 4 grs.or 52 grs., Marine Şalt of Magneſia (Muniare, of Magneſia)
7 dwts. 4t grs, or 172 grs.; Iron, combined with Acidulous Gay (Garbonage of Iron) ges
Ít likewiſe contains 96 ounce meatures of "Acidulous Gaz," Carbonic Acid Gaz beyond the
quantity retainable by the Calcareous Earthi andviron in the heat of boilirig watet, and 4 ounce
meaſures of Phlogiſticated Air, (Gaz Azotę). Dolash un toch!
ments
;܀
( 187 )
ments of modern Chemiſtry are great, and who ſhall ſay where they
may end. Perhaps the future Chemiſt may bluſh for the attempt of .
to-day:
i
CTED
3
*
The South-Well or Purging Water, contains, of
Vitriolated Magneſia, 128 grains..
Muriated Magneſia,
16.
Carbonate of Lime,
28.
Carbonate of Iron,
Vitriolated Lime,
Muriated Natron,
U
237 grains.
Carbonic Acid Gaz, or Fixt Air, 98 ounce meaſures per gallon..
2. 6.
58. 4.
I
ta
The North Well or Chalybeate Water contains,
Vitriolated Magneſia, 98 grains.
Muriated Magneſia, 14.
Carbonate of Lime,
Carbonate of Iron, 3.
Vitriolated Lime, 54. 4o.
Muriated Natrong
61. 5.
2. I..
7
233 grains i tot
Carbonic Acid Gaz, or Fixe Air, 100: ounce meaſures per gallonb;
And each Water contains a ſmall quantity of Gaz!Arbte of Phlogiſti-
cated air:
pro
T
is
The firſt Well on deſcending the ſteps is the Chalybeate
Water, ſometimes called the North Well; and near ie the Sale or South-
Well. From both Wells the Water is perfectly clear, of a bluiſh caſt,
ſometimes ſparkling ; has not a very difugreeable taſte or the leaſt un-
pleaſant ſmell. Although the North-Well has been called the Chalybeate,
it
( 188 :)
it is found not to hold much more iron in folution than the other ;
but containing much leſs VitriolatedMagneſia, its tafte iš ſtronger or
more inky. The taſte of the South-Well Water is briſk and not dif-
agreeably faline. When ſuffered to ſtand in an open veſſel expoſed to
the ſun or in a warm room, the ſides of the veſſel are foon covered with
air bubbles, and the water becomes, ſomewhat turbid : in a day or two
it depoſits a little yellow or orange;coloured ſediment. The Water then
-grows clear again, and if ſuffered to ſtand lightly covered for ſome
weeks, a thin ſkim or pellicle forms upon; the ſurface, and under it
ça number of beautiful cryſtals, which on the leaſt motion fall to the
,bottom. Phenomena, ngarly ſimilar may be obſerved in the North-
Well Water, except that few or no cryſtals form by this ſpontaneous
evaporation. Theſe cryſtals are Vitriqlated Magneſia. It is ſaid that
the Water from both Wells on being kept for ſome time corked will
become fetid; and on being again expoſed to the air will recover its
former purity.”
- Much of the orange coloured ſediment is obſerved in all the chan-
nels near the ſpaw; and it ſometimes cuines down the pipes, which
conduct the Water, in conſiderable quantities ; this the Water-ſervers
call the coming down of the mineral. It is chiefly Carbonate of Iron and
Carbonate of Lime. The temperature of theſe ſprings vary very little ;
which is conſidered as a proof that they riſe at a conſiderable depth in
the earth. The Thermometer generally ſtands at 45° in the North-
Well Water, when it is at 32° or freezing in the open air.. In the
South-Well Water it is commonly half a degree higher. I have ſeldom
feen it more than 46° or 46°, 5. even in ſummer: The ſpecific gravity
of the South-Well Water is 10038,06; of the North-Well Water
10033,23; and of Sea Water 10270,54-Diſtilled Water being confi-
dered as 10000.
". From remote ages. Mineral Waters have been conſidered as very
efficacious medicines in almoſt all thoſe diſeaſes, which have not yielded
..to the uſe of other remedies, and not unfrequently as inſtances of God's
peculiar goodneſs to his creatures";. conſequently their effects have been
eſteemed
&
2
을
​( 189 )
2
eſteemed miraculous. So prone is human nature to ſuperſtition and
fo apt to attribute to the partial interpoſition of the Deity the effect of
general laws, which its finite-reaſon does not comprehend ! Scepticiſm
commonly ſucceeds fuperſtition ; and accordingly it is now the mode
with ſome Phyſicians to regard Mineral Waters as remedies of little
value.
“ The ſurpriſing advances Chemiſtry has made within a very few
years, by enabling men to aſcertain with accuracy the contents of
Mineral Waters, has, it is true, alſo enabled them to judge more
correctly of their probable effects, and conſequently render them leſs
liable than formerly to impoſition from ſuppoſed cures, which may
have been the effect of other unnoticed circumſtances; but until they
can explain more ſatisfactorily than at preſent, the way in which me-
dicines act, they ought not to decry the valuable effects, which ex-
perience informs us are frequently produced by ſmall quantities of
mineral ſubſtances diffuſed through large portions of pure water.
Chemiſtry has alſo enabled them to imitate the Mineral Waters with
conſiderable ſucceſs; but it has been found extremely difficult to make
the Waters as agreeable and pure as at the fountain.”
“ The general effect of the South-Well Water when drank in a ſuffi-
cient quantity is to act gently upon the bowels and kidnies ; and
fometimes on both ; but without harraſſing or fatiguing ; on the con-
trary it ſtrengthens and exhilarates. It is ſerviceable in debility and
relaxations of the ſtomach, in nervous diſorders, ſcurvy, ſtruma or ſwelled
glands, chloroſis, and particular weakneſſes. I have found it very uſeful
in a variety of chronic complaints, attended by habitual coſtiveneſs. Theſe
complaints are often accompanied by ſome degree of jaundice, or are
FREQUENTLY ſubſequent to it, to a ſedentary life, to long continued and pain-
ful affections of the mind, to long and tedious illneſs, to agues, to reſidence in
hot climes, and ſometimes to intemperance. In ſuch caſes I have known
a ſmall glaſs of this Water repeated every day for ſome time produce
the moſt deſired and permanent effect ; even when very powerful me-
dicines have not been found to anſwer ; or only to afford temporary
relief
3 B
1
(190
)
ܪ
relief. Moſt commonly however two, thrée, or even four half pints,
taken at proper interval; and repeated daily are required ; although no
very great conſtipation may have preceded."
“Some diſeaſes of the ſtomach as I have already obſerved, are much
relieved by this Water, others are increaſed by its uſe: eſpecially all
thoſe proceeding from long continued intemperance. But the ſickneſs
ariſing from occaſional exceſs is often wonderfully relieved by a glaſs
or two of this water. It ſometimes affords relief in the gravel; as well
as in ſeveral pains of the loins whoſe feat ſeems to be in the kidnies ;
although they are generally called rheumatic. Diſeaſes commonly
comprehended under the appellation of ſcurvy, as pimples, red face,
eruptions in various parts of the body; roughneſs of the ſkin, or fourf, &c.
are often cured by a long continued uſe of the South-Well Water.
Some remarkable inſtances of this kind have come to my knowledge
both in the inhabitants of the town and in ſtrangers. In theſe dif-
orders ſo much Water fhould be drank daily, at proper intervals, as
will produce fome ſenſible effect upon the bowels ; ſometimes a ſingle
glaſs, even of the ſmalleſt ſize will be ſufficient; but when three or
four half pints are not found to anſwer, it is better to add a little
Scarborough Salt, or drink a glaſs of Sea Water than to increaſe the
quantity.
The Chalybeate or North-Well Water has little or no opening pro-
perty. It braces and generally paſſes off by urine. Hence it is
pre-
ferable in moſt of thoſe complaints in which the bow.els will not bear
the South-Well Water. In all caſes of general weakneſs and relaxation
its virtues are acknowledged ; and I obferve that the Water-ſervers
generally recommend it to the delicate of their own fex; and I believe
with good fucceſs. This water is however apt to heat, and ſometimes
fits heavy. This may be prevented by the means hereafter mentioned,
or by taking a glaſs of the South-Well Water at the fame time.”
The North-Well Water is peculiarly uſeful in a variety of nervous
tafes ; particularly thoſe confequent to confinement, diſipation, and a town-
life ; where the bowels require no altiſtance. It is likewiſe ſerviceable
in
*
(191)
in thoſe very numerous caſes which occur to females at that time of
life, when the growth ſeems diſproportionate to the ſtrength. This
complaint is moſtly diſtinguiſhed by a pale complexion, depraved appetite,
wearineſs and pains in the limbs, palpitations, &c.”
“To reap any material advantage theſe Waters muſt be drank at the
fountain : for as their virtues in ſome meaſure depend upon an elaſtic
fluid, or gaz, which quickly eſcapes from the Water, they muſt ne-,
ceſſarily loſe ſome of their properties by being tranſported to any
diſtance. This circumſtance although of importance, is not much åt-
tended to, except by a few, who have already experienced the advan-
tage of it. The cuſtom therefore of fending for the Water to the
Lodging-Houſes ought as much as poſſible to be avoided ; more par-
ticularly as ſome exerciſe ſhould be taken between each glaſs to afliſt.
its effect."
In all caſes where the patient is able, walking is preferable to every
other exerciſe; next riding on horſeback ; and laſt of all in a carriage. The
beſt time for drinking the Waters is before breakfaſt; but ſome perſons
cannot bear the coldneſs of theſe Waters faſting ; in which caſe they
may conveniently be drank about two hours after breakfaſt. When
they-fit heavy, or when the ſtomach is delicate they are ſometimes drank
a little warm. By this practice their virtues are diminiſhed. The ad-
dition of a tea-fpoonful of brandy, tin&ture of cardamoms, or ether, &c. is
preferable. The doſe cannot be aſcertained but by trial.”
". Thoſe who bathe and drink the Water the ſame day, generally
bathe firſt. And this ſeems a proper precaution, in particular for ſuch
as are delicate, who ought indeed rather to bathe, and drink the Waters
on alternate days. Thoſe who are robuſt will fometimes drink the
Waters on the ſame day, both before and after bathing. Every year
however gives ſome inſtances, that both bathing and drinking the
Waters are practiced incautiouſly. Often in diſeaſes in which they are
improper."
SEA
( 192 )
ty
SEA BATHING.
COME now to conſider Scarborough in the third point of view; as to
its convenience for Sea-bathing. ". The fituation of a place," (for Sea-
bathing) ſays Doctor Ruſſel,* in his Letter to Dr. Frewin on this ſubject,
« ſhould be clean and neat; at ſome diſtance from the opening of a river,
that the Water may be as highly loaded with ſea-falt and the other rûches
of the ocean as poſſible, and not weakened by the mixing of freſh Water
with its waves. In the next place one would chuſe the ſhore to be fandy
and flat, for the convenience of going into the ſea in a bathing chariot.
And laſtly, that the ſea ſhore ſhould be bounded by lively cliffs and
downs, to add to the chearfulneſs of the place, and give the perſon that
has bathed an opportunity of mounting on horſeback dry and clean,
and to purſue ſuch exerciſes as may be adviſed by his Phyſician, after
he comes out of the Bath.' This deſcription fo well portrays Scar-
borough and its environs, that one might be led to ſuppoſe it was
drawn upon the ſpot. No part of the Britiſh Coaſt can offer a ſituation
more delightful or convenient for the purpoſe of Bathing.
The bay is ſpacious and open to the fea; the waves in general as
tranſparent as thoſe in mid-ocean. The fand clean, ſmooth, and even;
and the inclination of the beach towards the ſea is ſcarce perceptible.
No conſiderable river delutes the brine; nor is the beach fo extenſive
as to become uncomfortably hot even by the power of a Summer's ſun.
The fea is many degrees cooler, in the month of Auguſt, than at
Brighton, and poſſibly than at Weymouth, or any place ſouthward of
the Thames. Bathing can be performed at all times of tide, and in
almoſt all kinds of weather, with ſecurity and eaſe. The morning,
however, in general is the moſt convenient time for bathing; as it
leaves the reſt of the day for other exerciſes and amuſeinents. It would
* See Rullel on Sea Water.
be
( 193 )
*
Be almoſt fuperfluous to bring forward the authority of ancient Phy-
ſicians and Philoſophers in favour of cold and ſea-bathing, becauſe the
ſalutary effects are well known by experience. The cuſtom of cold
bathing, or bathing in the ſea where it was contiguous, has been the
practice of moſt countries' in' their uncivilized ſtate; and it has alſo
been encouraged by the moſt poliſhed nations of antiquity: not only
as an exerciſe and amuſement, and for religious purifications; but alſo
as a remedy in various diforders, and as a preſervative againſt them.
From Hypocrates down to the dark ages of fuperftition, we find cold
bathing recommended in a variety of diſorders, in the moſt expreſs
I may perhaps be pardoned for a quotation from an ancient
Phyſician, as it is much in point, and conveys a very juſt opinion in
very ſtrong language.
terms.
.
66
Qui autem hunc brevem vita curſum fani cupiunt tranfigere, frigida la-
“ vari fæpe debent; vix enim verbis exequi poffum, quantum utilitatis ex fri-
gida lavatione percipiatur. Quod in caufa eft ; ut; qui frigida lavantur,
etiamfi jenis propemodum confetti fint, corpore tamen conſtanti, et compacto,
et colore florido comperias : et omnino, qui multum virilitatis et tenoris præ ſe
'ferant. Quin etiam quæ ad appetitiones, concoctioneſ que pertineret firma,
* ſenſus plerumque integros et exquiſitos, et uno, verbo, naturales actiones rite
conftitutas habent.'
Oribas. Medic. colle&t lib. x. ex Agathino.
They who deſire to paſs the ſhort time of life in good health ought
" to uſe the cold bath often ;. for I can ſcarce by words expreſs how
advantageous it is to health : for they who uſe the cold bath, although
“ almoſt ſpent with age, have a firm and denſe fleſh, and a florid
countenance; they are ſtrong and adive. Their appetites and di-
geſtions good and vigorous; their ſenſes are perfect and exact, in
one word all the natural functions are well performed."
C
66
3 C
Ву
$
( 194 )
By what means cold bathing fell into difuſe, or how many ages this
healthful practice was neglected by Phyficians as a remedy, I mean not
now to inquire. We find it little uſed at the beginning of the prefent
century. It was, however, becoming general about the year 1730.
And ſea-bathing began to have, as it deſerves, a preference, as I find at
the end of a Differtation on the Scarborough Waters, by Dr. Peter
Shaw, ſome directions for “ Bathing in the Sea." But the great advo-
cate for cold bathing was Sir John Floyer, who publiſhed, in 1734
a very learned and curious. Hiſtory of Cold Bathing. Since this time
it has been confidered as a powerful remedy, and it is now perhaps
inore generally employed in Britain than in any European country.
Dr. Currie, of Liverpool, has lately publiſhed his.“ Experiments on the
Uſe of Warm and Cold Ablutions in Fevers, and from thie falutary effects
which cold water has produced in the low nervous or putrid fever of
this country, he recommends a trial of cold affuſion in the yellow fever
of the Welt-Indies. May his hopes be accompliſhed, and may its uſe
fave from deſtruction the reſidue of our brave countrymen in that fatal
clime! Nor ſhould we heſitate to make the trial; for it is well known
that the natives of like climates, and even of theſe very climates, are in
'the conſtant practice of bathing once or more every day; and it is no
leſs notorious that they are feldom attacked by that diſeaſe. The ani-
mated and ingenious author of a Voyage to Surinam (Col. Stedman)
informs us that he was adyifed by an old Negro to bathe twice a day
in the open river, to wear little clothing, and no ſhoes or ſtockings, for
the preſervation of his health in that climate. And on various occa-
fions afterwards, he teſtifies his gratitude and affirms his conviction of
the efficacy of the practice. It is alſo uſed medically by ſeveral tribes
of North-American Indians, in the commencement of their fimplè dif-
eaſes. Indeed too much cannot be ſaid for the practice, even from
birth to old age.
Durum à ftirpe genus. Natos ad flumina primum-
Deferimus, fævoque gelu duramus et undis."
But
(195)
But although it be fo univerſally recommended as a preſervative, its
uſe as a remedy requires much caution. Bathing may be divided into
cold, tepid, and warm. Cold bathing may be allowed a conſiderable
range, viz. from about 34 degrees of Farh. ſcale to near 65". Tepid
from 65° to 85º Warm from 85 to 106° or 110. Conſidering theſe
temperatures and diviſions as applying to this country only. Sea-
bathing then at Scarborough is always cold bathing. At ſeveral places
on the ſouth coaſt it is often only tepid. Of the moſt frequented
Baths in this country, Matlock and Buxton may be conſidered tepid.
Bath warm.
The immediate effects of Sea Bathing upon the ſyſtem have been
variouſly.accounted for, and are not perhaps at preſent well underſtood.
I ſhall enumerate ſome of the ſenſible effects as they occur to the gene-
rality of Bathers ; and then give, as far as I am able, the reaſons of the.
phenomena.
When a healthy perſon plunges into the ſea, he feels a conſiderable
ſhock or chill, and on riſing from the waves a ſobbing ſucceeds, the
ſkin is contracted and feels rough to the hand, a cracking noiſe is heard,
followed by a ringing or whizzing in the ears : on quitting the water,
if it is done quickly, the noſe diſcharges a pellucid rheum, tears fome-
times fill the eyes, and ſaliva the mouth, and many perſons experience
a: little ſhudder ; but before the dreſs can be put on, a warm glow ſuc-
ceeds, the ſpirits are raiſed, all the ſenſations are agreeable, every mo-
tion light..
The ſhock is no doubt occaſioned by the ſudden' application of fo
cold and denſe a body to the ſkin, by which the action of its veſſels
are diminiſhed, and heat ſubtracted. The fobbing, which at the com-
mencement of Bathing, and particularly in delicate and warmly clothed
people, is commonly violent, is ſuppoſed to be owing to the ſympathy
of the ſmall vefſels of the lungs with thoſe of the ſkin. Perhaps the
veſſels of the ſtomach firſt receive the impreſſion from thoſe of the
ſkin, and then the ſympathy is extended to thoſe of the lungs; for I
have
1
{
( 196 )
have frequently obſerved that when the ſobbing had ceaſed after the
plunge, if the water where I ſtood did not reach much above the waiſt,
I could renew it at pleaſure, by dipping gently, ſo that the water roſe
as high as the pit of the ſtomach., The fobbing is commonly leſs in
thoſe who wade into the ſea; and by a continuance of Bathing this
fympathy may be entirely overcome, and the catenation between theſe
veſſels diminiſhed or broken. The roughneſs of the ſkin is 'owing to
a contraction of the numerous and fine veſſels called exhalents. The
ſkin feels cold; but in people in perfect health I have not been able to
detect
any
diminution of animal heat under the tongue. Indeed I
have examined the Guides after they have been in and out of the water
for ſeveral ſucceſſive hours without finding any remarkable diminution
of heat by the Thermometer placed under the tongue. The noiſe in
the ears is occaſioned by the entrance of the water into ſome of the
internal parts or labyrinths of the argan of hearing. The increaſe of
the ſeveral ſecretions is ſuppoſed to ariſe from a temporary diminution
of action in a very numerous and delicate claſs of veſſels and glands,
occaſioned by the application of cold to them, or to thoſe veſſels of the
ſkin with which they ſympathize. The ſhudder, no doubt, is owing
to the abſtraction of heat, at leaſt from the ſurface, producing a mo-
mentaneous and ſlight palſy of certain claſſes of muſcular fibres which
lie immediately under the ſkin. The ſubſequent glow and delightful
feelings are ſuppoſed to be cauſed by the reaction of the veſſels of the
heart, and internal parts, in order to overcome the ſudden contraction
or ſpaſm of the veſſels of the ſkin. That eminent Phyſician, Dr. Dar-
win, ſuppoſes that an accumulation of the energy of the brain, by which
all animal motions are cauſed, obtains in the veſſels of the ſkin, whoſe
action has been diminiſhed by the benumbing power of cold, and in
thoſe veſſels whoſe actions are catenated with them; and conſequently
as ſoon as the perſon is removed from ſo cold and denſe a body as the
water, theſe veſſels act with increaſed vigour. Without entering into
an examination of theſe phyſiological opinions, I will juſt add that I
have
( 197 )
have reaſon to believe that in a ſtate of health, and in the uſual mode
of Bathing, very little change happens in the pulſe.
From confidering theſe phenomena and their cauſes, we may eafily
conceive how Bathing may produce both good and bad effects, accord
ing to the ſtate of the bather, the coldneſs of the water, the ſtay therer
in, &c. Indeed the good and bad effects of Sea Bathing are perceivable
by any man of obſervation as he walks the ſand at Scarborough in 4
morning. In perfons with whom Bathing diſagrees, the chilly ſenſation
continues, the ſhudder is more laſting, the lips become, pale or purple,
the countenance ſhrunk; and the .extremities cold as marble ; the ſpirits
are, langud, to which head ache-often ſucceeds and want of appetite,
fometimes continuing the whole day (The breath, it has been faid,
is cold in ſome people on leaving the fear) In theſe caſes the torpor
has been ſo great as not to be eaſily overcome by the powers of anima-
tion; and thus by continuing too long in the water or Bathing impro-
perly very ſerious conſequences máy follow, ás catarrh, fever, epileply)
apoplexy, and even death. Hence the neceſſity of caution in Bath
ing in the Sea or Cold Bath ; for I have known bealthy perſons, baths
theniſelves into ill-health,
It is difficult, however, to give any general directions on thiş fubject,
as the caſe muft vary with almoſt every perſon, and with all at different
periods. It may be laid down as a general rule, that when the
fymptoms laſt enumerated occur, it would be improper to bathe again,
even in ápparent health, without advice. The fame difficulty ariſes
with regard to the diſeaſes in which Sea Bathing has been recommend-
ed. I will, however, remark upon a few of thoſe which have been
conſidered as likely to receive benefit from this powerful ſtimulant.
And in this liſt I ſhall adopt the names by which they are beſt known
to the generality of readers.
Nervous Complaints; Epilepſy, Palfy, St. Vitus's Dance; Diſorders of the
Head; General Debility ; Cutáneaus Diforders; Gout; Rheumatifm. ;. : 06-
ftructions ; Scrophula”;. Intermittents'; Scurvy'; $c.
54
7
*
3 D
In
( 198 )
into
to
.
Surat talent Borisi gared 6sølib anu misbrugtede slqospinosyriad
og muno6 NERVOUS COMPLAINTS.ad stotissy dhwn'l tu
In Nervous Complaints from whatever cauſe, the effe as of Sea
Bathing are moſt conſpicuoully ufeful. The cauſes of theſe diſorders,
however various, generally produce a train of ſymptoms nearly fimilar.
For the moſt part whether they proceed from grief,
cate, a fedentary
Kfe, or exceſſes of an oppoſite nature, they are attended by coſtiveneſs.
This diſtreffing ſymptom is commonly relieved by the Salt Spring ; a
doſe or two of which will often be neceſſary previous to plunging
the ſea. In theſe complaints Sea Bathing is known to agree in
pro-
portion as its effects approach thoſe firſt deſcribed. But when coldneſs
or ſhiverings, &c. fucceed, ſome medicinal means ſhould be reſorted
fometimes putting on a flannel gown immediately after coming out
of the Sea will be fufficient; going into the water after gentle exerciſe,
or after taking ſome cordial, or warm medicine; uſing water of a
higher temperature, &c. Which of theſe may be moſt fuitable can only
be known by the circumſtances of each caſe. In all caſes, however,
let it be remembered, that this powerful remedy muſt be uſed in pro-
portion to the ſtrength. In extremely delicate people it is dangerous.
The Warm Salt Water Bath is preferable. *
YE
me mohou Hom
pulsy902
C PARALYSIS, yogun the sdyman
In recent paralytic affections, when the ſtrength is conſiderable and the
appetite ,
perſiſted in may effeat a cure. In more confirmed caſes the Warm Bath
is better adapted. But this muſt alſo be long continued, and the ſtay
therein protracted to many hours at a time. ist, die
estoise CS 116 anslqoxas Stan und porno Ü vo bom
2001forb L.19091 is ssd - EPILEPSY.
wa 988 EPILEPŠŤmorta aprit elit son
ว
As a general toníc it is of great utility, but requires the aid of other
the fame tinie, eſpecially in adults. There is ſome danger
* Scarborough affords very neat warm Sea Water Baths, at moderate prices.
DISH
of
means at
( 199 )
of grown people labouring under this diſeaſe being ſeized in the water,
and it will therefore be proper to pay particular attention to this cir-
cumſtance, by avoiding the periods at which the fits are expected to re-
turn, and by having more aſſiſtance at hand than uſual. The affuſion
of cold water, or plunging the patient into it will frequently ſhorteni
the duration of the paroxyſin; but thoſe who are treated in this way
ſuffer fo much on recovering from the fit, that in moſt caſes it is
preferable to ſecure them in the gentleſt way imaginable, ſo that they
may not do themſelves any violence and allow it to take its courſe.
4
i
4
fab
STIVITus' DANCE,
which is indeed only a partial and flight epilepſy. In young people
where the ſtrength admits, Sea Bathing is admirable, and often alone
ſufficient for a cure when it is long continued. In elder people it is
leſs ſucceſsful.
f
COMPLAINTS of the STOMACH, and Bowels
in general receive great advantage from well regulated Warm Bathing;
which may be advantageouſly ſucceeded" by Sea Bathing.
*
ga
ܕ܀
GIDDINESS,
and ſeveral other diſorders of the head are ſometimes relieved and
cured by Sea Bathing ; but theſe complaints ariſe from ſuch multifa-
rious cauſes, requiring different treatment, that any general directions
might lead into errors, whoſe, conſequences, max. be irreparable or In
eſe cares ngthing ſhould be wied withouer matyrs, fontigeracion.
1613992
... bend 19.W $ê miw 1690 yrav zbroli
, dyworo:116.12
HYSTERICAL
( )
200200
law odi ni bosisk gaisd Otsslib sido robnu gnimodal piqosq anorg de
beid HYSTERICAL and HYPOCHONDRIACAL DISORDERS w si bus
athalapaesaad laila is boinages anitiorard மாளின்படி
require a long perſeverance, and ſtrict attention to regimen ; eſpecial
care of the ſtate of the ſtomach and bowels. In many complaints of
this kind I have obſerved good effets from Sea-Bathing ; except in
thoſe perſons who are unuſually ſenſible to the effects of cold.
which circumſtances the Tepid, or even the Warm Bath is more con-
sidom
genial, and
more uſeful. A trial of the effects of Sea-Bathing is ſeldom
attended by any material inconvenience.
om
DO JO19VODOT.
:
GENERAL DEBILITY
:
may be confidered as often accompanying the foregoing complaints,
and ſometimes inducing them. This diviſion, therefore, is only made,
to obſerve that in all diſorders, whether from previous illneſs, as fever,
miſcarriage, loſs of blood, long confinement, &c. &c. as well as thofe
diſorders, ariſing from intemperance, the advantage to be derived from
bathing in the open ſea will depend upon
ſea will depend upon there being ſufficient ſtrength
in the conſtitution to produce the glow. I know that many people
with whom Sea-bathing is faid to agree, declare they never felt the glow.
Notwithſtanding theſe anomalies, the glow is the criterion, and ought
to fucceed. In general very weak people ſhould content themſelves
with riding near the ſea, which is ſometimes called the dry Sea Bath;
and bathe in ſalt water of a temperature that can be borne, which with
proper remedies and diet, will in a week or two, render Sea Bathing
admiſible.
e boy
bevator national or bad si lo erobrolib norto Istovsł bas
alam diri moil slits sinislqno9 slads sad i zaidan så yd bot
aribiforib Iste TERUPTIONS on the SKIN. apr çastuse avoir
T 29 oupplnou blon
"Thefe diſeaſes would not have been mentioned, had it not been to
qo,,oni bosi ono
» 100g 1RA DIV 3210
on 290
enter a proteſt againſt a popular opinion, that Sea Bathing may be ſafely
and advantageouſly uſed in all or moſt of them. The contrary is really
the
OLETY
)
(
)
201
the caſe. In few diſorders.of.this claſs ought it to be uſed; and in ſtill
fewer will it do good. The warm medicated Bath is efficacious in al-
moſt all cutaneous complaints And Sea Bathing is only recommend-
able when the eruption has nearly diſappeared, and for the purpoſe of
bracing.
SCROPHULA, or STRUMA.
*
RP
This formidable, this calamitous diſeaſe, prolific ſource of more an-
guith than almoſt all the ills that were contained in Pandora's ample
box! Whoſe poiſon has ſpread, and is ſtill 1preading over every part of
Britain, and of Europe! Who, Proteus-like, aſſumes every form that
can agonize the parent, the huſband, the friend, the participant of every
tender tie! Whoſe inſidious attack eludes, and whofe ſtrong graſp defies
alike the
powers of medicine and philoſophy! * This diſeaſe has been
ſaid to admit a cure from Sea Bathing, and drinking Sea Water. But
by the term Serophula, or Evil, is only meant that affection of the lym-
phatic ſyſtem which appears in ſwellings about the throat and neck,
and alſo of the joints, and is commonly aſſociated with debility and dif-
eaſes of the glands of other parts. Modern experience, however, gives a
preference in theſe caſes to warm bathing. In the commencement of
this complaint, I have ſeen the beſt effects from Sea Bathing, and from
drinking Sea Water in ſuch quantity as juſt to keep the bowels lax. I
have alſo ſeen good effects from the application of the pod of the alga ina-
rina (Fucus veſiculoſus) upon the tumid glands of the neck. A generous
diet, regular and long continued exerciſe, a dry warm air, and well
conducted medicine, are neceſſary to produce a healthy action in the
lymphatics, of which this is allowed to be a diſeaſe. The neceſſity of
* There is reaſon to apprehend that Scrophula is the prediſpoſing cauſe of moſt conſumptions,
of water in the head, ot incurvated ſpine, white ſwellings, pſoas abcefs, labes, various ulcers,
ſome diſeaſes of the liver, &c. &c. Nay, perhaps, of cancer itſelf. Hinc illæ lacrymna!
PE
+
上​,
3 E
per-
(202)
perſeverance will be readily acknowledged when it is underſtood that
this diſeaſe is hereditary, as well as acquired, I do not, therefore, look
upon Sea Bathing as a ſpecific, but only as a powerful ayxjliary.
OBSTRUCTIONS..
Under this head is meant only that ſtate of health too often expe-
rienced about the age of 13, 14, and ſometimes later, by the female
(and ſometimes by the male) fex. This diſeaſe is commonly known by
loſs of colour, of appetite, of Itrength, and of ſpirits.. Pains in the back
and loins, ſhortneſs of breath, particularly in aſcending a hill or fair,
reluctance from motion, laſſitude, indifference, and other ſymptoms,
unneceſſary to diſtinguiſh in this place, eſpecially as they vary with
each particular caſe. Perhaps no complaint requires more nice atten-
tion with reſpect to Sea Bathing and the uſe of medicine, than this.
I have known an ill managed courſe of Sea Bathing produce great mil-
chief. And irreparable evils from the adminiſtration of violent forcing
medicines, as they are called, exhibited by Lady Bountifuls and others, of
every rank. The languor and unequal action of the arterial and abſorbent
ſyſtems are very great in this diſorder ;, which is probably occaſioned.
by the energy of the brain being at this time exerted chiefly in develop-
ing the organs of future reproduction; for as ſoon as the uſual ſymp-
toms of the completion of this eſſential buſineſs: appear, the fyftem gra-
dually recovers, and health. 16. reſtored. It is a ſingular phænomenon,
but often obſerved in the ſeveral kingdoms of nature, that the opera-.
tions for continuing the ſpecies, abſolutely encroach upon the life of the
individual. And no doubt hundreds of females have perished under,
the efforts of pature to effect this change, either through neglect or:
wretchedneſs.
The method of cure follows very naturally thefe fuggeſtions, and it
may perhaps receive force from the fuccefs that attends the remedies
generally known and exhibited in theſe caſes, it is true, with more or
leſs diſcernment. It is not neceſſary to repeat what has already been
faid
( 203 )
ſaid under General Debility. Scarborough affords its air, its waters, its
rides, its walks, its various Baths of Sea Water, and the delightful exer-
ciſe of failing.
}
INTERMITTENT, or AGUE,
Scarborough offers the moſt certain and ſpeedy cure for this diſeaſe,
when it is the confequence of reſidence in low or marſhy ſituations.
This complaint, in its commencement, often ſo eaſy of cure, after a
long continuance becomes uncommonly intractable. Its habitual re-
eurrence renders it leſs afflicting in its ſtages; but it contaminates the
ſtream of life, diſorders the liver, and other viſcera, and lays the foun-
dation of innumerable ills. Whilſt the conſtitution, however, remains
found, Sea Bathing, Sailing, &c. are ſpecific. When the eyes and ſkin
obtain a yellow hue, the urine a high colour and a thick ſediment, the
bowels coſtive, the legs and feet ſwelled ; the warm Sea Bath, and
per remedies muſt prepare the way to a dip in the ocean. In theſe caſes
the liver is ſuppoſed with great probability of truth to be diſeaſed,
and will therefore require a particular mode of treatment.
pro-
12
$
Gour.
The propriety of cold bathing in this diſeaſe is uneſtabliſhed, at pre-
fent, by general practice. The fafety or danger muſt, however, hinge
upon what has ſo often been noticed, and what indeed muſt always be
attended to in the exbibition of powerful remedies. I have no doubt
of the utility of Sea Bathing in almoſt every ltage of the Gout, provided
the ſubject be young, or the conſtitution unimpaired. In the intervals
of regular Gout its effects are moſt falutary. And what is called flying
Gout, Sea Bathing has often under my own eye, brought on a fit in the
{eet. The irregular pains of the ſtomach with eructations of air, quick
pains of ſhort duration in the joints, are often much relieved thereby:
But for elderly, emaciated ſubjects, who have lived intemperately, the
warm Sea Bath is a fafer, and more agreeable plan.
RHEUR
(
204.)
houRHEUMATISM.
* WAY
With Rheumatiſm, I ſhall conclude my catalogue of diſeaſes. In
chronic Rheumatiſm we find the beſt effects, from Sea Bathing when-
ever the glow is general and perfect. And I believe it might be uſed
twice a day in theſe caſes, or, as often as the pains return, with great
advantage. This is one of the diſeaſes, wherein a longer ſtay than
uſual might be recommended with good effect. When the pains are in-
creaſed, which ſometimes happens after Bathing, a few doſes of Bark
and Guaiacum, and dipping after a little exerciſe will commonly prove
effectual. It has been ſaid that going into the ſea, when labouring
under Rheumatic pains is hazardous : but we have frequent inſtances
of people fo lame and in ſo much pain, as to be with difficulty carried
into the water, who have been able in the courſe of a few weeks, to
run a race. Where the limbs are much contracted, the vapour Bath
or hot pumping is moſt effectual, to be followed by Sea Bathing.
24
Some obfervations on the Bathing of Children may not be unaccept-
able to the numerous families who viſit Scarborough. The cuſtom of
Bathing Children in cold water from their birth is certainly moſt con-
ducive to health and comfort. And if any thing can prevent the effect
of hereditary diſeaſe, it muſt be Cold Bathing, joined to a nutritious
diet, due exerciſe in the open air, perfect freedom in apparel, airy bed-
rooms, and light covering. How many hapleſs infants have bread and
water, and the whole ſyſtem of ſtarvation fent untimely to the other
world? How many live to lament the want of health, and loſs of
temper, from the abſurd notion that good food ſhould breed groſs hu-
mours ? Happily a plan more.congenial to reaſon, and pregnant with
the beſt effects, begins to gain ground amongſt us,; and the puny boy,
and palid girl are expoſed to the air, and plunged into the cold wave.
Their diet now is nouriſhing and not too ſcanty. Sea Bathing cannot
be too much encouraged for thoſe childten eſpecially, who are pent
up
y
over the
( 205 )
up at ſchools for the greateſt part of the year, and who have little op-
portunity of Bathing, or who are weak and ſickly. Its effects on rickety
children has been long known and adınitted; and it is no leſs powerful
in a variety of diſeaſes to which children are ſubjected, either from
their parents, their manner of being fed, * and clothed, or from other
circumſtances. Change of air is very important to theſe laſt, and Sea
Bathing has decided advantages over freih water.
I ſhall now conclude with a few words on the bathing of Adults.
They who have long hair, or wear hair powder, will find it convenient
to uſe the oiled ſilk cap; but if faſhion could be made ſubſervient.to
convenience, and bathers would keep the hair ſhort, and without p
der, it would be much more agreeable, and in fome caſes more bene-
ficial to bathe without a cap. For thoſe who are robuſt, the morn-
ing, before breakfaſt, is the beſt time; for thoſe who are delicate,
it may be better to take breakfaſt firſt, and bathe nearer noon.----
Both ſhould plunge into the wave, and return immediately,—unleſs
for particular reaſons fome delay is directed. The Guides, I know, have
great faith in the number three, and often powerfully recommend three
immerſions. They who bathe for pleaſure may without riſk ſubmit ;
but the delicate ſhould return immediately, and be wiped dry, and in
many caſes put on a flannel gown for a moment, until the feet and legs
are well dried. In ſome caſes cordials and previous exerciſe are neceſſary
to enſure the glow, and many require friction with dry flannels all
over.
* It may not be impertinent here to caution every parent againſt uſe of water pap as it is
called. I am certain many hundreds of children have been deſtroyed by liaving this unwhole.
fome mixture crammed down their throats the moment they are born, and for the firſt five or fix
months of their lives; thoſe who eſcaped thruſh, watery gripes, convulſions, and a long liſt of
et ceteras, have often retained an impaired conſtitution.
$
3
}
$
3 F
NATURAL
WY
NATURAL HISTORY. **
HE Maritime ſituation of Scarborough, and the diverſity of ſoil and
aſpect in the vicinity, afford an ample field for the inveſtigation of the
naturaliſt. The neighbouring heights produce ſeveral of the rare alpine
plants; t and the woods near Hackneſs, a variety of ſpecies peculiar to
the North: $ befides theſe, the shores of Scarborough, and the extenſive
rocks on the coaſt, furniſh the following catalogue of marine plants and
other natural productions :
CONFERVA byſſoides, (a new fpecies, deſcribed by Ellis) a rare plänt.
catenulata, (non-deſcript) ſtem ſingle, ſmalleſt towards the root,
chain-like, colour bright green.
* Communicated by Mr. William Travis, ſurgeon, who obſerves, that theſe catalogues admit
of conſiderable augmentation.
+ Ophrys cordata (the leaſt Twayblade), Pyrola rotundifolia et minor (the round leaved and
leſs Wintergreen), Trientalis Europea (Chickweed Wintergreen), Gnaphalium dioicum (Cat’s-
foot Cudweed), Aſtragulus glycyphyllos et danicus (two ſpecies of the Liquorice-vetch), &c.
And in the Hole of Horcum on the Moors, Cornus Suetica (the dwarf Honeyſuckle), a very rare
plant.
Carduus eriophorus (the woolly-headed Thiſtle), Ciftus helianthemum (dwarf Sunflower),
Prunus padus (cluſtered Cherry., Equiſetum hyemale (Dutch Shave.graſs), Vicia Sylvatica (wood
Vetch), Oſmunda regalis (flowering Fern), &c. The Mere, a ſheet of water, about a mile and half-
from Scarborough, produces the two fpecies of Nymphæa (Water Lily), and Butomus umbellatus
(the flowering ruſh).
CON-
notes a
( 207 )
CONFERVA coccinea, ſcarlet Conferva: not frequent.
diaphana, dotted Conferva.
elongata, pointed Conferva.
flofculofa, (deſcribed by Ellis in Philof. Tranf.) a rare ſpecies.
fæniculacea, fennel-leaved Conferva.
fucicola, (deſcribed by Major Velley in his firſt Faſciculus of
Marine Plants.)
fucoides, Fucus Conferva.
littoralis, ſoft Conferva.
nigra, black Conferva.
paraſitica, feathered Conferva :-rare.
pennata, pinnated Conferva: not common.
plumula, (deſcribed by Ellis in Philoſ. Tranſ.)
polymorpha, palmated Conferva...
rubra, red Conferva..
rupeſtris, rock Conferva.
Spongiofa, ſponge Conferva. .
tomentoſa, flock Conferva: the laſt five fpecies very common.
Fucus* aculeatus, prickly Fucus, rather ſcarce.
alatus, winged Fucus, not uncommon.
articulatus, articulated Fucus. .
canaliculatus, furrowed Fücus.
capillaris, capillary Fucus, .very ſcarce.
ceranoides, buck's-horn Fucus, ſeveral varieties.
coccineus, ſcarlet Fucus, a beautiful ſpecies, very frequent.
confervoides, rough Fucus,
dentatus, dented Fucus.
digitatus, fingered Fucus.
filicinus, fern-leaved Fucus..
filum, thread Fucus.
bypogloſſum, (a new ſpecies, deſcribed in the Linnean Tranſactions.)
laciniatus, jagged Fucus.
$
* The larger ſpecies of Fucus are collected into heaps on the ſhores, and burnt into Kelp, an
article principally uſed in the manufacture of Alum.
FUCUS
( 208 )
I
Fucus loreus, narrow-leaved Fucus or Sea Thongs.
lycopodiöides, Cat's-tail Fucus ; very rare, is deſcribed in the 3d
edit. of Dr. Withering's Arrangement of Britiſh Plants, not
in the former.
nodoſus, knotted Fucus.
palmatus, handed Fucus or Dulſe: in the North of Ireland, it is
boiled and eaten.
plicatus, matted Fucus.
pinnatifidus, wing-cleft Fucus.
plumoſus, feathered Fucus.
purpurafcens, purple Fucus.
rubens, reddiſh Fucus.
- Jaccharins, ſweet Fucus.
fanguineus, dock-leaved Fucus.
ferratus, ferrated Fucus.
filiquoſus, podded Fucus.
verrucoſus, warty Fucus.
veſiculofus, oak-leaved Fucus.
viridis, a very delicate plant, deſcribed in Flora Danica ; it was
found growing here by Sir Thomas Frankland, Bart. and
has not before been introduced into the Britiſh Catalogue.
ULVA compreſa, flat Ulva or Laver. Tape Laver.
-fiſtuloſa, pipe Ulva.
fuſca, brown Ulva.
lactuca, oyſter Ulva or Laver; † boiled with vinegar and ſalt, it is
ſometimes eaten as a pickle.
linza, ribbon Ulva.
. plumoſa, feathered Ulva: very rare.
rubens, reddiſh Ulva.
umbilicalis, navel Ulva.
*
-
* Its pods every uſeful in fcrophulous caſes. See page 201.
* Called alſo Lettuce Laver or Oyſter-green; and in Scotland, Green Sloke.
CRU.
$
(
209)
**
CRUSTACEA ET TESTACEA-SHELL-FISH and SHELLS.
Cancer depurator, the cleanſer Crab.
araneus, the ſpider Crab.
frigofus, the plated Lobſter.
Bernardus, Bernard the Hermit.
Sepia Loligo, the great Cuttle-fiſh.
fepiola, the ſmall ditto.
officinalis, the Ink Fiſh.
Echinus eſculentus, * the Sea Hedge-hog.
Spatagus, the Sea Egg.
CHITON marginatus, the marginated Chiton.
lævis, the ſmooth Chiton.
LEPAS balanus, the common Engliſh Barnacle.
balanoides, the fulcated Balanus or Acorn-filh.
PHOLAS dactylus, the Piddock.
candidus, the white Pholas.
criſpatus, the curled ditto.
Solen ſiliqua, the pod Razor.
TELLINA incarnata, the Carnation Tellina.
CARDIUM aculeatum, the aculeated Cockle.
MACTRA ftultorum, Simpleton's Mactra.
folida, ſtrong Mactra, .
lutraria, large Mactra.
* This ſhell-fiſh is eaten by the poor in many parts of England, and in old times was a fa-
vourite diſh. It is celebrated as the firſt diſh at the famous fupper of Lentulus, when he was
made Flamen Martialis, Prieſt of Mars: by ſome of the concomitant diſhes, however, it would
ſeem deſigned only as a whet for the ſecond courſe.
See Macrobius as quoted by Arbutbnot.
* 놨
​3G
DONAX
( 210 )
4
Donax trunculus, yellow Donax.
VENUS mercenaria, commercial Venus or Clam.
Pecten maximus, the great Scallop.
Mytilus modiolus, the great Muſſel. .
BUCCINUM lapillus, the maſſy Whelk.
undatum, the waved ditto.
ſtriatum, the ſtriated ditto.
Murex corneus, the long Whelk. .
deſpectus, the deſpiſed Murex.
PATELLA pellucida, tranſparent Limffeta
com|Dl@008
ZOOPHYTES-CORALLINES, &c.
ALCYONIUM digitatum, dead Man's Hand.
SPONGIA oculata, branched Sponge.
FLUSTRA foliacea, broad-leaved Hornwrack, or Sea Matt..
truncata, narrow-leaved Hornwrack, or ſquare-topp'd Sea
Matt.
piloſa, irregular ſpongy foliaceous Coralline, or hairy Sea
Matt.
carbafea, Lawn Sea Matt..
dentata, toothed Sea Matt.
TUBULARIA indiviſa, tubular Coralline.
fiſtuloſa, Bugle Coralline.
muſcoides, tubular wrinkled Coralline.
$
* This Engliſh ſhell produces the purple dye, analogous to the purpura of the Antients: its uſe
has been long ſince ſuperſeded by the introduction of the Coccus Cači, or the Cochineal Beetle :
but as a matter of curioſity the proceſs is deſcribed by Mr. Pennant in his Britiſh Zoology. See
Vol. IV. Page 103
COR.
( 211 )
2
CORALLINA officinalis, Coralline of the Shops.
rubens, red thread Coralline.
criſtata, creſted or cock's-comb Coralline.
corniculata, white ſlender jointed Coralline.
ſpermophoros, feed-bearing Coralline.
SERTULARIA † roſacea, lily-flowering Coralline.
pumila, Sea-oak Coralline.
operculata, Sea-hair.
tamariſca, Sea Tamariſk.
abietina, Sea Fir:
cupreſſina, Sea Cypreſs.
emme argentea, Squirrel's Tail.
rugofa, Snail-trefoil Coralline.
halecina, Herring-bone Coralline.
muricata, Sea Hedge-hog Coralline.
thuja, Bottle-bruſh Coralline.
falcata, fickle Coralline.
antennina, Lobſter's-horn Coralline, or Sea Beard.
verticillata, Horſe Tail.
volubilis, ſmall climbing Coralline.
uva, Grape Coralline.
lendigera, Nit Coralline.
dichotoma, Sea-thread Coralline.
geniculata, knotted Sea-thread Coralline..
Spinoſa, Silk Coralline.
polyzonias, great Tooth Coralline.
lichenaſtrum, Sea Spleenwort.
loriculata, Coat of Mail Coralline.
faftigiata, ſoft-feathered Coralline.
avicularia, Bird's-head Coralline.
t This Catalogue of Sertularia (Linn.) comprehends ſeveral of Ellis's Genus, Cellaria:
SER-
( 212 )
SerTULARIA ſcrupoſa, creeping ſtony Coralline.
repens, creeping Coralline.
ciliata, ciliated Coralline.
eburnea, tufted Ivory Coralline.
cornuta, Goat's-horn Coralline.
loricata, Bull's-horn Coralline.
cuſcuta, Dodder-like Coralline.
fruteſcens, ſhrubby Coralline; noticed by Ellis, as peculiar
to Scarborough.
filicula, Fern Coralline; ditto.
pinaſter, Sea Pine.
MILLEPORA pumicoſa, porous Efchara.
tubuloſa, ſmall purple Eſchara.
PETRE-
( 213 )
PETREFACTIONS, &c.
AMMONITES, round.
1. Common fort, with a ſmooth circumference.
2. With two furrows on the circumference, and the ridges little more
than half way down the ſides.
3. With two furrows on the circumference, and with prominent ridges.
NAUTILITes or AMMONITES, compreſſed.
1. Large with a crenated circumference.
2. With waved ridges.
3. With ſigmoid or curved ridges.
With bifid ridges and acute circumference.
4.
AMMONOIDES LINNEI:
Round and including one another.
1. With the folds a little oblique.
2. With the folds direct.
3. With ditto, and more compreſſed than the two former.
ARGONAUTITES LINNEI.
I. Without diviſions and filled internally with Ammonites.
ECHINITES.
1. Cordati.
2. Diſcoides.
3. Ovarii.
4. Galeati.
OSTRACITÆ.
1. The common fort.
2. With an indented edge.
3. Sulcated land oyſter (at Seamer Lime-ſtone Quarry).
3 H
BELEMNITES.
( 214 )
BELEMNITES.
1. The common fort.
2. Suecicus Linn. diſlepimentis hemiſphericis more nautili.
3. Suecicus compreſſus.
DENDRITES.
1. Filices,
2. Muſci.
3. Corticis.
Ærites,
I. Geodes.
2. Spurius cruſta pyriticola.
Lignum petrifactum.
Anomia ftriata feu fulcata.
Gryphites curved.
larger and leſſer, curveda
Pectenitæ.
Carditæ.
Selenites.
Trochitæ.
Mytilites ſeu Muſculites.
Penna marina petrifacta.
Buccinites.
Entrochus.
Mica argentea granatis interſparſa.
Granites granatis et micis abundans.
Piſolithis cum coralliis petrifactis.
PYRITES.
1. Tetraïdus feu triangularis. Linn.
2. Hexaüdrus feu cubicus. Linn.
3. Globoſus,
4. Texturâ Chalybeatâ.
FER-
( 215 )
**
FERRUM.
1. Hepaticum folidum.
2.
Ochra cruſtata.
SPATUM.
1. Rhomboidum.
2. Cuneiforme.
3. Efforeſcens.
SEPTARIA.
1. Venis ſubalbis.
2. Venis ferruginoſis.
Orthoceratites rectus.
Urtica Marina ſeu piſcis Vaginalis.
Oferiæ.
Porpites.
Lithoſtrotion.
Corallium album foflile,
Junci lapidei.
Icthyperia.
Lamiodontes feu glofſopetræ.
Vertebra foſfilis.
**
BITUMINOSA.
Foſſil black pitch of thick conſiſtence.
Jet in detached maſſes, and in veins between the rocks.
Petroleum in the cavities of compreſſed Nautilites.
SECT.
f
SECTION II.
.
TRADE.
TH
HE poffeffion of abøfolute perfection falls not to the lot of any
ſituation; there being, generally, ſome local inconveniences to
counter-balance the advantages; and Scarborough, though in poſſeſſion
of a convenient port, has a reſtricted commerce. The vicinity of ſterile
moors, and a neighbouring diſtrict far from populous, without any
water-communication with the interior country, are formidable iinpe-
diments to the extenſion of Trade, and eſſentially operate to check the
ſpirit of enterprize.
SHIPPING, and its dependencies, are the principal branches, in which
the inhabitants are moſt generally intereſted.--Ship-BUILDING forms
an important object of employment, and is a great ſource of emolu-
ment; but it is precarious, and ſubject to ſudden fluctuations. The
following
( 217 )
following account of ſhips built * at Scarborough, for a ſeries of years,
will thew how materially it is affected at different periods.
Years.
Ships Built.
14
Regiſtered Tonnage.
1766 tons
I 2
8
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
8
4
2014 do.
1017 do.
1251 do.
607 do.
940 do.
1496 do.
1417 do.
1791
7
9
9
13
2681 do.
II
1911 do
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
IO
1880 do.
IO
1858 do.
1452 do.
8
Scarborough has not increaſed in ſhipping in the ſame proportion
as ſome other ſea-ports, and this may be attributed to a leſs degree of
enterprize, ariſing from particular circumſtances.
The aggregate amount of the tonnage of ſhips belonging to this port,
may be eſtimated nearly at 30,000 tons ; but it will not appear ſo
much by the Cuſtom-Houſe books (at Scarborough), as many of the
ſhips are regiſtered in London.
The great deficiency of authentic documents, in former times, pre-
vents the introduction of an extenſive account of the progreſſive incrcafe
of the number and tonnage of ſhips belonging to Scarborough.
In the year 1638, the Lord High Admiral of England, commanded
lifts to be tranſmitted to the Admiralty from the different ſea-ports,
containing the number of their reſpective ſhips, with their names and
burthens: the repreſentation from Scarborough, on this occaſion, thews
* The Ships are launched in cradles, on an inclined plane, at low water.
3 I
that
( 218 )
that only twenty or twenty-two ſhips of large ſize, then belonged to
the port; and that the others were “fmall barques, between twenty and
fixty tons burtben."
In the year 1730, the ſhips of the greateſt burthen did not exceed
240 tons meaſurement, and the number of that deſcription was under
twenty ; the reſt were from ſixty to one hundred and fifty tons, and
their number about ſeventy :-the aggregate tonnage might be eſti-
mated at 12,000 tons.
The ſhips, from this latter period, gradually increaſed in burthen;
but the whole number in 1780, amounted only tv one hundred and two.
In the year 1796, the number of ſhips was one hundred and fixty-
five, meaſuring 25,600 tons.
In 1797, there appears to have been a ſmall declenſion. The
number, at the cloſe of the year, was only one hundred and fixty-two,
and the whole of the regiſtered tonnage, by the Cuſtom-Houſe books,
(at Scarborough) 24,319 tons.
The only MANUFACTORIES in the place are thofe immediately dea
pendent upon ſhipping. There are two of cordage, and one of
fail-cloth.
The Shops are numerous and well ſtored with a variety of mif-
cellaneous articles ; but it is the opinion of many, that fo extenſive a
competition cannot fail of proving injurious to the traders. This is
certainly a juſt opinion ; yet, when the extent of the population, the
viſitors in the Spaw-Seaſon, and the great reſort of people to the
Markets, from the neighbouring villages, are conſidered, the general
conſumption will be found greater than would appear from a ſuperfi-
cial obſervation.
1
The Markets at Scarborough have been of more importance to
commerce than is generally imagined ; and the following detail of the
decay
yas
( 219 )
decay of trade, in the beginning of the laſt century (1600), occaſioned
by the competition of Seamer Market, is curious and intereſting.
It was proved,* that before the eſtabliſhment of Seamer Market, there
were eight Bakers at Scarborough, afterwards, only four ; and the
quantity of wheat brought to Scarborough Market, which had been
from twelve to twenty quarters, or inore, weekly, was then reduced
to three quarters, and ſometimes did not exceed one. The Cordwainers
were decreaſed from fourteen to five, having ſettled at Seamer and the
neighbouring villages ; and the ſale of bides (from Malton, Pickering,
and Whitby) at Scarborough Market, had totally ceaſed.--Of four
Drapers there did not remain one; the Glovers were reduced from fix
to three; the Butchers from eight to four ; "and theſe all have not
now (the detail ſtates) ſo much. utterance in a weke as one had then on
a markett daye.” The Weavers were decreaſed in number from four-
teen to four ; the Taylors (formerly, twenty houſeholders) to nine,
very poor ; and the Victuallers from forty,, or more, to twenty. Of the
Smiths, the principal one had removed to Seamer ; the reſt were ex-
tremely indigent. It was moreover proved that the graſs grew in
the Market-Place at Scarborough, after the eſtabliſhment of Seamer
Market, and that the ſhipping and houſes were gone much to decay.
It was likewiſe proved that a Market had been holden at Scarborough
long before any at Seamer; and that ſo early as the reign of Henry III.
the Markets of Filey, Sherborne, and Brompton, (all farther diſtant
than Seamer) had been ſuppreſſed for the benefit of that at Scar-
borough. It was alſo pleaded that the town of Scarborough paid a
fee-farm rent of ninety-one pounds to the Crown, which was raiſed
by the Gablage, Cörn-Tolls, and Rent of Mills; the firſt of which was
diminiſhed, by the decay of houſes, from thirty pounds to twenty,
the ſecond, much decreaſed, and the Mills, which had formerly yielded
* By a ſtatement under the Common Seal of the Borough, and by viva voce witneſſes.
+ Atteſted by the Maſter of the Trinity Houſe and others.
twenty
(220)
twenty pounds, were then in ruin, and the tenants totally impoveriſhed:
and that the town was alſo liable to a double tax or ſubſidy of one
hundred marks, beſides other heavy public charges.
*
There are two ſmall annual Fairs holden at Scarborough, princi-
pally for cattle; the one on Holy Thurſday, the other on Old Mar-
tinmas Day.
The MARKETS are twice in the week, viz. on Thurſday and Satur-
day. They are abundantly ſupplied with excellent proviſions of every
kind.
The Commerce of the Port is principally confined to the follow-
ing articles :
'The Exports conſiſt of Corn, Butter in firkins, Hams, Bacon, and
Salt-Fiſh.
The Imports are, Coals of from Newcaſtle and Sunderland ;—Timber,
Deals, Hemp, Flax, and Iron from the Baltic ;--Brandy and Geneva
from Holland ;-Wine from Portugal, via Hull; and Groceries from
London.
* The preſent annual amount of the land-tax is, for Scarborough, 2241. 25.- for Walſgrave, 44).
There are in Scarborough, 593 houſes aſſeſſed for taxes; and in Walſgrave, 32.
+ About 8000 chaldrons annually. The average price of coal for the preſent year (1798) is
21. is. per chaldron, which, by the cuſtomary meaſure of Scarborough, contains 64 Wincheſter
buſhels, and weighs about 2 tons 7 cwt.
The
( 221 )
16
d.
Years,
d.
The 'annexed Table contains the annual amount of the Duties of the
Port, from the year 1785.
Years.
.
£
*
1785 11,149
6
2
1792 5,134 13
2
1786
4,674 14
8
1793
6,067 8 7
1787 3,584 IO 7
1794
5,670
1788
4,005 13
9 1795 2,432 13
5
1789 3,734 16
2 1796
II
1790 4,775 53
8
1797
18
9
1791 4,798 16
16
I
O
3,267
3,056
The internal trade of the town, and the commerce of the port,
without a Canal, muſt ever languiſh. This appeared in ſo ſtriking a
point of view, that an attempt was inade in the year 1794, to carry
the plan of a Canal into execution. The liberal fpirit which prevailed,
at the opening of the buſineſs, promiſed a favourable iſſue ; but fome
unpleaſant circumſtances aroſe, which, combined with other cauſes,
rendered a plan of great public utility abortive.
The practicability was generally admitted. The ſurveys and reports
of Mr. Cockſhutt, the engineer, ſhewed that the Country was extremely
well adapted for the purpoſe, and that the Cana!, when completed,
would afford a conſtant and uninterrupted communication, with a
lucrative proſpect to adventurers, on terms as reaſonable as any ſimilar
navigation in the kingdom..
* The great declenſion in the duties from the year 1785,- was occaſioned by the A&, 25 Geo. III.
which obliged all ſhips to clear out, and pay their duties at the loading port. Previous to this,
the ſhips in the coal-trade belonging to Scarborough, bound to Holland, or any other foreign
part, paid their duties at this port, though they loaded at Newcaſtle or Sunderland.
3K
The
complete
( 222 )
The following is Mr. Cockſhutt’s eſtimate of the expence of com-
pleting the Canal, (and the expected produce of the tolls) which he de-
clared, as his opinion, would be fully adequate to the intended purpoſe,
ſuppoſing the Canal to be 30 feet wide at the ſurface, and 41 feet deep.
Cutting the Canal from Scarborough to the Coſta, * £.
d.
including the Branch to Pickering; alſo deep-cutting,
“ banking, and extra-work; diſtance, 23 miles i
“ furlong
13,462 15
O
o
18,557 0 0
6
“ Sea-Lock and Baſon at Scarborough
2,500 o
“Twenty-four Locks
12,200
“Accommodation Bridges, Culverts, Weirs, Back-
"Drains; Aqueducts over the Derwent, Thornton,
"and Pickering Becks; Reſervoirs and Water-Courſes;
“Road Bridges, Land to be purchaſed, with tempo-
rary damages
Ten per cent. for contingencies, expences of the act,&c. 4,671 0.0
“ The Line from the Coſta to How-Keld-Head Mill;
diſtance, 8 miles and 8 chains; the particulars
calculated as above
13,731 18
+ The Branch from near Pickering towards Malton, if
communicating with the Derwent near Mr. Baker's
“farm, as appears practicable ; diſtance, 3 miles 2
furlongs 6 chains; according to the ſame mode of
calculation
5,964 14
71,087 7 2
If not communicating with the Derwent, but carried
on ſeparately to Malton, as in the plan, the addi-
* tional expence will be
8,419 II
2
O
79,506 18
2
V
* Near Malton
“ Sub-
(223)
“Subſtance of the reports reſpecting the expected produce of the
“ Tolls upon the Canal, at the rate of 3d. per ton per mile.
Grain.-It appears that the quantity of tillage-land
“ lying within the influence of the Canal, is about
53,760 acres ; which, at a moderate eſtimate, after
allowing for feed-corn, conſumption for horſes,
“ domeſtic uſes, &c. will leave the quantity of 24,303
tons of corn; and ſuppoſing, for the diſtance of four
miles from Scarborough, no part of the above
quan-
tity to be conveyed along the Canal, there will
yet
"remain for an average diſtance upon the ſame, 13
"miles, which will produce the ſum of
3,949 4 9
Lime Coals. The fallow lands, which may be eſtimated
at one-third of the tillage, and allowing two chal-
drons of lime for each acre of ſuch fallow upon the
hill-lands, and three chaldrons per acre upon the
grounds in the valley, will amount to 46,813 tons,
including the coals neceſſary to burn the fame :
“This weight will be moved half the diſtance on the
Canal from Pickering to Scarborough, viz. 11f miles,
" and will amount to
6,729 17 4
Houſebold Goals, conſumed Weſtward of Pickering, 740
“chaldrons ;-—which being moved different diſtances,
may reaſonably be computed at
157 0
The ſame article conſumed Eaſtward of Pickering, and
“including that place, 2,372 chaldrons ;--which
" being averaged to move ten miles, will amount to
Oak Timber, 1000 tons, conveyed all the length of the
Canal
375 0
Fir Timber, 500 tons, fold from Scarborough, carried
on the Canal 15 miles
93 15 0
Carried forward 11,601 7
Wool,
o
296 10 o
O
I
(224)
十年​。
Brought over 11,601 I
Wool, 1600 packs, moving from Seamer to Malton, at,
"6d. per pack
400
“ Butter Firkins, 2,5.00-62 tons, eſtimated to be carried
twenty miles
I5 100
Bacon, 453 tons, 15 miles
84. 18. 9
Total, excluſive of Groceries, Flax, Iron, Bricks, Tiles,
“Slates, Manufactured Goods, and various other
« articles not enumerated.
11,741. 15.10
Suppoſing the Toll to be only computed at the low.
“rate of 2d. per ton per mile, by deducting one-third
“ from the above amount, the produce then will be
“ Which, after a deduction of 1800l. annually for agencies, ſupport,
“and repairs of the Canal, leaves a balance of 60271. 175. 3d.---..
* Equal to more than ſeven and an half per cent. upon the full eſtimate.
*
7,827 17. 3
***
FISHERIES..
The Fiſseries would be a profitable branch of trade at Scarborough,
if they were under a-regular, judicious management, and properly ex-
tended.
There is an abundant variety of excellent fifh upon the coaſt; but
not fufficient induſtry and enterpriſe in the fiſhermen to avail them-
ſelves of ſuch an advantage. Some efforts were made a few years ago
to increaſe the Five-Men Boat* fiſhery. Several gentlemen of the town.
* The Five-Men Boats (the larger kind of fiſhing boats,) are forty-ſix feet long, fixteen feet
eight inches broad, ſix feet three inches deep, clincher built, ſharp in the bottom, have one deck
with a large hatchway in the middle, meaſure about fifty.eight tons, and are ſwift failers. .
adven.
( 225 )
adventured ſhares in the boats ; but the want of unanimity and per-
feverance in the fiſhermen defeated the attempt.
It is a general complaint with our fiſhermen, that the Five-Men Boat-
fiſhery is not productive, yet thoſe of Filey and Robin Hood's Bay per-
fevere, and are ſucceſsful. There was an inſtance, in the year 1796,
of two boats belonging to the latter place, being ſo fortunate, that the
ſhare of each man amounted to near fifty pounds, in the ſpace of five
months, between April and September. One of the Filey boats was ſtill
more ſucceſsful, as the ſhare of each man amounted to near fixty pounds
for the ſummer-fiſhery, beſides the benefit of the rarmouth fiſhery, in the
autumn.
Whatever truth there may be in the popular obſervation, that the
fiſh are not ſo plentiful upon the coaſt as formerly, yet there is indif-
putably a ſufficient quantity to encourage a more conſiderable degree
of enterprize.
The following communication, by the late Mr. John Travis, Surgeon,.
to Mr. Pennant, in 1769, contains an account of the Fiſhing-Ground,
and a ſummary of the preſent mode of fiſhing ::
Scarborough is ſituated at the bottom of a bay, formed by Whitby
rock on the North, and Flamborough Head on the ſouth. The Town
is ſeated directly oppoſite to the centre of the weſt end of the Dogger
Bank, which end (according to Hammond's Chart of the North Sea) lies
Sauth by Weſt and North by Eaſt; but by a line drawn from Tinmouth
Caſtle, would lead about North-weſt, and South-eaſt. Though the
Dogger Bank be, therefore, but twelve leagues from Flamborough Head,
yet it is fixteen and a half from Scarborough, twenty-three from
Whitby, and thirty-ſix from Tinmouth Caſtle. The north ſide of the
bank ſtretches Eaſt-north-eaſt between thirty and forty leagues, until it
nearly join the Long-Bank and Jutt's Riff.”
“ It is to be remarked, that the fiſhermen ſeldom find any cod, ling,
or other mud fifh upon the Dogger Bank itſelf, but on the floping edges
and hollows contiguous to it, the top of the bank being covered with
a barren
3-L
( 226 )
66
a barren, ſhifting fand, which affords them no ſubſiſtence; and the
water on it, from its ſhallowneſs, being continually ſo agitated and
broken, às to allow them no time to reſt. The flat fiſh do not ſuffer
the fame inconvenience there; for when diſturbed by the motion of
the ſea, they ſhelter themſelves in the ſand, and find variety of ſuitable
food. It is true the Dutch filh upon the Dogger-Bank; but it is alſo true
they take little, except foles, ſkates, thornbacks, plaiſe, &c. It is in the
hollows between the Dogger and Well-Bank, that the cod are taken which
ſupply the London market.”
The Sbore (except at the entrance of Scarborough Pier and ſome few
other places) is compoſed of covered rocks, which abound with lobſters
and crabs, and many other kinds of thell-fith :*-Beyond theſe rocks,
there is a ſpace covered with clean fand, extending, in different places,
from one to three or four miles. The bottom, from hence, all the
way to the edge of the Dogger-Bank, is a fearr, f in ſome places very
rugged and cavernous; in others, ſmooth, and overgrown with va-
riety of marine plants, corallines, &c. ſome parts again ſpread with
ſand and ſhells, others, for many leagues in length, with ſoft mud and
ooze, furniſhed by the diſcharge of the Tees and Humber.
Upon an attentive review of the whole, it may be clearly inférred,
that the ſhore along the coaſt on the one hand, with the edges of the
Dogger-Bank on the other, like the ſides of a decoy, give a direction
towards our fiſhing grounds to the mighty ſhoals of cod and other fiſh,
which are well known to comé annually from the Northern ocean into
our ſeas; and ſecondly, that the great variety of fiſhing grounds near
Scarborough extending upwards of fixteen leagues from the ſhore, afford
ſecure retreats and plenty of food for all the various kinds of fiſh, and
alſo ſuitable places where each may depoſit their ſpawn.”
ور
po
* There are no cockles nor oyſters.
+ The ſcarr or rock, which the fiſhermen call the ſtream, where the fiſh abundantly reſort, is
three or four miles from Scarborough, but not above one or two from Robin Hood's Bay and
Filey. The Rock-filh are firmer than thoſe caught upon a ſandy bottom.
4. The
>
a
Ž
(227)
*
« The fiſhery at Scarborough only employs 105 men, and produces
about 5,250l. per annum, a trifle to what it would produce, were
there a Canal thence to Leeds and Mancheſter ; as it is probable, it
would then amount to ten times that ſum, employ ſome thouſands of
men, give a comfortable and cheap ſubſiſtence to our manufacturers,
keep the markets moderately reaſonable, enable our merchants to under-
ſell our rivals, and prevent the hands, as is too often the caſe, raiſing in-
ſurrections, in every year of ſcarcity, natural or artificial.”
Mode of Fiſhing at Scarborough.
" When the fiſhermen go out to fiſh in the Cobles, each perſon is pro-
vided with three lines. Each man's lines are fairly coiled upon a flat
oblong piece of wicker-work, the hooks being baited, and placed very
regularly in the centre of the coil. Every line is furniſhed with 280
hooks, at the diſtance of fix feet two inches from each other. The
hooks are faſtened to the lines upon ſneads of twiſted horſe hair, 27
inches in length.”
When fiſhing, there are always three men in each coble, and confe-
quently nine of theſe lines are faſtened together and uſed as one line,
extending in length near three miles, and furniſhed with 2,520 hooks.
An anchor and a buoy fixed at the firſt end of the line, and the fame at
the end of each man's lines; in all, four anchors, which are commonly
perforated ſtones, and four buoys made of leather or cork. The line is
always ſtretched acroſs the current.
The tides of flood and ebb con-
tinue an equal time upon our coaſt, and when undiſturbed by winds,
run each way about ſix hours. They are ſo rapid, that the fiſhermen
can only ſhoot and haul their lines at the turn of the tide; there-
fore the lines always remain upon the ground about fix hours. As
the ſame rapidity of tide prevents their uſing hand-lines, two of the
people commonly wrap themſelves in the fail, and ſleep while the
other keeps a vigilant watch, for fear of being run down by ſhips,
* The number of fiſhermen has fo much decreaſed, as not to amount at preſent to fixty, and
the product is proportionately diminiſhed,
and
( 228 )
*
and to obſerve the weather, for ſtorms often riſe fó ſuddenly, that it is
with extreme difficulty they eſcape to the ſhore, often leaving their nets
behind."
“ The Five-Men Boats take two Cobles on board; and when they come
upon the fiſhing ground, anchor the boat, throw out the cobles, and fiſh
in the above manner, with this difference only, that here each man is
provided with the double quantity of lines; thus hauling one fet; and
ſhooting another every turn of tide."
Theſe boats generally take great quantities of cod and ling, which,
in the months of July and Auguft, are falted, for exportation. Many
of them are under contract with a Merchant in London, who agrees
for the whole of their Summer's produce. The other boats, not under
contract, ſell their cod and ling to the Fiſhmongers here, at the average
price of twelve ſhillings and ſixpence per ſcore. The holibuts, turbots,
ſkates, &c. are ſold by wholeſale to the Fiſh-women, who retail them to
the Inhabitants, or to the Fiſh-carriers to be conveyed into the country.
The Five-Men Boats, during the winter, do not go to ſea; but, at the
beginning of Lent, they fit out for the fiſhery on the edge of the Dogger.
In the month of September they go to Yarmouth, where they are em-
ployed in the Herring Fiſhery, until the latter end of November.
The Cobles * do not go ſo far to ſea t as the large boats, neverthelefs
they take great quantities of the different kinds of fiſh; and; between
the month of December and the beginning of February, frequently
meet with abundance of haddocks. # On the tenth of December, 1766,
and about the fame time, the year following, an immenfe ſhoal of had
docks came upon our coaſt, and continued in roe, that is in full
per
fection, until the middle of February. This ſhoal extended from the
4
* The Coble is twenty-fix feet long and five broad, the floor is wide, and the bottom nearly
flat, with a ftem remarkably ſharp. The burthen is about one ton, and it carries three men, who
row with each a pair of ſhort oars, and a maſt is occaſionally ſtepped,' with a lug-fail
.
+ In the ſummer, they go to the inner edge of the
ſcarr, to the diſtance of three or four miles.
* The migration of haddocks is frequent, and the return at this ſeaſon, of date years not ſo
regular.
ſhore
( 229 )
The poor
fhore about three miles in breadth, and in length from Flamborough-
Head to Tinmouth Caſtle, or, perhaps, much farther Northward. The
Filhermen loaded their Cobles with thein twice a day, within the dif-
tance of a mile from the harbour of Scarborough, bringing, each
time, near a ton of fiſh. The number of Cobles thus employed, brought
in ſuch quantities, that the market was quite glutted.
people bought the finaller fort at one penny, and, ſometimes, a half-
penny per ſcore, and the quantity was too great to be vended, which
obliged the Filhermen to lay up their Cobles for ſome time. At
the diſtance of three miles from the ſhore, they met with nothing
but Dog-fiſh, in immenſe quantities, which had followed the ſhoal
of haddocks.--At this period, the diſtreſſes of the Poor were ſo great
in the internal part of the kingilom, from the ſcarcity and dearneſs of
the proviſions, that dangerous inſurrections were excited, and many
families were periſhing for want of food.
The Fiſh-market at Scarborough is upon the Sands, near the har-
bour In a plentiful ſeaſon, there is a great variety, viz. cod, ling,
holibut, turbot, ſkate, codlings, haddocks, whitings, herrings, dabs,
plaiſe, foles, gurnards, coal-fiſh, lobſters, and crabs.
Beſides theſe, the coaſt is frequented by the following ſpecies :-
the fiſhing-frog, the fea-wolf, the two kinds of dragonet, the pollack,
the doree, and the wraſe or old wife-fiſh. Of the laſt, a variety, pe-
culiar to this coaſt, is noticed by Mr. Pennant, in his Zoology, under
the name of Ballan, The Opah or King+fiſh (very rare) was ſeen here
a few years ago : and a ſmall Whale, not long ſince, was caſt on ſhore
at Filey.
As the Opah or King-fif is of ſingular beauty, and only four are re-
corded to have been taken in the Britiſh Seas, a deſcription of it,
from the accurate Mr. Pennant, will not be deemed a digreſſion.
“ It is of that genus which Linneus diſtinguiſhes by the name of
Chætodon, from its briſtly teeth, and is ſaid to be very common on the
coaſt of Guinea.'
ور
3 M
6 Its
( 230 )
“ Its weight is feventy pounds and upwards, and it is ſhaped like the
fea-bream. The length, three feet and an half; the breadth from
back to belly, almoſt two feet; but the thickneſs from fide to fide not
above ſix inches."
“ The mouth fmall for the ſize of the fiſh, forming a ſquare open
ing, and without any teeth in the jaws. The tongue thick, reſembling
that of a man, but rough and thick-fer with beards or prickles, point-
ing backwards, ſo that any thing might eaſily paſs down, but could
not eaſily return back, therefore, theſe might ſerve inſtead of teeth to
retain its
prey.
The
eyes remarkably large, covered with a membrane,
and ſhining with a glare of gold. The cover of the gills, like the fal-
mon."
“ The body diminiſhes very ſmall to the tail, which is forked, and
expands twelve inches: the gill-fins are broad, about eight inches long,
and play horizontally: a little behind their inſertion the back-fin takes
its origin, where it is about feven inches high, but ſlopes away very
ſuddenly, running down very near the tail, and, at its termination, be-
comes a little broader : the belly-fins are very ſtrong, and placed near
the middle of the body: a narrow fin alſo runs from the anus to the
tail."
“ All the fins, and alſo the tail, are of a fine ſcarlet; but the colours
and beauty of the reſt of the body, which is ſmooth and covered with
almoſt imperceptible fcales, beggar: all deſcription; the upper part
being a kind of bright green, variegated with whitiſh ſpots, and en-
riched with a ſhining golden hue, much refembles the fplendour of
the Peacock's feathers; this, by degrees, vaniſhes in a bright ſilver
and, near the belly, the gold begins again to predominate in a lighter
ground than on the back.??
;
$
5
SECT.
SECTION III.
POOR, AND PAROCHIAL ASSESSMENTS.
IN moſt places of extenſive population, where there is a deficiency of
employment for the lower claſſes of the inhabitants, a conſidera-
ble proportion will be compelled, by neceſſity, to ſeek relief from the
pariſh. The Poor, in Scarborough, are very numerous,* and it is pain-
ful to a mind touched with ſenſibility, to ſee thoſe multiplied objects
of diſtreſs. The rapid advance of the parochial aſſeſſments demands.
the confideration of the inhabitants, and ſome judicious plan, which
has humanity and induſtry for its baſis, ought, therefore, to be
adopted.
* The preſent number of perſons in the Poor-houſe is 58, for the ſubſiſtence of whom, the Mafter is
allowed is. 6d. each, per week, beſides the benefit of their labour, and thirty-five pounds falary per
annum.. The number relieved out of the Poor-houſe is 277, who are allowed weekly from 9d. to 15.3d.
each. There are alſo 20 families of Militia-men who receive Parochial relief.
The yearly ſums in the enſuing table are taken from Eaſter to Eaſter, except for the years 1796 and
1-797; which are averaged on account of the very unequal length of theſe periods. The ſums stated are
excluſive of bounties, &c. to the Militia and Navy. The aſſeſſments are levied each time at ad. in the
pour. 1, on land, houſes, and ſtock in trade; and 14d. per keel (equal to about 14 tons meaſurement) on
hipping: the number of affefiments in the year, have, of late, amounted to 15 or 16.
The
( 232 )
The following Table of the annual amount of the Aſſeſſments for the
Poor, will give ſome idea of the progreſſional increaſe.
Years.
Annual Amount.
Years.
Annual Amount.
Ycars.
Annual Amount.
d.
d.
d.
IO
o
o
£.
40
59
74
IO
IO
13
18
16
2
1619
1654
1662
1667
1681
11692
1708
O
76
9
O
2
848 | 5
3
4
2
96
99
102
99
***
2
f.
1776 502 13
1777 561 12
1778 57013
1779
655 8
1780
1781 1061 8
1782 930 13
1783 865
1784
806) 16
1785
765 / 8
1786
776 | 19
1787
708 8
£.
1788
842 1715
1789
853 19
1790 985 8
5
1791 927 37
1792 1007 319
1793 1072 13 4
1794 1098 JO
1795 1119 156
1796 1374 10 8
1797 | 1374 18
19
19
I
**
2
4
O
1728
* Ow
I
****
+1773
1774
1775
I
9
9
2
353
551
515
5
I
7
I
9
.
core
OIBloco
CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.
THERE is no deficiency of ſympathetic attention to the miſeries
of the lower order of the community in Scarborough; and an unfeel-
ing avarice is very far from being a general trait of the character of
its reſpectable inhabitants. Frequent collections are made for the
Poor, particularly in the winters, and though a few inſtances of a
penurious diſpoſition may occur, yet, there is in general, a diſtinguiſhed
liberality of ſpirit.
The eſtabliſhments of Charitable Inſtitutions have alſo been laudably
encouraged, and it is hoped, that ſuch as are calculated for the im-
provement of the morals of the riſing generation will ever flouriſh.
* The Poor-Houſe was built about this period.
* The amount of the intermediate years could not be aſcertained.
The
( 233 )
The AMICABLE Society, conſiſting of more than 200 Members, for
clothing and educating the children of the Poor of Scarborough, is a
very uſeful inſtitution. It was founded in the year 1729,* and is under
the government of a Preſident, four Truſtees, and four Wardens, an-
nually elected. The fund for the annual ſupport of the inſtitution
ariſes from weekly ſubſcriptions of the Members, collections made in
the Church, t and other voluntary donations.
The children thus clothed, and now in the ſchools, are ſixty-ſeven,
viz. forty-ſix boys, and twenty-one girls.
Experience has proved the utility of this eſtabliſhment, in preſerving
the children from the contagion of vicious examples, and leading them
into the paths of holineſs and ſocial duty. Inſtead of being victims to
profligacy, and peſts to the community, many of them have filled ufe-
ful occupations in life with credit and advantage. Several have been
bred to the ſea, who, by means of the rudiments of their early educa-
tion at this Seminary, have attained a competent knowledge of naviga-
tion, which has qualified them for mates and commanders of veſſels.
Theſe have, eventually become the patrons of the inſtitution, and benc-
factors to ſucceeding generations.--Others have fought the naval bat-
tles of their country, and, by their bravery, contributed to its ſecurity
and independence. Whether, therefore, it be conſidered in a moral or
political light, it deſerves a generous patronage.
Seamen's HOSPITAL. This Hoſpital was erected in the year 1752, ,
by the Ship-Owners of Scarborough, for the uſe of aged and decayed
ſeamen, their widows and children. It is a neat, commodious build-
ing, in an airy ſituation to the north of the Town. The fund, for the
ſupport of the objects of this inſtitution, ariſes from the contribution of
ſixpence per month, paid by the owner of every thip belonging to the
port of Scarborough, for each perſon on board, during the time the
* The late Robert North, Efq; a Gentleman of exemplary piety and benevolence, was its founder.
+ Four Charity Sermons are preached in the year, for the benefit of the children, viz. two in
ſummer, and two in winter.
ſhip
3 N
( 234 )
ſhip is at fea, or in actual ſervice. It is under the direction of a Pre-
ſident and Truſtees, annually elected, and is ſubordinate to the Trinity-
Houſe, Deptford Strond.
SPINNING School. This School was inſtituted in the year 1788,
under the patronage of the Ladies of Scarborough, who, impreſſed with
ſentiments of the tendereſt ſympathy for the delicate and deſtitute fitu-
ation of their ſex, in the lower claſſes of life, have taken them under
the ſhade of their friendly protection, where they are not only clothed,
and taught the principles of virtue, but alſo employed in uſeful, do-
meſtic labours.
The preſent number of girls is about twenty. The diſſipation of the
times, and the many deplorable objects of ruined innocence, require
every
aſſiſtance in the ſupport of ſuch an aſylum.
The SUNDAY Schools have been eſtabliſhed in Scarborough, from
their firſt commencement in this country. They are conducted upon
the ſame principles as in other places, and a great number of children
receive all the benefit reſulting from this laudable inſtitution.
The FriendLY Societies, or aſſociations of individuals, for the re-
lief of each other in the hour of ſickneſs and under the infirinities of
age, are numerous ; * but there ſeems to be a fundamental error in
Prefent Number of Members,
133
110
Names of the Societies.
Friendly,
Unanimous,
Juſt,
Union,
Mariners,
Shipwrights,
Providential,
Brotherly,
Beneficent,
Succeſsful
Benevolent,
When Inſtituted.
November 1758
July 1762
March 1764
February 1767
February 1772
January 1775
April 1776
February 1779
December 1786
March
1794
December 1796
110
96
100
55
74
94
114
33
58
man
977
mofe
(235)
moſt of theſe eſtabliſhments, which has a tendency to their diſſolution.
The contributions frequently prove inadequate to the allowances, and
when, in the courſe of years, the demands from the ſick and aged
Members become multiplied, the funds are found unable to ſupport
the increaſed burthen. Dr. Price has pointed out the error, and inade
fume accurate calculations on the ſubject, worthy the attention of thoſe
Societies.
The Reverend George Smith, in his ſtatiſtical account of the parish of
Galſton in Scotland, publiſhed by Sir John Sinclair, in the year 1792,
gives the following deſcription of a uſeful aſſociation of the inferior
order of day-labourers, and common workinen, whoſe ſcanty earnings
will not admit a regular contribution:
“One Society on a very ſimple principle is eſtabliſhed in this pariſh.
It confiſts of about 50 Members, and is called the Penny or Half-penny
Society. It has no funds ; but when a brother is confined to his bed
by ſickneſs, every Member pays him a penny weekly, and if able to go
about, though not to work, a halfpenny. It has been found by ex-
perience to anſwer, and might be adopted with advantage.”
Before quitting the ſubject of Friendly Societies, it will be proper to
take ſome notice of FREE MASONRY. This myſterious inſtitution,
whoſe fundamental principles of benevolence have been long and uni-
verſally diffuſed, is cultivated at Scarborough with increaſing celebrity
and reputation. * The foundation ſtone of a ſpacious Lodge-Room
was laid on the gth of October, 1797, with all the Ceremonies of the
Order: the building is now nearly completed, and promiſes to be a
credit to the Society, and of general utility for public occaſions.
* The Old Globe-Lodge, Scarborough, was inſtituted in 1988; and, in March 1791, received
the fanction of the Ancient Grand Lodge of England. It ranks No. 267, and conſiſts of up-
wards of 50 Members.
MILITARY
( 236 )
**
}
1
MILITARY DEFENCE.
In times of peace, the uſual complement of Military, ſtationed at Scar-
borough, is a Troop of Horſe, and a ſmall detachment of Invalid Artil-
lery-Men. -During the American War, there were occaſionally four
hundred foot, beſides a Volunteer Corps of one hundred and eighty,
raiſed in the town. On the 23d of September, 1779, a gallant ſea-fight
between Capt. Richard Pearſon and Paul Jones's Squadron took place
in ſight of Scarborough, which, though it ended in the capture of the
former, * prevented the latter from committing his intended depreda-
tions on theſe coaſts. The honour of this prevention was alſo, in fome
meaſure, to be attributed to the vigilant patroles of the Volunteers, and
the firing of a morning and evening gun from the battery, which, it
is ſaid, induced Jones to decline his meditated attempt of landing.
The Volunteers were commanded by Major William Child, formerly
Captain and Adjutant in the 15th Regiment of Light Dragoons.
The military force at Scarborough, in the preſent year (1798), con-
ſiſts of one Troop of Horſe; fix Companies of Militia, amounting to fix
hundred and fifty men; a ſmall Detachment of Royal Artillery ; and
five Companies of Volunteer Infantry, t compriſing upwards of four hun-
dred
men, who have alſo been taught the management of the Batteries. I
* Capt. Pearſon commanded the Serapis, of 44 guns, and Capt. Piercy the Counteſs of Scar.
borough, à co gun ſhip; oppoſed to which, for near three hours, were Le Bon Homme Richard,
of 40 guns, Capt. Paul Jones; the Alliance, of 40 guns; the Pallas, of 32 guns; and an armed
Brig; and for a conſiderable part of that time, the muzzles of the guns touched the ſide of the
oppoſing ſhips, and the Serapis was ten or twelve times ſet on fire by combuſtibles thrown from
the Bon-Homme Richard.Capt. Pearſon afterwards received the honour of Knighthood, for
his bravery, and the Freedom of the Borough of Scarborough was preſented to him, and Capt.
Piercy, in two boxes of Heart of Oak, elegantly decorated with ſilver.
+ This Corps uſe the pair of handſome'filken Colours, which were preſented to the Volunteers,
in 1780, by the Ladies of Scarborough; the one a Union, the other bearing the Arms of the
Town. Their uniform is ſimilar to the North York Militia, ſcarlet faced with black.
See Batteries, page 79 and. 8 1.
The
(237)
The Volunteers were raiſed for the Defence of the Town and Neigh-
bourhood, in June, 1.794; and have, occaſionally, in the abſence of
other Military, done Garriſon Duty: they are a highly diſciplined, and
well appointed Corps, and were among the firſt to offer an extencion *
of their ſervices, in caſe of invaſion, or other emergency. +
Thé
Officers are,
Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant-James Tindall, Eſq.
Major-John Woodall, Eſq.
Captains-- John Travis, Sedgfield Dale, and John Coulſon, Eſqrs.
Captain-Lieutenant-Joſeph Thirlwall.
Firſt Lieutenants-John Dodſworth, Richard Smith Robſon, Thomas
Thornton, and Stephen Temple.
Second Lieutenants-Gawan T. Sutton, William Chambers, William
Travis, Anthony Beſwick, and John H. Eaſterby.
Chaplain_Rev. John Kirk, A. M.
Surgeon-William Travis.
* To any part of the Military Diſtrict, which compriſes the whole County of York.
+ The Numbers raiſed at Scarborough, at the preſent day, form a ſtriking contraſt with thoſe
in the laſt century:
Copy of the Muſter-Roll of the Train-bands of Scarborough, with their arms, 1638.
Common Arms.
Private Arms.
Henry Wright
Corſlett.
Robert Harthropp
Corflett.
Gregory Huſband
Do.
Francis Thompſon
Do.
Thomas Savage
Do.
Stephen Thompſon
Do.
P. Jennings
Do.
Gregory Fyſh
Do.
Robert Atkinſon
Do.
Thomas Foord
Do.
Thomas Clark
Muſket.
+William Tennant
Do.
Thomas Jennings
Do.
+ William Battye
Mucket.
Robert Downes
Do.
Paul Peacock
Do.
Do.
William Headley
Do.
Richard Smith
Do.
Robert Fysh
Do.
John Woodall
Do.
Richard Thompſon
Do.
William Conyers
Adam Blaik
Do.
Henry Goodyeare
Do.
John Harriſon
Do.
Thomas Wright
Do.
William Foord
Do.
Ralph Pearſon
Do.
Thomas Lofte
Do.
Atteſted by WILLIAM BATTYE,
WILLIAM TENNANT,
JOHN HAMON,
Serjeant Major and Muſter Maſter.
There
-John Smith
Do.
Samole
30
( 238 )
There is a Troop of Horſe raiſing at Scarborough, for the ſame ex-
tent of ſervice as the Volunteers. The Officers are,
Captain-Commandant-William Belcombe, Eſq; M. D.
Lieutenant-Richard H. Lifter, Eſq.
Cornet-Joſeph Wilſon.
Surgeon-Thomas Keld.
Quarter-Maſter-Marmaduke Nelſon.
An armed Aſſociation of Cannoniers is alſo forming för Local Defencta
The Officers are,
Captain-Commandant-Robert Coffins, Eſq.,
Lieutenants---Thomas Hall and James Smitha.
"
#
w
>
5
APPENDIX
***
**
Α Ρ Ρ Ε Ν DI X
TO THE
MODERN TOWN. .
ESTABLISHED CHURCH..
I PUBLIC worſhip is performed here twice on the Sunday, and once
on Wedneſday and Friday, during the Winter; and in the Sum-
mer, daily. Two Sermons are delivered on the Sunday and one on
Wedneſday. The Communion is adminiſtered monthly, and the oc...
caſional duty is very conſiderable..
Dissenters' CHAPEL,* commonly called Preſbyterian or Independent,
was firſt erected in the year 1703, whereof the Rev. William Hannay
became Miniſter, and continued until the year 1725. He was fuc-
ceeded by the Rev. William Whitaker, who regularly officiated until
the year 1773, when, through age and infirmities, he was under the
neceſſity of declining the miniſtry. At that period, the Rev. Samuel
Bottomley was invited to ſucceed him, the congregation chen conſiſting
of about thirty ſtated hearers, and the communicants of about half
that number.. The novelty, zeal, or ability of the preacher, greatly
increaſed the congregation, ſo that, in the year. 1774, it was found
neceſſary to rebuild and enlarge the place of worſhip, t which will now
feat about 400 perſons. The communicants are ninety-four in nuin-
ber, beſides many conſtant and occaſional hearers.. Public worſhip is per-
* The ſtreets wliere the Diſſenters' Chapels are ſituated, ſee page y9+
t: It was chiefly done at the expence of the Rev. William Whitaker and his family.
formed
9 240
formed five times in the week, viz. three times of the Lord's Day
and on Tueſday and Thurſday evenings : and the Communion is ad-
ininiſtered once in two months.
The BARTIST CHAPEL, was built in the year 1776. The Rev.
William Hague is the miniſter, and may, indeed, be called the founder
of the Baptiſts in Scarborough, as there were none of that denomina-
tion in this place previous to his firſt miniſtry, which was in the
year 1766, in a room near the faņds. At the founding of the preſent
Chapel, the communicants were thirty-eight; but are now fifty-two,
beſides many other attendants. The times of public worſhip are
thrice on the Sabbath-Day; and once on the Wedneſday and Friday
'evenings. The Communion is adminiſtered monthly. The burial
ground ſurrounds the chapel.
The QUAKERS date their eſtabliſhment here from the time of the
impriſonment of George Fox, their founder, in Scarborough-Caſtle. *
Their times of meeting are twice on the Sunday; and once on the
Wedneſday. The preſent number of this Friendly Society is forty-
eight. They have a burial-ground in a field near Falſgrave.
The number of reſident ROMAN CATHOLICS is but ſmall, not ex-
ceeding twenty-eight. Their meetings for public worſhip are on the Sun-
day, Wedneſday, and Friday; and occaſionally on the other week.days.
The Methodists firſt aſſembled at Scarborough in the year 1757,7
when they ſuffered great oppoſition and perſecution ; 'but they are now
permitted to attend their place of divine worſhip without interruption.
The Chapel was built in 1772.; and the preſent number of Members is
112. Their times of public meeting are, twice on Sunday; and on the
evenings of Monday, Thurſday, and Saturday.
* In 1665:6. See Book I. page 75.
+ Mr. Thomas Brown was the firſt who eſtabliſhed a Society of Methodiſts at Scarborough.
Hę, a few years ago, built a Meeting-houſe in Croſs-ftreet, for his own hearers.
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III,
T
THE VICINITY of Scarborough is agreeably deverſified with
hills and dales, exhibiting a variety of romantic proſpects.
To the North, vaſt tracts of elevated Moors raiſe their bleak
and barren ſummits, forming a ſtriking contraſt with the more agree-
able ſcenes of the cultivated country Weſtward. * To the South, the
Wold-Hills preſent a grand extenſive line of boundary. The land
is divided into ſmall incloſures, with a greater proportion of paſturage
than tillage, and the ſoil is much varied. It abounds with limeſtone,
ſome thin ſtrata of coal, and clay ſufficient for the manufactory of
bricks; but it is extremely naked of wood, and the few trees which
are ſeen, are ſcattered in the hedge-rows. A conſiderable portion of
the diviſion ſituated in the vale at the foot of the Wolds, extend-
ing along the rivers Hertford and Derwent, from Filey to Malton,
is flat, and flooded frequently by theſe waters. The Derwent
has its fource in the moors between Scarborough and Whitby (about
two miles North-weſt of the half-way houſe) meandering South-
* Great improvements have lately been made in the vicinity, by the incloſure of Seamer-
Moor, Fallgrave-Moor, and Weapon-neſs. Theſe lands, which were formerly waſte and un-
productive, are now in a good ſtate of cultivation.
+ It forms the northern boundary of the Eaſt-Riding of York, (a very ſmall part excepted).
3 P
3 Р
ward
( 242 )
.
ward by Hackneſs, through the woody vale to Ayton, and thence
flowing with an almoſt imperceptible current, Weſtward to Malton,
where it is made navigable, and at length forms a junction with the
Ouſe near Barmby. The Hertford riſes near Filey, and paſſing Weſt-
ward along the vale, unites its ſtream with the Derwent, near
Willerby.
The Country in the neighbourhood of Scarborough, is but little
known to the tranſient viſitors in the Spaw-Seafon ;, and ſome have
been led to ſuppoſe that there is no variety of agreeable Rides to
induce excurſions. But this is a miſtaken opinion, proceeding from
the want of proper information. The Rides are pleaſant and vari-
ous, and thoſe who have aſcended the ſummit of Weapon-neſs or
Mount Oliver, ſince the late incloſure and improvement in 1797, will
not deem it too partial a predilection to ſay, that, in grandeur of pro-.
fpect, it can ſcarcely be exceeded. The roads are judiciouſly laid out,
and interſect each other in the moſt convenient manner. The aſcents
are gradual, feldom exceeding a riſe of feven feet in a hundred, ſo that
in a few minutes, the traveller is conveyed by a good road, thirty feet
wide, to one of the moſt delightful terraces in England, elevated five
hundred feet above the level of the ſea. Hence, there is a view of the
Ocean (bounded only by the horizon) the Coaſt, the Caſtle Hill, the
Town, the Harbour, and extenſive Piers. To the Weſtward, the VALE
of PICKERING, and a vaſt extent of country, in all its charming diver-
ſity of landſcape, exhibit a ſcene of the moſt pictureſque nature.
Ride, it poſſeſſes every thing deſirable ; and the coolneſs and freſhneſs
of the air, at ſuch an elevation, gives a ſenſe of lightneſs and comfort,
not eaſily deſcribed. From this ſituation the ancient Village of
WALSGRAVE or FALSGRAVE,
one mile Weſt of Scarborough, * is very conſpicuous.
tainly of great antiquity, and, previous to the conqueſt (1066) was
part of the demeſne of Tofti, Count of Northumberland. Its foke or
As a
It is cer-
• It is part of the Pariſh of Scarborough.
jurifo
( 243 )
juriſdiction was then very extenſive. In the 40th year of Henry III. it
was diſafforeſted, and fully annexed to the liberties of Scarborough.
An adjacent Common or Moor, belonging to it, was incloſed in the
year 1774; and a fine ſtream of water † has recently been conveyed
to the town from a neighbouring ſpring.
The village has a decent appearance, and has received ſeveral im-
provements | by the judicious application of a ſmall revenue.
. See extract from Doomſday-Book, pages 29 and 170.
+ The water is conveyed in the channels of hollowed ſtones, which have been lined with tarras, to
prevent the growth of weeds.
| Mr. John Peirſon, a reſident of Walfgrave, ſuggeſted the plan of conveying the water, and ſome
ather uſeful improvements,
hy
98
SECTION
>
SECTION I.
FILEY, FLAMBOROUGH, &c.
FILEY,
SMALL fiſhing Town, eight miles ſouth of Scarborough, is ſituated
upon the banks of a ſpacious Bay, which, with the aſſiſtance of
art, would make an excellent harbour. * The ſhore is circular, and
the Sands are beautifully ſmooth, firm, and extenſive. The Cliffs, to the
eaſtward, are lofty, and curiouſly indented, reſembling the fpires of a
Cathedral; but, to the weſtward, they decline conſiderably from their
elevation, until they join thoſe at Speeton. † Filey is ſingularly ſituated
in the North and Eaſt-Ridings of Yorkſhire; the Church being in the
former, and the Town in the latter. The beach is convenient for Sea-
Bathing, and there is a ſpring of Mineral Water, a mile to the north
of the Church, which contains a little Iron, Sea Salt in conſiderable
quantity, Epſom Salt, and Calcareous Earth.
* The conſtruction of a Pier, within the rocks called the Spittle, would form one of the ſafeſt, moft
capacious, and convenient harbours on this northern coaft; and the adjacent rocks would furniſh fuffici-
ent materials.
* A village near Flamborough.
At
( 245 )
At the eaſtern extremity of the fands, an extraordinary ridge or na-
tural mole of rocks, called Filey-Bridge, * projects ncar half a mile into
the ſea, and is a great protection to the Bay in tempeſtuous weather.
At high water, the rocks are overflowed; but when the tide is low,
there is a paſſage along them to the outer extremity, whence is a finc
view of Flamborough-Head and Scarborough Caſtle. In ſtormy wea-
ther, the ſea breaks with great violence againſt theſe rocks, and the
breach of the foaming waves is frequently ſeen from Scarborough.
The Fiſhery at Filey is proſecuted with great ſpirit and ſucceſs. The
number of Five-Men-Boats, belonging to this finall Fiſhing Town, is
eleven. They are conſtantly employed either in the Fiſhery on their
own coaſt, or at Yarmouth, in the herring ſeaſon. Beſides theſe, there
are ſeveral Cobles. The number of Fiſhermen is about eighty, who,
with their families, compoſe the principal part of the Inhabitants.
The Lord of the Manor, HUMPHREY OSBALDESTON, Efq; of Hunmanby,
has a right to the Fiſhery, to a ſmall diſtance from the ſhore.
HUNMANBY,
Which is two miles (inland) from Filey, was an ancient Barony and
Market Town, and formerly comprehended three diſtinct Manors, now
united. By an inquiſition in the reign of Edward I. taken at the death
of Gilbert de Gaunt, it was found that he held the Lordſhip of Hundemanby,
in this County, by Barony; and that, upon the marriage of Gilbert,
his ſon, with Lora de Baliol, he ſettled it upon her in dowry. In the
34th year of Edward III. this Lordſhip was in the poſſeſſion of William
de Kerderſion, a Parliamentary Baron, who died poflefled of the Manor
of Holagh, in Rythe, Swaldale, parcel of the Manor of Hundemanby. It
ſeems that it did not continue long in the family of Kerderſton, as John
de Clifton, who died at Rhodes, on a cruſade, 12th Richard II. was then
in pofleffion of a third part of this Manor, and left it to Conſtantine,
his fon, with fome other eftates.
It bears from Flamborough-Head N.N.W. dilance eight miles.
3 e
In
(246)
}
In thé Pariſh-Church, which is a finall building, ſeveral of the
Oſoaldeſton family are interred, to whom an elegant Monument on the
north fide of the chancel, is erected. It exhibits a full-length figure of
Piety with a palm branch in her right hand, reſting her foot upon a
fcull, and leaning penſively over an urn. On a broad pediment below,
is the following inſcription :
" This Monument is dedicated
To the undermentioned perſons of the family of Olbaldefton.
William Olbaldeſton, Eſq. interred October VI. MDCCVII. and Ann, his wife, daughter of
Sir Matthew Wentworth, Bart. April XXX. MDCCXVIII. alſo Sir Richard Olbaldefton, Knight,
His fon; who died December XXIV. MDCCXXVIII. aged LXXIV. Frances, Sir Richard's firft wife,
Daughter of Sir William Strickland, Bart. died October XI. MDCLXXXII.
By whom he had one daughter, t Elizabeth, who was interred January XIII. MDCLXXXIX.
And five ſons, William, Richard, John, Fountayne Wentworth, and George.
He had alſo two daughters, Catharine and Eleanor ; by Catharine, his third wife:
Who was the daughter of Thomas Haſel, of Thorp, Efq; the firſt of whom died
SeptemberXIII. MDCCXXVI. aged X years. The latter was interred JuneXV. MDCCLXIII. agedXLVI.
Richard, his fecond fon, by Elizabeth,
Was Biſhop of London, and died XV May, MDCCLXIV. aged LXXIV.
John, his third ſon, died at Bengal.
George, his fifth ſon, died X February, MDCCLXIII. aged LXVI.
William, his eldeſt ſon, repreſented the Borough of Scarborough, in.ſeven Parliaments;
And died September V. MDCCLXV. aged LXXIX.
And Fountayne Wentworth, his fourth ſon, fucceeded his brother William
As Member of Parliament for Scarborough, and died June X. MDCCLXX. aged LXXV.I.
In conſequence of whoſe Will this Monument is erecteda
1.
* * * *
On the walls of this Church, are painted the names and armorial
bearings of eleven reſpective Lords of the Manor, viz.
2. Sylveſter Grimſton.-3. Edward, Lord Roſs.-4. Hugh Gaunt,
Earl of Cheſter, and Agnies, his wife.-5. John Conſtable and Beatrix,
his wife.-6. Gilbert Gaunt and Lady Howill his wife.-7. Alan,
Lord Percy, and Lady Emma, his wife.-8. Peter Mawley, Lord of
Delaque, and Lady Jane, his wife.-9. Ralph, Lord Fitzwright, and
* His name was in the lift of intended Knights of the Royal Oak, an Order propoſed to have been eſta-
bliſhed by Charles II. at the reſtoration : but the idea was abandoned through the fear of renewing party
diſtinctions. He, and his ſon, Sir Richard, were Aldermen of Scarborough, ſee page 125.
+ There were two daughters (according to the family pedigree) Ann and Elizabeth.
... Rendered illegible by Time,
Dame
( 247 )
++
Dame Ann, his wife..-10. William Oſbaldeſton, Eſq.-11. Sir Richard
Oſbaldeſton, Knight.
The village and the demeſne are now the property of Humphrey
Oſbaldeſton, Eſq. The Manor-Houſe is an ancient building, which has
received ſome modern improvements. The gardens are ſpacious and
the plantations flouriſhing.
Upwards of three hundred ſtout Yeomanry of this, and the neigh-
bouring villages, have aſſociated as a Corps of Volunteers, under
Mr. Olbáldeſton, Major-Commandant. They are ſtiled the Dickering
Corps, from the name of the Wapentake, and are a truly reſpectable
body of men.
At FLIXTON, a village farther into the country, at the foot of the
Wolds, an hoſpital was founded in the reign of Athelſtan, of which the
following account is given in Dugdale's Monaſticon :
“ The Charter of the 25th Henry VI. ſhews that one Achorne, Lord
of Flixton, in the pariſh of Folkton, in the reign of King Athelſtan, built
this Hoſpital for one Alderman, and fourteen Brothers and Siſters, at
Flixton aforeſaid, for the preſervation of people travelling that way,
that they might not be devoured by wolves * and other wild beaſts, then
abounding there ; endowing the ſaid Hoſpital with ſeveral poſſeſſions
at Flixton, which were afterwards augmented by other benefactions,
and confirmed by the aforeſaid King Henry; who alſo enjoined, that,
according to ancient cuſtom, the Vicar of Folkton. Thould ſay ſolemn
maſs in the Hoſpital Chapel, on the Feaſt of St. Andrew,.and after ſuch
maſs, ſhould bleſs bread and water, and divide and ſprinkle it among
the people then preſent, to whom ſeveral indulgencies were granted by
the Popes.”
• There is a certain parcel of land in this vicinity diſtinguiſhed by the name of Wolf-Land; and, on
the ſpot where Flixton anciently food, is now a Farm-Houſe called Spittal.
FLAA-
( 248 )
FLAMBOROUGH,
Remarkable for the promontory which bears its name, is a very an-
cient Town, formerly of fome note; but now inhabited almoſt ſolely
by Fiſhermen. It is nineteen miles ſouth of Scarborough by land; but
only fifteen by ſea. The ſituation is in a hollow, about the centre of
the promontory, and the Town cannot be ſeen at a diſtance.
Camden gives the following ſhort account of it:
“ This little promontory, which by its bending, forms the Bay of
Bridlington, is commonly called Flamborough-Head; but by the Saxon
authors, Flamburg; who write that Ida, the Saxon, who firſt ſubdued
theſe parts, landed here. Some think that it took its name from a
watch-tower, in which were lights for the direction of ſhips ; for the
Britons ſtill retain the provincial word Flam, and the mariners paint
this place with a flaming head in the ſea charts. Others are of opinion,
that this name came into England out of Angloen in Denmark, the an-
cient ſeat of the Angli; there being a Town called Flemſburg, from
which they think that the Engliſh gave it that name, as the Gauls (ac-
cording to Livy) named Mediolanum in Italy, from the Town Mediolanum
which they had left in Gaul; and a little village, in this promontory, is
called Flamborough, which gave original to the noble family of Con-
ſtables, by fome derived from the Lacies, Conſtables of Cheſter.
An ancient ruin ſtands at the weſt end of the Town, called the
Danish Tower, and from the irregular mounds which appear around,
there ſeem to have been many contiguous buildings. This Tower is
now almoſt demoliſhed, having, at preſent, only one apartment remain-
ing, which is uſed as a ſhed for young cattle in the winter. It is about
twenty feet ſquare, and curiouſly arched. The ſhell of the building is
gradually diminiſhing, more by the rapacity of man, than the decay of
time, as ſome of the white ſtone, of which it is conſtructed, is every
year taken away, and converted into lime.
".*
** Camden's Britannia, Art. Flamborough.
The
(249)
literal copy
The Church, which is a very old, and ſomewhat ruinous building,
contains nothing remarkable, except a curious monumental inſcription,
without a date. It is ſtamped on a braſs plate, and the letters are in
the old text, in relievo.
The following is a literal
" Here lieth Marmaduke Cunſtable of Flaynburght knight
Who made adventure into France for the right of the ſame
Paſſed over with King Edward the fourth that noble knight
And alſo with noble King Herre the ſeventh of that name
He was alſo at Warwik at winyning of the fame
And by King Edward made there Capteyn firſt of any one
And rewled and governed there his time without blame
But for all that as ye se he lieth under this ſtone.
At Brankiſton feld where the King of Scottys was Payne
He then being of the age of threeſcore and tene
With the gude duke of Northefolke that journey he haye taync
And courgely advanced hymſelf emong others ther and then
The King beyng in France with grete number of Ingliſhmen
He nothyng hedyng his age there but hym by as on
With his ſonnes brothers faryants and kynſmenne
But now as ye se he lieth under this ſtone.
But now all theſe tryumphes ar paſſed and ſet on fyde
For all wordly joys they will not long endure
They all are ſonne paſſed and away doth glyde
And who that putteth his truſt in them I call him moſt unſure
For when death ſtriketh he ſpareth no creature
Nor geveth no warnyng but taketh them by one and one
And now he abydeth God is mercy and hath no other ſecure
For as ye se hym here he lieth under this ſtone..
I
pray you my kynſmenne lovers and friends all
To pray to our Lorde Jheſu to have mercy
of
my
ſoul.
The valiant Knight, for whom this Monument was erected, lies
buried under a ſquare tombſtone in a place formerly uſed as a veſtry,
but now as a ſchool, and the inſcription has been removed thence, and
placed on the north fide of the chancel.
* A word here is partly effaced.
3 R
On
*
( 250 )
:...On the road to Bridlington, at the baſe of the promontory which
forms Flamborough-Head, is a ditch or ravine, of immenſe breadth
and depth, apparently the effect of art, called DANES-DIKE, containing
two lines of defence, one above the other, with breaſt-works. It ex-
tends a mile and a quarter from the ſouth ſhore, where the bottom
is upon a level with the beach, and becomes gradually ſhallower, till
at length it entirely diſappears. It does not ſtretch in a direct line,
but irregularly; and the projections, upon a fide view, very much
reſemble the ſaliant angles of a fortification. Tradition imputes this
ſtupendous work to the Danes, and with a great degree of credibi-
lity. It is highly probable that theſe Northern Barbarians, when they
effected their landing upon this promontory, might endeavour to in-
ſulate it, or at leaſt to fortify it in an impregnable manner, in order to
ſecure their plunder, and defend themſelves againſt any attack to dif-
lodge them. The ſituation was advantageous for ſuch an eſtabliſh-
ment, as the German ocean was open to them for ſupplies and re-in-
forcements from their own country, and the promontory itſelf was a
place of great natural defence.
About a mile from the Town, on the eaſt, ſtands the LIGHT-HOUSE,
or rather the ruins of it, as it has been diſuſed for many years.
It
forms a very conſpicuous object, and may be ſeen at the diſtance of
many
miles. It is ſaid to have occaſioned ſome fatal errors to ſhips in
the night, on account of its proximity to the Spurn-Light, for which
it has been ſometimes miſtaken.
The Cliffs at Flamborough are of amazing grandeur and a tre-
inendous height, from one hundred to a hundred and fifty yards per-
pendicular. "They are compoſed of a mouldering limeſtone rock, of
a ſnowy whiteneſs, covered and adorned with an aſtoniſhing num-
ber of birds, remarkable for the variety and brilliancy of their plu-
mage. From the latter end of April to the beginning of Auguſt,
myriads reſort thither, to build their penſile neſts, and truſt their
eggs and tender offspring to the expoſed and dangerous ſecurity of
broken rocks and projecting ledges. Various ſpecies of Gulls ;-the
Awk,
3
4.
(251)
$
Awk, the Petrel, the Grebe, and many other aquatic birds migrate froin
the regions in which they have paſſed the autumn and the winter, to
ſeek a convenient ſituation in this promontory for breeding. By the
nature of their conſtitutions fitted for the coldeſt climates, they chooſe
the North ſide, as the reflection of the Sun's rays froin the white cliffs on
the South, would occaſion a heat too intenſe for them to ſuſtain. Screened
from his intruſive rays, with their favourite element beneath them, they
breed in peaceful retreat, unleſs diſturbed by the curioſity of man, or by
that wanton thirſt for blood, which prompts him to ſeek and deſtroy
them, for the pleaſure of deſtruction. At the breeding ſeaſon, theſe enor-
mous maſſes of rock ſeem altogether animated, and preſent an intereſting
ſcene of buſtle and agitation. Some are engaged in brooding over their
eggs
with the moſt ſedulous attention, or in the tender care of feeding
their clamorous offspring. Others are ſporting on the wing, hovering
like clouds in the air, and wheeling in rapid circles. Detached groups
are ſeen floating on the ſea, gently gliding along its ſurface, or diving
with celerity in ſearch of food.
Though theſe immenſe numbers of fowl, are chiefly of the aquatic
birds of different ſpecies, are found among them. The Daw,
the Rook, the Rock-Pigeon, and ſometimes the ſolitary Raven, make
no fcruple to fix, for awhile, their habitations in this heterogeneous
aſſemblage, and peacefully breed by the ſide of neighbours, fo widely
different in nature.
It is a high gratification to thoſe who delight in the wild, the grand,
and the ſublime, to view from the ſea, in calm weather, this immenſe
region of birds, and the diverſified ſcenes of the ſtupendous promon-
tory. At the report of a gun, the feathered inhabitants are inſtantly in
motion. The eye
is almoſt dazzled with the waving of innumerable
wings brightened by the rays of the ſun, and the ear ſtunned with the
clamour of a thouſand diſcordant notes. The ſtrange diſſonance of
tone reſounding in the air from ſuch a vaſt collection, accompanied by
the folemn roar of the waves dalhing againſt the rocks and reverberated
by
kind, yet
( 252 )
by the Caverns, form a concert altogether rude and extraordinary,
which affects the mind with unuſual fenfations.
But this aſſemblage of birds is not the only curioſity to be found
here.
At the foot of the Cliffs, are ſome extenſive CAVERNS, förmed either
by the reſtleſs turbulence of the ocean, gradually and imperceptibly
excavating the folid rock, or by ſome unknown cauſe of diſtant origin.
There are three, which exceed the others in extent and curiofity.
1. The principal is Robin Lytu's Hole, thus called, according to
the opinion of ſome, from a perſon of that name, who was driven by
the fury of a tempeſt into this cave, and having ſtrength to aſcend one
of the projecting ledges, continued there until the tide receded, and
was thus providentially ſaved. Others ſay, that it was the fecret reli-
dence of a noted Smuggler or Pirate of the ſame name, who concealed
his prizes here, and iffued from this retreat at ſeaſonable opportunities.
2. The Dove Cote, ſo called, from its being the common breeding
place of Rock Pigeons.
3. The Kırk Hole, ſaid to extend from the North' fhore, directly
under the CHURCH, and hence its derivation; but whether it has ever
been explored thus far, or this is only an imaginary idea, cannot con-
fidently be aſſerted.
ROBIN Lyth's HOLE ſürpaſſes the reſt in extent of dimenſions. It
has two openings, one communicating with the land, the other with
the ſea. The former is low and narrow, giving folemn admiſſion into
the cavern, which, at the firſt entrance, is ſurrounded with a tenebrious:
gloom; but the darkneſs gradually difperfing, the magnificence be
comes unfolded, and excites the admiration of the exploring ftranger.
The floor is a ſolid rock, formed into broad ſteps of an eafy defcent,
and the ſtones, at the ſides, are curiouſly variegated. The roof is finely
arched, and nearly fifty feet high at the centre. The many projecting
ledges and fragments of ſuſpended rocks, joined to the great elevation,
give it an awful, and, at the ſame time, a majeſtic appearance; and
when looking upwards to ſurvey the lofty arch, and reflect upon the
fuper-
2
( 253 )
ſuperincumbent maſs ſuſtained by it, there is a difficulty in ſuppreſſing
thoſe ideas of danger which intrude upon ſuch an occaſion.
On approaching the eaſtern extremity, a noble viſta is formed by its
opening to the ſea, which appears in the higheſt grandeur on emerging
from the gloom of the cavern. A folemn effect is alſo produced in
viewing this entrance of the excavation; the ſteps being, in appearance,
like the aſcent to an altar.
There are alſo many huge maſſes of white, inſulated rocks, of a py-
ramidal form, disjoined from the Cliffs, either by the action of the ſea,
or ſome violent concuſſion, which raiſe their broken and irregular
heads to a conſiderable elevation. Theſe make a groteſque appearance,
and have ſtood the ſhock of many tempeſtuous winds and the fury of
the raging ocean.
The Landing-place for the fiſhing-boats, at Flamborough-Head, is
both inconvenient and dangerous in tempeſtuous weather. In the year
1794, twenty of the fiſhermen periſhed in a ſtorm at fea, and there was
not a family but had to lament the loſs of ſome beloved relative; yet ·
ſo powerful is the force of cuſtom, and an habitual acquaintance with
danger, that the ſurvivors are as adventurous as ever, and brave, witlı-
out fear, the ſtormy element.
The number of fiſhermen belonging to Flamborough is about eighty.
“ Sir Robert de Conſtable and his fiſhermen at Flaynburgh, * had a
controverſy with the Prior and Convent of Bridlington, reſpecting the
tithe of fiſh, which was thus determined in the church of St. Oſwald,
viz. That the ſaid Robert, with the conſent of dame Julian, his mo-
ther, and alfo of all his fiſhermen, did faithfully oblige them by pro-
miſe, that the ſaid fiſhers, for ever, ſhall pay to God and the church of
St. Oſwald of Flamburgh, and to the Prior and Convent of Bridlington
quarterly, every tithes for the pennies of all ſorts of fiſh; and alſo of
the whole tithe, &c. For whoſe labour and faithful obſequiouſneſs, the
faid Prior and Convent ſhall, out of their grace, give on every Martin-
mas-day in the ancient houſe of his court of Flamburgh, to the whole
# About the year 1300.
3 S
confort
+
( 254 )
confort of every fiſher-boat (Batella pifoantis ) twelve loaves of white
bread, and fix-pence for companage; and to every of the fiſhers, four
flaggons; and to the Governor (ſteerſman) eight flaggons of ale cuf-
tomary; by the view of two of the ſervants of the ſaid Robert, and
the Prior and Convent, ſo as they may, at their pleaſure, drink the whole
quantity of the ſaid ale, in the houſe, or carry it away with them elfe-
where. And for the faithful performance of the faid contract, the
fiſhermen took their oaths, and ſwore to acknowledge themſelves ex-
communicated, if they broke the contract."*
The manor and eſtate of Flamborough belonged (in King Edward
the Confeſſor's time) to Harold, Earl of the Weſt Saxons, afterwards
King of England, who loſt his life at the famous battle of Haſtings.
It afterwards came into the poſſeſſion of William Le Gros, the founder
of Scarborough caſtle.
Sir John Puckering, Knight; the ſon of a Gentleman of this place,
who was bred to the common law, acquired fùch fame in his profeſſion,
that Queen Elizabeth appointed him her Serjeant. He was, afterwards,
choſen Speaker in the Houſe of Commons, and at laſt made Lord
Chancellor of England. He died in the year 1596. Camden (in vitæ
Eliz.) gives him the character of vir integer, a man of integrity.
.
BRIDLINGTON,
Formerly called Brellinton ; but now pronounced Burlington, is about
twenty miles to the ſouth of Scarborough, and a mile from the ſea-ſide.
Its ſite is upon the ſide of a ſmall elevation, fronting the ſouth. The
ſituation and the air are eſteemed falubrious.
The MARKET, which is on Saturday, was once an excellent mart for
Corn brought hither from the Wolds and Holderneſs, for exportation,
or to fend coaſtways to London; but that trade has very much de-
clined ſince the opening of the navigable canal at Driffield, on account
of the more central ſituation of the latter place.
# Burton's Monafticon.
The
( 255
a
The CHURC# appears by its venerable remains to have been formerly
noble ſtructure. It has had two towers at the weſt end ; but they
are now demolithed to a level with the nave. The caſt end, and the
tranſept, are likewiſe entirely deſtroyed; ſo that it is ſcarcely poſſible
to fay any thing with certainty, reſpecting its original form. From
the noble remains of the weſt end, which have eſcaped the wanton
rapacity of the eighth Henry's commiflioners and the depredations of
time, we are led to ſuppoſe that it, at leaſt, equalled many of the
Churches, which ancient devotion decorated with the ornaments of
Gothic magnificence. It was founded by Walter de Gauni, early
in the reign of Henry I. for the Black Canons of the Order of St.
Auſtin, and dedicated to the Virgin Mary and St. Nicholas. The
fite of this Priory was exceedingly pleaſant, being defended on the
north, by the high grounds of the Wolds, and commanding a delight-
ful proſpect of the ſea to the eaſtward : But the Prior and Canons were
frequently incommoded by the enemies' ſhips, which ſometimes en-
tered the harbour and cruelly plundered them. This being repreſented
to Richard II. in 1388, he granted them authority to encloſe the Priory
with walls and fortifications, of which no traces are now to be ſeen,
except an arched Gateway, through which the road leads to the
Church. The lower part contains ſome dark rooms or dungeons, uſed
as places of confinement for petty delinquents. Above the arch, is a
large room employed as a town's hall.
The Priory forinerly poſſeſſed many privileges and immunities, and
was richly endowed with ſeveral manors. Pope Innocent III. granted
the Monks the power of excommunicating all ſuch as ſhould unjuſtly
deprive them of their property, or impoſe any exactions; and the
Canons having complained that the Archdeacon of Richmond, in going
to one of their Churches, had travelled with ninety-ſeven horſes,
twenty dogs, and three hawks, whereby he conſumed more of their
proviſions in one hour, than would have maintained their houſe for a
long time; the Pope, therefore, commanded, that for the time to come,
he
2,56 )
he ſhould not travel with any more attendants than were allowed by
the ſtatutes of the Council of Lateran.*
The Priory, at the diſſolution, poſſeſſed an annual revenue (according
to Speed) of 6821. 13. 8d. Of this, the avarice of Henry VIII. de-
prived it; and now its preſent yearly income is only rated at 81. in
the King's books.
There are no ancient monuments or inſcriptions of any note in the
church. It ſeems, from the almoſt total demolition of the buildings,
that thoſe teſtimonies of human vanity or affection, have periſhed in
the general deſtruction, or have been buried amidſt the ruins of falling
grandeur. A few years ago, in digging at the eaſt end of the Church,
a ſtone coffin was found, with an inſcription, importing it to have be-
longed to one of the Priory.
ROBERT the SCRIBE, was the fourth prefect of the Canons regular
of this houſe. He derived his name from his extraordinary dexterity
in writing, an art highly beneficial and commendable in the illiterate
age
in which he lived. He was not (as moſt of the profeſſion in that
time were) a mere tranſcriber from originals or copies ; but he left
many books of his own compoſing to poſterity. He flouriſhed about
the year 1180, and was buried before the door of the cloiſter of this
Convent.
1
WILLIAM of NewBURG#, the famous Monkiſh Hiſtorian, was a na-
tive of Bridlington, though he took his name from Newburgh, 'where
he was a Canon regular. He had alſo the epithet of little, on account
of his low ſtature. The hiſtorical works of this ancient author, like
others of that time, have much of the marvellous in their compofition;
By the 20th Canon of the Council of Lateran, it was decreed that in viſitations, an Archbiſhop
fhộuld have no more than 50 horſes in his retinue ; à Biſhop, no more than 30; a Legate, no more
than 25; and an Archdeacon. no more than 7.,
See Burgon's Monafticon, page 21.2.
yet
(257)
Wie
yet
he treated Jeffery of Monmouth with great acrimony on this ac-
count, aſſerting that his Britiſh Chronicle was a continued fiction, and
denying that there was ever ſuch a King as Arthur, wbich overthrows,
in a great degree, the ancient Welch Hiſtory. His indulgence, in the
ſuperſtitious opinions of the times, is obvious, as he ſays, “ that in the
place near Battle-Abbey, where the Engliſh were flain by the Conqueror, the
ground, being moiſtened with rain, emits blood;" though this appearance
evidently proceeds from the red colour of the ſoil mixed with the water
after a ſhower. He lived in the reign of John, about the year 1200.
John de BRIDLINGTON, a native of this place, was eminently dif-
tinguiſhed for his parts and learning. He was educated at Oxford, ,
and returning thence, entered himſelf a Canon regular in the Convent
of Bridlington. He was twice elected Prior, and eſtabliſhed fo
great a
character for Holineſs, that he was reputed a Saint. He died in the
year :1379, aged 60.
· Sir George RIPLEY was a Canon of the Monaſtery here, where
Having continued ſome time, and devoted himſelf to the ſtudy of al-
chemy, he travelled to Italy, and employed near twenty years in ab-
ſtruſe and chimerical reſearches to find out the Philoſopher's Stone, the
grand defideratum of a credulous age. It was the opinion of many, in the
time in which he lived, that he made the diſcovery about the year 1470,
as the following ſentence was inſerted in his book-" Inveni
anima mea.
* Returning to his native country, and wiſhing to repoſe
his old age in eaſe and retirement, he obtained a diſpenſation from the
Pope to leave his Canonry, and become a Carmelite Anchorite at Boſton,
where he wrote twenty-five books, of which the chief was his Com-
pound of Alchemy. He died in the year 1492, and ſome of his works
were publiſhed by Elias Alhmole, Efq; in his Theatrum Chymicum Brio
tannicum.
quem diligit
* I have found what my foul delights in.
3 T
RICHARD
( 258 )
RICHARD BOYLE, ſon of Richard, Earl of Cork, afterwards, advanced
to the dignity of a Baron of the realm, by the title of Lord Clifford of
Londeſborough, was, in the year 16642 16th of Charles Il. created. Earl .
of Bridlington or Burlington.
BRIDLINGTON QUAY
Is ſituated on the fea-ſhore, in the receſs of the Bay, one mile from
the Town of Bridlington, and five miles from Flamborough, to which
there is a pleaſant Ride through a fine, open country. The population
of Bridlington, including the Quay, is eſtimated at 3000 ſouls.
The Quay is an agreeable, healthy place, where there is a genteel re-
fort of company, in the ſummer ſeaſon, for the purpoſe of Sea-bathing;
And its mineral ſprings, for ſome diſorders, are reputed efficacious.
The Quay has many attractions for thoſe who have a taſte for the
peaceful and fequeſtered ſcenes of life; yet it muſt be allowed that it
pofſeffes not the gay and captivating charms of Scarborough, neither.
has it ſo convenient a beach for bathing.
There are two Piers for the defence of the Harbour, one of which,
having a convenient platform, furniſhies an agreeable promenade in
pleafant weather; and, in ſummer evenings, is much frequented by
the company, for the ſake of the proſpect and the ſea air. The view of.
Flamborough-Head, and the Bay, (particularly when the coaſting veſſels
are detained here by contrary winds) affords' a moſt delightful proſpect
and in a moon-light evening, the filent heaving of the waves, the lights.
of the diſtant fhips, and the long train of radiant reflection, thrown by
the moon over the vaſt expanſe of water, render it a moft enchanting
ſcene, and raiſe the mind to the nobleſt contemplations.
The HARBOUR is a clean, ſecure little port, having a natural ſtream
of freſh water running through the midft of it, which keeps the bottom
clear of mud. It is well ſheltered from the north and the weſt, by the
Coaſt and the Town; and on the eaſt and ſouth, by the Piers. The
port is capable of containing upwards of a hundred ſhips ; but in
ſtormy weather it is rather difficult of acceſs, on account of the narrow-
neſs
도
​3
(259)
neſs of the paffage. The depth of water at ſpring tides, is from fifteen
to eighteen feet; but the harbour is dry at low water.
The entrance of the port and the bay is defended by two batteries ;
one on the ſouth ſide of the town, mounting two guns (18 pounders) ;
and the other on the north, mounting fix guns (12 pounders); both
which batteries enfilade the mouth of the harbour, and form a croſs
fire with each other at right angles.
BRIDLINGTON BAY is well known to the Coaſters, as the ſafeſt and
moſt commodious anchoring place on this coaſt. It is ſheltered on the
north by the promontory of Flamborough-Head ;-on the weſt and
fouth-weſt by the coaſt ;-and, on the eaſt, the force of the waves is very
much abated and broken by the Smithick ſand, which extends in a
northern and ſouthern direction acroſs the bay, and has only a few
feet of water upon it when the tide is out. The entrance into the
Bay, is, by two channels, one between Flamborough-Head and the
north end of the Smithick, about a mile and a quarter wide, called the
north channel; the other, between the ſouth end of the Smithick
and a knoll, about a mile and a half from the ſhore, called the fouth
channel.
The beſt anchorage in the Bay is, with the Quay ſtreet open ; the-
bottom is a mixture of fand and gravel ; and ſhips may lie here
from three to five fathoms depth of water.
When the wind is un-
favourable for the coaſting veſſels proceeding round Flamborough-Head
to the North, the Bay is .crowded with ſhips.
The tonnage of ſhipping belonging to this port, is calculated at
5,850 tons; and the ſhips built here, are eſteemed for their ſtrength
and ſolidity..
The environs of Bridlington and the Quay are exceedingly pleaſant.
A beautiful vale extending weſtward, is ornamented by the feats of
Sir George Strickland, Bart. at Boynton, and of William Bofville,
Efq; at Thorpe-Hall. There are other gentlemen's ſeats in the vi-
cinity, viz. Harrington Hudſon's, Eſq; at Beſſingby, with neat plan-
tations, only a mile diſtant ;-Ralph Creyke's, Eſq; at Marton, a mile
and
1
( 260 )
and a half ;-John Greame's, Eſq; Sureby, the ſame diſtance and
Sir Griffith Boynton's, at Agnes Burton; the houſe deſigned by Inigo
Jones, ſix miles diftant.
Lady Strickland's Dutch Farm, ſituated about two miles from Brid-
lington, diſplays. much delicacy of taſte and appropriate fimplicity.
At RudsTON, a village upon the Wolds, about five miles weſt of
Bridlington, there is an Obeliſk worthy the attention of the Antiquary.
It is a ſingle natural ſtone, of the fame quality and ſhape, but of fupe-
rior magnitude to the celebrated pillars near Boroughbridge. The
entire height is not known; but the elevation above the ground is
twenty-nine feet, and it has been traced with certainty to the depth of
twelve below, without reaching the foundation. It ſtands in the Church-
yard, on the north ſide of the Church, and has ſome fiſſures on the
top, which Mr. Boſville, of Thorpe-Hall, ordered to be covered with
dead, to prevent any further injuries from the weather. The cauſe of
its erection cannot be aſcertained, though it is generally agreed to have
given name to the town.t Not far diſtant from it, were found three
circular ſtones, fuppoſed, by the country people, to have been wheels
which conveyed this ſtupendous rock from its native bed; but they
have probably been ancient mill-fones ; # which are frequently found
“ Theſe are three large ſtones of a pyramidal form, futed at the top by their continual expoſure to
the weather. They ſtand nearly in a line from North to South. The centre pyramid, which is the
largeſt, ſtands twenty-two feet fix inches above the earth's furface, and its entire height is thirty feet fix
inches from the bottom. Theſe ſtones are of the coarſe rag, or mill-ſtone grit, and ſuppoſed to have
been brought from Plumpton, ten miles diftant."
Hargrove's Hiſtory of Knareſbrough.
+ In Doomſday-Book it is called Rodeftan.-Camden obferves, that Rod, in Saxon, fignifies a Croſs.
1 " The ancient domeſtic mill-ſtones, called, by the Britiſh, querns, conſiſted of one circular flat ſtone
of about eighteen inches diameter, upon which was placed the upper ſtone, in shape reſembling a ſugar-
loaf, with a perforation through the centre, and on the ſide was fixed a handle. The whole was placed
on a cloth, and the grinder poured in the corn with one hand, and with the other turned round the upper
ſtone with a rapid motion, while the meal ran out at the fides, and fell .apon the cloth. This mode of
grinding was tedious, and would employ two perſons four hours to grind one buſhel.”
Hargrove's Hiſtory of Knareſborough.
in
( 261 261
)
in the Roman ſtations in this illard ; and it is worthy of obſervation, that
the Roman Road to Bridlington or Sureby, paſſed through Rudſto1.-The
veſtiges of ancient military roads, entrenchments, and tumuli, are va-
riouſly diſperſed over the face of the Wolds.*
On the road from Wold-Newton to North-Burton, there is an artifi-
cial mount called Willy-Howe, which, no doubt, is fepulchral, and may
have been the burial-place of ſome chief of antiquity, who had fallen
in battle. Beneath this hilly mound, the aſhes of the warrior have
repoſed for ages, and it may ſtill continue a monument to ſucceeding
generations.
At Danes-DALE FARM, near Driffield, are ſeveral tumuli, which have
been diſtinguiſhed from time immemorial by the appellation of Danes-
Grave. It is very probable that the Danes, who appear to have had a
fortified camp at Flamborough-Head, may have iſſued thence to com-
mit their piratical depredations, and have fallen victims upon this ſpot
to the valour of our anceſtors.
LITTLE Driffield, now only an inconſiderable village, was, in the
time of the Anglo Saxon Kings of Northumbria, à royal reſidence; and
it was here that the virtuous King Alfrid died and was buried. The
peaſant, in digging for ſtones or gravel in this vicinity, frequently
ſtrikes with his fpade upon the bones of warriors, and meets with the
fragments of armour, ſwords, ſpears, &c.
The cuſtom of erecting barrows or tumuli ſeems to have generally
prevailed amongſt the ancients.
* The Dikes at Huggitt, are ancient veftiges of great extent. A plate of them was engraved by the
order of Lord Burlington.
+ The following infcription to his Memory, is within the chancel of the Church of Little Driffield:
" Here lies the body of Alfrid, King of Northumberland, who depårted this life, Jan. 19, Anno Do
mini 705, in the XXth year of his reign.”
« Statutum eft omnibus femel mori,"
• It is appointed for all once to die."
10
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*
( 262 )
ܛܼ
The cominon ſoldiers ſlain in battle, and intumulated in the field,
had only ſmall mounds erected over them.* But when a chief, or per-
ſon of great diſtinction was interred, thoſe ſepulchral hills were in-
creaſed in magnitude proportionate to the rank or dignity of the
deceaſed. +
There are not any natural curioſities upon the Wolds worthy of
obſervation, excepting the ſudden eruption of water called the Gipſies
in the vicinity of Wold-Newton.
“It is generally perceived towards the early part of the ſpring,
trickling through the graſs where the ground is not broken, to ſuch a
degree as to conſtitute a ſtream ſo conſiderable, as even ſometimes to
fill a drain twelve feet wide at the top, fix at the bottom, and three
feet deep, in which it is conveyed to the ſea, and commonly runs for
two or three months, then totally ceaſes, and ſcarcely leaves a mark of
the place where it iſſued.” I
The appearance of this water is certainly influenced by the ſtate of
the ſeaſons, as there is ſometimes an intermiflion of three or four years.,
It is probably occaſioned by a ſurcharge of water deſcending from the
high lands, into the vales, by ſubterraneous paſſages, and finding a
proper place of emiſlion, breaks out with great force,
The WOLDS
Are the moſt magnificent aſſemblage of chalky hills this Iſland
affords. The approach to them on every ſide is, by a conſiderable
* Their companions in arms each carried a helmet of earth to ſtrew over the grave, as a laft tribute of
affection.
+ Severus's hills, thoſe venerable remains of Roman grandeur, at Holegate, a village near York, are of
conſiderable magnitude. They are ſuppoſed to have been raiſed in memory of the deceaſed Emperor,
and in honour of his two fons, Caracalla and Geta. It is ſaid that the body of the martial Emperor was
conveyed from York, by the Roman ſoldiers, with great military pomp, and placed on a moſt magnifi-
cent pile, to which his ſons applied the lighted torch; and when the flames aſcended, the pile was ho-
noured with the peridrome, decurfion, or riding around it by the young Princes, the Chief Officers, and
Soldiers.
Mr. Leatham's Agricultural Report of the Eaſt-Riding.
aſcent,
욕
​( 263 )
afcent, except on the eaſtern fide, where it is more gentle. The outline
is nearly circular, containing within its limits 307,840 acres.
"The ſurface” (ſays Mr. Leatham)" is generally divided into eaſy
extenſive ſwells and plains, with many intervening deep dales or valleys.
The ſoil is commonly a free and rather light loam, with a mixture of
a chalky gravel ; fome parts are very ſhallow; it alſo contains a
deeper and more kindly loam, and a lighter fandy mixture upon a
chalk."
Although the fertile plain inay boaſt of its mild air, meandering
ſtream, and luxuriant produce, yet it is not of greater importance
than this diſtrict, and muſt even yield to it, on account of the nu-
merous flocks thefe paſtures ſupport.” *
The culture of the Wolds has lately been much improved, and
many of the hills are decorated with plantations.f The land which
formerly preſented to the eye a dreary and uncultivated waſte, now
wears the appearance of an hoſpitable region.
Sir Christopher Sykes has the honour of being the moſt extenſive
Planter † upon the Wolds
i
SLEDMERE, ť
Embelliſhed by his judicious taſte, diſplays a charming ſcenery.
The plantations of large extent, ſkirting either the ſlopes of adjacent
hills, or winding through beautiful valleys, contain many miles of
pleaſing Rides; and the whole, on a ſudden approach, exhibits a
very luxuriant coup d'oeil, ſtriking as well as novel in ſo elevated a ſitua-
tion as the Wolds.
* Mr. Leatham's Agricultural Report of the Eaſt-Riding.
+ Should the day arrive" (ſays Mr. Marſhall) “ when the higher ſwells ſhall be crowned with wood,
and the intervening vales be interſected with living fences, forming incloſures of eight or ten acres; the
climate of the Wolds will be rendered, ſome degrees of latitude more genial than it is at preſent; and the
produce be increaſed in a duplicate ratio."
Marſhall's Rural Economy.
| The Seat of Sir Chriſtopher Sykes.
An
( 264 )
The orna-
An elegant MANSION has alſo been erécted here, from Sir Chriſto
“pher's own deſign; and the Library, for its ſpaciouſneſs and highly
finiſhed Ceiling * is eſteemed a very magnificent room.
mented appendages,-the pavilions,--hot-houſes,-green-houſes, &c.
add to the beauty of the ſcene ;-—And a lofty, arched Gateway
erected over the preſent (and ancient Roman) road to Bridlington, is
ſeen at a great diſtance, and has a fine effect from every quarter.
The pages of hiſtory have blazoned the deeds of heroes, who in the
career of ambition and conqueſt, have ſubdued and defolated fruitful
provinces : but how much more dignified a character, in the eye of
reaſon, is he, who clothes the land with the beauties of a new creation,
converts a barren waſte into a fertile region, and diffuſes peace, plenty,
and cheerfulneſs through an extenſive diſtrict !
* Executed by Mr. Roſe.
SECTION
SECTION
II.
WooC
ROBIN HOOD's BAY, WHITBY, &c.
:
ROBIN Hood's BAY
*
IS
'S a ſmall Fiſhing Town, thirteen miles north from Scarborough, * and
is frequently viſited by ſtrangers on account of the Alum-works in
its vicinity. The road to it is ſtony and uneven, over a dreary, barren
moor, and the hill at Stoupe-brow † is impracticable for a carriage. On
deſcending this hill, from the moor to the fands at Robin Hood's Bay,
the road paſſes the Alum-works, where the curioſity of the traveller.is
gratified with a view of theſe immenſe mountains of Alum-ſtone from
which the Salt is extracted; and the interior works are worthy of ob-
fervation. I
The
3 X
*- Between Scarborough and Robin Hood's Bay are only two villages ; Burniſton four miles, and
Cloughton five miles from Scarborough. There is nothing worthy of note at theſe places, except a
Quarry of free ſtone at the latter, from whence the Caſtle at Scarborough is ſaid to have been built.
t About two miles from Robin Hood's Bay.
I“ The Alum-works of this country are of ſome antiquity. The Mine was firſt diſcovered by Sir
Thomas Chaloner (in the reign of Queen Elizabeth), who, obſerving the trees iinged with an unuſual
colour, ſuppoſed that it was occafioned by ſome Mineral in the neighbourhood; and he diſcovered the
ſtrata abounded with an Aluminous Salt. At that time the English being ſtrangers to the method of
managing
( 266 )
::.............:::.
The road from the Alum-works to the village of Robin Hood's
Bay, is along the fandy beach, cloſe under a high, ſteep cliff, to which
the fea flows as the tide advances, and the paſſage is unſafe, except there
be a ſpacious area of the ſand uncovered by the water, or the tide be
receding.
The Sea-coaſt Northward from Scarborough is craggy, wild, and terrific,
bending inward as far as the River Tees, and by its winding, forming
this Bay, nearly a mile in breadth. The ſands here, are firm and level;
but the ſhore, at a little diſtance from the Cliff, is rocky; and there is
only a narrow paſſage from the ſea, where the fiſhing boats can land
in ſafety.
The village conſiſts of the habitations of Fiſhermen, and once made
a groteſque appearance, the houſes being ſtrangely ſcattered over the
face of a ſteep cliff, and ſome of them hanging in an awful manner on
the projecting ledges of the precipice; but this place has lately ſuſtained
a great alteration by the falling of the Cliff; in conſequence of which,
the projecting houſes, and the pavement of the principal ſtreet as far as
the fronts of the houſes on the oppoſite ſide, are ruined, and a new road
has been made from the landing-place, through the interior part of the
Town.
The village derives its name from that famous oüilaw Robin Hood,
who lived in the reign of Richard I. and is ſaid to have retired to this
place, to evade the purſuit of the military parties who were ſent to ap-
prehend him. Upon the adjacent moor are two little hills, a quarter
of a mile aſunder, which are called his Butts.
1
managing it, tradition fays, that Sir Thomas ſeduced ſome workmen from the Pope's Alum-works near
Rome, then the greateſt in Europe. The firſt pits were near Guiſborough, the ſeat of the Chaloners,
who ſtill flouriſh there, notwithſtanding his Holineſs's Anathema. The works were ſo valuable as to be
deemed a Royal Mine. Sir Paul Pindar, who rented them, paid annually to the King, 12,500l. ;-to
the Earl of Mulgrave, 16401. ;-to Sir William Pennyman, bool. “He employed eighty workmen,
and fold his Alum at 261. per ton. But this monopoly was deſtroyed on the death of Charles I. and the
right reſtored to the Proprietors. In theſe Alum-rocks are frequently found cornua ammonis, and other
follils, lodged in a flony nodule. Jet is ſometimes met with in thin flat pieces, externally of the ap-
pearance of wood. According to Solinus, Britain was famous for this foffil.”
4.
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( 267 )
The Fiſhery, at Robin Hood's Bay, is the chief occupation of the
inhabitants. The number of Fiſhermen is computed to be fixty or
ſeventy
}
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WHITBY.
The Town of Whitby is indebted for its origin to an Abbey founded
there in the year 650. The Saxon name of the place was Strcanſhalch, *
(Sinus Phari) or the Bay of the Watch-Tower. It was afterwards
called Preſteby, or the Habitation of Prieſts ; then Hwytby, next
Whiteby; † and now Whitby. It was deſtroyed by the Danes, about
the year 867; and though it revived after the reſtoration of the con-
vents, yet the Norman conqueſt, and the ſubſequent diſorders of the
times, reduced it to the loweſt condition.
At the time of the diſſolution of the monaſteries, it was an inconſi-
derable filhing-town, and Leland, at that period, ſays, “the inhabitants
were protecting the haven from the violence of the ſea, by a pier con-
ſtructed of fones which were furniſhed by the fall of an adjacent cliff.”
In the year 1540 (according to Charlton's account), the town only
conſiſted of thirty or forty houſes, containing not more than two
hundred inhabitants. At this period, two or three ſmall trading
veſſels conſtituted the whole of the marine belonging to the port ; and
the uſe of coal was then fo partially introduced, that the principal
fuel was, decayed wood or turf, procured in the ſummer ſeaſon from
the neighbouring moors.
In the beginning of the ſeventeenth century, the inhabitants of
Whitby were not above threeſcore families; and Mr. Charlton ſays,
that he was not able to meet with any certain account of either ſhip
or vefſel belonging to the port, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth,
* In the paraphraſe of Bede, and the beſt Latin copies, it is written Streans-ball; and Junius, in his
Gothic Gloſſary, derives it from the Saxon hal or healb, fignifying an eminent building.
+ Candidus Vicus, or Oppidum Album, the White Dwelling or Town. Mr. Charlton ſeems to have
miſtaken the etymology, in fuppoſing it White-Bay, from the whiteneſs of the waves breaking upon the
Thore.
except
( 268 )
except fiſhing boats.” The important diſcovery of the Alum-Mine in
thoſe parts, at the clofe of that reign, was the original cauſe which
raiſed Whitby from its obſcurity, and, by opening a channel for
commerce, enabled the town gradually to attain a degree of maritime
conſequence.
The ſucceſsful. progreſs of the Alum-Works, eſtabliſhed by Mr.
Chaloner at Guiſborough, excited a ſpirit of emulation, and one of a
ſimilar kind was erected, about the year 1615, near Sands-End, within
three miles of Whitby. This alſo proving advantageous, and the vicinity
of Whitby abounding with Alum-Stone, * other adventurers were in-
duced to embark in thoſe undertakings. In conſequence of the ex-
tended fpeculation, two great branches of traffic were opened at the
port of Whitby ;-the one for ſupplying the works with coals ; the
other for conveying the Alum to diſtant places. The fiſhermen of
Whitby perceiving a favourable proſpect of employment, purchaſed
two or three ſmall veſſels, with which they traded to Newcaſtle and
Sunderland for coals, and at length adventured to London, with Alum,
butter, fiſh, &c. and returned to Whitby freighted with various arti-
cles of merchandize. This infant ſtate of commerce was gradually
matured: The ideas of the inhabitants expanded; the number of
veſſels was increafed, and new ſhips were built at this port, from the
oak timber which the vicinity produced. From ſuch an inconſiderable
beginning, the town of Whitby, by the induſtry, the
by the induſtry, the enterprize, and
ſucceſsful ſpeculations of the inhabitants, roſe to a ſtate of opulence, and
became a place of confiderable importance, both in regard to its Ship-
building, and the number and magnitude of the ſhips.
“During the time of the Common-wealth, the number of inhabitanes
had' attained to near two thouſand; and the ſhips belonging to the port
were, about twenty ſmall veiſels, all of them employed in the coaſting
trade, and navigated with more than 120 ſeamen.”
* The greateſt part of the vicinity, for an extent of more than thirty miles in length, and near twelve
in breadth, is a continued Alum-rock.
6
At :
$
(269)
" At the reſtoration of Charles II, in May, 1660, the population is
eſtimated at three thouſand, and the number of ſhips, thirty.”
“ In the year 1690, a further acceſſion was made; the number of in-
habitants amounting to near four thouſand, and that of the ſhips to
fixty, of eighty tons burthen, or upwards."
“ In the year 1734, the number of veſſels had increaſed to one hun-
dred and thirty, all of which were eighty tons, or more, in burthen.'
“In the French and Spaniſh war, about the year 1740, the trade and
commerce of Whitby began to flouriſh more and more. By theſe means,
the inhabitants were enabled to advance forty or fifty thouſand pounds
annually in building new ſhips, and many of them being engaged in
the tranſport ſervice, they received conſiderable advantages. The Town
alſo improved ſo much in appearance, that inſtead of ſorry houſes,
which before were built either of oak timber framed, or ſtone roughly
hewed, and a great number of them thatched, there were now erected
ſpacious and commodious habitations with brick walls, and many
of
them in a ſtile of magnificence.”
" In the year 1777, there were 251 ſhips (beſides what were on the
ſtocks) whoſe burthen amounted to more than 55,000 tons, King's
meaſurement ; ſo that in the ſpace of forty years it has more than
doubled both the number of its ſhipping and inhabitants.'
In the year 1796, there appears to have been a decreaſe of the ton-
nage of ſhipping, as it amounted to no more than 46,535 tons, (by
regiſter in the Cuſtom-houſe) navigated by 2,452 ſeamen. The aggre-
gate tonnage was greater at the commencement of the preſent war;
and the decreaſe has been owing to the number of ſhips taken and de-
ſtroyed by the enemy, and thoſe loſt at ſea, which have not been ſup-
plied by an equal number of new ones.
Whitby is ſituated in the North-Riding of the county of York, in
latitude 54° 30' North, and longitude o° 41' Weſt from the meridian of
London. It ſtands on two oppoſite declivities, the one fronting the
# Charlton's Hift. Whitby.
3 Y
Eaſt,
( 279 )
*
Eaſt, the other the Weſt, on the borders of the River Efice, whoſe finall
ſtreams are here loſt in the German ocean, after dividing the Town into
two nearly equal parts, connected by a draw-bridge fo fpacious, as to
admit ſhips of 600 tons burthen to paſs.
The inner HARBOUR, above the bridge, is very capacious and ſecure;
but the outer one is not ſo ſafe, though it is protected from the violence
of the ſea by five Piers. *
The Pier, at the weſtern point of the harbour, is beautiful, being re-
gularly built of ſquared ſtone, and extending nearly 520 yards into the
dea. It terminates in a circular head, with embraſures, for the purpoſe
of a battery. One of the other Piers extends from the eaſtern ſhore, at
right angles, and contracts the entrance of the Harbour, which, in
ſtormy weather, is very difficult of acceſs. The Port is defended by
different batteries, mounting, in the whole, twenty-two guns of large
calibre.
The BUILDING-PLAces for the ſhips are above the Bridge, on each
ſide of the River, where the Builders have the advantage of ſpace for
ſpreading their timber ; and here are alſo ſeveral commodious dry
ducks, which are almoſt in conſtant employment.
The Town is cloſely and irregularly built; but the houſes of the
opulent inhabitants are ſpacious and elegant; yet, the ſituation of many
of them appears incommodious, and it is not uncommon to ſee a mag-
nificent edifice in the midſt of buildings of a, mean appearance. In
winter, it is bleak and unpleaſant, being expoſed to violent guſts of
winds, collected between the hills, which ruſh impetuouſly down the
vale. The Streets, in general, are inconvenient, though an Act of
Parliament was obtained, ſome years ago, for lighting, paving, and
widening them; but the defects in the original plan prevented the
commiſſioners making the improvement complete.
* The Spring-tides riſe here from fourteen to twenty feet; and Neap-tides, from nine to twelve.
A new
.
( 271 )
A new TOWN HALL, for the convenience of the inhabitants aflem-
bling on public occafions, was erected by the late Mr. Cholmley. It is
a heavy pile, of the Tuſcan Order, and does no great credit to the taſte
of the architect.
A POOR House, upon an extenſive plan, has alſo been built. It is a
comfortable afylum to the diſtreſſed, and, being judiciouſly managed,
has had a good effect in relieving the burthen of the Poor-rates.
A DISPENSARY for adminiſtering advice and medicines to the Poor,
gratis, was inſtituted in the year 1786, and is honoured with a liberal
patronage.
The PAROCHIAL CHURCH is ſituated upon an eminence, eaſtward of
the Town, to which there is an aſcent of near 200 ſteps. The archi,
tecture, originally Gothic, has received fo many modern alterations, that
it retains little of its ancient form. The Manſion of the Cholmley-
family, now a deſerted habitation, and the ruins of a venerable Abbey
are contiguous to the Church.
A ſpacious CHAPEL of eaſe has been erected in the lower part of the
Town for the convenience of the inhabitants; beſides which, are three
others in the country, one of them exceedingly elegant. The Diffen-
ters, of different denominations, have alſo their reſpective places of
worſhip, viz.—the Preſbyterians; the Independents ; the Burgher Se-
ceders from the Church of Scotland; the Quakers; and the Roman
Catholics. The Methodiſts have likewiſe a Meeting-Houſe for their
devotional aſſemblies.
The population of Whitby is much greater than that of Scarborough.
By an account taken in the year 17.76, the number of families in Whitby
was found to be 2,268, which, at five perfons to each family, makes
the whole 11,340.The population has certainly increaſed ſince that
period, and the houſes are crowded; but the inhabitants, at prefent, do
not, probably, exceed 13,000.
*
{
• At Sleights.
Three.
( 272 )
Three conſiderable manufactories of Sail-cloth are eſtabliſhed in
Whitby, which not only ſupply the ſhips belonging to the port, but
alſo furniſh a great quantity for the uſe of the Royal Navy.
The Markets are well ſupplied with Butcher's meat, and with a pro-
fuſion of vegetables. The place appropriated for the ſale of fiſh
abounds with great variety.
2920
WHITBY ABBEY.
« This Abbey, which was alſo called the Abbey of Streanſhalch, ſigni-
fying in Saxon, Sinus Phari, the bay of the watch-tower; or Streanſhalh,
an eminent building, is in the Deanry and Archdeaconry of Cleveland.
The following hiſtory of its foundation is given by Matthew of West-
minſter, William of Malmſbury, and others :
“ In the year of grace 655, Penda, the Pagan King of Mercia,
having invaded Northumberland with a great army, Ofwy, King
of that diſtrict, endeavoured, by large offers, to prevail upon him
to withdraw his forces ; but finding that both entreaties and offers
were equally ineffectual, and that he muſt have recourſe to arms for
his relief, he, according to the fuperſtition of thoſe times, endeavoured
to ſecure the Divine Afhſtance by the promiſe of religious foundations,
in caſe he came off victorious; and under that condition made a vow,
that his daughter ſhould dedicate herſelf to the ſervice of God by a
life of celibacy, and that he would moreover give twelve of his Man-
fions for the erection of Monaſteries. This done, he engaged and de-
feated the Pagan army, although three tinies his number; and their
King Penda was flain in the fight. Ofwy, in order to fulfil his vow,
placed his daughter Ethelfleda, then ſcarcely a year old, as a Nun in the
Monaſtery called Hertefie, that is Stag Iſland, of which St. Hilda was
then Abbeſs; who having procured ten families or hides of land in the
place called Streanfhalch, built there a Monaſtery for both men and
women, which was dedicated to St. Peter, and governed by an Abbeſs.
This place was afterwards called Whitby. It was greatly enriched by
the
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29
Capravidly I Waha fani Drewning of dayloareaftoff Gilben
Dublukea Jude":998 by I Walker Ne hasowana thon Tenden
WHITBY- ABBEY, Yorkſhire.
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( 273 )
the donations of Ethelfleda, who ſucceeded her father, after a reign of
twenty ſeven years, and here celebrated his funeral with great magnifi-
cence."
her.”
Burton, in his account of this Monaſtery, ſays, “ The building
was begun in 657, for men and women of the Benedictine Order; and
though really founded and dedicated to St. Peter, and endowed by
King Ofwy, yet the honour is generally given to St. Hilda, who be-
came firſt Prioreſs thereof; and it is generally called St. Hilda's, after
Here, according to Tanner, many Biſhops and Pious Men were
educated.
“ This Monaſterý continued in a flouriſhing ſtate till about the year
867, when a party of the Danes, under Hungar and Hubba, landed at
Dunfley-Bay, two miles weſtward of this place, and encamped on an
eminence on the eaſt ſide thereof, ſtill called Raven-hill; which name
it is ſuppoſed to have obtained from the figure of a Raven being
worked in the Daniſh Enſign, which was there diſplayed. From hence
ftraggling into the country, they plundered and laid it waſte, and
among other depredations entirely deſtroyed this Monaſtery, which
laid in ruins many years; the coinmunity being diſperſed, only Titus,
the Abbot, fled with the relics of St. Hilda to Glaſtonbury. The title
of Abbot given where the Monaſtery was governed by an Abbeſs,
may at firſt ſeem inconſiſtent; but perhaps the ſuperior placed over
the
men, had that appellation, though' fubordinate to the Abbeſs."
“At the conqueſt, Hugh de Abrincis, an expert ſoldier, and a perſon
of great note among the Norman nobility, had Whitby aſſigned to him
as a reward for his ſervices. This he did not long hold, but diſpoſed
of it to William de Percy, his aſſociate in that expedition. Other ac-
counts, and among them, that printed in the Monaſticon, from the re-
gifter of the Abbey, ſtill in the poſſeſſion of Henry Cholmley, Eſq; ſay,
that the Town of Whitby was, by the Conqueror, firſt beſtowed on
Hugh, Earl of Cheſter, and by him granted to William de Percy, and
his heirs, to hold it as freely as he held of the King.”
3 Z
Whitby
***
( 274 )
5
Whitby being then in the poſſeſſion of William de Percy, he, in the
reign of Williain the Conqueror, refounded the Monaſtery then lying
deſolate and in ruins, placing therein Benedictine Monks, and dedi-
cating it to the honour of St. Peter, and St. Hilda. He gave it only
the title of a Priory, his brother Serlo holding the office of Prior.
Under this title it remained till the reign of Henry. I. when it was ad-
vanced to the dignity of an Abbey. The benefactions granted by this
ſecond founder were various and ample, ſuitable to his rank, munifi-
cence, and devotion: among them were the Towns of Whitby, Stain-
ſher, Newham, and Stakeſby; the fea-port of Wyteſby and Hameſſom,
alſo Nordfield, Sudfield, Everley, Brokeſay, and Fornelage ; beſides
Churches, Fiſheries, and divers other donations, too many here to
enumerate ; and the ſucceeding heirs. of that family continued to en-
dow it from time to time with a variety of valuable gifts; and many
of them were there buried."
“ Hugh, Earl of Cheſter, ſhortly after its foundation, granted to this
Monaſtery, the Church of St. Peter, of Whitby, with all its depen-
dencies, and alſo the Church of Flamborough with its tithes. It had
many other noble benefactors, whoſe names and grants are regiſtered
in the Monaſticon.
“ William de Worceſter, in his Itinerary, page 360, fays, Alan de
Percy, was the founder of the Whitby Monaſtery, and that the faid
Alan gave to the Monks of St. Hilda, five Knights' fees."
“ In the 26th of Henry VIII. the yearly revenues of this houſe were
eſtimated at 4371, 2s. 9d. according to Dugdale; and 5051. gs. id. ac-
cording to Speed. The ſurrender of Henry Dayal, the laſt Abbot, was
enrolled 14th December, 1540.
“ The ſite of this Abbey was granted 4th Edward VI. to John, Earl
of Warwick, by whom in 1551, it was ſold to John York, and in the
iſt and 2d of Philip and Mary, by him to Sir Richard Cholmley, Knt.
anceſtor of the preſent proprietor.'
”
" The ruins of this once famous Abbey ſtand on a high cliff,
eaſt of, and overlooking the Town, a little beyond the Pariſh
Church,
3
f
( 275 )
Church. A ſmall diſtance ſouth of the Abbey, Mr. Cholmley has a
Manſion, built probably with the materials taken froin the ruins.
At the weſt end of theſe, ſtands an ancient croſs, mounted on a pe-
deſtal, and fix ſteps. At preſent it is. much out of perpendicular. A
paſſage printed in Leland's Collectanea, from the life of St. Hilda, ſays,
that in the painted windows of this Abbey, it was ſhewn before the
arrival of William the Conqueror, that the bordering Scots were canibals
or man-eaters, and were, by that King, puniſhed with the ſword for fo
unnatural and ſavage a practice.”
“ The offices of this Monaſtery are entirely taken down. The re-
mains, now ſtanding, are, thoſe of the Church, which was once ex-
tremely magnificent, but certainly built ſince the re-foundation of the
Monaſtery by Henry de Percy, of which, the pointed arches bear indif-
putable teſtimony. It may, perhaps, be urged, that theſe arches were
conſtructed after its firſt erection; but an attentive conſideration of
the ruins, or even of the repreſentation of them, will demonſtrate them :
to be coeval with the original building, which ſeems to have been :
finiſhed on one original plan, and was probably built when pointed arches:
were firſt introduced, and before the round ones were entirely left off;
moſt of the upper ranges eaſt of the Tower, being circular, as is the
caſe in the Monaſteries of Brinckburn, Holy Iſland, Kirkſtall, and many
others. This Church was conſtructed in form of a croſs, had three
aiſles ; and, over the centre of the croſs roſe a ſtrong ſquare Tower.
The length of the Church was about 252 feet, the breadth of the
middle aiſle, and that of the fidé ones, each 30 feet. The height of
the Tower is 104 feet, and that of the walls fixty. *
“ This noble building has gone greatly to decay ; but the rudeſt
ſhock it received, was by a ſtorm of wind in the night of 2d Decem-
ber, 1763, when the whole weſtern wing was overturned, and thrown
down to the very foundation, though ſupported by at leaſt twenty
* Groſe's Antiquities.
Itrong.
( 276 )
ſtrong Gothic pillars and arches, nothing being left ſtanding therein,
but the north wall of the cloiſters and a part of the weſt end wall.”
A paper is printed and ſold in the Town of Whitby, entitled a de-
ſcription of Whitby Abbey, monumental inſcriptions, &c. in which
are the following particulars :
Whitby Abbey was founded by St. Hilda, and is erected upon a
hill fouth of the River Eſk, near the ocean. No remains of tombs or
monuments, but very imperfect inſcriptions are to be ſeen :-there
have been many cells, or vaults, in which were ſome coffins that con-
tained human bones; and, as ſome report, ancient coins.
“ A Latin inſcription, which is the only one that appears
in Whitby
Abbey, and is yet partly legible on a pillar in the choir, contained the
following words, viz. “ Johannes de Brumton quondam famulus Dei
in hoc Monaſterio extructo in honorem Dei et Virginis beatæ Mariæ."
“ That is, John of Brompton, formerly a ſervant of God, in this Monaſtery,
built in honour of God and the bleſſed Virgin Mary.”
About the year 1740, an illiterate man, not underſtanding the
meaning of this inſcription, conceived that it contained an account of
ſome treaſure concealed in the pillar where it was; to obtain which,
he went privately in the night, and knocked out the centre ſtone, but
to his great diſappointment, met with no money."
Singular Curioſities near Whitby.
" About the year 1743, the Rev. Mr. Borwick, found in the Alum-
rock, the complete ſkeleron, or petrified bones of a man; but though
the utmoſt caution was uſed, it was bruken into many pieces, and
greatly mutilated, before it could be taken out.”
“ In the year 1758, the petrified bones of a Crocodile, (an animal that
was never known in our ſeas) were taken out of the rock, under the
cliff; and theſe, though broken into many pieces, were ſent up to the
Royal Society."
" *
* Vide Philoſophical Tranſactions, vol. 50. part 2. art. 92.
ů
66 About
(277)
“ About the year 1762, the ſkeleton, or petrified bones of a lorte,
were found at the Alum-works at Saltwick, at the depth of about thirty
yards under ground, which were taken up with much care, though not
without being conſiderably broken: they were afterwards ſent to the
Univerſity of Aberdeen.
“ In the year 1750, a compleat oflification was found on the nortlı
ſide of the Eaſt Pier, not far from the Cliff. It was taken
It was taken up in the
fea by a gentleman who was then bathing, and appeared to be part of
a human ſkeleton, conſiſting of three ribs, with the fleſh between them;
and on the inner ſide of them, totally oſſified. There were alſo on the
outſide thereof, fome remains of ſkin, the pores of which might be
readily diſcerned; but this ſkin was not in an oſſified ſtate ; for, after
being kept ſome years, it entirely mouldered away to duſt.” *t
The Ancient CASTLE of MULGRAVE,
About three miles North-weſt of Whitby, was the reſidence of the
Northumbrian Duke, Wada, in the time of the Saxons, and is ſuppoſed
to have been originally, an abandoned Roman fortreſs.
“ During the courſe of the civil wars in the kingdom of Northum-
berland, fome little time before the year 800, one of the Chief Leaders
or Heads of the Faction againſt the Government of Northumberland;
was Duke Wada, who lived in the neighbourhood of Streanſhalh, having
his Caſtle at the place now called Mulgrave: This Wada was one of the
principal conſpirators among thoſe that murdered F.thelred, King of
Northumberland ; and afterwards joining the confederates with what
forces he could raiſe, gave battle to his ſucceſſor Ardulph, at Whalley
in Lincolnſhire; but with ſuch ill fortune, that his army was routed,
and himſelf obliged to make a haſty flight. He fortified his Caſtle at
Mulgrave, with an intention to defend himſelf; but being ſeized
with a diſtemper, he ſoon after ended his days, and was interred there
on a hill, between two hard ſtonės, about ſeven féet high, which being
twelve feet diſtant from each other, gave riſe to ä current report, which
ſtill prevails, that he was a giant in bulk and ſtature.”
* Charlton's Hiſtory of Whitby.
+ Ammonites are very common on the eastern ſhore of Whitby.
4 A
Many
( 278 )
Many generations after this, Peter de Malo Lacu, commonly called
Peter de Mauley, a native of Poictou in France, in the reign of Richard I.
marrying here in England, the only daughter of Robert de Turnham,
obtained by her the large inheritance which had formerly belonged to
Duke Wada; but the Caſtle being grown ruinous and decayed, he re-
built the ſame, and when finiſhed, it appeared in his eyes ſo beautiful
a fabric, that he named it Moultgrace: However the neighbouring in-
habitants finding it in thoſe times, a great grievance, by the change of
a ſingle letter, called it Moultgrave. This Caſtle and Eſtate were en-
joyed by ſeven Peters, Lords de Malo Lacu, ſucceſſively, who bore for
their arms a bend Sable in an eſcutcheon Or: But at laſt, the ſeventh
Peter dying without iſſue, the inheritance was divided by his ſiſters
between the Knightly families of the Salvians and Bigods. It after-
wards paſſed through ſeveral families; and, at laſt, about the year
1625, deſcended to Edmund, Lord Sheffield, * of Butterwick, Lord Pre-
ſident of the North, who was created Earl of Mulgrave by Charles I.
anno 1646: And his great-grand-fon, John Sheffield, Earl of Mulgrave, t
being Lord Privy Seal, was, by Queen Ann, in the year 1703, created
alfo Duke of Buckingham and Normanby. But the male heirs of that
family failing, a leaſe of the Mulgrave Eſtate was afterwards let by
King George II. to the Honourable Conſtantine Phipps, a deſcendant
of the Angleſea family, who was by King George III. in the year 1767,
created Lord Mulgrave, and he, finally, in the year 1774, for the fum
of 30,000l. had the Ettate confirmed to him and his heirs, on paying
to government yearly, a quit-rent of 1200l." I
The Ancient Caſtle of Mulgrave exhibits the remains of noble archi-
tectural ruin, and is thus deſcribed in Leland's Itinerary.
“ Mougreve Caftelle ſtondith on apon a Craggy Hille; and on ech fide
of it is an hille far higher than that whereon the Caſtelle ftondith on.
'
* This Nobleman behaved fo gallantly in the remarkable ſea-fight againſt the Spaniards, in 1588,
that.Queen Elizabeth inveſted him with the honour of the Garter.
+ This Earl diſtinguiſhed himſelf alſo in the great fea-fight in Solebay, and was in high eſtimation with
Charles II. James II. William III. and Queen Ann. He had three wives, the laft of whom was Ca-
tharine, a natural daughter of James II. by Catharine Sedley, widow of James, Earl of Angleſea.
Charlton's Hiſtory of Whitby.
The
( 279 )
The northe hille on the toppe of it hath certen ſtones communely
caullid Waddes Grave, whom the people there fay to have bene a gigant
and owner of Mougreve. There is by theſe ſtones a bek yn out of the
mores by Mougreve cum down by many ſpringes. 2 bekkes, one of ech
ſide of the Caftelle, and yn the valeys of the 2 great hilles. The one
is callid Sandebek, the other Eſbek, and ſhortely after goith to the Se
that is not far off.”
The ſituation of this Caſtle, on a narrow ridge, between two rapid.
ſtreams of water, is difficult of acceſs; and ſome outworks have lately
been diſcovered, apparently to defend the approach. Upon the ridge,
within the wall of the Caſtle, have been conſiderable buildings, moſt of
which are taken down. In one of the rooms (ſuppoſed to have been
the Bake-houfe*) were ſeveral ovens. In the next, was a very large
fire-place. In the interior part of the Caſtle there has been a curious
State-Room. It forms a ſquare, with circular turrets at the angles,
the principal room having tranſome windows on every ſide. The cir-
cular turrets form four Drawing-Rooms, one at each angle, which had,
(as appears from the ruin) tranfome windows on a ſemicircular plan.
On the outſide are ſome remains of the ſtairs, which have aſcended to
an upper room or rooms, in ſome reſpect ſimilar to the others. All
the rooms and the turrets have originally been without fire-places,
although the higheſt part now ſtanding has the appearance of a pro-
digiouſly large chimney,t built at a later. period, the windows on that
fide having been walled up when the fire-place was made. The
building, when lighted, muſt have produced a ſtriking effect, as the
* Bake-houſes were erected in the Manſions of the ancient Barons for the uſe of their families, and
numerous retainers.
+ Holingſhed; who lived in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; ſays.--" There are old men dwelling in the
village where I yet remayne, which have noted a thing marveylouſly altered in Englande, within their
found remembrance, which is the multitude of chimnies lately erected, whereas in their young dayes there
were not above two or three, if ſo many, in moſt uplandiſhe townes of the realme (the religious houſes
and manor-places of their Lordes excepted, and peradventure ſome great perſonages); but each one
made his fire againſt a reredroſe in the Hall, where he dined, and dreſſed his meat; the moſt common
way, anciently, being to have a hearth in the middle of the room, in which was made the fire, the ſmoke
aſcending and paſting through a large hole at the top of the building."
lights
( 280)
ac-
44
lights would be ſeen on every ſide, ſimilar to the following ancient
count of Kenelworth Caſtle. “Every room was ſpacious and high-roofed
within ; and every part ſeemly to the fight by due proportion without; in the
day-time on every ſide glittering with glaſs ; * at night tranſparent by continual
brightneſs of candle, fire, and torch-light.”
Upon another ſide of the Caſtle were large Brew-houſes ; but whether
originally fo or not, cannot be aſcertained.
Mulgrave Caſtle has ſuffered great dilapidations, mạny Farm-Houſes
having been built out of its ruins. Several ancient coins have been
found there.
The Seat of the Right HONOURABLE LORD MULGRAVE, diſtin-
guiſhed alſo by the name of MULGRAVE CASTLE, is in a bold, com-
manding ſituation on the ſea-coaſt, about a quarter of a mile from the
ancient Caſtle. .
The late CONSTANTINE JOHN LORD MULGRAVE made conſiderable
additions and improvements to the Manſion, the Gardens, and the
Plantations in the vicinity.
The ſituation is much elevated, and the views are romantic and
varied. The ground immediately declining to the ſouth-eaſt, opens a
fine proſpect of the ſea, and over Sands-End-Bay, where ſhips are fre:
quently ſeen lying at anchor.
The view of Whitby Pier, from the ſouth front of the houſe, is de-
lightful. The ſhips coming out of the harbour and ſuddenly preſent-
Holineſhed alſo remarks,—“That of old time in our country-houſes, inſtead of glaſs, they uſed
much lattice, and that made either of fine wicker, or refts of oak chequerwiſe. Some of the
better fort, before the time of the Saxons, made pannels of horn -inſtead of glaſs, and fixed them in
wooden clams; but as horn is quite laid down in every place, ſo our lattices are grown lefs in uſe, be:
cauſe glaſs is become as plentiful, and nearly as cheap. But we are tertain the glazing of windows was
in the very early days of the Saxons practiced. Benediet brought this art with him from Rome, where
it had been some time uſed. Heretofore alſo the houſes of our Princes and Noblemen were often
glazed with beril, as at Sudley Caſtle; and in divers other places, with cryſtal, but this eſpecially in the
time of the Romans, where ſome fragments were taken up in old ruins."
The Lapis Specularis or Ifinglaſs was uſed at Rome, for windows, in the time of Auguſtus.
Pliny writes that the firſt Glaſs-houſes were erected at the famous City of Tyre ;- the fand at the mouth
of the Belus, being fine and glittering, was peculia, ly adapted for the purpoſe.
ing
17
*
( 281 )
ing themſelves—others, bound to the port, under crowding fails, and
as ſuddenly diſappearing, exhibit ſcenes equally novel and intereſting.
The ancient Abbey of Whitby, that venerable ruin, is alſo diſtinctly
feen ; 'and, from its elevation, and contiguity to the Sea-Cliff, appears
high above the horizon. A little to the fouthward, the black pro-
montory of Saltwick, contraſted with the foaming white billows im-
mediately at its foot, forms a ſtriking object.
To the ſouth-weſt is a pictureſque view for ſome miles, over lawns
and woods agreeably intermixed. Through the latter, much labour has
been judiciouſly beſtowed in making roads to accommodate the family.
Theſe are ſerpentine, and overhung with lofty, venerable Oaks, equally
uſeful for fhade and ornament. The windings of the roads open
many charming viſtas, amuſing to the traveller ; and have been a relief
to the engineer on a difficult, uneven ſurface. One of theſe roads, on
the approach to the ancient Caſtle, preſents a very ſingular and in-
tereſting view. It is made to wind gently by the fide of a hill, and
along the top of a narrow ridge covered with trees, between the ſtems
of which, are ſeen on each ſide i: ravints of, at leaſt, thirty fathoms
perpendicular depth, two large ſtreams of water (ſupplied by the ſprings
iſſuing from the adjacent hills) daſhing along their ſtony channels with
great rapidity. Theſe ſtreams, after running about a inile each, diſ-
charge themſelves into the ocean ;--the one at Sands-End, where Lord
Mulgrave has an Alum-Work ;-the other at the village of Eaſt Rowe.
Mr. Merry, ſteward to his Lordſhip, about ſeven years ago, con-
veyed a fine ſtream of water near two miles, to the top of the Caſtle,
and thence dividing to the different apartments; which was a great
acquiſition, as the building, before this conveyance, was very
indiffer-
ently ſupplied. Part of the ſtream is conducted to the ſtable-yard and
out-buildings, and alſo affords great convenience to the neighbouring
village of Lyth.
About half a mile towards the ſea is Lyth-Church, in which is the
family vault, where the remains of tlie late Lord and Lady Mulgrave
are interred.
SECTION
4 B
1
SECTION
IIL.
*
HACKNESS, AYTON, &c.
HACKNESS,
,
village, celebrated for the beauty of its ſcenery; and is therefore
viſited by all perſons of taſte, and faſhion who reſort to Scarborough,
from which it is about fix. miles diſtant. It is ſituated in a pleaſant
valley, emboſomed by ſurrounding hills, adorned with trees of the
richeſt forage. The hills, are lofty, and finely variegated, differing
from each other as well, in fhape as in ornament. The proſpects at
Hackneſs have a charming variety; the hand of nature having not
only enriched them with a profuſion of følvan embelliſhments, but
alſo moulded them into ſuch different forms and projections, as are at
once wild, pictureſque, and beautiful,
The road winds irregularly
through the valley, preſenting at every turn a change of ſcenery, and
the view is ſometimes improved by ſprings of water burſting from the
fides of the hills in natural caſcades, or falling in gentle murmurs.
The river Derwent, whoſe ſource is in the hilly country above Hack-
neſs,
There
......
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1
( 283 )
pefs, glides in a gentle ſtream near the village ; to the weſtward of
which, are bleak and barren moors; that form a ſtriking contraſt to the
luxuriant ſcenes of Hackneſs.
To this delightful folitude, Ladý Hilda, the pious and illuſtrious.
foundreſs of Whitby Abbey, retreated in the evening of life, to paſs
her days, in facřed retirement and meditation. Mr. Charlton ob-
ferves,-“That this accompliſhed Princeſs, having erected a monaſtery,
or cell, on Efk-dale fide, where a part of the Monks belonging to
Streanfhalh, conſtantly had their reſidence, a folitary place was yet
wanting, where ſhe and fome of the Nuns might have a retreat ; and
this the more engaged hér folicitude, as the continued reſort of com--
pany, which the fame of her character brought to Streanfhalh, inter-
rupted her devotion. After long conſidering the face of the country,
fhe was at length fo much pleafed with the ſituation of a low valley,
that was every where furrounded with hills, and theſe hills covered in
a delightful manner with wood, that ſhe formed a reſolution of there
erecting a Nunnery or Cell. Though in a declining ſtate of health,
Hilda carried this plan into execution, in the year 679; and as ſoon as
the Convent was properly fitted up, retired thither herſelf, with eight
or nine of the Nuns belonging to Streanſhalh; among whom was
Bega, her particular favourite, who had been her conſtant companion
from the time that ſhe had firſt renounced the world, and taken the
veil at Wearmouth.",
" This place, Hilda called Hactenus, on account of its being near
the utinoft limits of the Church Lands; but the common people, un-
acquainted with latin, foon corrupted that word into Hackneſs,* the
name by which it has been known, now, upwards of 1100 years.".
The ſite of the monaſtic Cell, built by Lady Hilda, is ſuppoſed to
have been where the old Manor Houſe at preſent ſtands, as ſeveral:
Some derive the name (which is perhaps the true derivation) from Hawk (the bird,) and Nefs (a head-
land ;) thus Hackneſs fignifies a Headland, frequented by Hawks; and this is the more probable, as
William Rufus, its royal proprietor, was paſſionately devoted to the diverſion of hawking:
humani
4
(284)
:
human bones have been found in the ground contiguous to it; and
the old Manor-Houſe itſelf has been pronounced a perfect model of a
Monaſtery.
The Church, which ornaments this retired village, is a ſmall, ancient
fabric, and the ſpire is a fine object when viewed through the openings
of the woods, which form a variety of charming viſtas.
Under an urn in the Church, is the following infcription, to the
memory of Lady Hilda :-“This ſervant of Chriſt, the Abbeſs Hilda,
whom nil -that knew her, called mother, for her ſingular piety and
grace, was not only an example of good life, to ſuch as lived in her
Monaſtery, but alſo afforded occaſion of reformation to many that
lived at a diſtance; to whom the fame of her virtue and integrity was
brought. By her own example, ſhe admoniſhed all perſons to ſerve
God dutifully, while in perfect health ; and likewiſe to praiſe, and
humbly to return him thanks, when under any adverſity or bodily in-
infirmity. Her life was a light of example, to all that deſired to live
well. She died A. D. 680, aged 66; having lived thirty three years
moſt nobly and royally in a fecular habit.” *
Upon the chancel wall of the Church, is another inſcription :
“Anno Domini 679. The Lady Hilda of royal deſcent, -foundreſs of
Streanſhalh, otherwiſe Whitby Abbey, did, for the ſake of ſecurity and
retirement, eſtablifh a Nunnery or Cell for eight Nuns at Hackneſs.'
The following Monuments are in Hackneſs Church:
On the ſouth ſide of a venerable Altar-pieces is fixed in the wall a
handſome Monument; the entablature adorned with family arms.
“ Here lieth interred in the aſſured hope of the reſurrection, Arthur
Dakins, Eſq; who after he had attained to the age of 76 yeares,
,
died
>>
*" In the ſeventh year of her fickneſs, Lady Hilda, being at Streanſħalh(Whithy), came to her laſt
day. About cock-crowing, having received the viaticum of the holy communion, ſhe called together the
ſervants of Chriſt, who were in the Monaſtery, admoniſhing them to preſerve evangelical peace among
themſelves, and with all others; and as ſhe was yet making her ſpeech, the joyfully met death; or to
ſpeak in the words of our Lord, paſed from death to life. She was interred in St. Peter's Church at
Streanſbalh, near the remains of the Northumbrian Kings; and the Princeſs Elfleda, daughter of King
Edwy, and ſiſter to Egfrid, who then ruled the kingdom of Northumberland, ſucceeded as Lady Abbeſs."
See Charlton's Hiſtory of Whitby.
the
( 285 )
the 13th day of July, 1592. He left behinde him, by Thomazin his
wife, y daught: of Thomas Guy, Eſquire, and Alice his wife, fiſter
unto Sir Wimund Carewe of Anthony in the Countie of Cornwall,
Knight, one only daughter and heyre named Margret, whome he twice
beſtowed in mariage in his life time; firſt unto Walter Devereux, Eſquire,
ſecond brother unto y right honourable Robert now Erle of Eſſex, but
he died in his firſt youth whout iſſue by a hurre he receved in ſervice
before Roane in y: yeare 1591, and then he maried her unto Thomas
Sidney, Eſquire, the third ſonne of the Honourable Sir Henry Sidney,
Knight, and Companion of the Moſt Noble Order of the Garter; but -
he, after he had two yeares overlived his wive's ſaid father, died alſo
w"out iſſu, y: 26 day of July, 1595, whọs body was by his diſtreſed
widdow honourably buried at Kingſton uppon Hull." And in the 13th
moneth of her ſingle and moſt ſolitarye life--the ſaid Magaret diſpoſed
of herſelf in mariage unto Sir Thomas. Pofthumus Hoby, Knight,*
y ſecond ſonne of Sir Thomas Hoby, Knight, who died in Paris in
the yeare 1566, where he then remayned reſident Ambaſſadour from
our moſt dread Soveraigne the Q: Matic that nowe is."
'In dutifull memorye of the forefayd Arthure Dakins, Sir Thomas
Poſthumus Hoby & Dame Margaret his wife erected this inonument,
whoe alſoe repayred the chawncell the 9 day of Augt. 1597."
Near to this, is a Monument inſcribed to Lady Margaret Hoby.
“The Lady Margaret Hoby, late wife of Sir Thomas Poſthumus
Hoby, Knight, and fole daughter and heire of Arthure Dakins, Eſq;
by Thomazin, his wife; after ſhe had lived ſeven and thirty yeares
and one moneth with her ſaid huſband in mutuall, entire affection to
both their extraordinary comfortes : And had finiſhed the woork that
God had ſent her into this world to performe; and after the had at-
tained unto the beginning of the ſixty-third yeare of her age, on the
fourth day of the ſeventh moneth of that yeare, it was the will of
Almighty God; to call her fourth of this vale of miſerie: And her
3
* Sir Thomas was God-ſon to Queen Elizabeth, and ſerved in ſeveral Parliaments for Scarborough
and Ripon. See page 135.
4
body
( 286 )
VE
body was buryed in this Chancell, on the ſixth day of the ſaid moneth
(beinge September, Anº. 1633.) ſoe neer unto the bodies of her fayde
Father and of her fayde Mother, which was interred by her fayde
Father's bodie, on the thirteenth day of November, An. 1613, as that
all three will become but one heape of duſte." **
The inſcription proceeds to give a long account of her godly life and
unblameable conduct; and at the bottom, the following lines are added
by her huſband, Sir Thomas Poſthumus Hoby..
“ Non ero vobiſcum donec Deus ipfe vocabit,
“ Tunc cineres veftros conſociabo meis."
Thomas Poſthumus Hoby."
Oppoſite to the above, on the north ſide of the chancel, is a marble
Monument with the following Inſcription :
« Deponuntur heic juxta
Digniſſimi cineres
Domini Thomæ Pofthumi Hoby
Viri lectiffimique pii
Hujus manerii quondam domini,
Qui obiit 30°. die Decembris Anº
1640
Atat. ſuæ feptuageſimo.
In cujus memoriam
Dominus Johannes Sydenham
(Cui nunc manerium
Clariſſimi prædi&i donum)
Monumentum hoc poſuit
.
Anno Dom. 1682"
..
& -
G
Tranſlation
Near this place are depoſited the remains of the moſt worthy Sir
Thomas Poſthumus Hoby, a very learned and pious man, formerly
Lord of this Manor. He died the 30th of December 1640, in the
feventieth year of his age.”
“Sir John Sydenham, the preſent poffeffor of the Manor, (it being a
gift to him from the aforeſaid moſt illuſtrious perſonage) erected this
Monument, as a tribute to his memory, in the year of our Lord 1682.
MONASTIC
1
(287)
+
MONASTIC and MiscELLANEOUS HISTORY.
“. Among the Normans of note that came over to England at the
conqueſt, was Hugh, ſurnamed Lupus, nephew to the Conqueror, and
afterwards created by him the firſt Earl of Cheſter; as alſo William de
Percy, ſurnamed Afgernuns,* anceſtor of the preſent noble family of
Northumberland and Serlo de Percy, his brother. At the time of the
conqueſt, 1066, Whitby, Whitby-Strand, and many other large pof-
ſeſſions, north of the Humber, belonged to a Yorkſhire Earl, called
Goſpatric, who after the battle of Haſtings, not chooſing to ſubmit to
the Conqueror, his eſtates were confiſcated, and all his land on Whitby-
Strand, was aſſigned over to the aforeſaid Lupus ;. who, little pleaſed
with the barrenneſs of the ſoil and unfavourable ſituation, diſpoſed of
it to William de Percy, who, though he had conſiderable poſſeſſions in
other
parts of England, built two ſeats upon this eſtate, where he ſome-.
times reſided, viz. one at Sneton, and the other at HACKNESS."
“ReInfrid the venerable Prior of Streanſhalh, about the year 1083:
or 1084, being much advanced in years, having undertaken a journey
on account of his Monaſtery, and coming to Ormſbridge, where work-
men were employed in making a bridge over the Derwent, he alighted
from his horſe to lend them his aſſiſtance, when a piece of timber fall-
ing accidentally upon him, it fractured his ſkull, ſo that he died ſoon.
after. His little body was brought to Hachanos, † and there buried in
the Chancel of the Church of St. Peter the Apoſtle, in the middle of
the eaſtern wall, before the altar. He was ſucceeded as Prior of
Whitby, by Serlo, the brother of Lord William de Percy, the great
patron and benefactor of that Monaſtery.”
“In the time of Williain II. King of England, A. D. 1088, a great
tribulation and perſecution aroſe in the Monaſtery of Whitby, againſt
Serlo, the Prior, and the fraternity in that place. Thieves and robbers,
An old French word, ſignifying with the Whiſkers.
Hackneſs.
by
( 288 )
by day and night, coming out of the foreſts and dens where they lurked,
carried away all their ſubſiſtence, and laid that holy place deſolate. In
like manner, pirates, void of all compaſſion, landing there, came and
plundered the Monaſtery. Serlo, the Prior, and the Monks of Whitby,
ſhewed their calamity and miſery to William de Percy, requeſting a
place of reſidence at Hackenas, where they might erect a Monaſtery, as
the Abbeſs St. Hilda had formerly done. William de Percy granted
their petition, 'and they built a Monaſtery near the Church of St. Mary
in chat place, where they led a very religious life.”
Afterwards, a great diſſenſion ariſing between William de Percy,
and his brother Serlo, William wanted to deprive him of all thoſe lands
and towns which he had formerly given to the Monaſtery of Whitby;
but King William Rufus being then at York, (A. D. 1088) whoſe
familiar acquaintance and beloved aſſociate, Serlo had been, while
they were youngſters, in the Houſe and Court of King William the
father, he haſtened to him, and made him acquainted with all the
proceedings ; on which, the King commanded the two Brothers, and
the Monks to keep his firm peace, and to make no further diſturbance;
but Serlo the Prior, being deſirous to be at a diſtance from his brother
William, and to live on the freehold of the King, befought him to give
him and his Monks, for a perpetual alms, fix carucates of land, with
their
appurtenances, which were in his Lordſhip, two of them lying in
Hackenas, the other four in Northfeld* ; to which requeſt, the King
graciouſly conſented, and afterwards confirmed the ſame by charter,
with the addition of two carucates at Bruniſton, &c.
“ After this ſtorm was blown over between the two brothers, Serlo
and his Monks continued their reſidence at Hackneſs, ſome conſidera-
able time, till the Monaſtery and Abbey at Whitby were made proper
and convenient for their reception ; and then, at their return, they left a
part of their fraternity in St. Peter's at Hackneſs, which ever after that
* Northſteade or Peaſeho!m, near Scarborough.
became
( 289)
became a Cell, or Religious Houſe, ſubordinate to the Prior or Abbot
of Whitby.”
Charlton's Hiſtory of Whitby.
1
At the diſſolution of Religious Houſes in the reign of Henry VIII.
four Monks of the Order of Benedictines were the whole of the fra-
ternity belonging to the Cell at Hackneſs. The tithes were impro-
priated, and twenty pounds a year aſligned out of theni for the ſupport
of the officiating Curate.
'SIR RICHARD VANDEN BEMIDE JOHNSTONE, BÀrt. the preſent
proprietor of Hackneſs, has added to its beauty by the erection of an
elegant Mänſion; with ſpacious gardens; and the ſcenery is likely to
derive great improvement from his taſte and munificence.
The Lordſhip, or Mañor of Hackneſs, was purchaſed of Sir John
Sydenham in the year 1696, by John Vanden Bempdè, Eſq; whoſe
anceſtor came from the Low Countries, with a very conſiderable pro-
perty, into England, in the reign of Henry VIII. from whom he re-
ceived the honour of Knighthood. The Manor of Hackneſs deſcended
to Richard Bempdè Johnſtone, Eſq; through his mother, the late Mar-
chioneſs of Annandale, daughter and fole heireſs of the above John
Vanden Bempdè. Mr. Johnſtone was created a Baronet, 6th July,
1795; at which time hë was Member of Parliament for Weymouth
and Melcombe Regis.
The following Poetical Deſcription of Hackneſs, was written by
à Barriſter, who had viſited the place, and was charmed with its
ſcenery
1.
i Ah! what enchantment nature's hand ſupplies !
Whát witching ſcenery decks this bleſt retreat!
What headlands green, and promontories riſe,
Of old patrician oaks the fav'rite feat!
4 DE
2. Go,
(
290)
I.
Go, climb the heights, when clad in twilight grey:
The ſoft ſtill moon pulls off the veil of night;
Thence, all theſe valley-dimpled plains ſurvey,
Theſe beaked hills with waving foliage dight,
Yon beauteous ſpire, the heath-impurpled moor.
And ocean ſumb'ring on the diſtant fhore.
ILI.
As on we fare, behold a diff'rent ſcene!
Proud fylvän theatres of various ſhape,
With humble glens, wild and groteſque between
Stretch'd at the broad baſe of each jutting cape;
Whence itreams irriguous rill, and murm'ring take
Their mazy progreſs to the living lake.
IV:
O! for ſome ſhepherd's cot, fome ruſtic ſhed,
Deep in the bofom of theſe peaceful vales !
Whether beneath yon mountain's * woody head..
Or in the lone receſs of Whiſper-dales, +
Where filence liftens to the wood-lark's ſong,
And liquid lapſe of rills that glide along.
V.
Spirit of Hilda, I guide me thro? thy groves,
Thro' ev'ry tangled maze, and buſhy dell,
The pathleſs haunts which meditation loves,
Where innocence, and careleſs quiet dwell
Here let me wiſdom's penſiye ſteps purſqe,
And bid this vain, this nauſeous world adieu,
>
VI.
Hither, of yore, when from the murky caves
Of the deep foreſt, 9 rapine's lawleſs crew
Ruſh'd forth, or pirates from the briny waves,
Hither defenceleſs Sanctity withdrew:
Here told his beads, and paſs'd, devoid of care,
A life of praiſe, and penitence, and pray'r.”
12
!
• Called Hackneſs-head.
+ A beautifal Dale at the top of the Long-feld Valley.
#Lady Hilda, foundrels of Whitby Abbey.
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( 291 )
The late Rev. WILLIAM MASON, A. M. Precentor of York, has alſo
celebrated Hackneſs in a Legendary Drama (Argentile and Guran), on
the old Engliſh model.
$
« Sewold-And where Mall I await thee?
“ Curan-My beſt Sewold,
“ Thou knoweſt when we did quit our anchor'd barks,
"-We croſt a pleaſant valley, rather ſay
" A neſt of fifter vales, o'erhung with hills
« Of varied form and foliage; every vale
“ Had its own proper brook, the which it hugg'd
“ In its green breaſt, as if it fear'd to loſe
“ The treaſur'd chryftal. You might mark the courſe
os of this cool rill more by the ear, than eye,
“ For tho' they oft would to the fun unfold
« Their ſilver as they paſt, 'twas quickly loft ;.
« And ever did they murmur. On the verge
« Of one of theſe clear ſtreams there ftood a cell
O’ergrown with moſs and ivy; near to which,
« On a fall'n trunk that bridg'd the little brook,
* A hermit fat. Of him we aſk'd the name
« Of that ſweet valley, and he calls it HAKENESS."*
The VILLAGES of East and West AYTON,
Five miles weſt of Scarborough, are pleaſantly ſituated on oppo-
fite banks of the River Derwent, communicating by a bridge of four
Roman arches. The Derwent, after winding in a confined current
through the valley from Hackneſs, here diſplays a broader ſtream.
On the flope of a pleaſant field to the north of Weſt Ayton, ſtands the
ruin of an ancient building,t once the fortified reſidence of the family
of the Eures or Evers, who poſſeſſed large demeſnes in theſe parts, and
in the neighbourhood of Malton.
This village was the Lordſhip of Gilbert, the ſon of Lagi, who, foon
after he became poffelfed of it, aſſumed the name of Ayton, from this place,
in the reign of Henry I. His grandſon Gilbert, who ſucceeded him
* See Poems, by the Rev. William Maſon, A. M. Vol. 3d. publiſhed 1797.
+ This building appears to have been of great extent, the foundations ſpreading nearly over an acre
of ground
in
(292)
in this Manor, married Margery the daughter of Warine de Veſci,
a younger ſon of William Lord Veſci, by whom he left iſſue William
his ſon and heir. This William gave to the Chapel of Ayton, dedicated
to St. John the Baptiſt, one toft with a croft adjoining to the Chapel ;
as alſo four acres of arable land lying in this Lordfhip with paſturage
for eight oxen, eight kine, and their breed of two years old, ſix horſes,
and a hundred ſheep in his lands and woods here ; and thirty cart
loads of turf out of his marſh of Hoton-Buſcel, for the maintenance of a
chantry therein for ever. From this William, deſcended another Gil-
bert, who, 9th Edward II. was found to be the heir (in right of the
above mentioned Margery) to William Lord Veſci, who died without
lawful iſſue, and doing his homage 11th Edward II. he had livery of
the lands deſcended to him.
William, his ſon and heir, who was conſtituted Sheriff of Yorkſhire
42d Edward III. and Kiight of this Shire 47th of the ſame King's
reign, after he had been in the wars of France, founded (7th Richard II.)
a chantry in the ſame Chapel* of St. John the Baptiſt, within his
Manor of Ayton, for one Prieſt to celebrate Divine Service therein, for
the good eſtate of himſelf during his life, and the health of his foul
after death ; as alſo for the ſouls of his parents and friends, and all the
faithful deceaſed. He had iſſue-by'Iſabel, his wife, daughter of Henry
Lord Percy, a ſon named William ; but he dying, his three daughters
Anaftatia, Katharine, and Elizabeth, inherited his eſtate; by whoſe
marriages, it was afterwards divided between Edward de St. John, the
Eures, and the Coniers.
Anaftatia had an only daughter Margaret,
who marrying Thomas de Bromflete, carried her mother's third part
of this Manor into his family, to which the other two parts, either by
inheritance or purchaſe afterwards devolved, as the whole Manor was
in the poſſeſſion of Henry de Bromflete, and entailed upon his daugh-
ter Margaret, together with the Lordſhip of Brompton, and divers
*
* The Chapel is ſtill ſtanding, and duty is occaſionally done by the Vicar of Seamer, to which Vicarage
it is annexed.
other
*
( 293 )
other eſtates. Margaret marrying John, Lord Clifford, the Manor of Ayton,
&c. became the property of the Clifford family. Two ſons and a daughter
were the iſſue of this marriage. Henry, the eldeſt, was very young at the
death of his father, who was ſlain in the battle of Towton Field, in the
Lancaſtrian cauſe.* The houſe of York being ſettled on the throne,
, young
Clifford's life was in danger, the Yorkiſts ſeeking to extirpate all who
had been their enemies. His mother, in order to preſerve her beloved
ſon, placed him in an obſcure retreat at Londeſborough (where the
then reſided) with a ſhepherd who had married her nurſe-maid, charg-
ing the woman to bring him up as her own child; and at the ſame
time, fent Richard, her other ſon, into the Netherlands. Being ex-
amined reſpecting her ſons, ſhe anſwered, that ſhe had ſent them beyond
fea, to be educated; but, whether they were alive or not, the could
not tell. This was ſatisfactory at the time; but a report afterwards reach-
ing the Court, that the young Lord Clifford was alive, his mother, ap-
prehenſive for his ſafety, cauſed him to be removed, along with the
ſhepherd, to a farm in Scotland. On the acceſſion of Henry VIII. to
the throne, he was reſtored to his honour and eſtates, and became a
nobleman of great eminence.
The Eures, defcended from the Lords of Clavering and Warkı
worth ; and, by the female line, from theſe Veſcys and Attons ; were
much famed for martial praweſs, and diſtinguiſhed themſelves by
their bravery in the Scottiſh wars. Edward I. gave them the Town
of Ketneſs in Scotland, for their ſervices, and Henry VIII. con-
ferred upon them the title of Barons. The Caſtle of Witton, near the
River Were, in the county of Durham, alſo belonged to them. The
gallant Sir Ralph Eure, who ſo bravely defended Scarborough Caſtle in
the year 1536, was a deſcendant of this family. He was afterwards
made Lord Warden of the Marches, and was ſlain in Scotland, when
fighting valiantly for his country.
$
*
*. In the martial family of Clifford, four Lords ſucceſſively, father, fon, grandfon, and great grandſon,
were flain in battle. The firf in Germany, the ſecond in France, the third at St. Alban's, and the fourth
ac Towton.
4
E
Two
( 294 )
Two thirds of the Manor of Weſt Ayton is veſted in ſeven Truſtees;
for the maintenance of Diffenting Miniſters, agreeably to the Will of
Lady Hewley. The other third part belongs to George Oſbaldeſton,
Efq; of Hutton Buſhel, a Minor.
The Village of Eaſt-Ayton is celebrated for its charming valley,
through which, is a delightful ride to Hackneſs. The lofty hills
which emboſom this valley, riſe almoſt perpendicularly, clothed with
pendant woods of various foliage ; and the river Derwent, overhung
with branching ſhrubs and ſpiry alders, meanders in its filvery courſe
through the vale. About a mile up the valley is the Forge, beautifully
fequeſtered, and ſurrounded with proſpects groteſquely rural.
« On ringing anvils here, the pond'rous ſteel,
By ſtreams of water wielded, beats the
bars
« From the rude maſs of ore ;-at every blow
“ The foreſts tremble ;--hills and vales reſound.”
*
The Forge is the property of Joſeph Deniſon, Eſq; of London; and
the Works are conducted by Joſeph Bland, Eſq. The Manufactory of
Iron, in this Foundery, is extended as much as the ſituation will admit
but, in the conveyance of ſo weighty an article, the want of a naviga
ble Canal, is neceſſarily felt as a great inconvenience.
The road, after paſſing the Forge, * winds into Raincliff, where there
is another change of fylvan ſcenery, which covers the north-weſt de-
clivity of Seamer-Moor. A lane, to the left, leads to Hacknefs, through
the village of Everley on the verdant ſlope of the oppoſite hill. This
is one of the moſt pleaſant Rides from Scarborough to Hackneſs; and the
ſcene may be diverſified by returning along the carriage-road which
deſcends the hill at Hay-Brow. From the ſummit of this hill there is
a delightful view of the Sea and Scarborough Caſtle. The ſubjacent
country, with the picturefque village of Scalby, form a beautiful
landſcape.
* On the ſide of the oppoſite hill is a petrifying ſpring of water.
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( 295 )
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​SCALBY
Was the Lordſhip of Henry Duke of Lancaſter, the laſt male heir of
the line of Edmund Earl of Lancaſter, who dying 35th Edward III. his
great eſtates were divided between his two daughters, Maud and Blanch,
to the laſt of whom, then married to John Gaunt, Earl of Richmond,
this Lordſhip with others, on the partition, deſcended. He, having
iſſue by her, had an aſſigninent of her lands, left by her father, and was,
in her right, made Duke of Lancaſter, by Parliament 36th Edward III.
SEAMER,
Not quite two miles ſouth of Ayton, was the Lordſhip of Henry,
Lord Percy, who by a ſpecial feoffment made 8th Edward III. entailed
it with divers other Lordſhips upon the heirs male of his body, and
accordingly it deſcended to his poſterity; but Idonea, his widow, after
his death; had an aſſignment of this Manor among others for her
dowry, which having held for her life, it devolved to Henry, her ſon
and heir, 39th Edward III. who died, ſeized of it, and had bequeathed it
to his ſon Henry; but Joan, his wife, ſurviving him, had it alligned to
her for her dowry, 42d Edward III. ſo that the ſon was not in poſſeſſion
of it till after her death, which happened roth Richard II. The
Manor continued ſome ſucceſſions longer in this family after they
became Earls of Northumberland; for Henry, Earl of Northumberland,
who loſt his life in the battle of St. Albans, when fighting for the Lan-
caſtrians, was pofſeffed of this Lordſhip; and it devolved to Henry, bis
ſon and heir, whoſe pofterity enjoyed it 15th Edward IV. *
Leland gives the following account of Seamer:
“ From Shirburnet by hills on the right hond, and low ground
with Carres on the lift hond a v miles to Semar, a great uplandiſch toune;
3
* The Seamer Eftate lately belonged to the Duke of Leeds, but is now the property of Joſeph Deni-
fon, Efq; a very eminent Banker in London, who purchaſed it of the Duke.
† “ From Malton to Shirburne village it is about 8 miles by Champaine Ground, fruteful of graſs and
corne, but litle or no wood. The Erle of Sareſbyri, was Lord of Shirburne ; and King Richard had it by
Anne, his wife.”
Lcland's Itinerary.
having
( 296
)
having a great lake on the ſouth-weſt ſide of it. Whereof the toune
taketh name.
“I ſaw
yn
the quire of the meane Paroch. Chirch there, a playn mar-
ble ſtone with an epitaphi in French, wher were buried John Percy
and John de Aton."
“ The Manor place of the Percys at the weſt end of Chirch Garth is
large, but of no riche building : the Chapel yn it (only) is well
buildid."
Thens a mile by meatly playn ground, and fo 2 miles more yn au
vale enclofid with ſtepe hills on ech ſide to Scardeburgha"
92
SEAMER is now only a village, though it ſeems, by the above ac
count, to have formerly been a large town. King Richard II. in the
6th
year of his reign granted to Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland
and his heirs, &c. that a market might be holden there, every Monday,
and a fair on certain days in July, provided it were not to the in-
jury of neighbouring markets and fairs. This grant was confirmed
in the 19th year of Queen Elizabeth; but it did not appear that the
market had been uſed there before, in the memory of man. A fuit
was, therefore, inſtituted by the Bailiffs and Burgeſſes of Scarborough,
for the ſuppreſſion of this market, it being found very detrimental to
the trade, &c. of the latter. * It was litigated ſeveral years ; but, at
length, the Letters Patent were revoked in the 19th year of James I.
The fair (holden 15th and 16th of July) is, however, ſtill continued,
and is viſited by crowds from Scarborough, and the vicinity. There
is a conſiderable ſhew of cattle and horſes, upon this occaſion; and a
great quantity of woollen cloth is brought to it for ſale, by the clothiers
who annually attend it from the weſtern part of the county. Linen,
boots, ſhoes, &c. are alſo retailed ; and all the feſtivity of a country
fair prevails; the village being a ſcene of buſtle and gaiety.
In the year 1549, (3d Edward VI.) an inſurrection of a ſerious na-
ture commenced at Seamer. The principal authors of this fedition
See page 219.
were
more
( 297 )
were, Thomas Dale, the Pariſh-Clerk, one Stevenſon of the ſame place,
and William Ombler of Eaſt-Hellerton, who roſe upon the ſubject of
reforming abuſes in religion. They appear to have been poſſeſſed with
à gloomy ſpirit of fanaticiſm, than which nothing is more dangerous,
as it frequently extinguiſhes every ſentiment of humanity, and leads to
the commiſſion of the moſt cruel exceſſes.
Theſe deluded men having, under the fanction of a zeal for religion,
feduced and excited the people in the vicinity, they ſet fire to the
Beacon at Staxton in the night, and foon collected a mixed multitude,
to the number of three thouſand. A ferocious party, impelled by enthu-
fiaſm, and thirſting for blood, went to the houſe of Mr. White, a gen-
tleman in the neighbourhood, and took him,-Mr. Clapton, his wife's
brother,-Mr. Richard Savage, Sheriff of York,--and Berry, a ſervant
of Sir Walter Mildmay’s, out of their beds in the night, carried them
upon
the Wolds near Seamer, where they murdered them, and then
ſhamefully expoſed their naked bodies to the birds of
prey.
Thc
country was alarmed at the progreſs, and ſeized with horror at the
ſavage exceſſes of this deluded multitude : But the Lord Preſident
having ſent a detachment againſt them from York, and a proclamation
of pardon being iſſued by the King, the principal part of the inſur-
gents diſperſed. Ombler, Dale, and Stevenſon, with fix others, who re-
fuſed mercy, were ſoon after taken priſoners, and carried to York,
where they were executed.
The Pariſh Church has much the appearance of a Collegiate
building; a neat gallery has lately been erected at the weſt end, for
the uſe of the Sunday Schools under the patronage of the Rev. John
Boutflower, the Vicar. None of the Monuments recited by Leland,
now remain : but in the veſtry is a Latin inſcription on braſs, to the
memory of Dame Lucy, wife of Sir Henry Gate, Knight, wherein her
deſcent is traced from the blood-royal of England, in the perſon of
Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of Glouceſter, younger ſon of Edward III.
She died in the Manor-houſe at Seamer on the iſt of October, 1577.
4 F
HUTTON
(298)
2 퀭
​HUTTON-BUSIELL,
Upon the riſing ground a little to the weſt of Ayton, is adorned with
the MANSION and PLEASURE-GROUNDs belonging to GEORGE OSBAL-
DESTON, ESQ. At the foot of the verdant llope in front of the village,
the high road leads to York, through a pleaſant lane ſhaded with
trees, whence there is a view of the Church, and Manor-houſe.
Hurton-Buſhell is compoſed of ſeveral ſmall Towns or Hamlets; one
of which, called Martin, * is extra-parochial, and its lands have belonged
to Wykeham Abbey; but the Town, which' was ſituated in the lower
part of Bedale, has been all demoliſhed, before the diviſion of the
country into pariſhes, and the lands belonging to it are accordingly free
from pariſh rates. At a very ſmall diſtance is the part of Hutton-Buſhell,
called Hutton,* which has its fields diſtinct, and was rated in the King's
books ſeparately from the village adjoining, which is called Preſion.
This laſt is now part of Hutton-Buſhell, and a field which belonged to
it, is yet called Preſton field. Another part is called Newton,* ſituated
in a valley at the eaſt end of the Town, which alſo had its diſtinct fields.
This Town is not ſeparately noticed, nor mentioned diſtinctly, as Preſton
and Hutton are; and the field belonging to it, which is a narrow ſlip,
has apparently been cleared, at a later period than the reſt, from the
neighbouring woods of Yedmandale or Edmond's Dale. There are four
houſes in Newton belonging to the Manor of Eaſt Greenwich in Kent,
to which are annexed ſeveral rights and privileges of Foreſters belong-
ing to the King, &c.; and the veſtiges of an ancient village, conſiſting
of four houſes and garths, yet remain in Blanſby Park.
The village of Hutton-Buſhell, derives its name from the Buſcel fa-
mily, which came into England with William the Conqueror (as ap-
pears by Battel-Abbey Roll) and had conſiderable poſſeſſions aſſigned
it in the vicinity.
See Extract from Doomſday-Book, pages 29 and 170.
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* Reginald Bufcel (whoſe father it was, that came over with the Con-
queror) married Alice,* the ſiſter of William, Abbot of Whitby, and at
the time of his marriage gave the Church of Hotun, which his father
had built, to the Monaſtery of Whitby: And Alan, the ſon of Reginald,
after his father's death, in the year 1127, confirmed the ſame by char-
ter to the Church of St. Peter and St. Hylda at Whitby, and to the
Monks performing divine ſervice there, for a perpetual alms, for the
foul of his father, Reginald Buſcel, and of his mother, Alice de Percy,
and for the ſouls of all his anceſtors, and for himſelf and his heirs, &c.”+
Upon the ſite of the ancient Church, it is preſumed that the preſent
has been founded; and though contiguous to, and directly in front
of the Manſion, it has retained its ſituation, notwithſtanding the
changes and alterations which have taken place. In this churchis a mar-
ble Monument to the memory of Dr. Richard Olbaldeſton, † Biſhop of
London, who died in 1764: Some others of more modern date have
alſo been erected.
WYKEHAM,
Seven miles from Scarborough, is ſituated on the York Road. At its
weſtern extremity, on the right hand, ſtands an ancient Tower, now in
ruin, ſaid to be the veftige of a Chapel dedicated to St. Helen.
“ In the year 1321, (15th Edward II.) John de Wýcham erected a
Chapel here on the ſite of the Church of All Saints, (which was then
taken down, being ruinous and decayed,) and dedicated it to the Virgin
Mary and St. Helen. The faid John de Wycham, having the King's
licence, granted by Charter, dated 20th June, 1321, to Dame Iſabel, the
Prioreſs, and to the Convent, the annual ſtipend of twelve marks of
“ In the year 1096 or 1097, William de Percy and Aaliza or Alice his wife, nephew and niece to
the firſt William de Percy and Serlo, the Prior of Whitby, came over from Normandy into England.
William became a Canon or Monk under his uncle Serlo, and his fifter Alice was firſt married to Hugh
of Boithorp, near Seamer, and afterwards to Reginald Bufcel.”
+ Charlton's Hiſtory of Whitby.
I Son to Sir Richard Oſbaldefton, of Hunmanby.
ſilver
(
300 )
1 *
filver and ſeveral parcels of land, for procuring and ſuſtaining two per-
petual Chaplains and their ſucceſſors, daily to celebrate divine ſervice
in the ſaid Chapel for the ſoul of its founder, and for the ſouls of all
the faithful deceaſed ; 'which ordination was confirmed by William,
Archbiſhop of York, 20th July, 1323."
At a little diſtance beyond the village, on the aſcent of the hill, the ex-
terior of the ornamented ground of Wykeham-Abbey appears in view.
The bank on the left hand of the Road to York, which is decorated
with a boundary fence of lofty firs, interſperſed with foreſt trees, in-
tercepts the fight of the Manor-Houſe; but a handſome gateway leads
from the public road to the entrance of the pleaſure-ground; and at
the foot of a gentle declivity is, WYKEHAM-ABBEY, the ſeat of RICHARD
LANGLEY, Esq.
There are ſcarcely any remains of the Old Abbey. The Chapel, a
venerable ſtructure of Gothic architecture, and part of the north end
wall, which feparates the preſent burying-ground from the garden of
the Manor-Houſe, are the only veſtiges of the ancient edifice.
“ This Abbey (or Priory) was founded and endowed by Pain Fitz-
Oſbert de Wycham, about the year 1153, (18th of Stephen) for Nuns
of the Ciſtercian Order, and dedicated to the honour of the Virgin
Mary and St. Helen.'
“ At its diſſolution, there were nine of the Order who belonged to it.
The valuation of its rents was then 251. 175. 6d. per annum.”
“This Abbey, the Church, Cloyſters, and twenty-four other Houſes,
having been caſually burnt down, together with all their books, veſt-
ments, chalices, &c. Edward III. in the year 1327, relieved the Nuns
from the payment of 31. 12s. 7d. per annum, for twenty years, which
they uſed to pay the Crown for lands held by them in the honour of
Pickering, part of the Duchy of Lancaſter.'
In the year 1543, (35th Henry VIII.) this religious houſe was
granted to Francis Poole; to whom afterwards, in the ſame
year,
the
* Burton's Monafticon.
King
(301)
King gave licence to alienate the Manor of Wickham, Ruſton, and
Hutton, to Richard Hutchinſon and his heirs. But in 1546, (38th
Henry VIII.) the Rectory of Wickham, and all the demeſne lands were
granted by the King to William Ramſden, who ſoon after was licenced
to alienate it to the ſaid Richard Hutchinſon and his heirs. In the 3d
year of Elizabeth, 1561; it appears that “ Richard Hutchinſon held the
Manor of Grindale, in this county, with the Rectory of Wycham de rege
in capite, per ſervicium militare; and that Edward was his ſon and heir."*
The Manor, &c. of Wykeham is ſtill in the ſame line of defcent; but
the family name of Hutchinſon was changed to that of Langley, by the
grand-father of the preſent Richard Langley, Eſq. +
Several donations were made to the ancient Abbey, according to the
cuſtoin of the age, by different individuals. The following benefactions
appear to have been given by perſons belonging to the town of Scar-
borough
“ Willian de Moy of Scardeburg, gave all his lands in this town,
lying in Birthwellegate.”
“ Theodore de Scartheburg, and Alice, his wife, gave all their lands
here, with two tofts, and three ſhillings per annum.
Cecily, relict of Richard the Cook of Scardeburg, gave, with his corpſe,
one capital houſe in the Burgh, with two tofts.”
The Church is now one of the neateſt in the neighbourhood. It
was a few years ago in a ruinous ſtate, but has lately been completely
repaired and beautified by the liberality of the preſent worthy Lord
of the Manor. There are three marble Monuments to the Memory of
branches of the Langley family; but all of them of modern date.
* Burton's Monafticon.
i The Arms are Patee of Six, Argent, and Vert; ſometimes quartering, Argent a Cockatrice with
wings rais'd, Sable, beck'd membered, Gules.
CREST: Out of a Ducal Crown, Or, a Plume of Five Oſtriches' Feathers, three Argent, and two Vert.
I Burton's Monafticon.
4 G
The
-
302
+
The MANSION-House, fronting the ruin of the old Abbey, is a
fpacious modern building erected in a ſtyle of elegance by the preſent
Mr. Langley.
The PLANTATIONS, judiciouſly diſperſed, have a beautiful appear-
ance, and richly ornamenț the proſpect :-But the contiguous low
grounds called the Carrs, which are overflowed during the winter,
preſent an unpleaſant aſpect at that feafon, and muſt communicate a
diſagreeable humidity: This evil might be effectually removed by
a proper drainage, if the Gentlemen, who are intereſted, would unite in
reſcuing their property from the dominion of the invading element.
On the ſouth-ſide of the Carrs and nearly oppoſite to Wykeham is
GANTON,
the reſidence of the Dowager Lady Legard, relict of the late Sir Digby
Legard, Bart.
This family, which is of Norman extraction became poſſeffed of
the Lordſhip of Anlaghby,* in Yorkſhire, Anno 1100, by the marriage
of the heireſs of that name. The Ganton family came from thence in
the perſon of John, commonly called Fohn de Ganton, a younger fon of
Ralph Legard of Anlaby, Eſq. His fon John died in 1643. John
Legard, Efq; grandſon to this laſt gentleman, having given proofs of his
duty † to King Charles II. (as. his father and grandfather had to
Charles I.) was, very ſoon after the Reſtoration, (viz, 29th Decem-
ber 1660,) created a BARONET. He was at that time Member of Par-
liament for Scarborough, and, in 1669, ſerved the office of Bailiff of
that Borough. This Gentleman married Grace, one of the daughters
of Conyers, Lord Darcy; and afterwards, Frances, eldeſt daughter and
one of the co-heirs of Sir Thomas Widdrington. By this ſecond mar-
riage the family became allied to the Noble Family of Buckinghamſhire.
* Near Hull; it now belongs to Henry Legard, Efq; of Beverley.
+ He, under the command of Lord Fairfax, roſe upon General Lambert, and ſurpriſed York, in order
to facilitate the march of General Monk from Scotland, in 1660.
Sir
( 303 )
*
Sir John, the firſt Baronet, died at Ganton in 1678. Sir John Legard,
the fon and ſucceſſor to the former (by Frances his ſecond wife)
was nominated Senior Alderman of Scarborough, in the Charter
36th Charles II. and ſerved the office of Mayor in 1685.* He died in
1715. Sir John, his ſon, the third Baronet, died a bachelor in 1719,
and was ſucceeded by his brother, Sir Thomas, who married Frances,
daughter of John Digby, Efq; of Mansfield-Wood-Houſe, in the County
of Nottingham : he died in 1735, and was ſucceeded in the title by
Sir Digby, his only fon, Sir John, the preſent Baronet, ſucceeded to
the honour and eſtate on the death of his father, Sir Digby, in 1773.
Sir John married Miſs Afton, daughter of Afton, Efq; and reſides
chiefly near the Lakes in Weſtmoreland.
The Family Arms, are, Argent, on a Bend, between fix Mullets,
pierced, Gules, a Croſs Patee, Or.
Crest : On a Wreath, a Greyhound, Or.
Motto: Per crucem ad ſellas.
In the Church at Ganton, there are ſeveral Monuments and a Vault
belonging to this family. The modeſt inſcription recording the ac-
knowledged worth of the late Baronet, is deſerving of peculiar notice.
Here lies the body of Sir Digby Legard, Bart.
Who ſtudied to excel in every Chriſtian Virtue ;
How far he ſucceeded,
Thoſe who knew him, beſt can tell.
He died February 4th, 1773, aged 44.
Leaving a widow and nine children,
Who erect this Monument
To the Memory of their juftly regretted Huſband and Father.
BROMPTON,
A Village eight miles weſt of Scarborough, is ſaid to have formerly been
the reſidence of the Northumbrian Kings; and the foundations of an an-
cient building are ſtill viſible, on an eminence, called Caſtle-hill,t now ſur-
* See page 125.
+ A Farm-Houſe, neatly ſkirted with trees, about half a mile north eaſt of Brompton, is built on
Gallows-bill, an appendage to this Caftle.
rounded
( 304 )
rounded by ſome venerable pines, planted by the late Sir George Cayley,
Bart. In the reign of Richard II. Brompton was the Lordſhip of
Thomas de Bromflet, who, being conſtituted the King's Chief Butler, en-
feoffed John de Ellerker and others, with the Manor of Brompton, on
condition that they ſhould paſs it unto Thomas, his ſon and heir, ſo
foon as he was of age.; but in caſe he ſhould die before he attained
that period, without any legal heirs, then it ſhould return to his father,
or his right heirs, reſerving to Joan, the wife of his fon Thomas, an
annuity, during her life, out of the rents thereof. Henry, * his ſon,
(Thomas having died before his father without heirs) inherited his
eſtates; and this, with others, being entailed upon Margaret his
daughter, (as obſerved in the deſcription of Ayton) came into the Clif-
ford family.
Brompton is celebrated for having been the birth-place of Föhn of
Brompton, who took the habit of a Benedictine Monk, and lived more
than twenty years in Whitby-Abbey, during the time of John of
Skelton, who was choſen Abbots in the year 1413.
“ He had an ex-
traordinary genius, and made ſuch improvements in the Arts and
Sciences, that he was accounted the beſt ſcholar of the age in which he
lived. His knowledge in Hiſtory and Antiquities was conſiderable;
and the Annals of the Engliſh nation, which he compoſed during his
reſidence in the Abbey, could not be equalled by any Monkiſh Hiſto-
rian, that England ever produced.”
The Manſion, on the left, aſcending the hill at Brompton, belongs
to the Cayleys', a very ancient family of great reſpectability. They were
formerly of the County of Norfolk, † and ſettled at Brompton, up-
wards of two hundred years ago. Edward Cayley, Efq; aged 72, was
* · He was appointed Governor of the Castle of York, Ambaffädor to the Council of Baſil in Ġermany
and was ſummoned to Parliament among the Barons of this realm by a ſpecial curit, in this form, viz.
Henrico Bromflet de Vefci, Chevalier ; (that is) To Henry Bremflet, Lord Vejci, &c. « We will that both
you, and the male heirs of your body, lawfully begotten, be Barons of Veſci."
+ The firſt name in the family-pedigree is Hugh de Cayley of Owby, in the county of Norfolk, Eſq;
who died in 1286.
buried
(305)
years ; he died
buried there in 1642. His eldeſt ſon, William, received the honour of
Knighthood, 2nd of March, 1641; and, for his ſervices to King Charles I.
and II.* was created a BARONET, 20th of April, 1661. He died in 1681,
and was ſucceeded in the title by his ſon. Sir William, the ſecond
Baronet, was nominated one of the Aldermen of Scarborough, in the
Charter, granted 36th Charles II. † he ſerved the Office of Mayor in
1686, and died in 1708. Sir Arthur Cayley, his ſon, the third Baronet,
died in 1727. Sir George, his only ſurviving fon and ſucceſſor, was a
very uſeful Magiſtrate in this diſtrict for a long ſeries of
at an advanced age in 1790, and was ſucceeded by his ſon, Sir Thomas,
who ſurvived him but ſix months ; leaving iſſue, the preſent Sir George,
and four daughters. The late Sir George left ſeveral fons, highly
eſteemed in their reſpective vocations,--the Church, the Navy, Agricul-
ture and Commerce.
The family Arms are, Quarterly, Argent and Sable; a Bend, Gules,
charged with three Mullets of the firſt.
Creſt: On a Wreath, a Lion rampant, Or, with a Bend, Gules,
charged with three Mullets, Argent.
The Church at Brompton is a neat building, and its ſteeple termin-
ated by a fpire : in the Chancel, is a Monument to the firſt Baronet
with the following inſcription
Dominus
Gulielmus Cayley
Miles et Baronettus
Venerandus fenex
Hujus Ecclefiæ quondam patronus
Familiæ ſuæ charus et providens Pater
Patriæ ſuæ conftans et diligens Servus
Deo et Ecclefiæ femper devotiſſimus
Utrique Carolo fideliffimus
Virtutum Amator et Incitator
Vitiorum Deteftator et Punicor
Vita et Morte imitabilis
8
in
Hic jacet
Felicem anhelans Reſurrectionem.
His next Brother, Arthur, was Knighted for the ſame reaſons, 13th Junc, 1660, and Thomas, the third and
youngeſt Brother, dicd in 1643, in the ſervice of the King.
7 See page 125
4 H
Uxorem
(
306)
Uxorem duxit Dorotheam filiam Domini Gulielmi St. Quintin de Folkton in Com. Ebor. Baronetti
ex qua fufcepit Filios quinque, Edwardum, Gulielmum, Arthurum, Cornelium et Hugonem primum et
poftremum jam diu fato functos, duas tantum Filias, Mariam et Annam eademque facro Matrimonii Statu
Annos quadraginta octo, et ſex Menſes vitam degit intemeratam, et Conjugam denique reliquit in La
chrimus Obiit Maii ando. 1681: anno ætatis 71 poft menſem 5 tam.
Monumentum hoc pietatis ergo poni curavit
Cornelius Cayley
Filius ejus jam natu minimus. *
In this Church there is alſo an inſcription in relievo, on ſtone, to the
Memory of James Weſtrop :t The ſubjoined is a literal copy:
I W
E W
1580
I 547
HEIR LIETH TAMES
WESTROP
WHO|IN|WARS TO
HIS GREIT | CHAR-
GES | SARVEDIOIN
KYNG AND
TOW VENES WITH
DVOB EOIENSI | AND
W IT HOW T | RE-
CV MPENS
t
* TRANSLATION.-Here lies Sir William Cayley, Knt. and Baronet, a character to be revered, formerly
Patron of this Church ; a kind and provident Father to his Family, a conſtant and diligent Servant to his
Country, always devoted to God and the Church, and ever faithful to his King. He was a Lover of, and
Excitor to Virtue, and a Deteſtor and Puniſher of Vice : exemplary in his life and death, anxiouſly ex-
pecting a joyful Reſurrection. He married Dorothy, daughter of Sir William St. Quintin, of Folkton,
in the County of York, Baronet, by whom he had five fons, Edward, William, Arthur, Cornelius, and
Hagh (the firſt and laſt already departed); he had alſo two Daughters, Mary and Ann. He led an un-
defiled life in the holy ſtate of Matrimony, forty eight years and ſix months, and left a mournful Widow.
He died May 2nd, 1681, aged 71 years and 5 months. This Memorial of his piety, his youngeſt ſur-
viving ſon, Cornelius Cayley, cauſed to be erected.
+ The Church-regiſter at Brompton is very accurate, and has its commencement in 1584, which is
fubſequent to the date on this ſtone. Some old deeds reſpecting lands in this neighbourhood, mention
Weftrop-Hall; but nothing more is known of the family.
1 Due obeiſance or obedience:
}
EBBERSTON
( 307 )
EBBERSTON,
Near twelve miles weſt of Scarborough, is remarkable for an elegant
little Manſion (in view of the York road) taken from the plan of a
Roman Villa, and erected for the rural retirement of one of the Hotham
family. It is quite a Villa in miniature at the foot of a pleaſant eminence
decorated with an amphitheatre of plantations; and a ſheet of chryſtal
water ruſhing down the declivity, falls in caſcades behind the houſe,
and being conveyed round it by an aqueduct, the ſtream again appears,
flowing in a gentle current to the village.
The Villa,—the Church,-the ſcattered Cottages,--and the Groves,
diſplay in the ſummer ſeaſon, a ſcene truly pictureſque and beautiful.
Upon the hill, above the houſe, is a ſmall Cave, in a rock, called by
the country people Ilfrid's Hole ;* they inform the inquirer, from tra-
dition of their anceſtors, that a Saxon King of that name, being wound-
ed in battle, fled from his purſuers, and took ſhelter in this cave,
where
he remained one night, and was next day conveyed to Driffield.
The following infcription, which was upon a ſtone over the Cave,
and afterwards painted upon wood when the ſtone decayed, is remem-
bered by ſome of the ancient inhabitants.,
ALFRID, King of Northumberland, was wounded'in a bloody battle near
this place, and was removed to Little Driffield, where he lies buried it hard
by, his entrenchments may be ſeen.”'.
An incloſure at the weſt end of Ebberſton, adjoining the Pickering
road, now known by the name of Bloody Cloſe, ſtrongly indicates that a
battle has been fought there; but the tradition is, that Alfrid was
wounded in a battle within the lines of Scam-ridge, (either Six Dikes,.;
or Ofwy's Dikes) near this place.
Corrupt name for Alfrid's Cave.
This Cave is now almoſt filled up by the falling in of the rock; but ſeveral of the old people of the
village remember when it would have contained eight or ten perſons.- Ælla's Croft near York, in the.
fame manner derived its appellation from Ælla, the Saxon Prince, who was ſain there.
+ See the copy of the Inſcription on his Monument in Little Driffield Church, page 261.
Sir
(308 )
.
Sir Charles Hotham,* about the year 1790, erected a plain building,
of rude ſtones, in memory of this Saxon King Alfrid, on the ſummit
of the hill, within twenty yards of the Cave. It is of a circular form,
the top terminating in a dome, with a narrow entrance to the inſide,
and might contain near twenty perfons: the whole is ſurrounded by a
dwarf wall.
PICKERING.
The following ancierit deſcription of the country, from Scarborough
to Pickering, &c. is from Leland's Itinerary.
“ From Scardeburg to Aiton, a 3 miles, where cumming over Darwent,
I ſaw a Manor Place fumtyme longging to a knight caullid Aiton:
now to the beſt of the revers. At this Manor Place is a tower or pile.
“Thens to Brunſton,t a 3 or 4 miles : and a 3 miles to Wileton, wher'
is a Manor Place with a tower longging to Cholmeley. This Cholmeley
had much of Haſtinges (a knight) landes. This Cholmeley hath a howſe
at Rolleſley ;and Cholmeley's father that now is, was an hedde officer
at Pykeringe, and ſetter up of his name yn that quarter."
“ Thens to Pykering : and moſte of the ground from Scardebürg to
Pykering was by hille and dale meate plentifull of corn and graſſe, but
little wood in ſight."
1
* This title was conferred on the family 4th January, 16zz. Sir Charles Hotham is mentioned in
the former part of this work as Rector of Scarborough.
&
+ Brompton.
1 Now Roxby; near Thornton-Sir Roger Cholmley, about the year 1520, purchaſed Roxby, where
'he built a noble. Manſion, now gone to decay, the foundations only remaining.--Sir Richard, his ſon,
generally called the great Black Knight of the North, from his large ftatare and ſwarthy complexion,
commonly refided at Roxby. He was bred a ſoldier, delighted in feats of war, loved pomp, and had a
numerous retinue of ſervants. His ſecond wife was Lady Katharine Clifford, one of the moſt celebrated
beauties of the age in which ſhe lived. Sir Richard died at Roxby in 1578, and was buried in Thornton
Church. There is an ancient monument in this Church, with a recumbent figure, fuppoſed to be Sir
Richard's.Thornton, the ſeat of the late Richard Hill, Efq; is a pleaſant rural ſituation. The houſe
and the grounds have a handſome appearance, and the former is ornamented with ſome good paintings.
There is a Grammar-School at Thornton with an endowment. The elevated ground to the North,
commands an extenſive proſpect of the Vale of Pickering, the Wolds, and Hambleton Hills.
'The
(30g)
* The Toune of Pykering is large but not welle compact togíther.
The greateſt part of it with the Paroch Chirch and the Caſtel is on the
Toutheſt part of the broke renning thorough the toune, and ſtandith on
a great llaty hille. The other part of the toun is not ſo bigge as this:
the brook rennith bytwixt them that ſumtyme ragith, but it ſuagith
ſhortely agayn; and a mile beneath the toun goith ynto Coſtey."
“In Pykering Chirch I ſaw 2. or 3. tümbes of the Bruſes, whereof one,
with his wife, lay yn a Chapel on the ſouth ſide of the Quier, and he
had a garland about his helmet. Ther was another of the Bruſes
biried in a Chapel under an arch of the north ſide of the body of the
Quier ; and there is a cantuarie bearing his name.'
“ The Deane of York hath by impropriation the perſonage of Pyker-
ing, to which diverſe Chirchis of Pykering Lith doith liomage.”
“In the other part of the toune of Pykering paſſing over a broke by
a ſtone bridge of v. arches, I ſaw 2. thinges to be notid, the ruines of
a Manor Place, caullid Bruſes-Haul, and a Manor Place of the Laſcelles
at Keldhed. The circuite of the Paroch of Pykering goith up to the
very browes of Blackmore, and is xx. miles in cumpace.
“ The Park by the Caſtelle fide is more than vij. iniles in, but it is
not welle wooddid."
“ The Liberties of Pickering Lith and limites touchith to the very
bridg of Philawt by the ſhores a 6. miles from Scardeburg towards
Bridlington ; and thens again by the ſhore to Scardeburg Caſtelle, and
ſo upward toward Whiteby.”
“In another place toward the Wald it goith to Normanby Bridge.”
"And in another corner it goith to the very browes of Blakmore. So
that I reken it ſum way as good as a xx. miles in lenghth, at non pari
latitudine.
And
yn fum párt it paſſeth over Darwent by Aiton, yet in another
place toward Malton, Darwent doth exclud it."
>>
* Filey.
at
41
6. And
( 310 )
And ther I lerned of Mr. Coneſtable, that the countery lying on the
north-eſt ſide of Darwent from Shirburne Paroch to Stanford Bridg on
Darwent is of an Hunderith, bering the name Hercroſe, and lyith be-
twixt the Woold and Ridale."
“ Theſe Houſes of Religion were in Pickering Lith on Darwent;"
:
'Wikeham, a Priory of Nunnes, and reallingham, a 2. miles lower on
Darwent, a Priory alſo of Nunnes.”
« There ftode lower on this ryver, but not in Pykering Lith, Malton,
and Kirkham Priories."
“ From Pykering to Thornton bridge on Rie ryver, a 3. miles. So that
deſcending from Pykering toun I paſſid over Coſtey water, that a mile
lower than Pykering receyveth Pykering brok, a bigger water then it.”
“ From Rie to Appleton a mile and more: and thens to Hinderſkel, * a
2. miles and a half, part by low but moſt by high ground, there is a
fair Quadrant of ſtone having 4. toures buildid Caftelle like, but it is
no ample thing. The latter building of it femith to have been made
by the Grayſtok, whos landes the Lord Dacres now hath."
“ The Park of Hinderſkel, by my eſtimation, is a 4 miles yn cumpace,
and hath much fair yong wod yn it.”
“From Hinderſkel to Skirbuton Caſtelle, a 4. miles, moſt by high
ground."
PICKERING
Is a very ancient town, eighteen miles weſt of Scarborough, and
was built, as the Engliſh Chronicles inform us, by Perdurus a Britiſh
King, who reigned about two hundred years before the Roman inva-
fion. It was anciently the chief town of the diſtrict, and once ſent
two Members to Parliament; but it no longer retains that privilege.
The town covers a large extent of ground; but the houſes are irre-
gularly ſcattered. The ſituation is upon a pleaſant eminence, and at
the foot of the declivity, is the brook called Pickering-Beck. It is in
the Dutchy of Lancaſter, and has a juriſdiction over ſeveral of the
* Now Catle-Howard.
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(311)
neighbouring villages, with a Court, held in the Caſtle, for all actions
under forty ſhillings, ariſing within the Honour of Pickering.
The town is ſuppoſed to contain upwards of two thouſand inhabi-
It has a fair for horned cattle, horſes, and ſheep, held the 14th
of September, and a weekly market on Mondays.
tants.
The Church is an ancient and ſpacious edifice, with a lofty ſpire.
In the Chancel there is a mutilated Monument. The figure conſiſts of
a trunk and a head, without arms or legs.
In the School, (adjoining the Church) which was formerly a Chapel,
is a Monument with two figures of plaiſter-ſtone.
In the body of the Church, in the north aiſle, ſtands another Monu-
ment. The figure, a knight in armour, croſs legged, with fpurs.
Theſe are probably the tombs of the Bruces mentioned by Leland;
but tradition ſays, that the laſt repreſented one of the Laſcelles', who
formerly reſided near St. Nicholas's. Hoſpital at the Keld-Head, near
Pickering.
The families of Bruce* and Lafcellesť were both of them very an..
cient, and came into England with. William the Conqueror.
PICKERING CASTLE.
“ In the time of King Edward the Confeſſor, Pickering was the Lord....
fhip of Morcar, Earl of Northumberland, as appears by Do [day
Book. To whom it was given after the Conqueſt is uncertain; nor
.
* The anceſtor of the Bruce family was Robert de Bruis or Brus. The Conqueror afligned him con-
fiderable poffeffions in Yorkſhire, contiguous to the Manor of William de Percy, which extended as far
as the river Tees. Upon this eſtate he erected a noble ſeat or caſtle, at a place called Skelton, not far
from Guiſborough, where he, and the deſcendants of his family generally reſided. The Kings of Scot-
land, of the name of Brus or Bruce, were deſcended from this family.
+ The progenitor of the family of the Laceles, Laſcales, or Laſcelles, came over to England in the
fuite of Robert de Bruis, and was rewarded for his ſervices, out of the lands in Yorkſhire, given by the
Conqueror to Robert de Bruis, in the fame manner as this Nobleman had provided for Mallet, another of
his followers, by the gift of fome lands at Levingthorp, on the confines of Cliyeland.
does
( 312)
dpes it occur in any known record, till the time of King Henry III.
when in the 32d year of that King's reign, William Lord Dacre, was
by him conſtituted Sheriff of Yorkſhire, and had the cuſtody of Picker-
ing Caſtle aſligned to him. The ſame was, ſeven years afterwards,
committed to the care of William Latimer; after which, the King gave
it, with the Lordſhip, to his ſon Edmund; and accordingly at his death,
it is reckoned among the other eſtates of that Prince, by the names of
the Manor, Caſtle, and Foreſt of Pickering. He obtained, 19th of Ed-
ward I. a Charter for a Fair every year, upon the eve, day, and mor-
row after the exaltation of the Holy Croſs, at this his Manor of Picker-
ing, and left it fo privileged to his fon and heir, Thomas, Earl of Lan-
caſter. This Earl was the leader of thoſe nobles, who, in the reign of
Edward II. entered into a confederacy againſt Piers de Gaveſtone, the
favourite of that King, whom they ſeized and put to death; and like-
wiſe oppoſing in the ſame manner the Spencers, was by the King's
forces defeated and taken at Boroughbridge in Yorkſhire, and after-
wards beheaded at Pontefract.
His eſtate being forfeited, came into the hands of the King; and Henry
Piercy, Earl of Northumberland, was made governor of this Caſtle.
But King Edward being depoſed, Henry, brother and heir to the be-
forenamed Thomas, Earl of Lancaſter, obtained an Act of Parliament,
reverſing his brother's attainder, and thereupon repoſſeſſed all his eſtates
and honours. At his death he bequeathed them to his ſon Henry, who
eft only two daughters, Maud and Blanch. On the diviſion of his
eſtates, this Caſtle and Manor deſcended to the latter, then wife of John of
Gaunt, "Duke of Richmond, and afterwards in her right, Duke of Lan-
caſter. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, this Caſtle was in the hands
of the Crown. King James I. roth Jan. 1615, demiſed the Caſtle and
Manor of Pickering to Sir Francis Bacon and others, for 99 years,
from Michaelmas before the date, in truſt, for his Highneſs Charles,
then Prince of Wales, afterwards King Charles I. who directed the ſaid
*Truſtees to aſſign the remainder of the term to other perſons, in truft,
for his Queen, Henrietta Maria, for her life, which term was, after-
wards,
Menu
$
f
ave
( 313 )
wards, aſſigned to other truſtees, in truſt for Katherine, late Queen
Dowager of England for her life, and after her death, in truſt for King
James II. his heirs and ſucceſſors.
King William III. 18th May, 1697, demiſed to Abel Tyfom, the
Caſtle and Manor of Pickering, with all its Rights, Appurtenances, &c.
to hold from the death of the ſaid Queen Dowager, for the remainder
of the term of 99 years, at the yearly rent of ten pounds. The rever-
fion was afterwards purchaſed by Hart, Efq; and is now in
poſſeſſion of the Truſtees of the late Richard Hill, Eſq; of Thornton,
near Pickering.
Leland gives the following deſcription of the ſituation and ſtate of
the Caſtle in his time.
“The Caſtelle ſtondith in an end of the toun not far from the Parochi
Chirch, on the brow of the hille, under which the broke rennith. In
the firſt Court of it be 4 toures, of the which one is called Roſamonde's
Toure. In the ynner Court be alſo 4 toures, whereof the kepe is one.
The Caſtelle waulles and the toures be neatly welle. The loggins that
be
yn
the ynner Court that be of timber, be in ruine. In this inner
Court be a Chappelle, and a cantuarie preſt. The Caſtelle hath, of a
good continuance with the towne and Lordſhip, longgid to the Lan-
cafter bloode ; but who made the Caſtelle, or who was the owner of it
before the Lancaſters, I could not lerne there. The Caſtelle waulles
now remaining ſeme to be of no very old building. As I remember
I hard ſay that Richard III. lay ſumtyme at this Caſtelle, and ſumtyme
at Scardeburg Caſtelle. The Park by the Caftelle fide, is more than
miles in cumpaſs; but it is not well woodid.”
Leland's Itinerary
C
This Caſtle is of an irregular figúre; its building extremely ruinous.
The ſituation is well deſcribed by Leland. The keep ſtood on a cir-
cular mount, ſurrounded by a deep ditch, which croſſed the outer
Court, over which was a bridge. The Chapel was a ſmall, mean build-
ing; fome old pews are ſtill remaining in it. Part of the ground
4 K
within
( 314 )
#
within the walls of the Caſtle is converted into a Garden. Anno 1774,
the Caſtle belonged to - Hill, Efq; of Thornton,”
Grofe's Antiquities.
The Caſtle is at preſent in a very ruinous ſtate; but fome of the
towers had wooden floors entire, and doors to the dungeons, not many
years ſince. When Pickering Caſtle was beſieged by the Parliament's
forces, a large breach was made on the weſt ſide of it ; and after it was
taken, great quantities of papers and parchments, ſeveral of which had
gilt letters on them, were ſcattered about the ſtreet called Caſtle-gate.
The Caſtle Hill commands a charming view of the Vale of Pickering,
which is celebrated for its fertility.
PICKERING FOREST.
The Liberties of Pickering-Foreſt were very extenſive, comprehending,
according to Doomſday-Book, many townſhips.
This Foreſt, by an inquiſition taken at Pickering, after the death of
Thomas, Earl of Lancaſter, (iſt of Edward III.) is ſaid to be an appur-
tenance of the Caſtle of Pickering, which, Thomas, Earl of Lancaſter,
fon and heir of Edmund, then died feized of, and it was there judged
that the Foreſt paſſed as an appurtenance to the Caſtle.
In the Dale of Goadland or Gotheland, within the Liberties of
Pickering-Foreſt, the farmers were obliged, by the ancient tenure of
their lands, to attend to a breed of Hawks, which annually built their
neſt in a cliff or ſcarr, called Killing-Nab Scarr, in Newton-Dale, in
order to ſecure them to the King's uſe. Theſe Hawks are of a large
ſize, and ſtill continue to frequent their ancient place of reſort, and
it is rather fingular, that there is every year one breed, and ſeldom
more.
This kind of tenure of lands was not peculiar to the farmers of the
Dale of Goadland. Sir John Stanley had a grant of the Iſle of Man
from Henry IV. to be held of the King, his heirs, and ſucceſſors, by
homage
( 315 )
homage and the ſervice of two falcons, payable on the day of his or
their coronation. And Philip de Haſtang held his Manor of Comber-
ton in Cambridgeſhire, by the ſervice of the King's falcons."*
NEWTON-DALE-Well.t-In treating of the Liberties of Pickering
Foreſt, it would be a mark of great negligence to omit a deſcription
of Newton-Dale-Well; and the following account of it by Mr. Marſhall,
will be found intereſting.
“The waters of Newton-Dale-Well have long been celebrated for
their virtues in Cold-Bathing ;-and, for ſtrengthening the limbs of
children, they are, I believe, celebrated juſtly. An anniverſary relative
to theſe waters has been obſerved, time immemorial, and is ſtill ob-
ſerved by the neighbouring youths, who meet at this ſpring upon ſome
certain Sunday in the ſummer months to bathe ; and a poetic mind
would add-to celebrate the virtues of the water."
“ The ſituation of this ſpring is. ſingularly wild and romantic: the
country on every ſide mountainous and barren, excepting the narrow
dale or cultivated chaſm, near the head of which the ſpring is ſituated."
" At the time theſe mountains and this chaſm were formed, it is pro-
bable the water guſhed out of the face of a perpendicular rock, which
now riſes about eighty feet above the ſpring; but through the moulder-
ing of the rock, and the accumulative effect of the waters, the baſe of
the precipice, out of which they iſſue, now reaches with a ſharp aſcent
to near the mouth of the ſpring."
“ The upper part of the ſlope, at leaſt, has evidently been raiſed by
VEGETATION and PETRIFACTION. Had not the hand of art been
afliſting in removing, from time to time, the accumulated matter, in
the form of marl and limeſtone, and in leading the water by a channel
from the rock, the ſpring might long ſince, by over-growing its mouth,
have been the cauſe of its own extinction."
* Vide Blunt's Anc. Tenures, 20.
+ Situated about two miles from Saltergate Inn, which is on the road between Pickering and Whitby.
66
Theſe
( 316 )
". Theſe waters, at their ſource, are remarkably cold, and ſtrongly
Chalybeate to the taſte, tinging their bed with a deep ruſt colour ; but
as they fall down the baſe of the hill, they loſe, by degrees, their chaly-
beate qualities, which, before they reach the foot of the ſlope, are en-
tirely gone.
“What is equally obſervable, their petrifaftive quality is, at the
ſource, barely perceptible, and does not acquire its full effect until they
have run nearly twenty or thirty yards down the ſlope; about which
point they loſe almoſt entirely their chalybeate taſte, though they ſtill
continue to tinge the channel; the colour growing fainter as the length
of channel increaſes."
“ Where the rill meets with no vegetable matter to petrify (or rather
to incruft), it forms an incruſtation at the bottom of its channel, which,
in time, being filled to the top, the waters overflow, ſpread over the
flope, and incruſt every thing which falls in their way; until having
found ſome hollow channel (or perhaps in the ſtate of nature having
reached the face of the rock), they form a freſh rill; which being an-
nihilated in the fame manner, the waters proceed or return back along
the ſide of the ſlope ; thus forming, in an undiſturbed ſtate, a natural
cone.”
“ Where the ſurface has been free from moſs or other vegetable pro-
duction, the accumulated matter is wholly calcareous; of a light colour,
reſembling the marl of Norfolk, except in its being diſcoloured, more or
leſs, with a chalybeate tinge. Where moſs, liverwort, and other
vege-
tables have been incruſted, a ſtone-like ſubſtance is formed; the former is
called marl, the latter ſtone."
“ At preſent, the face of the ſlope is hollowed out into great irregu-
larity, by digging for, and carrying away the marl, leaving maffes of
Stone, ſome of them containing many cubical feet, ſtanding above the
preſent ſurface."
Theſe ſtones, though light, being full of hollowneſſes within-mere
bundles of moſs and algæ-have, by being expoſed on the ſurface, ac-
quired
66
( 317 )
quired a very large degree of hardneſs, their ſmaller afperities being
with difficulty broken off.”
By immerging the fragments in the acid of fea-falt weakly diluted,
the calcareous incruſtation, is leiſurely diffolved, leaving the vegetable
matter entire, and, to appearance, as perfect as when it was firſt in-
cruſted, though it may have lain locked up in that ſtate a thouſand,
er perhaps, many thouſand years."
“ Theſe vegetable ſtones have likewiſe been carried away and burnt
as limeſtone. The quantity of lime, however, produced from them can-
not be great; but mixed with the aſhes of the vegetables, a valuable
manure may, nevertheleſs, be formed.”
"In a ſituation fo recluſe, it is no wonder this valuable ſource of
manure ſhould have been in fome degree, neglected. The bottom of
the Dale, which winds below it, does not appear to have been much
benefited, either by the waters themſelves or the inatter which they
have formed. The principal part of that which has been taken away
has been carried up a winding road over the top of the mountain to a
neighbouring Dale (Goadland) about three or four miles diſtant.”
Over and above the difficulty and expence of carriage, a ſhilling a
load has been paid to the lefſee of the royalty for theſe calcareous ſub-
ſtances; not for the purpoſe of experiment, but in purſuance of eſta-
bliſhed practice; a ſufficient evidence this of their virtue as a manure.” *
A traditionary report prevails, that about two hundred years ſince, a
gentleman having been cured of an inveterate diſorder, by bathing in
this water, built a Houſe over the ſpring, with two ciſterns, for the
convenience of thoſe who might be diſpoſed to uſe the water ; but they
are now decayed.
The Lordſhip or Manor of STAINTON-DALE is alſo within the limits
of Pickering Foreſt. “ This Manor, about the year 1140, was granted
by King Stephen to the Knights Templars, on condition that a Chap-
* Marſhall's Rural Econ.
4 L
lain
( 318 )
$4
::..
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.
lain ſhould conſtantly be retained by them, to perform divine fèrvice
there daily and to offer up their interceſſions for the Kings of England
and their heirs. And as it was a deſart place, they were alſo to enter-
tain ſuch poor people and travellers as paſſed that way, and to provide
themſelves with a good founding bell and a horn; and they were bound
to ring the bell, and blow the horn,* in the twilight of every evening,
to give notice to the bewildered paſſenger, whither he might repair, to
meet with hoſpitable lodging and entertainment."
In proceſs of time this Order of Knights, having become odious to
moſt of the crowned heads in Europe, was ſuppreſſed, and all their
large revenues and poſſeſſions were ſequeſtered ; in conſequence of
which, the Manor of Stainton-Dale was given by Richard I. to the
Hoſpital of St. John of Jeruſalem, in England, and in a ſucceeding reign
was annexed to a Preceptory of the Holy Trinity at Beverley, which
alſo belonged to the aforeſaid Hoſpital.” ť
>
3
YEDINGHAM-BRIDGE,
Thirteen miles from Scarborough, on the York Road, is a ſhort
ſtage | from Malton. This place was anciently called Little-Maris, or
De Parvo Mariſco. Roger de Clere, or rather Helwiſia de Clere, be-
fore the year 1168, (9 Henry. II.) founded here a ſmall nunnery for
eight or nine Benedictine Nuns, to the honour of St. Mary the Virgin,
granting to them all his lands in this place, &c. which King Henry II.
confirmed to the Nuns, whom he took under his protection.”
On the 17 Kal. of Sept. (16 Aug:) 1241, 25th Henry III. G. Biſhop
of Whithern in Scotland (candida cafa) fuffragan of the Archbiſhop
of York, at the inſtance of Emma de Humbleton, Prioreſs of the ſame,
1
*
Tradition ſays that this ſervice, with Bell and Horn; was performed on a rifing ground near the
road, which yet bears the name of Bell-Hill, and is at preſent occupied by Mr. Robert Pierſon, the pro-
prietor. Near to this, are the veſtiges or fite of ſome building, ſuppoſed to have been a place of worſhip,
and is now called Old-Chapel, where curiouſly worked ftones have lately been found. The Farm-Houſe
on the premiſes is called Old Hall.
+ Charlton's Hiſtory of Whitby,
1 Nine miles,
dedicated
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dedicated this Conventual Church to the honour of St. Mary; and
thereupon granted to all penitents and confeſſed perſons, reforțing to
the ſaid dedication, one hundred days relaxation from penance enjoined
them; and ordained that the day of ſuch dedication ſhould be folemnly
kept as a holiday yearly, in the ſaid pariſh, for ever, granting to ſuch
perſons who, out of devotion, came thither to folemnize that anniver-
fary on the octaves thereof, forty days of pardon."
Burton's Monafticon.
Sir William Dugdale alſo mentions that “ ſixty-two loaves were daily
delivered in this houſe to the Priorefs and Convent; (each conventual
loaf weighing fifty ſhillings ſterling-to nine Brethren, twelve loaves
a-piece, weekly; to Brother James, fourteen loaves ;-to three Prieſts,
four Chaplains, and other Officers, accordingly;~and canibus in fin-
gulis maneriis, triginta novem panes, de pane duriori :--that is, to the dogs
in each manor, thirty nine loaves of the coarſer fort of bread.” Theſe
are ſuppoſed to have been Wolf Dogs, which were kept to protect both
cattle, inhabitants, and travellers from thoſe fierce animals, which then
infeſted the country.
SCAMPSTON,
The ſeat of the St. Quintin family, is four miles beyond Yedingham.
The road leads to York, through the park, at the entrance of which is
a grove of pines, forming a beautiful viſta, terminated by the Church
and ſpire of the village of Rillington. Scampſton is indebted to the
judicious taſte of the late Sir William St. Quintin, Bart. for its prin-
cipal improvements. The grounds are adorned with numerous planta-
tions; and a ſterile plain, deſtitute of natural advantages, has been
rendered extremely beautiful by the aſſiſtance of art. The Manſion,
in view of the road, at a little diſtance upon the right, has a handſome
appearance; and an elegant ſtone bridge croſſes a fine ſtream of water
which flows through the park. The variety of deer, and other
animals
2
(320)
CE
animals browſing by the ſide of the road, give animation to the
proſpect.
The family of St. Quintin is ancient and honourable, it is ſaid to be
denominated from St. Quintin, the capital of Lower Picardy in France.
It is very certain they entered England on the Nörman invaſion, as the
name is recorded in the Battel-Abbey Roll. Sir Herbert de St. Quintin
had, by gift from William the Conqueror, the Manor of Skipfey, with
the Borough of 'Woodſhall, and Brandiſburton in Mapleton ; fixteen
oxgangs of land in Killing; the Manor of Howlbridge, with the fen
and the marſh, from the bank to the ſea, in Yorkſhire ; and Carltown
in Nottinghamſhire. Sir Robert, grandſon of the former, built a Caſtle
in Wales, on ſome land gained there by conqueſt; the ruins ſtill re-
main, and are called St. Quintin-Caſtle. In 1134, Adeliza or Alice, the
mother of Sir Robert afore-mentioned, founded a Priory for Nuns of
the Ciſtercian Order, near Appleton in Yorkſhire, ånd called it Nun-
Appleton.
From this family was deſcended Catherine wife to King Henry VIII.
William St. Quintin, Eſq; the twenty-third in lineal ſucceſſion from
Sir Herbert St. Quintin, Knight, above-mentioned, was created a
Baronet, 8th March 1641. He was ſucceeded in the title by Sir Henry,
his fon and heir. Sir William St. Quintin, the third Baronet was
grandſon to Sir Henry, and died a batchelor 1723. He ſerved in Par-
liament for Kingſton upon Hull, during the reigns of William III.
Anne, and George I. He was ſucceeded by his nephew, Sir William,
in whoſe ſon (the late Sir William) the title became extinct. The fifth
and laſt Baronet died in the year 1795. He was highly eſteemed for
the urbanity of his manners, an hereditarý hoſpitality, and liberal in-
dulgence to his tenantry and the poor. His nephew, William Darby,
Efq; ſon of the late Admiral of that name, ſucceeded to the eſtate, and
has ſince affumed the family name of St. Quintin.
The Arms are, Or, a Chevron, Gules, and a Chief, Vaire.
Crest. On a ducal Coronet, Gules, á Peaſe Riſe, Proper, on the
top of the column, fluted, between two Horns, Or.
MALTON
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MALTON.
The principal Town of Malton, properly called New MALTON,
twenty-two miles weſt of Scarborough, and eighteen eaſt of York, is
ſituated on the banks of the Derwent, in a very pleaſant and fertile
part of the county. It is ſeparated from what is called Old Malton,
about the diſtance of half a mile.
MALTON, in the time of the Saxons, was poſſeſſed by Siward and
Torchil, who were the Lords of it. Colebrand, a Saxon, held it before
the invaſion of the Conqueror, who deprived him of it, and took it into
his own poſſeſſion. The Lordſhip of Malton, after the conqueſt, was
given to Gilbert Tyſon, who left it to his ſon William, with other lands.
The daughter and heireſs of William came into the poſſeſſion of it after
his death; and her ſon, Euſtace St. John, ſucceeding to his mother's in-
heritance, held the Lordſhip and Caſtle of Malton. This Euſtace
was a powerful Nobleman, and in great favour with Henry I. who
gave
him the Town of Malton, and alſo Alnwick in Northumberland ; but
Euſtace, being diſguſted with Stephen, (the ſucceeding Monarch)
eſpouſed the cauſe of the Empreſs Maud, in oppoſition to the King,
and delivered up Alnwick and Malton-Caſtle to David, King of the
Scots, who placed a ſtrong garriſon in the Caſtle, and harraſſed and
laid waſte the neighbouring Towns. Thurſtan, Archbiſhop of York,
exaſperated at theſe outrages, collected an army, and, having defeated
the Scots, took Malton-Caſtle, and burnt the Town. Euſtace retreated
into Scotland, and was preſent in the ſecond line of the Scots army, at
the battle of the Standard in the year 1136. Being afterwards recon-
ciled to the King, and reſtored to favour, he rebuilt the Town of Malton;
and from this period it was called New Malton. He alſo erected and en-
dowed a Priory for Gilbertine Canons at Old Malton, about the year
1150, many veſtiges of which are yet to be ſeen. It was dedicated to
the Virgin Mary, and its value, at the time of the diffolution, was
eſtimated at 1971. 198. 2d.
Euftace
4 M
(322)
Euftace lived to fee Henry II. aſcend the Throne of England, and
was ſlain when fighting in his Cauſe againſt the Welch in the year 1156.
William, his ſon and heir, who aſſumed the name of Veſci, confirmed
to the Canons of the Gilbertine Order at Malton, the Church of Mal-
ton, and the other gifts of Euſtace, his father. He died 31ſt Henry II.
leaving Euſtace, his ſon and heir,who married, for his ſecond wife,
Agnes, one of the daughters of William Ferrers Earl of Derby.--She
ſurviving him, had for her dowry an aſſignment of the Manor of
Malton, which, after her deceaſe, defcended to her ſon and heir, John
de Veſci, in whoſe line it continued till William de Vefci, ſlain in the
battle of Striveling, left no heirs of his body; and thus the Caſtle came
into the King's poffeffion; and Edward II, conſtituted John de Mow-
bray Governor of it.
The Manor paſſed to Warine de Veſci, a younger ſon, whoſe daugh-
ter and heireſs, Margaret, marrying Gilbert de Aton, brought the eſtate
into his family, and made him Lord of Vefci. His poſterity inherited
her lands and honour, fome ſucceſſions, till William de Aton, Lord
Veſci, leaving three daughters, coheireſſes, (as mentioned in the account
of Ayton) viz. Anaſtaſia, married to Sir Edward St. John,-Katharine,
to Sir Ralph Eure, and Elizabeth, to John Coniers; on a partition of the
eſtates being made, Sir Ralph Eure had for his part the Town and Lord-
ſhip of Malton, except the fairs, tolls, and other perquiſites of the Borough
of New Malton, &c.--St. John's part ſoon after paſſed, by the marriage
of Margaret (daughter and heireſs to Sir John St. John, Knight) to
Thomas de Bromflete; whoſe grand-daughter and heireſs, marrying
Lord Clifford, brought the ſame part into his family; ſo that in the
reign of Henry VIII, Clifford, Eure, and Coniers, had Nezo Malton in
partition; but Eure had the whole Lordſhip of Old Malton.
Ralph, Lord Eure, a deſcendant of this family, built a magnificent
houſe at New Malton, in the reign of James I. but leaving no iſſue, his
eſtates came into the poſſeſſion of his uncle, William, Lord Eure, who
left two daughters, heireſſes: theſe diſagreeing about the enjoyment of
this noble ſtructure, it was, after a tedious and expenſive ſuit at law,
determined
(323)
determined to be pulled down, and the materials divided; which was
partly* carried into execution under the inſpection of Sir Henry Mar-
wood, the then High Sheriff; and fu fcrupulous was the diviſion, that
the ſtones were even ſhared, one by one.
Mary, the youngeſt of the abovementioned daughters, was married to
William Palmes, Efq; of Linley, in this county, who, in right of his
wife, had the Manors of Old and New Malton, which he, with others,
conveyed to Sir Thomas Wentworth.
The Honourable Thomas Wentworth, Knight of the Bath, obtained
the dignity of a Peer of the realm, by the title of Lord Malton, May 20th,
1728; and afterwards, in the year 1734, was created Marquis, by the
ſtile and title of Marquis of Rockingham. His Lordſhip dying 14th
December, 1760, was ſucceeded in his title and eſtates by his only fon,
Charles. Watſon Wentworth, Marquis of Rockingham, elected Knight
of the Garter, 4th February, 1760. This highly reſpected Nobleman
dying in the year 1782, his nephew, Earl Fitzwilliam, ſucceeded to the
Manor of Malton, and his other principal eſtates..
Leland gives the following ancient account of Malton :
The Toune of Malton ſtondith as I cam onto it on the hither ſide
of Darwent, and hath a good Market and 2. Chapelles in it as members
to the Paroche Chirch of Malton yet ſtonding, where the late Priory yn
Old Malton was. It is a quarter of a mile above the Toun on the ſame
fide of Darwent."
“ The Caſtel of Malton hath been larg, as it apperith by the ruine.
There is, at this tyine, no habitation in it, but a mene houſe for a
farmer.”
“ Theſe men hath the Lordſhip of Malton in partition. The Lord
Clifford, revers, and one of the Coniers. But revers hath beſide, the
whole Lordſhip of Old Malton."
* It appears that ſome compromiſe had been effected before a total dilapidation had taken place; as
the Lodge in the front of the great houſe, with three original arched gateways, on the ſtreet fide, are yet
remaining; the centre arch bearing the family arms in itone relief
"
Lord.
(324)
* Lord William Veſcy and diverſe of the revers were buried at
Malton.
The Town of New Malton is half a mile in length; but more, tranſ-
verſely. The entrance to it from Scarborough, is over a ſpacious ſtone-
bridge, croſſing the Derwent in three directions; at which end of the
Town, on the right hand, are fome of the remains of the walls of the
ancient Caſtle.
Many Roman Coins, Inſcriptions, &c. have been found at New Mal-
ton and Norton; * but none at Old Malton.
Malton is a Borough by preſcription, and ſends two Members to
Parliament, choſen by the Houſeholders. This right was ſuſpended
from the cloſe of the reign of Edward I. until the year 1640, when it
was reſtored upon petition.
There are 472 aſſeſſed Houſes in the Town, and 128 not aſſeſſed,
which, eſtimated at five perſons to each houſe, would make the num-
ber of inhabitants three thouſand. The Civil Government of the place
is veſted in the Chief Conſtable, aſſiſted by any Juſtice of Peace for the
Riding. The Steward of the Lordſhip is the Borough-Bailiff and Re-
turning Officer, who has no interference with the Civil Adminiſtration.
New Malton contains two Pariſh Churches, St. Michael's and
St. Leonard's. The ſpire of the latter is a truncated cone, and
has a ſingular appearance.
The Architect left it in this unfiniſhed
ſtate, on diſcovering that the acuteneſs of the ſteeple would have made
the height too great to have been executed on the original plan.
The weekly market here, on Saturdays, is a good one for corn; and
Camden obſerves, “ that (even in his time, it was famous for its trade
in corn, and country utenſils.”
A confiderable quantity of grain is
ſhipped every year from Malton, by the River navigation, to the weſt
of this county, and other parts. In the year 1796, 56,065 quarters
were ſent from this place.
* A Village'united to New Malton by the Bridge.
"V
+
There
(
325 )
:
.
There are alſo three Fairs annually, viz. on the Saturdays before
Palm-Sunday,* Whitſuntide, and on the roth of October, (St. Michael).
They are much frequented by the Farmers and Drovers, on account
of the great ſhew of cattle.
The Free-School at Old Malton, which has an endowment, valued at
preſent at about 95l. per annum, with a good houſe, &c. was founded
by Archbiſhop Holgate, who had been a Maſter of the Order of Sem-
prinham. He endowed a ſchool, at whatever place in Yorkſhire, any
of this Order was ſettled.
An Act of Parliament for making the River Derwent navigable from
Scarborough-Mills, to the Town of New Malton, and thence to its con-
flux with the River Ouſe near Hemingborough, in the Eaſt-Riding,
was paſſed in the year 1702, iſt of the reign of Queen Ann.
Richard Darley, of Buttercramb; Chriſtopher Percehay, of New
Malton, Eſqrs. and Nathaniel Harriſon, Ralph Cheatham of New Mal-
ton,
and James Hebden of Yeaſthorp, Gentlemen, were the undertakers.
This navigation did not commence at Scarborough-Mills, as the Act
authorized; but was only extended from New Malton.
The Proprietors, in the proſecution of it, finding ſome inconvenicences,
diſpoſed of their property to Sir Thomas Wentworth, who completed
the navigation from Malton, in the ſpace of ten or twelve
the paſſing of the Act. It has proved very beneficial to Malton and
the neighbouring Country; and though the firſt Proprietors were
diſcouraged at the commencement; it is now ſaid to pay 35 per cent.
upon the original coſt.
Forty-four gentlemen, including the Bailiffs of Scarborough, and
their ſucceſſors for the time being, were appointed Commiſſioners to
ſettle any differences that might ariſe between the Proprietors and the
Owners of Land lying near the River, &c.
years from
* There is a great ſhew of Horſes at this Fair, and ſome days before, which is attended by the South
Country Dealers.
4N
EARL
( 326 )
1
it, who ad , ,
EARĘ FITZWILLIAM-is now the fole Proprietor of the Navigation.
The rate of tonnage for goods moving upon the Derwent, from New
Malton to the uſe is, any ſum, not exceeding 8s. per ton..
KIRKHAM* PRIORY:
Situated in the Pariſh of Kirkham, on the eaſt of the Derwent, fix
miles fouth-weſt from Malton, and about one ſouth-eaſt from Whitwell,
was founded by Sir. Walter de Efpec, and Adelina, his wife, for Canons
Regular of the Order of St. Auguſtine, to the honour of the Holy
Trinity, in the reign of King Henry I. † A. D. 1121, upon the follow-.
ing occaſion
Sir Walter, by Adelina, had only one fon, a comely youth, of great
activity of mind and body, who took much delight in riding ſwift
horſes. In purſuit of his favourite diverſion; galloping furiouſly to-
wards Frithby, near Kirkham, his horſe ſtumbled near a ſtone croſs,
and he was thrown with ſuch violence ta the ground, that he inſtantly
died. The inconſolable father, deprived by this melancholy accident
of his only fon, being at a loſs whom to appoint as heir to his great
eſtate, and deſirous to devote a part to the ſervice of God, conſulted
William, his uncle, then rector of Garton, concerning the diſpoſal of
,
building three Priories. In purſuance of this pious recommendation,
he converted one of his Chief Manſions, fituated at Kirkham, into this
Priory, and endowed it with ſeven Churches, appropriated thereto, the
profits of which, together with the rents and other poffeflions in York-
fhire and Northumberland, amounted to 1100 marks. He alſo founded
Riveaus Abbey, in the year 1136, and that of Warden in Bedfordlhire.
In the latter period of his days, he retired to Riveaux, where he took
• Kirkham fignifies the place of a Charch.
+ This King endowed the Priory with divers lands and tithes, particularly the tithes of Veniſon, et
filvurum filveftrium.
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Published: Aprilt.1796, by J. Walker, N, 16. hosomans Street, Londoni.
KIRKHAM ABBEY, Yorkshire.
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tħe Monaſtic habit, and died in the year 1138. * His eſtates, excluſive
of the endowments to the religious houſes, were bequeathed to his three
fiſters, Hawife, Albreda, and Adelina ; the laſt of which, married to
Peter de Ros, had the patronage of the Priory of Kirkham and Riveaux
Abbey.,
This Priory was ſurrendered December 8, 1539, 30 Henry VIII. by
John de Kildwick, Prior, for which he had a penſion of fifty pounds
per annum, during his life. It was granted in the 32d of Henry VIII.
to Sir Henry Knevett, Knight, and Ann, his wife; but in the 3d of
Edward IV. the Earl of Rutland held it de rege, in capile, per ſervice
militar. to whom, in the 5th of Elizabeth, the Queen gave liberty to
alienate this Manor, with thoſe of Bylleſdale, Stiperlow, and Riveaux,
to Edward Jackman and Richard Lambert...
At the diffolution of Monaſteries, this Priory was valued (according
to Speed) at 300l. 1582 6d. and there were belonging to it, thirty fod-
ders of lead, 422 ounces of plate, and feven bells.
The Priory ſtands in the centre of a delightful valley, which once
diſplayed the moſt pictureſque ſcenery; but its ancient beauty is now
almoſt deſtroyed; and the venerable. pile itſelf has not eſcaped the ra-
2
vages of time.
The north part of the gate is the principal veſtige of that once mag-
nificent ſtructure. According to Gent's account, it has been moſt cu-
riouſly ornamented with carved work, eſpecially near the windows, viz.
St. Peter with the keys in his left hand, and a figure of the Church in
his right;-Pilate ſitting in judgment ;-Chriſt crucified ;-David kil-
ling Goliah ;--St. George Ilaying the Dragon; and ſeveral armorial
bearings, many of which are very perfect; but others greatly defaced.
The ſame Hiſtorian ſays that, contiguous to the gate, in the year 1733,
. Ailred, Abbot of Riveaux, gives him this character. “ He was prudent in Council and diſcreet in
War, a truſty friend, a loyal ſubject, of Giant-like ſtature, but comely, having large eyes, a big face, a
voice like a trumpet, yet beautful and eloquent.
t From this perſon, the Rutland family derives its pedigree.
flood
( 328 )
ſtood part of the great houſe, originally the habitation of Pilgrims, who
were entertained during ten days, when their neceſſities were examined
into and ſupplied. On the eaſt ſide, was the Porter's Lodge; near to
which, ſome part of the building, under curious arched work, had been
converted into an alehouſe, but is now demoliſhed. Within the
gate
was a ſmall Chapel near the great Church, lately repaired for the uſe of
the Pariſhioners, by Madam Frances Crowther, then Lady of the Manor,
who alſo repaired the Croſs near the Priory-gate.
On the front of a Houſe, oppoſite this gate, was the effigy of a
Prince, with a horn, which was ſuppoſed to be Ulphus, and another not
-eaſily to be diſtinguiſhed.
Snuthward of this Priory may be perceived the cellars, now rude and
broken. Over theſe cellars was a ſpacious Hall or Dining-room. From
à door north-weſt was the entrance into the Bowling-green; near
which, on the weſt-ſide, in the wall, are ſtalls, or feats, divided by pil-
lars; and over one of them may yet be perceived, in painting, an Abbot
or Prior, conferring his Benediction.
The ſouth-weſt parts of the Priory appear to be ruins of the Dormi .
torý. A ſmall part of the eaſt wall of the Chancel yet remains; and,
until the year 1784, ſtood a ſtupendous Gothic Tower, curiouſly and
beautifully covered with ivy, which was then blown down by a high
wind.
It is ſaid, that underneath the ruins, there is a curious marble pave-
ment, under which lie the remains of many diſtinguiſhed perſons.
It has frequently been ſaid, and with fome degree of probability,
that there is a ſpacious ſubterranean paſſage from the Priory towards
Malton, which extends more than a mile. About a quarter of a mile
north-eaſt from the Priory, are two fine wells; one of them was en-
compafled in a circular manner, with a ſtone wall, from which, by
leaden,pipes, under ground, the water was conveyed to the Priory.
Many of the ſtones of this Priory were applied to the building of
Howſham-Hall,* the feat of the late Nathaniel Cholmley, Eſq.
4
* Situated about two miles ſouth of the Priory.
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1
What area of ground the Priory of Kirkham has once covered,
it is difficult to aſcertain. The foundations, now viſible, are very ex-
tenſive, and though much overgrown with plants and herbage, the
farmers frequently dig up the foundation ſtones, which they burn
into lime...
The ſhell now ſtanding, and the other ſcattered remains of this ve-
nerable Priory, are ſufficient to give a high opinion of its ancient mag-
nificence.
Towards the aid, granted Henry III. upon the marriage of his
daughter, this Priory paid 51." *
}
66
CASTLE HOWARD,
The magnificent ſeat of The EARL of CARLISLE, fix miles to the weſt
of Malton, † ſtands upon a beautiful eminence in view of the York
Road, and is eſteemed one of the nobleſt Manſions in this county.
It was built from a deſign of Sir John VANBRUGH, in the ſame
ſtile as BLENHEIM House, in Oxfordſhire, by the Right HONOURABLE
CHARLES HOWARD, EARL of CARLISLE, on the ſite of the Old Caſtle of
Hinderſkelf, which was burnt down.Caſtle Howard has a longer line of
front than Blenheim Houſe, the former meaſuring 660 feet, and the
latter 320 only. The exterior of Caſtle Howard, though altogether mag-
nificent, is deemed by architectural criticiſm, to be ſomewhat wanting
in the qualities of lightneſs and elegance. The State Apartments are par-
ticularly diftinguiſhed for grandeur of appearance, but the ceilings, as
well as thoſe of the other rooms in general, are remarked to exceed the
uſual proportion in height. -The large, elegant, and princely collection
of marbles, urns, ſtatues, buſts, and paintings, with which this Manſion
is enriched, affords a high gratification to the admirers of the fine arts,
whilſt the liberality of the Noble Proprietor entitles him to the praiſe
Burton's Monafticon.
+ The Road from Malton to Caftle Howard is good, leading but little aſide from the York Road, which
it joins at Whitwell, and near the Seat is a large, convenient Inn, where viſitors are genteelly accommo-
dated.
40
and
+
-1
( 330 )
.
and obligations of the public, for allowing them to participate of the
pleaſures ariſing from ſuch a repoſitory of taſte and refinement.
The Hall is thirty-five feet ſquare and fixty feet high, terminating at
the
top,
in a ſpacious dome, and ornamented with columns of the Corin-
thian and Compoſite Order. The walls are painted by Peligrino, with
the Hiſtory of Phaeton, and the room is adorned with ſeveral antique
ftatues and buſts.--The ſtatues are Caius Auguftus ;---Marcus Aurelius;
Sabina in the character of Plenty, (the attitude and drapery fine);-
Julia Mammea, the wife of Septimus Severus, in the character of Hygea;
-Bacchus ;-Ceres ;-Diodumenus,
Diodumenus, ſucceſſor to Caracalla, (the head
modern, the drapery, antique and excellent).-The buſts are, Paris ;—
Adrian ;-Lucius Verus ;-Vitellius; a Bacchanal ;-Epaphroditus ;
Marcus Antoninus.
The SALOON is thirty-four feet by twenty-four, and the ceiling is
ornamented with a repreſentation of Aurora.-The bufts and ſtatues are,
Commodus;– Jupiter Serapis ;-Pallas ;-Domitian ;-Enobarbus, fa-
ther of Nero ;-Didius Julianus;-Marcus Aurelius ;-_Adrian ;-Cupid,
(the legs and part of the arms modern, the other part antique and
very fine) ;-Antoninus Pius ;-Lions ;-Buffaloes, &c. -The paintings
are, four pieces by Ricciarelli ;-a very fine portrait of Pope Gre-
gory, Mars and Venus, and the Holy Family, by Titian ;-Vulcan, by
Albert Durer ;-—a Bohemian Shepherdefs, by Rembrandt ;-Martin
Luther ;-a Hunting-Piece, by Snyders ;-a Sea-Piece, by Stork ;-and
a Ruin, by Panini.
The Dining-Room, on the left of the Saloon, is twenty-eight feet by
twenty-one, elegantly furniſhed with paintings, buſts, and labs. The
Chimney-Piece is ſupported by futed columns of Sienna Marble, its
cornice is of Sienna and White Marble with groups in the middle of
poliſhed white; and upon it are three bronzes ;--Brutus, Caſſius, and
Laocoon.-The ſlabs are two, of Sicilian Jaſper, and here is a valuable
urn of the fineſt green granite, with two buſts, one of Marcus Aurelius,
* An apology is neceſſary for the Arrangement of the Paintings, &c. fome change having taken place
ſince this account was taken.
and
(331)
ar
Pius ;
and the other of a Bacchanal.-The paintings are,--the Ducheſs of Rich-
mond, by Sir P. Lely ;-Cupid and Pſyche, by Tintoretto ; the Prodigal
Son, which has wonderful expreſſion, by Spagnoletto ;-two Caſtle-Pieces,
by Roſa da Tavola ;--two beautiful Landſcapes, by Zuccarelli ;---a Ruin,
by Panini ;-and Chriſt at Emaus, by Paulo Veroneſe.
The SALOON, above ſtairs, has four beautiful tables, two of them
grey
granite, the other two, antique yellow, and ſeveral buſts and paintings.
-The buſts are, Fauſtina, wife of Antoninus Pius;-Galba;-Antoninus
;-Commodus ;-Lepidus ;-Aurelius the younger ;-Marcellus,
(ſuppoſed by ſome, to be a Hercules of Grecian Work);--Silenus.
The walls are painted by Peligrino.-Upon the ceiling are, Venus and
Minerva, and the principal incidents in the Story of Troy, viz. The
Rape of Helen ;-Troy in flames ;-Eneas bearing Anchiſes on his
ſhoulders, from the flames:-Achilles in diſguiſe, in the midſt of the
daughters of Laomedes, and Ulyſſes in ſearch of him ;-Ajax and Ulyſſes
contending for the armour of Achilles ;-the Sacrifice of Iphigenia;-
Paris ſtealing Helen, and conducting her to Troy.
The DRAWING-Room is adorned with rich tapeſtry, from the
deſigns of Rubens, and with two fine pillars of green porphyry, upon
one of which is a black head, and upon the other, a Sylvan Deity.
There is alſo an admirable buſt (the fineſt ever brought into England,)
which was found at Rome, and bought by Lord Carliſle when he viſited
that City with Lord Morpeth.-The bronzes are, Caftor and Pollux ;-a
Gladiator ;-Camilla. Here are alſo the Head of a Roman Standard ;
and a Roman Lamp.
The Blue DRAWING-Room is twenty-one feet ſquare, the pavement
is moſaic ;-the tables are, two of verd antique, and one of Nero
Bianco ;-it is alſo adorned with an urn of porphyry,- the buſts of
Geta ;-Agrippina, wife to Germanicus ;--Julia ;-Poppæa ;-Nero ;-
and with bronzes, of Hercules and Anteus;-Centaur and Dejanira ;-
Minerva. The paintings are numerous.--Henry, fourth Earl of Car-
liſle, by Hudſon and Vandyke ;-St. Andrew in bonds, and his death,
copied from the originals in the church of St. Andrew at Rome ;-a
Maſter
( 332 )
;
Maſter of Muſic, by Dominichino ;-Philip II. of Spain, by Titian ;
Henry VIII. of England, by Hans Holben ;-Rhoda, with the head of
St. John the Baptiſt in a charger, by Rubens ;-Earl of Arundel, and
Queen Mary of England, by Sir Anthony Moor.-Two Drawings in
red chalk,-one, a repreſentation of the death of St. Cecilia,-the
other, a copy from a picture of Rapbael, in the Borgheſe palace at
Rome.
The State or Gold Bed-CHAMBER, twenty-eight feet long and
twenty-four broad, has a very elegant chimney-piece, ſupported by
Corinthian columns, the ſhafts of Sienna marble, the capitals, baſes,
and cornice of white, with pigeons of white marble poliſhed, in the
centre of the frieze. Upon it ſtands the buſt of Jupiter Serapis. Here are
alſo two fine ſlabs of alabaſter, and in the ornaments above, is the Doge
of Venice performing the ceremony of marriage with the ſea, by
Canaletti. The room is hung with excellent Bruſſels tapeſtry, done
after the deſigns of Teniers.
The Green DAMASK-Room has two very fine ſlabs of blood jaſper,
an oval of agate, inlaid with different kinds of marble, exceedingly
elegant. The chimney-piece is of beautiful white marble, and
upon
it
are a Venus, a Mercury, and a horſe. This room is alſo ornamented
with two verd antique pillars, with buſts, and an elegant cabinet of
Ainboyna wood.
The Yellow Bed-CHAMBER has rich tapeſtry, repreſenting Venus
blind-folded by Cupid. Over the chimney-piece is a picture of Charles,
third Earl of Carliſle ;-Cupid and Pſyche, by Griffier ;-Adonis and
his dog. The tapeſtry in the adjoining Bed-Chamber, repreſents Juno;-
and Cupid and Pſyche, from a painting of Titian. Here are alſo a
picture of Lord Capel of Eſſex, and a Memento Mori, by Sir P. Lely.
The Silver Bed-CHAMBER contains a curious table, moſaic, which
is a piece of Roman pavement;-a beautiful chimney-piece adorned
with buſts, and a fine picture of Lady Uvedale, mother to the Counteſs
of Carliſle, and wife to Edward, ſecond Earl of Carliſle, by Lely.
The
(333)
The Blue Room.-Two tables, one a valuable piece of green antique
Oriental marble, the other of alabaſter. The paintings are, Lord Car-
lifle, by Reynolds ;-Joceline, Earl of Northumberland, laſt Earl of the
name of Percy, father of the Ducheſs of Somerſet, by Sir P. Lely ;-
Lady Thanet, in the character of St. Catharine ;-the Duke of Norfolk,
by Holben ;-Venetian Noblemen, by Rembrandt ;-Chriſt bleſling the
little Children, by Raphael ;-a Cartoon ;--a Landſcape, by Raphael ;-
two Battle-Pieces, by Borgognone ;-Holy Family, by Grido Reni ;-
three Heads, by Rubens ;-Chriſt bound, by Vandyke from Titian ;-St.
Catherine, by Lionardo de Vinci ;-the Angel appearing to the Shepherds,
by Baſano;--Abraham and Iſaac, by Rembrandt;-four Scripture pieces,
by old Frank ;--and two Landſcapes, by Zuccarelli; the colours
brilliant.
The BREAKFAST Room.-Two tables, one verd antique, the other
moſaic antique ;-two urns, one of red porphyry, the other of Oriental
alabaſter,--Bronzes,—Antinous ;--Pugil, a Roman boxer ; Laocoon
and his fons ;--St. Sebaſtian ;-Ducheſs of Albermarle, in the character
of Cleopatra, by Lely;--a Roman Soldier ;-Ruins, by Panini ;--Views
of Venice, by Canaletti ;-St. Catharine, by Raphael ;-St. Cecilia; the
Prince of Parma and his Dwarf, by Correggio ;--Abraham and Ifaac,
Adam and Eve, by Albert Durer.
The MUSæum contains many ſlabs of the moſt curious antique mar-
ble, ſome inlaid with different kinds of marble, and precious ſtones ;-
thirteen urns which have contained the aſhes of ancient heroes, and
one in repreſentation of an Egyptian mummy ;-two pieces of moſaic
work ;-an ancient maſk ;--a baſſo relievo of Victory, the attitude
and drapery of which are excellent ;-two groupes, one a Cupid
upon a goat,-the other, a Satyr holding a goat.-— The bufts are, Caius
Cæfar ;-Marcus Junius Brutus ;-Cato ;-Geta ;-Virgil, Homer, and
Hercules ;-a Pope in a Roman habit ;-the Archbiſhop of Piſan.-
The paintings are, King Charles on horſeback, by Vandyke ;-Oliver
Cromwell, by Cowper ;-a Roman Lady, by Titian ;-Lord Northum-
berland, by Vandyke ;-View of Venice, by Cangletti ;-Vulcan, by
Albert Durer ;--Chriſt at Emaus, by P. Veroneſe ;-St. Jamco's Park,
by
4P
:
*
( 334 )
:
*
by Ricciarelli ;-a Bacchanal, by P. Veroneſe ;-Duke of Richmond, by
Vandyke.
The ANTIQUE GALLERY has many beautiful Aabs-one of jaune
antique, one verd antique, two moſaic, one antique Nero Bianco, and
three of fpar, &c. The paintings are, Mars and Venus, by Titian ;-
Holy Family ;--Queen Catharine, by Sir P. Lely ;-James, Duke of
York ;-Duke of Albermarle ;-Lady Capel ;--Ducheſs of Newcaſtle,
in the character of Portia ;-Charles, firſt Earl of Carliſle ;--Ladies
Elizabeth, Ann, and Mary Howard, by Peligrino ;-St. Sebaſtian, by
Vandyke ;-Night-Piece ;-Hercules and Omphale ;-Rinaldo and Ar-
mida ;--Rape of Helen ;-Mutius Scævola, burning his hand ;-Chriſt
in bonds ;-the Aſcenſion of the Virgin.
GALLERY below ſtairs.--Two tables of Egyptian granite ;-one round
table with an alabaſter urn upon it, and an antique ſmall ſtatue gilt,
inlaid, found in Severus’s wall, Northumberland ;-an Ivory Crucifix,
very fine.—The paintings are, a Dutch Encampment, by Woverman ;-_-
Holy Family, a copy from Raphael ;- ſeveral Heads, Sea-Pieces, Rock-
Pieces, and Landſcapes ;-Apollo and Daphne ;--Meleager with the
Boar's head ;-Epaminondas ;--Chriſt, by Baſſano ;-four Dutch pieces,
by Teniers ;-a Dutch School, by Heemſkirke ;--Grapes and Flowers, by
Bugden ;-a Grotto, by Rembrandt ;-Cupid and Pſyche, by Mompre ;-
David, with the head of Goliah, by Baſſano ;--and a View of Antwerp..
SMALL Room.or PASSAGE.-An antique moſaic table;-Lord William
Howard and his Lady, by Cornelius Johnſon ;-Ship-Piece ;-Race of
the Gondolas on the ſea of Venice ;-Ruins, by Panini, one repreſent-
ing the Amphitheatre, the other the Pantheon at Rome.
The Ornamental Buildings in the Park, are in a ſtyle of grandeur.
The MAUSOLEUM* is a circular building crowned with a dome,
* The height of the outſide from the bottom to the firſt floor is
Height of the Columns, with the baſes and capitals,
Entablature
Attic ſtory, with the Dome,
Feet. Inches.
19
6
34
8
3-
28
3
Entire height
1
go
3
Height of the infide
1
68
6
and
( 335 )
and ſurrounded with a handſome colonnade of Tuſcan pillars. Over
the vault is an elegant circular Chapel, thirty-four feet in diameter,
and fixty-nine feet high. Eight Corinthian Pillars fupport the cor-
nice over which the dome riſes, moſaic in ſquares, with a roſe in
each ; and the ornamental carvings of the whole room are light and
pleaſing. The floor is in different compartments, inlaid with marble;
and here is a fine table of antique Moſaic.
In another
part
of the Park is an Ionic Temple, with four porticoes,
and a handſome room, fitted up chiefly with marble. The cornices of
the door caſes are ſupported by Ionic Pillars, of black and yellow mar-
ble, and in the corners of the room are pilaſters of the ſaine. În niches
over the doors, are buſts of Veſpaſian, Fauſtina, Trajan, and Sabina.
The floor is in compartments of different antique marble, and the
room is crowned with a dome, ornamented with white and gold.
A ſtately OBELISK, in the centre of four beautiful avenues, contains
the following inſcriptions:
« Virtuti et fortuna
Joannis Marlburiæ ducis
Patriæ Europæque defenſoris
hoc faxum
Admirationi ac famæ facrum
Carolus comes Carliol poſuit
Anno Domini M.DCC.XIV."
Tranſlation.
To perpetuate the valour and ſucceſs
Of John, Duke of Marlborough,
The defender of his Country and of Europe,
Charles, Earl of Carliſle, erected
this ſtone,
Sacred to admiration and to fame,
In the year of our Lord 1714.
« If to perfection theſe plantations riſe,
“ If they agreeably my heirs ſurpriſe ;
“ This faithful pillar will their age declare
" So long as time theſe characters ſhall ſpare.
• Here then with kind remembrance read his name,
“ Who for poſterity perform'd the fame.”
" CHARLES
7 336)
**CHARLES, the third EARL of CARLISLE,
Of the family of the HOWARDS,
Erected a Caſtle
Where the old Caſtle of Hinderſkelf ſtood;
And called it
CASTLE HOWARD.
He likewiſe made the plantations in this Park,
And all the outworks, monuments, and other plantations
Belonging to the ſaid Seat.
He began the works in the Year MDCCXII.
And ſet up this infcription
Anno Dom. MDCCXXXI."
There are other Infcriptions in different parts of the Park, but the
Following at the entrance of a ſhady grove, is the moſt claſſical :
“ Diana his fedibus tacitæque in ſedibus umbræ
“ Diviſo imperio regnat et alma Venus ;
“ Luce regit Diana locum ; tunc, cafta puella
• Ne timeas fomnos incomitata fequi.
" At noctu, fine lege nemus Cytherea per omne
“ Ludit ovans; noctu, caſta puella, time.
- Tunc juveni ne crede nimis, nam vota per umbras
· Edita nocturnas perfida ridet Amor. *"
B
Tbus imitated :
Diana holds in this ſequeſter'd grove,
Divided Empire with the Queen of Love.
While Phæbus ſhines, chaſte Dian bears the ſway,
Then fearleſs fleep, ye nymphs, the hours away.
: But when with dark’ning veil, night ſhrouds this glade,
In playful triumph, Venus rules the ſhade :
Ah then, ye Virgins, fear the dang 'rous hour,
Truſt not the fighs which am'rous youth may pour;
For Love in ſport derides perfidious vows,
In darkneſs made bencath theſe verdant boughs.
The PARK is beautiful and extenſive, and the preſent Earl of Carliſle
has much improved the ſcenery by the addition of a fine ſheet of water.
The proſpect, on all ſides, is rich, unbounded, and full of pleaſing
variety
* This truly Claſſical Inſcription is ſaid to be written by the preſent Earl of Carliſle. --The above
Tranſlation is offered.
DUNCOMBE
(337)
DUNCOMBE PARK,
The SEAT of CHARLES SLINGSBY DUNCOMBE, Eſq; fourteen miles to
the north-eaſt of Caſtle-Howard, abounds with ſplendid embelliſhments,
worthy the attention of the curious traveller.
The House is a fine building, deſigned by Vanbrugh, and orna-
mented with ſtatues and paintings, the productions of the moſt emi-
nent Maſters.
In the Hall, a noble room, fixty feet long and forty wide, ſurround-
ed with fourteen large Corinthian Pillars of ſtone, is
A Repreſentation of the Dog of Alcibiades, the performance of the
celebrated Myron.
The Saloon, eighty ſeven feet long, and twenty broad, is formed in
three diviſions by lonic Pillars, and adorned with five antique ſtatues,
viz.
A Diſcobolus,*---Mars,--Mercury,-Bacchus-Apollo.
On each ſide of the door next the Garden are two Buſto,-Tully on
'the right, and Horace on the left.
In the BLUE DRESSING-Room:
A Dutch Merchant, by Rembrandt.
Mechanics, by Baſano.
A Portrait of Lord Shafteſbury.
In the DINING-ROOM, thirty-three feet by twenty-five, are
A Charity, by Guido.
*This ftatue is of Pentelicon marble, a quarry near Athens, and is quoted by Addiſon, under the
mame of “ The celebrated Caſtor at Don Livio's.” The right hand is modern.
When the Diſcobolus was found is not known. The firſt public notice of it was given by a print in
Mercurialis de Arte Gymnaſtica, 1572.
There have lately been diſcovered two repetitions of this ſtatue, one of which is in the Muſeum Cle-
mentinum, and the other in the Villa Borgheſe. They are of much inferior workmanſhip, but
prove
the
eſteem in which this was held by the Ancients.
The Diſcobolus exhibits a maſterly combination of ſtrength and activity, and, like the Gladiator Ren
pellens, and the Apollo Belvidere, has an object preſent to his mind which determines his action. Having
caſt his difcus, he is watching its motion through the air.
4Q
The
( 338 )
#sy
The Angel appearing to the Shepherds ; (ſome of whom are portraits
of Venetian Noblenien) by Giacomo Baſſano.
The Aſſumption of the Virgin, by Carlo Maratti.
Venus and Adonis,* by Titian. The colours are admirably fine, de
licate and expreſſive; and the plaits and folds of the body of Venus
exquiſitely finiſhed.
A Landſcape, by Pietro da Cortona. The figures are imagined to be
by Philippo Laura.
The Madono della Coniglia, by Titian. The colouring is brilliant,
the boy excellently painted; but the draperies are not pleaſing the
Shepherd is Titian's own portrait.
A St. Catharine, by Guido. This picture is painted upon ſilk..
The Three Times of the Day, by Wooton.
The Ceiling of this room like that of the Saloon, conſiſts of relievos
in ſtucco, very delicately executed ;-Jupiter, &c. in the centre; and
Cupid, &c. in the corners.
The DRAWING-Room, twenty-five feet, by twenty-two, contains a
fmall ſtatue of Antinous, and the following paintings :
The Adoration of the Shepherds, by Guido ;--A noble Picturet-the
attitudes of the Virgin, the principal Shepherd, and the Boy are ex-
cellent--the Boy is moſt admirably painted ; but the lights ſeem un-
naturally diffuſed
A Head of Herodias, by Guido ;-very fine.--This is a finiſhed ſketch
from the great picture in the Corſini palace at Rome.
Head of Ceres (her name upon the girdle which faſtens the garment over
the ſhoulders) by Guido's favourite Scholar, Elizabetta Sirani.
In the YELLOW Bed-CHAMBER, which is of the fame dimenſions as
the Drawing-Room, are inany excellent pictures, viz.
+
* This Picture was a preſent from the laſt Duke of Tuſcany of the Medici family, to Marſhal Wallis;
for the exact diſcipline in which he kept the Imperial Troops while he was Governor of Milan.
+ It was purchaſed out of the Cibo Palace at Rome.
The
( 339
#
.
The Scourging of Chriſt,* by Old Palma-it was painted in compe-
tion with Titian, and crowned--the expreſſions and colours are admira-
ble ; but the diffuſion of the light is not natural.
Martyrdom of St. Andrew, by Carlo Dolci-indifferently executed ;-
not in that Artiſt's glowing and capital manner.
Head of St. Paul, by Lionardo da Vinci ;-eſteemed one of the fineſt
works of this great painter--the expreſſion is grand, the colours are
fine, the minutiæ inimitable;-the air of the head is great as Raphael ;
the finiſhing, delicate as Vanderwerf.
Salutation of the Virgin, by Le Brun-the attitudes are fine, and the
colouring is good.
Bacchus coming to offer marriage to Ariadne deſerted by Theſeus,
in the iſle of Naxos, by Guido-Bacchus is the figure of a Hercules
but Ariadne delicate and elegant-the drapery is beautiful.
An Angel ſupporting our Saviour on the Tomb, hy Barocho ;-very
fine. -Adam and Eve, by Dominichino.
Chriſt meeting St. John in the Wilderneſs, by Guido ;--the figures
and drapery very fine.
Morning, a Landſcape, by Claude Loraine ;—the light wonderfully
good—the trees finely executed—the keeping and expreſſion great.
Summer Evening, by the fame, in Claro obfcuro ;--the colours glow-
ing-the trees excellent-upon the whole, inimitable.
A Magdalen adoring a Glory round the Croſs, by Correggio. I
Venus diffuading Adonis from going to the Chace, by Albano.
The colours are brilliant; but Adonis is a clumſy figure, and Venus
diſguiſed by dreſs.
Nativity, by Barocho. —There are two lights in this Picture, the light
from the child, and the moon-light; both delicately executed. -Joſeph
is in the attitude of opening the door to the Shepherds.
* Purchaſed out of the Juſtinian Palace at Rome.
+ Both theſe pictures were painted for the celebrated Cardinal Bentivoglio.
This Picture was purchaſed out of the houſe of a deſcendant of Correggio.
A Landa
340)
"
A Land-Storm, by Poufin,--admirably finiſhed.
Head of Flora, by Pietro da Cortona.
Artemiſia, the wife of Mauſolus, holding the Cup in which ſhe drank
off her Huſband's Aſhes, by Guido.
In the Dressing-Room is alſo a conſiderable number of fine Pictures
A Holy Family, by Proſpero Fontana.
A Battle-Piece, by Borgognone. -Clear and fine.
Chriſt ſupporting the Croſs, followed by St. Veronica, by Gioſeppe
Chiari.
Annunciation of the Virgin, by Barocho.
St. Peter, penitent, by Guido.—The expreſſion, colours, and finiſhing
aſtoniſhingly fine.
Virgin and Child: Foſeph is at work at a diſtance,--by Correggio.
A ſketch for the famous Notte.--The attitude elegant, the expreſſion
fine, but the colouring dead.
A ſmall Magdalene, by Parmegiano.-Exceedingly fine.
Pan overcome by Cupid, by Auguſtin Caracci. *
A Landſcape, by Bartolomeo.
Clorinda wounded by Tancred, by Simon da Peſara.-Great expref-
ſion, but the tints coarſe.
Day of Judgment, by Rubens. -A ſketch for the great Altar-Piece in
the Church at Antwerp. The ſubject is terrific, but highly finiſhed in
varniſh.
Two ſmall Landſcapes, by Salvator Rofa.--Not finiſhed in his uſual
manner.
A Madona and Child,+ by Carlo Cignani.—Very fine.
A Virgin and Child, by Bourdon.
This collection of paintings though not very numerous, is ex-
tremely capital; the indifferent pictures are very few, the fine ones,
admirable.
* The Pictures in oil, of this Maſer, are very ſcarce.
# There is a copy of this picture, by Treviſani, in the Borgheſe Palace at Rome.
i
The
( 341 )
The ORNAMENTED GROUNDS belonging to Mr. Duncombe, are laid
out in an elegance of taſte, equal to the ſelection of paintings. The Garden,
adjoining the houſe, has a terrace which affords many delightful proſpects.
At one end of it is an Ionic Temple, commanding a variety of landſcape.
A beautiful valley is hence ſeen winding at the bottom of a noble am-
phitheatre of hanging woods. The oppoſite plantations, which ſpread
over a fine extent of hill, fringe the very ſhore of a beautiful river,
which winds through the valley, and forms, alnıoſt in the centre of it,
a conſiderable caſcade. Nothing can be more truly beautiful than the
bird's eye aſſemblage of objects ſeen from hence. The valley, inter-
fected by hedges, is formed into fine incloſures, and the meanders of
the river are bold, and well broken by ſcattered trees : the caſcade, al-
moſt overhung with the pendant wood which ſpreads ſo nobly to the
view; and the Tuſcan Temple at the other end, crowning a bank of
trees, form together a diſtinct landſcape, in which every object is ſuch
as the warmeſt fancy would wiſh, or the correcteſt taſte approve. This
view is beheld with a ſweet variation, in walking along the terrace to
the Tuſcan Temple, freſh objects breaking upon the eye, almoſt at every
ſtep. This Temple, ſituated at the point of an elevated promontory
ornamented with fine plantations, and projecting into a winding valley,
commands the moſt ſublime and beautiful ſcenes, worthy the magni-
ficent pencil of nature. To the left, the valley already deſcribed, ap-
pears with infinite advantage ;--the hanging woods, on the oppoſite
fide, are viewed in a curvature of much greater extent, than from the
former point, and have an effect truly grand.
The valley, the river, and the caſcade, are ſeen beneath, at a confi-
derable depth, which preſents a full view of every incloſure. The bank
of wood adjoining the garden, forms a curve, which, crowned by the
Ionic temple, has a fine appearance. In front, between the hills, an ex-
tenſive woody yale opens, beautifully variegated.
Helmſley Church, and the town (ſcattered with clumps of trees) are
ſeen in the midſt of it, at thoſe points of taſte, which appear almoſt to
have the effects of deſign. Turning from this beautiful ſcene to the
R
right
2
An old tower,
4 R
:
3
342 )
OFF
right, another is beheld ſomewhat different from the former ; but yet
in uniſon with it in the emotions excited. The valley continues to
wind in a noble hollow of ſurrounding hills, that caſt over the whole
fcene an awful ſublimity. They are covered with hanging woods, the
brownneſs of which is contraſted in a ſtriking manner with the bright-
neſs of the river. The ſtream is here ſeen in a greater breadth, and
the ſun-beams playing upon its ſurface, give a luſtre the moſt enchant-
ing, while a caſcade in view, adds its pleaſing effect. The oppoſite
woods are divided in front of this temple by a noble ſwelling hill,
ſcattered over with fern and heath-the effect is good ; and the object,
magnificent in itſelf, and different from all ſurrounding it, preſents to
the eye a ſtriking contraſt
The Temple is a circular room, finiſhing in a dome; the ornaments
are white and gold, in moſaics, and it is adorned, in niches, with four
ftatues.*
RIEVAL or RiEVAUX Abbey.
This ſtately veſtige of antiquity, ſituated in a pleaſant vale, about
three miles from Duncombe-Park, is thus deſcribed in Burton's Mo-
nafticon.
“In the reign of King Henry I. flouriſhed. St. Bärnard, Abbot of
Clareval, a man full of devotion, and Chief of many Monks, ſome of
whom he ſent into England about the year. 1128, 28 Henry I. who
were honourably received both by the King and, Kingdom ; and
particularly by Sir Walter de Eſpec, who, about the year, 1131.,
lotted to ſome of them a ſolitary place in Blakemoor, near Hamelac,
now Helmſley, ſurrounded by ſteep hills, and covered with wood and
ling, near the angles of three different vales, with each a rivulet run-
ning
through them; that paſſing by, where the Abbey was built, being
called Rie, whence this Vale took its name, and this religious houſe was
thence called the Abbey of Rie-val. The deſcent of this valley reaches.
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chiefly from north to ſouth; here William, the firſt Abbot, (one of
thoſe Monks fent by St. Bernard) a man of great virtue and excellent
memory, began the building of the Monaſtery, dedicating it to the
Virgin Mary ; which the ſaid Walter de Eſpec amply endowed..
“ Pope Alexander III. (who reigned from A.D. 1159 to 1181),” by his
Bull, dated 1160, took: this Monaſtery into his. immediate protection,
enjoining that the Ciſtercian Order ſhould there continue for ever, con-
firming to them all their poſſeſſions, (many of which are there ſpecified)
and exempting them from paying tithes; forbidding all perſons to de-
tain
any
of the Brethren of the Houſe; charging all Biſhops not to ind
terdict them, unleſs for ſome notorious offence; allowing them to
per-
form the divine office in private, although the country ſhould happen
to be under an interdict; declaring any perſon to be excommunicated
who ſhould preſume to ſteal any thing out of their lands, or to take
any ,man thence; and confirming all the immunities granted by
Henry I. and Henry II.”.
“ The valuation in 26 Henry VIII. A. D. 1534, according to Dugdale
amounted to the ſum of 2781. 1os. 2d. per annum :-according to Speed
3511. 148. 6d. At the diſſolution were found 110 fodder of lead, 516
ounces of plate, and five bells. At the ſurrender, were twenty-three
Monks and the Abbot.'
The ſite was granted in exchange for other lands, 30th Henry VIII.
1538, to Thomas, Earl of Rutland, a deſcendant of Walter de Efpec, the
founder of the Abbey. Catharine, daughter and heireſs of Roger, Earl
of Rutland (by Elizabeth, daughter and heireſs of the famous Sir Philip
Sidney) being married to George Villiers, Duke of-Buckingham, he (in
her right) became pofſeffed thereof; and his ſon, the ſecond Duke of
Buckingham, fold it to Sir Charles Duncombe, Knight, whofe grand-
nephew, Thomas Duncombe, Efq; Member of Parliament for Morpeth,
A. D. 1758, poſſeſſed it, and ornamented the ground with much taſte
and elegance.
The ruins, yet ſtanding, are noble (particularly an arched Gateway
of Gothic Architecture), and prove the Abbey to have been of great
extent.
1
4
( 344 )
extent. The ſituation is not to be ſurpaſſed in pi&tureſque beauty.-At
a little diſtance from the Abbey are the gardener's apartments, from
whence there is a ſteep and winding path aſcending to a charming ter-
race, which overlooks the ruins, and commands the moſt beautiful and
diverſified proſpects. At one end is an elegant pavilion ornamented
with paintings ; * at the other a handſome circular Temple, whence
appears an extenfive valley richly adorned with wood and water.
The north ſide of the Terrace
is defended with a thick plantation of
firs, and the ſlopes are covered with a variety of trees and ſhrubs.
Indeed the ſcenery is altogether faſcinating,
HELMSLEY,
The property of Mr. Duncombe, is an ancient Market Town, in a
pieaſant ſituation, on the banks of the river Rye. The cultivated part
of the country contiguous to it is fertile, and abounds with venerable
woods; but, at a diſtance, the barren Moors appear in view.
Helmſley, called by Bede, Ulmetum, was the Lordſhip of Walter de Eſpec,
which he deviſed to the youngeſt of his three Siſters, who being mar-
ried to Peter de Roſs, brought this Lordſhip into his family, which con-
tinued in the ſame for many generations. Peter de Roſs had two ſons,
William and Robert :-to the former, being the eldeſt, he gave the
Caſtle of Helmſley, and to the other, the Caſtle of Werke, with a Barony
in Scotland. From theſe, deſcended the families of Roſs in Helmſley,
Apollo riding in the chariot of the ſun drawn by four horſes ; he is attended by the Muſes, and pre-
ceded by the Goddeſs Aurora.--Hero, a beautiful woman of Seſtos, a city of Thrace, prieſteſs of Venus.--
Andromeda, chained to a rock, and expoſed naked to be devoured by a ſea-monfter.-Ariadne, the
daughter of Minos, King of Crete.--Hercules and Dejaniri; he is holding her mirror, and ſhe, his club.
-- Jupiter, in the form of a white bull, ſwimming over the ſea, with Europa on his back.---Venus and
Vulcan : on one ſide are three Nereides; on the other, Triton blowing a trumpet made of a ſea-ſhell; a
Cupid is pointing his dart at Vulcan's breaſt ; another has a quiver of arrows; and a third carries a
flaming torch.---Pan fighting with Cupid ; his pipe of unequal reeds is ſuſpended on one tree; and
Cupid's bow and quiver on another.—Endymion viſited by Diana, in a cave of Mount Latmus ; Endy-
mion's dog lies under his knee, and the Goddeſs' hounds are ſtanding by; in the back-ground are two
Cupids, with doves, one of which is eſcaped. --The whole painted by Burnice, who came from Italy for
that purpoſe.
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​( 345)
The Manor and Caſtle of Helmſley were in poſſeſſion of the family
of Roſs, 13th Edward I. as it appears that Robert, the third in fuc-
ceffion, died, ſeized of it, and left it to his ſon and heir William, who
having performed eminent ſervices in the reign of Edward II. the King
gave him a Tower in London, to hold as an appurtenant to Helmſey
Caſtle. In the 13th Edward III. this Prince having received intelli-
gence that the Scots intended another invaſion, he commanded William
to repair to his Caſtle at Hamlake (Helmſley), and reinain there with his
men, during the winter, for the defence of theſe northern parts. Wil
liam died poffeffed of the Manor and Caſtle 17th Edward III. and his
poſterity enjoyed them, until, by failure of iſſue male, they paired into
other families. But Margery, the relict of the laſt John, Lord Roffe,
had the Manor and Caſtle aſſigned for her dowry, which, after her de-
ceaſe, were to deſcend to George, Duke of Clarence, King Edward IV's
brother, (had he ſurvived her); but being put to death in the Tower, for
High Treaſon, it is probable that they were forfeited to the Crown, with
his other eſtates, as Henry VII. not long afterwards appointed Charles,
the natural ſon of Henry, Duke of Somerſet, Conſtable of the Caſtle.
The Caſtle was beſieged and taken by the Parliament's Army, under
the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax, during the civil war, in the reign
of Charles I. The ruins yet remaining, conſiſt of a lofty Tower and
ſome other detached, broken parts, with a noble Gateway; ſituated upon
an eminence ſurrounded with a double moat.
Helmſley (including Duncombe Park) and Kirby-Moorfide* ſix miles
diftant, were part of the extenſive poffeflions of Villiers, Duke of Buck-
ingham, who was ſtabbed by Felton. The ſucceeding Duke, by an un-
bounded extravagance and difſipation, waſted the immenſe inheritance
of his family, and died in extreme want and miſery, April 15th, 1687,
at an Alehouſe in Kirby-Moorſide. The page of an old tattered regiſter
Kirby-Moorfide is ſituated on the edge of a Moor, near the River Rye. It was originally called
Kirkby, and alſo received the additional epithet-Moörfide, from its ſituation on the fide of Blackmoor.
4S
book
LU
४
( 346 ).
book belonging to the pariſh, rècords his burial ; but in what
part of the ſacred ground his remains were depoſited, is not known!
The houſe, in which he died, is ſituated in the Market-place at
Kirby-Moorfide, and occupied by Mr, Atkinſon, a reſpectable ſhop-
keeper. It has undergone ſome alterations and repairs ; but the
room in which the Duke is ſaid to have died, is ſtill ſhewn to the
curious.
The following is a literal extract from the regiſter :
« Burials
1687. April 17th. Gorges vilaus Lord dooke of bookingam.'
영
​The Copy of a Letter from the Earl of Arran, afterwards Duke of
Hamilton, to a friend, appeared in the Whitehall Paper in 1784,
ſaying “ that the Earl paſſing through Kirby-Moorfide, attended (ac-
cidentally) the Duke's laſt moments ;--that he died April 15th, 1687,*
and having no perſon to direct his funeral, and the Earl being ob-
liged to purſue his journey, he engaged Gibſon, Efq; (a gen-
tleman of fortune at Welburne near Kirkby-Moorſide) to ſee him de-
cently interred."
The following lines, from Pope, give a poetical deſcription of the
miſerable ſcene which cloſed the life of this once diſtinguiſhed noble-
man.
« In the worſt Inn's worſt room, with mat half-hung,
The floors of plaſter, and the walls of dang,
On once a flock-bed, but repair'd with ſtraw,
With tape-ty'd curtains never meant to draw,
The George and Garter dangling from that bed,
Where tawdry yellow ftrove.with dirty red,
Great Villiers liesmalas ! how chang'd from him,
That life of pleaſure, and that ſoul of whim!
3
• Aged 60.
Gallant
( 347 )
:
.
Gallant and gay in Cliefden's proud alcove,
The bower of wanton Sbreruſbury * and love ;
Or juſt as gay at council, in a ring
Of mimic ſtateſmen, and their merry King,
No wit to flatter, left of all his ſtore !
No fool to laugh at, which he valu'd more.
There viétor of his health, of fortune, friends,
And fame, this lord of uſeleſs thouſands ends."
It, however, appears by the following Letter, that the Duke, when viſited
by ſickneſs and alarmed with the apprehenſions of an approaching dif-
ſolution, bitterly repented the follies of his life, his ingratitude to God,
and inattention to the duties of religion.
From the Younger Villiers, Duke of BUCKINGHAM, on his death
bed, to Dr. W
" Dear Doctor;
“ I always looked upon you to be a perſon of true virtue, and know
you to have a ſound underſtanding; for, however I may have acted in
oppoſition to the principles of religion, or the dictates of reaſon, I can
honeſtly aſſure you, I have always had the higheſt veneration for both ;
The world and I ſhake hands ; for I dare affirm, we are heartily weary
of each other. O, what a prodigal have I been of that moſt valuable
of all poſſeſſions, Time! I have fquandered.it away with a profuſion un-
paralleled ; and now, when the enjoymentof a few days would be worth
the world, I cannot flatter myſelf with the proſpect. of half a dozen
hours. How deſpicable, my dear friend, is that man. who never prays
to his God; but in the time of diſtreſs ? In. what manner can he fup-
• The note upon theſe lines mentions that the Duke of Buckingham killed the Earl of Shrewſbury,
huſband to this abandoned woman, in a duel, and that the Counteſs, in the habit of a page, held the Duke's
horſe, during the combat.-The fact is this, that the Duke having ſhamefully boaſted of the ſucceſs of
his amours
, and.cruelly
. inſulted the Earl. with his misfortune, provoked him to ſend a challenge. They
agreed to fight at Barns-Elms, in the preſence of two gentlemen, whom they appointed their ſeconds.
They fought with ſwords, and all four engaged at the ſame time. The firſt thruft was fatal to the Earl of
Shrewſbury, who was a feeble, diminutive perſon, unfit for fuch a conteſt; but the Earl's friend killed
the Dake's ſecond at the fame inftant. Buckingham, elated with his victory, haftened to the Counteſs at
Cliefden, where he boafted of the murder of her huſband, whoſe blood he newed her upon his ſword, as
a trophy of his proweſs.
plicate
(
348
Shall an inſult offered to the King be looked upon in the moſt offen-
plicate that Omnipotent Being, in his afflictions, whom, in the time of
his proſperity, he never remembered with reverence?
Do not brand me with infidelity, when I tell you, that I am almoſt
aſhamed to offer up my petitions at the throne of Grace, or to implore
that divine mercy in the next world, which I have ſcandalouſly abuſed
in this.
Shall ingratitude to man be looked upon as the blackeſt of crimes,
and not ingratitude to God ?
$
:
..
five light, and yet no notice taken when the King of Kings is treated
with indignity and diſreſpect?
The companions of my former libertiniſm would carcely believe their
eyes, were you to thew this epiſtle. They would laugh at me as a dreaming
enthuſiaſt, or pity me as a timorous wretch, who was ſhocked at the
ap-
pearance of futurity; bụt whoever laughs at me for being-right, or pities
me for being ſenſible of my errors, is more entitled to my compaſſion
than reſentment. A future ſtate may well enough ſtrike terror into any
man who has not acted well in this life; and he muſt have an uncommon
ſhare of courage indeed, who does not ſhrink at the preſence of God.
The apprehenſions of death will ſoon bring the moſt profligate to a pro-
per uſe of his underſtanding. To what a ſituation am I now reduced !
Is this odious vlittle
. but a sfuitable lodging for a Prince? is this anxiety
of mind becoming the character of a Chriftian? From my rank, I might
have expectedraMuence to wait upon my life; from religion and under-
ſtanding, peace to fſmile upon my end : inſtead of which I am afflicted
with poverty, and haunted with remorſe, deſpiſed by my country, and,
I fear, forſåken by my God.
There is nothing ſo dangerous as extraordinary abilities. I cannot
be accuſed of vanity now, by being ſenſible that I was once poſſeſſed of
uncommon qualifications, eſpecially as I ſincerely regret that I ever had
them. My rank in life made thefe accompliſhments ſtill more conſpi-
cuous, and, faſcinated by the general applauſe which they procured, I
never conſidered the proper means by which they ſhould be diſplayed.
Hence
.
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​了
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Nive
( 349)
th
Hence, to procure a ſmile from a blockhead whom I deſpiſed, I have.
frequently treated the virtues with diſreſpect; and ſported with the
holy name of Heaven, to obtain a laugh from a parcel of fools, who
were entitled to nothing but contempto?
Your men of wit generally look upon themſelves as diſcharged from
the duties of religion, and confine the doctrines of the goſpel to people
of meaner underſtandings. It is a ſort of derogation, in their opinion,
to comply with the rules of chriſtianity, and they reckon that man
poſſeſſed of a narrow genius, who ſtudies to be good.
What-a: pity that the holy writings are not made the criterion of truc
judgment; or that any perſon ſhould paſs for a fine gentleman in this
world, but lie that appears. folicitous about his happineſs in the next.
I am forſaken by all my acquaintances, utterly neglected by the
friends of my boſom, and the dependants on my bounty; but no mat-
ter! I am not fit to converſe with the former, and have no ability to
ſerve the latter. Ler me not, however, be wholly caſt off by the good.
Favour me with a viſit as ſoon as poſſible. Writing to you gives me
ſome eaſe, eſpecially on a ſubject I could talk of for ever.
I am of opinion this is the laſt viſit I ſhall ever ſolicit from you; my
diſtemper is powerful; come and pray for the departing fpirit of the
3
poor unhappy
BUCKINGHAM."
ST
SHERIFF-HUTTON,
'Is ſituated on an eminence, ten miles S. W. of Malton, and ten N. N. E.
of York. It is an irregular built village, containing about 100 families.
The Church is a large building dedicated to St. Helen, and is both a
rectory and a vicarage. The Archbiſhop of York, as rector, is entitled
to all the tithes, which are very conſiderable, and leaſed under his Grace
for three lives. He is alſo patron of the
He is alſo patron of the Vicărage.
Edward III. in conſideration of the great ſervices done by Ralph
Nevil, Lord Raby, granted him certain privileges for the maintenance
of two Prieſts, to celebrate divine ſervice daily in the Pariſh Church,
4T
for
sz
(350)
$
alſo that the King afterwards granted him the Manor; as John, his fon
for the good eſtate of himſelf during life, and afterwards for the health:
of the ſouls of his father and mother, and all his anceſtors. It ſeems
and heir, inherited it after his death, and obtained a Charter, in the
year 13775 for holding a weekly: market on Monday, and a fair an-
nually on the eve of the exaltation of the Holy Croſs, (September 14),
and two days following ; now diſcontinued. The Manor and Caſtle
are at preſent the property of Lady Irwin of Temple-Newſam.
The Castle at Sheriff-Hutton was built in the reign of King Stephen
by Bertrand de Bulmer, it was, together with the Manors part of the
demeſnes of the Biſhop of Durham.
In the Civil Wars between Stephen and the Empreſs Maud, it was
feized for the King, by Alan, Earl of Brittanny and Richmond, who,
(while it was in his poffeffion,) made great devaſtation upon the
deineſnes of the Archbiſhop of York; but the King's forces and thoſe
of the Empreſs, being ſoon after engaged in battle, the Earl was taken
priſoner, and confined, until he made fübmiflion, and delivered
ир
the
Caſtle to the Earl of Cheſter, in truſt for the King.
This Caſtle was afterwards purchaſed by Bertrand (a deſcendant of
the founder) who gave it in marriage with his only daughter, Emma,
to Jeffrey de Nevil. Ralph de Nevil, the firſt Earl of Weſtmoreland,
repaired the injuries it had ſuſtained by time and neglect; and at his
death, in the year 1389, (12th Richard II.) left it; together with other
great éftates, to Sir Ralph de Nevil, Knight; his ſon and heir. Sir
Ralph, at his deceaſe, (4th Henry IV.). bequeathed it to his grandſon
Ralph, who during his own life, gave it, together with the Manor,
and other eſtates to his ſon Richard Nevils, created Earl of Saliſbury:
But he, adhering to the cauſe of Richard, Duke of York, and proving
unſucceſsful in an attempt to depoſe Henry VI was taken, and, be-
headed ; and though, by his will, he had veſted this Caſtle and Manor,
in truſt-for the uſe of his wife, during her life, yet, being attainted in
the Parliament, at Coventry, his eſtates were ſeized for the King, who
appointed Sir John Nevil, Earl of Weſtmoreland, the Conſtable of the
Caſtle
1
3
(351)
Caſtle.--Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick, ſucceeded, who being ſlain
in Towton Field, his lands were ſeized by Edward IV. and this Caſtle
and Manor were given to Richard, Duke of Glouceſter, the King's
brother. Richard impriſoned Anthony Woodville, Earl of Rivers,
Edward Vth's uncle, in this Caſtle ; and after he had effected his
bloody deſign of murdering the Royal Children (Edward V. and his
brother), he alſo impriſoned his brother Clarence's ſon, Edward, Earl
of Warwick, here, who continued in confinement, until Richard was
Dain: by Henry VII. in Boſworth Field.
After the Coronation of Henry VII, the King fent Sir Richard
Willoughby to this Caſtle for the Earl of Warwick, (then about fifteen
years of age) and committed him to the Tower for ſafe cuſtody, where,
it is ſuppoſed, he was put to death. He alſo releaſed the Lady
Elizabeth, eldeſt daughter to Edward IV. who had been confined here
by Richard III. The King commanded this lady to be honourably.
attended from Sheriff-Hutton to London, and afterwards made her
his Queen.
This CASTLE, ſituated near the centre of the village, may be ſeen on
every fide at a great diſtance. It is a venerable ruin, conſiſting of ſeven
ſtately towers ; in one of which, there are two ſpacious rooms, the
uppermoſt nearly entire, in which may be ſeen the remains of a
painting; but too much defaced to diſtinguiſh what it has once
repreſented.
1
#
ADDENDA.
th
m.
( 352 )
A D D E N D A.
The following TABLE, ſhewing the diſtance from SCARBOROUGH to
ſeveral principal Towns, may be generally uſeful :
+
Miles,
ma
I
1
03
1
an
1
i
I
125
54
172
.223
1
I
am
a
I
82
B
1
*
1
2IO
B
1
18
1
1
I
Month
40
motoren
1
mas
.
Miles,
Miles.
299
EDINBURGH
197 Nottingham
118 Falmouth
436
Northallerton -
106
Guiſborough
40
Northampton -
81 Glaſgow
240
Norwich
Grantham
1:17
Oxford
274
Halifax
80 Pickering
149 Harrogate
62 Plymouth
36
Hull
45 -Portſmouth
175
Ipſwich
220 ;Pontefract
48
Knareſborough
58 Ripon
19
Leeds
64 Richmond
271
Leiceſter
150
Settle
Lincoln
83 Sheffield
138
Liverpool -
141
Stockton
175
LONDON (via York) - 237 Skipton
149
Ditto (via Lincoln) - 208 Thirſk -
64 Litchfield
159
Wakefield
132
Malton
Weymouth
77
Matlock
117 Whitby
221 Mancheſter
Yarmouth
70 Newcaſtle-upon-Tyne 84
YORK
,40
Aberdeen
Alnwick
Appleby
Barnard Caſtle
Barneſley
Bath
Berwick
Beverley
Birmingham
Boroughbridge
Bridlington
Briſtol
Buxton
Carliſle
Cambridge
Cheſter
Darlington
Derby -
Doncaſter
Driffield
Durham
Eaſingwold
387
292
64
-45
72
103
97
53
88
1
1
1
1
i
an
mah
I 21
I
1
1
min
an
I
I
1
I
I
sum
42
83
315
22
B
B
1
1
20
1
»
III
251
1
an
nan
1
an
1
I
1
TINIS
I N D E X.
41
24
60
78, 79
144
Page
Page
8 Barton.le-ſtreet.
A BUS Eduarius
IS
Barton, Philip
90
Admiral within the juriſdiction of Scarborough 125
Robert
88-91
Ælla
Bathing, Sea
192-205
Ailabie, Thomas, Eſq; Mayor of Scarborough 125
Warm
198
Aiſe, north of St. Mary's Church, built 99 Battery, Buſhell's
38, 61
Albermarle, Earl of
34, 41
in the Calle-yard
81
Aldburgh
4
Holmes
ibid.
Aldby
9, 10
near Peaſeholm
Aldeburgh Gate
31
on Ramſdale Cliff
60
Aldermen of Scarborough
123, IPS
the North Cliff
ibid.
Alfred the Great
25
Pier
162
Alfrid, King
261, 307
South Steel
79
Alienations of land
IIQ
Batteries, temporary in 1745
Almondbury
I 2 Beaufort, the Duke of
116
Alum-works
265, 266, 268 Beaumont, Iſabel de
46
Anlabie, John, Eſq.
137 Belcombe, Dr.
238
Matt. Erq;
I25
m on the Climate, &c.
17520 5
Annandale, the Marchioneſs-of
289
Bello Campo, Giles de
48
Appleton-le-ſtreet
IS Bempde, John Vanden, Efq;
289
Architecture, Antient Naval
144-155
Benedictines
ibid.
Arms of the Borough.of Scarborough
Benefactions to St. Mary's Church
97
Articles of Capitulation
65, 73
Bergh, Alexander de
48
Arx
35, 39
Bernicia, King of
24
Afgozbi
29, 170, Bertune
29, 170
Aſke, Robert
45, 52 Bethell, Colonel
53, 73, 74
Affefſments, Parochial
231, 232
Bibo
IS
Aton, Atton, Atune, or AXTON 29, 170 291---294 Bigott, Sir Francis
Awbrough
32
Bland's Cliff
32
Awdles, John
84 Body Corporate of Scarborough (1797) 116
Boroughbridge
4
Bailiffs of Scarborough
126 Borough the, of Scarborough, Antiquity of 108
authority of
I13
Charters to
chantry founded by
97
109-125
how elected
116
Conſtitution of 116
- ſalary of
Boundaries of Scarborough
I13
their Seal of Office
I 44
Boynton, Colonel
72
Ballium
35, 39
Sir Matthew
53, 63, 72, 137
Bannocburn, battle of
89 Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk
83
Baptiſts
99,240 BRIDLINGTON
254-256
Barbican
35, 38, 48
Bay
Bardolph, Hugh
Environs of
45
259
Barracks
79
John de
237
Barrack-Mafter
Priory of
52, 83, 253
Barrows
15
Quay
4 U
SC
Il, 259
81
km
258, 259
.......
IN DE X.
Page
98
4
49, 170
80
3
292
292, 304
303-306
276, 304
219
8
IS
3IT
345 347
347 349
52
Brief for St. Mary's Church
Brigantes
Brinniſton
Briſtol Water, fubftitution of
Britain, Ancient ſtate of
Bromfiete, Henry de
Thomas de
BROMPTON
John de
Market at
Brough
Broughton
Bruce, family of
Buckingham, Duke of
Letter from
Bulmer, Sir John
Burgeſſes of Scarborough
Burgh
Free, what
Burghley, Thomas Lord
Burgmote
Burnifton
Burton-dale
Buſcel, family of
Bufell, Capt. Brown
Bufhey, Manor of
I23
121, &c.
8, 9, 34
141
159, 160
308
25
*170, 265
170
298, 299
57, 59
49
17, 18
organ in
Page
CHARTERS, granted to Scarborough by Henry IV. 113
by Henry v.
ibid.
VI.
I14
VII.
ibid.
VIII.
ibid,
by John
109
by Philip and Mary
114
by Richard II.
II3
III.
of Kaiage
157
of Murage
114
of Pavage
ibid.
reſpecting the Port
156
Sands
14%
Cholmeley, Hugh, Eſq;
135
James
57
Lady
56, 69, 70
Sir Henry
125
Sir Hugh
53-71, 137
Sir Richard
308
Sir Roger
CHURCHES at: Scarborough
82, 93-100
CHURCH, ST. Mary's, (Scarborough) 31, 60, 82,
96-100, 120, 239
benefacions to
97
brief for rebuilding 97
burial ground of 99
chantries in
96, 97
monuments in
99
north aile added to
99
100
patronage of
83
pews re-erected in
99
rectory of
82-84
regiſter of
repaired
99
vicars of
when ſervice performed at 239
CHURCH, ST. NICHOLAS'
Sr. SEPULCHRĖ'S
ST. THOMAS
31, 82, 93, 97
Cistercians
84
Convent of
82
Clerk, Common of Scarborough
116, 125
Pariſh, of ditto
· 117
of Seamer
Clifford, Lords
Cliniate of Scarborough
178-182
Clodune
29, 170
: Cloughton
190, 205
Coals
220
Cockerill, Mr. William
80
Cockhult, Mr. his eſtimates
Coins
69
Colman, Robert
74
Comes littoris Saxonici
Commerce of the Britons
Commons, Houſe of
128, 129
Companies trading, at Scarborough
140
Conferta, Catalogue of
206, 207
Conſtable, Mr. John
Sir Marmaduke
Sir Robert
52
Sir William
Conſtant, Joſeph
75
Convent of Carmelites
Ciftercians
1.76
82, 92
83
82, 93
82, 95
Cæfar, Julius
2, 3
Caibodunum
II, 12
Cambria Cherſonerus
7
Camps, Ancient
Camulodunum
II, I2
Canal, Scarborough intended
221224
Cannoniers, at Scarborough
238
Capitulation, articles of
65
Carliſie, Earl of
329, 331, 336
Carmelites
CASTLE HOWARD
329-336
CASTLE, SCARBOROUGH
34-81
Articles of Surren.
der of
Governors of 44, 45, 46,
48, 49, 50, 53, 72, 75, 8r
preſent ftate of
81
Sieges of, 46, 50, 51, 53,
54-64, 72
Catholics, Roman, at Scarborough
240
Cayley, Arthur, Efq;
125, 305
Edward, Eſq;
135, 304
family of
304, 305
Iligb'de
304
- Sir George, Bart.
305
Sir William, Bart.
I25, 305
Chamberlains of Scarborough, how choſen
Chantries
Chapel within the Caſtle
80, 8
Diflenters
99, 239, 240
Charles's Tower
62
CHARTERS, granted to Scarborough by Charles I. 114
by Charles II.
IIS
by Edward II.
II2
III. 112, 115, 117-583
IV,
VI.
by Elizabeth
by Henry II.
109
III.
109-112, 156
65, 73
297
293
22 L
116
96, 97
6,13
249
II4
ibid. 142
I14
60, 135
1
an
-82, 92
INDE X.
Page
Convcnt of Dominicans
82, 87
Franciſcaos
82, 85
Conyers, family of
292
William, Eſq;
135
Corallines, Catalogue of
21212
Coroners of Scarborough
II2
how clected
116
Corporation of Scarborough, fee Borough,
Charters, &c.
Count of the Saxon Shore
6
Crosſland, Henry, Eſq;
125
Sir Jordan
75, 137
Croſs Market
32, 33
Cruſtacea, Catalogue of
209
Cuſtom-houſe, Scarborough
166, 217
Cuton-Moor
48
248
24, 26, 166,250---233
Pagc
Fairfax, Sir Thomas
SS
Fee-Farm Rent of Scarborough
IIO, I24
remitted 69, 114
FILEY
170, 244 245
Bay
Market at
219
Fiſh, fale of
118
Fi/beries
224 229, 245
Fitz-Alan, Brian
46
Fitzwilliam, Earl
323
Ralph
FLAMBOROUGH
HEAD
Flavius Stilico
7
FLIXTON
FOREST, PICKERING
Ili, 314
Forge near Aylon
294
Fox George, the Quaker
75,240
Franciſcans
86
Free. Mafunry
235
Friarage
95
Friais, Black
87
Carmelite
Dorninican
Entry
Francifcap
86
Grey
Jacobin
88
Minor
87
Preaching
88
Wliile
92
Fridaythorpe
Froom, Capt.
38
Fuci, Catalogue of
207
B
261
92
87
87
87
II
Dacre, William ile
46
Dakins, General
135, 284
Dale, Thomas
297
Damages, ſuſtained in the Siege of Scarborough 68
Danes Dale Farm
Incurlions of
23
Darcy, Lord
52
David, King of Scotland
DEFENCE, MILITARY, at Scarborough 236--238
Deira
24
Delgovitia
8, 9
Depedale
29, 170
Derveotio
9
Derwent
10, 241
Diamond, James
50
Dickinſon, Dicky
Dilſenters
99, 239, 240
Diſtances, Table of
352
Dominicans
87
Doomſday-Book
29, 170
Dorley, Mr. Henry
55
DRIFFIELD LITTLE
261
Dumple
85, 86
DUNCOMBE-PARK
337342
Charles Slingſby, Efq;
337
Dunſley
Dunus Sinus
Dupplin, Lord Viſcount
139
Dykes
Orwy's
1 74
Gablage
47, 109, 117, 142, 219
GANTON
302, 303
Gale Edward, Erq;
135
Sir Henry
135, 297
Gaveſton Piers
46
Gildhuſcliff
86
Glouceſter, Richard, Duke of
49
Goring, Colonel
Grace, Pilgrimage of
49
Grants, fee Charters.
Greiftorp
29, 170
Griſthorp
Gros, William le
34, 41
14, 16
56
14
II
170
16, 270
Earldom of Scarborough
140
EBBERSTON
307
Election of Members to Parliament at Scar-
borough, right of
139
Ellerker, Sir Ralph
51
Epitaphs, ſee Monuments
Elke
Eſpec, Walter de
326, 342, 343, 344
Eftabliſhment preſent, at Scarborough Caſtle 81
Eterfthorp
29, 170
Evre, family of
291, 293
Sir Ralph
50, 135, 293
Everley
294
Evers, Sir Ralph
50
Expott: at Scarborough
HACKNESS
282-289
poetical deſcription of
289
Hallam, John
50, SI
Handalyd, Roger, Eſq;
139
Harbour at Scarborough
35, 156-166
Hay-brow
294
Heberden, Dr.
186
HELMSLEY
344 345
Henrietta Queen
56
Hertford, River
241, 242
Higgins, Dr. Bryan
186
High-water, depth of, at Scarborough
165
time of, at ditto
166
Hilda, St.
273, 283, 284
Hill Richard, Eſq; ;
313
HISTORY NATURAL
Hoby, Lady
285
Sir Thomas
285
220
29, 170
206-2 IS
Facelac
Fair
„Fairfax, Sir Nicholas
110, 218
135
IN DE X.
135, 286
Page
100-107
170
29, 170
30
30%
238
98
Lawſon, Sir John
Lebberſton
Ledbeſtun
Leland
Legard, family of
John, Eſq;
Sir John, Bart.
Liberties, fee Charters.
Lincoln
Lindum
Londſburg
Lucas, Dr.
Lumley, EARL of SCARBOROUGU
Sir Thomas
125, 302, 303
8, 35%
35
.
Page
Hoby, Sir Thomas Poſthumus,
Hodíkinſon, Mr. his plan for the New Pier 16%
Holderneſs
41
Earl of
34, 41
Horſe, Troop of, at Scarborough.
Hortune
29, 190, 298
Hoſpital of St. Nicholas
82, 93, 94, 120
St. Thomas
82, 94, 120
Seamanga
233
Hotham, John, Efq;
137
Sir Charles
84, 135, 308
- Sir John
57, 58, 59
Hubba
Hull
29, 50, 51, 140, 168
Humber-ſtreet
9
Hungar
26, 273
Hungerford, John, Efq;
HUNMANBY
245
Hutchinſon, Edward, Erq;
125, 135
Richard, Erq;
301
Stephen, Elqi
135
HUTTON BUSHELL
170, 298
8
8,9
26, 273
184
140
49
36
137
139
219
249
61,
220
Ida
24
Ilfrid's Hole
307
Imports at Scarborough
Independents
99, 239
Inſcriptions at Caſtle Howard
335, 236
Monumental 99, 246, 249, 284, 285,
286, 297, 303, 305, 306
Inftitutions charitable, at Scarborough 232
Inſurrection at Seamer
296, 297
fanatical
49
Ilham, Mrs. Elizabeth,
IIO
Blurium
Itinerary Antoninus'
Leland's
30
Mackworth, Sir Francis
Magoa Charta
45
Major, John, Efq;
Malo-croſs
15
MALTON
10, 11, 12, 321-326
Manners, George, Efq;
139
Manufactories at Scarborough
218
Market at Brompton
Filey
Scarborough 33, 61, 119, 142, 218
Seamer
219
Sherburn
219
Places at Scarborough
33
Murſdale
16
Mart
141, 142
Martunc
29, 190, 298
Mafon, Rev. Wm. his Deſcription of Hackneſs 291
Mayors of Scarborough
123, 125
Mercer
48
Merchants, privileges of
Row
33, 141
Meldium, Sir John
Methodiſts
99, 240
Middleton, Lord
Milbank, Sir Ralph
139
Moat, at Scarborough, cleanſed."
79
Monks, White
84
Monuments 99, 246, 249, 261, 284, 285, 286,
297, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306
Morris, Francis
Mortuaries, at Scarborough
Mount Oliver's
17, 24%
Mowbray, John de
MULGRAVE
15, 277281
Lord
81, 139
4
110
60–63, 94
110
Johnſtone, Sir Richard Vanden Bempde, Bart. 289
Julian
6
Julius Cæfar
Juſtinianus
2, 3
20
$
84
8A
48
1
King Edward 1.
Harold
Henry II.
Richard
Stephen
King.fi
Kirby-Moorfide
Kirkham, Priory of
Knights Hoſpitallers
of St. John of Jeruſalem
men of the Holy Sepulchre
Templars
Knowfley, John, Efq;
30
9
41
30, 31, 313
34, 40
229, 230
34,5
326-329
85
85, 95, 318
95
317
125
1
Labour, price of anno 1669
Lady's Well
Lagi, Gibert, ſon of
Land alienation of
tax, amount of, at Scarborough
Fallgrave
Langley, Richard, Eſq;
Laſcelles, Colonel
Edwin, Eſq;
family of
99
80
291
Ilo
220
220
300, 302
Nabb, White
Naval Architecture
Navy, British
Needham, Colonel
Neoutun
Newborough
Newburgh
William of
New buildings
burial ground
Pier
Newcaſtle, Marquis of
NEWTON-DALE-WELL
Norcliff, Sir Thomas
Nordfeld
North, Mirs, her Epitaph
113, 164
144-155
152.155
64
29, 170, 298
31, 33
34
256
93
99
1-61-166
54, 57
315-317
38
29, 170, 288
99
NE
64, 72
139
311
INDEX.
Page
I7S
30, 112, 115
North Robert, Eſq;
Northallerton
Northumberland, Count of
Earl of
Northſtead, Manor of
Norwegians
Nottingham, Earl of
Nun-Appleton
Page
233
42
29
48
I 24
9, 29
I59
320
239
Population of Scarborough
Port of SCARBOROUGH
Poverty, Earl of
Preſbyterians
Preſtetune
Pretorium Antoninus
Priory of Bridlington
Privileges, fee Charters
PRODUCTIONS NATURAL
Præfect
Ptolemy
Puckering, Sir John
29, 170, 298
8
32, 83
1
B
206
IO
8
25+
99, 240
100
Quay, fee Haven, Piers, Port, &c.
Ocellum Promontorium
8
Ochter
25
Odo de Campania
41
Oliver's Mount
17, 242
Opah or King-fiſh
229, 230
Organ in the Church at Scarborough
Olbaldefton, Dr. Richard, Biſhop of London 299
Fountaine Wentworth, Efq; 139, 246
- George, Eſq;
139, 298
Humphrey, Eſq;
245, 247
Sir Richard
125, 246
William, Efq;
125, 137, 139, 246
Oſgodby
170
Oughtred, Thomas de
46
Oure
IO, 325
19, 26
Ravenhill
None found at
20
Ravenſer
8,113
Rebellion in 1745
Recorder of Scarborough
116
Rectory
82, 84
Regifter
extra from
176
RIEVAL or RIEVAUX
342, 344
Ripley, Sir George
257
Rievaux, Abbot of
52
Abbey of
342 344
Roads, Military
7
Roman
8
Robert de Brus, King of Scotland
Robinſon, Luke, Efq;
106, 137
ROBIN HOOD's BAY
265
Rodbeftorp
29, 170
Roger, Archbiſhop of York
44
Rollerton, John de
48
Roman Catholics
99
Romans, Invaſion by
Roſtune
29, 170, 301
ROXBY
308
Rudſtone
Ruſton
170
Ruſhworth's Collcclions, extracts from
56
Rutty, Dr.
185
van
139
82, 312
50, 260
31
Palace-hill
25
Palliſer, Sir Hugh
139
Parifii
Parliament, Members of
131-139
firſt convened"
127
Patrington
8
Pealeholm
170, 288
beck
II3
ruin at
84
Pennyman, Sir James
Percy, Henry de
48
Earl of Northumberland
minima Thomas
32
William de
273, 29%
Penthouſe at Scarborough
169
Petitions
68, 69, 158, 160
Petrefactions, &c.
213, 215
Pews in the Church
99
Phellips, Francis
84
Philaw
Philpot, Alderman
48
Phipps, Hon. Charles
Edmund
139
Henry
PICKERING
19, 308, 301
CASTLE
311, 314
FOREST
Ill, 314
Lithe
31, SI
Piers, Scarborough, Ads of Parliament for
157,
161, 164
Commiffioners of
161
Dimenſions of 158, 161, 164
Duties payable to 160, 161
Piers of SCARBOROUGH
156, 166
Pirates
71
Pilgrimage of Grace
49
Plague
Poines's Quarters, Letter from
67
Poor of Scarborough
231
affeflment for
232
how laid
231
Poor-houſe
93, 232
1
139
83
139
23
Sage, Sir Adam
82
Sampſon, John
43
Sancho Lupo, Hugh de
Sands, Charter refpecting
14%
Market on
33
Sapy, Robert de
48
Saunders, Captain
53
Saxans, Incurlions of
Scagglethorp
170
SCALBY
I 70, 295
Scalleby
29, 170
SCAMPSTON
319
SCARBOROUGH; derivation of its name
25
Ancient Town of
28
Aldermeu of
123, 12;
Arms of
Bailiffs of 97, 98, 113, 116, 121
Body Corporate (1998) IJ6
Borough of, its Antiquity.108
bounds of
burnt to Ames
47
Canal projected
221.-224
Caſtle
349.811
169
I
4 X
1
INDEX
Page
1
216, 217
217, 218
218
10
162
233
139
82
320
9, IT
Page
SCARBOROUGH, Charitable, Inftitutions at
Shell-fil
209
Charters to
109-126
Shells found at Scarborough
209
Churches
82, 93-100 Sherborn, Market at
219
Churchwardens of
1.16, 117
Sheriff-Hutton
349, 351
Climate of
"I78-182 Ship of War, furniſhed by Scarborough
IS2
Commerce of the Port of 220
taken off Scarborough
75
Common Clerk of
116, 125
Ship-building at Scarborough
Seal of
144
Shipping at Scarborough
Convents
82, 92
Shops at ditto
Coroners of 112, 116, 125
Short, Dr.
184
Cuſtomi-houſe, its extent of Shrewſbury, Earl of
50
juriſdiction
166 Simpſon, Dr. William
183
diſafforeſted
II
Sinus Portuoſus
DilTenters at
239, 240 Skipton
47
Earldom of
140
Slave Trade
5
Exports of
220
SLEDMERE
11,263
Fair at
220 Smeaton, Mr. engineer
Friendly Societies at
234 Society, Amicable at Scarborough
Fiſheries
224.229
Societies, Friendly at ditto
234
firſt Writ to fummoning
Soldiers, Mortality of the
65
Members to Parliament 128, 129 Somerſet, Lord C. H.
Fee-farm Rent of
I10, 124 Somerville, Roger de
48
Hoſpitals
SPAw at Scarborough
173, 174, 182, 191
Imports of
220 Spittal
13
its preſent Military Defence
Spurn Head
*8
236, 238 St. John, Edward de
292
King's Rental of
47 St. Quintin, John de
49
Land-tax of
920
Sir William, Bart.
319, 3:20
Lat. and Long. of
171
Sir Herbert de
made a County of itſelf 123
the family of
320
Manufactories at
218 Stainfordburgh
Mayor of
123
STAINTON DALE
176, 317
Members of Parliament for
Standard, battle of the
131, 139 Stanfordbridge
9
Modern Towns
I71
Stafford, Mr. Thomas
53
Natural Productions of 206, 215 "Statues at Caſtle Howard
330-334
Parish Clerk of
II Steddoe, Capt.
58
Piers and Haven of 156-166 Steintun
29, 170
Poor of
-231 Store-keeper
86
Population of
Streanſhall
26
Port of
II2, 158 Strickland, Sir William
137, 138
Rectory
82
William, Eſq;
135
Recorder of
116 Sudbury, Adam
5%
Right of Election
139
Suffolk, Duke of
-53, 83
Sheriff of
Sureby or Sewerby
Ship-building at
Sykes, Sir Chriſtopher
263
Ship of War furniſhed by
15%
Shipping of
217, 218 Teftacea, Catalogue of
209, 210
SPAW
173, 174, 182-191 Thankſgiving Day
formed
Theodofius
7
Tithes
Thompſon, Francis, Eſq;
137
Trade of
216
William, Efq; 76, 98, 135, 137, 139
Trading Companies in
Thornton
308
Vicars of
167 Thurſt, William
5%
renginiai VICINITY of
241 Tides, time of at Scarborough
166
School, Spinning, at Scarborough
234 Tithes at Scarborough
Sunday
Tollergate
Scotland, Robert de Brus, King of
47
Tornalai
29, 170
SEAL, common, of Scarborough
Toſti
29, 242
of Office of the Bailiffs
144
Tofton
29
SeAMERS
13, 293,297
Tower; Charles's
62
Moor
Tranſept
96
Sertularia, Catalogue of
II, I2 TRADE of Scarborough
216
Settrington
Trading Companies at ditto
140
Settrington-brow
Travis, Mr. John (Surgeon)
186
Shakeſpeare, Quotation from
-38
on the Spaw Water
186
Shaw, Dr. Peter
18
Se on the Fiſheries
*24
1.76, 177
1
123
216, 217
67
60, 73
84
140
234
84
33
144
17
SI
- 12
INDEX.
dualid
Page
"Travis, Mr. William (Surgeon)
237
on the Natural Produaions
206-215
Trainbands of Scarborough Muſter-Roll of
237
Trinity College, Cambridge
110, 114
Tumuli
17, 18, 19
Tunítal, Dr.
184
Tyke, Talliferus de
48
Tyrconnel, Earl of
139
Ulve, Catalogue of
208
58
Page
Waters, Mineral Temperature of
188
wbai Diſeaſes proper for 189-190
Waywaine, Robert
48
Weapon-Nels
17, III, II3 24%
Weighton
8,9
Well, Lady's
80
Wentworth, Hon. Thomas
323
Weſtmoreland, Earl of
53
Weftrop, James
306
Whalley, Walter
84
Robert
84
Wharram en le Street
WHITBY
15, 26, 267, 272
ABBEY
300 mmk 30%
Whitelock's Memorials, extracts from
60, 72
WICHAM or WYKEHAM
29, 170, 299 302
ABBEY
300, 30%
William le Gros
34, 41
Rufus
282
Willing-Howe
261
Wintringham
8
Wittie, Dr.
182, 183
WOLDS
261, 26:
Wold, William
Wolfstan
15
Wyatt, Sir Thomas
53
56
292
292
46
Vanderhurſt, Captain
Van Tromp, Admiral
Veſci, John de
Warine de
William Lord
William de
Vicars of Scarborough
VICINITY of Scarborough
VOLUNTEERS, Scarborough
Dickering
Wada
Walloons
Waleſgrif
WALSGRAVE
annexed to Scarborough
diſaff reſted
Fee Farm Rent of
Manor of
Ward, William
Waters, Mineral at Scarborough
Analyſis of
Diſcovery of
Subſcription to
46
52, 83
167
240
236, 238
747
14, 277
72, 73
29
29, 242
III
I IZ
112
29
48
173
183, 18?
YBDDINGHAM BRIDGE
Yedmondale
York
Archbihop of
Dean and Chapter of
318
298
6, 10, 28
44
30
173
Zoopbytes:
210, 211
174
.
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