ſº : · · * * （Tººs�) §§ IMMIGRATION COMMISSION STATE C. CHAPMAN, Oregon State Immigration Agent t C. THE STATE OF OREGON FOR THE INFORMATION OF HOMESEEKERS, SETTLERS AND INVESTORS OREGON * * **, *.* ...; * * * OFFICIAL PAMPHILET |-！：：::！\?.***！ 3 ¿ TĪĢ！！! 1' THE LAND OF OPPORTUNITY" Oregon is a state of agricultural opportunity. Its broad areas of undeveloped farming land offer matchless advantages to those who will come and till them. Every section of the state wants settlers. To such as have industry and will undertake the devel- opment of the idle acres, rich rewards await. Never before has the state of Oregon been so diligent in the development of agriculture, its greatest asset, as now. The state is anxious that every farmer who comes to it shall thrive. Not only the Oregon State Agricultural College, one of the most efficient . of all such institutions in the whole country, but every other agency is working for the success of the agricultural interests. Experimental and development farms dot the state. The com- mercial bodies and the business community are allied to advance the interests of the tiller of the soil, and the business men of the chief cities work for the betterment of the farming districts, knowing that in doing this they are building the surest foundations for the future of Oregon. - The whole state bids the farmer welcome. Its fertile soil and genial climate work in partnership with all these interests to make his life pleasant and his work profitable. With the growing markets: and the widening demand for his products, the husbandman will find this a region of never-failing, bountiful crops and remunerative rewards. th f Governor of Oregon. THE STATE of OREGON ,' #. t* Its Resources and Opportunities Official pamphlet published for the information of homeseekers, settlers and investors, by the Oregon State Immigration Agent under the authority of the Twenty-Sixth Legislative Assembly OSWALD WEST, Governor 2"N v A ‘A º g © º ) / , , , State Immigration Commission ... '' THOMAS C. BURKE, President, Baker A. F. HO FER, SALEM JOHN M. SCOTT, PORTLAND W. E. COMAN, PORTLAND C. C. CHAPMAN, Portland MARSHALL. N. DANA. Secretary, Portland C. C. CHAPMAN, State Immigration Agent J. A. B.EXELL, Director, Oregon Statistical Bureau 4% __*. x-saº Z. G %%/%,º, &S te Sºğ º N * º ;WQ s § } 2] SALEM, OREGON WILLIS S. DUNIWAY, STATE PRINTER For further information address C. C. CHAPMAN, State Immigration Agent, Commercial Club Building, Portland, Oregon | TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. INVITATION.—OswalD WEST, Governor of Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Facing Title INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 THE OPEN WAY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 OREGON.—General Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y - “... • - - - - - - - - 5–14 PUBLIC LANDS IN OREGON. . . . . . . . . . . .‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–17 AGRICULTURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18–25 LIVESTOCK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26–27 DAIRYING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 28–31. . CLIMATE, MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 POULTRY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 BEE CULTURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 33 SHEEP AND WOOL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * _* * * * * * * * * * 33 FLAX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F . . . . . . . . . . 34 HOPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35–36 FRUIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37–39 IRRIGATION AND WATER POWER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40–47 FISHERIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 TIMBER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48–51 FOREST RESERVES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52–54 MANUFACTURING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55–56 MINERALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56–57 TRANSPORTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 57–59 LABOR CONDITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s s e º e s e s s a 61–66 HEALTH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 SCENERY AND GAME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67–69 TAXATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , e s a e s - e º s e º 'º e º 'º e - tº º e º 0 ° 69–70 STATE OFFICIALS AND PUBLIC BODIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 COUNTY AND TOWN-Information and Statistics: Pacific Coast Counties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72–81 Rogue River Valley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81–85 Umpqua River Valley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * 85–87 Willamette Valley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87–112 Central Oregon and Eastern Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112–138 INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139–143 OREGON'S WATER. DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 THE COLUMBIA RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 ACKNOWLEDGMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ". . . . . Facing 144 “MADE IN OREGON.” All the materials entering into the make-up of the Oregon Almanac are Oregon products. But a short time ago the paper upon which you are reading of the facts about Oregon, both cover and inside, was in balm trees that pushed their peaked growths toward the skies of the Willamette Valley. The trees were cut, their fibre crushed to pulp, the paper manufactured in Oregon, and today it carries the tale of Oregon's opportunities to millions of readers East, West, North and South. The printing; the engraving of the zinc etchings and half-tones; the drawing of the illustrations; the draughting of the figurative charts and maps—everything was done in Oregon. There is an ever growing Sentiment that is daily being put to the practical test of “Made in Oregon.” This sentiment means more than the mere words to our people. It is a state-wide loyalty to the idea that Oregon people bélieve to the utmost in utilizing Oregon's rich resources. They may be depended upon to encourage with their patronage all who come to the state and invest their capital in manufacturing enterprises. The people appreciate every effort put forth for the fullest and quickest development of Oregon. INTRODUCTION. ****, Oregon invites the earnest homeseeker who desires to better his condition, and it is the purpose of the state officers, as well as the com- munity organizations, to see that accurate representations are made for the guidance of all who seek to avail themselves of the boundless oppor- tunities in this large and prosperous, but thinly populated, state. s~g.- '-º', - ~. . All authorities unite in stating that Oregon can support in happiness and prosperity a population of many millions. The people of Oregon extend a spirited and cordial welcome to all who, with the capability and purpose of making homes for themselves, would come to this new country and join in the upbuilding of a proud commonwealth. How to Succeed in Oregon. Oregon's climate is far more favorable than can be found anywhere east of the Pacific slope. - Oregon's hillsides and valleys are rich and fertile; her scenery is matchless in grandeur. Oregon's home environment is delightfully attractive. Conditions for success are far more favorable than in any of the older, thickly populated states. All who look to Oregon for a future home should remember, how- ever, that the same qualities of industry, prudence and perseverance are required for success here that would be needed anywhere. No one should come to Oregon expecting to “get rich quick;” to achievesuccess without work and well applied knowledge. Above all, no one should come to Oregon expecting to find immediate employment in any line, in any of the cities or towns. When you come, bring enough funds to pro- vide traveling and living expenses for a considerable period while you are visiting different localities and searching for the opportunity which appeals to you and in which you have confidence you can succeed. Do not build up false hopes of fabulous affluence and easy life without work. In selecting a location for an Oregon home, the newcomer should visit the locality and inspect the land, to learn whether it is suited to the tastes and requirements of his family and the special branch of agri- cultural industry in which he expects to engage. He should consult the leading business men of the commercial organizations of the neighboring community and satisfy himself as to his purchase. If he does not find exactly what he wants in one part of the state, it will pay to investigate further, as conditions are so diversified in Oregon that no long search will be necessary to locate satisfactorily. Once located you will find yourself among hospitable and sociable neighbors, whose delight it is to be of service to the newcomer, and by information and co-operation be of every assistance to him and make him feel at home and help him suc- ceed. A warm welcome into churches, schools, granges, improvement clubs, fraternal organizations and other societies awaits every new citizen who comes to Oregon with the honest purpose of achieving independence and making a home. - Many thousand families have come to Oregon during the past few years, and by following these simple precautions, have located happily and are prospering beyond their fondest expectations. 3 THE OPEN WAY. By MARSHALL N. DANA, Secretary Oregon State Immigration Commission. Oregon had never so much to offer the seeker for a home as now. The pioneers found in this broad state nothing comparable to the present opportunity for well doing and well being. The dangers of another day are forgotten. The work done is the heritage of today. Those who earnestly desire to make good by investing a reasonable amount of work and cash can nowhere do better than in Oregon. In the yesterday of this state's development the first comers dis- covered millions of acres of rich land that had never been stirred by the plow. So great was the area and so limited the transportation that the immense amount of accomplishment since is but a small fraction of that which now opens out to be done. • All of modern invention and appliance is now provided for the settler in Oregon. An influx of settlement extending over many years cannot take up all the lands or materially decrease the business chances. Trans- portation has arrived. The wide Willamette Valley is being gridironed with electric suburban lines over its entire 100-mile length. An agri- cultural population six times as great as now can be prosperously sup- ported there. r The Coast region has been reached by railroad lines and here are the forests of fir and the usual dairying regions. \ Interior Oregon has been reached by two competing railroad lines at a cost of many millions of dollars and transportation is being increas- ingly furnished to a region of future homes as great as the entire state of Ohio. Access to the home opportunity country by water is not being neglected. The millions spent for new rail lines are proportionately balanced by the expenditures of government, state and city, in harbor improvement, channel deepening, lock and canal construction, both on the Columbia and the Willamette rivers. With ships from the seas and boats on the river, with rail lines increasingly covering the state and reaching both east and west, the market for the production of Oregon's approximately 34,000,000 acres of agricultural land is unlimited. - - These are the facts of the opportunity in Oregon today. The chief chance is in settling upon and tilling the soil. Attention to method, and no greater expense of effort, money and time than is elsewhere necessary are the only requisites for unusual success in growing sheep, hogs, cattle, horses, fruit, grain, potatoes, and in dairying and fishing. Nor will the newcomer be forgotten after he has come to Oregon and commenced the important business of cultivating the soil and making a home. It is increasingly a policy of the state through the agricultural college, the immigration commission and other agencies, aided by the development leagues, to carry on a program of demonstration education— sending to the farms persons who know conditions and production problems who can show how work should be done. The Oregon invitation is: Come! Help till our soil and develop our resources. Make homes. Add productive strength to our citizenship. Participate in the rich rewards. OREGON ALMANAC. 5 { *| . OREGON. Geography, Climate and Soil. EOGRAPHICALLY the state is divided into two sections by the Cascade range of mountains. These sections are commonly known as Eastern Oregon and Western Oregon. The physical and climatic conditions of these divisions are en- tirely different and embrace all desir- able elements of soil and climate under the sun, from the humid region along the Pacific Coast to the high and semi- arid Central Oregon section in Eastern Oregon. The state is oblong in form, being about 275 miles from North to South and 350 miles from East to West. Contains 96,699 square miles, including water area, and consists of fertile val- leys, rolling hills, high tablelands, rivers, lakes and mountains. The rivers and lakes furnish an abundance of water for irrigation and other purposes, and the rivers an enormous wealth of latent water powers. The mountain slopes and foothills are covered with a dense growth of merchantable forest, approximating one-fifth of the standing timber of the United States. The mountain ranges not only mark the geographical and climatological lines of division but per- form the highly important double func- tion of serving as immense watersheds and Nature's storehouses for millions of tons of winter snows to supply the needed moisture for the broad and fertile valleys during the Summer months. WESTERN OREGON. West of the Cascades comprises an approximate area of 35,000 square miles. It is composed of a series of wonderfully rich and pro- ductive valleys, in which are embodied all of the elements of soil and climate necessary to produce in abundance and to the highest state of perfec- tion, any and all of the varieties of fruits and vegetation characteristic of a temperate zone, and in which may be found any desired altitude, from sea level to 5,000 feet, and higher, and an- nual precipitation from 20 inches in the Southern portion and 40 inches in the lower valley regions, to 133 inches, the extreme maximum, in the mountains along the coast. These valleys vary in extent and importance, the latter being measured by state of development and accessibility, and are separated by ranges of spurs of mountains. Western Oregon has been termed the “Land of Perpetual Green and Flowers,” for the Qſ". portion of the state lying fields are green the year round, except during the season of harvest, in keeping with the laws of Nature; flowers bloom throughout the year and root crops remain in the ground during the winter months without harm. While the tem- perature occasionally registers above the 90-degree mark during the Summer months, the heat is not oppressive because of the low humidity and rapid evaporation; the nights are cool and a sound and refreshing sleep is always assured. Climatological conditions are so different as between localities in this section that, in order to convey a more clear and succinct understanding, West- ern Oregon will be treated in sub- divisions, each of which, while the cli- matic conditions blend to a certain ex- tent, possesses distinctive features which can best be described separately. These sub-divisions are: The Coast Region, Willamette Valley, Umpqua Valley and Rogue River Valley. The chief features of distinction in climate are amount of precipitation, sunshine and length of growing season, highly important factors from an agricultural and commercial standpoint. The ocean on the West and the mountains in the interior greatly modify the climate—the ocean by tem- pering the heat and cold and the moun- tains by arresting and increasing the precipitation on the windward slopes and decreasing it on the leeward slopes. Only 10% of the annual rainfall occurs during June, July, August and September. The months of heaviest rainfall are either December or January, and of the least rainfall, July or August. The Coast Region. Consists of a strip along the Pacific Coast, 40 miles in width at the widest parts, and running the entire length of the state, and is composed of rolling (Continued on Page 7) 6 () JPE(; () \ , 4 LM A VA ('. OREGON'S COMMERCIAL ADVANTAGES. In relation to interior America and the commerce of the world, Oregon's loca- tion on the Pacific Coast is as advantageous as is that of New York and Pennsylvania on the Atlantic Coast. The area of Oregon is greater than the combined areas of New York and Pennsylvania. º Oregon, 95,607 sq. miles - N. Y. and Pa., 92,486 “ - There is more open country in Oregon, the soil is infinitely richer and the natural resources of timber, minerals, fisheries, etc., are far greater, so it is entirely reason- able to expect that Oregon will eventually support a greater population than the two great states of New York and Pennsylvania. The following comparison of present populations suggests the possibilities of future growth: Population. N.Y. & Pa. 16,778,725- Oregon, 672,765- - Switzerland, a mountainous country without a seaport, supports 3,559,349 popu- lation in thrift and prosperity on an area of only 15,976 square miles, one-sixth of Oregon's area. Natural conditions are far more favorable in Oregon. If Oregon were settled as thickly as is Switzerland, the population would be 21,224,754. If as thickly settled as Belgium the population would be 61,570,908. These comparisons are not presented with the idea that so large a population is either desirable or likely, but to illustrate how immense Oregon is and how large a population could be sup- ported in the state by intensive agriculture, manufactures and world commerce. The thinking man would rather locate where the possibilities for increase are great, especially in a salubrious climate, than remain in a thickly settled country under un- favorable climatic conditions. t LAND AREA AND POPULATION OF OREGON. In Square Miles. Land Pop. Land Pop. COUNTY. Area. Pop. Per Sq. COUNTY. Area. | Pop. Per § Mile. Mile. Baker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,060 | 18,076 5.9 Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,612 || 33,783 7.3 -Benton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 688 10,663 15.5 Lincoln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,008 5,587 5.5 Clackamas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,864 29,931 16.1 Linn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,243 22,662 10.1 Clatsop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 | 16,106 || 19.6 Malheur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,883 8,601 0.9. Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 10,580 | 16.0 Marion... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,194 || 39,780 33.3 Coos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,628 17,959 || 11.0 || Morrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,025 4,357 / 2.2 Crook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,778 9,315 1.2 Multnomah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 |226,261 501.7 Curry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,498 2,044 1.4 Polk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 || 13,469 19.0 Douglas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,922 || 19,674 4.0 Sherman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 4,242 5, 1 Gilliam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,201 3,701 3.1 Tillamook.... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,125 6,266 5.6 Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,520 5,607 1.2 Umatilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,173 20,309 6.4 . Harney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,933 4,059 0.4 Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,087 | 16, 191 7.8 Hood River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 8,016 || 14.8 Wallowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,145 8,364 2.7 Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,836 25,756 9. 1 Wasco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,343 | 16,336 7.0 Josephine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,751 9,567 5.5 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 21,522 29.4 Klamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,999 8,554 1.4 Wheeler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,704 2,484 1.5 Lake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,920 4,658 0.6 Yamhill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 18,235 || 25.6 Total Land Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,607 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,092 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total–Population and Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,699 |672,765 . . . . . . . . . Population per Square Mile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 \!. ()REGON A LMA NAC. 7 WESTERN OREGON. Continued from page 5. hills, small but fertile valleys, rich tide- lands, sea beaches, high bluffs, rivers and mountain slopes. It is separated and distinguished from the other por- tions of Western Oregon by the Coast range of mountains, which parallels the coast from North to South, with an average elevation of 2,000 feet, and occasional peaks or ridges of 3,500 feet or more in height. The principal valleys of this region, which are traversed by perpetual streams that transect the mountain range at irregular intervals, are: The Nehalem, Young's river, Lewis and Clark, the former being the most extensive and embraces an approximate area of 312 square miles; Wilson, Trask and Tillamook, emptying into Tilla- mook Bay; Miami, Kilchis, Yaquina, Siletz, Alsea, Salmon and Big Elk in the North, and the Coquille (about 200 square miles in extent), Siuslaw, Lower Umpqua, Lower Rogue river, Illinois, Smith's river, Sixes river, Pistol river, Chetco river and Elk creek in the South. The total approximate area of the entire region is 7,280 square miles. Soils of the valleys and lowlands are composed of alluvial deposits and silt, deep and rich in humus and other essen- tial elements, clay loams and sandy loams, and the uplands of red clay and sandy loams. Region is especially adapted and devoted to dairying in- dustry; general farming is becoming extensive and fruit growing is successful in certain locations but in infant stages of development. The general character of this region is timbered, and the ma- jority of the farms, especially upon the higher elevations, are composed of cut- over or logged-off lands which have been cleared for farming and are highly productive of all kinds of agricultural and forage crops. Average maximum temperature for July throughout the region is 69 degrees and the average minimum for the same month is 51 de- grees; average maximum for January is 48 degrees and the minimum average for the same month is 37 degrees. Annual rainfall varies from 133 inches at Glen- dora and 55 inches at Doraville, the heaviest rainfall in the mountains, to 92 inches at Port Orford, the heaviest nearest the coast, and 70 inches at New- port, the lightest. Snow is quite rare. The rainy season lasts from October until near the end of April and the num- ber of rainy days is greater than any- where else in the state. Length of grow- ing season ranges between 256 days at Gardiner and 303 days at Port Orford. The prevailing winds are Northwesterly and in midsummer they blow with the regularity of trade winds. Willamette Valley. The North Central part of Western Oregon comprises a total area of about 11,200 square miles, and is the largest and most important valley in the state. It is about 60 miles in width by 150 miles in length and embraces a most fertile and productive area, with slightly variable conditions of climate, soil and other natural advantages to suit every requirement of agricultural and indus- trial activity. It is traversed by the Willamette river, which rises in the Calapooia mountains in Southern Lane County and flows North into the Colum- bia river, 10 miles below Portland. Numerous tributaries drain the slopes and foothills of the mountains on the East, West and South, all of which Comparison of Total Area of Oregon, Including Water. 96 699 so 2-1 ... t 5 O R E G O N 6 ° 2 7 6 5 Poe 9 3 O 9 Sojºws 9 < ſ ILL N of s 6 3 39 4 & 7 pee Y ^ 9 315 8 92 pop | 102.5 54 5.Q. M., AEs ſº t Q- | _ſo \ 2 : | 8 OREGON ALMANAC. traverse small but rich subsidiary val- leys which contribute to the wealth of the Willamette Valley proper. Chief among these are the Tualatin, Yamhill, Chehalem, La Creole, Luckiamute, Mary’s, Long Tom, McKenzie, Mohawk, Santiam, Mill Creek, Abiqua, Pudding, Molalla, Clackamas and Sandy valleys. North and West are the rich Columbia and Willamette river bottom and tidelands, known as the “Scappoose country,” Sauvie's Island and the valleys of Clatskanie river, Beaver and Minoe creeks. Alluvial deposits form the basic elements of the soils of the valley bot- toms, supplemented and enriched by humus and other decayed vegetable and animal matter, the accumulations of centuries, the lasting and productive qualities of which many years of suc- cessive cropping have failed to exhaust or determine. Common descriptions vary from light gray, to dark and black, clayey and sandy loams, with clay and gravel subsoils, and vary in depth from a few inches to many feet. The soils of the hills and lower mountain slopes, which are covered by a heavy growth of timber, mostly oak, are reddish clay in character, which possess rare lasting and productive qualities unexcelled any- where. The general elevation of the valley, consisting of broad, open prairies, is between 100 and 2,000 feet above sea level. . The average maximum temper- ature in July is 80 degrees, and the aver- age minimum 54 degrees, while the average maximum for January is 45 degrees and the average minimum for the same month is 34 degrees. In the valley bottoms the average annual rain- fall is 42 inches at Portland and 40 inches at Salem, there being a slight decrease in precipitation from North to South and a rapid increase with eleva- tion on the mountain slopes. In the foothills of the Coast range the average annual rainfall is 52 inches and 70 inches in the Cascades at an elevation of 1,500 feet. The length of growing season in the lower valley ranges between 245 days in the North and 200 days in the South. The average number of rainy days per year are 133 days at Salem, in the heart of the valley, and 172 days at McKenzie’s Bridge, well up on the slope of the Cascades. The amount of the snowfall varies, being light in the valley bottoms and increasing with elevation on the mountain slopes. The prevailing *. Total Population, 672,765 or 7 People to the Square Mile. POPULATION OF OREGON BY COUNTIES 191O PREPARED BY THE OREGON STATISTICAL BUREAU O •e "e". " ^ O O O. O Ç § O 23 e ( O - | - lººr. L. Q. \ºtowº O O Ll • * Qº SW, 2 & t *~...~". •l. O O /9 • O §§ow (` d’s .” \ O º s e ‘O tº . º l U *śs. º se *\º w A sc * . Tir-tº *—-A-, -ſuld -: _#/5 © L. e O -: •” sº e - st- ~\wheeler O --> O Q: | {} O • Y *** K. E. R | i.” •. . O K. | - Ó @ 53 e *}. e ## ºrſ - A Nº! A L H E U R ...” OREGON | . . . -- sà.: # - ſº | H A R N E Y O --> ſº | L: A K E O #&@ A N1 A T H ! I tº º - ##$! DISTRIBUTION OFTOTALPOPULATION †s | gāgāpºople noneconaccording ſoloioces iš Q EACH doT (e) indicates looo Population # ... • O | SQUARE • “ 2 O 72 I 4. N PORT LAND -------------------- OREGON ALMA NAC. AVERAGE RURAL POPULATION, 3.6 TO SQUARE MILE. RURAL POPULATION OF ÖREGON BY COUNTIES ºš9 | 7'4. f - 34.- " & źº. § e S ś i- ..º. sº ee jº PREPARED BY THE OREGON STATISTICAL BUREAU & JV : e * * e / g O Y L O • - 2 - T | L LA S O $º . ſ * | U N CKAT-1A.S.; * e \G|LLIAM e º * * L - O — º U e º • Y. & As C O +. T-r – *—es **s * | WHEELE R O Q J'e s s , O O O 'O S. síž _ ] G R A N T \º. ºg O “l_{ O O 4. & §. iſ #|s R O } { *** * 25° 5' s | __ TT \, ș/º - *. - O : A A L H E U R * asse" **: *** * *-ºs-s-sº as fºliº.ºceſſ. Aſ . U G L A s}} O O t \ #,” (JRBGON \- /1: H A R N E Sy O * | * = O e - -Gº. —’ ##$ L. ^ - F === O - S* (G WER #$ A Nº AT H J. #d; & #sº § T "|DISTRIBUTIONOFRURALPOPULATION *Sºº-js. |:S 337OOOPOPULATION ON LAND OR IN VILLAGES OF 3 Oo # HINE $30N #5, e POPULATION OR LEss U 33 ° | :*: |#e O ! EACH DOT (6) NDicATEs (OOO popularlon *-*. iží |-s i * = *== winds are Northwesterly in the valley and Southwesterly on both mountain slopes. - Rogue River Valley. In the most Southerly portion of Western Oregon and lies between the Cascade range on the East, Umpqua range on the North, Coast range, broken, on the West, and Siskiyou range, which divides Oregon from California, on the South. It comprises an approximate area of 2,300 square miles and includes several smaller tributary valleys. The main artery of drainage is the Rogue river, which rises on #. West slope of the Cascades and flows westward through the Coast mountains into the Pacific ocean. The lesser valleys, which bear the names of the streams which traverse them, are the Antelope, Applegate, Bi and Little Buttes, Šiš. Valley an others, all of which are narrow but fer- tile and are lined for many miles with farms and farm lands. The soils of the valleys are of alluvial, disintegrated lava and granite formations, black and deep, ranging in depth from 10 inches to several feet, rich in all of the essen- tial chemical qualities for the production of deciduous fruits, vegetables and all agricultural crops. The red soils of the hills, which are covered with a heavy growth of oak timber, are highly pro- ductive, and the decomposed granite soils are especially adapted to grape culture. The surface of the valley is level, gently rolling hills and mountain slopes; the altitudes range between 900 to 2,000 feet in Josephine and 1,100 to 4,000 feet in Jackson counties, with vary- ing temperatures and decreasing precipi- tation accordingly. The average maxi- mum temperature for July is 87 degrees, and the average minimum for the same month is 50 degrees; average maximum for January is 46 degrees and the average minimum is 30 degrees. Annual rainfall is 32 inches at Grants Pass, 28 inches at Medford, 22 inches at Central Point and 20 inches at Ashland. Snowfall averages vary from 4.8 inches at Grants Pass to 22.5 inches at Ashland, and the number of rainy days per year at Ashland is 103 and 106 at Grants Pass. Only 8% of the rainfall occurs in June, July, August and September, hence the dry season is longer and there is more sunshine than in the Willamette Valley or the coast (Continued on Page 12) CLASSIFICATION OF ALL LANDS IN OREGON BY COUNTIES. (In Acres.) LANDS NOT DEEDED OR PATENTED. LANDS IN PRIVATE OWNERSHIP. COUNTY *National findian IForest |Public š. Total. Giº Improved Lands. Not, Bºia Tºº! Parks. Reserves. | Reserves. Lands. Lands. Towns. Cultivated. Uncultiv’d. Improved. Lands. Acres. Baker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456,665 741,013 - 19,840 1,217,518 3,181 96,998 40,761 599,942 740,882 1,958,400 Benton. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 6,472 200 7,312 1,920 65,504 26,059 339,525 433,008 440,320 Clackamas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567,650 8,389 |. . . . . . . . . . 576,039 5,340 92,439 10,932 508,210 616,921 1,192,960 latsop ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,259 . . . . . . . . . . 6,259 5,450 5,359 7,371 501,001 519, 181 525,440 Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 l. . . . . . . . . . 40 3,200 11,285 4,827 404,328 423,640 423,680 Coos, • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * c s s e s • * * * * * 121,653 23,819 120 145,592 6,060 16,702 68,769 804,797 896,328 1,041,920 Crook... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,362 1,215,635 1,502,061 40,200 2,966,238 1,950 70,986 67,358 1,871,388 2,011,682 4,977,920 Curry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667,388 36,204 940 04,552 160 3,394 19,522 231,092 254,168 958,720 Douglas - * * > * * * * * * * - - - 7,680 . . . . . . . . . . . . 933,400 41,532 905 983,517 ||, 3,790 93,400 23,715 2,045,658 2,166,563 3,150,080 illiam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,880 3,520 109,400 h 1,520 242,432 390,342 24,946 659,240 768,640 Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...i..... . . . . . . . 1,447,649 466,415 21,840 1,935,904 1,740 33,172 19,873 902,111 956,896 2,892,800 Harney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435,797 4,309,873 145,280 4,890,950 560 345,946 591,571 528,093 1,466,170 6,357,120 Hood River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,860 840 . . . . . . . . . . 193,700 640 22,180 66,852 64,148 153,820 347,520 Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . ... • * * | * > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464,817 53,436 400 518,653 4,740 103,511 183,933 1,004,203 1,296,387 1,815,040 Josephine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418,173 55,725 260 474,158 1,920 19,476 11,493 613,593 646,482 1,120,640 Klamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,680 951,231 1,029,584 862,193 9,220 3,005,908 720 88,789 87,875 656,068 833,452 3,839,360 Lake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,945 1,163,800 2,581,450 94,240 3,907,435 640 171,278 230,277 759,170 1,161,365 5,068,800 Lane * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - I e º e a e º e s - - - - 1,386,107 20,028 120 1,406,255 4,880 117,963 41,164 1,381,418 1,545,425 2,951,680 Lincoln * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * a e s e º a a º e º s e e s - a - w 124, 143 57,502 360 182,005 620 6,506 8,732 447,257 463,115 645,120 1D.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421,508 19,037 |. . . . . . . . . . 440,545 4,120 189,058 46,975 754,822 994,975 1,435,520 Malheur • - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - 599 5,300,958 175,520 5,477,077 1,760 114,858 561,616 169,809 848,043 6,325,120 Marion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198,044 40 l. . . . . . . . . . 198,084 9,100 187,358 23,729 345,889 566,076 4,160 Morrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,207 80,240 1,960 200,407 1,920 253,731 630,258 209,684 1,095,593 1,296,000 Multnomah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...l............ 25,755 2,360 | . . . . . . . . . . 28, 115 34,740 36,001 50,261 139,523 260,525 ,640 olk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 & 9 e º 'º e - 11,520 451 | . . . . . . . . . . 11,971 2,880 137,162 123,205 178,542 441,789 453,760 Sherman: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 57,320 1,400 58,720 1,170 269,478 39,882 165,790 476,320 535,040 Tillamook • * * * * * * * * * * * r * * * * s s s e e o i e g º e s = • * * * * * 81,774 29,976 160 111,910 800 14,043 30,460 562,787 608,090 720,000 Umatilla - - - e. e. e s = a + - - - 2,680 156,774 435,375 115,960 4,360 715, 149 4,880 663,662 466,348 180,681 1,315,571 2,030,720 Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489,885 58,960 5,120 553,965 4,167 160,645 161,733 455,170 781,715 1,335,680 Wallowa.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,128,816 172,000 3,320 1,304,136 1,680 73,767 22,282 610,935 708,664 2,012,800 Wasco • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *, * * * * * 254,442 199,070 235,015 3,560 692,087 1,740 141,020 30,031 634,642 807,433 1,499,520 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 . . . . . . . . . . 360 1,970 101,177 6,742 357,591 467,480 467,840 Wheeler - - - - e º is e g tº . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163,724 297,080 8,160 468,964 1,050 21,707 31,689 567,150 621,596 1,090,560 Yamhill.... ....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is s a e s - e. ,151 , -º- p * v- w i s • * * * * * * * * , 12,438 4,540 121,117 15,346 303,519 444,522 Total... . . . . . . . . . . 164,040 1,638,754 13,908,389 17,253,175 541,005 || 33,505,523 125,548 4,092,104 4,141,983 19,323,482 27,683,117 iſ 61,188,480 See Notes to this Table on Page 11 2. •c = OREGON ALMA NAC. x 11 OREGON'S LAND AREA; HOW DIVIDED ’9.323,4-82. º Public lands, open to entry, 17,253,175 acres. Area of incorporated cities and towns, 125,548 acres. Indian reserves, 1,638,754 acres. Government lands in forest reserves, 13,908,389 acres. State school lands, 541,005 acres. Unimprooved lands, deeded; two-thirds timbered, 19,323,482 acres. Uncultivated lands in farms, 4,141,983 acres. Cultivated lands in farms, 4,092,104 acres. National park area, 164,040 acres. Total land area, 61,188,480 acres. (Notes to table on page 10.) *Only one National Park in Oregon, the Crater Lake National Park, all of which, except one-third of a township in Douglas County, is situated in Klamath County; There is a Game and Bird Pre- Serve in Umatilla County, approximating 2,680 3.CIeS. t *Area within Indian Reserves obtained from rec- ords of Department of the Interior, April 8, 1912, and includes 422,937 acres alſotted in severalty to Indians. Net area public lands within reserves 1,215,817 acres. Includes land and water area. #For detailed classification of Forest Reserves by reserves and counties, and timber contents within reserves, see tabulated statement pages 50, 53 and 54. |For classification of Public Lands, as to character. etc., see page 15. 12 OREGON ALMA NAC. WESTERN OREGON. Continued from page 9. counties. The growing season is from 150 days to 200 days, and averages 170 to 180 days. Umpqua Valley. Is contained wholly within Douglas County and is enclosed by the Cascade, Coast and Calapooia mountains. It embraces an aggregate area of about 3,000 square miles of excellent fruit and agricultural lands, and like the other large valleys of Western Oregon, many rich but lesser valleys, which extend back into the creek canyons and conform to the mountain slopes, contribute to the wealth and expanse of the valley proper. Among the subsidiary valleys is the Sutherlin Valley, with an area of about 25 square miles and drained by the Calapooia river, which also furnishes water for irrigation purposes and power facilities. The soils of the valley bot- toms are alluvial in character, contain- ing all of the essential elements that are found in other Western Oregon valleys, and are adapted to almost every phase EASTERN HAT portion of the state lying East of the Cascade mountains —aggregating an area of about 60,000 square miles and consisting of vast level and rolling plains (formerly lake beds) which contain many lakes (some of which have no surface out- let), high tablelands, valleys, rivers and mountains—commonly known as Central Oregon or the Plateau region, and the valley, rolling and mountain- ous section, with a gradual slope toward and tributary to the Columbia and Snake rivers, is known as the Eastern Oregon region. There is a wide dis- similarity between the climatic and other conditions of this section of the state and those of Western Oregon; the climate of the latter is of a marine and semi-marine character, while that of Eastern Oregon is of a continental nature. The chief characteristics of the Eastern Oregon climate are a scanty rainfall, widé range in temperatures, low absolute humidity, rapid evaporation and an abundance of sunshine. While the amount of precipitation does not vary to a great extent in this section, there is a vast difference in the range of of agricultural and horticultural devel- opment. The soils of the foothills and mountain slopes, which are covered with a heavy growth of timber, mostly oak, are of a red clayish loam in character and highly productive. Temperature and precipitation, the former increasing and the latter decreasing, are governed by the altitude which graduates from 300 feet in the bottom of the valley to 5,000 feet at the summit of the Cascades. The average maximum temperature for July is 80 degrees and the average mini- mum for the same month is 52 degrees; the average maximum for January is 47 degrees and the average minimum for the same month is 35 degrees. Annual precipitation ranges between 20 inches at Sutherlin, in the lower valley, where irrigation is practiced to a great extent, and 40 inches or more on the mountain slopes. Average annual snowfall two inches; length of growing season is from 152 days at Drain to 198 days at Rose- burg. Prveailing wind direction North west; average wind velocity four miles per hour at Roseburg. OREGON. temperatures, and other conditions which have to do with agriculture, etc., and, for that reason, a more comprehensive description can be given by treating these sub-divisions separately. Central Oregon Region. The great level plains and rolling up- lands of this section comprise about one- half the area of Eastern Oregon and contain some wonderfully productive valleys (formerly lake beds) and table- lands. Annual precipitation throughout this section is light and is not sufficient to mature crops without irrigation or dry-farming methods, the latter being applied very successfully and extensively. The soils of the immense tillable areas are composed of disintegrated lava, underlaid with porous lava and basalt and supplemented by sedimentary soils carrying all of the necessary chemical elements in abundance and highly pro- ductive. The uplands are of the decom- posed basaltic and lava types of soils. The Deschutes Valley is the principal valley in the North of this region. It embraces an area of over 8,000 square miles, is triangular in shape and extends OREGON ALM.A.N.A.C. 13 from Northern Rlamath northward into Central Wasco County. The Deschutes river, which, with its two principal tributaries, the Crooked and Metolius rivers, drains this great valley or basin, flows North into the Columbia river. All of that region to the South and South- east of the Deschutes country is composed of high and rolling tablelands and val- leys, rivers and lakes, and is known as the Great Basin of Oregon. It embraces an aggregate tillable area of about 16,000 square miles, including the Mal- heur Walley, traversed and drained by the Malheur and Owyhee rivers; Harney Valley, drained by the Silvies river and the Donner-and-Blitzen rivers and their numerous small tributaries, which empty into Malheur and Harney lakes; Warner and Goose Lake Valleys, in Lake County, which contain Warner, Summer, Silver, Goose, Christmas and Albert lakes, all alkaline in character, except Silver lake, but valuable for irrigation and power purposes, and the Klamath Basin, which covers an area of about 1,500 square miles and is drained and supplied with water by the Sprague, Williamson, Lost, Link, Lescardo and Klamath rivers, and the Upper, Lower and Little Klamath lakes. Irrigation is in a high state of development in this region and many large projects are in operation and in course of construction. Decomposed lava, granite and basalt form the basic elements of the soil of this section, strengthened by rich sandy, volcanic ash and silt loams which are very fertile. Annual rainfall in the Central Oregon region varies from nine to 13 inches, with an average of 12 inches, in the Northern and Eastern parts, to 17 and 22 inches in the higher altitudes of the Southern portion. Snowfall averages about 38 inches over the dis- trict with the least, 19 inches, in the Upper Deschutes Valley and the great- est, 40 inches or more, in the high Southern altitudes. The average maxi- mum temperature for the district for July is 86 degrees, and the average mini- mum for the same month is 44 degrees; the average maximum for January is 40 degrees and the average minimum is 17 degrees. Length of growing season varies between 62 days at Burns; 122 and 130 days, respectively, for Paisley and Warmspring. There are some local- OREGON COUNTIES COMPARED WITH EASTERN STATES. 4. Land Area Land Area County. Square Miles. State. Square Miles. Harney. . . . . is a g º e º e s e a e º s a e 9,933 Maryland... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,941 Malheur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,883 Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,124 Lake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,920 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,039 Crook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,778 New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,514 Klamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,999 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,820 Douglas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,965 4,922 y Uncultivated but tillable lands in Oregon Counties as compared with cultivated lands in states, as reported in United States Census Bulletin: ‘..) Acres. Acres. Harney County." . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,299,514 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,354,767 Malheur County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,633,487 Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,360,657 Crook County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,428,218 New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,803,336 Lake County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,423,836 Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,633,965 Douglas County. . . . . . . 1,091,699 Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,368,211 The tillable farm land in Oregon, 19,452,129 acres, that has never felt the touch of the plow, is equal in area to all the cultivated acreage in Ohio (19,227,969 acres). Unappropriated lands in Oregon, open to homestead entry, 17,253,195 acres, is equal in area to one-half the state of Indiana, and larger than all improved lands in Indiana (16,931,252 acres). Oregon lands under cultivation: 4,092,104 acres L_ Tillable lands not under cultivation: 19,452,129 acres Arable land in Oregon, not yet under cultivation (19,452,129 acres), is nearly twice the area of the entire acreage planted to wheat in all Canada (10,374,000 acres. —U. S. Department of Agriculture, Year Book 1911). * The total area of Oregon, 61,188,480 acres, is greater than all the acreage planted to wheat in the entire United States, 49,543,000 acres. (U. S. Department of Agri- culture, Year Book 1911.) 14 OREGON ALMANAC. EASTERN OREGON. (Continued from page 13.) - ities in which frosts are probable any month in the year, but they seldom occur during June, July and August. Number of rainy days during the year is fewer than 100 throughout the region, which permits of an abundance of sun- shine for the rapid maturity of crops. The small mountain ranges in this re- gion, some of the peaks of which rise to elevations of 5,000 feet or more above the level of the valleys, and the East slope of the Cascades are covered with a heavy growth of merchantable timber. Eastern Oregon Region. East and North of the great plateau region the general trend of the streams is northward and eastward and they empty into the Columbia and Snake rivers, respectively. This region is mountainous in places but is principally rolling hills, high tablelands and narrow valleys, as a rule. They are all highly productive and are all drained by the streams whose names they bear. The streams of this region furnish an abund- ance of water for irrigation and power purposes and are utilized to a great extent for the former, while the power possibilities have scarcely been touched. The principal valleys tributary to the Columbia river are the Columbia River Valley, approximating an area of 2,000 square miles; Hood River Valley, about 82 square miles; Three Mile, Eight Mile, Mill Creek and Dufur valleys, in Wasco County, aggregating about 800 square miles; Love's Valley, Sherman County, about 300 square miles, and the Walla Walla, Hermiston and Umatilla valleys, in Umatilla County, aggregating about 900 square miles. In the interior are the Powder River, Eagle, Pine, Sumpter, Grande Ronde, Wallowa, Imnaha and John Day valleys. The largest of these are the Powder River Valley, including its principal auxiliaries; the Eagle, Pine and Sumpter valleys, which approximate an area of 800 square miles; Grande Ronde, Union County, 600 square miles; Wallowa and Imnaha valleys, Wallowa County, 300 square miles; John Day Valley, Grant County, about 400 square miles. The soils throughout this region are of basaltic origin; they are a deep rich, mixed sand, gravel and clay loams; volcanic ash and silt are found in the valleys and along the streams, and all are wonderfully fertile and lasting. The soil of the foothills and on the slopes of the Cascades is of a reddish alluvial clay especially adapted to fruit culture. Because the amount of precipitation is deficient in some parts of this region— annual rainfall varies between nine and 18 inches, increasing with altitude from the Columbia river. Hood River has 36 inches—irrigation is practiced to secure. the best results in agriculture. But crops are produced successfully in some localities without irrigation, while in others, dry-farming methods yield pro- fitable returns. Temperature and pre- cipitation in this region are very largely governed by topography and local en- vironment. Annual snowfall ranges, according to elevation, between 2.4 inches, the least, at Hermiston, to 58 inches, the greatest, at Baker, and 35 inches at The Dalles. Altitudes increase inland from the Columbia river, ranging from 100 to 240 feet along the Columbia, to over 4,000 feet in the Blue Mountain region, the most prominent range of mountains in the section. The abundance of sunshine in this section is of incal- culable benefit in promoting early maturity of fruits and vegetables, and a secondary maximum of precipitation in May and June in the Blue Mountain district is of great importance to the early growth of vegetation. The average maximum temperature for July in this region is 83 degrees, and the average minimum for the same month is 50 degrees; average maximum temperature for January is 36.5 degrees and the aver- age minimum is 22 degrees. The length of growing season ranges between 140 days at Canyon City, 200 days at Her- miston and 209 days at The Dalles. Foothills and mountain slopes covered with dense growth of merchantable tim- ber, the heaviest growths being in the Northeast portion. NOTE–For detailed descriptions of Counties and Communities, see pages 72 to 138. Note to Table on Page 15. A township diagram, showing only entered lands in any township, may be procured by sending $1.00 to the Register or Receiver of the Land Office for that district. The diagram required should be specified by township and range number. All vacant unappropriated public lands, non-mineral and non- saline in character, are subject to entry under the homestead laws. For table showing distribution of public lands according to land districts and also according to counties see page 16 PUBLIC LANDS IN OREGON. Government Lands, Unappropriated and Unreserved, Classified as to Character (In Acres). | Farming Grazing Mountainous, Carey Act COUNTY. Total. Lands Lands Timbered, Surveyed. Unsurveyed. Segregations (Tillable). º |Mineral, etc. - D §:à * illable). i. eeded). Baker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741,013 89,793 199,634 451,586 672,479 25,500 43,034 Benton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,472 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,231 ,241 ,032 440 l. . . . . . . . . . . . Clackamas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 8,389 839 3,356 4,194 8,389 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . latsop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,259 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,252 5,007 1,339 4,920 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .º 23,819 || . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,764 19,055 16,899 6,920 ! . . . . . . . . . . . . Crook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,502,061 282,793 494,724 724,544 1,212,073 60,020 229,948 Curry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,224 ||... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,224 34,984 1,240 ſ. . . . . . . . . . . . Douglas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,532 8,306 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,226 27,072 14,460 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilliam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,880 31,764 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,116 104,120 1,760 | . . . . . . . . . . . . C Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466,415 69,962 197,321 199,132 463,375 3,040 | . . . . . . . . . . . . § Harney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,309,873 2,506,605 1,607,604 195,664 2,984,551 1,325,322 | . . . . . . . . . . . . *S Hood River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,436 5,344 10,687 37,405 50,556 2,880 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Josephine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,725 27,862 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,863 30,337 25,388 |. . . . . . . . . . . . Klamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862, 193 258,478 430,796 172,919 723,641 123,473 15,079 s ake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,581,450 774,435 774,435 1,032,580 1,122,483 446,930 12,037 * Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,028 ,003 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,025 20,028 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S- Lincoln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,502 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,412 45,090 15,986 41,516 . . . . . . . . . . . . H- Linn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,037 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,029 14,008 2,037 17,000 | . . . . . . . . . . . . * Malheur... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,300,958 1,955,335 3,180,575 165,048 3,419,918 1,881,040 . . . . . . . . . . . . = arion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 40 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... - Morrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,240 12,224 23,696 44,320 80,240 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multnomah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,360 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,360 2,360 ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . olk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 361 451 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sherman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,320 17,196 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,124 56,680 640 . . . . . . . . . . . . Tillamook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,976 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,995 23,981 29,976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Umatilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,960 5,798 40,586 69,576 115,960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,960 5,896 8,844 44,220 58,960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wallowa * - - - - - - - - - - e s - " - - - - - - - - - - e s a s = e s - - - - - - - - - - e < * * * * * - - - - - 172,000 8,600 77,400 86,000 158,560 13,440 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Wasco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235,015 35,252 35,252 164,511 235,015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * 360 ||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 288 360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wheeler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297,080 60,070 63,340 173,670 297,080 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yamhill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,287 || . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 ,430 1287 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,253,175 6,158,555 7,182,832 3,911,808 12,957,148 3,995,929 300,098 See Note to this Table on Page 14. JU 16 OREGON 4 L)/A W.A. C. PUBLIC LANDS IN OREGON. BY LAND DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES. Unappropriated and Unreserved Government Lands, Classified as to Character. & Mountainous; Land District and County. Total Acres. Farming Grazing Timbered; Lands. Lands. Mineral, Etc. . BURNS DISTRICT – Crook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,075 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,460 17,615 Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183,250 27,487 91,625 64,138 Harney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,913,279 2,347,967 1,369,648 195,664 Wheelor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,080 3,2 6,5 3,270 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,197,684 2,378,724 1,538,273 280,687 LA GRANDE DISTRICT – - t #. aker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427,180 42,718 42,713% 341,744 Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,680 29,202 68,138 97,340 Morrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,240 5,924 23,696 29,620 Umatilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,960 5,798 40,586 69,576 nion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,960 5,896. ' 8,844 44,220 Wallowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172,000 8,600 77,400 86,000 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,028,020 98, 138 261,382 668,500 LAKEVIEW DISTRICT – rook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471,466 94,289 330,012 47,165 Klamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861,593 258,478 430,796 172,319 Lake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,581,450 774,435 774,435 1,032,580 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,914,509 1,127,202 1,535,243 1,252,064 PORTLAND DISTRICT – Benton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,421 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,421 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clackamas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,389 839 3,356 4,194 Clatsop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,259 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,252 ,007 Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lincoln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,362 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,272 45,090 inn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,760 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,752 14,008 Marion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Multnomah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,360 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,360 Polk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 361 Tillamook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,976 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,995 23,981 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Yamhill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,287 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 3,430 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,705 839 30,107 98,759 ROSEBURG DISTRICT- ſ enton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,051 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 3,241 S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,819 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,764 19,055 Curry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,224 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,224 IDouglas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,532 8,306 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 33,226 Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,436 5,344 10,687 37,405 Josephine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,725 27,862 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,863 Klamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,028 2,003 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,025 Jincoln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,140 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,140 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 ſ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,832 43,515 17,678 175,639 THE DALLES DISTRICT – s rook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942,520 188,504 94,252 659,764 Gilliam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,880 31,764 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,116 Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,920 y 21,960 15,372 Hood River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,000 6,300 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,700 Sherman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,320 17,196 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,124 Wasco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235,015 35,252 35,252 164,511 Wheeler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y 56,800 56,800 170,400 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,690,495 342,404 209,104 1,138,987 VALE DISTRICT – Baker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313,833 47,075 156,916 109,842 Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,565 6,685 15,598 22,282 Harney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396,594 158,638 237,956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malheur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,300,958 1,955,335 3,180,575 165,048 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,055,950 2,167,733 3,591,045 297,172 Grand Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,253,175 6,158,555 7,182,832 3,911,808 See Note to this Table on page 17. - OREGON A LMANAC. 17 | HOW TO ACQUIRE PUBLIC LANDS IN OREGON. *HERE is a total of 17,253,195 Qſ acres of government lands in the state of Oregon which are sub- ject to entry under the Homestead Act. Of this amount 6,158,555 acres, or nearly 30%, are classified as farm- ing lands; 7,182,832 acres are classified as grazing lands, and 3,911,808 acres are classified as mountainous, tim- bered, mineral, etc. Homestead entry may be made upon any of this land under the method of procedure pre- scribed by the United States Homestead Act, which requires actual residence of three years, with five months' leave of absence privilege each year, or the priv- ilege of commuting after a residence of 14 months on the land and payment of $1.25 per acre. The law also provides that a certain percentage of the acreage shall be ...P under actual cultivation annually and sown or seeded to crops of an agricultural character. The amount required to be improved and placed un- der cultivation is not less than one- eighth of the total area of the claim during the third year and until final proof is made. The Enlarged Home- stead Act, which prescribes the method of entry upon public lands classified as semi-arid and non-irrigable, permits homestead entry upon 320 acres under the same privileges and provisions as prescribed under the Three-Year Home- stead Act, with the exception of the com- mutation privilege, which is denied. There are hundreds of thousands of acres of land in Eastern and Central Oregon subject to entry under the En- larged Homestead Act, which, under scientific dry-farming methods, are cap- able of producing good crops of all kinds of grains and the hardier varieties of vegetables, and of yielding good returns upon the investment. The five months' leave of absence priv- ilege is regarded as a great boon to the homestead entrymen, be- cause it enables him, during the period when his homestead cannot be made to produce a living, to seek remunerative employment elsewhere and earn means of subsistence for his family while im- proving his land. It will also enable him to remove from his claim to more comfortable and congenial surroundings during the Winter season. From the date of filing the entryman is allowed six months in which to arrange his busi- ness affairs and take up actual residence upon his homestead, but his required term of residence does not begin to run until he has established actual residence thereupon. Land in Forest Reserves. There are also 13,613,181 acres of government land in National Forest Reserves, some of which is tillable and subject to entry under the Homestead Act, after it has been cleared of its forest growth, and is valuable for agri- cultural purposes. Before land within the forest reserves will be permitted of entry under the Homestead Act until the timber is removed, it must be clearly proven that the land is more valuable for agricultural than forestry purposes, but most of this land is mountainous, rough and rugged, and the percentage of land suitable to agriculture is compara- tively small. A township diagram, showing only en- tered lands in any township, may be pro- cured by sending $1.00 to the Registrar or Receiver of the Land Office for the district in which the land is located. The diagram required should be speci- fied by township and range number. In many counties only a few acres are re- ported as vacant. Neither the General Land Office nor the local land officers may furnish information as to the loca- tion of such tracts, but such information may be obtained from the records from the local land offices, which are open to inspection by prospec- tive homeseekers or their agents. All surveyed vacant unappropriated pub- lic lands are open to entry. Note to Table on Page 16. All vacant unappropriated lands, non-mineral and non-saline in character, are subject to entry under the homestead laws. A Township diagram, showing only entered lands in any Township, can be pro- cured by sending $1 to the Register or Receiver of the Land Office for that, District...The diagram required should be specified * To Rapge number. * * While the figures that are given in the tables may ip and not be absolutely correct, owing to liability of error in a work of such magnitude and to the necessit of , making estimates of unsurveyed lands, it is believed they afford a pretty close approximation of the actual areas. In many counties only a few acres are reported as vacant. Neither the General Land Office nor the local land officers may furnish information, as to the location of such tracts, but such information may be obtained by prospective homeseekers or their agents. Tabulation of Acreage Susceptible of TILLABLE LANDS IN OREGON. Cultivation, in Contrast With Average Acreage Now Cultivated. No Forest Reserve or Indian Reserve Lands Included. PUBLIC LANDS. PRIVATELY OWNED. Total Tillable Acreage COUNTY. Government | Carey Act Unfenced Acreage now now. Under Open to Entry. Irrigable. School Lands. || In Farms. Partly Timber'd Uncultivated. || Cultivation. Baker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,793 43,034 15,872 32,609 251,982 432,390 96,998 Benton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 20,847 137,906 158,913 65,504 Clackamas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,746 180,741 190,326 92,439 Clatsop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,897 300,300 306, 197 5,359 Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,862 187,898 191,760' 11,285 Ceos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 55,015 287,339 342,450 16,702 Crook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282,793 257,111 32,160 53,886 802,268 1,428,218 70,986 Curry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752 15,618 129,328 145,698 3,394 Douglas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,306 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 18,972 1,063,697 1,091,699 93,400 Gilliam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,764 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,816 312,274 7,4 354,338 242,432 Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,962 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,472 15,898 405,663 508,995 33,172 Harney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,506,605 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,224 473,257 203,428 3,299,514 345,946 Hood River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,482 34,244 87,726 22,180 Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 147,146 556,261 709,071 103,511 Josephine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,862 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 9,194 364,078 401,342 19,476 Klamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,478 15,079 7,376 70,300 346,820 698,053 88,789 ke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774,435 12,037 75,392 184,221 377,751 1,423,836 171,278 Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,003 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 32,931 789,329 24,359 117,963 Lincoln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 6,986 246,677 253,951 6,506 inn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - 37,580 346,447 384,027 189,058 Malheur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,955,335 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140,416 449,293 88.443 2,633,487 114,858 Marion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,983 163,767 182,750 187,358 Morrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,224 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,568 504,206 62,905 580,903 253,731 Multnomah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,209 59,856 100,065 36,001 Polk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,564 98,563 197,127 137,162 Sherman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,196 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,120 31,905 49,737 99,958 269,478 Tillamook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 24,369 318,836 343,333 14,043 Umatilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,798 240 3,488 373,078 84,132 466,736 663,662 Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,096 129,386 211,551 350,929 160,645 Wallowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,656 17,826 318,280 347,362 73,767 aSCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,848 24,025 227,893 290,018 141,020 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,394 157,377 162,771 101,177 eeler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,070 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,528 25,351 245,145 337,094 21,707 Yamhill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,277 113,556 125,833 121,117 Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,158,555 327,501 432,804 3,313,587 9,219,682 19,452,129 4,092,104 See summary of this Table on Page 19 *r t Y. sº A. **** 5. OREGON ALMA NAC. 19 OREGON'S FARMING GROWTH IN 40 YEARS AND OREGON'S UNDEVELOPED POSSIBILITIES Tº See opposite page for comparison of Oregon's Cul- tivated and TILLABLE Uncultivated Acreage. SUMMARY OF TABLE ON PAGE 18. 6,158,555 acres of farm land open to homestead entry. In addition, there are 7,182,832 acres of gov- ernment land suitable for grazing or containing tim- ber, including some mineral and mountainous lands. There are also 15,711,183 acres of government land in forest reserves, Indian reserves and national parks, much of it being tillable, but not included in this tabulation. . 327,501 acres of farm land segregated for Carey Act irrigation projects and subject to entry. 432,804 acres of state school lands, suitable for *śs Same can be acquired by purchase. 3,313,587 acres of tillable land now in farms but not under cultivation. Much is in summer fallow, much is in wild fiay, and much is used for pasture in live- stock ranches. This total does not include woodland or hill land suitable only for pasture or otherwise unadapted for tillage. 9,219,682 acres of tillable land, nearly all covered with a valuable heavy timbered growth, though a considerable portion is logged-off and needs only clearing and plowing to bring it under cultivation. These timbered and cut-over lands, among the most fertile and productive of soils in the world, are suit- able for fruit growing, gardening, dairying and all kinds of intensive farming. Cut-over lands may be acquired at a low price. Although the labor of clearing is great, thousands of acres are being sub- dued annually by new settlers, who are very rapidly bringing them under the highest state of cultivation. 19,452,129 acres, total of tillable lands not now under cultivation, in contrast with 4,092,104 acres of land now under cultivation, indicating the present opportunities and future possibilities for agricul- tural development under the favorable conditions of soil and climate in Oregon. 20 OREGON ALMANAC. OREGON's HARVEST FOR 1912 $ 127. OOOOOO See Detailed Tabulation, in Article by President W. J. Kerr, page 16. OREGON'S SOIL SUPERIORITY. Fertility of soil of Oregon as compared with the celebrated rich soils of the Mississippi Valley States, is shown by the following figures taken from the U. S. CéIlSUIS . - • Average Yield of Wheat Per Acre for 10 Years, 1901–1910. (Prepared by Oregon Statistical Bureau.) Oregon 21.9 bushels - Indiana, 15.2 “ - Kansas, 13.7 “ - Minnesota, 13.6 “ - Missouri, 13.5 “ - South Dakota, 12.6 “ - North Dakota, 12.1 “ - Average Yield of Barley Per Acre for 10 Years, 1901-1910. Oregon, 35 bushels ºm Nebraska, 9 “ - South Dakota, 5.9 “ - y- & Kansas, 5 OREGON A LMA N.A (". 21 AGRICULTURE IN OREGON. By W. J. KERR, President Oregon Agricultural College. REGON is a land of agricultural Q9 opportunity. It is estimated that there are over 23,000,000 acres of agricultural land in this state. This land in elevation ranges from sea level to 5,000 feet, thus giving the settler an opportunity for a wide choice in selec- tion. The state is geologically divided by a mountain range into two grand physical divisions, namely, Eastern and Western Oregon. Eastern Oregon is , known for its wheat and livestock pro- duction, and Western Oregon for its general farming and dairying. Then there are sub-divisions known as South- The ern Oregon and the Coast region. former is characterized mainly for its high class fruits and alfalfa, and the latter for its excellent dairying oppor- tunities. - In Eastern Oregon some of the best wheat land on the American continent is found. It is also a great alfalfa and livestock producing section. The live- stock is produced under the most health- ful environment. Two general systems of farming are followed in this section— dry farming and irrigation. There are 686,129 acres of land farmed under irri- gation, which not only give opportunity for a wide range of production, but also practically a sure production. Western Oregon is ideal for the small farm, soil and climate both being hospit- able for all classes of farm crops. It is a section where a total crop failure is unknown, and where seed time and har- vest are practically sure. Farm Demonstration work. Oregon is now making liberal appro- priations for agricultural education and investigations. There are six experi- mental stations maintained by the state, comprising in the aggregate about 1,500 acres of land. These stations are geo- graphically distributed so as to meet practically every condition of agricul- ture found in the state. In addition two demonstration farms are maintained by business interests and much agricultural co-operative work among farmers is con- ducted. The central station issues bulletins and reports from time to time, dealing with all phases of agriculture, and these are sent to the 23,000 addresses which are on the permanent mailing list. The agricultural development of the state is making good progress, as in- dicated by the estimates of crop pro- duction for 1912, given below: Agricultural Crops, 1912. Amount. Value. Wheat. . . . . . . 21,092,274 bu. $15,819,205 Oats. . . . . . . . . 14,744,046 bu. 5,602,737 Barley. . . . . . . 4,439,374 bu. 2,663,624 Clover Seed... 125,000 bu. 1,050,000 Potatoes. . . . . 8,751,685 bu. 3,500,674 Hay. . . . . . . . . 1,374,201 tons 12,367,809 Fruit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,750,000 Vegetables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,250,000 *Hops. . . . . . . 85,000 bales 3,750,000 Miscellaneous Products. . . . . 9,500,000 $66,254,049 *An early estimate. Latest estimate, 115,000 bales; value $4,140,000. Other Agricultural Productions. Amount. Value. Dairy Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,750,000 Poultry and Eggs. . . . . . . . . . . . 7,250,000 Wool . . . . . . . . . 17,500,000 lbs. 2,850,000 Mohair. . . . . . . 1,250,000 lbs. 375,000 Honey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,000 Livestock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,150,000 $60,510,000 66,254,049 $126,764,049 AVERAGE PRODUCTION, YIELD AND PRICE of STAPLE CROPs IN or Egon AND MINNESOTA.” (Figures from United States Year Books—1901–1910, inclusive.) 10–Year 10-Year *:::: Highest Lowest Highest Lowest |Highest Lowest |Highest Lowest *:::: Name of Crop. State. Average Average Yiel Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly | Pric. Acreage. R’roduction. Acreage Acreage. Acreage. Production. Production. Yield. | Yield. | Price Price Bushel. Whéºt { Qregon. . . . . . . 740,003 14,996,172 20.3 814,472 651,000 17, 158,065 12,438,827 23.4 18, 2 .93 .54 .75 s e - - - - e º 'º - - - - Minnesota.... 5,528,140 || 75,140,470 13.5 6,209,506 || 5,119,412 || 94,080,000 || 55,801,591 | 16.8 || 10.9 .96 .60 .78 Oats { Qregon. . . . . . . 285,669 9,029,753 31.6 302,000 279,000 10,886,000 6,510,550 37.8 23, 1 .52 .34 .44 e e s - - - - - e º 'º - - - Minnesota.... 2,351,116 || 74,446,226 || 31.8 2,736,000 2,047,789 1 * ~~ * 59,004,000 39.2 22.0 .43 .24 .31 Barley { Oregon. . . . . . . 61,654 1,998,305 32.4 64,000 39,862 2,556,200 1,753,111 || 42.0 28.7 .66 .49 .57 * - - - - * * * * * * * Minnesota. ... 1,128,894 28,589,501 25.5 1,339,000 840,334 32,500,000 21,680,617 28.6 21.0 .67 .32 .44 Rye { Oregon. . . . . . . 9,926 166,281 15. 6 15,000 9,000 226,000 147,748 | 18.0 13.4 1.00 .66 .85 * s is a 4 tº w = e º 'º e s - a \|Minnesota 97,063 1,825,122 18, 7 120,000 87,572 2,280,000 1,593,810 22.3 17.0 .66 .43 . 55 Co { Oregon. . . . . . . 17,799 445,959 26.1 18,000 16,000 522,000 347,589 30.7 20.8 .80 .57 .69 TD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minnesota. . . . 1,548,224 45,693,369 29.3 1,724,000 | 1,361,120 58,812,000 33,826,559 || 34.8 22.8 .55 .33 .42 Hay (by ton) {}. * - - - - - - 394,606 821,358 2,08 430,000 343,537 922,000 700,815 2, 18 2.0 12.10 7. 16 9.39 ay ( Oy ton) . . . . . . Minnesota. . . . . 892,035 1,457,630 1.64 927,000 841,716 1,622,000 p 1.84 1.0 9. IO 5.36 6.23 Potatoes. (ś * * * - - - - 40,128 4,523,827 108.7 46,000 35,367 7,360,000 3,261,543 | 160.0 87.0 .70 .50 .60 O ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' \|Minnesota. . . . . 143,973 || 12,632,213 || 85.9 165,000 131,782 18,400,000 ,960,960 115.0 61.0 .67 .29 .47 *This table shows the relative place which the individual crops occupy in the two states. The highest and lowest average, single year yield and production are shown in Columns 4-12, inclusive. (Prepared by the Oregon Statistical Bureau.) FENCE POSTS COST LITTLE. Timber is so abundant that fence posts cost little. Even in Central Oregon, where there are vast open prairies, the cost of fence posts is low, as Juniper trees grow in abundance on neighboring hills. They are small, light, soft, easily cut and easily handled, making ideal fence posts. - d CHEAP LUMBER FOR HOMIES. As sawmills are scattered all over the state of Oregon, lumber is cheap. The lumber bill for neat, four-room farm cottages is from $100 to $150. Lumber suitable for sheds and stables may be bought at the mills for $6.00 to $10.00 per thousand feet. § OREGON ALMA N A C. 2. OREGON'S YIELD OF WHEAT, OATS AND BARLEY COMPARED. (U. S. Government Crop Reporter, Aug., Sept., Oct., 1911.) --- YIELD IN BUSHELS PER ACRE, STATE. Wheat. Oats. Barley. Average • Average Average 1911 10-Year. 1911 10-Year. 1911 10-Year. Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 16.0 32.1 33.2 27, 2 24, 7 Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 15, 2 30.0 29.2 26, 5 25.7 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 15, 7 29. 5 31, 2 28.0 28.3 Michigan... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.0 15.5 20.1 31. 3 24 . () 25, 2 Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 18.3 29.8 33. 1 25.5 28.6 Minnesota... . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *10.1 *13.6 22.8 32.1 18, 7 25.5 Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 18.9 25.0 29.9 21 9 25.9 Missouri... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s • * * * * * * 15. 7 13.5 15. 6 24.0 20 0 22.5 North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 8.5 *12.1 25.1 29.4 20 . () 22.8 South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 4.0 *12.6 7. 9 31, 7 5.9 25.7 Nebraska...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 18.7 13.9 27.0 9.0 24. 1 InBaS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 13.7 15.0 24.5 5.0 19.5 United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 14.6 24.8 29.7 20 7 25.0 N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 21.9 34.7 31.6 35. 0 32.4 *Spring Wheat. AGRICULTURAL RANK OF COUNTIES IN OREGON. (Figures from Census, 1910.) | g e COUNTY 3 g § * , # ; . . ; § | * | 3 | # $- C # cº cº P, © C º :- *: -: P+ O gº p3 P+ ;I, ºr. -r O Baker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11 14 | 9 4 5 11 11 1 2 16 Benton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 17 15 10 27 17 18 8 22 26 10 Clackamas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4 31 4 24 16 1 5 14 29 1 Clatsop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 15 29 24 31 29 23 . . . . . . 31 32 17 Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 18 27 20 30 24 13 | . . . . . . 29 30 12 Coos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 12 28 23 25 28 8 . . . . . . . 19 31 8 Crook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 20 16 14 11 2 10 | . . . . . . 8 5 21 Curry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 34 33 27 29 0 39 . . . . . . 32 28 22 Douglas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9 18 11 17 23 12 12 18 17 23 Gilliam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 32 4 30 6 19 34 | . . . . . . 30 15 . . . . . . Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 26 22 17 19 7 27 | . . . . . . 17 11 24 Harney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 31 25 19 10 9 28 . . . . . . 6 12 . . . . . . Hood River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 24 32 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 | . . . . . . 34 18 13 Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5 20 26 16 18 21 13 13 4 14 Josephine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 19 26 29 28 . . . . . . 24 10 28 13 18 Klamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 22 17 15 7 3 17 | . . . . . . 4 6 27 a Ke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 28 24 31 9 11 29 |, . . . . . 5 16 . . . . . . Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 13 8 18 25 5 6 12 24 () Lincoln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 27 30 25 32 26 22 | . . . . . . 27 | . . . . . . 11 Linn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6 7 2 14 20 6 7 10 20 5 Malheur... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 21 21 18 13 6 25 | . . . . . . 2 1 25 Marion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2 6 1 12 10 2 1 11 25 3 Morrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 29 8 32 15 13 33 | . . . . . . 23 8 . . . . . . . Multnomah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1 19 13 26 22 4 . . . . . . 2 19 6 Polk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 16 11 6 23 27 14 2 20 25 7 Sherman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 30 2 21 8 . . . . . . . 31 | . . . . . . 33 21 | . . . . . . Tillamook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 25 34 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . 20 Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 14 3 7 2 4 7 . . . . . . 15 9 19 Umatilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8 1 22 1 15 10 : . . . . . . 3 3 26 Wallowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 23 9 12 3 1 16 | . . . . . . 9 7 15 Wasco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13 5 16 5 21 15 9 21 14 28 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 28 7 12 3 20 14 3 3 7 7 2 Wheeler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 33 23 28 21 8 32 . . . . . . 26 0 . . . . . . Yamhill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 10 10 5 22 12 9 4 16 22 4 24 OREGON A LMAN A.C. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF OREGON. Average T Miles of Miles Bonded COUNTY. a, Il Riº t | Nºigable of Indebted- ... Price. (1) €, River. Railroad. ness. (2) Baker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $36.68 $0.0105 35 189.88 . . . . . . . . . . . . *Benton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39. 48 ,013 59 50.65 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Clackamas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78. 29 ,0175 27 64.04 . . . . . . . . . . . . Clatsop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.09 , 0.264 36 52.17 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. 90 , 0.105 60 63.93 . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 33.41 0.175 * = tº e is a e e g º e e 29. 51 * * * * * * * * * * * * "Crook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 54 .0135 | . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.40 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Curry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. 23 .012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Douglas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 17 .0135 | . . . . . . . . . . . . 151. 10 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilliam ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 86 , 006 30 90.05 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 : 00 ,020 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.35 .013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hood River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340. 03 , 0108 24 42.05 . . . . . . . . . . . . Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90. 60 .01.1 ! . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.65 . . . . . . . . . . . . Josephine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.58 .018 . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . *Klamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 18 ,013 . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.01 . . . . . . . . . . . . Lake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.67 .01175 | . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.00 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.34 , 0.13 26 110.89 |. . . . . . . . . . . . Lincoln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.35 .011 . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.45 * * * * * * * * * * * * "Linn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.34 ,013 55 130, 17 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Malheur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. 32 ,0124 . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.85 . . . . . . . . . . . . Marion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73. 40 , 0147 58 f140. 13 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Morrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. 36 .007 30 64.95 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Multnomah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228. 61 , 0.101 66 f349.84 . . . . . . . . . . . . Polk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.08 , 0.156 30 87.60 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Sherman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. 14 .0075 12 117. 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . Tillamook... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.87 .0174 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.00 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Umatilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.26 , 008 24 243.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33. 49 ,014 30 89.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . Wallowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 20 ,011 10 46.40 l. . . . . . . . . . . . Wasco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22. 19 .016 30 187.35 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97. 16 .0204 19 111.30 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Wheeler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. 12 .015 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *Yamhill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69. 39 ,013 46 58.75 | . . . . . . . . . . . . $35,338 $0.011735 707 || 2,797.87% . . . . . . . . . . . . *Benton, Crook, Klamath, Linn and Yamhill Counties have not reported their respective tax levies to the Tax Commission to date, hence the rate given is based upon estimates of general taxes. Accurate with these exceptions. (1)—Data secured from report of U. S. Census Bureau, Thirteenth U. S. Census. (2)-Very few counties in state have any bonded indebtedness. f0f Marion County's total mileage reported 12.91 miles are in street railway, and of that of Multnomah County, 79.33 miles. f The state has no bonded indebtedness. fNumber of mills tax levied for general expenses of government—State, County and General School and Roads. Average for State. From report of State Engineer (1911) on Mileage navigable streams. Railroad Commission for year 1911. Reports of Railroad Companies to FACTS REGARDING OREGON'S RESOURCES. (From report of Oregon Conservation Commission, 1912.) Oregon streams are capable of supply- ing water to irrigate fully 4,000,000 acres of land. Of the above fully 2,000,000 acres can be irrigated at a cost of $20.00 to $40.00 per acre, and the land now worth $10.00 to $30.00 per acre would be worth from $100.00 to $500.00 per acre, as well as Supporting from six to ten times its present population. Of the total area (686,129 acres) of irrigated land in Oregon, only 3.2% has received water through the United States Reclamation Service, 3.6% through the Carey Act, 11.3% through commer- cial enterprises, and most of the balance has come about through individual or partnership enterprises. Oregon streams now unused are cap- able of producing 3,300,000 electrical horsepower. Steam engines would con- sume 36,000,000 tons of coal annually to produce the amount of power that is now being allowed to go to waste in Oregon's streams. tº The total amount of power used in New York State at the present time does not exceed 1,000,000 horsepower. OREGON A LJ1A N 4 ('. 2 5 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF OREGON. (Figures from U. S. Census, 1910.) All Farms—Number and Average Acreage of; Value and Average Value Farm Prop- erty; Increase in Value 1900–1910, and Average Value of Land Per Acre. Average *f Por Average | Average Number | Acres Value Farm Cent, Value All Value COUNTY. of Farms. Per Property. Increase Property Land Farm. 1900-10. (Per Farm), Per Acre. Baker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,304 228.3 $ 15,232,080.00 x $11,681.00 $36.68 Benton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,098 214.5 11,950,336.00 | 162.8 10,884.00 39. 48 Clackamas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,646 82.6 29,725,795.00 221.3 8,153.00 78.29 Clatsop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 146.9 2,688,077.00 23.4 7,285.00 35.09 Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 112.4 4,666,278.00 104.0 5,740.00 35.90 Coos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,128 179.2 8,829,700.00 176.5 7,828.00 33, 41, forook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,355 421.8 14,134,843.00 182, 7 10,432.00 17. 54 , Curry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 365. 7 2,345,576.00 60.4 8,033.00 16.23 Douglas... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,124 271.9 19,170,380.00 171 . 0 9,026.00 26, 17 Gilliam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 1,005.3 10,721,357.00 300.4 24,818.00 18.86 Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 575.9 7,654,412.00 154.5 9,902.00 10.00 Harney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 1,269.1 11,679,664.00 213.2 26,365.00 12.35 Hood River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 51. 1 14,408, 138.00 # 19,366.00 || 340.03 Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,714 173.4 30,617,669.00 || 475.3 17,863.00 90. 60 Josephine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 142.5 6,301,459.00 314.3 7,370.00 41.58 Klamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 490.6 12,053,776.00 || 504.8 13,017.00 20, 18 Lake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 564. 0 9,031,775.00 164.3 12,685.00 14.67 Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,826 171, 7 23,947,624.00 182. 6 8,474.00 39, 34 Lincoln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.1 164.7 4,038,764,00 355.0 4,203.00 20.35 Linn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,751 168. 1 27,047,815.00 | 151.4 9,832.00 45. 34 Malheur... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 287.4 12,795,304.00 137. 1 15,974.00 35.22 Marion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,490 113.0 36,256,354.00 170.8 10,389.00 73. 40 Morrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 1,097.7 10,962,640.00 194.3 17,854.00 12, 36 Multnomah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,478 58.4 23,227,688.00 175.8 15,716.00 228. 61 Polk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,557 167.2 17,602,029.00 | 159.7 11,305.00 54.08 Sherman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 799.4 11,460,534.00 219, 1 24,593.00 25, 14 Tillamook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 2145.2 7,721,789.00 268.8 11,861.00 65,87 Umatilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,005 523.8 39,876,434.00 || 209.5 19,888.00 31.26 Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,309 302.3 16,999,077.00 xk 12,986.00 33.49 Wallowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,058 335.3 11,319,248.00 307.9 10,699.00 20. 20 Wasco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,331 408.5 15,669,186.00 × 11,772.00 22, 19 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,871 83.7 28,816,033.00 305. 1 10,037.00 97. 16 Wheeler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 1,073.8 5,875,825.00 181. 4 15, 183.00 9. 12 Yamhill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,218 123.7 23,416,123.00 184.9 10,557.00 69. 39 The State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,502 256.8 $528,243,782.00 205.8 $11,609.00 $35.23 *Change of boundary. Hood River County was organized from a part of Wasco County in 1908; part of Union County was annexed to Baker County in 1902. fIn 1900, 484,039 acres of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Crook County, were counted as one farm; they are not so figured in the census of 1910. Thus the statistics for Crook County and for the state as a whole for 1910 are not entirely comparable with those for 1900. The apparent decrease of 24.2 acres in the average size of farms during the decade is due largely to this fact. The actual decrease, omitting the Indian reserva- tion figures, should be 10.7 acres. NO WIND STORMS. Indicative of the mild and equable cli- mate of Oregon are the report and maps of the U. S. Weather Bureau. The aver- age velocity of wind for 1911 was only 4.6 miles per hour at Roseburg, Oregon, the * lowest average velocity reported from any station in the United States. A comparison of the U. S. weather bureau reports on the average velocity of the wind at points east and west is as follows: Miles Station. - per Hour Roseburg, Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Portland, Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 LaGrande, Oregon Walla Walla, Wash. (7 miles from Oregon line) San Francisco, Cal Bismarck, N. D Duluth, Minn Detroit, Mich Boston, Mass Oklahoma City Chicago, Ill Cleveland, Ohio Buffalo, N. Y. * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - © tº e º e º 'º - - - - - - * → * * - e º is e º e º 'º - - - * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7 2 12.0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Cyclones, blizzards and destructive windstorms are unknown in Oregon. 26 OREGON AL}14 NAC. DISTRIBUTION OF BEEF CATTLE PREPARED BY THE DEPARTMENToF ANIMAL HusbANDRY OREGON AGRICULTURALCOLLEGE. | t O ** * t . ſ3}\, e ] tº Utº AT LLA' e #2 "'I e ſº Tº ROW (*Te #'s. ; Jš - 2 O * O #— e .<> O : 9 | • ) U N i Ö 'º. C3 \GILLIXKä. Zº 4S. • O $2:O t— Ye l ź. O \ O * º O --------- - t—-—--~, ...--> º VV ASTS CeCe O - -> * >< * * -----ºf e O C. O 2 O dºs º-º-º-º-º-º-ºº: º, º _j Gº O - *S-R-3/5 O O • WHEELER} , e. e - e. Qes sº." cºsts • ** ... :... .º. < *; ká &/š © 4. *—º——A 5-it-º -—-_*A*3 e” sº e o ſee e4. -( #3 O ***le ... . . ." . " #s P t -- * j㺠s’.”.” ºf si sº ... • * * * *ſsº"es •,• • 3% & e e o e-je e º e o e_ ! ” $f RS O = O O •ee ſº =\# T25. TJEJ.T., T TAT. - Tl O *N* © . O Q ºs NºAIL3; . . .". *, 32° Sºº - O O © . .*. O # * O t tº." jºſ.: - ...º. # * ." . . ." . . . . . ... • * * Lºs "... • £2 O $ *g. º e e o SºCsºo" oººooool • e o : ſº .”. ...[BEEFCATTLE ºsmºcºl is O | O EACH DOT (O) tº O | c.A.T. Es OOO HEAD. : s # - e o " : * >>"No 2 Ce sº esse •] . . . . " " "...]}}__e • "e is * * 3 ** * *;"s's cº-_. DISTRIBUTION OF HORSEs pºstpºſht DEPARTMENTof ANIMAl Husbanony, a JV - OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE : º e •". .4 S, , , e • 2 r O O º O O º \ *| e e ºut 12 tº * watºvº º • * *~~: ... • O p Ovy | * 2- O O O #%. • * º N º O Y- º in e \* * *, *ſ---~~~ S: 'S * - - - --~~~~~s--" */5 Y O O *——-—— — . :: *, * O 2. • e * * * ºut" . . . , 2-3 K F. F */# ! §ſ. © C O t—-- * G R A N T --—,” *śge º i–- O "44 \- ; O e O Q O *: j: R — — — ” ić; ; * * * i O & O Q F---- w - S • • -j •. • . . O .º. O Ç O r tº . * .. Tºmſ, NVIRD, ATIT O f-1 A L H E U R º *PENRA, . . .*** #ºiſſº... .[DREGONº • Pºs Aº ! O ; O e Jºš O 7 ::: • H A R N E Y ºf HH--— #ºd)(G|JESRIVER $3- A N1 AT H © *- - *:::::::::::"; " . " | HORSES:272000 headnosecon || || §stpºne Jackson ºf - • EACH DOT (C) in of cargs IOOO HEAD § 's e." life O | • * , ! e CTTo - ------- —º--- --1–--—--—. l—-- !--—-- — *** -- a--- OREGON ALMANAC. 27 LIVESTOCK IN OREGON. By DR. JAMES WITHYCOMBE, Director U. S. Experiment Station, Oregon Agricultural College. The agriculture of Oregon is charac- terized by its high class farm livestock. Conditions are phenomenally favorable for the production of superior specimens of all classes of domestic animals. The horses of the state are noted for their individual excellence. In Eastern Ofe- gon they are characterized by their great power of endurance and for their sound feet and limbs. The Western Oregon horse is equally noted for his splendid physieal development. Some of the finest types of draft horses are produced here. In fact, draft horses grown in the Willa- mette Valley have outclassed in the show ring some of the best horses brought from England, Scotland, Belgium and France. The cause of this is not difficult to determine, when we consider the climate and range of crop production. Cattle, sheep and hogs also find a most hospitable home in this state. It is not uncommon to find unusual weights for age. This is due to an abundance of nutritious succulent vegetation. The mutton breeds of sheep do remarkably well in Western Oregon, which has a climate and soil very similar to the best sheep districts of England. º of the very best quality are pro- duced. They are mainly grown on alfalfa, clover, rape, etc., and finished for the market on wheat or barley, thus furnishing a very high class packing product. Livestock in Oregon are produced under two general conditions, viz., range and farm. In Eastern Oregon cattle, sheep and horses are produced largely under º: conditions, while in Western Oregon they are grown under strictly farm conditions. The livestock industry in Oregon is rapidly assuming large proportions, as indicated by the esti- mates given of the number and value for 1912, which are as follows: Numbers. Value. Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . 594,000 $19,790,000 Dairy Cows. . . . . . . 192,937 9,646,850 Horses. . . . . . . . . . . . 295,061 36,882,625 Mules. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,460 1,192,500 Sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,052,855 9,237,847 Goats. . . . . . . . . . . . . 254,100 1,016,400 Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . 466,560 4,879,720 NOTE.-Owing to the high prices of cattle and the heavy shipments of the last few years, the lead- ing packing houses and stock authorities admit that, this Fall, there are only from 250,000 to 300,000 beef cattle in Oregon. This does not include calves. The 1911 assessment roll shows 380,968 head of cattle, beef and dairy. Distribution of SWINE PREPAREDBY THE DEPARTMENTOF ANIMALHUSBANDRY *\OREGON AGRicultural College. e = -ss= * * ( ~ O O O ( \ O O Q /* ( * * * O 4. \ \a/ VVA T U tº AT LLA \e •º. O ~’s • *, © •e • Rowl e rº HACKAMA; e s : . . . .T. . --~. 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O £ --- g i #. j/ -> * smºsº º : | * > * | \, . º • º- + | * - t /* > : . § ! §§ <--> $- - - C ~ * | | ſ Vy Nº. N à J) §: sº S§ - §- 2 § O º . *s-sº ". — * * *-* -T siąśs ` - _ ºr * ... • • * . is •º- SA C e C tº C $E. §§ Tl ; º: *º O H-1 w & a 3 e TT | * O O | * * º e " . H • • Owº. Č. s } f º *** ºwl F--——a. O - * (* * - —- * -- * - | C c s Sey ava #4,#. Jºº e NT ºt--|-e-, -º Q e . * e ) | / .* ºvnić, ºn • 3/s • S.J. O'N'` O º, & $32 e ſ ºft * , " a e ) • , woë º ºſ e e .4% © 2-- ~~ O : -O ! O | 9 S. e * - e. § \, O Yvºnn ilv whº | * y e ‘’ t * * * * = ſ | —H----- -T—-----ar-- | - g - ºf o 20 s | - §§ Nºtº } - §§Allāl ŚIſlº. t | Tj >| | Ntz T. ; : <; º [. i } | . Y. SaſsasNaONoo H LNZ 12-J NZ | O S3 (8 O_LOV3 ± SE3 H C - - - - - ! | ſº -*' }{ -> < —r" —.L -* AG G 3 iv 5 1 GN S3 ſt;3 AJV is ti O i É 'S3|839N3ONOO CINV SB18CL t jzº * ****ui -OVA ass=H0 saluawvasol ND) dº ź sº; *.º+. ×l#.3. -§ | : NZ - O ſ) O CE º *==. Y F. §: \,: | g | - ! AS E. N. E. Nº H iTVºiſill, N aga-v ºl H a *:- *H JLN g §J) #.+. Tº: /SS§+:$. ^- & .* ſº (iſ |AI * 꺕 24 Jºr º §: - *_º-§ © N --- § L. . . Tº - sº-: e -ss-sms & sº-º * — s: 3 § smºs º § | " " ... -- ºft vº- g -7 FTL 㺠3– =-ºs- r ſº 1---- *śs | § N Nº. __ N NZ 8- Q - º º º | & sº* * a 3 × v = \, | : .-l; • --N .* º, * O C) S Yy /\/\ º->{ ) º Hºmº fº, º: * 2 ** | \ ... N, 3J's º jºwość § / § ſº. -- * - e *—- 2’ Yº: R’ º,” ºn ºn - & P * ...At E Tº z161,393,799 lyºnlinoisey No.9380Vºinº, --—--—ić----- ‘Abdnvash;4 AHIVO40INRW18vdāqāH1 Ag038wdadd Sºº No.9380 NisalsaSN3GNOO GNvsåldolovyasa=HO'saltſawwab). Sº 'O FAW WITV NO3)3].3HO 8% OREGON ALMA NAC. DAIRY INDUSTRY OF OREGON. By PROF. F. L. KENT, Department of Dairy Husbandry, Oregon Agricultural College. The 1910 census report gives the popu- lation of Oregon as 672,765, and the number of dairy cows as 172,550, or practically one cow for every four in- habitants. This ratio is even lower at the present time because the human population has increased more rapidly than the “cow” population. Comparing cows and population in some of the best known dairy states we find the following: Pop, per State. Population. No. Cows. Cow. Wisconsin... 2,333,860 1,473,505 1.6 Minnesota. . 2,075,708 1,085,388 2.0 OW3 . . . . . . . 2,224,771 1,406,792 1.6 It will be observed that the number of cows in proportion to population is about two and one-third times greater in the three states referred to than in the state of Oregon. This condition of affairs would seem to indicate that there need be no fear of dairy over-production in Oregon in the very near future. Further, the census figures show that the state of Washington on the North has 1,141,900 º and 186,233 cows, or one cow to about every six people, and California, our Southern neighbor, has 2,377,549 people and 467,332 dairy cows, or practically one cow for every five people. With Oregon alone importing annually nearly 100 carloads of dairy products it does not appear that there can be any question as to the demand for the local product on the Pacific Coast. The Oregon market for dairy prod- ucts is one of the highest in the United States. Butter prices in Portland range from 3 to 6 cents higher than butter #. in Chicago, New York and other Eastern markets. The Portland price is also usually somewhat in advance of the San Francisco market. The state is well supplied with creameries, cheese factories and condensing establishments, so that the milk producer has little trouble in finding a ready sale for his product. Practically all milk and cream sold to factories of the various. classes is sold on a butter-fat basis. Cheese factories and condensing estab- lishments are able to pay a higher price for the fat than the creameries are, but there is a question in the minds of most milk producers as to whether the higher price compensates for the loss of the skim milk for feeding purposes. Prices paid for butter fat by one of the largest creameries in Western Oregon are shown in the following table: Butter Fat Prices. Month. 1909. 1910. 1911. January. . . . . . . . . . . . $0.37 $0. $0.40 February. . . . . . . . . . .34; .40 .35% March. . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 .38 .32 April. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 28 .32; .27% May. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26% .28 .24 June. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26% .29 .23% July. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28% .30; .26 August. . . . . . . . . . . . .31% .34% .27 September. . . . . . . . . .35% .36 .30 October. . . . . . . . . . . .36 .37 .32 November . . . . . . . . . .36 .37% 35% December. . . . . . . . . .40 .40 * , 36 Average. . . . . . . . . .33 .35% .30% *Prices for 1912 (up to November 1st) have averaged considerably higher than during 1911. The sale of surplus stock is an import- ant source of income for the Oregon dairy farmer at the present time. The farmer, in the Eastern portion of the (Continued on Page 31) HIGH PRICES FOR BUTTER. Compare prices received by Oregon farmers with prices received by farmers in other dairy states. (U. S. Department of Agriculture, Year Book 1911.) State. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 35 34 34 30 28 26 28 31 31 32 34 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 22 21 22 21 19 20 22 23 23 25 27 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . 25 19 17 17 16 16 16 18 19 20 23 25 New York. . . . . . . . . . . 32 29 26 26 24 24 24 26 28 28 31 33 Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 22 21 21 20 19 19 22 23 24 25 28 Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 21 21 21 21 18 18 20 22 23 24 27 Average in U. S. . . . 28 24 23 23 21 20 20 22 23 24 25 27 Cost of production is less in Oregon, owing to mild climate and abundance of green feed. OREGON ALMANAC. 30 In Eastern and Central Oregon the rainfall is about the same as in Colorado, WIDE WARIATION OF RAINFALL. Texas and the Coast counties of Southern California. (Denver, 13.7; Salt Lake City, 15.8). Montana, Utah, Western , the precipita- ame as in the Atlantic In the thickly populated interior val- leys of Western Oregon tion is about the s and Central states (New York, 44.8; Chicago, 33.4; Des Moines, 32.4). |||}||# H O B și Ti V vºj ! /， 6Z 6 | ap/sr.w3A/ …__… • →----* * _ya yegº § O’8`/ p—~. - → 6.Zº ------ - -<---- «»O 1 ÎN ††}} Y (№o！！! } \ •«oweve. U fºr 9 9/ } ` , O 9 N \， H_1 38OĻN S3 H3ON | O Z N\/H_1SSET! TTVANIwH TwnNN\/ øyeff Jřힺš| 3. ”*, = ====~~~=== ∞ ===============> • •======== №. ！！ =）==--- → ^^Oeigºſ į šº/ 6 º/ ~ ~^ ~^ ^N SO`JOO3（ſ）} {\\^3\-][^{} \BEH_1\/3 ^^ ^S^{T} SHV3AN N31 | 30 SOO183d 9N!！!3^OO^3 1\/ IS 3H14O T\/\'{2^2}S BHAL NI TIT\/.JN |\?\} T}\/[^NN\/ 39\/83/\\/ 9NI NAOHS ºsºw3,\ 30 dold3d :NOIIVLld1038d39w&B/W/TwLOL OREGON ALMAN-4 ('. 31 .}.. |* '. ->-- .‘, 3. { i (Continued from page 29) state, being unable to get sufficient stock in the Western portion to supply the needs of a rapidly developing dairy section, are sending representatives into Wisconsin, Illinois and Iowa to secure foundation stock. Such Oregon dairy- men as have stock for sale are receiving most satisfactory prices. The statement is sometimes made that the higher prices of feed stuffs in Oregon in a large measure offsets the gain due to the higher price at which dairy products are sold, when com- parison is made with Middle West con- ditions. While it is true that some of the concentrated feed stuffs are higher, a lower value should be assigned to hay, oppoRTUNITIEs For While the dairying industry of Ore- gon is already one of its most important industries and yields a substantial revenue annually, it may be said that it is still in its infancy. When the pe- culiarly ideal conditions of soil and climate found in Oregon are taken into consideration, particularly in that part of the state lying West of the Cascade mountains, its future greatness is un- questioned. The statements of the remarkable possibilities for the dairy industry of Oregon may seem overdrawn to those not acquainted with conditions here, but they have been verified by some of the highest authorities of the łºś. dairy- ing countries—England, Germany, Hol- land, Denmark and Switzerland. They have given it as their unbiased opinions, that within the confines of the Willam- ette Valley and the Pacific Coast regions of Oregon there are greater possibilities for the dairying industry than are offered in any other section of the country or in any foreign land. For low rates of sustenance of dairy stock, computed upon the head basis; in productivity of soil, and in ideal cli- matic conditions, which permit of the cheap housing of the animals during the “Winter” season and provide green feed the year round, the Western Oregon coun- try may justly be termed the “Dairy Heaven of the World.” In the irrigated Sections of Central and Eastern Oregon, the conditions are also first class for the development of the dairy industry, and it is only a question of a short time when the vast semi-arid region East of the roots, and other coarse fodder, and the mild climate, particularly in the Western portion of the state, permits of a longer growing season—in fact, the growing of certain crops, kale, for instance, through- out the Winter. The importance of dairying in connection with fruit grow- ing is just beginning to be realized. Particularly is this true in the case of the small fruits. On most soils suited to small fruit production, fertilization soon becomes necessary, and stable manure is well suited to this use. One prominent small fruit grower says that the fertilizer produced by his cows fully pays for the feed and care of the animals so that the value of the dairy product may be regarded as all profit. DAIRYING IN OREGON. Cascades will be an important factor in the dairy industry. The truth of these statements is borne out by the scientific and practical tests that have been made. “Adelaide of Beechlands,” a registered Jersey, the property of W. M. Ladd, of Portland, in competition with other cows of the finest dairy breeds of the world, at the con- clusion of a test on November 24, 1908, won the world's championship with a record of a net return, over feed cost, of $267.98 for a period of one year. Her nearest competitor, an Illinois product, earned for the same period, $205.15. The difference in favor of the Oregon cow as against the Middle Western cow, is the much greater when it is understood that the cost of concentrated feeds— bran, shorts, and oil cake meal—was $62.83 per year per head greater in Ore- gon at that time than it was in Illinois. This greater cost of concentrates is more than offset by the mild and equable climate of Oregon, particularly in the Coast region and the Willamette Valley. It permits of almost perpetual green pasturage for the stock. The absence of severe wind storms and other elemental disturbances also make unnecessary the construction of expensive storm shelters for the tender-skinned and highly sen- sitive dairy cow. Foremost among the most favored breeds of dairy cattle in Oregon are the Jersey, Guernsey, Hol- stein and Ayrshire, in the order men- tioned. The conditions of soil and climate favor the production of abundant crops of grains, hay and the root vegetables, in 32 OREGON ALMANAC. varieties which provide a supply of green feeds throughout the year. The crop of most importance to the dairy industry, however, both from the standpoint of economy as well as milk and butter-fat roducing qualities, is the “thousand- #. It is naturally adapted to Western Oregon conditions, and provides an excellent green, succulent and nutri- tious food for the dairy cow the year round. The yield is 25 tons and higher to the acre. With an abundance of kale in the field the Western Oregon farmer is independent of the silo. ! While not indispensable, the silo is of great value, if the herd be large. For filling the silo, corn is used, with vetch or clover as substitutes. All of the roots do well, especially in the bottom lands of the Coast counties, where they make unusual growth. They include turnips, rutabagas, beets and mangles, and are of value as a supplemental food. Of the concentrates, bran, shorts and oats are fed, although the cow will do with rather less grain than in the East. In the spring the herd is turned into pasture—either of native grass, or, preferably, clover. POULTRY INDUSTRY OF OREGON. By PROFESSOR JAMES DRYDEN, Department of Poultry Husbandry, Oregon Agricultural College. No one need fear embarking in the business of raising poultry in Oregon. There will always be a good market for poultry and eggs in the coast cities. The coast cities are growing faster than cities in the interior and there will always be a larger proportion of consumers to total population in the coast states than in the middle states, where the great bulk of the people are producers. The prices of poultry products in Oregon are about on the same level as those of New York and Boston. On this date (October 18, 1912) eggs are retailing in Portland at 50 cents a dozen. The lowest price during the year was about 25 cents in Portland for fresh eggs. During the year 1911 over 200 carloads of eggs and a considerable quantity of poultry were shipped into Oregon from the Middle West states. The value of poultry and eggs produced in Oregon this year amounts to about $7,250,000. That amount could easily be doubled without seriously, if at all, affecting the prices, because there are markets to the north and south of Oregon that would take any surplus supply. The Willamette Valley is now shipping con- siderable quantities of eggs to Seattle and the North, and this trade is bound to grow. - The prices of poultry foods are low in Oregon. Wheat is now selling in different sections at from 60 to 80 cents per bushel, and oats at from 35 to 40 cents. The poultry districts of Cali- fornia are drawing upon the great wheat fields of Eastern Oregon for their feed. Oregon could manufacture that wheat into eggs just as well as California. This state should be, and no doubt in a few years will be, the great poultry producing section of the coast. The markets are good, the climate is favorable and foods are cheap. HIGH PRICES FOR, EGGS. Compare the prices received for eggs by Oregon farmers with prices received by farmers in other poultry states. State. Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 36 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . 26 19 14 13 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 21 15 14 Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 21 14 13 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 19 16 15 Texas. . . . . . … . . . . . . . 25 20 14 13 Average in U. S. ... 30 22 17 15 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec 27 23 21 22 22 25 28 28 32 (U. S. Department of Agriculture, Year Book 1911). 12 12 11 12 14 16 20 26 14 14 13 14 15 18 22 28 12 14 17 20 25 15 15 15 16 18 20 23 27 12 12 12 12 14, 17 18 22 gºsºsº. ºsmºs ºse 15 15 14 16 17 20 24 29 Cost of production in Western Oregon is about the same as in Southern states, as the climate is mild; in Eastern Oregon the cost of production is less, owing to almost perpetual sunshine and dry, mil climate. OREGON ALMA NAC. 33 If anything were needed to prove that conditions are favorable in Oregon to the poultry industry it would be found in the egg records that have been made by laying fowls at the Oregon Experiment Station at Corvallis. During 1912, egg records were secured that exceeded those made in any other state, in the Union so far as authentic records are concerned. BEE CULTURE IN OREGON. By PROFESSOR H. F. WILSON, Department of Entomology, Oregon Agricultural College. Bee culture in Oregon is in its infancy, yet it adds each year several hundred thousand dollars to the total produced by the agricultural industries of the state. For the money invested there is probably no agricultural pursuit which will bring greater returns than does bee keeping, when carried on in a scien- tific manner. . - In sections where alfalfa is grown in great abundance bee keepers find little trouble in securing large crops of honey; especially is this true in sections east of the Cascade mountains and in the Rogue River Valley. There is not very much honey produced in the Willamette Valley and along the coast on account of the great lack of nectar producing plants. However, along the hills of the Coast range, there is a flower known as the Fire Weed, which, when found growing over large areas, offers ideal conditions for the honey producer, and the honey secured is superior to that secured from all other sources. During the season of 1911 17 carloads of honey were shipped from Ontario, and in 1912 this amount will probably be increased to 20 or 25 cars. The sage, which is the great honey plant of California, produces practically no honey in Oregon. SHEEP AND WOOL. Ranking well up among the important industries of Oregon, and one that has flourished for a number of years is the sheep and wool industry, in which Ore- gon ranked seventh among the states of the Union in point of number of sheep of shearing age, April 1, 1911; tied for first place with Wyoming in average weight of fleece (8% pounds); second in point of shrinkage, and seventh in total amount of wool produced, washed and unwashed, in 1911. In point of quality, Oregon wool ranks in the first class of states with a rating of “fine, fine medium and medium.” In 1911 Oregon was credited with a total of 1,800,000 sheep and a total production of 15,300,000 pounds of washed and unwashed wool, valued at $2,466,360. In 1912 Oregon had a total of 2,409,800 sheep; the total clip of the state amounted to 17,500,000 º with a valuation of $2,850,000. he value of the sheep at $4.00 per head, is $9,639,200. Climatic and other condi- tions in Oregon are ideal for fostering the sheep industry, and it is flourishing throughout the state as a whole. The days of the advantages of the unre- Stricted range are numbered in this state, however. With the cutting up of the large land holdings to provide homes for the steady influx of settlers, the many great flocks, too, once so common to Eastern and Central Oregon, are being gradually depleted and the sheep are confined to smaller holdings and graz- ing grounds. The National Forest Re- serves and public lands within the state, however, which aggregate a total of over 31,000,000 acres, will afford grazing facilities for the sheep flocks and cattle herds for many years to come. There are eight woolen mills in operation in the state that consume a large quan- tity of the output of wool, and the high grade products from these mills find a ready market throughout the civilized world. Oregon bred sheep have won international championships in competi- tion with the best stock in the world and Oregon rams are in great demand in Australia, Argentina, South Africa and other foreign countries for breeding purposes. - Goats and Mohair. Fifty years ago Angora goats were introduced in Western Oregon, being raised from pure bred stock imported from Asia Minor. All conditions for the development of an industry were found so peculiarly ideal that it has flourished and broadened until now there is scarcely a county in the state of Oregon where goats may not be found. The value of the animals are two-fold as profit-producers: The yield of an excellent quality of hair, which finds a stable and highly remunerative market, and the 34 OREGON ALMANAC. goat itself is a valuable asset in the clearing of otherwise waste and brush- covered land. Angora husbandry now ranks well in importance with the live- stock pursuits of the state. Oregon is second, if not first, in the number of Angora goats and production of mohair in the United States. The clip of mohair for 1912 amounted to 1,250,000 pounds and is valued at $375,000, while the value of the yearly increase approximates $400,000. Moré than half a million dollars of new wealth is added to the yield of Oregon farms annually from An- gora goats. Oregon mohair ranks with the best in the Eastern markets and commands the highest market prices. Oregon Angora goats have carried away championship prizes at National and In- ternational exhibits and, aside from the annual sale of mohair, for years the sale of bucks throughout the Eastern states and in foreign countries for breeding purposes, has been a source of good profit to the owners. Single animals sell readily at $3.00 to $5.00, while as high as $7.50 per head for high bred bº has been paid. STATE SCHOOL LANDS. There remain unsold of the state school lands a total of 541,005 acres, which may be purchased at prices ranging from a minimum of $7.50 per acre upward. Payments upon state lands, except tide lands, may be made as follows: One-fifth down, one-fifth in one year, with interest at 8% per annum; one-fifth in two years, with interest at 7% per annum; two-fifths on demand, with interest at 6% per annum; interest on all deferred payments payable an- nually. The demand payment will not be allowed to stand for a period longer than five years from the date of the issuance of the certificate. For tide lands full payment is required and a special application is prepared for this class of lands, which will be sent upon request by the Clerk of the State Land Board. . No more than 320 acres of any one kind of land will be sold to one per- son. For table showing distribution of school lands among the counties of the state see page 10. For information address G. G. Brown, Clerk of State Land Board, Salem, Oregon. - oREGON AND THE FLAx INDUSTRY. By DR. E. A. PIERCE, Chairman Committee on Flax Industry, Portland Commercial Club. That flax can be successfully grown in Qregon in quality superior to that pro- duced anywhere else in the world and in quantity sufficient to yield a greater return per acre to the farmer than can be realized from wheat or any other cereal crop, was demonstrated several ears ago in the vicinity of Salem by ſr. Eugene Bosse, a Belgian flax expert, and substantiated by recent investiga- tions and experiments conducted . the auspices of the Portland Commercial Club. After extensive and careful in- quiry, in which the services of eminent authorities upon the question of flax culture, linen manufacture, etc., were enlisted, the special committee of the Commercial Club in its final report upon the subject, said: “The evidence is con- clusive that Oregon, and Western Ore- gon in particular, is suited to produce not only excellent flax fibre, but fibre of such exceptional quality, in length, fine- ness, evenness and gloss, that it is in a class by itself when compared with any and all flax fibres now used in flax and linen manufacture in America. The yield that can be depended upon when the culture is carried on, on the rich alluvial lands of the Willamette Valley, is greater than the two and a half tons er acre of the short fibre flax grown in Minnesota and other Northwestern states.” While the farmers of Minne- sota realize an average weight of two and one-half tons of flax fibre per acre, with an average length of 12 inches, for which they receive a return of $35.00 per acre, the average length of the flax grown in the Willamette Valley is 36 inches and more, and the yield is from three to four tons per acre, representing a return of $45.00 to $60.00 per acre to the farmer. The peculiar advantages of Oregon's climate and soil for the suc- cessful development of this industry is readily apparent. Contrary to the belief of some, that the cultivation of flax im- poverishes the soil, it has been demon- strated conclusively that it can be grown successfully in a five-course rota- tion and takes less out of the ground than wheat. Notwithstanding the fact that the season was too far advanced OREGON ALMANAC. 35 when the seed was sown, and the crop in some sections of the state was seriously damaged by inclement weather, the results obtained from 150 samples of seed distributed among the farmers in different sections of the state by a local linseed oil company, and under the aus- pices of the Portland Commercial Club, this Spring, proved eminently satis- factory. The experiments will be re- peated upon a larger and more extensive scale next Spring (1913) in order to deter- mine which localities are better suited to the production of flax for fibre and where flax can be grown to better advan- tage for seed. A large linseed oil plant in Portland is equipped to handle all of the seed and fibre that can or may be produced in Oregon at the ruling market price and a guarantee of a minimum price. OREGON'S HOP CROP FOR 1912 IS 38% OF CROP FOR ENTIRE U.S. VALUE $ 4-.]4-O.OOO OREGON's HOP CROP 1912 115.Ooo BALEs BALANCE OF U. S. 185.ooo BALEs OREGON'S HOP INDUSTRY. With over 23,000 acres in bearing vines, the state of Oregon, in 1912, produced an aggregate of 115,000 bales of hops, which, at an average of 180 pounds to the bale, amounted to 20,700,000 pounds. At an average of 20 cents per pound—the price having fluctuated between 15 cents and 27 cents per pound during the sea- son—this represents s total revenue to the state of $4,140,000. Since the shrink- 36 OREGON A L11ANAC. age in hops in the curing process is 76%, or 38 pounds to the box of 50 pounds, this yield would amount to 65,550,000 pounds in the green state, for which the picker receives 1 cent per pound; $665,500 of the total revenue from the hop in- dustry is distributed, during the six weeks of the harvest, among the pickers, many of whom are women and children of neighboring families. The cost of pro- duction, to put the hops in the bale and ready for the market, is about 9 cents per pound, at the highest estimate, or $1,863,000 (including cultivation, train- ing, spraying, picking, curing and bal- ing), leaving a net return to the growers of $2,277,000. Since the $1,863,000 repre- senting the cost of production, is paid out for the greater part for labor, there is no other industry in the state that can compare with the hop industry for putting foreign money into general cir- culation. The latest authoritative esti- mate places the total hop crop of the United States at approximately 300,000 bales. Of these 35,000 bales were grown in New York State, 40,000 bales in Wash- ington, and 110,000 bales in California. Thus Oregon, with a yield of 115,000 bales, produces 38%, or about three- eighths, of the entire crop of the United States. Since it requires the richest kind of soil to produce hops successfully in qual- ity and quantity, the industry in this state is confined to a few counties. The chief ranches are in the Willamette Valley with some agreage in Jackson, Josephine and Douglas counties, where the richest and best of the beaverdam and overflow bottom lands are found. There are some instances, however, where hops are pro- duced to a limited degree of success, from the standpoint of quality, upon the uplands of the Willamette Valley, but such instances are exceptions rather than the rule and only occur in isolated cases. An average yield in the Willamette Val- ley is about 2,000 pounds to the acre, but there are some yards, where scien- tific methods of cultivation and care (acquired from long years of experience and study) are practiced, which produce as high as 3,000 pounds per acre. The soil, climate and other natural condi- tions in the Willamette Valley, on the Willamette river bottoms, are ideal for the culture of hops and the standard of quality is so high that the Oregon hop is in great demand in the English mar- ket, where the great bulk of the Oregon crop is disposed of and consumed, and commands a premium above the ruling market quotations for the choice grades. One particularly notable feature in con- nection with the Oregon hop industry of 1912 was the shipment of 15 carloads of hops, consisting of 1,750 bales (grown on one yard in Polk County) from Salem, in Marion County, direct to England. While practically all of the hops pro- duced in Oregon are grown in Western Oregon, it has been demonstrated that this highly remunerative product (under favorable market conditions) can be successfully produced in certain localities in Eastern and Central Oregon, when water is applied to the soil. With the completion of the numerous irrigation projects now in process of development, the right of supremacy in this class of Oregon's natural resources, now held indisputably by Western Oregon, will be closely contested by certain districts east of the Cascade mountains. The present hop acreage of the state is dis- tributed among the several counties as follows: County. Acres. Benton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Clackamas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,472 Douglas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Josephine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 . Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 Linn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Marion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,000 Polk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000 Wasco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,600 Yamhill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,500 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,244 GRAPE PRODUCTION. (Figures from U. S. Census, 1910.) In º Oregon had 381,000 mature grape vines, which yielded 3,207,000 pounds of grapes. In grape production Oregon ranked ahead of Washington, Colorado and every other Western state, excepting California; ranking equal with Florida. Oregon had 469,000 young grape vines, which will mature to com- mercial bearing age in 1913. 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Nºoo （Io XINwą CINw NoI Longoſła I.Ing.） 38 of:EGON ALMANAC. 4% ==== * * : M K% – % 3% & LL I * 24 % º º + º | º *% \ sº —i. 5 É L_- - ---------- ** % ſº 5:#|. | ſº a 2- An tº É LL ; H. º z || £; | : . #| | - « a airs-s §§ | 4–. J- X- Tº ==O il’ſ –º ; ; º s: it. *—l o ºf Lid ! 's. Sºº-j--> i fº X až |O % %2. Jo O º Ö 3. : % - . * *%. 2 É Gr--- * >\ a t — ſº (ſ) <ſ X | * | 2 | - % % º% % A ſ - | % * / ; ) / º/ º º * ID Q *:::/3% % % #/ º % H-2 gº ºne ſº- - . }; Z!” ‘’jº/jºz, z/.'' ”.0), uv. Sli, &\ll \ll (li), w"tholiſ, %. A. 㺠tº: sº º - à ſ S/ – "Tº: º % J % */ tº & ſ: ju v. : f 5 As the apple industry, which has been developed from an insignificant begin- ning to one of leading importance—the Oregon apple is now known the world over—So is the promise for the dairy industry. The resources of climate, long Open season, and the milk and butterfat producing foods which reach their highest development in this state, are a trilogy which cannot be under estimated in value. The need is men who are willing to work and to use their best energies. OREGON A LM A V.A. C. 34) HORTICULTURE IN OREGON. By W. K. NEWELL, President Oregon State Board of Horticulture. Since the time of earliest settlement Oregon has been noted for her fine fruit, and now fruit growing is rapidly becom- ing one of the state's most important industries. In many localities, such as Rogue River and Hood River valleys, it is the industry, and it may be said, without boasting, that nowhere else in the world has the science of fruit pro- duction and marketing been so highly developed. - - Oregon fruit growers have learned the very important lessons of specializing in growing and co-operating in marketing, and their great success is due to these methods. Under modern conditions the lone grower can have but indifferent success. Space will not permit a detailed description of the various localities and their leading fruits, but the Rogue River Valley’s great specialty is pears, with Yellow Nº. apples and peaches also very important; the Umpqua Valley, early strawberries, prunes, peaches, and with many young apple and pear orchards being planted; Western Oregon, prunes, cherries and all kinds of small fruits, with large plantings of young apple orchards; Hood River Valley and Mosier, Spitzenberg and Yellow Newtown apples and strawberries; The Dalles, peaches, cherries, plums and prunes, cantaloupes and apples; Milton-Freewater, peaches, early strawberries, prunes and apples; Grande Ronde Valley, apples, cherries and prunes; Snake River Valley, prunes, peaches and apples. Nut growing is becoming an important item in Western Oregon also. . The English walnut has been found to thrive very well indeed in this climate, and several thousand acres of them have been set in the Willamette Valley. Many of them are now bearing successfully and production will increase very rapidly. The filbert is right at home here also; they bear prolifically and are very pro- fitable. The almond is grown in South- ern Oregon on a commercial scale also. The value of the fruit crop for the state in 1910 was $6,662,500 and it will un- doubtedly reach $10,000,000 or more in 1912. The apple crop is conservatively estimated at 225% greater than ever before. Large numbers of young trees are coming into bearing each year and production will increase rapidly. APPLE PRODUCTION IN OREGON. (Figures from U. S. Census, 1910.) In 1909 Oregon had 2,030,000 apple trees of bearing age and 2,241,000 apple trees of less than bearing age. The yield was 1,931,000 bushels, returning $1,657,000 to the growers, or an average return of 86 cents a bushel, as compared with 54 cents in New York State, 49 cents in Michigan, 51 cents in Virginia, 40 cents in Kentucky and 60 cents in Arkansas. The number of young trees was fewer in Oregon than in any of the states named. According to the 1910 census, the apple yield of the United States for the year preceding was 147,516,000 bushels. Of this total only 1,931,000 bushels were grown in Oregon—less than 1.9% (Continued on Page 42.) OREGON'S FRUIT CROP. Amount and Value of Principal Fruits Grown in Oregon in 1910. Cherries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plums and Fresh Prunes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dried Prunes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apricots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strawberries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blackberries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raspberries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Currants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2,650,000 boxes $2,500,000.00 • * - - - - - * * * * * * * * * 292,000 boxes 420,000.00 * - - - - - - - - e s e s e s - 970,000 boxes 485,000.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4,600,000 pounds 200,000.00 - - - - - - - - - - a 9 - - - - 300,000 crates 195,000.00 * - - - - - - - - - e º 'º - - - 28,000,000 pounds 1,680,000.00 * - - - - - - - e s e s e = * * 15,000 boxes 10,000.00 • * > - - - - * * * * * * * . . 4,500,000 pounds 135,000.00 • * - - - - - e. e. e. e. a e º a - 10,500,000 pounds 577,000.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,750,000 pounds 75,000.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,250,000 pounds 105,000.00 * - - - - - - - - - sº * * * * * 4,000,000 pounds 165,000.00 * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 425,000 pounds 25,500.00 * * * - - - - * * * * * * * * * 500,000 pounds 20,000.00 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 35,000.00 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 250,000 pounds 35,000.00 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * , , , , $6,662,500.00 IRRIGATION IN OREGON. (Census Bureau on “Irrigation in Oregon,” U. S. Census, 1910.) dº Est. Final Cost #Yºº Land Improved Acreage. Irrigated. i. tº: Acreage Cost of S fºil, 9* | Cost Per COUNTY. in Farms Lan jº * Included in Enterprises.| Enter Hºs Acre In- - in Farms. 1899. 1909. (inseº Projects. I (To July 1, 1910) he pº cluded in Segrega- (July 1, 1910). Projects. § tions). JectS. *Baker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297,695 137,759 46,754 129,673 136,014 241,919 $ 1,446,334.00 $ 5,272,463.00 $21.79 Crook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571,600 138,354 13,921 55,900 111,360 453,811 1,961,817.00 4,842,082.00 10.67 Douglas. . . . . . . . . . . 'w w w - - - - - - - e s = e tº e < * * * * 577,428 117,115 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,708 4,500 9,349 78,127.00 78, 127.00 8. 36 Gilliam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434,277 235,666 1,086 2,087 2,367 3,370 32,809.00 32,800.00 9.73 Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445,170 53,045 19,632 36,069 38,631 73,578 241,086.00 250,986.00 3.41 Harney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562,204 199,271 111,090 129,135 136,621 561,548 410,980.00 2,501,980.00 4.46 *Hood River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,049 14,284 x 8,071 14,150 48,964 361,714.00 392,214.00 8.01 Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297,171 103,238 7,054 12,239 17,978 82,427 457,936.00 1,770,936.00 21. 48 Josephine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,845 30,969 4,121 12,866 14,503 24,059 239,327.00 239,327.00 9.95 Rºlamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454,340 176,564 23,911 46,975 62,785 208, 105 1,910,580.00 5,110,580.00 24. 56 Lake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . z - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 401,555 104,419 51,995 57,078 59,612 273,546 769,906.00 7,338,681.00 26.83 Malheur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230, 175 81,901 49,295 67,626 79,210 208,025 2,032,636.00 5,057,171.00 24.31 Morrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673,997 236,029 3,865 7,541 8, 116 14,937 187,716.00 187,716.00 12.57 Sherman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372,526 273,918 112 218 329 459 9,512.00 ,512.00 20. 72 Umatilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,050,258 544,513 5,168 31,022 50,213 94,169 2,019,161.00 2,593,387.00 27.54 *Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … 395,769 165,499 26,735 35,831 37,260 45,517 136,204.00 136,204.00 2.99 Wallowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . 354,732 86,049 14,016 39,370 42,855 54,692 198,064.00 211,114.00 3.86 *Wasco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543,754 171,051 3,342 5,703 5,989 17,276 96,167.00 96,167.00 5.57 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,328 107,919 . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 207 562 6,381.00 6,381.00 11.35 Wheeler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415,567. 53,396 4,998 6,253 6,983 9,414 76,305.00 76,305.00 8, 11 fAll other counties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,205,661 1,243,844 1,215 585 843 101,481 87,452.00 3,012,477.00 29.69 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,685,110 4,274,803 388,310 686,129 830,526 2,527,208 $12,760,214.00 $39,216,619.00 $15.52 *Change in boundaries. The organization of Hood River County from a part of Wasco County in 1908. Annexation of a part of Union County to Baker County in 1902. fThe group of all other counties comprises for 1909 and 1910 twelve in which there was some irrigation: Clatsop, Columbia, Benton, Clackamas, Coos, Curry, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook and Yamhill. - fIn 1910 existing enterprises were ready to supply water to 144,397 acres more than were irrigated in 1909. The acreage included in projects exceeds the acreage irrigated in 1909, by 1,841,079 acres, which is more than six times the acreage brought under irrigation in the last decade and nearly three times the total area irrigated in 1909. This acreage represents the area which will be available for the extension of irrigation in the next few years upon the completion of the projects now under construction. It indicates in a general way the area available for settlement, although much of this unirrigated land is in farms already settled, |Shows the total cost of existing enterprises up to July 1, 1910, including construction of works and acquisition of rights, but not operation and maintenance. * §The average cost per acre, acreage included in projects, is based upon the total acreage included in projects and the estimated final cost of completing exist- ing enterprises, and not actual cost of construction reported up to July 1, 1910. & * OREGON ALMANAC. } | TOTAL WATER, SUPPLY AND AMOUNT AVAILABLE FOR, IRRIGATION. (Data from Biennial Report Oregon Conservation Commission, 1912.) - Mean Yearly Capable of Stream and Locality. Run-off Utilization: (Acre—Feet) (Acro–J'ee, ) Eastern Oregon. Tributaries of Columbia River: Owyhee river... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,100,000 600,000 Malheur river and Willow creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550,000 440,000 Burnt river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140,000 50,000 Powder river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440,000 350,000 Grande Ronde river, above Wallowa river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572,000 350,000 Wallowa river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780,000 200,000 Walla Walla river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,000 50,000 Umatilla river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550,000 350,000 John Day river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,450,000 900,000 Deschutes river, at Benham Falls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,220,000 1,100,000 Crooked river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310,000 250,000 Tumalo Creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,000 80,000 Squaw Creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,000 50,000 Hood river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946,000 120,000 Other streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,000 100,00ſ) Total Columbia river drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,627,000 4,990,000 Streams in California Drainage: . . - Link river at Klamath Falls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,780,000 500,00ſ) Lost river at Olene. . . . . . . . • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 283,000 250,000 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,063,000 750,000 Streams of Interior Drainage: Goose lake tributaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,000 107,000 Warner lake tributaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,000 240,000 Albert lake tributaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,000 144,000 Anna river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000 40,000 Silver lake tributaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,000 52,000 Catlow Valley and Alvord lake tributaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,000 40,000 Donner und Blitzen river and tributaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190,000 144,000 Silvies river and Silver creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212,000 170,000 Total Interior drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,220,000 937,000 Total Eastern Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,910,000 6,677,000 - Western Oregon. Willamette River and Tributaries: - Clackamas river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,420,000 50,000 Molalla river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,000 70,000 Santiam river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000,000 650,000 McKenzie river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,500,000 800,000 Middle Fork, Willamette river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000,000 370,000 Coast Fork, Willamette river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,270,000 30,000 Luckiamute river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740,000 20,000 Yamhill river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500,000 40,000 Tualatin river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500,000 30,000 Total Willamette river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,586,000 2,060,000 Umpqua River and Tributaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000,000 50,000 Rogue River and Tributaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,200,000 250,000 Total Pacific Ocean drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,< * * * 8,200,000 300,000 Total Western Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,786,000 2,360,000 GRAND TOTAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,696,000 9,037,000 *The total of 6.677,000 acre-feet of water in Eastern Oregon streams, capable of utilization for irrigation, is sufficient for the reclamation of approximately 3,000,000 acres of rich desert land. This would provide homes for 30,000 families, which, at an average of five members to the family, would mean 150,000 additional populat on. The total of 2,360,000 acre-feet available for irrigation in Western Oregon streams is sufficient to water 1,000,000 acres of land. and the combined water resources of the state, capable of utilization for irrigation, is sufficient to irrigate over 4,000,000 acres of land. …' OREGON ALMA NAC. APPLE PRODUCTION IN OREGON. Continued from Page 39. . of the total. There were 151,322,000 bearing trees reported in the census from all of the states. Of this total only 2,030,000 trees were in Oregon. The trees of less than bearing age in Oregon were reported as 2,241,000, making a total of 4,271,000 trees of all ages in Oregon, or fewer than 2% of the total number of apple trees of all ages in the United States, 217,115,000 trees. In- crease of apple plantings in Oregon, while necessitating well systematized market- ing methods, owing to the remoteness from the world’s great markets, will have little effect on the total production of apples in the United States. The peculiar conditions of soil and climate which make Oregon's apples superior in appearance and quality are a guarantee to Oregon apple growers of a permanent advantage in marketing. Oregon apple growers have paid special attention to cultivation, care of trees and packing, and their product has topped the market the world over. PEAR TREES IN OREGON. (Figures from U. S. Census, 1910.) In 1909 Oregon had 274,000 bearing pear trees and 796,000 pear trees under bearing age. Oregon ranked fourth of all states of the Union for value of product; sixth in quantity of yield, and second in number of young pear trees planted. New York State was first in this respect. Oregon pears for years have brought top prices in the markets of the world owing to their superior quality. . The most celebrated pear district is in the Rogue River Valley. IRRIGATION AND WATER POWER. By JoBN H. LEWIs, State Engineer. The water resources of Oregon are perhaps greater than those of any other state in the Union. This is due to the presence of high snow-capped mountains which descend rapidly to sea level, the existence of broad valleys at the foot of these mountains, and to the further fact that in the mountainous regions of PER CENT OF TOTAL LAND AREA IRRIGATED. (Per cent for the state, i.1.] 22 z. ', 22.2 [T] mo innibarion Less rºam I ran cºny. * ”,”, * w {Z}, we s ran cººr §s to ions war % % * * * (ſ) © o. o. < - Z 3. g C O D- ul lil & W & XI CD ºf O cº, $ in Z < º º <ſ - * td - ſº ºf 3: tº ...) cº 2–ºt | O ă ă ă ălſ. O o,23 r-sº S㺠- º 3 * : * sºme=mº- Q —j > r C. —d Q- O -* — º -) | Cº. th. \ſ, O gº § (O > → —l t Hi , \ . * iſ A$Y £; $ $|T H. C. o ñºs t +--- - -> g 55 t 2 9- ſº as: ſº º II. X. - Cº. tº L–1 - § # $ º 3. | 3. I - E. Z L] KTºº) i # #3 yº 5 j . Fº- 9 º G 3 # 5.4%; |ſº X Lal tº it"; 3W ºn "Wºys CE P Lu O ºh, 9, J 2, O ſº 3 : *k-Tº-O # 8 ſ 3 º “H.--- O 9 Cº. ©- * § ſt $ Z. g I 3 # = * NS # 3 - B Q -l * s º 0. £1–é)— O O Lu º ºf – Id 9 % º | * iC) X 3. Q. ###º 2. Sºo- - C) Sº-Cº. & Sº...! ūſh, tº * * ! M'''''''' f i * , , //, CA O wº: SN&ºf - O (ſººn"?º 77, > zºº uſ/, <ſ *o- } Q %Tº !”/Irº-ºpºli'''/rſ' ºr, . 2, ſ/ t lil ©- */ºo <ſ ſ */["t Øs. º, 3/ * 5P-\ . 3: : Zºo. 7| º f º All!"ºl'. 11 (2. WW2 $ | Q to z \º'; X: ">3'4"...º.41% © O C &P d? #5 %) ''. . . . . . . , , 487,310 2,68 ,000,000 Wallowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,013,647 3,675,000,000 Wenaha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429,692 5,200,000,000 Whitman.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878,116 4,500,000,000 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,613,181 136,488,000,000 Acres. Feet. Timber privately owned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,436,260 357,000,000,000 Timber in National Forest Reserves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,613, 181 136,488,000,000 Timber in National Parks and Indian Reserves... 800,000 2,560,000,000 Grand Total................................. 25,849,441 496,048,000,000 These totals do not include brush, wooded lots or miscellaneous forest not merchantable timber. OREGON ALMA NAC, 51 STANDING TIMBER IN OREGON, 496,048,000,000 FEET. Cut into lumber, this timber would fill 413,373 trains of 60 cars each r Or 24,802,400 Carloads. (P. ſº-sº-s *~- ()) [ſº Gil sº } ~~~ ſ | & Sº ºš Fºº- | , T { *. º ºffº == Tººth # Fitish fºſſini- £º | º 4-13,373 TRA, 1.NS º 3. * * *Tº arº E- º Ø --ºººººººººººº-, *:::=== 6 O CARS EACH 24|802,+Oo CAR LOADs It would take 400 years for 40 sawmills, each sawing 100,000 feet of lumber a day, to cut this timber. Reforestation and natural growth would replace the timber so rapidly that, at the end of the 400 years, on the same acreage, there would be as much standing timber as there is today. ... ". . *) 4-O O YEARs VVO R K FOp. r • * * O SA vay N-1 || LLs * * . 5 2 %; § º N § CY §§ sº & A Siſ Int \\\\\\\\\\ SN ..} > f • -º Gº- §§§ sº ſ J NWY \\ w º º * Gºt sº P.X slº-º º º; . , , \\ | ſ 3. ſ = N ---, – * < ~/ A- | º; *śj.aj. ºf , ſ 3 & &#. // ºws, º i - f 9, ſº #; J. "K, OREGON 4 LMANAC. COMPARISON WITH OTHER NATIONAL FOREST.S. Standing timber in Oregon’s forest reserves: 136,488,000,000 feet ºf ſº ºf In National Forest Reserves—all other states: 363,512,000,000 feet Sº ºn C. | ID <ſ ID 2 [. LL *śā4:33 ( . § I ||$3:35; E Fox: H. : : Cyß S → - X. § - ||z;3:3# <ſ 3:00 P3 x Lu $3: sº X. ºf 7,55:33 § [0. ONS - N cºst to So H- - —— : s : s - - - /* t ,\ ºi Tº & RSS NR N § §§ º % tºº H- % pº Zá ź % Ž, ºft % G 2% Auº/” §§§ : i Cſ % % Ž =& i .|-F- = º sº E. El Er i: É E– *= = - E. # - sº º sº } tº F. SS Q º O cºs as .5 º # ~&ºº § gº §§ #. :*#e. §§§§ [[ sº tº: º – H. º () ź £º Zº 2. §§ §: % * | X * (< \\ . z liºt'', III, 1%, 11% % % N N 2V 2\ N *Alſº SS p'ſ, / % g % N § , x | O * ^ §§§ SN N Q &" %. % - C ) § N §§ § º Y N s * -- <''. % % * †. NNNN º N N § ---. § O) *I'z, %. * lºlº'ſ, .tl, | || * ºn 2 - iſ] Z//l. I/, 1//ſ, , 1 '', * | º, § §ºjº. nº . & # J ‘. . . . '', 1 //, lºſt, , !!!,"//, R Sºre - º tº sº Sº #§ºw, §§§ & 5 “º Nº § º §§ £ºmsºmºnº º - Cº. Oo § S$ J ſ § "Sº E . §§ OREGON 4 L.] I A NA ('. 53 oREGON's NATIONAL FOREST RESERVES. The total area of all lands within the limits of National Forest Reserves in the state of Oregon is 16,014,219 acres. Of this area 2,042,671 acres are in private ownership and 358,368 acres are pending entry and adjudication before the U. S. Forestry Bureau, leaving a net area of public lands within the reserves of 13,613,181 acres. Some of this land is suitable for agricultural purposes, and, when it is proven that the land is more valuable for agricultural than for forestry purposes, it will be admitted to home- º entry by the Forestry Service. All lands which have been cleared of their merchantable timber and are more valuable for agricultural than reforesta- tion purposes, are open to homestead entry and every encouragement is given by the government to the settlement and improvement of same. The total timber content of the National Forest Reserves in Oregon aggregates 136,488,- 000,000 feet, board measure, which is being sold by the government at an average of between $2.50 and $3.00 per thousand feet, according to the value of the varieties of the timber. Of the amount of revenue received by the gov- ernment from this source 25% of the net receipts is paid into the state treasury for apportionment among the counties of the state, in which forest reserves exist, for the benefit of the public schools and roads, and 10% is expended for the im- provement of roads within the reserves. Grazing privileges for stock is also per- mitted by the Forest Service upon the reserves, for which a graduated scale of fees is charged per season, based upon the year long rate of 45 to 50 cents per jº. cattle, 56 to 65 cents for horses, 25% to 40% less than the cattle rate for swine, and, when the quality of range and advantages for grazing cattle and sheep or goats are equal, the year long rate for sheep and goats is 15 to 16 cents per head. The year long grazing rate is higher on the coast forests because of better growth and comparatively longer seasons. The state also receives 25% of the net revenue from this source, which is apportioned among the counties and applied in the same manner as in the case of the timber sales fund, and 10% of the net receipts is applied to improve- ment of roads within the reserves. The gross receipts from timber sales within NATIONAL FOREST RESERVES. (Listed by Reserves). Showing Total Acreage Area of Each Reserve and Alienated Lands Embraced in Each, Classified as to Lands Upon Which Final Certificate, Patent or Grant Has Been Issued; Pending Entries or Locations, ând Net Acreage Public Lands in Reserves. Total Final Cert. Pending Net Area Reserve. Reserve Patent or Fntries or Land in Area. Grant. Locations. Reserve. Cascade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,097,700 71,047 7,249 1,019,404 rater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,019,400 224,429 44,831 750,140 IDeschutes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942,020 92,979 17,374 831,667 Fremont. . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 852,000 66,452 5,769 779,770 Malheur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,262,840 189,326 12,968 1,060,546 Minam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448,330 44,412 3,255 400,663 Ochoco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819,030 83,348 4,670 731,012 Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,141,120 103,291 7,233 1,030,596 Paulina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,333,360 222,561 11,487 1,099,312 Santiam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710,170 112,040 2,590 595,540 Siskiyou. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,287,990 93,683 186,186 1,008,121 Siuslaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821,000 248,385 27,612 545,003 Umpqua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,193,439 235,094 5,712 952,633 Umatilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566,920 77,618 1,892 487,310 Wallowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,097,670 70,204 13,819 1,013,647 Wenaha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472,000 40,653 1,656 429,692 Whitman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949,230 67,049 4,065 878,116 16,014,219 2,042,671 358,368 13,613,181 Compiled from records on file in Department of United States District. Forester, Portland, Oregon. For timbered area of state, reserved and in private ownership, and timber contents of same, by counties and in reserves, see tables pages 48, 49 and 50. 54 the reserves in Oregon, July 1, 1911, to June 30, 1912, amounted to $59,498.45, and for grazing privileges on the reserves, $88,244.09, making a grand total of $147,742.54. The number of cattle grazed ºn the forest reserves in Oregon during the fiscal year period ending June 30, 1912, was 82,344; horses, 11,380; sheep, 855,439; goats, 9; hogs, 74. There are also immense water power advan- tages in the national forests, which is being conserved for the benefit of the public, and title to which is never trans- ferred outright to individuals or cor- porate interests. Development and util- ization privileges of the water power resources of the forest reserves will be granted by the Forest Service, the an- nual charges for same, based upon the net electrical horsepower capacity, rang- ing from 10 cents per horsepower for the first year and rising upon a graduated annual scale to $1.00 for the tenth year OREGON ALMANAC. and each succeeding year for each net electrical horsepower for a term of not to exceed 50 years, with privilege of renewal at expiration of period covered by the permit. Through government and state co-operation and the rigid enforce. ment of protective laws and a systematic and effective organization of forest patrol, the danger from fires has been materially reduced and all public in- terests within the reserves are carefully conserved. For any information desired regarding the Forest Service policy within the reserves, or regulations con- cerning grazing, timber or power utili- zation permits address George H. Cecil, U. S. District Forester for the District of Oregon, Beck Building, Portland, Oregon. . . t For table showing acreage in the several forest reserves in Oregon, by counties and by reserves and amount of standing timber in each, see below and on page 50. FoREST RESERVES IN ACREs, LISTED BY COUNTIES, JULY 1, 1912. Showing Status of Lands Embraced Within National Reserve Limits: Total Area by Counties; Total Area. Upon Which Final Certificate, Patent or Grant has been Issued; Pending En Area by Counties. tries and Net Total Final Cert. Pending Ent. | Total Net County. Reserve || Patent . Or Reserve Area. or Grant. Locations. Area. Baker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517,618 60,953 5,125 451,540 Benton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 160 |... . . . . . . . . . . . 640 Clackamas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621,910 54,260 1,095 566,555 Clatsop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,323 28,670 21,383 100,270 Crook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,352,260 136,625 21,404 1,194,231 Curry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702,361 . 34,973 48,685 º Douglas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,170,253 236,853 14,016 919,384 Gilliam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a s e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,680,893 233,244 14,681 1,432,968 Harney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,023 36,226 480 435,317 Hood River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212,248 19,388 4,098 188,762 Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659,361 194,544 37,911 426,906 Josephine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534,247 53,074 111,069 370,104 Klamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,252,314 222,730 ,505 1,020,079 Lake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,262,027 98,227 13,831 1,149,969 Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,594,776 208,509 17,893 1,368,374 Lincoln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176,586 53,443 5,878 118,265 Linn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519,214 97,706 409 421,099 Malheur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 Marion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211,530 13,486 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198,044 Morrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,814 34,607 271 117,936 Multnomah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,798 13,043 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,755 olk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,520 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,800 2,720 Tillamook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,345 30,571 2,056 79,718 Umatilla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480,190 44,815 2,296 433,079 Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520,915 31,030 607 489,278 Wallowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,202,380 73,564 14,835 1,113,981 Wasco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215,670 16,600 ,040 97, Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wheeler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178,348 14,524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163,724 Yamhill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,896 1,745 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,151 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,014,219 2,042,570 358,368 13,613,181 Compiled from records on file in Department of United States District Forester, Portland, Oregon. OREGON ALMA NAC. 5 Ö MANUFACTURING IN OREGON. By W. H. McMoRIES, President Oregon Manufacturers’ Association. Oregon’s manufacturing industries are gaining in importance each year. They are producing approximately $100,000,000 worth of manufactured products annually, and yet Oregon has just started as a manufacturing state. Oregon has nearly 2,500 manufacturing establishments of all sorts, giving em- ployment to 40,000, people, who earn $26,- 000,000 a year. In 1909 Oregon's factories utilized raw products valued at $42,- 500,000. The state's greatest industry is lumber and timber, Oregon ranking ninth among the states in the total cut of rough lumber in 1909. This industry alone gave employment to 16,000 men, or two-fifths of the factory hands in the state. Allied to the timber industry is the furniture manufacturing business. Native timber, together with foreign hardwoods that are unloaded from ves- sels in Portland harbor, give Oregon furniture manufacturers a variety of wood to select from and permit them to compete with Eastern manufacturers. Flour and gristmill products rank second in importance in the state. In 1909 they had an aggregate value of $9,000,000. The business has almost doubled since then. The “water level.” haul down the Columbia is making Port- land a great wheat center. It exports more wheat than any other port in the United States. Dairy products are worth many mil- lion dollars each year and the industry is merely in its infancy. More than $5,000,000 has been invested in the meat packing industry in Port- land in the last three years, and this is a business that is gaining in importance each year. * Oregon ranks high as a wool producing state, and in a few years her rivers will ive support to many woolen mills. ool which is now going East to be scoured will be cleaned here and then worked into various useful products. Oregon has the best water in the United States for scouring wool Eight woolen mills are in operation in the state. SUMIMARY OF OREGON INDUSTRIES. (U. S. Census 1910.) Num- wAGE EARNERs. vALu E of ProDUCTs. I ...; P P NDUSTRY. e8tab- er cent er Cent, lish- à. distri- Amount. distri- ments. | *P*. bution. * bution All industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,246 28,750 100.0 $93,005,000 || 100.0 Lumber and timber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 15,066 52.4 30,200,000 32.5 Flour-mill and gristmill products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 394 1.4 8,891,000 9.6 Slaughtering and meat packing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 366 1.3 5,880,000 6.3 Printing and publishing... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 1,459 5.1 5,041,000 5.4 Butter, cheese, and condensed milk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 420 1.5 4,920,000 5.3 Canning and preserving........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 661 2.3 3,207,000 3.4 Foundry and machine-shop products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 1,055 3.7 3,135,000 3.4 Bread and other bakery products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 613 2.1 2,829,000 3.0 Liquors, malt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 204 0.7 1,857,000 2.0 Leather goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 353 1.2 1,629,000 1.8 Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products................... 39 431 1.5 1,611,000 | 1.7 Confectionery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 283 1.0 1,215,000 1.3 Cars and general shop construction and repairs by Steam-railroad companies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 777 2.7 1,163,000 1.2 Clothing, men's, including shirts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 544 1.9 1,105,000 1.2 Furniture and refrigerators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 552 1.9 1,094,000 1.2 Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats. . . . . . . . . 8 469 1.6 929,000 1.0 Brick and tile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 385 1.3 675,000 0.7 Shipbuilding, including boat building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 212 0.7 477,000 0.5 Tobacco manufacturers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 187 0.6 474,000 0.5 Stoves and furnaces, including gas and oil stoves. . . . . . . 11 86 0.3 351,000 0.4 Mattresses and spring beds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 83 0.3 350,000 0.4 Marble and stone work..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 76 0.3 297,000 0.3 Ice, manufactured. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 69 0.2 257,000 0.3 Leather, tanned, curried, and finished... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 49 0.2 244,000 0.3 All other industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 3,956 13.8 15,174,000 16.3 with a territory 254,000 square miles in extent at “our back door,” Oregon offers a splendid field for any manufac- turer with ordinary business sense and spirit. OREGON ALMANAC. With the finest shipping facilities in the West with a climate with river and rail and ocean able, adapted to all sorts of manufacturing, y {j transportation avail with almost illimitable water power and j{j *11/, Alliſ. [[W] •----№ĒģēĢŒTX75gg C77O#*/ '$g4s 3.gs y; ý%ſ\'ſ$$4%######{{%| 3 wę4$ § 37.g. |3NIHGËS * .* *-* * Sº Ğñ|(77O9 3NuwĒģisi~7 wºo3 &333'op 32, |\"unw"luſtw"/ //SV/L/. O of&/37_( //v---- *~ f | X\/?>/O Syș ș|EN|1^ggae/?ş —|------ș--- | | ： | | | -37 //, ！|_17 y'//?????\37A/O_tS § （ ; /7 №vo 23 zzwłºżyº !%;};}，3öğg º ſº„K E N H \7 |—|\/C7O Sà ŘÍ V „ŽĒģğzwoſº）， ž№j »ºžāĐ3 ! 7 yo/O§ §§)， ººggſ§ §J” ?！ EFA7/S^) \\ Z&/37/\7/S§ § <>N_2Sį š.C77 O 9 | 2. || ST\/?-HEN]|N@@ºſſèiſ]) （, ）, ſºſº, , ）, （ ºººo ! TVRIJLNÉHO Řſ，Sēļ, - o ©●Nº ■■■< . utvºoºȚă ș; 7 vo3 ----+/^/§ \，<± 2. | BřẠHT v vº |TŠŤſ’ºff%№) ） ğ t--- --S\\zgºs·~. *= }||-§ ŞŽ(§§ . & 74.7/syozoò { */vºvſvſy) |(77O9●ºž№§§ 87，71sº0705 S. J. 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Zºº, # - v- & * & º ; * x Wr,\ %, & º 1 J º g Yº Jºl. t” ğºlºz § "tºu, º 'Allºs"." º 2 : * - | s W. sy'ſ A 11 Mille'ſ ſºlº f/ łºtw/1 *//nt "All lihailliºl|| !. O. Yº / > f—- sº- |\ºſ Žſiºn * Ti C- - -—A- -— \\ ºv Wººl !"/", , mº'A' * | Jiř; N |- C޺ºl. e2 J t- 2 J Every railroad company doing business in Oregon pays special attention to the development of the dairy industry in the State and works thru all possible channels for its encouragement. . Every transportation company has exceptional opportunities for the small farmer to engage in dairying. They make liberal pro- vision for handling the products between railroad stations, creameries, con- denseries, cheese factories and consumers of the products in the cities. OREGON ALMANAC. 50 Great Northern Railway, which operates to all territory in Washington and Northern Idaho, including Puget Sound points, from Vancouver to Port- land, 10 miles. Mt. Hood Railroad, main line from Hood River to Mt. Hood, 16 miles. O erated by the Portland Railway, Light & Power Co. Northern Pacific Railway, main line from Portland to Columbia river, being a part of the main line to all Washington territory, including the Puget Sound, and all of the principal points in North- ern Idaho. Branch line from Pendleton to connect with main line in Washing- ton, 83 miles. Joint ownership and oper- ation of Oregon Electric, Oregon Trunk railway, and United Railways. Oregon–Washington Railroad & Navigation Company main line runs East and West across the state from Portland to Huntington. Branch lines to Puget Sound and Grays Harbor points in Washington, to Bend in Cen- tral Oregon, to Shaniko, Condon, Hepp- ner, Pilot Rock, Joseph and Homestead in Eastern Oregon. Branch lines run also to Spokane, Walla Walla, North Yakima and other cities and towns in Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho. Line now under construction across Central Oregon from Vale through Mal- heur and Crook counties. Total in Oregon, 737 miles. Oregon Trunk Railroad, connects with Spokane, Portland & Seattle Rail- way Co. at Fallbridge, Wash., and after crossing the Columbia river, runs in a Southerly direction into Central Oregon; present terminus Bend, 148 miles. Oregon & Southeastern Railroad, main line from Cottage Grove to Wild- wood, 20 miles. - Pacific & Eastern Railroad, main line from Medford to Eagle Point, 34 miles. Pacific Railway Navigation Co., main line from Hillsboro to Tillamook, 63 miles. Operated by Southern Pacific Railroad. Southern Pacific, main line from Portland to California state line and a part of the through line to San Francisco and other California cities. The entire Willamette Valley served by branch and auxiliary lines, a large part of which will in the near future be operated by electric instead of steam power. Now has line under construction from Weed and Northern California to Springfield, Oregon, making a second main line to Cal- ifornia. Branch line now under construc- tion from Eugene to Coos Bay, 676 miles. Spokane, Portland & Seattle Rail- road, line from Portland to Astoria and Oregon seaside resorts, 119 miles. Its main line extends from Portland on the north bank of the Columbia river, through Eastern Washington to Spokane, where it connects with the Great North- ern and Northern Pacific railways, forming a through line to the East. Sumpter Valley, main line from Baker to Prairie City, 62 miles. A new era is just opening in the wa or electric lines mainly out of Portland, the Oregon Electric running from Port- land to Eugene, with a branch to Forest Grove, 152 miles. Owned jointly by Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroad. - The United Railways maintains a line from Portland to Wilkesboro, 28 miles. Owned jointly by Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads. The Portland, Eugene & Eastern Railway. Northern terminal, Portland; southern terminal, Eugene. Total mile- age 340. Main line follows Willamette river; Molalla division swings through rich hills on east side; west side line is an electrification of part of the Southern Pacific Company’s steam lines. Operates street car systems in Salem, Albany, Corvallis and Eugene. The Portland Railway, Light & Power Co., which owns the street rail- way system and street lighting system of Portland, runs interurban lines to , Oregon City, Estacada, St. Johns, Fair- view and Troutdale, 144 miles. ROADS AND HIGHWAYS. Having long ago awakened to the im- portance of good roads and their relation to the successful development of the agricultural resources of the state, the people of Oregon have expended much time, money and energy in the permanent improvement of the public highways, with the result that the roads of the state, generally speaking, in proportion to population, are fully up to the standard of other coast and Western states. Some counties have been more active than others, and many miles of their, main traveled highways have been perma- nently improved with macadam. In re- cent years the enthusiasm has become statewide and an organized movement has been launched. It seeks the enact- ment of an equitable code of laws under which a uniform system of good roads building and maintenance will be in- {}{) OREGON ALMANAC. augurated, thus seeking the advance- ment of the agricultural interests of the state through the improvement of its highway transportation facilities. The total expenditures for road building and improvement in the state for the five- year period 1906–1911, inclusive, amount- ed to $9,754,575.37 (with no report from Sherman County for the year 1911), and the amount levied for road purposes for the year 1912 incomplete, will approxi- mate $2,000,000, making a total of $11,– 754, 757 for the six-year period, including special tax levies, aggregating $975,- 178.98, which were made by several counties. LABOR CONDITIONS IN OREGON. By O. P. HoFF, Commissioner of Labor. Although Oregon is largely undevel- veloped and regarded throughout the East as a new country, bristling with opportunity and overflowing with “milk and honey,” the conditions that con- front, the laboring man here are very much the same as prevail in other states —undeveloped state of resources and industries and proportion of population taken into consideration. Oregon’s undeveloped resources are truly great and all that is claimed for them, but every ambition and advanced system of civilization known to the effete East exists in full flower in Ore- gon. There are no “bonanzas” of gold or silver merely awaiting the eye of the casual observer. Workingmen who come to Oregon with little except brawny arms and willing hearts and hands, will find little more to repay them here for the great expense of emigrating to the new country than they already have in a reasonably prosperous community in the East, Middle West, North or South. Manual labor is the same here as else- where. Salaried situations are no dif- ferent. Wages compared to living ex- penses are so nearly similar to the aver- age of other places as to warrant no boasting of our advantages in that re- spect. The thoughtful and fairly satis- fied workingman should consider the matter seriously and investigate fully before, making any change in his field of labor. - Large projects require many laborers, and often these spring up in Oregon, but the means of bringing workingmen here are just as rapid and cheap as in any section of the country, hence it is not to be expected that wages are very much different. Oregon's advantages for laboring people, without sufficient accumulations to give them a start, are: A mild climate, certainty of crops, absence of damaging storms and oppor- tunities as good as any other state. With empty hands, I question if the emigrating workingman has much to §. over other places by coming to regon. If he, on the other hand, has been able to accumulate say $1,000 to $2,000 to start with, he is then in position to take advantage of such opportunities as are offered by the state. During the harvesting season there is a demand for additional labor, as is also the case with extensive railroad building and ex- tension work, but there are periods when many idle men are unable to find em- ployment here as in other sections of the country. The workingman who can expect to reap benefits from the conditions which exist in this state is he who can secure possession of a few acres of land and make a home, and such land must be procured by purchasing parts of sub- divided farms or tracts of logged-off lands, which may be secured at from $25.00 to $40.00 per acre. It is a mistake to figure now on getting valuable govern- ment iand even out here, although some is to be had, it is true, that will yield splendidly to the man who is willing to pay the price incident to the hardships of developing and improving it and put- ting up with the disadvantages of isolated living. workers. independent citizen. The laboring man can readily get a start in Oregon if he is willing to go into the country. There, high wages are paid for milkers, ranch hands and farm The supply of labor in the country districts does not meet the demand. The wages paid for farm work are practically all clear gain, and if saved and put into a piece of land will soon enable the laborer to become a home owner and Oſ. EGON ALMA NA ('. 61 OREGON : EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL. By P. L. CAMPBELL, President Oregon State University. No Western state is essentially less “Western,” in the accepted sense of the term, than Oregon. Settlers from East- ern and Middle West states here find themselves in the midst of “home folks,” familiar associations and the customary social and educational privileges. Ore- gon has been very largely opened up and developed by those stronger spirits from the East who have sought the state because of belief in its great special resources and in the unwonted oppor- tunities it affords the individual for ex- pressing himself both socially and polit- ically. Remote valleys, as well as the larger centers, boast their comparatively large university clubs and the marked culture of their citizens. Literary and social clubs, commercial and civic and welfare clubs, all kindred organizations, find in Oregon a fostering atmosphere. Oregon at once “feels like home” to a newcomer, more particularly because he unfailingly finds here existence of the ideal he had in mind when he decided to try new fields. He finds the social, political and intellectual life of the state to be organic and inspiring to an unusual degree. Educationally, both in its state and OREGON SCHOOL ENROLLMENT. # Public Schools—School Year 1910–1911. Number of School Enrollment Av. No COUNTY. Children Total Days in 4 to 20 Primary. Grammar. High ||Enrollment. School Years. Year Baker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,437 1,002 2,495 254 3,751 143.0 Benton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,232 636 1,495 281 2,412 139.2 Clackamas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,073 1,849 3,728 528 6,105 149.5 Clatsop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,472 761 1,528 250 2,539 152.0 Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,283 682 1,474 63 2,219 1:47.0 Coos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,678 1,200 2,704 200 4, 104 127.5 Crook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,424 500 1,064 100 1,664 135.0 Curry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 80 317 50 447 122.8 Douglas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,104 1,244 2,660 200 4, 104 132 . () Gilliam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,092 197 458 40 695 131.0 Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,798 462 742 35 1,239 145.0 Harney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,188 227 358 30 615 140. 0 Hood River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,059 4.17 940 125 1,482 150.0 Jackson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,919 1,490 3,091 580 5, 161 141.9 Josephine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 164 586 1,492 200 2,278 144.7 Klamath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,176 453 926 175 1,554 143.0 ake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,308 231 499 35 765 142.0 Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,818 2,091 4,771 800 7,662 134.0 Lincoln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,786 415 938 60 1,413 118.5 Linn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,763 1,497 3,355 625 5,477 137.0 Malheur * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2,545 563 1,196 115 1,874 132.0 Marion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,204 2,116 4,535 900 7,551 143.0 Morrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,381 30 651 100 1,055 130.0 Multnomah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,276 9,835 18,356 3,100 31,291 188.0 olk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,459 829 1,846 300 2,975 137.0 Sherman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 209 453 50 712 149.1 *Tillamook. • * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,841 163 1,003 125 1,291 154.3 Umatilla * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6,245 1,283 2,798 380 4,461 152 . () Union * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s : * 5,515 1,070 2,321 475 3,866 143.0 Wallowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,851 537 1,273 150 1,960 128.0 Wasºo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,736 s 695 1,509 190 2,394 140.9 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 112 1,352 3,025 175 4,552 147.0 Wheeler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864 152 373 70 595 130.0 Yamhill.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,290 1,252 2,533 500 4,285 136.0 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,798 36,380 76,907 11,251 124,549 141.0 *Estimated. Not segregated in report Authority–County Superintendents' reports for school year 1910-1911. 62 OREGON ALMANAC. 4. 3. ___- - - - - - T "" Uſ; sº – | º Cr : ; zuj sº — - g 9 3 tº | 3. A * ºr ``s H = |3, #3: . T/-, ul LL O E 55% ! t /T]] | I O uni- X ſ Z —l + , = 2 5 # 9 or | ON | ,< *-- H | = |} 33 333 &=º / G * ſ g |# , ; };953; | O !" 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