DP
302
G35 A 582089
ISTORY OF
G46
Nlas
ISTORY OF GIBRALT
11. INSTITUTIONS
ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD ON BOTH SIDES OF THE STRAITS
AND
A GUIDE BOOK
TO THEIR VAINCIPAL PLACES AND OBJECTS OF INTEREST.
Tether with a number of interesting anecdotes of events connected with the Rock
and useful notes and instructions for the Traveller and the Sportsman.
To which is added a resumé of prominent Local Events during the year 1837-a Tido
Table for the year 1888-an extensive loca! Directory with Postal and Telegraphic
and Tariffs-those for Hackney Carriages and Boats--Lines of Steamers
touching at Gibraltar, with their Agents, Fares days of sailing, &c., &c.-Tables of
hours of Gunfire, of the Currency, of distances. the neighbourhood, the Institutions,
Schools, Amusements, &c, and a qua. ity of other information as useful
to Inhabitants as to Visitors A coloured Plate of
is attached, with letter-press ex nation-and als
of the Colony, &c., a copious Direcy of the Staff
tary), Officers of Regiments, Foreign Consuls, Exchange Jmmittee,
merce, Sanitary Commissioners, the Managing Board of the Hel. Community, Names
and Addresses of Residents in the Town, and advertisements of Lines of Shipping,
fessors, Hotels, Agents, Tradesmen, &c., &c.

loce
Signals nsed at the Station
complete roll of Civil Officers
Departments Civil and Ǧj-
amber of Com-
COMPILED BY THE LAT: LIEUT-COLONEL GILBARD,
POLI
MAGISTRATE,
And continued behalf of Mrs. Gilbard,
JANUARY, 1998.

Price-12 rvn.
GIBRALTAR ::
SS
GARRISON LIBRA... PRINTING EST
LISHMENT,
1888.
ENTERED AT STATIONER'S HAL..

THE ALMANACK
FOR THE BISSEXTILE YEAR
1888.
SUNDAY
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURDAY
SUNDAY
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
| FRIDAY
SATURDAY
JANUARY ......
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 JULY...
8 91011121314
15161718192021
22232425262728
1 2 3 4 AUGUST
567891011
293031
FEBRUARY
....
12131415161718
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26 27 28 29
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1 2 3 SEPTEMBER.....
APRIL
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11121314151617
18192021222324
25262728293031
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 91011121314 OCTOBER
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30
MAY ....
JUNE ………….
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9101112 NOVEMBER
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20212223242526
2728293031
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 91011121314
15161718192021
22232425262728

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19202122232425
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30
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30 31
.:
A POPULAR
HISTORY OF GIBRALTAR,
ITS INSTITUTIONS,
AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD ON BOTH SIDES OF THE STRAITS,
AND
A GUIDE BOOK
TO THEIR PRINCIPAL PLACES AND OBJECTS OF INTEREST.
Together with a number of interesting anecdotes of events connected with the Rock
and useful notes and instructions for the Traveller and the Sportsman.
To which is added a resumé of prominent Local Events during the year 1887
-a Tide
Table for the year 1888-an extensive local Directory with Postal and Telegraphic
Regulations and Tariffs-those for Hackney Carriages and Boats-Lines of Steamers
touching at Gibraltar, with their Agents, Fares, days of sailing, &c., &c.-Tables of
hours of Gunfire, of the Currency, of distances in the neighbourhood, the Institutions,
Schools, Amusements, &c., &c.—and a quantity of other information as useful
to Inhabitants as to Visitors. A coloured Plate of the Signals used at the Station
is attached, with letter-press explanation-and also a complete roll of Civil Officers
of the Colony, &c., a copious Directory of the Staff and Departments (Civil and Mili-
tary), Officers of Regiments, Foreign Consuls, Exchange Committee, Chamber of Com-
merce, Sanitary Commissioners, the Managing Board of the Hebrew Community, Names
and Addresses of Residents in the Town, and advertisements of Lines of Shipping,
local Professors, Hotels, Agents, Tradesmen, &c., &c.
COMPILED BY THE LATE LIEUT.-COLONEL GILBARD,
POLICE MAGISTRATE,
And continued on behalf of Mrs. Gilbard.
JANUARY, 1888.
Price-12 rvn.
GIBRALTAR:
GARRISON LIBRARY PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT,
1888.
ENTERED AT STATIONER'S HALL.
Stephen Spaulding firem,
Lowdermilk
2-26-60
S5-4409
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.
HISTORY.
Gibraltar-Map, Plan, and History of...
(C
Description of
...
:
:
PAGE.
1 to 21
21 to 23
24
r
Climate
ર
Rainfall and Water Supply
CC
Mortality
...
...
...
...
:
ઃઃ
ઃઃ
دو
دو
Population
Geology, Botany, &c.
Governors of...
Trade...
Public Buildings, &c.
Caves
Galleries
CC North Front ...
«Ε
'
tr
tr
...
...
...
:
...
...
Catalan Bay and Bay of Gibraltar
Fortifications
...
Batteries and Anecdotes of the Siege, &c.
Calpe Hunt ...
Curiosities of old Orders and Regulations
Country in the Vicinity
وو
وو
CC
'
tr
*.
>>
The Lines
Queen of Spain's Chair
Campamento and the road to San Roque
San Roque
Orange Grove-Carteia
:
:
:
...
...
...
The Cork Woods-First and Second Rivers
Algeciras
...
:
:
...
25
27
:
...
...
...
:
:
...
...
:
:
28
30
137
33
34
53
54
...
...
:
:
60
62
65
...
:
68
76
...
129
...
"
80
...
83
85
86
...
87
90
93
94
...
Los Barrios-Castelar-The Convent (Cork Woods)—Tarifa
96
>>
Ximena
97
...
...
...
:
:
PAGE.
98
:
:
...
...
66
...
108
110
111
114
116
118
119
121
122
126
...
...
Morocco-Ceuta...
53
CC
Tangier
Tetuan
Travelling in Spain
وو
""
ور
CC
cr
Gibraltar to Ronda, Route
:-
...
:
...
Gaucin and Ronda (description)
Ronda to Granada
Malaga to Gibraltar
...
:
...
:
...
Gibraltar to Cadiz and round the Neighbourhood
Weights, Measures, &c.
...
Shooting Expeditions-Casas Viejas…..
rr
re
وو
Sierra Bermeja
In Morocco
Licenses
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
:
...
:
...
...
...
127
121 and 155
DIRECTORY.
:
...
:
...
:
:
PAGE.
138
139
...
140
id.
141
... 142
144.
146
...
147
148
150
...
id.
152
...
:
153
155
id.
::
:
...
...
...
...
Table of Gun Fire ...
Streets and their Spanish names
Distances in the neighbourhood
Currency
...
General Post Office...
Rates of Postage
...
...
Money Orders and Postal Orders
Parcel Post ...
Savings Bank
...
...
...
...
:
:
...
:
...
Steam Packet Companies-P. and O. Company
To Algeciras
Other Lines
Telegraphs-Government (overland)
Eastern Company
Local ...
...
...
...
...
:
:
:
...
:
...
...
...
:
Regulations for Gates, Local Permits, Passports, &c.
...
:
...
:
...
:
Permits for Shooting in Spain
Charges for Horses to hire for trips in the country
Mean Time of High Water
Port Office
...
Boats
Aliens
:
:
Truck and Box Carts
Guides
Hackney Carriages
...
Tariff for Market Porters to carry Baskets
Signals with coloured plate...
Yacht Club Agents, &c.
Libraries, Clubs and Institutes
Amusements, &c.
...
Churches, Hospital, Charities, Schools, &c.
Boards, Committees, &c.
:
Board of Health
Justices of the Peace
:
...
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
PAGE.
155
id.
156
158
160
161
...
:
:
:
:
:
:
...
...
:
id.
id.
162
164
167
168
169
171
...
175
179
id.
id.
181
Gibraltar Civil Service
Names of Officers of the Garrison, Military and Civil, Royal Navy Estab-
lishments and Gunboat, Members of the Principal Public Bodies, Con-
suls in Gibraltar and in the neighbourhood
Names and Addresses of Residents
Chronicle of Events for the year 1887
:
:
Morocco-Regulations for Travelling and Game Laws, &c.
Hotels, Guides, Horses
Foreign Ministers at ...
ADVERTISEMENTS
:
182
192
201
165
165
166
205
3
THE SEAL
OF
GIBRALTAR

GRANTED BY
FERDINAND AND ISABELLA,
1502.
"When we came
To the strait Pass where Hercules ordained
The boundaries not to be o'erstepped by man.
DANTE.
INTRODUCTION.
ྋསྐ
THE principal part of this present "History of Gibraltar" has been compiled from
the most reliable authorities who have written on the subject, and it is hoped that no
matter of real value or interest, which can throw any light on its earliest history or its
present development, has been omitted; although naturally, it has been necessary to
condense a quantity of detail surrounding the history of the famous Rock into a very
small compass, which, in a more pretentious publication would receive, as it deserves, a
more lengthened notice.
The history of the sieges the Rock of Gibraltar has sustained, and more particularly
that of the last, the fourteenth or "Great Siege," has been dealt with rather more at
length, and many interesting anecdotes introduced in connection therewith; the history
of the neighbourhood from the earliest times has been included, and the traveller in
these modern days will find that hints for his guidance and information have not been
forgotten.
Perhaps the greatest merit of this History is that it has so little original: all available
authors have been consulted, and their works extensively laid under contribution and
largely appropriated; but it is hoped that a frank acknowledgment of these extensive
requisitions may plead for forgiveness on this head. The sources of information thus
obtained are so reliable that it cannot fail to induce a more general study of the stirring
events connected with this grand old monument of which the historical incidents are
of a nature so important, and extend back to such remote ages.
Even now we venture to say the Rock is as little generally known for the many pages
it has filled in history, as it is so often spoken of in connection with heat, insalubrity
and barrenness; but those who know it well must render ample justice to the beauty of
its situation, its delightful and healthy climate, its good roads, luxuriant gardens and
plantations, as shown especially in the beautiful grounds of the Alameda and "The
Mount," with their wealth of vegetation in magnificent trees of fir, locust, pepper and
olive, and the wild luxuriance of their flowering plants; as to the natural and artificial
curiosities everywhere to be seen.
In no place or climate can be observed more beautiful tints of sky and water, and
the sunset effects over the Spanish hills are as various and beautiful as they are sur-
prising. Peeps of beauty and grandeur strike the eye at every turn, and the great Rock
ii.
itself, over which the Flag of England has waved for nearly two centuries, the sentinel
and master of the Mediterranean, how grand! how imposing! Poussin," say the
French, "could not paint it; Chateaubriand could not describe it; and, as Burke said,
it is
is "
a post of power, a post of superiority, of connection, of commerce; one which
"makes us invaluable to our friends and dreadful to our enemies." It watches over the
Mediterranean, the battle sea of Europe, the waters on which commerce first wafted with
white winged sails all the art and science that raises us above the savage. How grand
the page of history that records the mighty deeds they have witnessed! how beautiful
in picture and poetry this blue and sunlit sea stretching itself away like a sleeping lake,
between the two continents which now recede gently from each other, but which, it is
geographically certain, were formerly united by a deep valley.
" but
The Moors called the Straits Bab-ez-zakak, the "gate of the narrow passage;
narrow as the gulf is we cannot but remember that it divides the land of knowledge,
liberty and civilization from the untrodden regions of barbarous ignorance, of slavery,
danger and mystery.
The history of Gibraltar is well deserving of careful study, and it is hoped that the
recital of the events and vicissitudes it has experienced may prove as useful and valuable
to the student as it must be interesting and entertaining to the casual reader.
The directions for travellers on riding excursions have been very carefully collected,
and although expenses, &c., will, no doubt, be found to vary a little, those data given
may be relied on. The excursions to be taken from Gibraltar into Andalusia are varied
and numerous, and well repay a little trouble and even a little hard-living-not to men-
tion the difficulty of the roads, for they are truly iniquitous, as when described by the
Moorish poet-
rr
The valleys are gardens of Eden, but the
roads are those of Hell."
But if the province is the infierno of the mule and donkey, it is the paradiso of the poet,
Ford says-El reino de Andalucia must take precedence over all others in Spain. Here
after the fall of the Gothic rule, the Oriental took possession and left the noblest traces
of power, taste, and intelligence, which centuries of neglect have not entirely effaced.
From here they pushed their conquests over nearly the whole of Spain and from thence
they were finally driven out. At the commencement of their dominion the Spaniards
were forced by the rapid conquests of the invaders into the Provinces of Asturias,
Biscay, &c., where, like the ancient Britons, they maintained a strenuous opposition.
By degrees they re-assumed their former discipline and valour while their conquerors
declined into luxury and effeminacy; they made excursions from the mountains, recover-
ing after many obstinate actions great part of the northern provinces. This success
iii.
encouraged them to attempt the total rejection of the Moorish yoke. Measures were
concerted among the Chiefs to act with union and with vigour. The Infidels were
attacked and routed in successive engagements; and the Kingdoms of Asturias, Galicia,
Leon, Navarre and Castille erected under different monarchs.
Andalusia is the Tarshish of the Bible, where King Soloman sent for apes and peacocks
and it was called Tartessus in the uncertain geography of the ancients, who were pur-
posely kept mystified by the jealous Phoenician merchants, who had little notion of free
trade. Justly did the ancients place their Elysian fields amid these golden orange-
groves. This, the sweetest morsel of the Peninsula, has always been the prize and prey
of the strong man, no less than the theme of poets; and the Andaluz, from the remotest
periods of history, has been more celebrated for social and intellectual qualities than for
the practical and industrial.
It will be observed that the subject of the Levanter wind has been dealt with in a
somewhat lengthy way, but to persons who have remained at Gibraltar for any pro-
longed time the subject cannot fail to be of the greatest interest, as its presence or
absence has so great an effect on the comfort or otherwise, of residence. The most
simple explanation of this disagreeable visitor is given by Edmund Boissier in his
'Voyage Botanique dans le Midi de l'Espagne," 1837, in which an account of Gibraltar
is introduced. Speaking of the "band of clouds
band of clouds" on the Rock,
on the Rock, he says:
CC
"Its formation is explained by the situation of this mountain, in the midst of waters,
"and in a strait often agitated by tempestuous winds,"
which may be interpreted that the Easterly winds, in their course over the waters of the
Mediterranean, become saturated with a considerable quantity of moisture which is
precipitated on coming within the influence of the Rock; hence masses of vapour come
rolling down the Rock, on the setting in of an Easterly wind, and, in a short time a
dense sheet of cloud is formed along nearly the upper half of the Rock, which some
times remains for days;-or to explain it in a more scientific way, as given by Professor
Froude :-The Levanter has its origin in the well-known physical conditions which lead
to the formation of all clouds, and clouds on mountain tops in particular. The currents
of the air or mountain slopes divert air in motion, transparent and translucent,
although charged with aqueous vapour held in mechanical suspension, into higher levels,
or into positions where it finds a lower atmospheric pressure, and immediately the water
is precipitated in the form of cloud.
The back of the Rock is steep with a sharp slope of 45° reaching nearly to the top so
that the East wind, having travelled far and absorbed much moisture, can only proceed.
by shooting up and over the Rock or by splitting into two currents running round the
North and South ends.
IV.
That portion of air diverted upwards precipitates its aqueous vapour near the top of
the Rock and far beyond-and forms the particularly heavy cloud above described. To
leeward the edges of the cloud are broken and melt continuously away whilst to windward
it is replenished as fast.
Boissier speaks also of another curiosity of Gibraltar, and says that a Spaniard
with whom he travelled from Seville to Madrid, asserted that "the Monkeys occupied
"the Rock entirely, and were so numerous that no ships could da re approach land with-
"out running the risk of being sunk."
The intending visitor, however, may be assured that he need have no fear either of
the Gibraltar Levanter or Gibraltar Apes; he may find the former occasionally disagree-
able, he will find neither dangerous.
The History of Gibraltar has been so intimately connected with that of Spain, and
more particularly its capture by the English having been a consequence of the political
condition of the country and the disputes for its sovereignty, that a short account of
the successions to the throne may fitly close our introductory remarks and the more
particularly when we recall the fact that for a period of one hundred years Spain en-
joyed a succession of political and military triumphs that have, perhaps, never been
surpassed in rapidity and completeness for they fill many brilliant pages of History.
It presents a marvellous record of rapid and supreme success as quick in its decay as in
its culmination.
The Moorish dynasty in Spain came to an end during the reign of Ferdinand and
Isabella (which was also memorable for the establishment of the Inquisition and the
discovery of America by Christopher Columbus), and on the death of Isabella in 1506
Philip, Archduke of Austria, came to Castile in order to take possession of that King-
dom as heir to his mother-in-law; but he, dying a short time after, his son Charles V.,
afterwards Emperor of Germany, became heir to the Crown of Spain, which he assumed
in 1517. Never before was accumulated such great power in Europe upon one head as
Charles V. inherited.
The two momentous marriages-that of Maximilian I. with the hereditary Princess
of Burgundy and that of his son, Philip I., with Joanna of Spain, made her son
Charles the master of inmense countries, as he had scarcely taken his seat on the
Throne of Spain than he was also elected to succeed Maximilian as Emperor of Ger-
many in spite of the pretensions of Francis I, King of France. The jealousy between
these potentates cost Europe four sanguinary wars. After thirty-nine years of constant
wars Charles, in 1556, resigned the Empire to his brother Ferdinand, and bis hereditary
v.
dominions, Spain, Italy, Flanders and the American possessions to his son Philip
II., at which period the Throne of Spain was immensely powerful. Besides that fine
and warlike country it governed also in Europe the two Sicilies, the Milanese, the
seventeen Provinces of the Low Countries and Franche Compté; in Africa, Tunis
and Oran with their territories, the Canaries and some of the Cape Verd Islands; in
Asia, the Phillippines, the Islands of Sundi and a part of the Malaccas; in America,
the Empires of Mexico and Peru, New Spain, ('hili and almost all the Islands situate
between the two countries.
The troops of Spain were the first in Europe, her immense fleets covered the seas
and the mines of Potosi and Chili, lately opened, were in full vigour and enriched Cadiz
with an annual tribute of twenty millions sterling. Philip II. was the master of all
these possessions; he had recently married the Queen of England, and the passionate
fondness of Mary for a husband who made no return to her affection gave him the
command of all the forces of her Kingdom. In his reign Portugal also was added to
his sceptre after sanguinary encounters with the partisans of Catherine, Duchess of
Braganza, who was in the same degree of affinity to the late King, and this possession
included the Portuguese Colonies on the Coasts of Africa, Brazil and the richest Islands
of the Indies.
The "Invincible Armada" of 130 ships, which so signally failed in its object, was
fitted out by him for the conquest of England in 1588 to chastise the Power which was
abetting the revolution in Flanders and to crush the spirit of revolt of the Flemings.
He died in 1598 after a reign of 43 years, and was succeeded by Philip III., his
son by his fourth wife Anna of Austria, who died after a reign of 22 years, and in the
following reign of Philip IV., Portugal shook off its bonds by a happily conducted
Revolution in 1640, and the Independence of the Netherlands was acknowledged after
thirty years of war.
In 1665 Philip IV. died and his successor Charles II., being only four years of age, the
Queen Dowager, Mary Anne of Austria governed the Kingdom. The King when eighteen
years of age married a daughter of Philip, Duke of Orleans, who by her mother was
grand-daughter to Charles I. of England; but this marriage producing no issue, on the
death of the King which happened in 1700, the succession to the Crown of Spain was
contested between Philip, Duke of Anjou, second son of the Dauphin and grandson to
Louis XIV., by Maria Teresa, whom the deceased King had in his will named for his
immediate successor, and the Archduke Charles of Austria, brother to the Emperor
Joseph, when the increasing power of the French Monarchy caused the "Grand Alliance"
to be formed between the Maritime Powers to place the crown on the head of the Arch-
duke Charles.
vi.
啬
​This occasioned a long and destructive war during which Gibraltar was taken (as
is described elsewhere), but the unexpected death of the Emperor Joseph in 1711
entirely changed the political aspect of Europe, for Charles, who had assumed the title
of King of Spain, succeeding his brother in the Empire, the idea of maintaining the
balance of power in Europe which had procured the Archduke such powerful support
against the pretensions of Philip, pointed out the bad policy of suffering the Empire,
and the Kingdom of Spain to be again held by the same sovereign. This, together
with reverses which had happened to Charles, brought about the peace of Utrecht, which
confirmed the Crown of Spain to Philip but stripped it of all those valuable European
appendages which had for many years been annexed to that monarchy. Belgium,
Naples, Sicily and Milan were resigned to Austria; Sardinia to Savoy, and Minorca
and Gibraltar to England.
To prevent also the danger apprehended from two kingdoms being possessed by one.
Prince of the house of Bourbon, Philip V. solemnly renounced his right to the Crown of
France in case the succession should happen to devolve on him, and his brothers, the
Dukes of Berri and Orleans, on their parts, renounced all claim to the Crown of Spain.
Philip V. died in 1746, and was succeeded by Ferdinand VI., his son by his first Queen,
who reigned thirteen years, and dying without issue was succeeded by his half brother
Charles III. then King of the two Sicilies. Under his reign the Bourbon family
compact of 1761 involved Spain, to its injury, in the war between England and
France--and the Great Siege of Gibraltar resulted in failure.
Charles IV. ascended the throne in 1788, and at first entered with zeal into the war
against the French Republic, but afterwards concluded a discreditable peace, and in
1796 entered into an offensive and defensive alliance with France and declared war
against England, which was ended by the peace of Amiens in 1802.
In 1803 Spain again declared war against England, and in 1807 Charles concluded a
secret treaty with Napoleon respecting the division of Portugal, and 28,000 French
soldiers maintained by Spain, marched over the Pyrenees. The family quarrels of the
Royal family favoured the plans of Napoleon. Charles received the French as allies
and in 1808 resigned the crown in favour of his son Ferdinand, but having retracted
his resignation, and the affairs of the Royal family having become wretchedly embroiled
Napoleon did not fail to profit by it, naming his brother Joseph, King of Spain, and had
it not been for the energetic support of Great Britain the struggle for power could not
have lasted long. Thus was brought on the Peninsula War, at the end of which Fer-
dinand VII. was seated on the throne, and here we may close our remarks on Spanish
history as affecting that of Gibraltar.
vii.
The origin of the Carlist wars may be summed up in a few words. Don Carlos the
brother of King Ferdinand was heir presumptive to the throne, until on the birth of a
Royal Princess (afterwards Isabella II.) in 1830, by Maria Christina the fourth wife of
Ferdinand, a royal decree rendered the crown hereditary in the female line in default of
male heirs, and entirely changed the relations of the Prince to the throne.
During a severe illness in 1832 Ferdinand, at the instigation of the friends of Don
Carlos, renewed the Salic Law which rendered the throne of Spain hereditary only in
the male line, but on his recovery the weak monarch protested that the decree had been
extorted from him, and he then declared his daughter to be the only legitimate successor
and Don Carlos was banished. Ferdinand died in 1833, having appointed Queen
Christina Regent, till his daughter attained the age of 18 years. Don Carlos however
claimed the throne in virtue of the Salic Law, although it had been repealed and was
never in fact practically in force.
Hence the Civil Wars which have so often deluged the fair country with blood, success-
ively raised to almost supreme power many men of ambition and energy, and militated
most powerfully against any advancement or improvement in the country. We trust
that these wars may never be renewed, and that the country, so long torn by internal
dissensions, may, under a strong and settled Government, continue in improvement and
in the development of its unparalleled resources.
The books consulted, on the subject of Gibraltar, to assist in the compilation of the
resent History, are the following; of which Ayala's Work, Montero's History, Sayer's
History and Ford's Handbook for Spain have been especially laid under contribution :
The notes on Sporting in Andalusia have been contributed by Mr. Glassford and Mr.
L. Bland, of Gibraltar, and Captain Kelham, H.L.I., and those on Sport in Morocco.
" -a very
are taken from Colonel Irby's "Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar
interesting book to the sportsman and the naturalist. Besides these the author has
received the greatest assistance, in local matters, from many gentlemen of the town
and neighbourhood, who have been most kind in furnishing information.
Ayala's History.
Bell's Translation of the same.
Montero's Historia de Gibraltar.
Sayer's History.
Ford's Handbook.
Heriot's Historical Sketch of Gibraltar.
Dodd's History.
James' Straits of Gibraltar.
Conolly's History of the Royal Sappers
and Miners.
Neale's Life of the Duke of Kent.
English and Edinburgh Enclyclopædias
Madoz's Diccionario Geografico.
Carter's Journal from Gibraltar to
Malaga.
History of the British Colonies.
Kelaat's Flora Calpensis.
viii.
=
•
-!
And for Morocco :
Leared's Morocco and the Moors.
Hay's Western Barbary.
A Winter in Morocco.
As in the recital of historical events names of different Sovereigns of Spain have
been introduced, it will be useful and instructive to give those contemporary with them.
in England and France that a clear idea may be formed of the times when certain events
occurred. The period selected for a commencement is about the time when the Spaniards
finally wrested Gibraltar from the Moors.
SPAIN.
1485 İsabel la Católioa
1550 Carlos V.
1560 Felipe II.
ENGLAND.
FRANCE.
Charles VIII.
Francis I.
Charles IX.
Henry VII.
1515 Fernando de Aragon
...
Henry VIII.
Edward VI.
Elizabeth
...
...
Henry II.
Charles I.
Louis XIV.
Anne
Louis XIV.
George III.
George III.
Victoria
1644 Felipe IV.
1705 Felipe V.
1760 Carlos III.
1808 Fernando VII.
1840 Isabel II.
Louis XV.
Napoleon.
Louis Philippe.
1
G. J. G.

GIBRALTAR
Bracon
BAY
New Mole
Spanish Lines
(Linea de la Concepcion)
Villa San Jose
Barrac
Sp. Gd Ho.
Sp Gd Ho
G House
Watering Jettys
NEUTRAL GROUND
Road
British
Engine H
Passport Ho
Lines.
Gartens
FRONT.
Base Course
NORTH
Bayside
Jetty.
Bayside G
Cricket F
Trandation
Jews
Cemetery
Hospitals
1.F. Red
Old Mole
Wharf
andy Port
Coal
Biore
Kings
Bashop
Mogor Gen
Trish Tov
THE CONV
63300
Casema
Barrag
rotestant
Cathedral
Moorish Cas
Cartle Ten
The Palag
Chpre
Convent
Gardes
Porrals
Furth
Gard
Rogged Stan
Watering Plaza
LF.
Green
Landing
Jumpers
Bastion,
New Mole
Parade
Alameda
Gardens
Slunati
Asylu
Moon
Stand
Kennets
Cametery
Ruins of
St Barbara
Spr 6 Ho
SpGH
Rifle
Karse
Butte
Cattle
Sheda
Blard's
Timber Yard
Devils Tower
Slaughter-
Houses
Rubbish
Shoot
SE A
Bruce
Fav
Pwingedly;
Middle Hill
N E A N
Catalan Bay
Sigual shis
TERRA
Charles W
Sandy Bay
ANIGES
Josephs
Fourch
Bighest Tour
Hards lower
For Georges
Rosia Bay
Officer's Bathing Ho
ND
Windhull Barrack
Buernic Vista P.
Shingle Pt
GIBRALTAR
Europa B
Scale: 52 Inches to 1 English Statute Mile.
Little Europa P
920.
440
630
880.
1100
Bu
Bar
Green
Europu
1320.
CQHou
Europa
Windmill Hill Flatl
uffade
Bluf
Sommere
Conge
Passage P
1540.
Great Europa P
108 rt via. 15 m.
1760. Yards.
MED I
Blakstrap
Bay
GIBRALTAR.
THE mountain of Gibraltar is situated in 36° 6' 30" N. latitude and 5° 21′ 12″
W. longitude, in the Province of Andalusia, the Tartesides of the Phoenicians,
the Iberia of the Greeks, and the Boetica of the Romans. The Vandals called it
Vandalia, according to the Archbishop of Toledo, who wrote in the year 1243,
and hence Andalusia, the Andaluz of the Moors. Gibraltar is the Mons Calpe
of the ancients (Ptoly. lib. 11, cap. 4). "The Mountain of Calpe and column in
the inner sea;" from its protruding into the sea from the main land like a bucket ;
it was known as one of the Pillars of Hercules, the other being Mount Abyla,
Apes Hill in Africa (Monte Almina), and was first known to the Phoenicians; it
is referred to and described by both Greek and Roman writers, but there is little
doubt that it was not inhabited until the Mohammedan Invasion of Spain, which
established an infidel dynasty in that country for upwards of 800 years. On this
Rock they first landed, and from here, when the Christian arms had regained
supremacy, the last remnant of a glorious empire retired into Barbary. It was
possessed successively by the Phoenicians, the Carthaginians, the Romans, and the
Visigoths, but was of little value in the infancy of shipping and before a necessity
for strongholds occurred.
When the Province of Boetica (now Andalusia) fell into the hands of the Car-
thaginians, Calpe became of great use and a watch tower was erected thereon from
whence the Roman gallies might be observed. Scipio dispossessed the Cartha-
ginians of Boetica, and the Romans held that and Calpe till A.D. 412, when at the
close of that century the Goths gave the first check to the Roman power, and
that division called the Visigoths seized on Ulterior Spain (Trans-Hispania), the
Romans being entirely driven out of Spain A.D. 568. The Goths were Arian
Christians and built two churches in the neighbourhood of Calpe, one at St. Roque
and a chapel or oratory on the mountain itself. This was about the centre of the
Middle Hill and was chiefly the resort of those who made pilgrimages of penance.
In the year A.D. 710 the Gothic Kingdom which had existed in Spain for three
hundred years was distracted by intestine divisions, the nation had become
effeminate and were totally neglecting the military discipline of their ancestors,
20
when Count Ilyan, a nobleman of great wealth and influence and Governor of
Ceuta the only port in Africa attached to Spain, smarting under a private injury,
combined with other discontented chiefs who were ripe for revolt, among them being
two sons of the late King-but not being strong enough to oppose their Monarch
Roderic, the Count retired into Africa, and acquainting the Emir Mousa the
Saracen Governor of the Western Provinces with the divided state of the Empire,
promised if he would attempt to dethrone Roderic to assist him with his own
interest and that of his friends. Mousa communicated the project to his Sovereign,
who agreed to try its practicability and sent over a small detachment of 500 men
under Tarif-Abú-Zara in September A.D. 710, to inspect more closely the state of
affairs; they embarked at Tangier and landed on the coast near the present town
of Tarifa, where finding no opposition they ravaged the neighbouring country and
returned laden with spoils. This invader gave his name to the Town of Tarifa.
On April 30, 711, the Moorish chief, Tarik-Ibn-Zeyad, landed with an army of
12,000 men at Algeciras from Ceuta, entrenched himself on the heights of Alge-
ciras and possessed all the principal points in the Bay. The object of his invasion
being of a more serious nature than that of the former expedition he determined
to secure communication with Africa by establishing a post on the coast, and
preferring the strong natural situation of Mons Calpe sent a detachment there,
giving orders to erect a castle on the face of the hill which might answer the original
purpose and also cover his retreat in case he should be unfortunate in his
future operations. The present Moorish Castle is the remains of this once mag-
nificent pile.
From this chieftain the Rock took its name, Gebal-Tarik or the Mountain
of Tarik, from whence the name Gibraltar.
Tarik then marched into the country and surprised many towns, among others
Carteia, and finally met the Gothic army under Roderic, King of the Visigoths,
near Medina-Sidonia in Andalusia, and a bloody conflict ensued, but the Gothic
army being raw and disaffected Tarik at length prevailed, and by this victory was
left in possession of the whole kingdom, as he rapidly overran the country.
Toledo, the Capital, was sacked, city after city surrendered to him, and ere the
year had closed the Moorish dynasty was established. Count Ilyan, the traitor
who had betrayed his native country to the ravages of the avowed enemies of the
Christian faith met with a just reward at the hands of the Moors; his wife was
stoned to death-his son they threw headlong from the top of the castle of Ceuta ;
the Count was stripped of all his possessions, and he miserably expired in irons
in a fort in the territory of Huesca, near Tarragona.
Naturally the Moors attached the greatest importance to the Rock, and the
port was greatly frequented as well for the disembarkation of the troops with
which they overran the country as by the emigrants from all the Mahometan
3
dominions who came to establish themselves in Spain. One of the Granadian
poets thus alludes to it :-"The Mountain of Tarik is like a beacon spreading its
rays over the seas, and rising far above the neighbouring mountains. One would
say that its face almost reaches the sky and that its eyes are watching the stars in
the celestial tracts."
There is no doubt that Gibraltar derives its name from a corruption of the two
words, Gebal-Tarik, although other derivations have been suggested-Gibel-fath,
Mountain of the Entrance, being the key that let the Moors into Spain; Gibel-
fetch, Mountain of Victory (Leo Africanus) and Jabal-fath.
Of the important events which in the years after the first occupation continually
occurred in the district of Gibraltar little is now known, but it is certain they
were connected with the frequent revolutions and wars in which Spain was con-
tinually engaged with the opposite coast of Africa.
In 1086 Gibraltar was in the possession of the Caliph Yusef ben Taxfin, and
at this time the Spanish Moors, unable to contend with the forces brought against
them by Alfonso of Castille, had implored aid from Africa. This was granted, and
a powerful Moslem army was sent into Spain, which meeting the Christians near
Badajoz defeated them with immense slaughter of 35,000 men, soon afterwards
turning on their weaker brethren from whom they wrested the country. During
these strifes Gibraltar was for a time in the possession of both parties.
In 1161 the primitive fortifications constructed by Tarik were largely increased
by Abd-1-Mumen Ibn Ali, Caliph of the Almohades, who named Gibraltar Jeha-
lu-l-Fatch (Mountain of Victory). They became most formidable, and afforded
great facilities for succouring the neighbouring towns.
In 1309 the Rock was, for the first time, exposed to a regular siege, and taken
by Alonzo de Guzman (el Bueno) detached from the Army of Ferdinand IV. of
Spain, who was then ineffectually besieging Algeciras, after it had been in the
power of the Moors for 598 years.
Ferdinand settled the Government of Gibraltar and granted a Municipal Con-
stitution to the place by Letters Patent of Privileges issued from Jerez de la
Frontera (1310) in order that every means might be employed for encouraging
an increase of population for the defence of the Rock and the district belonging
to it, for the extreme danger that in those days was incurred by being near the
coast, unless in fortified places, in consequence of the continual inroads of the
Moors, who plundered the inhabitants and carried away oaptive those they did
not murder, caused the district of Gibraltar to be but thinly peopled. By these
means Gibraltar became, in fact, an asylum for delinquents and criminals almost
of every grade, for by a short residence there, as in other frontier towns, they
were exempt from the punishment that elsewhere awaited them.
4
It was retaken by the Moors in A.D. 1333, chiefly on account of the treachery
of the Governor who diverted to his own uses the means granted by the King for
the maintenance of the Garrison and purchase of arms; for he sold the stores he
had charge of to the Moors, but it reverted to the dominion of the Christians in
1462, when the Spaniards wrested it from the Moslem dynasty which was rapidly
drifting to its final dissolution.
The Moors held Gibraltar altogether for 751 years, and it may be described as
their first landing-place in, and their last point of departure from, Europe.
Up to this time Gibraltar had sustained eight sieges, and was to sustain many
more before it remained finally in the hands of the English Nation. The sieges
were:-
1. In 1309.-Taken from the Moors by Alonzo de Guzman.
2. In 1315.-Ismail-ben-Feras, of Granada, besieged Gibraltar unsuccess-
fully.
3. In 1333.-Besieged by Abul-Hasar, Sultan of Fez, and taken by starva-
tion after a gallant defence of 4 months.
4. In 1333.—Besieged unsuccessfully by Alphonso XI. of Castille, when bat-
tering machines of various kinds were used.
5. In 1349.-Besieged again by Alphonso, whose death of the plague in 1350
caused operations to cease. (In 1410, the inhabitants of
Gibraltar rose against the Granadian Moors, drove them out
of the fortress, and placed themselves under the protection
of the Emperor of Morocco, who sent 1,000 horse and 2,000
foot to garrison it.
6. In 1411.-Besieged by Yusuf, King of Granada and taken through star-
vation.
7. In 1435.-Besieged unsuccessfully from the sea by Henry de Guzman,
Count de Niebla, who was accidentally drowned in the re-
treat, his body being placed in a coffin and suspended from
one of the turrets of the Barcina, a suburb of the Castle.
(Artillery was used against Gibraltar for the first time in
this siege.)
8. In 1462.-Taken by the Spaniards under Alonzo de Arcos, Rodrigo Ponce
de Leon and John de Guzman, Duke of Medina-Sidonia.
Alonzo de Arcos was Alcalde of Algeciras and the result of the enterprise was
mainly due to his energy; he was advanced to high honour by the King. The
inscription on his tomb in the Carthusian Monastery at Seville is, "Here lies
interred the much honoured Alonzo de Arcos, of Tarifa, who recovered Gibraltar
from the enemies of our Holy faith. He departed this life in the year 1477
having been a great benefactor to this Holy House." The surrender took place
5
.
on 20th August, 1462, Saint Bernard's Day, which Saint became the Patron of
Gibraltar, and whose anniversary has been always celebrated accordingly.
Gibraltar was occupied and garrisoned by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, but
King Henry of Castille lost no time in announcing to the nation his intention of
annexing it to the Royal Dominions, and made certain regulations for the increase
of its population by annexing to it the district of Algeciras; the whole district,
now the Campo of Gibraltar and including the town of Ximena, comprising 29
leagues in circumference. The King visited the city in 1463 and on leaving gave
the office of Alcalde of the district to his favourite Bertran de la Cueva, and the
lieutenancy of the city to Estevan de Villacreces.
In 1465 anarchy prevailed in Spain, and the Infante Don Alonzo, then only 11
years of age, was nominated King by his party, and conferred on the Duke of
Medina Sidonia the city and territory of Gibraltar for him and his successors for
ever. The Duke immediately laid siege to Gibraltar (the ninth), which was taken
after a desperate resistance of fourteen months by Estevan de Villacreces, in
June, 1467, and the King having died in 1468 the second Duke was confirmed
in its possession by Royal Decree of 1469 by his successor Henry IV., the
Sovereign Seigniorial Rights only being reserved. The first care of the Duke of
Medina, Don Juan Alonzo, on taking possession of the Castle was to remove the
body of his father that had remained suspended in a coffin over the gate of the
Barcina. Every inducement was again held out to settlers and special privileges
conferred for the aggrandizement of Gibraltar.
In 1474 the King died, and was succeeded by Ferdinand and Isabella, who
again in 1478 confirmed the gift conferring also on the family the title of Mar-
quess of Gibraltar, but Queen Isabella had always entertained an ardent desire to
recover the city of Gibraltar and unite it to the Crown of Castille. Utrera was
offered to the Duke in exchange but was not accepted.
In 1492 the second Duke of Medina Sidonia died, and his son applied to their
Majesties for a confirmation of his titles to Gibraltar and its territory, to which
he received for reply that on his giving up the city the rest should be confirmed.
The Duke refused indignantly, and it was left for thirty-four subsequent years
in the possession of the Medina family, being found highly serviceable to the
Crown in facilitating the expeditions for the conquest of Melilla in 1497, and
other settlements on the coast of Africa. But in 1502, after mature reflection
on the part of the Spanish Monarchs, by whom the importance of possessing
Gibraltar was fully appreciated, an annexation to the Crown was finally determined
on, recourse being had for an explanation of its resumption to the Sovereign
Seigniorial Rights reserved, and Gibraltar was annexed to the Crown of Castille
being taken possession of with all due solemnity.
In 1504 Queen Isabella died at Medina del Campo and Castille was again
6
threatened with revolution, during which Don John de Guzman, Duke of Medina
Sidonia, attempted to repossess himself of Gibraltar, which he invested and
blockaded for many months (10th siege); but finding there little disposition to
surrender he raised the siege, making ample reparation to all within the district.
whose property he had injured. The act of restitution, by order of the Queen,
was made with particular ceremony; a table covered with monies was placed
in the Atarazana (Casemate Square) and there each person received the amount
of damage proved to have been sustained.
For the conduct of its inhabitants on this occasion Gibraltar received the
title of "Most loyal.”
At the request of the inhabitants a Coat of Arms was granted to the City,
which in consideration of Gibraltar being a fortress and the Key of the Spanish
Dominions consisted of a Castle with a Golden Key pendant with the following
inscription:"Seal of the Noble City of Gibraltar, the Key of Spain."
The Deed of grant, signed by Ferdinand and Isabella, was preserved in the
Archives at San Roque.
Soon after its surrender Gibraltar was made a penal settlement, and great num-
bers of convicts were sent there to assist in extending the fortifications and re-
pairing the defences. Their Majesties ordered also large sums to be expended in
rebuilding the principal Church, formerly a Mosque : the North side was extended
and the Royal Arms engraved thereon besides other additions.
The accession of these Monarchs and the consolidation of the Kingdom of
Aragon with Castille was the signal for the destruction of the Moorish dynasty in
Spain, for in 1489 Ferdinand took the field with 50,000 foot and 12,000 horse,
and with this formidable force marched against the enemy. The Moors, whose
power had been gradually on the wane, were utterly helpless against such forces.
Town after town submitted and in 1491 the great city of Granada was invested
by 60,000 men: it surrendered after a most heroic defence the following year,
and the banners of Christendom floated from the towers of the Alhambra.
In 1609 the last relics of the Moorish race were expelled from Spain; 600,000
of them being forcibly driven out of the provinces; and from Gibraltar in 1610
a fleet of gallies embarked the last of the exiles and cast them destitute on the
shores of Africa.
The following clause in the Will of Queen Isabella strongly evinces the feel-
ing she entertained with respect to the perpetual annexation of Gibraltar to
the Royal Crown.
It is my will and desire, inasmuch as the City of Gibraltar has been surren-
dered by Don Henry de Guzman, has been restored to the Royal Crown, and been
inserted among its titles, that it shall for ever so remain: I ask and require of
7
the Kings, my successors, that they may hold and retain the said city for them-
selves, and in their own possession; and that no alienation of it, nor any part of
it, nor of its jurisdiction, civil or criminal, shall ever be made from the Crown
of Castille.
Gibraltar was under the dominion of Spain until 1704, not however without
witnessing some obstinate struggles, once owing to an attack in 1540 by cor-
sairs under Dali Hamat, one of Barbarossa's Captains, who having sailed from
Algiers with the bold design of taking the fortress by assault, surprised and pil-
laged Gibraltar, and at other times due to internal dissensions.
The pirates landed at Europa and overran the city seizing and sending on
board the galleys as captives all who came in their way, including several men of
rank and wealth, afterwards passing across the Bay and landing at Orange Grove,
where they pillaged, murdered or took prisoners all who resisted them. The
country along the shore was laid waste, the cattle destroyed and the vineyards
burnt. The pirate flotilla was however intercepted at Carthagena by the Spanish
fleet and dispersed, 837 Christian captives being liberated.
Following the pillage of the city by the corsairs the Emperor Charles V.,
grandson of Ferdinand, ordered a more complete system of defence to be car-
ried out. The Landport Gate was rebuilt and a battery constructed with a deep
ditch facing the approach on the land side. In 1552 a celebrated Milan Engineer,
Juan Bautiste Calvi, traced out other important works, viz., Charles V. Wall,
from Southport Gate to the precipice and another from there to the top of the
hill; by the means of these walls the city was entirely enclosed, and approach
from the South rendered almost impossible. In 1575 further additions were
made by an Italian Engineer, Fratino, and three bastions were built-Santa Cruz
(now Jumper's), Rosario at Southport, and another, now the King's Bastion.
In 1618 the Old Mole was strengthened and repaired, and in 1620 the Tower de
Puerto (New Mole Battery) was renewed and enlarged, at the foot of which was
then commenced the New Mole. It was originally intended to defend the
entrance to the Bay and give shelter to vessels pursued by the Moors or other
enemies, and was an important work, having its separate Governor, artillery and
troops. From the Southport Gate the wall was also repaired to the Old Mole,
within which was the Arsenal (now Casemate Barracks); this communicated
with the Castle, of which it formed a part.
In those days the town was composed of the Castle and the three suburbs
called Villavieja, Barcina and Turba. The Castle and the first of these joined
and formed the old Moorish Town, to which the other two quarters were after-
wards added. The Villavieja (Old Town) and Barcina were walled in and had
their separate gates and towers for defence. The Turba was open but was also
comprised within Charles V. Wall.
8
During the war of the Spanish Succession, which commenced in 1701, Gibraltar
was taken after a siege of only three days (11th siege), by a squadron under the
command of Sir George Rooke, on July 24, 1704, in co-operation with a land
force of 1,800 English and Dutch troops under Prince George of Hesse Darm-
stadt, the siege being an afterthought following a repulse at Barcelona: although
the works were very strong and mounted 100 pieces of ordnance, well appointed
with ammunition and stores, yet the garrison consisted of only 150 men, the in-
habitants numbering 6,000 souls. The fortifications at that time on the sea face
consisted of those mentioned above, and a strong line wall compassing the town
from North to South and terminating at either extremity at the New and Old
Moles. On the latter was a tower called Leandro which blew up the day the place
was taken. All these works were armed with heavy ordnance, and the line wall
mounted with artillery along its whole length. A few hundred yards north of
the New Mole was a small bastion also heavily armed (now Little Jumper's).
A bombardment of six hours took place on the second day, when 15,000 shots
were thrown into the town, and the Garrison surrendered.
From that time the English flag has waved triumphantly, although not unmo-
lested, over this inestimably important fortress-for the year did not pass away
without an attempt to recover by Spain, in conjunction with the French, what
was now by common consent allowed to be one of the keys of Europe; the for-
tress, then garrisoned by 3,000 men, being attacked by 17,000 Spaniards and
French, under the Marquis de Villadarias, a French squadron of 12 ships of the
line and 7 frigates; but the attempt, after a six months' siege, was unsuccessful;
and this, the 12th siege the fortress had sustained, cost the besiegers 10,000 men.
It was during this siege that a party of 500 volunteers, under Colonel Figue-
roa, who had ascended the east side of the Rock by a path called the Senda del
Pastor, which was shown them by a Gibraltar goatherd named Susarte, and had
hidden themselves in St. Michael's Cave, passed over Charles V.'s Wall the next
morning, and surprised and put to the sword the Middle Hill Guard, but were
overthrown and nearly all killed by the Grenadiers of the Garrison, under Prince
Henry of Darmstadt, the promised support from their comrades being, through
some jealousy between the French and Spanish commanders, never sent and they
having only three rounds of ammunition a man. Foreign writers also say that a
breach having been opened in the Landport the Spaniards were only prevented
from succeeding by the defection of the French troops. Seventy thousand shot
and eight thousand shells were thrown into the Garrison during this siege. The
loss of the Garrison was 400 men.
On the 19th February, 1706, Gibraltar was made a free port by a special
decree of Queen Anne, and in 1713 it was finally ceded to Great Britain by the
Treaty of Utrecht in the following terms:
9
Art. X.-The Catholic King doth hereby for himself, his heirs and successors,
yield to the Crown of Great Britain the full and entire propriety of the Town
and Castle of Gibraltar, together with the Port, fortifications and forts belonging
thereto. And he gives up the said propriety to be held and enjoyed absolutely
with all manner of right for ever without any exception or impediment whatsoever,
but in order to avoid the abuses and frauds which might take place, by the intro-
duction of merchandize, the Catholic King wishes and takes for granted that it is
clearly understood that the said possession is yielded to Great Britain without any
territorial jurisdiction and without any open communication with the surrounding
region on the land side. *
And in case the possession of Gib-
raltar shall hereafter be alienated, it is covenanted that a preference to the entire
exclusion of all other pretenders shall be given to the Crown of Spain.
* * *
*
In 1720 Gibraltar seems to have been threatened by the Spaniards. Ceuta
had then been besieged for many years by the Moors and a formidable force com-
manded by the Marquis de Leda was assembled in Gibraltar bay under pretence
of relieving it but with a secret intention of first surprising Gibraltar, for which
purpose scaling ladders, &c., had been procured. But the British Ministry had
timely notice, and suspecting some attempt dispatched orders te Colonel Kane,
commanding at Minorca, to embark a part of his garrison and repair immediately
to Gibraltar, which was in a critical condition, having only a garrison of three
weak battalions and only 14 days' provisions in the town. His opportune arrival
with 500 men, provisions and ammunition changed the aspect of affairs, and the
Marquis of Leda sailed for Ceuta.
In 1727 the Spaniards once more endeavoured to gain possession of this ancient
stronghold, the defences of which had then been increased by the works on the
heights above the lower Lines, called Willis's, the extension of the Prince's Lines
and the formation of the Inundation from a morass in front of the Grand Bat-
tery. The attack, on this occasion, was conducted entirely by land, and having
lasted for five months, was ended by peace being concluded between the two
countries (13th siege). The Spanish army amounted to 19,270 men, under the
Count de las Torres; the Garrison was at first 1,500 men, under General Clay-
ton, but was reinforced by 5,481 men under the Earl of Portmore. The Spanish
batteries of 92 guns and 72 mortars opening fire in May, discharged 700 shot
per hour into the town for fourteen days, to which the Garrison could only reply
with 58 guns; 21 on the Grand Battery, 23 on the Old Mole, 9 at Willis's, and
5 from the Moorish Castle, many of them 6-pounders only; indeed the ordnance
was of calibre so small that nearly all the guns at Willis's at that time were
6-pounders, and a 3-pounder is spoken of as having inflicted great loss on the
enemy; 23 of the guns were dismounted in seven days, but by the end of May
the enemy's fire was kept under, and by the beginning of June 100 guns were in
2
10
position and numerous mortars on the heights. When this mass of ordnance
opened upon the Spanish batteries so crushing was the fire that not a single gun
replied. Early in the day the trenches were a heap of ruins, the parapets were
in flames and the magazines blown up. During this siege a conspiracy was
detected among some Moors and Jews within the walls, to seize upon the Gates
and by a preconcerted arrangement open them to the Spaniards. Two Moors
were found guilty, were put to death and afterwards flayed; their skins were
then nailed to the gates of the town, a great many pieces being cut out after-
wards to send to England. The English fired 52,950 rounds and destroyed 23
mortars and 73 guns of the enemy. During this siege the Spaniards attempted
to run a mine into the Rock under Willis's and Queen Anne's batteries which,
from their command, had caused the greatest annoyance to the enemy. Taking
advantage of a natural cave which would hold about twenty men they commenced
their mine, but although it was constantly prosecuted it was never made use of,
although the journal of the siege says it was loaded.
In the year following this siege great changes and alterations were made in the
city, and customs, &c., exclusively Spanish gave way to English and English oc-
cupations, few Spaniards remaining but only Jews and Genoese traders. Every
available spot on the Rock was fortified, vast sums being expended in escarp-
ments and fortifications at Europa and along the sea line. The Franciscan Con-
vent on the Line Wall with its beautiful gardens became the residence of the
Governor; the Nunnery of Santa Clara, a barrack; the Convent of San Juan de
Dios, a store; and that of the Mercenarios, the residence of the Admiral.
The treaty of Utrecht in 1713 had confirmed the possession of Gibraltar to
the English, but deep and deadly was the resentment in that haughty nation
which had extended their conquering arms so far, to see a fortress upon their own
shores held and garrisoned by the English. Proposals were constantly made and
renewed for its restitution until the outbreak of hostilities again in 1726. In
1715 George I. appears to have suggested to the Court of Spain through the
medium of the French Regent, the possibility of the restoration of Gibraltar
upon certain conditions, and this was again renewed on the condition of the ac-
cession of Philip to the Quadruple Alliance and in 1721 a letter was written by
the King touching its restitution upon the footing of an equivalent, Florida being
suggested as an exchange, but fortunately the Spanish King obstinately refused
to cede any equivalent for the restoration of the Rock, but insisted on his right
to its possession, and declined to be shackled by any condition whatever, on which
active negotiations ceased. In 1725 the secret treaty was signed at Vienna be-
tween Philip and the Emperor, in which the latter pledged his good offices to ob-
tain the recovery of Gibraltar, and this alliance brought on the siege of 1727.
In the year 1757 Mr. Pitt also conceived the idea of surrendering Gibraltar
·
11
*
to Spain in order to secure her alliance against France and to recover Minorca, a
question mooted before on other occasions but defeated by the general feeling of
the country which ran so high that public meetings on the subject were held at
which it was proposed to impeach the Ministry for even entertaining the idea as
was also the case in 1715 when the possibility of the cession was apprehended
by the nation, who clamoured for the maintenance of its valuable possession. It
is remarkable that the eyes of the English Cabinet were not open to the importance
of Gibraltar. They had witnessed the impatient anxiety of Spain to effect its
recovery; they had seen extensive military plans resigned, for one grand object,
the subjection of Gibraltar. But although the Ministry depreciated the value of
the possession, the people began to form a just estimate of its importance. The
gallant defence during the last siege was a military achievement that excited the
popular admiration, and Gibraltar became valuable in the eyes of the public
when its name was associated with British gallantry and blood. It is not to be
forgotten that had it not been for the "people" Gibraltar would now have been
the stronghold of some other power. It was the dread of popular indignation
that deterred subseque.it Cabinets from bartering with Spain for the restitution of
the Rock, the possession of which was spoken of at the time as of questionable
advantage to the nation.
Bishop Burnet, writing on the subject, says: "It has been questioned by men
who understand these matters well, whether our possessing ourselves of Gibraltar
and our maintaining ourselves in it so long, were to our advantage or not. It
has certainly put us to a great charge and we have lost many men in it; but it
seems the Spaniards, who should know the importance of the place best, think it
so valuable that they have been at a much greater charge and have lost many
more men while they have endeavoured to recover it, than the taking and keeping
it has cost us. And it is certain that in war, whatsoever loss on one side occasions
a greater loss of men or treasure to the other, must be reckoned as a loss only to
the side that suffers most."
It is difficult to understand how such a statesman as Mr. Pitt could have been
induced to entertain the notion, however important the equivalent advantages to
be given in exchange, but it cannot be denied that a very general impression pre-
vailed at the time that the value of the fortress had been over estimated; the ex-
penses of the place were enormous and constantly increased and the maladminis-
tration of the local Government a fruitful source of complaint, virulent pamphlets
and articles on the subject being constantly published. There was a hatred of
Military Government by persons engaged in commercial pursuits and also dissatis-
faction among the military themselves. It is estimated that the emoluments of
the Governor for pay and perquisites at the time were more than £20,000 per
annum. This was afterwards changed, but as late as the year 1802 the salary of
A
12.
the Governor, by a pernicious and dangerous system was principally defrayed by
the income derived from Wine House Licenses and was computed to amount to
£7,000 a year from that source alone.
To keep up this artificial revenue and to ease the Imperial treasury every en-
couragement was given to the establishment of Public Houses and the sale of
wine and spirituous liquors, the consequence of which policy in a crowded and
confined garrison was that the soldiers were disorganized, riot and debauchery
reigned unchecked and discipline was almost at an end.
In 1760 during the Earl of Home's government two Regiments, becoming
discontented, formed a plot to massacre their officers, seize the military chest and
secure an escape by delivering up the fortress to the Spaniards. The conspirators
numbered 730: an accidental quarrel in a wine house disclosed the plot and the
ringleaders were punished with a vigorous but necessary and just severity.
In 1802 the Duke of Kent was sent to Gibraltar as Governor expressly to put
a stop to the abuses which were then rampant. It is said in a journal of the
time "the laxity of discipline seems, in time, to have become general among the
troops at the fortress and the extent to which it was carried both by officers and
men was little short of disgraceful.”
An old writer says: "To describe the slovenliness of their appearance, the total
want of uniformity in their dress and appointments, the inaccuracy of the move-
ments and the unsteadiness of both officers and men is beyond the power of
language. The grossest irregularities characterized the bearing of the men when
off duty. In the public streets they might be seen by scores in a state of the
most disgraceful intoxication, and altogether so clothed as to resemble a roving
band of lawless plunderers rather than drilled and organized soldiers."
The Duke applied himself at once to the root of the disorder; he reduced the
number of wine and spirit houses, which was 90, ultimately by more than one
half (thus materially curtailing his own income); he provided occupation and
employment for the men and enforced the rules of the service, which were very
much as they are at this day, as regards roll-calls, parades, regimental drills, &c.
Regimental canteens were established and stringent rules laid down for their
guidance, thus forming the commencement of the canteen system in the British
Army, and Regimental Schools were also established by him. In this way he re-
duced crime and the health of the troops was greatly improved. His efforts for re-
form, however, were neither supported by his subordinates in the Garrison nor the
authorities at home, while the liquor sellers who had derived so large a profit from
selling poison to the troops, and whom he had disestablished, worked on the minds
of the soldiers already ripe for mutiny from the radical change which had taken
place. This mutiny is described in the public prints of the day as "attributable
solely to the cruelty of the Governor and his perpetual interference with the com-
13
fort of the men." As a matter of fact the officers afforded culpable opposition
to every plan which had for its object the revival of subordination and control.
A general rising was threatened in which the deportation of the Duke was in-
tended, some say his assassination; but quarrelling among themselves they rushed
to arms and attacked each others' barracks with loss of life. A partial outbreak
only took place, which was suppressed chiefly by the firm conduct of a party of
the Artillery, who killed three and wounded five of the mutineers; thirteen of
the ringleaders were tried and ten condemned to die but only three were executed.
Discipline was restored, but the triumph of law and order was not supported by
the Government at home, although the troops were in real subordination for three
months before the Duke was recalled; reports from the disaffected having reached
England and being pressed on the Ministers, the Duke was sacrificed to party
feeling, ordered home within a year after his appointment, and refused any en-
quiry into his conduct, although that this had earned the esteem and gratitude of
the respectable inhabitants of Gibraltar was amply evinced by their remitting to
Captain Dodd, his Military Secretary, the sum of 1,000 guineas to purchase a
piece of plate as a memento of their attachment to his Royal Highness and their
perfect approbation of his conduct during his Government. It is stated that the
Duke of York insisted on his brother's recall and enforced it, although it is no-
torious that the Prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.) denounced it as a
premium for encouraging mutiny, a measure at once absurd and unjust.
The Duke of Kent established a Brewery at Europa in the hope that by the
introduction of good malt liquor he should diminish among the troops the use
of ardent spirits (hence the Brewery Barracks). We find it recorded in the
Garrison Orders of the time that to encourage this Brewery three public houses
were licensed for the sale of malt liquor alone, "The Three Light Infantry Men"
in Naval Cooperage Lane, "The Three Guns" in Cannon Lane, and "The Three
Grenadiers" at the Half-Way House.
The result of his good measures for the health of the troops was so successful
that it is recorded there were fewer deaths in Gibraltar among the troops by at
least one half during his command than there had been in the same space of time
for many years before or since.
After the departure of the Duke the Rock speedily recovered its former
character, fifty additional wine houses were opened for the accommodation of the
troops, and Gibraltar again presented an aspect of brutal debauchery. A Gar-
rison Order of 1806 speaks of the "shameful drunkenness that had prevailed,"
and a threat made of parades every two or three hours.
Peace lasted in Europe until 1779, when the disturbances in the British
Colonies in America revived the hopes of the Spanish Court, which still brooded
14
with a sullen enmity over the loss of Gibraltar and the defeats it had experienced
before that fortress; but experience had taught them that some new and more
impressive mode of attack must be devised, and the fruitless toil of the employ-
ment of land works only, decided them on the necessity for a co-operating attack
by sea.
In the year 1774 therefore an order was issued throughout all the colleges and
military seminaries of Spain that they should suspend all studies but those which
had for their object the mode of attack upon fortified places by sea and land.
War was again declared, and on the 11th July, 1779, the 14th, or what is best
known as the "Great Siege of Gibraltar," by the French and Spaniards, com-
menced, which continued until the 12th March, 1783, when the news of the
signature of the preliminaries of a general peace reached the Garrison, and
General Eliott, the English Governor, and the Dua de Crillon, met amicably on
the neutral ground. This was the last siege the Rock of Gibraltar has sustained,
and thus, despite the most strenuous efforts of soldiers in the field and of diplo-
matists in the Cabinet, the Rock has remained ever since its first capture by
them in possession of the English.
The following are some interesting particulars of this great siege, which lasted
for three years, seven months and twelve days, during which the Garrison and
inhabitants were often reduced to the greatest straits from starvation; indeed in
January, 1780, had not relief arrived by Rodney's Fleet the Garrison must have
surrendered.
General George Augustus Eliott was the Governor at the time; he is described
as a man of consummate military talents, great energy and indomitable perse-
verance-qualities which the memorable events of the war tested to the utmost,
and which served to guide the British arms successfully through one of the
severest and most protracted sieges on record. Lieut.-General Boyd was Lieut.-
Governor, and Major-General de la Motte commanded the Hanoverian Brigade.
The Spanish army consisted of 28,332 men, under Don Martin Alvarez de
Sotomayor; the French army of 33,038 men, commanded by Baron Falkenstein;
the whole under the command of the Duc de Crillon.
The Garrison consisted of 5,382 men-Artillery, Engineers and a company of
Artificers, 12th, 39th, 56th, 58th and 72d Regiments, and Hardenberg's, Reden's
and De la Motte's Hanoverians-and was reinforced in 1780 by 1,052 (73d
Highlanders), in March, 1782, by 700 (97th Regiment), and in October, 1782,
by 1,600 men (25th and 59th Regiments).
The naval force was commanded by Admiral Duff and comprised the "Panther,"
60 guns, "Enterprise," 28, "Childers," 14, "Gibraltar," 12, and "Fortune,"
15
10.
900 men were landed from this fleet, and did duty on shore as a Naval
Brigade under command of Captain Curtis, R.N.
It may be noted that the fortifications and magazines had been so neglected
since the siege of 1727 that when General Eliott was appointed Governor in 1777
Gibraltar was almost in a state of ruin and decay and indeed almost entirely
defenceless, and up to 1778 he was constantly addressing letters to the Ministers
at home entreating them to increase the Garrison to give him the power of arming
the defences and of forming depôts of provisions in case of siege.
Fire was first opened from the Fortress on the 12th September, 1779, the wife
of an officer, Mr. Skinner of the Soldier Artificer Company, discharging the first
gun to the signal of General Eliott; Britons, strike home. Mrs. Skinner was a
relation of the Power family in Gibraltar.
In January, 1780, the Garrison was relieved by Admiral Sir G. Rodney.
On the 7th June, of the same year, the Squadron was attacked by nine Spanish
fire boats, but they were driven off and the boats destroyed, after which a fleet of
gunboats was organised by the enemy, carrying each a 26-pounder. They bom-
barded the town and barracks nearly every night during the remainder of the
siege, and caused great annoyance, the Town being reduced to ruins and the
inhabitants being obliged to seek shelter among the rocks at the South for the
safety of their lives.
On the 12th April, 1781, the Garrison was relieved by an English Fleet under
Admiral Darby, at which time the fortress was in the greatest extremity for want
of provisions; the ordinary means of sustenance had been almost exhausted;
supplies from Barbary were meagre and rarely reached the Garrison; bread was
served out under protection of a guard; and roots, reeds, thistles and wild onions
were greedily sought after and devoured by the famished inhabitants. The terrible
prospect of famine loomed in the future, and to add to the despair was the fear
of a general bombardment which had caused the inhabitants to flee to the South
and live in huts and tents, abandoning the town and their houses. At this time
the Governor made trial what quantity of rice would suffice a single person for
24 hours, and actually lived himself eight days on four ounces of rice per day.
During this dreadful time, in spite of every precaution, the merchants managed
to conceal their goods and to sell them at exorbitant prices.
The relief by Admiral Darby infuriated the besiegers, and a furious bombard-
ment was opened by the enemy from 170 guns and 80 mortars for six weeks,
56,000 shot and 20,000 shell being fired into the town. Only seventy men of
the Garrison were killed. The town, then deserted by the population, became
the prey of the excited troops. The shells, breaking through the buildings and
bursting the walls of the stores opened up the large accumulations of spirits,
provisions and stores of all descriptions which the greedy merchants had hoarded
#
16
waiting till distress should rise prices to an usurious standard. When the sol-
diers discovered these secreted hoards, and remembered the suffering and pri-
vation they had gone through for want of these very supplies, they gave unbridled
license to their resentment and plundered without restraint until the severest
measures were put in force to arrest the pillaging.
The Governor, learning from spies and deserters and from personal observation
that the enemy, confiding in their superior strength and never for a moment sup-
posing that the Garrison would venture to risk an offensive movement, left their
works weakly defended, while their guards were negligent and listless, determined
tó take advantage of the false security into which they were lulled, and to endea-
vour to destroy by a bold stroke the whole of their magnificent works in the ad-
vanced trenches. Accordingly on the 27th November, 1781, a great sortie was
made by the Garrison on the enemy's trenches and batteries. The force consisted
of 103 officers and 2,065 men, under General Ross, 72d Regiment. These were
formed up on the Red Sands at midnight without any previous warning to the
troops; the countersign for the night being "Steady," and steadily indeed they
marched to the attack and fell into their appointed places for the assault.
The daring enterprise was completely successful, the ardour of the assailants
was irresistible, the enemy fled on all sides, abandoning with the utmost precipi-
tation the formidable works which it had cost them so much labour and so much
blood and treasure to erect. They were completely destroyed, the assailants losing
only four men killed, and one officer and twenty-five men wounded. In the
enemy's lines 10 thirteen inch mortars and 18 twenty-six pounders were spiked.
It is estimated that the construction of these works under fire from the Garrison
had cost three millions of money, and the lives of 5,000 men.
Never was success more complete. The Pioneers and Artillerymen speedily
levelled and destroyed the stupendous parapets; the gabions and platforms were
kindled and the fire spread with such rapidity that in half an hour all the lines of
approach, communications and traverses were in flames and soon reduced to ashes.
The mortars and cannon were spiked and nearly all the magazines exploded. The
inactivity of the Spanish cavalry on this occasion has been much commented on.
Booth says:-" About 40 of the cavalry did come out of the lines, but upon
seeing such superior forces hurried back again as fast as their horses' legs could
carry them."
The following are the few words in which this splendid exploit is recorded,
as taken from the Garrison Orders :-"The bravery and conduct of the whole
"detachment, officers, seamen and soldiers on this glorious occasion surpasses the
"Governor's utmost acknowledgments." In the same order book Brigadier Ross
also begs to thank the Governor for entrusting him with the command, and de-
17
:
sires to make a most public avowal of the firm good behaviour of the officers and
men on that occasion.
Nothing can exceed the splendour of this feat of arms conducted by little over
2,000 men, drawn from a weak and sickly Garrison, on a front of such force and
extent, protected by lines and forts which covered it, mounting 135 pieces of
heavy artillery, and in presence of an army of 14,000 men encamped at the small
distance of a mile and a half from their gates. The result was owing to the per-
fect secrecy
of all the arrangements and the complete surprise of the enemy.
When the troops entered the batteries the written report of the Spanish Coɔm-
manding Officer was found in one of the splinter proofs. It stated that nothing
extraordinary had happened during the night: an impression slightly premature.
General Eliott took no part in the command, although he followed the attack-
ing columns from the fortress and was present in the batteries of the enemy.
His conduct in thus imperilling his own life, jeopardizing the fate of the fortress
and interfering with the responsibility of General Ross, was the subject of some
unfavourable comment both at the time and afterwards, and it was reasonably
asked, What would have been the consequence had the 14,000 Spanish troops in
camp advanced against the place while the sortie was going on? As it was, so
paralyzed was the enemy that during the terrific conflagration they stood almost
silent spectators of the scene.
On the works being repaired they again experienced considerable damage by a
continued fire of ied hot shot, proposed by General Boyd, when the whole of the
advanced works were again consumed.
In the summer of 1782 the batteries in the Galleries were commenced.
In September a supreme effort was made by the enemy to reduce the fortress,
for which the most extensive preparations had been made both by land and sea.
The defence having hitherto been so stubborn, rewards had been offered to the
most skilful engineers in Europe for plans to subdue the fortress; that of the
Chevalier d'Arçon being accepted, consisting of a combined attack by sea and
land upon a scale, so tremendously formidable, and assisted by floating batterics,
incombustible and insubmergible, of the most ingenious invention, that it held out
a prospect of certain success.
A short description of these formidable vessels will be interesting. Ten ships
of from 600 to 1,400 tons burden were cut down to the proper proportions, and
upwards of 200,000 cubic feet of timber were used in their construction. Each
was clad on its fighting side with three successive layers of squared timber, three
feet in thickness; within this wall ran a body of wet sand, and within that again
was a line of cork soaked in water, to prevent the effects of splinters, the whole
being bound together by strong wooden bolts. To protect the crews from shells
3
18
or dropping shot a hanging roof was contrived, composed of strong rope-work
netting, covered with wet hides and shelving to prevent the shot from lodging.
Not the least remarkable part of these vessels was a plan to prevent combustion.
A reservoir was placed beneath the roof from which numerous pipes circulated
through the sides of the ship, giving a constant supply of water to every part
and keeping the wood thoroughly saturated. Each battery was armed with from
eight to twenty heavy brass cannon of new manufacture, with a reserve, and the
crews varied in number from 760 to 250. Total, 138 guns and 5,190 men.
One large sail propelled each ship.
Montero, in his History pays a well-merited compliment to the attitude of
General Eliott at this supreme moment. "General Eliott, who beheld the rapid
advance of the trenches, the increase of the besieging army commanded by a
Chief of great renown, and above all threatened at any moment to be made the
target for these machines, the power of which was exaggerated and overwhelmed
the imagination with gloomy colours, without hope of speedy succour, and sur-
rounded on all sides by enemies, nevertheless remained firm and imperturbable,
displaying an activity without limits in renewing his defences and in maintaining
the spirit of the Garrison in order to resist to the last extremity."
Not a point in the City or on the Rock was left undefended; covered ways
were constructed as a means of communication between the batteries-in these
the guns were renewed and added to and all damage was repaired by the Garrison
who ceaselessly laboured at this most arduous work.
The land batteries amounted to 246 guns and mortars, protected by an army
of 40,000 men, under the Duc de Crillon; and on the 9th of April, 1782, Gib-
raltar was again bombarded by sea and land, commenced by a general discharge
of 170 guns from the land batteries. It continued on the 10th, 11th and 12th,
4,000 rounds being fired in each 24 hours. On the 12th the combined fleets of
France and Spain arrived in the Bay, consisting of 7 three-deckers, 31 two-
deckers, 3 frigates and a number of Xebeques, Bomb Vessels, &c., raising the
enemy's naval force to 47 sail of the line, 10 battering ships carrying 212 guns,
besides a large number of frigates, xebeques, bomb ketches, gun and mortar
boats. On the 13th the whole fleet ranged up to within 900 and 1,200 yards of
the sea face in two lines from the King's Bastion northward, and opened fire
continuing for eight hours. Upwards of 500 guns were playing at the same
time-186 from the land batteries and 142 from the ships of war, besides the
battering ships. The Garrison could only bring 96 guns into action, but red hot
shot was used by them, upwards of 8,300 rounds and 716 barrels of powder
being expended. The effect of the red hot shot exceeded the most sanguine
expectations both against the land batteries and the floating batteries. The enemy
was entirely defeated and a great number of his ships and all the floating batteries
19
were burnt. Three hundred and fifty-seven prisoners were saved by Captain
Curtis, R.N., from the burning ships. But the loss of the enemy was very great;
over 2,000 altogether, 1,473 being either killed, wounded or missing from the
floating batteries alone; while the loss of the Garrison was only one officer and
fifteen men killed, and five officers and sixty-three men wounded. In Spain the
news of the failure of the attack was received with consternation and despair,
and the countless thousands of spectators, who covered the enemy's camp and
the surrounding hills, and who had hurried from all parts of Spain to witness the
fall of Gibraltar, returned to their homes disappointed and chagrined. Two
French Princes, the Comte d'Artois, afterwards Charles X., brother to the King
of France, and the Duc de Bourbon, besides the Prince of Nassau, were in the
Spanish Camp at this time. The bombardment was continued till the end of the
month, 1,200 rounds being fired on an average in twenty-four hours.
On the 10th October Lord Howe's Fleet of thirty-four sail of the line with
six frigates and 31 transports arrived in the Straits, but adverse winds prevented
any but a few transports and the "Panther" frigate from reaching the Rock and
the rest, being driven by the current, assembled off Marbella.
The combined fleets of France and Spain, eighty sail of the line in all, left the
Bay to the Eastward in pursuit, but by an able manœuvre Lord Howe avoided
battle, slipped round them and anchored off Tetuan, from whence he sent the
"Latona" with twelve transports and afterwards the "Buffalo" with the rest of
them, which safely reached Gibraltar with their supplies and a reinforcement of
1,600 men, afterwards sailing to the West on his homeward voyage, still pursued
by the allied fleets to which he gave battle off Cadiz, afterwards proceeding on his
way. The following couplet was current in Spain on this affair:-
Entre OO. EE. NN. y SS.
Se escaparon los Ingleses.
Meanwhile negotiations for peace were proceeding and France offered to give
up Martinique and Guadaloupe to England, receiving San Domingo from Spain
if Gibraltar were restored to the latter. This proposal was entertained by the
Ministry but not by Parliament who saw the unconquerable and absolute re-
pugnance of the nation to restore the fortress.
At the end of October the camp of the enemy begun to break up, and the shot
fired into the Garrison only averaged 250 rounds daily, which gradually decreased,
and on the 20th January preliminaries of peace were signed in which Minorca
was ceded to Spain in place of Gibraltar, it having been taken by Spain during
the siege.
20
The Garrison lost killed and dead of wounds.....
333
Died of sickness, exclusive of those who died of scurvy in 1779 and 1780 536
Discharged, from incurable complaints
Discharged, from wounds.
Deserted
Total……..
181
138
43
1,231
The Spanish loss is stated by them at 6,000 men, but it must have been larger.
The English expended 205,328 rounds and 8,000 barrels of powder, and had
fifty-three pieces of ordnance damaged or destroyed; the besieging force, 258,387
rounds of shot and shell.
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66
This siege cost the Spaniards twelve millions of dollars.
On the termination of the siege reciprocal visits were paid to the Spanish works
and Gibraltar by General Eliott and the Duc de Crillon, when the Governor ex-
amined with particular interest the cave at the Devil's Tower where the enemy
had been working to form a mine to blow up the north part of the Rock. The
Duke asked the Governor what he thought of the mine, and General Eliott was
about to find an answer, but the Duke perceiving his idea by the smile on his
countenance prevented him by saying, "Is it not true, General, that that mine
was a farce? But in war, as in everything else, we must have amusement, and
on that account it was I ordered that Gallery to be made merely to amuse my
"soldiers." On the Duke's exploring the Gallery above Farringdon's Battery,
which was then about 500 or 600 feet in extent, he turned to his suite and ex-
claimed, “These works are worthy of the Romans." On the visit of the Duc de
Crillon to the fortress the officers of the Garrison were introduced to him at the
Convent, and on the officers of the Artillery being mentioned he said to them,
“Gentlemen! I would rather see you here as friends, than on your batteries as
enemies, where," he added, you never spared me.' For his services during
this remarkable defence General Eliott was rewarded with a pension of £1,500 à
year, the Order of the Bath and the thanks of Parliament. The investiture took
place on the King's Bastion, where the Governor had stood on the day of the final
bombardment. It was not till four years after that tardy justice was due to this
great soldier and he was raised to the peerage. The following words were addressed
by the Governor to the troops of the Garrison when communicating to them the
thanks of their King and country for their defence of Gibraltar :-" And forgive
"me, faithful comrades, if I humbly crave your acceptance of my grateful acknow-
ledgments. I only presume to ask this favour as having been a constant wit-
ness of your cheerful submission to the greatest hardships, your matchless spirit
"and exertions, and on all occasions your heroic contempt of every danger.
(6
6
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رو
The progress of the siege had naturally been followed with the deepest anxiety
21
in England, where the services of the brave defenders were fully recognised. In
July, 1782, Lord Melbourne wrote to the Governor, "I am also honoured with
"H. M. commands to assure you in the strongest terms that no encouragement
*shall be wanting to the brave officers and soldiers under your command. His
Royal approbation of the past will no doubt be a powerful incentive to further
"exertions. And I have the King's authority to assure you that every distin-
guished mark of emulation and gallantry which shall be performed in the course
"of the siege by any, even of the lowest rank, will meet with ample reward from
"his generous protection and favour."
(8
In 1830 the first Charter of Justice was given to the City. A magistracy was
established, and the advantage of civil liberty accorded to the inhabitants. Nor
have its military interests been neglected; the fortifications, always strong, have
been vastly extended and improved, the heaviest ordnance has replaced the lighter
guns of former days, and the number has been vastly increased, 440 guns being
now in position, while during the great siege the number was about 120 only;
also immense stores of supplies and ammunition are constantly maintained in the
greatest efficiency.
The number of guns will ultimately be reduced by nearly 100, as the smaller
artillery is replaced by more powerful weapons.
The work of improvement and addition is ever going on military and civilian
labourers are employed every day in building new magazines and new batteries,
re-arming old ones, and in every way adding to the efficiency and strength of this
solitary and war-worn fortress. Ayala says that "the pertinacity with which it
is attempted to be rendered impregnable evinces as well the mistrust of the pre-
sent possessors as the injustice of still retaining it."
Gibraltar may be described as a bold headland promontory jutting insularly
into the sea at the entrance of the Mediterranean, and is separated by a ridge
from North to South dividing it into two unequal parts. It is a peninsula of
oblong form, running nearly due north and south; it is about three miles in
length, greatest breadth three-quarters of a mile, and circumference about seven
miles.
The acreage of Gibraltar, including the North Front, is 1,266 acres, of which
over twenty-one acres only (public property) are reserved as garden ground.
There are, however, other spots cultivated in private properties and Government
quarters. The greater part of the Rock is incapable of cultivation.
22
On the north it is connected with the main land by a low sandy isthmus, 1,500
yards in length (from the Bayside Gate) and from 950 to 1,800 yards in breadth
in different parts.
On the western side, where the town is built, the slope is gradual in most parts;
but the eastern, which faces the Mediterranean, is an inaccessible cliff, bare of
vegetation, and forming a series of rugged precipices, broken only in one spot by
an immense bank of sand 450 feet in height, the accumulation of many ages,
which lies heaped up under the Signal Station-hill.
At the northern face the mountain rises, a perpendicular and unbroken cliff, to
a height of nearly 1,400 feet, terminating in a narrow plateau crowned with a
powerful battery. The guns in this battery, even at this height, were frequently
dismounted during the siege.
At its extreme height the Rock is marked by three points, viz., at the north,
the Rock Gun, or Wolf's Crag, 1,337 feet; in the centre, the Upper Signal Sta-
tion, 1,294 feet high; and at the south, Sugar Loaf Hill or O'Hara's Tower,
1,361 feet high; but the greatest height is at a point between the Signal Station
and O'Hara's Tower, 1,396 feet. This tower was built by General O'Hara to
watch the movements of the Spanish fleet at Cadiz; it was soon afterwards struck
by lightning, which completed its inutility. The greatest heights in the neigh-
bourhood are Ape's Hill, 2,808 feet; Queen of Spain's Chair, 971 feet.
The Rock is composed of compact limestone or grey dense marble, varied by
beds of red sandstone and fissures of osseous brecchia, which last resembles in
character that found in the limestone rocks of Antibes, Nice, Pisa, and Dalmatia,
and contains the bones of various animals, among which Cuvier enumerates the
fossil elephant, ox, deer, cave-bear, sheep, horse, ass, snakes, and many others,
both of existing and extinct species.
Though Gibraltar has traditionally held the title of a barren rock, its floral and
vegetable kingdom is sufficiently rich and varied to occupy the attention of bota-
nists. The clematis, geranium, aloe and rose run wild, and the myrtle, locust
tree, the wide-spreading bella sombra, a great variety of cactus, the vine, fig-trees,
olive, almond, orange, and lemon are present in various localities.
·
There are 456 species of flowering plants and ferns indigenous to the Rock, and
forty-four which are introduced; some of them are very curious and beautiful.
The town or city consists of two distinct portions, known as North and South,
the former being by far the most important, in which is the commercial portion,
which is comprised mainly in two parallel streets, Waterport-street and Irish-
town, and the lanes connecting them; the abrupt slopes at the back of the town
being thickly covered with houses built tier above tier to a height of 250 feet
bove the sea; and at the northern extremity of this district is the Moorish Castle
23
with its ancient walls, bearing a silent witness in its battered masonry to the
assaults of time and of many famous sieges. It was completed by the Moors in
742 A.D.
The South-town is formed by a small collection of houses which stand on the
slope of the hill below O'Hara's Tower, and includes Rosia and the New Mole-
parade. This suburb is divided from the city by the Alameda-parade and public
gardens.
The only houses on the East side of the Rock, if we except the Cottage of
H. E. the Governor at Europa, are those of the village of Catalan Bay, in which
the inhabitants are chiefly fishermen and of Genoese origin.
24
:
CLIMATE OF GIBRALTAR.
Temperature.
Ample testimony is borne by the ancients to the beauty of the climate: Lucan,
the poet, speaks of the serenity and perpetual clearness of the sky about Gibraltar,
and Pliny, though having given, with laudable partiality, the preference to his
native Italy, renders justice to the Southern coast of Spain, and affirms that only
can be compared with it.
The general character of the climate is very agreeable from November to May,
but the remaining five months are hot, and the East wind or Levanter prevails.
The mean temperature, taken from an average of twenty-two years, is 62° 13',
the maximum heat being in July, 92° 20', and the minimum in February, 32° 6'.
The heat in summer is, however, even more oppressive than the thermometer
would indicate, owing principally to the want of a free circulation of air, which
is prevented by the height and shape of the rock, most of the winds blowing only
in certain quarters of the rock, but as a general rule the summer nights are much
cooler and not often oppressive, except when a severe black Levanter wind is
blowing.
The prevailing winds are East and West, or variations of these quarters. When
a North wind blows in the winter, which is rather uncommon, it is oftentimes
bitterly cold, from passing over the snows of the Sierra Nevada on its route, but
no great extreme cold is ever known. The Easterly winds are most prevalent
in the summer months, and the Westerly in the winter. The Levanter is most
unwholesome; it is usually accompanied by a dense mass of dark cloud which
hangs over the rock and dissolves in a clammy and unpleasant moisture. Its
presence is quickly recognized by dull pains in the bones, the tongue is parched,
and an oppressive languor paralyzes both mind and body. When, after a depres-
sing Levanter, the wind suddenly changes, the sensation is one of the greatest
relief.
What may be called the "manufacture" of the Levanter when an East wind
is blowing is very curious to witness. It is best seen from the road in front of
the Governor's Cottage, Europa, when, on looking towards the peak of O'Hara's
Tower, the beautiful blue sky of the Mediterranean is seen clear and cloudless,
but within a short distance of the highest part of the rock clouds are gathering
and a black vapour pouring over the summit like smoke from a factory chimney,
spreading an inky pall over the town and far over the Bay towards the opposite
coasts of Spain. Opinions differ as to whether the Easterly blasts are colder than
the Rock, or vicè versá; but that the heavy vapour of the Levanter is due to the
25
condensation of the air on the Rock there can be no doubt. The effect of the East
wind on the Bay is extremely curious, where sharp and intermittent gusts prevail
by reason of the hill running North and South, so that the flat back receives the
Levant winds which reverberate, flying round each end of the Rock with great
impetuosity, while the third column of the air mounts over the Rock, and which
is by a fourth higher free wind forced down, and meets with the two winds that
whirl round the mountain at an equal distance from the ends of the Rock; these
form vortices, which are continued in numberless eddies quite to the front of the
Bay, so that vessels riding abreast of the town have smart gusts of wind at all
points of the compass in the space of half an hour. (This is a description by an
old writer).
In winter the cold is never excessive, snow falls very seldom, but hail often
rattles down, being driven by gusts of wind; ice is a rarity, yet upon the summit
of the Rock and on the neutral ground, very early in the morning, it has been as
thick as half-a-crown.
The Levanter wind when it blows in the winter is often most tempestuous and
rages violently for several days, with heavy and copious rains, hence the Portuguese
saying-
Rain with a Levanter,
Makes the stones canter.
In the yellow fever years (1813, 1814) the East wind prevailed for seven months
out of the twelve.
Rainfall and Water Supply.
The rainy months are from September to May, and the average fall taken for
twenty years is 34.53 inches, but this is subject to very great variations, as in
1841-42 only fifteen inches fell, while in 1855-56 the quantity registered was
nearly eighty inches.
In 1766, on the last day in January, occurred one of these deluges caused by
a tremendous fall of rain, to which places in southern latitudes are often exposed.
The torrent from the mountain was so impetuous, carrying with it stones of great
size with sand and earth, that it filled up the lower parts of the houses, blocked
the streets and prevented the opening of the Sally Ports. More than 50 persons
are said to have perished on this occasion. This inundation was deemed an extra-
ordinary occurrence, for, as remarked by Portillo, it is an extraordinary quality of
this Rock that although its side is sloping and much extended the water often
does not reach the town. It appears that the mountain is full of caverns into
which the water runs, and is conducted by unknown channels to the sea or to
interior deposits not reaching the town nor even the gardens at the foot of the
mountain.
26
In 1834 a similar occurrence took place when eleven lives were lost, and on
the night of 23d November, 1875, there was also a great flood, and two persons
lost their lives, being buried by the fall of a shed in the garden of the Convent,
Europa Road.
During the dry months of the year the rock is brown, parched, and burnt up,
and all vegetation perishes, but with the first showers all this is changed, and the
appearance of the rock alters in a few days as if by magic. The grass springs
up, the shrubs and trees begin to bud, and the eye, wearied by the heat and dust
of summer, is refreshed by the beautiful bright green of the early vegetation ;
nowhere is this better seen than on the North Front, where a day or two's rain
covers the sandy waste with a beautiful green carpet.
The supply of water was, until 1868, entirely dependent on the rainfall; but
since the discovery of fresh water on the North Front, and the supply of better
tank accommodation, this want is no longer felt, and the benefit is everywhere
manifest by the better order of the sewers, drains, &c., which must result in the
increased healthiness of the place.
Since the constitution in 1865 of a body of Sanitary Commissioners, composed
of gentlemen of the town, who give their services gratuitously, assisted by a
skilled engineer, the condition of the drainage, cleansing, water supply, paving
and lighting has been very materially improved, as also the town itself by constant
alterations in the narrow streets, courts, ramps, &c., and by the planting of a con-
siderable number of trees which give a grateful shade in the streets from the
summer sun. The water from the wells at the North Front and at Southport
(Dixon's Well) is pumped into the town into enormous tanks below the Moorish
Castle, and also into the Naval tank on the Europa Road, a colossal work with
retaining walls of immense thickness. From this immense reservoir a small
engine forces the water into two smaller tanks, one on the Engineer Road, the
other above Windmill Hill; and from these sources Windmill Hill, Europa,
Buena Vista, &c., are supplied. The actual source of the water found at the
North Front is a subject of controversy, but it is generally believed to be derived
from two sources, the drainage of the opposite Spanish hills, Sierra de Carbonera,
and the filtration of surface water through the large area of sand of the North
Front. The depth of the clay which retains it must be extremely close to the
sea level, as towards the end of the summer the water pumped up has a mixture
of sea water which renders it hardly potable. The fact of potable water being
present on the North Front is mentioned by Ayala in 1782, who writes:
"Wherever in the sand on the Isthmus a well is dug there is found, on a level
"with the sea or much higher, excellent good sweet water, pure and light, fit for
"drinking and all purposes of cookery."
It may be added that constant experiments have been carried out in many parts.
27
of the Rock for the discovery of the best water, and large condensing machinery
was erected in 1884 in the Southport ditch, near Ragged Staff, capable of supply-
ing a very large quantity of the purest water possible.
Mortality.
This has hitherto been far above a healthy average, although it seems to be de-
pendent neither on the heat nor the rainfall; for some of the most healthy seasons
have occurred when the thermometer has been the highest, while in the two years
before mentioned, when the greatest extremes of rainfall occurred, no visible effect
was produced on the mortality.
The rate of mortality has, however, been steadily decreasing in the last few
years, as better Sanitary measures are enforced. In 1882 it was 32 per mil.; in
1883, 24; and in 1884 it was reduced to 19.
The prevailing diseases are pneumonia, fever, and consumption.
The mortality among children is very remarkable, and can only be accounted
for by the overcrowding of the poorer houses, neglect of the parents, and insuffi-
ciency of proper food.
During the virulent fever which visited the Rock in 1804, 5,733 persons died
out of a population of 15,000 in a few weeks.
The fever again visited the Rock at the end of 1813, when the gates were closed
and all business suspended; and again in the following year. Sufficient is known
of the symptoms and character of this disease to leave no doubt of its having
been the yellow fever of the West Indies. It reappeared again in 1828 when it
caused 1,677 deaths, after which the frequent and fatal recurrence of this fever
in a climate not remarkably unhealthy attracted the attention of the authorities
and a commission of enquiry was established to determine whether the disease
was imported or had its origin in local causes. The President and members dis-
agreed and no conclusion was arrived at. There is no doubt however that the
fever originated in Gibraltar, and that there existed at the time exciting causes
within the city numerous enough and of a character to originate malignant fevers.
The ventilation of the town was essentially bad, the drains were ill constructed
and in no instance trapped, and almost every house had a gaping cesspool beneath
it. During the summer masses of accumulated filth were pent up in the sewers,
and horribly offensive odours rose from the open gratings. Added to this there
was never any regular and sufficient supply of water. Investigations made in
1828 proved that the fever first broke out in a district notoriously filthy. In
further proof of the pestilential state of the atmosphere during these epidemics
it is mentioned by an eminent physician that a great mortality prevailed at the
1
+
28
same time among animals. In 1865 the Rock was visited by cholera, which
swept off more than 500 victims in three months.
Since then ample Sanitary precautions have been taken and are carefully carried
out by the Sanitary Commissioners. These arrangements, now so complete, for
the benefit of the public health form a striking contrast to the way in which these
all important matters were dealt with in days gone by, of which the following
General Order of 1766 is an amusing instance, although at the present day such
an indifferent way of dealing with a great source of public danger would not fail
to cause the greatest alarm :-"The General desirous of removing the remaining
part of the rubbish in the town, that a free passage may be given for the deluge
which may be expected from the usual rains at this time of the year, proposes to
employ 100 able volunteers from the several Regiments for that purpose, who are
to be free from all other duty during the time they are employed. The General's
intention is to contract with these men for the removal of this rubbish to such
place as shall be assigned them, for a limited time, for a sum of money to be
equally divided amongst them as they are to share equally amongst them as soon
as the task is completed, and to see that his neighbour take his share of the work
equally with him that the contract may not be broke and the gain lost owing to
the negligence or idleness of two or three careless fellows. The General will
order the volunteers for this work to be assembled; the task proposed to be done
and the sum proposed to be given shall be clearly told them, and they shall be
left at full liberty to undertake or refuse the proposal."
The general health of the troops is excellent, and there is no place in the world
where English soldiers are quartered where a young regiment pulls itself together
and is improved so readily. The men are constantly employed, and the sentry
work at night is performed in a most clement climate. Rock fever is occasionally
prevalent among them, and curiously enough, is more common in the regiments
which are quartered in the coolest situations, Europa and Windmill Hill; but
the cause is not far to seek the steep hilly road from the town to these places
is the cause of the men getting overheated, when hurrying to save the roll call,
and the cool air of their destinations, with perhaps their coats thrown open to
enjoy it, produces a chill, and that, unless taken in hand at once, is a certain pre-
lude to Rock Fever.
:
Mem.—Avoid sitting in a draught when heated.
POPULATION.
The population at the end of 1881 was 23,991, including the military; the
civil population of 18,381 divided as follows:-Protestants, 1,439; Roman
Catholics, 15,275; Hebrews, 1,591; Mahommedans, 59; others, 17.
The history of the composition and numbers of the population of Gibraltar
29
merits a somewhat detailed notice. Ayala says that in 1724 the civil population
amounted to only 3,000, of which 500 were English, 1,000 Jews, and a large
number of Genoese. These persons replaced the inhabitants who had left Gib-
raltar on its capture. In 1787 the population amounted to 3,386, of whom
2,100 were Roman Catholics. A census, taken in 1791 when the population was
2,890, contains a declaration that no person can possess a right to enter and re-
side in Gibraltar even although a natural born subject of the Crown, without
permission of the Governor of the Fortress, and no general right of way to this
end has ever been granted.
The first Garrison Orders in existence are dated 1720, and the power of the
Governor to expel all persons he did not deem desirable was always recognized
and exercised, and the Regulations constantly made with reference to the admis-
sion and residence of Aliens were based :-
1. On the absence of all right to a residence.
2. The Military expediency to exclude all foreigners.
3. To prevent overcrowding.
A census was constantly taken to check the numbers of the population, and in
1812 Military Police were first established, their most important duty being to
control the admission of aliens and to check overcrowding which might prove
dangerous to the health of the Fortress.
These fears had been too well founded, as the Epidemic fever of 1810 carried
off more than a tenth of the population, the epidemic being expressly stated to be
due to an influx of strangers and foreigners of all nations. This fever appeared
again in 1813 and 1814, and in the three years 14,900 people were attacked and
7,070 died.
In 1814 the population was 9,633; thus it had more than trebled in 23 years.
In the following years continual Proclamations were published to control the
admission of aliens and to prevent overcrowding but no actual principle was
laid down.
In 1822 Lord Chatham, in order to check births of aliens in the Garrison re-
fused licenses to marry to any alien males except they left the Garrison.
In 1828 the overcrowded town was again devastated by a fearful epidemic, and
in the following year it was found that nearly 12,500 people were in Gibraltar
on permit.
The evil had thus so gained ground that a radical reform of the Permit system
was carrried out by the Secretary of State in the following year, and the indis-
criminate grant of Permits was entirely forbidden. A Magistrate was appointed
to administer fixed rules or principles to regulate the admission, &c., of Aliens
30
and on a census being taken it was found that the native Christian population of
Alien origin had more than quadrupled in 16 years, there being a total of 17,000,
including 7,000 foreigners. This led to fresh instructions for the revision of all
existing Permits and these continued in force until the passing of the present
Aliens Order in Council in 1873, before. which, in 1865, the cholera having
visited Gibraltar with serious results the complaints of overcrowding were per-
sistent and general.
To show the grave necessity for the most extreme supervision it may be men-
tioned that in 1814 the number of houses was 1,664, the population being 9,633,
whilst in 1871, when the population was nearly doubled, the number of houses
had diminished by one third.
The principles therefore which have governed all enactments in this matter may
be shortly stated as follows:-
1. That in this Fortress, containing an exceedingly limited habitable area, no
right to residence can be recognized.
2. Therefore no alien can be admitted except to supply the wants of the Gar-
rison.
3. Therefore no alien can have any ground of complaint if excluded.
4. That in view of the overcrowded state of Gibraltar and of the limited extent
of house accommodation it is absolutely essential that every possible
regulation should be made to prevent an increase to the fixed popula-
tion by the occurrence of births of children of alien fathers.
It is only by such measures, harsh though they may prove occasionally to be,
that the population of Gibraltar can be kept within reasonable limits consistent
with safety to health.
GEOLOGY, BOTANY, AND NATURAL HISTORY.
THE Rock is composed of compact limestone or dense grey marble, varied by
beds of red sandstone and fissures of osseous breccia. At the base of the pre-
cipice which runs about halfway up the mountain on the western side, lies a
sloping plain of stratified silicious sand on which the lower part of the town is
built. It is called the Red Sands.
There is no doubt that Gibraltar has undergone many movements of upheaval
and depression, accompanied by violent ruptures of strata, land slips and con-
tinual sea action. The beds of limestone must have been formed at the bottom
of the sea during the secondary period, as is shown by the marine remains con-
31
tained in them, in a position nearly horizontal; and they were tilted up by some
force acting from below, most probably volcanie. This was the first period in the
history of the Rock, and in the second fresh beds were deposited round its base,
which were again tilted up 19 degrees more than they were at first by a second
upheaval. This movement, however, was only partial, and confined to the south-
ern portion, and the Rock was broken across-the line of fracture being plainly
marked by the gap and ravines between Middle Hill and Rock Gun height.
During this epoch the Catalan Bay sands were formed: the wasting action of
the sea had formed a cliff and terrace, and on this beds upon beds of sand were
deposited, sloping outward, and in one of the numerous changes of level to
which the Rock was subjected the whole of these sands were lifted up. They
slope against the eastern face at an angle of 80 degrees. During the great earth-
quake which destroyed Lisbon, these sands sunk many feet and large pieces of the
Rock rolled into the sea.
A third upheaval, still further south of Middle Hill, again tilted the beds in
that part 19 degrees. The line of division is marked by an indentation to the
south of Signal Station Hill.
These successive and violent alterations have been instrumental in giving so
irregular an outline to Gibraltar, the grand sentinel watch tower of the Mediter-
ranean. Hence the Spanish names for it "El Cuerpo " (The Corpse) and "The
Crouching Lion,"
"A guisa de Leon cuando se posa."
and these appearances can be easily traced, the former looking South, the latter
North.
The surface of Europa Point is almost entirely composed of water-worn rock;
and at the back, 270 feet above the sea level, is an oyster-bed. The general ap-
pearance of the Rock indicates that the whole of it has been submerged subse-
quently to the last of the disturbances.
No general change of level has taken place probably during the human period,
but the elevation must have been instantaneous, as fossil shell-fish are found with
both valves adhering, showing the animals must have been alive at the time.
The remarkable osseous breccia is found in different parts of the Rock,-in
fissures and open caverns. The concretions are calcareous, and inclose the bones
of different animals, many of which are of extinct kinds.*
The flora and vegetable kingdom of Gibraltar are rich and varied; there are
456 species of flowering plants and ferns indigenous, and 44 which are cultivated
and introduced. These are classed as follows:-
* Vide "Geology of Gibraltar," by James Smith, Esq., F.G.S., 1844.
32
40 species generally distributed throughout Europe.
58 natives of South Africa.
63 common to Europe and Africa.
147 common to South Europa and Africa.
13 confined to Spain and Barbary.
12 confined to Europe and Asia Minor.
One plant only is peculiar to Gibraltar, viz., Iberis Gibralterica.
There are few animals on the Rock; of these the rabbits are the most plenti-
ful, but there are also foxes and badgers; reptiles are numerous, chiefly lizards,
centipedes and snakes, the latter not poisonous. In ancient times wild boar and
wolves were known on the Rock.
The eagle still builds his nest in the crags near the Signal Station, and many
varieties of hawks are common. Wild pigeons breed in great numbers in the
caves on the eastern face of the Rock, and there are a few patridges to be seen,
most commonly on and about Europa Flats.
The monkeys, always associated with the Rock of Gibraltar, are now but few
-about twenty in number. They are of the Barbary ape species, and it has long
been a matter of discussion how they were transported. The wild and impossible
theory of a communication under the sea between Gibraltar and the Barbary
coast has been started by some ingenious people, and certain it is that the moun-
tain on the other side has been Ape's Hill from immemorial time; but the simple
fact seems to be that they were brought over from the opposite coast at different
times and increased in numbers, as formerly they were seen in troops gambolling
along the precipices.
An old paper in the British Museum refers to a great number of those apes
being sent into the garrison in 1740, and a poll-tax to which they were subjected.
The presence of these monkeys adds another to the many speculations which
may be indulged in with regard to the formation of the Rock and its present
position. There seems to be no doubt but that in past ages the two continents.
of Europe and Asia were connected at their Western extremity. The geological
formations of Gibraltar and the opposite coast are identical, limestone in both
cases, the neighbouring hills of Spain being of sandstone; monkeys are habitants
of Africa, but not of Spain; and as another curious fact the Barbary partridge is
found on the Rock but not in Spain, while the red leg partridge so common in
Spain is found neither on the Rock or on the Barbary coast.
The present family may often be seen on the Western side of the Rock, par-
ticularly when the Levant wind is blowing; they rob the gardens when they can,
but principally live on the sweet roots of the palmetto. When the water in the
catch-pits in different parts of the Rock is exhausted by the summer heats they
33
become very bold in their quest for it, the Signal Station being a safe find as the
men provide a supply for them. They also often visit the back of the Governor's
Cottage at Europa (but only during a West wind) for the sake of the grape vine
at the entrance and the water tank.
The men at the Signal Station take notice of their movements, and any youth-
ful addition to the family is duly announced in the local paper. They are never
molested, although they are very troublesome to the owners of garden ground
where they commit extensive depredations, for the policy of England in all her
colonies is in their case illustrated to the letter; as Ford says in his " Handbook
to Spain, "We do not seek to denationalize the aborigines, whether men or
monkeys."
"
TRADE OF GIBRALTAR.
The really palmy days for the trade of Gibraltar, we fear, are gone for ever;
for although the commercial transactions are still large and important, they have
greatly fallen since the days before the introduction of steam, and the rise was
no less sudden than has been the decline. When tranquillity was restored to the
Rock after the great siege the town presented a very deplorable aspect; the prin-
cipal inhabitants had long since fled, and landed property was of trifling value,
but the real owners, encouraged by the Governor, set earnestly at work to rebuild,
which gave an impetus to labour, and tranquillity brought with it naturally a
revival of commerce. The war commenced in 1793 was highly beneficial to Gib-
raltar ;
for having a Vice-Admiralty Court the numerous captures made by our
cruisers in the Mediterranean and off the coasts were daily brought in, condemned,
and both vessels and cargoes sold at public auction. Merchandize of great value
was thus disposed of, and at little cost. Moreover a system of privateering was
established, whence proceeded transactions highly profitable to those engaged.
Money and supplies were also forwarded to the army of the Duke of Wellington
in the Peninsular and large profits were made. In 1808 the Revolution in Spain
opened to Gibraltar the treasures long heaped up and lying dormant in that
extensive country, and being a free port full advantage could be taken of the
chance. The total exclusion, at one period, of the British Flag from all Conti-
nental ports from the Baltic to the Adriatic, made Gibraltar a grand emporium
where apparently was conducted the business of all European nations. Wealth
consequently flowed in fast, the value of landed property increased, and the
fortunate landholder found himself suddenly wealthy and independent. The titles
to lands in Gibraltar were only settled after 1821 during the Government of Lord
Chatham, the Commission having been appointed in 1817, for, in consequence of

5
34
the little attention the matter had received from former Governors and the absence
of any establishment for carrying on the settlement made under General Bland in
1749, the greatest irregularities had occurred, and most of the titles by which
lands and houses were held were either liable to forfeiture or tainted with defects.
A revisal was therefore made of the whole and titles were settled on a permanent
basis, the former disabilities with respect to Jews and Catholics being altogether
removed. In 1822 and 1824 the value of the imports of cotton and woollen
manufactures alone amounted to a million and a quarter of money, but from that
year the trade declined. The number of shipping has enormously increased, but
this is due to the extension of mercantile transactions all through the Mediter-
ranean, for formerly in the days of sailing vessels Gibraltar formed the great
entrepôt for goods which were intended for distribution not only along the neigh-
bouring coasts but to the remotest corners of the Mediterranean and the Black
Sea. Now steam and ships of larger tonnage carry cargoes direct to the port of
destination without transhipment. Gibraltar, therefore, as a station of commercial
importance has declined, but as a coaling station and a port for the protection
and convenience of the mercantile marine trading with the Mediterranean, Spain
and Morocco, it is more than ever of importance.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c.
Gibraltar possesses but few public buildings to interest a visitor. The streets
are inconveniently narrow, although great improvements have been effected in this
matter of late years, and they are still going on, under the careful administration
of the Sanitary Commissioners.
The Assembly Rooms
were erected in 1884-85 by a Company formed in Gibraltar for the purpose, on a
site at the north end of the Alameda, granted for the purpose by the War Office
on the representations of the Governor, Sir J. M. Adye, who evinced his interest
in the provision of a building of this kind by the strong recommendations he
made to the Government in favour of the grant. It contains a noble Ball-room,
with the necessary retiring rooms; a moveable stage for theatrical performances,
concerts, &c.; a restaurant, with the necessary offices, kitchens, &c.; and a rain-
water tank of 40,000 gallons. The East wing contains the Lodge Rooms, &c.,
of the Freemasons of Gibraltar, by whom the enterprise was inaugurated.
35
:
CHURCHES, CHAPELS, SYNAGOGUES, &c.
Roman Catholic.
CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF ST. MARY THE CROWNED
appears to have been originally a Moorish Mosque, and by no means an insignifi-
cant one, as may be seen by the marble in the buildings and cloisters, and origin-
ally, in the Court of Orange Trees, which used to exist before a great part was
taken for widening the road; of this Court and the well for watering the trees
the recollection alone remains. On the sides are chapels dedicated to illustrious
founders. The church was re-modelled and re-built by Ferdinand and Isabella
when Gibraltar was annexed to the Crown, when the north side was extended
and the Royal Arms engraved thereon: the stone may still be seen on the wall in
the inner court. They directed also a large and elevated tower to be constructed
wherein were to be placed the bells and clock, but only the principal chapel was
completed, for the whole funds were expended in decorating the altar and in or-
naments.
In 1704 the Church was saved from pillage and zealously defended by the
Curate, Padre Juan Romero, a man of sound judgment and true piety who re-
mained at Gibraltar when the rest of the inhabitants left rather than submit to
foreign dominion; among them many noble families, the Villegas, the Bohorques,
the Guzmans, the Benitez, and that of Solis, Lord of "Las Navas." Padre Juan
Romero was held in great estimation, his Church was respected and he himself
was provided with rations for his maintenance. On the return of peace and
opening up of land communications he occupied himself in placing in security
the effects of the Church by distributing them as opportunities occurred among
persons returning to Spain to be delivered to the clergy of the neighbouring
churches. He died in 1723, when other Curates continued the same practice.
In this way were conveyed out of the Garrison the Images of the "Virgen de
los Dolores," of "Los Remedios," of the "Socorro," the "Christo de la Espi-
racion," the "Magdalena," and many others. These were sent out in various
ingenious ways, some wrapped in clothes, and some in provision baskets, and a
figure of San Josef, too large to be sent in this way, was covered with a cloak
and surmounted with a cap, was placed on a horse, supported behind by a rider
and was thus borne out of the Garrison in the midst of a company of horsemen.
In documents addressed to his Bishop the Curate Romero fully justifies himself
from any interested or sordid motives for remaining in Gibraltar, showing that
but for his presence the Holy Church of St. Mary would have shared the fate of
all the others, and declares that if instead of being captured by the English it had
been taken by the Turks or Moors or by the Prince of Darkness himself he would
have acted in precisely the same way.
30
In former times, in Gibraltar, were a great number of churches and holy sanc-
tuaries, besides four monasteries-three of Friars and one of the Franciscan Nuns
of Santa Clara. The religious houses, &c., in 1704, besides the Cathedral Church,
were Convent of San Francisco (1480), of la Merced (1581), of San Juan de
Dios, Convent of Santa Clara (1587), Churches of Virgen de la Europa, San Juan
de Lateran, Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza, San Sebastian, in the Barsina, Virgen
del Rosario (Ragged Staff), San Juan de Verde, belonging to the Knights of
Malta, Hermitage of los Remedios (Rosia), and a Calvary with many crosses at
the Sandpits. The cloisters, formerly of the Convent of Mercedes for the
Redemption of Captives, founded in 1581, still remain at Cloister Ramp.
CHURCH OF THE SACRED HEART OF JESUS,
Castle Road. This new and handsome though unfinished church and the schools
adjoining were erected mainly through the constant exertions and energy of the
late Vicar Apostolic of Gibraltar, the Right Reverend Dr. Scandella, Bishop of
Antinöe, who died in the summer of 1880, and was interred in the church,
ST. JOSEPH'S CHURCH,
Roger's Road, South.
Protestant,
CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY.
A plain stone building, but commodious, and with pleasing Arabesque orna-
mentation in the interior. The doors and windows are of the Moorish horse-shoe
shape. It was built during the Governorship of Lord Chatham, who assumed
office in 1821; and the Chancel, as at present arranged, was altered in 1880,
The fine Organ, the cost of which was defrayed by private subscriptions, was
erected at the same time,
KING'S CHAPEL.
This is part of the chapel of the old Convent, to which it is attached: some of
the pillars of the West end and a doorway may still be seen in the coach-houses.
It is now used as a Garrison Chapel. The chancel was restored in 1877, chiefly
through the exertions of Mrs, Somerset, wife of Lieut.-General E. A. Somerset,
C.B., who was in command of the Infantry Brigade from 1873 to 1878, during
which time he was Acting Governor for more than two years. The stained glass
window was then put in, the cost being raised by private subscriptions, and the
beautiful altar cloth is the work of Mrs, Somerset and family, Ayala says, "the
37
i
congregation are summoned to this Church by beat of drum, the Governor not
"sanctioning the use of bells which disturb and incommode him."
SOUTH BARRACK CHAPEL.
A Chapel School attached to the South Barracks.
ST. ANDREW'S PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
Governor's Parade.
WESLEYAN CHURCH.
Prince Edward's Road.
Jewish Synagogues.
One of the principal is on the Line Wall, at the back of Bomb House Lane,
and may be known by a splendid date Palm tree in the Court Yard, the waving
branches of which are seen over the entrance gate. There are others in the town.
The Civil Hospital
occupies the site of the hospital of San Juan de Dios, which existed when the
Rock was in the hands of the Spaniards. It is in three divisions-Church of
England, Roman Catholic, and Hebrew-each under the management of a com-
mittee of gentlemen of its persuasion with a Deputy Governor of the Hospital
at the head of each. It was inaugurated by General Don in 1815; the buildings,
then called the Blue Barracks, previously in a state of ruin, having been fitted up
at the expense of the Government, were given up to be used as a Civil Hospital,
and in June, 1880, the Foundation Stone of new buildings for its enlargement
was laid with great ceremony by General Lord Napier of Magdàla, who, since his
first arrival at Gibraltar, as Governor, in 1876, had taken the greatest interest in
the well being and improvement of the usefulness of the Institution. The build-
ing as now completed is very handsome and commodious, being fitted with every
convenience and facility as a medical school. The number of beds is 120.
Civil Prison.
Is contained within the old walls of the Moorish Castle, and although small
is very conveniently arranged and is amply sufficient for its purpose.
Commissariat Stores
and Offices are in Queen Street; the former are buildings of a most massive and
solid description, containing Bakery, Meat and Forage Stores, &c.
38
The Convent,
Southport Street, the official residence of the Governor, was formerly a Convent
of Franciscan Friars, founded in 1480 and removed to its present position in
1531. It is a plain building, but spacious and commodious, with good reception-
rooms. The Ball-room is formed from part of the Old Chapel of the Convent;
it has a conveniently arranged alcove at the end where a tasteful little theatre is
erected for performances; the drop scene was painted by Major Glass, R.A., in
1880. The Billiard-room is in the new wing erected in 1879. The banqueting-
room, built in 1864, is enriched with the shields of arms, flags, mottoes, &c., of
illustrious persons connected with Gibraltar, and of all the Governors of the
fortress since 1704, executed chiefly by the Military Secretary, Colonel Crealock,
from whose designs also the front of the Convent was remodelled, the present
entrance Portico built, &c., &c.
The stained glass in some of the windows shows the Royal Arms, Arms of
Gibraltar, &c., and on panels in the others are emblazoned the arms of illustrious
Spanish personages connected with Gibraltar, lists of Moorish Caliphs who pos-
sessed it from 711 to 1462, and of Spanish kings who possessed it until 1704.
On the panels under the windows are the names of distinguished Spaniards
connected with Gibraltar.
The beams of the roof are covered with crests and mottoes.
The panels of the end doors are made out of the old dining tables mentioned
by Drinkwater as having been made from cedar wood thrown on shore from the
wrecks of the Spanish vessels engaged in the great attack on the Rock in Septem-
ber, 1782, the shot holes, repaired by wooden slips, being very evident.
The angels forming the corbels of the roof (designed by Prince Victor of Ho-:
henlohe) support shields charged with the monograms of the principal kings and
queens of Spain and Great Britain who have possessed Gibraltar. A copy of
Winterhalter's picture of her Most Gracious Majesty is a striking object in the
room. There are also many interesting paintings of old worthies of the time of
the siege, in this hall, besides portraits of some of the late Governors: over the
fire place is a portrait of General Eliott, Baron Heathfield of Gibraltar (who was
Governor during the Great Siege 1779), an excellent copy from the picture by
Sir Joshua Reynolds in the National Gallery.
In the Patio or square Court of the Convent, round which the house is built
as in most Spanish and Moorish houses, may be seen a wooden statue of General
Eliott, cut out of the bowsprit of the Spanish man-of-war "San Juan" taken at
Trafalgar, the wood of which seems, unluckily, of a durable nature, as the figure
can scarcely be admired as a work of art. The features are of a very elevated
cast; the little legs seem by no means equal to the task of sustaining the enor-
39
·
mous cocked hat, and the bearing is so excessively military that it has been
necessary to prop the great Commander from behind to prevent him from falling
backward. There may also be seen specimens of the small ordnance, shot and
shell, and a grate for heating shot, used during the siege, and some curious old
stone shot found in the Inundation; a handsome bell brought from Europa,
supposed to be from the old church there, and two very spirited cartoons executed
in black and white on the walls by Captain Marshman, 28th Regiment, in 1870,
the subjects being the "Sortie from Gibraltar, 1781," and "The Storming of
Badajoz."
The garden of the Convent is beautiful and well kept, there being an abundance
of water. It has many rare and beautiful trees, the most curious being a Dragon
tree said to be more than 1,000 years old, there are also several beautiful date
Palms; even in the height of summer heat the grateful shade makes it a most
agreeable retreat. There is also within the walls a raised terrace walk, affording
a good view over the line wall; of the bay, with its shipping, the entrance of the
Straits, and the opposite coasts of Spain and Barbary.
Convent of our Lady of Europa,
Europa Main-road. It is occupied by sisters of the Institute of our Lady of
Loretto, and attached to it is a Young Ladies' Seminary, exceedingly well con-
ducted and largely attended.
The Court House
was constructed in the Governorship of General Don. It is not remarkable
for the uniformity of its architecture, although the portico follows the model of
the Parthenon. It contains the Law Courts and offices, Library and chambers
and offices for the Law Officers of the Colony, and in the North corner the offices
of the Crown Land Board and the Receiver of the Revenues.
The Exchange,
Commercial-square, is the only commercial building in Gibraltar. It is presided
over by an Exchange Committee and Chamber of Commerce, elected annually
from among the inhabitants, and was founded by voluntary subscription in 1817
during the Governorship of Sir George Don, a bust of whom is over the front:
it was publicly opened in August, 1818. It contains auction-rooms, offices, and
the commercial library and reading room, to which travellers, especially mercan-
tile, are readily admitted.
*
40
The Garrison Library,
Governor's Parade, will well repay a visit. It is the finest English institution of
the kind out of England, and is the property of the Garrison. It was originated
in 1793 by Colonel Drinkwater, author of the "History of the Siege." It grew
so rapidly that on a representation by the Governor, General O'Hara, to his Royal
Highness the Duke of York, then Commander-in-Chief, of the efforts then being
made by the officers to obtain a suitable building, his Royal Highness referred
the same to Mr. Pitt, who "upon consideration of the use and importance of
"such an Institution" granted a sum of money for the erection of the present
building, which, with the exception of the new wing, was completed in 1804,
from the designs of Lieut.-Colonel Fyers, the Commanding Engineer. The new
wing was completed in 1867. The Library contains at the present time nearly
40,000 volumes. The site was originally a garden belonging to the Governor,
who had also the esplanade without (Governor's, properly Gunner's Parade)
yielding sufficient grass to supply, throughout the year, his own horses and the
cattle employed in the publie works.-Ayala. It would puzzle cattle to pick up
a meal there now.
A small pavilion adjoining, with a reading-room, bar, billiard-room, dressing-
room, &c., has lately been opened in connection with the Library.
Successive Committees have so improved the property by building houses which
produce an annual income, and by the establishment of a Printing Office (where
also the Gibraltar Chronicle is published) that the income from these sources
renders possible a very small subscription from members.
Gavino's Asylum
in Prince Edward's Road; founded in 1850 by the Trustees of the late Don Juan
Gavino of Gibraltar, who devised all his large property for charitable institutions.
It maintains 28 aged paupers and 18 orphans.
The Governor's Cottage.
A long straggling building on the Mediterranean side of the Rock, beyond
Europa-flats. It is used as a summer residence by the Governor of the Fortress,
being a very cool and fresh retreat during the hot weather, as it is sheltered from
the midday sun by the steep dark cliffs which overhang it, but in winter it is
bleak and cold, and exposed to the heavy blasts of the South East storms and the
dashing spray broken on the rocks below. A little further on from here the
road ends at the Monkey's Cave, where the cliffs rising like walls out of the sea
are quite impassable.
41
The Grand Store,
Southport Street, includes the offices and stores of the Ordnance Store Depart-
ment, contained in roomy and convenient buildings, offices of the Military Pay
Department and the Military Chest. It was erected on part of the garden ground
appertaining to the neighbouring Franciscan Convent, now the residence of the
Governor. The old Armoury at the South end, now the Garrison Recreation
Room, the old building being remodelled for the purpose under the auspices of
the Governor, Sir J. M. Adye, in 1884, was built in 1790, and probably stands
on ground formerly the burying place of the Convent, as a number of skeletons
were dug from the foundations, and with the remains, in some instances, Rosaries
were found.
In 1876 the Armoury was used as a Ball Room for a grand Ball given by the
Civil and Military inhabitants of Gibraltar on the occasion of the visit of the
Prince of Wales on his return from India, at which his Royal Highness was pre-
sent. The adjoining court, covered in and beautifully furnished and decorated,
made a grand Reception Room, and the whole entertainment, at which more than
800 people were present, was a great success.
Gymnasium.
Europa Pass.-Opened in 1872. Besides its classes for athletics it is also used
for physical exercises of another kind, most of the Balls and Quadrille Parties of
the Non-Commissioned officers of the Garrison being held there.
✰.
Lighthouse,
Europa-flats, of which the foundation stone was laid by H. M. Queen Adelaide,
assisted by the Masonic Order in Gibraltar. It was built nearly on the site of a
celebrated chapel or hermitage (our Lady of Europe) in which was an Image of
the Virgin held in great veneration throughout the City in the time of the
Spaniards. This chapel was adorned and beautified with many costly gifts, par-
ticularly silver lamps presented by the commanders of galleys as offerings for suc-
cour, who also made provision for a constant supply of oil that a light might be
invariably kept before the Holy Image, and this light was a great boon to navi-
gators. Prince John Andrew Doria gave a beautiful silver lamp in 1568, having
taken five Turkish galleys in the Straits. The chapel appears to have been founded
on a Moorish building. A small patch of Moorish pavement shows the site on
which the chapel formerly stood. Near to it was a large cistern or tank originally
of noble architecture, known as the "Nuns' Well." The lighthouse is a wel-
come object to ships making for Gibraltar at night. It was opened in 1811; the
light is 150 feet above the sea level, and can be seen for 20 miles.
{
6
42
The Lunatic Asylum
is erected in a beautiful situation in Witham's Garden at the South and possesses
a magnificent view over the Bay and Straits. It was erected by Lord Napier
of Magdàla, to accommodate 20 male and 10 female patients, being finally com-
pleted and occupied in 1884.
The Main Guard,
a plain building, with a portico, stands in the Commercial-square. On the ground
floor are the Men's Guard-room and the cells, where refractory prisoners may be
heard wearing out the panels of the door, their own boots, and the patience of
those in charge, oftentimes in the witching hours of night. On the upper story
is the Officers' Room, sparely furnished with mouldy and exceedingly curious
specimens of the upholsterer's art, for the hire of which the gallant officer who
has charge of the safety of the town for his weary tour of daily duty, has to pay
a small sum to an enterprising local tradesman. The walls are ornamented by
some few drawings of more or less merit, executed in spare moments of visiting
sentries and receiving the field officer of the day,-not to mention the visits of
sympathising brother officers, with whom it is de rigueur to drop in on the officer
on duty, and solace his seclusion with much small talk, in conjunction with the
fragrant and noxious weed. Three of these drawings, however, are well worth a
more lengthened notice, not only for their own merit, but as the work of Henri
Régnault, the most promising French artist of his time, whose genius and brilliant
conceptions were lost to the world by his early death, at Buzenval, the last battle
fought under Paris, in the Franco-Prussian War. Possessed of great natural
abilities, of extreme sensibility, and the most agreeable manners; entirely devoted
to his art, in which he was first brought into notice by his winning the Grand Prix
de Rome with his picture of "Judith and Holofernes;" his next picture which
made a noise in the world, "General Prim heading the Insurrection at Madrid,"
gained for him the very greatest commendation from all classes of critics, and the
most brilliant future was prophesied for him; all agreed him to be the rising
French artist of the day. Intending to devote himself, at least for some time, to
Eastern subjects for his pencil, he went to Spain, and lingering long at Granada,
gained a rich store from the interiors of the brilliant Alhambra; and, passing
through Gibraltar, where he became a general favourite and was everywhere a
welcome guest, took up his residence in Tangier, where he produced several small
pictures of Moorish life and manners, and his great work, "Une Exécution à
Tanger," the scene of which is taken from the Alhambra, and the incident from
every-day life in Morocco. This picture was exhibited in London at the Inter-
national Exhibition in 1871.
When war broke out, Henri Régnault left his studio, and throwing on one side
43
his rising fame and brilliant prospects, hastened, at the call of duty, to take his
place in the ranks of the defenders of his country, and fell at a sortie from Paris,
on the 19th January, 1871. And thus, at the early age of twenty-seven years,
the life of Henri Regnault, which had opened with such fair promise, was ended,
and his fame only remains in the loving recollection of his many friends, and in a
few works of art which are of vivid conception and masterly execution.
The drawings in the Main Guard-room, sketched by him in an idle moment, are
therefore of almost historical interest, and they have been preserved from injury
by the care of an officer of the Garrison, at the request of many of his old com-
panions in his own country, for the defence of which he laid down his life.
The Market.
The present Market was commenced in the summer of 1876, the Foundation
Stone having been laid on the 17th April in that year with full Masonic honours,
by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, M.W. Grand Master of the Freemasons of
England, assisted by the District Grand Lodge of Gibraltar. The occasion of the
visit of his Royal Highness was on his return from his Indian tour, and he stayed
here for ten days. Major-General Somerset, C.B., was Acting-Governor, and
Colonel Baynes, Colonial Secretary of Gibraltar at the time; G. F. Cornwell,
Esq., Barrister-at-Law, District Grand Master; Captain Gilbard, Brigade Major,
Deputy District Grand Master; and S. Buckle, Esq., Lieutenant R.E., Colonial
Engineer, by whom the Market was designed. His Royal Highness the Duke of
Connaught was also present on the occasion, he having been attached to the Staff
of the Garrison since October in the preceding year. The cost of the Market
was estimated at £10,000, to be provided in two portions, as the work of replacing
the old inconvenient buildings was gradually effected and the money was appro-
priated from the accumulation of Colonial Revenue. It is commodious and well
supplied; as all produce must be imported the prices vary much with the time of
year, the state of the weather, &c. Meat is brought from Galicia, Southern
Spain, and Barbary, the former being by far the best. Barbary also supplies
immense quantities of poultry and eggs, the poultry being brought over in long
cylindrical baskets of cane-work, open at both ends, but secured by cord-nettings.
Of fish there is a reasonable supply; but the tunny, once a source of immense
revenue to the coast proprietors, the descendants of the Duke of Medina Sidonia,
are now scarce, and caught only in very small numbers. Soles, turbot, John
Dory, mackerel, sardines, mullet, both red and grey, gurnard, anchovy, bonito,
rangers, and rock cod are still plentiful; but with the exception of the soles,
turbot, John Dory, and ranger, the fish is of a very watery flavour. It would
appear that tastes have materially changed since the time of the ancients, as
Suetonius mentions that the Emperor Vitellius used to have vessels of three
.
44
banks of oars constantly employed to fetch the delicate fish of the Straits of
Gibraltar.-Muraenarum lactes, a Carpatho usque fretoque Hispanic per navarchos
ac triremes petitarum commiscuit.
The tunny fishery formerly was of the greatest importanee, and yielded an
enormous revenue. It is related that in 1558 110,152 fish were taken, giving a
revenue of 800,000 ducats, and the average take of fish was over 100,000 yearly.
Many of the watch-towers along the coast were erected as posts of observation
for experienced fishermen, whose duty it was to signal the shoals.
Fruits and vegetables are both cheap and abundant; and of the former the
chief kinds are oranges, melons, bananas, apples, figs and grapes, the muscatel
being very fine and in great quantities. During the season, a few pence will pur-
chase a feast of these delicious grapes which could not be enjoyed in England for
as many shillings.
The melons are brought chiefly from Valencia, and lie piled up in pyramidal
heaps like shot and shell. They are of two kinds, sweet and water melons.
Until the middle of the last century no free market was established in Gibraltar,
and many and great were the abuses accordingly. Under the old system, con-
tractors were established and a monopoly of all supplies. Only one butcher was
allowed in the Garrison, and all importation of live cattle or meat prohibited to
the officers, so that they are reported to have been frequently without fresh pro-
visions for more than a fortnight. If any officers had had leave granted to them
to keep a cow, a goat or a sow, they were forbidden to kill anything without
license; and an officer and a chaplain of the Garrison were threatened with a
court martial for disobedience, because they had each killed a sucking-pig without
leave.
These abuses naturally brought remonstrances; and a memorial having been
sent home, although at first the Governor would not entertain it, and threatened
arrest for insubordination, new Articles of War were sent out, and a free market
expressly directed.
(C
So great was the monopoly established and so stringent the rules, that Captain
Preston, of Fowke's Regiment, was tried by a court martial in July, 1746, for
buying a turbot for his dinner, when on the Landport Guard, the fisherman having
protested that he was bound first to offer it to the Governor. The gist of his
defence was necessity has no law." He urged that he had nothing but pease
pottage for his dinner, and replied to the Governor's orderly sergeant, and after-
wards to the Town Major, that he would keep the fish accordingly, and that he
had an equal right to be served at the same time with the Governor in a public
market. He declaimed against the injustice and cruelty of stopping all supplies
of fresh provisions, and declared that, although he strenuously denied any spirit
45
t
of mutiny, he would do the same again as often as he should be in the same
necessity. The unfortunate officer gained his dinner, but lost his commission, as
he was sentenced to be cashiered.
The following appears in General Orders of 1759:-
"The fishermen representing to Lord Home that being obliged to bring their fish
to the Convent as formerly practised was a hurt to them, orders that they shall not
be obliged to bring up their fish as formerly practised. But that they do not sell or
dispose of any of their fish before the Governor's servant has bought what may be
wanting for his table, and the servant employed for that purpose will have orders
to be early at the Market every morning and to acquaint the Officer of the Guard
as soon as he ħas bought sufficient."
The Jew's Market
is held in the Commercial Square, Plaza del Martillo, from auction sales being
held there, chiefly of tobacco which may be seen there in huge botas as it comes
from America, partly broken open to show the quality of what may be a noxious
weed, but which is a necessity of life to the Spaniard. The goods sold at this
Market are of great diversity and marvellous cheapness.
The Military Prison.
A large building with massive walls solidly built, on the edge of Windmill
Hill Flats. The Chief Warder is the Superintendent.
The Mount, Europa Road.
A delightful Villa residence, situated in beautiful flower gardens and with large
garden ground and meadows attached. It possesses some noble trees of many
kinds, and the peeps from it over the Straits are charming. It is the official
residence of the Senior Naval Officer, and from its varied attractions in the shape
of fruits, herbs, &c., it is a very favourite resort of the Rock monkeys, who do
no little damage during the year.
Naval Hospital,
large and commodious, built in a square with an open court, containing some
beautiful orange-trees and surrounded by piazzas with galleries above. It was
built to accommodate 1,000 men. Originally erected for the Navy in case a
British Fleet should be stationed in the Mediterranean, it is now the general hos-
pital for the whole garrison as well as for seamen, with Pavilions at each wing
for the accommodation of the Medical Officers. From the military quarters at
46
Rosia, better known as Misery Hole, a path leads by Camp Bay to the Naval
Hospital, and from there the visitor can get through the Buena Vista Barracks,
across a slight bridge over a tremendous ravine to Europa Pass, and thence by
the Devil's Bowling Green to Europa. In this route the general outline of the
scenery is very grand.
The Police Office.
A handsome building of red brick, with a front colonnade of Gothic arches,
but the effect is spoiled by its being attached to other houses (the Public Baths).
The rooms and offices are commodious and the house for the Chief of Police joins
it. The Registry for Births, Marriages and Deaths is in this building, the
Registrar being also Clerk to the Justices.
Officers' Racket Court,
South Barracks.-Commodious and fitted with every convenience.
Recreation Rooms.
This important resort for the amusement and occupation of the Military is
situated in the Old Armoury, Southport Street and the adjoining premises, which
were diverted to their present purpose through the instrumentality of the kind
interest and urgent representations of the Governor, Sir J. Miller Adye, in 1883,
of the necessity for such a building.
Rosia and its Surroundings.
Situated below the South Barracks and facing the West, Rosia contains some
of the best private residences on the Rock, they being large and commodious,
with good gardens attached. It is entirely sheltered from the East wind. The
houses belong to the Admiralty. It was the residence of Naval celebrities in old
times, before the present official residence of the Senior Naval Officer was devoted
to that purpose. Rosia has its bay and mole, with bathing-places for men and
officers; and here ships of war receive their supplies from its naval stores and
tanks of fresh water, which are very large.
Sailors' Home,
Engineer-street.-This excellent Institution, supported by voluntary contributions,
aided by contributions from the local Government and from the Admiralty, was
established mainly through the exertions of Captain Phillimore, R.N., senior
naval officer, and the Rev. Canon Addison, Civil Chaplain. The house was
47
partially opened for the reception of seamen on July 25, 1871, in the presence of
H. E. the Governor, General Sir William Fenwick Williams, G.C.B., Rear-
Admiral Beauchamp Seymour, C.B., and the principal inhabitants of Gibraltar,
and was finally completed and opened by H.E. the Governor and Vice-Admiral
Sir H. A. Yelverton, K.C.B., on 20th June, 1872.
The number of seamen who have made use of the Home since its establishment
is very large, the number amounting to more than 25,000, and it is found of
incalculable value to the seamen and marines of the Royal Navy on the visits of
the Fleets, for in a place like Gibraltar where strangers are jealously excluded
and the necessity for ample lodging accommodation does not exist, the Sailors'
Home is extensively patronized by those on leave on shore, as many as 150 being
sheltered in one night, although only 50 beds can be made up.
Soldiers' Institute,
Governor's Parade.-A place of rest and recreation for Soldiers; provided with
books, papers, games, coffee room, &c.
St. Bernard's College,
Europa-road, (incorporated with the Immaculate Conception Institute in 1872),
was established to provide a commercial, literary, and scientific education for
young gentlemen, but, not succeeding as an educational establishment, it is now
used as a private house in addition to other residences for some of the clergymen
of the Roman Catholic Churches. In the Chapel of this establishment the Image
of the Virgin is said to be the identical one taken from the old Chapel of Nuestra
Señora at Europa Point.
The Theatre Royal.
The exterior is plain and without ornament, and the interior approaches some-
what inconvenient and narrow; it was for many years the only building in the
town where publie entertainments could take place, and by boarding over the Pit
Stalls it makes a pretty Ball-room with a convenient Supper-room adjoining.
Private Houses.
There are a great many excellent private houses in Gibraltar, some of them
very large and commodious, more particularly in the business parts of the town
-Irish Town and City Mill Lane especially-where they are built with immense
stores and cellars, such being absolutely necessary in the palmy days of Gibraltar
commerce. One of the best is close to the Main Guard; Connaught House, the
property of the Larios family, named after H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught, who
48
occupied it; he arrived in the Garrison in the autumn of 1875 and remained for
six months, attached to the Adjutant-General's Department of the Staff. His
Royal Highness was a Major in the 7th Hussars at the time. The mansion was
formerly the old Club House Hotel, but has been very much improved and
enlarged.
Other members of the Royal Family were also quartered for some time at
Gibraltar in a military capacity, H.R.H. Prince George of Cambridge, the Field
Marshal Commanding-in-Chief, having arrived here in October, 1838, and in
earlier years H.R.H. the Duke of Kent, father of Her Most Gracious Majesty,
who returned to Gibraltar as Governor in 1802, was quartered here in 1790 as
Colonel of the 7th Royal Fusiliers. The Duke of Cambridge occupied Line
Wall House, now the residence of the Major-General commanding the Infantry
Brigade. This house was originally the residence of the Lieutenant Governor
of Gibraltar, and in it died on the 1st of January, 1830, General Sir George Don,
who had been Lieutenant Governor for many years; he was buried in the Cathe-
dral, where a monument is erected to his memory. When two Major-Generals at
one time had commands in Gibraltar the residence of the second was at Rosia,
opposite the Racket Court.
Another large and handsome private house is Arengo's Palace in Castle Road,
which from its terrace and garden enjoys a magnificent view.
The Dockyard.
This establishment, situated in the S.W. portion of the Rock and covering
about four acres of land, was opened during the last century, and was at one time
of great importance. It was here in October, 1805, after the engagement off
Trafalgar that several of Lord Nelson's ships arrived to make good defects before
sailing for England, the "Victory," conveying the dead hero, being one of them.
During the war, towards the end of the last and beginning of the present cen-
tury, the Dockyard rendered valuable assistance, the greater part of the supplies
for the Fleets then blockading the neighbouring ports being drawn from its stores.
Gunboats were constructed, and as appears from correspondence still retained,
much work constantly took place relative to the purchase and fitting out and
arming of ships captured by ships of war and privateers, to be again used against
the enemy; and to damaged ships being made good after being in action, &c.
One letter signed by Lord Nelson, dated on board the "Victory" at sea, 2d
January, 1805, respecting the disposal of a valuable prize cargo of "Compass
timber, captured by one of his ships, is still preserved in the Dockyard as a
""
49
memento. Up to 1833 Gibraltar Dockyard was the principal arsenal for British
Fleets in the Mediterranean; in that year peace being assured, and Malta yard
having been considerably increased and placed on a more extensive footing, the
establishment here was greatly reduced, part of the officers and artificers returning
to England, and others being pensioned, only a sufficient staff being retained to
meet probable requirements or cases of emergency. In 1842 it was decided to
employ convict labour for works in connection with the naval establishment, and
with this view H.M.S. "Owen Glendower," a 42 gun frigate, was despatched
with 200 convicts on board to construct buildings for the reception of a much
larger number. The work was commenced the same year, a portion of the Dock-
yard being handed over to Colonel Harding, Commanding Royal Engineer, for
the purpose, and when these were completed, as many as 500 convicts occupied
the place employed on the public works until 1876, when the Convict Establish-
ment was broken up; the hulk "Owen Glendower," which had been the hospital
ship for the convicts, being retained as a receiving ship and attached to the yard
until the year 1883 when she was disposed of to be broken up; the buildings
being turned into workshops and storehouses. It was while dredging operations
were being carried out in 1872 to provide a more suitable berth for the hulk near
the Camber, that several pieces of heavy wood, which proved to be the flooring
of a ship with iron ballast-and shingle ballast on top-were discovered; also
eight brass cannon of foreign manufacture, probably Spanish, a quantity of shot
and shell of various sizes, hand grenades, grape, several cylindrical pieces of iron
with a hole in the centre, supposed to be "carcasses," all evidently the wreck of
some ship of war. In hammering off the mud, which was firmly coated, from
one of the "r carcasses the substance in the centre ignited and burnt for a
quarter of an hour, although the composition of which it was made had probably
been submerged for upwards of 100 years. The brass guns, on which no date
or marks could be discovered, were afterwards, with the sanction of the Admiralty,
distributed, two of them being presented to the Spanish Government to be placed
in the naval academy at Ferrol, two being forwarded to the Governor to be placed
in the Convert with other relics of the great siege, others being sent to the
Admiralty, with specimens of the projectiles, and two retained in the yard. It is
supposed from the large size of some of the shot recovered that guns of a much
heavier calibre remain embedded in the mud in the vicinity.
""
The Dockyard has been greatly improved of late years, and it is now supplied
with every requisite for the repair and refit of any of H.M. ships: machinery of
the latest type having been sent from England and erected in the different work-
shops, at great cost. On several occasions a Dock has been proposed to be built
but for various reasons it has never been carried out, and at present it would seem
that the intention has been dropped.
The New Mole, now under enlargement, was commenced in 1620 but extended
7
50
only for 300 feet; it was built on a natural bed of rock, the end of it being
marked by the small square tower. In 1851 the present extension was com-
menced; over 700,000 tons of stone, obtained from the quarries on the Rock
having already been used to make the foundation and breakwater, a large quantity
being still required to complete it, the estimated cost for the whole amounting to
£230,000. When finished, the Mole then a quarter of a mile long and about
130 feet broad, will afford valuable shelter in bad weather; the wharfs, contain-
ing immense stores for coal, being constructed to withstand any strain, and three
of our largest ironclads will find room alongside with perfect safety. Forming
part of the Naval Establishment and situated at about ten minutes walk from
the Dockyard is
The Victualling Yard,
Rosia, built in 1808-12 by Mr. Boschetti, a native of Gibraltar. Its magazines
contain supplies of provisions and clothing sufficient for a large fleet, and it also
possesses a reservoir containing over 6,000 tons of water.
The Alameda Gardens,
(Alameda-A public promenade with which very few Spanish towns are not pro-
vided the name is taken from Alamo, poplar tree.) They are between the
North and South towns. Before 1814 this place consisted of a parade-ground.
only bearing the name of the Red Sands, but the then Governor, Sir George Don,
caused it to be planted in terraces with trees and shrubs, which are now most
luxuriant, and astonish the eye by the great profusion of the flowers and vegeta-
tion, of which the geraniums are the most noticeable. On the Red Sands the
force was drawn up in 1781 during the Great Siege, on the night of the success-
ful sortie against the advanced works of the besiegers on the North Front. Beau-
tiful walks lead in all directions through the gardens, which form the most
attractive feature of Gibraltar, and the favourite resort of the inhabitants, who
crowd thither to listen to the music of the military bands which play twice a
week during the year. On the Alameda Parade the ceremony of guard mounting
and trooping the colour is performed every Thursday morning at 10 o'clock during
the cool months. The Gardens have been greatly improved of late years, the
lower part, bordering the Main Road, being most tastefully laid out with rock
work and highly cultivated with a constant succession of varied and beautiful
flowers; they are the subject of constant care on the part of the Colony.
At the head of the Heathfield Steps is placed, on a marble pillar, a bust of
General Eliott, the defender of the Rock in the Great Siege; and in another part
a bust of the Duke of Wellington, on a marble pillar from Lepida. This was
erected in 1820, at the cost of a day's pay from all the Garrison,
51
In the Red Sands, on which the Alameda Gardens are, was originally the water
conduit of the Moors, the water being conducted by pipes through the town and
issuing at the Atarazana (the Arsenal), now the Waterport, for the use of the
Galleys. The modern Acqueduct was formed in the time of the Spaniards, bring-
ing the water from the reservoirs at the foot of the Red Sands, and was well
maintained until comparatively later days; it delivered its water at a Fountain
in the Grand Parade, on part of which is now the Commercial Square.
At the extreme end of the Red Sands, which began at the present well at
Ragged Staff and extended for over 800 yards towards the South, were formerly
plantations of trees of delicious fruits of many varieties, and in the midst of them
was a chapel under the protection of the Knights of St. John of Malta, and a
Calvary with many stations, resting places and crosses, in memory of those over
which our Saviour passed for the salvation of mankind.
The Signal Station,
called El Hacho (the Torch) by the Spaniards, because here were lighted the
beacons in case of danger, is situated on the central eminence of the Rock, 1,294
feet above the level of the sea. It consists of a modern barrack and a stone
tower, and from it the Straits are watched and the movements of shipping reported.
The Straits of Gibraltar commence from Cape Trafalgar and Cape Spartel in the
West to Europa Point and Ceuta Point in the East. So extensive is the range of
observation from this elevated spot that vessels can be reported, on a calm day,
when distant 40 miles from the Rock.
The view from here is most noble and extensive.
Two seas-the Straits so celebrated and famed in antiquity-bordered by two
continents, the elevated Atlas whose head appears to sustain the skies, fill the
mind with admiration, as Ayala says. Standing on the summit of one of the
Pillars of Hercules we gaze upon the other, Mons Abyla (Almina), only fourteen
miles away, Ceuta, the seven peaks of its mountains; the Cuchillos de Siris
(heights of Siris) forming with Tarifa the narrowest part of the Straits, Tangier,
with its white houses, clear in the sunlight, and Cape Spartel; while on the
Spanish side we can observe the opening of the Bay, Cabrita Point; Algeciras,
with its forts and Green Island, the heights of Ojen and Samoña, backed by the
lofty range of the barren Cuervo, the two rivers cutting the Vega like silver threads,
the one Palmones with its salt pans glittering in regular lines, the other Guadar-
ranque, on the east bank of which are the hillocks which now only mark the
ruins of ancient Carteia, its old watch tower of Carthagena, Orange Grove
(Puente Mayorga), a fishing village on the beach, Punta Mala with its jutting
rocks, Campamento and San Roque; from whence looking Eastward we see
first the Monte Carbonera (Queen of Spain's Chair), with the Lines at its foot,
52
the fishing village of La Tunara on the Eastern Beach, and next the Sierra Ber-
meja, behind which rise in majestic grandeur the high mountains of the Serannía
de Ronda, towering above the rest, in a cleft of which we can make out Gaucin,
the key of the range; while further again to the Eastward we observe Estepona
and Marbella on the beach stretching towards Malaga, and Manilba more inland,
the view being bounded on this side by the rocky mountains of the Alpujarras
and the Sierra Nevada, which overtops them, covered with perpetual streams;
while below the visitor sees the whole of the town of Gibraltar laid out as on a
map, and the sandy isthmus, with the waves breaking in white crests on its eastern
shore; while the little village of Catalan Bay, with its tiny beach, nestles at the
foot of the tremendous precipice which almost overhangs it. The sight of the
blue waters of the Bay, now so calm and tranquil, with its sleepy old hulks, and the
steamers lying alongside them for coal, three or four fussy little steam tugs, and
a few faluchos with their white sails, will hardly carry the mind back to that
terrible morning in September, now more than a century ago, when the combined
French and Spanish fleets advanced from the Orange Grove in support of the
battering ships of D'Arçon to the grand attack on the Rock in magnificent array,
and from which, before night, they had been driven back defeated, the battering
ships being annihilated. On that day, so glorious for the English arms and those
who upheld their honour so grandly and with so great success, fifty sail of the
line, ten floating batteries, "incombustible and insubmergible," with countless
gun and mortar boats, and three hundred smaller crafts, covered the waters of
the Bay and ranged themselves in battle against the fortress; assisted on the land
side by two hundred and forty-six pieces of cannon, mortars and howitzers,
supported by an army of 40,000 men. Try to imagine the scene on the following
day, when as the grey morning dawned the sight was so sublimely terrible; masses
of shattered wreck, to which were clinging the drowning crews, floated over the
troubled waves; groans and cries for help reached even to the walls or were
drowned in the thunders of the exploding magazines, while the glaring flames of
the burning vessels cast a vivid light over the awful spectacle--when the brave
Brigadier Curtis, of the Royal Navy, who had done such good service on all
occasions with his vessels and gunboats, was making the most heroic efforts to
effect the rescue of hundreds of officers and men, some wounded, who were still
on board the blazing batteries, and who were literally dragged from the burning
decks by his cool intrepidity. Desperate indeed had been the struggle and great
the victory, as viewed by General Eliott from his place on the King's Bastion
the contest was at an end and the united strength of two ambitious and powerful
nations had been humbled by a straitened garrison of only 6,000 effective men with
96 guns. Surely the visitor will look again and again on the tranquil waters,
gleaming in the sunshine, which were once the scene of a conflict so terrible and
so glorious.
;
53
A small battery is situated a few feet below the Signal Station, facing the west-
ward, from which the morning and evening guns are fired as a notice for the
opening and closing of the fortress gates.
The Caves.
Like all compact limestones, the Rock abounds in caves and fissures. The
most celebrated are St. Michael's, and Genista (3) (inland caves or fissures), and
Martin's, Fig-tree, Monkey's, and Poca Roca (littoral or sea caves): there is
also a remarkable cave, called the Judge's Cave, in the garden of Glenrocky,
Europa Pass.
Great labour has been expended on the exploration of these caves, and Captain
Brome, the late Governor of the military prison, rendered great service to science
by his reports on the subject.
The largest of these is St. Michael's, 1,100 feet above the sea level; so called,
says Portillo, in his Historia manuscrita de Gibraltar, preserved in the Archives
of Algeciras, from the similarity of its appearance to that in the mountain Gar-
gano del Apulla, where St. Michael is said to have appeared. The entrance is
small, but within is a species of lofty hall, 220 feet long, 90 wide and 70 high,
supported hy stalactite pillars, which when lighted up has a most beautiful effect,
for some of these pillars are thirty, forty and fifty feet in height, and on the top
of them arches are formed, so that the whole resembles the interior of a Gothic
Cathedral. The natural beauties of this part of the Cave are therefore very
great; but from the absolute darkness and from its immense height it is difficult
to appreciate its full beauty, more especially as the smoke of the torches, blue
lights, &c., from the constant illuminations by parties of travellers has so much
obscured the glittering beauties of the petrifactions. The Cave is described by
Pomponius Mela, a geographer of the Augustan Age, who says, "This mountain
"(Calpe), with wonderful concavities, has its Western side almost opened by a
"large cave, which may be penetrated far into the interior."
The entrance to it is 1,100 feet above the sea level.
From this Cave visits to others may be made but at some personal discomfort
as the passages are low and harrow. Explorers have penetrated many hundred
of feet into this Cave and have discovered a long series of smaller Caves, but
their actual extent is unknown. Ladies, however, need not be afraid of pro-
ceeding to the exploration of Leonora's Cave, where from candles only having
been used to light up the stalactite pillars are undimmed by smoke, and the
descent although a little difficult is not too arduous an undertaking.
In all the Caves great quantities of fossil remains, including human skulls,
bones and teeth, with flint weapons and pottery have been discovered; among
54
•
them bones of goat, ox, ibex, and indeed all kinds of mammals; remains of
birds, fish (chiefly tunny) and reptiles; stone axes and daggers, armlets and
anklets, worked bone needles, spoons and hair pins; flint knives and chips, querns,
rubstones, charcoal; sea shells, shell work, barnacles, and remains of jars and
amphora. In one Cave the human remains found were those of thirty-six per-
sous. A perfect skeleton was also discovered when excavating above the Moorish
Castle, but the miners blew it to pieces. The only metal articles found were a
bronze fish hook, used by the ancient Cave-dwellers, probably of the Roman
time, a plaque of Limoges work, probably part of some military equipment, and
two swords, with globular pommels, mounted with silver. These Caves were
evidently used for different purposes, some as habitations, some as places of refuge
from danger, and some only as sepulchres. At the present day Caves or hollows
similar to those on Windmill Hill Flats are still utilised, for in the neighbourhood
of Tetuan, where the rocky district very much resembles Europa Flats, there are
numerous small Caves used as workshops by tile makers.
The Galleries
are the great sight of Gibraltar, and a visit to them should on no account
be neglected. There is no excavation in the world, for military purposes,
at all approaching them in conception or execution. The long line of gal-
leries is pierced at intervals with embrasures blasted out of the rock, from which
ragged openings peer the muzzles of the guns. They are divided into two
ranges, the upper and lower (Windsor and Union Galleries), the latter being
partly under cover and partly open, the upper range containing two magnificent
halls, St. George's and Cornwallis'. The upper galleries commence near the
Moorish Tower, and following the contour, of the tortuous cliffs of the Rock on
its northern face, terminate at a curious prominent peak or pinnacle, the interior
of which at the summit has been extensively excavated (St George's Hall) and
heavily armed. From here an iron staircase leads to the outside of the pinnacle
(The Queen's Look out), from whence a glorious view is obtained. Below this
upper line of galleries are others far more vast and wonderful in their construc-
tion; these too have been liewn and blasted out of the tough limestone and are
of marvellous size and strength. Upwards of 1,350 men could find shelter in
them. These magnificent works are not surpassed by any in the world. These
galleries are fully armed, and have large magazines attached to them. Their ex-
cavation out of the solid rock was commenced during the siege, to bring a flank-
ing fire to bear on the approaches to the Rock, by convict labour under Lieut.
Evoleth, R.E., assisted by Sergeant Ince. Both were amply rewarded; a large
piece of ground was conferred on the first-it is now covered with houses; while
The Sergeant received a property near the Queen's Road, still called Ince's Farm.
It is said that Sergeant Ince was the originator of the idea of the Galleries, as
55
when on one occasion in public, General Eliott exclaimed, "I would give a thou-
"sand dollars to any one who would tell me how to bring a flanking fire on these
"works!" (pointing out some very troublesome batteries of the enemy); the
Sergeant stepped forward and made his suggestion.
The visitor, on obtaining a permit from the Military Secretary's Office, and
proceeding to the Moorish Castle Guard, will be taken charge of by a Gunner
and conducted through the upper galleries. The lower range can only be visited
by a permit from H.E. the Governor himself.
The Lower Lines are perhaps the most interesting part of the Rock to a soldier.
The means by which a large body of men can be kept under cover and be at once
available to man the Lines to repel an assault either on the City or on the Lines
themselves show that our ancestors knew what they were about.
The Moorish Castle.
This was once a stately palace, and a large, strong and magnificent pile of forti-
fication before the time of artillery, although even now it is riddled with shot-
marks, the honourable scars of the siege. It is one of the oldest Moorish buildings
in Spain, supposed to have been commenced by Tarik, but not completed until
742 by Abul Hazez, as the Arabic inscription formerly over the south gate
recorded, the translation being as follows:-" Prosperity, and peace to our
Sovereign and servant of God, supreme Governor of the Moors, our Sovereign
"Abi Abul Hajez, the son of Jesid, supreme Ruler of the Moors, son of our
"Sovereign Abi Al-walid, whom God preserve." It consisted formerly of a triple
wall, descending to the water side, the Grand Battery and Waterport batteries
being built on the site of the lower part, which enclosed an arsenal, where the
gallies were built. The Officers' Quarters, Casemate Barracks, now occupy this
ground, formerly the English Naval cooperage and store houses; hence Cooperage
Lane. The most noticeable feature now remaining is the Torre de Homenage,
where the Moorish Governors took the oath of allegiance, a massive square tower
in a most commanding position, but the remaining walls and fragments of arches,
&c., show at once of what a solid construction it formerly consisted. It is well
worth a visit.
*
Being built in the days of bows and arrows and battering-rams, its thickest
walls are consequenly those facing the hill behind it.
As gunpowder was invented, the attack came from the present North Front;
and as the walls on this side were comparatively thin, its defenders built it up
inside with a tough concrete called "tapia," the art of making which seems lost
here; and the Tower, as it now stands, is almost solid, a square shaft, in which
is a wooden staircase, is the only hollow, with the exception of a deep tank or
well which opens from the rooms at the top.
•
·
56
The staircase leads out on to a terrace running round the north and west faces
of the Tower, whence is a splendid view; and on the same level are the only
rooms now in the Tower, called the "Moorish General's" rooms, which are very
interesting; one of them appears to have been a private Mosque and another the
Bath room; a well in the centre of these rooms receives water from the roof.
From the first terrace at the entrance of the tower a covered walk may be traced
along the battlement to an old Tower below, wrongly described by some writers
as an old Mosque. It is used as a Magazine.
The north and east faces show many marks of the numerous sieges Gibraltar
has sustained.
It is said ancient arrow-heads have been found sticking in the tough concrete
of which the Tower is built.
A great portion of the Castle precincts inside the walls has been devoted to
officers' quarters, barracks and married quarters. Inside the walls also is the
civil prison, which, although small, is most admirably conducted and kept. It
can accommodate forty prisoners, including debtors, for whom rather more ample
accommodation is provided. Prisoners are sent here from the Supreme Court,
and from the Courts of the Captain of the Port and Police Magistrate, for short
sentences.
There are a few very interesting remains in existence in Gibraltar, one of which,
however, is rather problematical. One of them is the remains of the old Moorish
Mosque in the military quarters in Bomb House-lane, about which there is no
doubt; and the other, the supposed Chambers of the Inquisition in Horse Barrack-
lane-yard, which are said to extend under the Green Market, but of this there is
no authentic confirmation. In the Castle itself the old Mosque has quite dis-
appeared; in it was an inscription in Arabic, "To the God of Peace, the great
"Pacificator; to the eternal God who will be for ever."
The Barracks of Gibraltar
are many and spacious; they include, in the North district-
The Casemate Barracks,
Artillery Barracks-Gunner's Parade,*
The Town Range Barracks,
Hargrave Barracks;
* The name was changed to Gunner's instead of Governor's when the Duke of Kent was Governor, in
orders of 30th March, 1803, and it was appropriated to the use of the Royal Artillery as a regimental
parade.
57
and in the South,—
South Barracks,
Rosia Barracks,
Buena Vista Barracks,
Windmill Hill,
Europa Barracks,
Brewery and Defensible Barracks, Europa Flats,
besides casemated barracks along the whole of the Line Wall front, which are
chiefly occupied by Artillery, small barracks in the Moorish Castle, and wooden
huts, lately erected on the North Front, with all necessary conveniences of
mess-room, officers' quarters, &c., to contain one wing of a regiment.
There is also a small barrack for a detachment stationed at Catalan Bay, a
small village on the eastern side of the Rock, ensconced in a sandy bay and oc-
cupied principally by fishermen of Genoese origin.
It is doubtful whether any of the present barracks date from the Spanish pos-
session, except perhaps the remains of the old barracks at Windmill Hill (Fuze
House Barracks). The Town Range and Spanish Pavilion were built in 1772
and 1790: very likely there were Spanish barracks on these sites and the walls
may have been partly worked in. The South Barracks were built in 1730 to
1735 to hold 1,200 men.
Europa Mess House was built in 1828 as a sanatorium for officers, but it was
afterwards found that it was more convenient and advantageous to their recovery
to send them to England when steam communication rendered the passage an easy
undertaking. The building was empty until the hut barracks were built, and
standing by itself obtained the name of Bleak House.
The question of the number of cubic feet of air necessary was evidently not con-
sidered of much importance in those days. King's Bastion casemates were intended
for 800 men, and actually held 1,000 men of the 48th Regiment in the early
part of the century. General Boyd laid the foundation stone of this Bastion,
and expressed a hope that he might live to see it attacked by the united Fleets of
France and Spain; he had his wish during the Great Siege. He died at Gibraltar,
and his ashes lie at the foot of the inner wall where his epitaph may be seen.
The Gates of Gibraltar,
Land Gates-Bayside Barrier, at the entrance of the Causeway into Spain;
Landport and Grand Casemate on the North side of the town; and Prince
Edward's and Southport Gates on the South side. Close outside the latter in the
Main Ditch is the Trafalgar Cemetery, where many of the killed at the glorious
victory of Trafalgar lie buried. The Royal Ans of Charles V. of Spain can be
8
+
de
58
seen over Southport Gate. It was in his reign that the Arms of Spain received
the addition of the Columns of Hercules, with the inscription plus ultra, the new
world being then discovered, in contradistinction to the former motto of non plus
ultra, no longer corresponding to the already wide-spreading Spanish dominions.
Water Gates-Waterport and Old Mole Gates on the North side of the town,
and the New Mole and Ragged Staff Gates outside the town. (The Ragged Staff
was a badge of the Burgundian Charles V). Southport, Grand Casemates and
Waterport Gates were single gates until 1883-4 when double gates were opened
in the walls for the convenience of traffic, during the Government of Sir J. M.
Adye, whose coat of arms and the Arms of Gibraltar are placed on the new
Southport Gate under the Royal Arms.
Besides these main gates into the fortress there are gates at the different lines
of defences-Europa Pass Gate, Windmill Hill Gates (Jacob's Ladder and Hole
in the Wall), and Queen's Road Gate, where the upper wall, built by Charles V.,
joins the precipice below; Rosia Gate for the use of the Naval Victualling Yard
and bathers, and Camp Bay gateway, leading also to a beach for bathing and the
Telegraph House, where the shore end of the Submarine Cable is landed.
The question is often asked, particularly in the summer months when the even-
ings are so beautiful, Why should the gates into Spain not be kept open; there
cannot be any military danger to the safety of the place? In reply to this it is
only necessary to mention that the material for general and domestic labour in
Gibraltar is by no means satisfactory, and that it is absolutely necessary to admit
into this confined and crowded town a considerable number of foreigners. The
number of persons who come into the town on daily permits amounts to more
than 3,000, and the presence of these persons of different nationalities in the nar-
row and confined streets of the town until any hour would doubtless be a source
of considerable inconvenience, often perhaps also of disturbance. Hence they
are obliged to quit at the approach of nightfall, and the result cannot be said to
be otherwise than satisfactory. Gibraltar possesses one of the most quiet popu-
lations and is one of the most law-abiding places in the British dominions, as its
criminal records will testify; and Ayala bears witness to this fact, as follows:-
"It was apprehended that amid such diversity of persons of different religions,
"customs and interests, quarrels and atrocities would prevail in Gibraltar similar
"to those existing in other cities of Spain. But the severity of a Military Gov-
❝ernment has prevented such disorders; for individuals resorting thither being
"aware of the certainty of punishment awaiting offences, and that the magistrates
"and those in authority cannot be corrupted, find their own security best guaran-
"teed by not disturbing that of others; and thus by the effect of good and cer-
"tain laws well enforced many years passed without any occurrence of assassina-
❝tion or violent deaths, as are too often seen in smaller places where the inabitants
P
59
"C
"C
"are of uniform manners and religion." Perhaps this might not be the case if
the indulgencies granted in 1377 in order to people the place were still in exis-
tence. Then it was ordered by the King "that all those who shall proceed to
"Gibraltar, and shall be inhabitants or dwellers therein, whether swindlers,
thieves, murderers or other evil doers whatsoever, or woman escaped from her
husband, shall be freed and secured from the punishment of death, and they
"shall neither be threatened nor have injury done to them;" the only exceptions
being "traitors to their Lord or breakers of the King's peace, or one who shall
"have carried off his Lord's wife; for these shall be punished as they deserve.”
Another very important element of good behaviour on the part of the visitors is
the power which the authorities possess of keeping out of the Garrison those
strangers whom it is not considered desirable to admit, and as that would cer-
tainly happen with law breakers, and also that Gibraltar being almost a necessity
for the existence of the neighbouring people, they are on their best behaviour
when within its walls.
Moles and Landing Places.
Commencing from the South-
Rosia Mole-R.N. landing place for Victualling Yard and for coals for the
Garrison.
New Mole-In the Dockyard, where coal for ships of the Royal Navy is
stored, and the wharf used by her Majesty's men-of-war and transports; landing
place for boats of the Royal Navy and yachts. It is 1,100 feet long, and was
commenced in 1620 at the foot of the Tower called Puerto, one of the principal
fortifications of Gibraltar at that time, and was completed under the directions
of Philip IV. in 1660. At the time of the Great Siege it had a circular battery
for heavy metal at the Mole head.
Ragged Staff Wharf-For disembarking stores for the Garrison, shot, powder,
&c.; landing place for her Majesty's vessels, yachts, the Garrison, and for pas-
sengers by P. and O. steamers.
The Old Mole-On which is the Devil's Tongue Battery. It is 700 feet long
and was commenced in 1309, after the capture of Gibraltar from the Moors,
to enclose the dockyard for the shelter of shipping and the defence of the port,
with a strong tower to prevent the approach of the enemy's vessels. This
tower was blown up when the Rock was taken by the English in 1704, when,
although the New Mole and fort was first taken, the greatest force was direeted
against the Old Mole. Seven launches were destroyed and 300 officers and mem
were killed or wounded by the explosion.
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Waterport Wharf-General landing place from ships in the Bay and for pas-
sengers by the steamers plying to Algeciras; also for merchandize.
Bayside Jetty-For building materials and heavy goods.
Watering Jetty, North Front-For watering ships from the tanks of the Sani-
tary Commissioners.
The North Front,
as the sandy isthmus is called which separates the Rock from the main land, or
rather that part of it which belongs to Great Britain, and which forms our
advanced posts. Beyond that again is the neutral ground, and then the Spanish.
lines. The North Front is reached from the Landport and Waterport Gates by
the highway into Spain, which is a causeway with the sea on the left, and an
artificial inundation on the right formed, in 1705, from a morass which bounded
the foot of the Rock. It covers nine acres in extent, and is intersected by eight
transverse ditches, 12 feet deep and a strong palisade; the water is from four to
six feet deep.
On the North Front are the race-stand and premises, the cricket pavilions, the
cemeteries, the commissariat cattle-sheds and slaughter-houses, the laundry, the
kennels of the Calpe Hunt, the rifle-ranges, hutments for the accommodation of
detachments during the musketry season, some few small dwellings inhabited by
soldiers, many stores and yards, and chief among them a large timber and marble
yard and saw mill, established by Messrs. Bland, who also manufacture the arti-
ficial ice with which the Garrison is supplied. This establishment is a very great
boon to Gibraltar, and the inhabitants render grateful thanks for the enterprize
which has procured for them a most bountiful supply of this luxury, a necessity
indeed during the heat of summer, and at a very reasonable rate; the more so as
previously to the establishment of this local emporium, the supplies from Cadiz
and other places were very intermittent and uncertain, and usually failed at times
of the greatest need. Aerated waters of the best description are also manufac-
tured at this establishment.
A great deal of stone for building purposes and paving uses in the town is
taken from the Rock, in quarries near the Devil's Tower, the limestone there being
of a particularly good and close quality, care being taken that the stone is cut
away so as to add, by scarping, to the impregnability of the Rock.
The Devil's tower is situated on a platform of Rock near these quarries, and is
one of two towers which were originally on the North Front; the other, the Mill
Tower, near the Western Beach, was destroyed by the fire from the Rock during
the siege, being 1,100 yards from the Grand Battery.
It was evidently a frontier look-out; the original terminal line of the territory
61
of Gibraltar was just outside the Bayside Barrier, and so along the North of the
present road thence to the Eastern Beach; hence this tower was an advanced
post or guard station, and doubtless was also used as a beacon and marine signal
post or outlook. It was built long before the English occupation, and on the
site of an old Moorish tower, most probably by the Genoese, for it is probable
that the term Devil's Tower has arisen from some Italian designation indicating
its position, referring to " dividing," relative to a boundary or frontier line. There
was probably a kind of "enceinte continué" extending from the Eastern to the
Western Beach, and the tower might well be required for an outlook, although
this opinion has been combated on account of the near neighbourhood of the
Rock, so elevated for observation; but very often nothing can be discovered from
the top owing to mist and cloud. An instance of this occurred only a few years.
ago when a serious invasion of our waters was seen from Catalan Bay but not
from the Signal Station. The view of the Rock behind the Tower is magnificently
grand, rising, as it does, in perpendicular steeps to a height of 1,400 feet, every
point and angle sharply defined in the solid, grey limestone, while about two-
thirds of the way towards the summit can be seen the embrasures marking the
position of St. George's Hall, at the end of the upper Galleries, which seems to
be dangerously placed on a slender pinnacle which it appears almost to overhang.
On the North Front also take place the reviews of the troops, the weekly field
days and the grand parade on Her Majesty's birthday, when the spectacle is very
striking. The first gun of the Royal Salute is fired from the Rock Gun, when
the smoke curling upwards in the still air assumes the shape of a Royal Crown
(of course), and then the Salute goes down the mountain by the Galleries to
Willis' Battery, and afterwards is taken up by the troops on parade. On the
shore of the Bay are many ship-building establishments and a large metal foundry,
where all required repairs to machinery or iron vessels are well and promptly
performed, also a jetty where ships obtain fresh water; and close to our advanced
line of sentries are the engine houses of the Sanitary Commissioners where the
water from their wells is pumped into the town in ample quantities for all pur-
poses, although, most unfortunately, the quality leaves much to be desired.
Before the discovery of these deposits of water the inhabitants had only the rain-
fall during the winter months to depend on-a most fluctuating source.
The North Front is a very great source of comfo:t and relief to the inhabitants
of Gibraltar during the summer months. Open on one side to the Mediterranean
and on the other to the Bay, every breath of air which blows must cross it, and,
in consequence, the eastern beach, as it is called, on the shore of the sea, is a
general afternoon resort, where may be seen every sort and variety of basket and
pony carriage which serve to take the ladies and troops of children to enjoy
the fresh air on the beach, the former employed with their work or books, and the
1
62
latter with the wooden spade and bucket of the regulation pattern for children at
the sea-side. From this the eastern beach is known commonly by the name of
Margate. A raised esplanade with its band stand has lately been built along the
road, as one of the improvements to the North Front. Trees have been planted
and walks formed along the main road, and gardens bordering it on both sides
have been carefully laid out and planted, and are tended with the greatest care to
beautify and ornament this open space for exercise and recreation, and which
may be called "the Lungs of the Rock." The whole of the improvements in this
part, as in so many other matters during his Government, are due to Lord Napier
of Magdàla, who assumed the Government of this Fortress in 1876, and by a
happy junction of forces on the part of the Military and Colonial Departments,
and the Sanitary Commissioners, his suggestions were carried out with the great-
est success, and to the very great advantage of the Gibraltar public.
Catalan Bay.
A small fishing village at the back of the Rock, in a small sandy bay, to which
there is a good road from the North Front Quarries. It is inhabited chiefly by
the descendants of Genoese fishermen, and there is also a detachment of soldiers
from one of the regiments in the town always quartered there, in a small and
convenient barrack; at the back of which is a small Roman Catholic Church.
The village is well worth a visit, as the Rock nowhere looks more grand and
imposing than the steeps which rise almost perpendicularly behind it. These
occasionally remind the villagers of their close proximity in a manner no less
practical than dangerous, by tumbling big stones down upon their dwellings, which
has sometimes occasioned not a few disasters. During the French invasion many
of the inhabitants of San Roque who had sought refuge at Catalan Bay, were
victims of a large fall of stone from the cliffs. In 1870 there was a very large
landslip, but fortunately on the road near the North Front, so the village escaped;
the road was however destroyed, but as the fall happened in the night no lives
were lost. In the flood of November, 1875, the little church was completely
gutted by the torrent of sand and stones washed from the rocks above, and some
of the out-buildings of the barracks were buried, but there were no casualties.
The village passed, a path over the sand leads to the next bay (Sandy Bay),
from which no further progress can be made.
Bay of Gibraltar and Straits.
The Bay is nearly eight miles long and more than five broad. The depth in
the centre is 110 fathoms, and the tide rises about four feet. In the English part
of the waters is the mercantile anchorage, and here are moored the old hulks.
63
for storing coal and other supplies, perhaps equally heating, although not so ne
cessary, presided over as late as 1883, when she was sold and broken up and the
Guard Station transferred to the Old Mole head, by the Colonial guardship
Samarang," an old man-of-war said to have been one of the fleet at the battle
of Copenhagen, and in her time considered rather a crack vessel; but tempora
mutantur indeed. Captain Marryat, the Naval novelist, is believed to have served
in this old vessel. On board her were quarters for the Captain of the Port, the
boarding officers, who give pratique to vessels, and the marine police, who, in
swift steam launches, patrol the waters after nightfall and "move on " suspicious.
loiterers of faluchos and small boats.
Among the old hulks was, some years since, the Spanish ship "San Juan,"
taken at the Battle of Trafalgar, the cabin being shut up as a mark of respect to
the memory of the brave Captain Churraca, who, mortally wounded in the battle,
died in it.
The question of the extent of maritime jurisdiction over the neighbouring
waters between England and Spain is no less vexatious and unsettled than that of
territorial jurisdiction, Spain maintaining a rigid vigilance over the seaboard in
the neighbourhood of the Rock, and revenue boats are constantly on the alert.
The captures made by these revenue cruisers are not however confined to smug-
gling craft alone. By an unjust and untenable assumption Spain claims the right
of jurisdiction over the waters of the Straits within her shores, and she asserts
her right to board any vessel under 200 tons that sails within that distance of her
coasts. As the Straits are on an average about twelve, and in some places but
eight miles in breadth, Spain thus claims the right over more than half these
waters, and virtually commands the navigation of the Gut.-(Sayer).
The waters of the Bay feel sensibly the strong current setting in through
the Straits from the Atlantic at the rate of two and a half miles per hour,
which is perceptible 150 miles down to Cape de Gatt. Some have supposed
the existence of an under current of denser water which sets outwards and
relieves the Mediterranean from this accession of water, in addition to all the
contributions of the rivers from the Ebro to the Nile in a coast circuit of 4,500
leagues; as a confirmation of this a Dutch merchant ship, sunk by one broadside.
of a French privateer in the middle of the Gut, was cast ashore a few days after,
with her cargo of brandy and oil, near to Tangier, twelve miles to the Westward
of where she went down; also it has been calculated by Dr. Halley that the
evaporation by the sun and by hot drying winds is almost equal to the supply of
water; yet, on the whole, the level of the sea remains unchanged, for Nature's
exquisite system of compensation knows no waste.
The strength of this current renders impossible any reliable soundings in the
principal channel through the Straits; but between Gibraltar and Ceuta soundings
64
have been made to the extraordinary depth of 950 fathoms, where a gravelly
bottom was found, with broken shells: it may be observed that although the
general colour of the waters is the deepest ultramarine, with a singular phos-
phorescent luminosity produced by the myriads of infusoria, a green tint indicates
soundings, and a deep indigo blue profound depth.
The anchorage in the Bay is not very good, and it is much exposed to the
South-West winds, which sweep up and down through the funnel of the Straits
(twelve leagues in length), while the East wind or Levanter blows in terrible
gusts across the waters, raising genuine water spouts, which are whirled along
with great violence till they break and disperse.
Ayala says, "There are certain conditions by which the duration or change of
"the wind may be guessed at with tolerable certainty. When a calm takes place
"and the atmosphere is serene the following are signs of an approaching East
"wind: a sensible humidity in the air; a pricking in wounds and old sores;
"chronic pains returning, and a melancholy and lassitude felt even by the healthy."
The East wind will continue at least during the following day, if a cloud, like
spreading feathers is observed to pass over the middle of the mountain to the
Westward.
The sure and agreeable prognostics of a West wind, are the clouds clearing
from the coast, the atmosphere beginning to feel dry, valetudinarians feeling
better, and the healthy more vigorous.
While the Straits continue cloudy in winter, showers from the South-West may
be expected; if they clear away it is an indication of a North or North-West
wind, fresh and agreeable, and sometimes extremely cold.
In the winter due North and South winds last but a short time; the former
soon becomes a West wind, and the latter is the precursor of a Levanter, which
sometimes continues many days inundating the country with rain.
The winds between North-East and South-East are termed Levant winds; those
from North-West to South-West West winds; for whatever may be the others
outside the Straits on approaching these they assume the characters above
mentioned.
The East wind, El Levante, is the tyrant of the Straits, while the West wind,
El Poniente, is their liberator.-(Ayala).
In Montero's history is recounted a curious anecdote which will not be out of
place here; the instance occurring after the action of Admiral Saumarez in the
Bay, in July, 1801, when the "Hannibal" ran ashore under the guns of the
Green Island at Algeciras and had to surrender. A French fleet of four ships
under Admiral Linois which had been pursued by the English Admiral, being
65
reinforced by six Spanish vessels under General Moreno and four French ships
under Admiral Dumanoir pursued its course to the Westward, when a swift frigate
was sent after them from Gibraltar, which reaching the rearmost vessels at the
mouth of the Straits, the night being extremely dark, ran between the Spanish
ships "Real Carlos" and "San Hermenegildo " and discharging her broadsides
at both vessels, passed swiftly on. The two Spanish vessels immediately com-
menced action one against the other, and the mistake was only discovered when
both were in flames (no distinguishing signals having been arranged by the
Admiral). The conflagration could not be arrested and both ships blew up,
with the loss of 2,600 men, a greater number than were lost at Trafalgar.
A curious relic of old times was discovered in 1884 on the opposite shore of
the Straits, under Ape's Hill, in the shape of the remains of a 74 gun English
frigate, the "Courageux," which was taken from the French in 1761 off Lisbon
and being driven out of Gibraltar in a heavy gale was lost on the opposite coast
in December, 1796, with a large portion of her crew. The divers of Messrs.
Bland and of Mr. Fortunato of Gibraltar, who were engaged, found her guns
lying in almost regular order at the bottom, and several of them, very hand-
some brass guns of different size and a mortar, all of French manufacture, were
raised and brought to Gibraltar.
Fortifications.
The fortifications in Gibraltar are amongst the most formidable in the universe,
and the value of the Rock to England-doubly so since the introduction of steam
into the navies of the world, and hence the necessity of protected coaling stations
has induced the Government to maintain the defences in such a state of formid-
able perfection as to render the fortress impregnable, and any attack futile.
In the times when the bow and arrow, the battering ram and the catapult were
the most destructive engines of war that man's ingenuity could invent, its walls
and heights withstood successfully the desperate onslaughts of barbarian hordes,
and treachery alone opened its gates. In later days when war had become a
science, and artillery, with its still unknown power, had thrust aside the rude
inventions of our forefathers and established a new system in the art of strategy,
this impregnable Rock mocked the united efforts of two great nations to subdue
it, though every hostile resource that the skill of the besiegers could devise was
employed against it. Ayala, whose history closes in 1780 when the hostilities
between Great Britain and Spain had assumed an active character, says: "In the
"meantime we may hope that the result of this undertaking against a place so
"strongly fortified, but attacked by such powerful forces, may correspond to the
"justice of the cause, to the intelligence and activity of the Duke de Crillon, and
+
1.
9
66
"to the well known valour of the Spanish troops." He was, however, doomed
to disappointment by the result.
The natural advantages of the Rock as a fortress are so great, that in 1309
when it was first taken from the Moors by Alonzo de Guzman, the Castilian
King, Fernando IV., who hastened personally to take possession of it, on entering
it and observing its strength and the peculiarity of its situation, with uplifted
hands he gave thanks to Providence for the reduction under his dominion of a
Rock and Castle, so important and almost impregnable. When to these conditions.
are added the works erected under the most skilled masters of military science in
succeeding generations, and which are even now being supplemented by all means
necessary for modern requirements the word "impregnable" may truly be fitly
employed.
On the capture of the Rock by the English in 1701 the fortifications seems to
have been as follows :-
At the North-end (Willis') the Battery of San Joaquin and the Bastion of San
José; at the Landport a covered way and the Fort of San Pablo joining the
curtain of the Old Mole which was protected by the Tower of Leandro; then
followed the Atarazana or arsenal which anciently formed part of the Castle and
then came the old wall which ran along the front to Charles V. Wall, which in
two divisions ran up the mountain to the Hacho (Signal Station) where there was
a small tower. Between Charles V. Wall and the New Mole were three bastions,
Santa Cruz, Nuestra Señora de Rosario and another where Flat Bastion Magazine
is now, and a half moon battery on the Red Sands called Bateria de los Reyes.
The defence of the New Mole was the Tower of Puerto, now Dockyard Fort, one
of the principal fortifications of the place. We do no read of any fortifications
further South than this fort, as the Rocks from thence to the East side formed
natural defences, except the Old Moorish Tower commanding Europa Point and
the Bay beyond.
The present fortifications, which are not constructed on any particular system,
may be classed under four heads :-
1st. A sea wall, with its system of curtains, flanks, and bastions, extending at
broken intervals round the Western base of the Rock with a breakwater
to keep off boats and detain them under fire, extending from the New to
the Old Mole. This breakwater was commenced in 1846.
2d. Retired batteries, armed with the heaviest ordnance, in commanding posi-
tions, but scarcely discernible from the sea, and comparatively safe from
the fire of shipping.
3d. The Galleries, excavated out of the solid rock on the north and north-west
faces of the mountain, the heavy ordnance in which commands the North
Front, neutral ground, part of the Bay and the once formidable lines.
67
4th. Rock casemates and detached casemated batteries, many of them shielded
with heavy iron. His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales laid the
foundation of the Alexandra Battery, New Mole, in 1876, and in 1859
of one at the Sandpits.
Every spot from whence a gun can be brought to bear is occupied by cannon,
which oftentimes quaintly peep out of the most secluded nooks, among geraniums
and flowering plants, while huge piles of shot and shell, some of enormous size,
are stowed away in convenient places screened from an enemy's fire, but all ready
for use.
At the end of the Great Siege the tiers of batteries and the fortifications
generally were, as may be supposed, considerably damaged or thrown down; the
town also being little better than a great ruin, the inhabitants being sheltered in
caves or under canvas. The work of restoration, therefore, was both extensive
and pressing, and this depended in a great part on the company of the Royal
Sappers and Miners, who had been formed originally into a military organization
on the Rock in 1772, the officers being unable to place any reliance on civil
artificers. They were then a total of all ranks of 234, and had done the greatest
service during the siege. As an instance of this it may be noted that after the
failure of the attack with the battering ships, great repairs were necessary to the
Orange Bastion, and in spite of the enemy firing from 800 to 1,000 shot every
twenty-four hours, they re-built the whole flank of the Bastion, 120 feet, with solid
masonry; a fact scarcely paralleled in any siege. Every encouragement was given
to them to work well and assiduously, and no men could have rendered services
more in keeping, the works progressing with the greatest diligence. One amusing
instance of the indulgencies shown them-they being also struck off all guards,
fatigues, and Garrison duties-is related. General O'Hara, to mark his sense of
their services, gave them permission to pass to the Neutral Ground and out of
Garrison on Sundays and holidays without a written pass or any restraint, even
as to dress. It was not uncommon, therefore, for the N.C. Officers and respect-
able portion of the privates to stroll about the Garrison or ramble into Spain,
dressed in black silk or satin breeches, white silk stockings, and silver knee or
shoe buckles, drab beaver hats and scarlet jackets tastefully trimmed with white
kerseymere.
The Sergeant-Major of the company, Ince, was the original proposer of the
Galleries, and carried out their execution. He was promoted Lieutenant in the
Royal Garrison Battalion.
Two boys of the Soldier Artificers' Company are spoken of very highly as
being remarkable for their quick sight, they were employed to be with the work-
ing parties and warn the men when the enemy was firing in their direction. It
is said that one of them, in the Princess Amelia battery, had been reproving the
68
men for their carelessness in not attending to him, and had just turned his head
towards the enemy when he observed the shot coming which had so terrible an
effect (see "Batteries.") He (Richmond), as well as two other boys (Brand and
Parsons) were possessed of such uncommon quickness of sight as to see the
enemy's shot almost immediately after they quitted the gun, and by their vigilance
they were the means of saving many valuable lives. Richmond was known by
the name of Shell and Brand of Shot. They both died in the West Indies of
yellow fever, both Second Lieutenants in the Royal Engineers. The model of
Gibraltar, which was destroyed at Woolwich by fire in 1802, and those of the
King's Bastion, in polished stone, and of the North Front, which are now at the
Rotunda at Woolwich, were the work of these youths, and for which they obtained
their commissions.
There is a beautiful and exact model of the Rock, in Gibraltar, on a scale of
fifty feet to an inch, formed by successive layers of contours, from the survey of
Lieutenant Warren, R.E., completed by Sergeant Turnbull and Sappers Williams
and McLellan, R.E., in 1865. It was formerly in the Garrison Library, but being
now removed to one of the military offices, and therefore not in a convenient
situation for exhibition, it is not generally shown to visitors.
Batteries, Artillery, &c.,
WITH ANECDOTES OF OCCURRENCES DURING THE SIEGES, CHIEFLY
IN CONNECTION THEREWITH.
For Artillery purposes the Rock is divided into eight districts:
1. The Upper, comprising the Rock Gun and Signal Station.
2. North.
3. Lower Lines.
4. Town.
5. Waterport.
6. Rosia.
7. Windmill Hill.
8. Europa.
Each of these districts is in charge of a separate Battery of Artillery, except the
last two, of which one Battery takes charge, and a Master-Gunner is attached to
each district.
The batteries on the Old Mole so annoyed the Spanish approaches during the
siege, that it was christened by them the "Lengua del Diablo," which latter
name is retained by the Sandy Spit near the end of the Mole being still called
the Devil's Tongue.
69
Another suggestion, which is not very complimentary to the fair sex, has been
made by some commentators, who contend that the name is derived from the
wicked scandal supposed to be talked at the Ladies' Bathing Sheds, established
near there; but there is no doubt the older derivation is the correct one. The
defence from the Grand Battery and covering works is so formidable that the ap-
proach was christened "Boca del Fuego" (the mouth of fire).
The King's Bastion played an important part in beating off the attacks of the
Spanish gun and mortar boats in 1781; it has been re-modelled since then. It is
erected on the site of a Bastion first built there in 1575, in constructing which a
part of the intervening curtain was removed. In this curtain was a gate of
Moorish Architecture of great antiquity, called the Algeciras Gate, solidly built
and adorned with rich Arabesque workmanship, among which was conspicuous
the "Key," a sure proof of the sentiments of the Moors as to the importance
of the Mountain and City of Gibraltar. General Boyd, who so gallantly con-
ducted the defence of the Old Bastion, laid the foundation stone of the present
one, and now lies in it, his tomb being in the salient of the work. To carry on
the work with vigour an opening was made in the sea line which, for the time,
rendered the fortress defenceless at that point. A similar opening had been made
some years before by a storm, which, being observed by the Duc de Crillon, who
commanded at San Roque, he proposed a scheme for an attempt on the Rock.
Remembering this, General Boyd always kept an anxious eye upon the gap, but
he concealed his fears and would not post any additional guards or picquets there
to attract attention, but gave private orders that all the guns and howitzers that
could be brought into position on that point, should be so placed. He, how-
ever, did not conceal his uneasiness from the Secretary of State, and in urging
upon Lord Rochford the necessity of means being furnished for completing the
Bastion, he remarked: "There is an idea of glory, My Lord, in the thought of
"being killed in defending a breach made by the enemy, but to be knocked o' th'
"head in the defence of one of our own making would be a ridiculous death."
All the Old Line Wall has been re-modelled, and portions showing the old
shot-marks may be seen in rear of the Prince Albert's Front, where the old Zoca
Flank and Sally Port from the Commercial Square may still be seen.
The old walls are also to be seen at Ragged Staff and Rosia Bay, in rear of the
more modern ones.
The new Line Wall is in great part a series of splendid casemates, affording
comfortable Barracks to the troops who would have to man the works.
The districts at the North end of the town still retain traces of the siege of
more than a century ago, in anecdotes which have been handed on from gunner
to gunner.
is
70
1
Thus the Rock Mortar, the highest piece of ordnance on the Rock, is said to
have been several times dismounted by the Spanish fire.
Just below is the Rock Gun Battery, originally built and armed before there
was any road made to it. The Artillery being too impatient to have a gun
mounted on the summit of the Rock to wait until the new road was finished,
they accordingly determined to drag a twenty-four pounder up the steep, craggy
face and, in a few days, with great difficulty and prodigious exertions they were
so successful as to get it to the top. This battery played a very important part
during the siege, from its very commanding position. From it the first gun
is
fired of the Royal Salute on Her Majesty's birthday.
The Willis' Batteries are a perfect network of defences commanding the Spanish
lines and neutral ground. On them fell the brunt of the fire from the Spanish
batteries. A story is still told by the Gunners in charge there, of how a shot
entered one of the embrasures in the Princess Amelia Battery, and striking four
men, cut off seven legs among them. (Drinkwater also alludes to it).
In the Church Battery a shell fell and burst on the 22d May and one of the
splinters flying for more than 200 yards, struck the apron which covered the
touch-hole of the morning gun, on the South Bastion, exploded the priming and
fired the gun.
In the Union Galleries, leading from the Castle to Willis', a lamentable acci-
dent happened in 1830. Experimental practice was being carried on to show the
effect of grape shot on the Inundation and road to Bay Side Barrier. A gun was
pointed at the target, and the detachment went to the next embrasure, where
there was no gun, to see the effect of their shot. The gun was fired, and some
burning pieces of wad must have blown back, and somehow ignited the contents
of a portable magazine near. The men, with the exception of the one who fired
and the one who gave the order to fire, were blown out of the embrasure by the
explosion of the portable, on to the Lower Lines and Inundation, fourteen Gun-
ners being killed.
To increase the vertical fire during the siege, guns sunk in the sand, and then
secured with timber at different degrees of elevation, were employed both by the
English and Spaniards; thus five 32 pounders were thus employed behind the
Old Mole.
For the purpose of firing a gun at a great depression into the besiegers' lines a
gun carriage was invented by Lieutenant Koehler, R.A., which was found most
effective, as out of thirty shots fired at one time, twenty-eight were sent into one
traverse in a Spanish battery, 1,400 yards distant. A gun at a great depression
may be seen in the back ground of Sir Joshua Reynolds' picture of General
Eliott at the Convent.
71
As described by Drinkwater, the gun was fixed on a bed of timber, the under
side of which was a plane parallel to the axis of the piece; from this bed im
mediately under the centre of gravity projected a spindle eight inches in diameter,
and on the axis of this spindle the bed and gun could move round. Thus the
gun could be loaded in safety under cover of the merlon by being turned round
to lie horizontally across the carriage. It could be depressed to 20° by a common
quoin, and by a special arrangement to any number of degrees above 20° and
under 70°.
To annoy the enemy and alarm the working parties large stones were used, cut
to fit the calibre of a 13 inch mortar; a small hole was drilled in the centre, filled
with sufficient powder, and they were fired with short fuses, to burst in the
trenches. Many of these stone shell are still in the Garrison.
•
The great length of range and the deep loose sand on which the Spanish lines
were thrown up neutralized the effect of the shells as they buried themselves so
deeply as to explode without damage. Captain Mercier, 39th Regiment, obviated
this evil by suggesting that 54-inch shells with short calculated fuzes should be
fired from guns, and this proved most satisfactory. It is the first instance of
horizontal firing with shells and calculated fuzes on record.
In order to protect the Gunners as much as possible unserviceable guns were
laid across the top of the embrasures in many of the works; there being no
bomb-proof cover or Gibraltar shields in those days.
In 1771 an experiment was made with a pierrier, or stone mortar, cut out of
the solid rock with a view of being used against boat attacks, or an attempt to
land. It is fully described in Grose's Military Antiquities, App. 20. The in-
ventor was named Healy, and Healy's Mortar may still be seen in perfect condition
on the road near the Queen's Gate. The rock is 200 yards above the level of
the sea, and 400 yards horizontal distance from the Line Wall. Its construction
is thus described a plain surface of 45° elevation was first formed; then a
centre hole was bored four feet deep, perpendicular to the surface; from the
centre a circle was described three feet diameter; holes were then bored all round
the circle inclining to the centre, and the partitions between them being cut away,
a core of a conical figure was extracted, and the inside chipped and polished until
it formed a true parabola. It was first loaded with twenty-seven pounds of powder
and 1,470 paving stones and fired by a hollow cane in the centre conveying the
fire to a quick-match placed in a copper tube to the charge; about a quarter part
of the stones fell over the Line Wall. It was fired a second time with the same
success, and a third time with half the quantity of powder and 1,220 stones,
when about 200 passed over the Line Wall. It was considered that such fixed
weapons might be useful for the defence of a pass or mouth of a harbour,
Among other anecdotes of the siege we find the following :-
72
A shell falling in Southport Street blew an old Genoese woman out of the
window but did not hurt her beyond bruises.
November 24th.-Four Portuguese who had been privately despatched by the
Governor to fetch a packet of despatches from Faro returned safe; they had a
small boat which was carried on camels over rocks and mountains being permitted
by the Moors. They landed it in a creek under Ape's Hill and stole over in the
night.
During the blockade of the Bay, the "Buck," English privateer, Captain Fag
commanding, succeeded in getting in to Gibraltar. At the entrance to the Straits
Captain Fag met with three English cutters. The Captain of one of them endea-
voured to dissuade him from an attempt to get into Gibraltar, saying that it was
impossible. Captain Fag jocosely asked if there was room for a coach and six to
get in, and being answered in the affirmative he rolled his quid two or three times
and with an audible oath swore he would get in if Beelzebub himself gave chase.
A soldier rambling about the town found in the ruins of a house several
watches and articles of value, which he carried off, but as every soldier was
examined on his return to his bombproof he resolved on a singular expedient to
secure his prize. Taking out the wad which served as a tompion to a gun in the
King's Bastion, he lodged his booty, tied up in a handkerchief, as far as he could
reach within the gun, and then returned the wad to its place. Unfortunately
while he was fast asleep the gunboats attacked the town, and this richly loaded
gun was one of the first discharged, and with it disappeared all the riches which
had been so badly invested.
A soldier was killed in the hospital under particularly painful circumstances.
Having accidentally broken his thigh he was helpless in bed, when a shell from
the mortar boats fell into the ward, and rebounding lodged upon him. The con-
valescent and sick in the same room instantly found strength to crawl out on
their hands and knees while the fuse was burning; but this unfortunate man was
kept down in his bed by the weight of the shell which, exploding, took off both
his legs and scorched him in a fearful manner. His last words were expressive
of regret that he had not been killed in the batteries.
An extraordinary case of a wonderful recovery from fearful injuries occurred
to a soldier of the 73d, who was knocked down by the wind of a shell which
killed his comrade, and when it burst mangled him in a most dreadful manner.
His head was terribly fractured, his left arm broken in two places, one of his legs
shattered, the skin and muscles torn off part of his right hand, the middle finger
broken to pieces, and his whole body most severely bruised and scorched. He
was trepanned the same evening; a few days after the leg was amputated and the
73
other wounds and fractures dressed, and his constitution was so good and nature
so powerful that in eleven weeks his cure was completely effected.
An extraordinary instance of gallantry and presence of mind occurred at the
laboratory adjoining the South Bastion. An Artilleryman (named Hartley) was
employed in filling shells with carcass composition and driving fuses into shells
one of them by some unaccountable accident took fire in the operation, and al-
though he was surrounded with unfixed fuses, loaded shells, composition, &c.,
with the most astonishing coolness he carried out the lighted shell and threw it
where it could do little or no harm; and two seconds had scarcely elapsed before
it exploded. If the shell had burst in the laboratory it is almost certain the
whole would have been blown up, when the loss in fixed ammunition, fuses, &c.,
would have been irreparable, exclusive of the damage which the fortifications
would have suffered from the explosion and the lives that might have been lost.
During the grand attack the furnaces for heating the shot were found to be too
few and huge fires were kindled in convenient corners of the streets: these red-
hot messengers were found by the enemy a specific decidedly inimical to the con-
stitution of the battering ships, and it cannot be said they were administered in
homœopathie doses, as 2,000 of them were fired in the first two hours. Alto-
gether upwards of 8,000 shot and 716 barrels of powder were fired by the Gar-
rison during this attack.
;
On the 13th July a soldier of the 73d Regiment declared himself a prophet, and
prophesied that within six weeks and six days and six hours the Garrison would
be taken and the Governor killed. He was taken to the provost ship there to
await the expiration of the time, and then be flogged-no doubt a very effectual
way for curing the gift of prophecy-for in those days the punishments were most
severe and sentences of the most terrible kind nearly always carried out, justice.
being then very little tempered with mercy-for desertion, death by shooting; for
robbery, the same by being hanged; while lesser offences were punished with 200,
500, 1,000, and even as many as 1,500 lashes. As an instance of the severity of
punishments it is told that during the siege of 1727 a conspiracy having been de-
tected among some Moors and Jews in the Garrison to seize upon the Gates and
open them to the Spaniards, two of the Moors, the chief agents, were put to death
and afterwards flayed, their skins were then nailed to the Gates of the town unti
they were cut away in pieces by curious people, to be sent to England.
Great misery was caused during the siege by the constant attacks of the gun-
boats. In a "C
Lady's Journal of the Siege" she mentions how she was driven
night after night from place to place, until at length she was compelled to sleep
with her children behind the rocks at Europa. Even here she was not safe; one
night a round shot struck the stone beneath which she was crouching.
The scurvy attained a terrible virulence during the siege, and swept before it
10
74
into destruction ten times more lives than fell from the fire of the enemy. On
11th October, 1780, during a heavy fog, a Dutch dogger was taken by the boats
of the British squadron, part of a large Dutch convoy, and carried safely into the
Bay. By an almost miraculous stroke of fortune she was laden with lemons and
oranges, a freight more valuable at the time than tons of powder. They were
immediately served out to the craving sick, and in a few days the salutary effects
were apparent, and men who had been hopeless cripples hanging to their crutches
returned to duty restored and invigorated.
During the extreme scarcity of provisions, a singular mode of hatching chickens
was practised by the Hanoverians. The eggs were placed with some cottonwool,
or other warm substance in a tin case of such construction as to be heated either
by a lamp or hot water; and, by a proper attention to the temperature of heat,
the eggs were commonly hatched in the usual time of a hen's sitting. A capon
was then taught to rear them: the feathers were plucked from his breast and
belly; he was then scourged with a bunch of nettles, and placed upon the young
hatch, whose downy warmth afforded such comfort to the bare and smarting parts
that he from that period reared them up with equal care and tenderness as though
they had been his own offspring.
■
At the time of the relief by Admiral Rodney no fresh meat remained, with the
exception of an old cow which was reserved for the sick; a goose sold for £2 and
a turkey for £4. A death occurred from actual famine; the fatal incident aroused
the people to a sense of the horrors of their future. Wild vegetables kept life in
numbers of enfeebled bodies, and the emaciated aspect of others was appalling.
Bread was so scarce that the daily rations were served out under protection of a
guard, and the weak, the aged and the infirm, who could not struggle against the
hungry, impetuous crowd that thronged the doors of the bakeries often returned
to their miserable homes robbed of their share.
During the destruction of the Spanish batteries at the sortie, General Eliott,
most careful that none of the wounded should perish in the flames, went into the
works himself to look round, and there found a Captain of the Spanish Artillery
dreadfully wounded. He ordered him to be removed to a place of safety, but the
Spaniard exclaimed, "No, Sir, no; leave me, and let me perish amid the ruins of
"my post!" In a few minutes he expired. (The incident is to be seen depicted
in engravings in the Convent corridor and in the Garrison Library.) It was
afterwards found that he had commanded the guard of one of the batteries, and
that when his men fled he rushed forward into the attacking column, exclaiming,
"At least one Spaniard shall die honourably !" and fell at the foot of his post.
Two Spanish officers were taken prisoners at the sortie, one, the Baron Von
Helmstadt, dangerously wounded in the knee. He died of inflammatory fever
after amputation of the leg, to which he was persuaded to consent by the Governor,
75
+
as he had before refused, affirming that he was betrothed to a lady to whom he
would never offer himself with a mutilated limb, but on the Governor's repre-
sentations that his affianced bride would receive him with the more affection for
his having gained an honourable wound, he consented to the operation.
The private relations between the opposing commanders were as courteous as
should be the case between all brave men. On one occasion the Duc de Crillon
forwarded some letters which had been brought by the Comte d'Artois for some
officers of the Garrison and on his own behalf added a present of fruit, vegetables,
game, and ice for General Eliott, who replied with sincerest thanks, but begged
to decline all such for the future as by accepting them he had broken through
his rule never to receive anything for his private use but to share both plenty and
scareity in common with the lowest of his brave fellow-soldiers.
When the battering ships were first proved for the attack it was found there
was a deficiency of water for preventing the effect of red-hot balls. It was, how-
ever, thought lightly of, Don Cayetan Langara pleasantly saying "he would receive
"in his breast all the red-hot shot of the enemy."
The preparations for this attack were so stupendous that it is stated 1,200
pieces of heavy ordnance were ready for use in the Spanish Artillery park, enor-
mous quantities of ammunition and warlike stores were in the magazines, and the
reserve of gunpowder alone was reported at 83,000 barrels.
Brigadier Curtis was in his pinnace saving officers and men from the burning
battering ships, when at the very moment he ran alongside one of the largest it
blew up, covering the sea with wreck. A large baulk of timber fell through the
floor of the boat, killing the coxswain, wounding other men and starting a large
hole in her bottom. Little hope was left of reaching the shore, but the sailors'
jackets being stuffed into the aperture the hole was plugged and the gallant men
got safe to land.
In Spain, King Charles, whose temper was usually so sedate, shared the general
ardour and exhibited such eagerness for the success of the enterprise that his first
question in the morning was "Is it taken ?" and to the negative he never failed
to reply, "It will soon be ours.”
In Paris the intelligence of the failure of the great attack was no less unexpected
than unwelcome; so certain had the fall of Gibraltar been considered that a drama
illustrative of its destruction by the floating batteries was acted nightly to applaud-
ing thousands.
Sergeant Ince, who superintended the excavation of the Galleries, was appointed
in 1796 an Ensign in the Royal Garrison Battalion. One day Mr. Înce was
trotting at an easy pace up the Rock to his farm when the Duke of Kent over-
taking him observed, "That horse, Mr. Ince, is too old for you." "I like to
76
*
"
"ride easy, your Royal Highness," was the Subaltern's meek reply. "Right,
"but you shall have another more in keeping with your worth and your duties,
and soon afterwards the Duke presented him with a valuable steed. The old
Overseer, however, was unable to manage the animal, and he rode again to the
works in his own quiet way. The Duke, meeting him soon after enquired why he
was not riding the new horse, and on being told, and being prayed to take the
horse back into his stud again, rejoined, "No, no, Overseer; if you can't ride
"him easily, put him in your pocket." The Overseer readily understood and
exchanged the beautiful steed for his worth in doubloons.
The Spanish Admiral Don Juan de Langara, who was in command of the
blockading squadron, was taken prisoner by Admiral Darby, when proceeding to
the relief of Gibraltar in the early part of 1781, in an action off Cape St. Vincent,
when four Spanish line of battle ships were taken. Don Juan was a prisoner in
Gibraltar for some time, and on one occasion, on paying a visit to Admiral Digby
on board his flag ship, he was presented to Prince William Henry, afterwards
William IV., who was a Midshipman on board. The Prince left the cabin, after
some conversation, and when the Admiral was leaving the Royal Midshipman
respectfully announced that the boat was ready of which he was in charge, at
which the Spanish Admiral astonished, exclaimed, "Well does Great Britain
"deserve to possess the Empire of the Seas, when her Princes do not disdain to
occupy the most humble appointments in her Navy !"
66
THE CALPE HUNT.
THIS is the great institution of Gibraltar, and the reason can be easily understood
when the few opportunities for exercise and out-door amusement on the Rock
itself are taken into consideration. The noble sport of fox-hunting, so dear to
Englishmen, is here maintained in its fullest integrity, and a large and well-con-
ducted establishment at the North Front gives accommodation to the huntsman,
hounds, and their attendants; the whips are invariably volunteers, officers of the
garrison, and, as is mostly the case with volunteers, do their work right well and
in a most self-denying manner. Thoroughly imbued with the importance of their
position as regards the day's sport, they oftentimes cheerfully give up a chanee of
the coming gallop to look after some laggard hound who will not leave the cover.
The hunting is of course in Spain, in the neighbourhood of the Rock, the farthest
meet being about fourteen miles, and comprises every sort of country except en-
closures, for there is no jumping. Plough, cultivation, thick woods, thick coverts,
and crags occur in their order, and the riding to a novice seems more than danger-
ous; but this feeling soon wears off when he sees the ease and safety with which
77
the little coarse bred Spanish horses get over the ground, and also when he sees
very many ladies riding safely and well to the front. The regular hunting
season begins in November, as soon as possible after the first rains, but before
then, if there has been any moisture, the cubs get a good rattling in the
early mornings. In the early part of March the ground becomes too dry and
hard to carry scent any longer, and the season ends with a cap for the huntsman,
as it begins with one for the servants. Foxes are very plentiful but not straight-
running as a rule, and from the nature of the country, which it is impossible
to "stop" properly, "Who-hoop!-Gone to ground!" is the common result;
not that kills are uncommon, for many brace are brought to hand during
the season, some of them after excellent gallops. Coverts are becoming worse
and more scarce every year; the Spaniards burn large tracts in the dry season, to
clear and plant in the wet, and cultivation is taking the place of the surest
"finds." At the instance of some of the landowners, the Spanish authorities
occasionally contemplate revoking all permission to hunt in the neighbourhood,
but they cannot be said to have any reasonable ground for complaint, as the Hunt
has always liberally made good any damage done to sown lands or growing crops,
and very often satisfies claims for damage which it has not done. To the damage
bill the field-money is applied, and all claims are liberally dealt with and settled
through the assistance of an arbitrator at San Roque.
It is a pity that the taste for fox-hunting does not extend to the Spanish in-
habitants in the neighbourhood, as this would wonderfully smooth the difficulties
which occasionally crop up and threaten to spoil sport, and the members of the
Hunt would gladly welcome the Spanish officers, gentry, and farmers joining in
the sport in friendly rivalry; but in this neighbourhood it meets with little sym-
pathy, and retains its exclusively national character, for the Spanish farmers cannot
understand why so much expense is incurred and why so much fuss of men and
horses is made about an animal which he can, and indeed very often does, get rid
of by a pot shot; and therefore the same feeling remains as described by a local
poet many years ago :-
"The novel sight the Spanish hind amazes,
And still he cries, 'Que locos los Ingleses !'
not the first time nor the first place where "those mad English" has passed into
a proverb.
£
The hounds meet twice a week during the season, and it can easily be imagined
how great is the relief to these cooped up on the Rock in a day's ride through
beautiful scenery and with usually most lovely weather. The very ride to the
meet is most exhilarating, as the highway to the greater part of the meets is the
Spanish beach, with its gloriously fresh sea breezes. Everybody knows everybody
else, while the presence of many of the fair sex gives grace and animation to the
78
་
*
scene. The pack, &c., is kept up by monthly subscription from each regiment
and from each member of the staff, departments and civilians who join. Besides
this there is a cap of half a dollar field-money, which goes to the damage fund,
which averages about £100 a year, but sometimes the amount is larger.
The origin of the Calpe Hunt is rather doubtful, there being no authentic nar-
rative of its early history on record. It has been asserted, but totally without
foundation, that the Calpe hounds are descended in a direct line from the Duke of
Wellington's pack, with which the British army hunted during the winter months
of the last years of the Peninsular war. So also the Isla de Leon Hunt Club,
established by the British garrison of Cadiz, has claimed the honour of having
supplied the nucleus round which the Calpe Hunt was formed. It certainly ap-
pears from the only documents connected with the Cadiz Club still extant, that, on
the breaking up of the garrison, the hounds were presented to the 29th Regiment,
in joint ownership with the other regiments quartered on the Rock.
The entry in the account and record book of the Isla de Leon Hunt is as
follows:
"C
"
April 29, 1814.
"It was this day resolved by the remaining Members of the Real Isla de Leon
Hunting Club that the hounds shall be offered to the officers of the 29th Regi-
"ment who originally subscribed to them and to the officers composing the
"Hunting Club now established at Gibraltar."
The most reliable particulars as to the antecedents of the Hunt are those trea-
sured up in the memories of the oldest inhabitants of the Rock, and they are as
follows:
In the early part of the present century the Rock swarmed with foxes, and two
gentlemen, the Rev. Mr. Mackareth and Mr. Relph, both great sportsmen, used
every endeavour to start a pack of foxhounds, and one couple was got out from
England. With these two, "Rookwood" and "Ranter," several excellent runs.
were obtained up the face of the Rock, notwithstanding the difficult nature of
the country. The sport was so undeniable, and the coverts of the neighbourhood
having become available by the departure of the French Army of observation, the
expansion of the pack quickly followed. Messrs. Lowe, Atkinson, Hobbs, Sewell
and others, civil residents in Gibraltar, brought out additional hounds at their
own expense, and in 1814 a very respectable pack was established.
There was no paid huntsman, and the duties devolved on Mr. Mackareth, a very
keen sportman. The originators of the pack now constituted themselves into a
club, called the "Civil Hunt," wearing a blue uniform, with silver buttons and
the letters "C.H." The hounds were housed at San Roque, partly on account of
the difficulty of obtaining suitable accommodation on the Rock, and partly because
79
:
of
they were nearer their work. At first the Hunt was entirely composed of civilians,
Two officers of the
but notice of meets was duly sent to the different messes.
Garrison were regular attendants, Mr. Templer, Royal Artillery, and Mr. Alderson,
It was
Royal Engineers, both of them sons of masters of foxhounds at home.
impossible, however, to resist the entreaties of the officers, and in 1814 many
them became members. The Calpe Hunt was now in flourishing circumstances,
the pack was numerous, the fields large and foxes plentiful, and last, but not by
any means least, cultivation around was almost unknown. The meets were at-
tended by officers of the San Roque and Algeciras garrisons, and a damage-bill
had never been heard of.
Towards the end of the same year the hunting received a temporary check. An
epidemic fever, which had visited Gibraltar in 1813, again made its appearance,
and the Spaniards put the Rock in quarantine and established a sanitary cordon
at the Lines. Fortunately the hounds were at San Roque and an officer of the
Garrison who had been sent there on sick leave before the imposition of the
quarantine, was allowed to remain to take charge of them. Meets continued to
be held, and were mostly attended by the officers of the British Fleet then lying
off Algeciras, under Admiral Fleming, a most enthusiastic sportsman. It was
during this season that the hounds brought to bay a large wolf in the Cork Wood,
and with the assistance of the gallant Admiral, who was in the thick of the
melée, despatched it.
With renewed communications hunting revived, but with a difference in the
character and constitution of the Hunt. Most of the original civil members had
ceased to belong to it, military men had been admitted in large numbers, and the
whole management gradually fell into the hands of the officers of the Garrison.
The uniform was changed to scarlet, and the hounds were brought in from San
Roque, the kennels being built at the North Front under the auspices of the
then governor, Sir George Don. The new kennels were built in 1884, the found-
ation stone of which was laid by Lady Adye, wife of Sir John Adye, the Gov-
ernor, assisted by several young ladies, regular attendants of the Hunting.
The Calpe Hounds have existed with varying fortunes, but with an inherent
vitality which has brought them safely through the difficulties and dangers which
often threatened collapse. The determined antagonism of the Spanish farmers
has often found vent in most exorbitant bills, the exchequer has been on the verge
of bankruptcy more than once, sickly summers have thinned the pack and reduced
its numbers almost to zero; but in its most evil days the Hunt has always found
good friends, and the great national sport has held its own in the long run.
In December, 1853, as a correspondent describes, "the hard-hearted quarantine
having set in like a black frost, and still continuing without much appearance
“of a thaw,” the pack was taken across the Straits for a visit to Barbary, and for
80
the first time the soul-spiriting notes of hounds and horn were heard in the land
of the Moor. The visitors met with every kindness and attention from the English
Minister, Sir John, then Mr. Hay, who made all suitable arrangements for their
comfort. The Moorish farmers took the greatest interest in the doings of the
Hunt and showed themselves fine sporting fellows. They had good sport, foxes
being very plentiful, and on one occasion had a splendid run with a wolf-forty-
seven minutes with only one check-the distance traversed being nine miles over
a very rough country. The hounds were whipped off in the wooded crags of Cape.
Spartel.
The hounds are drafts from some of the best packs in England, and there are
usually thirty couple in kennel. Puppies born in Gibraltar are difficult to rear,
and from the terribly rough nature of the country, constant yearly additions have
to be made to the pack, which entails a large drain on the Hunt resources.
Any notice of the Calpe Hunt would be incomplete without coupling with it
the name of Mr. Richard Holmes, a resident in Gibraltar, who has devoted the
whole of his energy and spare time to the hounds, the coverts, the country, and
everything connected with the Hunt for many years. Although he has now
retired from any part in the management his services will always be gratefully
remembered.
THE COUNTRY IN THE VICINITY.
We must begin by saying that the roads to the different places in the vicinity of
the Rock, with the exception of that to San Roque which has been lately put into
order, although not quite impassable for wheeled carriages, subject the traveller
making use of such conveyances to very great fatigue and inconvenience. A
visit to the surrounding country should be paid on horseback, if possible, and
excellent hacks are to be obtained from several stables in Gibraltar at a moderate
price. We may mention that the boundaries of the Campo of Gibraltar, which
was formerly under the jurisdiction of the City of Gibraltar granted to the Duke
of Medina Sidonia, were widely extended; running five leagues from East to
West, three from North to South and comprising a circuit of twenty-nine leagues.
They extended Eastward as far as the River Guadiaro (River of Houses) which
also formed on that side the boundary of the Kingdom of Seville. To the
Westward they adjoined those of Tarifa, Medina Sidonia, and Alcalá, to the
North they met those of the towns of Castellar and Ximena and to the South
those of Tarifa and the Straits. In them were also included the boundaries of
Algeciras.
81
This extensive district was, formerly, very fertile, its productions chiefly in
wine and cattle increasing with the population; its numerous valleys were better
adapted for pasture than tillage, and corn was often imported for consumption;
on the other hand, its hills produced fine wines in great abundance, which were
held in estimation in Italy, France and England. It is somewhat remarkable
that the olive was not cultivated in an equal proportion although the soil is
well adapted to so valuable a production.
First, we will mention the places to which a visit and return can be accom-
plished in the day, which must be between morning and evening gunfire.
1. The town of San Roque.
2. The Pine Woods.
3. The Cork Woods, in which are the 2d Venta, the Mill, the Long
Stables and the Convent of Almoraima.
4. Castellar.
5. The town of Los Barrios.
6. The town of Algeciras.
7. The Waterfall, four miles from Algeciras.
The traveller leaves the fortress, if on horseback, by the Landport Gate, where
its narrow winding passage recalls a noteworthy anecdote. In 1624 King Phi-
lip IV. of Spain, determined on a tour of inspection through his Southern Pro-
vinces, and on reaching Gibraltar, when attempting to enter the place in his
carriage, it was found impossible to pass the narrow and tortuous way by which
the entrance was to be effected. It was therefore necessary to take the carriage
to pieces, and the King entered the Garrison on foot. The nobleman in attend-
ance complained in harsh terms to the Governor that it was his duty to have had
the entrance widened; to which was replied,
to which was replied, "That the entrance was not made
"that carriages might come in, but was so constructed that the enemy might be
kept out."
If in a carriage the Waterport Gate must be the road taken, which afterwards
passes over the Glacis, defended by a complete system of military mines, and then
over the causeway, 300 yards long, which leads outside the last barrier gate
(Bayside) to the North Front. On this Glacis was established a lazaretto for the
sick during the scourge of fever; there is now a small hospital for infectious
diseases at the North end; and at the corner of the beach was executed in January,
1830, a pirate, Benito Soto, the second mate of the "Defensor de Pedro," a
Brazilian brig, ringleader of the mutineers who seized the ship off the coast of
Africa, murdering some of the crew who would not join. He then committed
piracies on many vessels, scuttling one of them, the bark "Morning Star," with
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English officers, ladies, and soldiers, passengers from Ceylon; but after the
departure of the pirate ship the leaks were stopped, and the vessel reached England
in safety, when the evidence of the passengers was available against the mutineers.
Other ships were burnt and destroyed; the crews in all cases being treated most
brutally, and many of them shot or thrown overboard. The pirates, on reaching
European waters, ran the vessel on shore near Cadiz and succeeded in landing with
their booty; but their conduct was so suspicious that twenty-three of them were
arrested, two only making their escape. Of the twenty-three who were brought
to trial at Cadiz eighteen were executed, being dragged to the place of execution
six of these being beheaded and their heads exposed on the gates, and the rest
hanged, drawn and quartered. The ringleader, Benito Soto, was captured at
Gibraltar, and after nineteen months in prison at the Moorish Castle he was
brought to trial before Sir George Don, at the Admiralty Sessions at the Court
House, condemned to death, and hanged four days after.
;;
During the Great Siege a line of chevaux-de-frise was fixed by the Corps of
Soldier Artificers, from the foot of Landport Glacis, adjoining Waterport, to the
sloping palisades on the Causeway across the inundation.
Looking back, and to the right and left, it will be seen that the Causeway is
most strongly defended, being protected by the fire of the Grand Battery (erected
in 1543 on the ruins of the lower part of the first wall of the Moorish Castle,
with a deep dry ditch carried close into the body of the Rock), and also by the
guns of the Lines, the Galleries and the Old Mole, and would be swept by a
terrible storm of shot and shell if occasion should arise.
During the siege of 1705 a breach was opened in this battery which was
assaulted in 7th February in that year, when the enemy approached nearer to
success than they ever did in the later sieges. The Curate Romero relates that
on that occasion the place would have fallen had the Spaniards been aware of
the alarm and confusion prevailing within, and persevered in their attack "but
the French troops," he observes, "jealous of Villadarias and desirous that
Marshal Tessé, daily expected, should have the honour of the capture, gave little
support to the assault, and were the first to retire, whence arose the great loss
that fell on the Spaniards. To the spot reached by them it is certain that no
assailants will ever again arrive, in consequence of the numerous batteries since
erected, upon which Xerxes himself with all his host would be unable to make
any impression."
Along the trim and well kept road, bordered with growing trees, with the
neatly arranged Camp on the left hand, our advanced line of sentries is reached,
facing the bare and barren Neutral Ground, which begins 800 yards from the
Bayside Gate. During the Great Siege the enemy's most advanced trench was
within 500 yards of the Bayside Gate; rather nearer to Spain than the entrance
་
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of Queen Victoria's road. Here, previously to the attack by the fire ships, a
most stupendous parallel had been built at which 10,000 men were employed.
The line embraced each shore of the isthmus, with a formidable communication
or earthwork in front; the epaulement raised entirely of sand bags, ten to twelve
feet high, and of proportionate thickness. The Spanish Gazettes give the line as
230 toises, or 1,380 feet, and 1,600,000 sand bags were employed in its erection.
On leaving our sentries we pass over a road generally in most excellent disrepair
and soon the long line of white stone sentry-boxes indicates the Spanish Lines,
into which the traveller enters by a gate, guarded by particularly unprepossessing-
looking sentries, whose slouching gait and careless manner of carrying their arms
contrasts badly with the smartness of everything military he has left behind him
on the Rock. Here are also the Carabineros, whose duty is to examine all car-
riages, baskets, and bundles for articles liable to duty. This is done most strictly,
but individuals are let off more easily, or how can we account for the groups of
men and women whom the traveller will see on parts of the road, packing
themselves and each other with cotton and silk goods, tea, small parcels of tobacco,
and other contraband articles. These must escape search, or it would not be
worth while to run the risk.
The sandy isthmus over which the whole of the road between Bayside and the
Lines passes, together with the land for nearly two miles beyond, bear unequivocal
marks of having once formed the sea bed. The surface, almost entirely composed
of sea sand, resembles a little sandy desert, in many parts of which are seen large
assemblages of gregarious shells similar to those now in existence in the Bay.
A Roman ruin, discovered near Campo in 1845, containing coins of the lower
empire, was found covered in one part with layers of these shells several feet below
the present surface and nearly six feet above the present level of the sea. This
fact appears to be conclusive that the sea had encroached upon the land since the
destruction of a Roman town or village and had again receded. This isthmus is
in most parts about ten feet about the level of the sea and from the Rock to the
level ground at the foot of the Queen of Spain's Chair, where it is lost, its cir-
cumference is nearly eight miles.
The Lines (Línea de la Concepcion.)
During the suspension of hostilities in the siege of 1727, while negotiations long
protracted, were proceeding and which resulted in the confirmation of the pos-
session of Gibraltar by England by the Treaty of Seville (1729), the Spaniards,
under Count Montemar, taking advantage of the large force before Gibraltar re-
maining inactive, in order to isolate Gibraltar as much as possible, erected a line
of fortifications from the Mediterranean to the Bay, with a strong fort at either
end-on the West Fort San Felipe, and on the East Fort Santa Barbara-with
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parapets eighteen feet thick, faced with stone, between them being places of arms
and guard-houses. They were destroyed in 1810 by Colonel Harding, Royal En-
gineers, at the request of Spain during their war with France, when the French
overran the Campo of Gibraltar and ineffectually besieged Tarifa, the Spanish
army, under General Ballesteros, having taken refuge under the guns of Gibraltar
and fearing that the French might make a lodgment in the lines, which were very
strong. On this occasion Ballesteros received large supplies of money and stores
from Gibraltar.
On their first erection by Philip V. the British agent at Madrid was instructed
to remonstrate against them, but he wrote back in reply, "I was assured if the
"whole universe shall fall on the King to make him desist, he would rather let
"himself be cut to pieces than consent, since he has maturely considered his
"right to the ground and we might as well pretend to Cadiz, in virtue of our
treaties, as to the spot where the line was; it was far out of point blank can-
non shot which was all we could justly ask."
66
""
When Ferdinand VII. was replaced on his throne by English arms, Ballesteros
the Spanish General who had found refuge under our guns, urged upon his
master to re-construct these works. General Don therefore said to the Spanish
Commandant at Algeciras, "If you begin, I will fire a gun; if that won't do, I
“will fire another; and if you persevere you shall have a broadside from the Gal-
"leries;" (once called by the Spaniards "los dientes de la vieja," the grinders of
the stern old Cerbera.) The destruction of these lines, for which the negotiations
were conducted by Sir Colin Campbell, Governor of Gibraltar, was as essential a
measure for Gibraltar as it was for the Spaniards, as it then contained a mixed
and disaffected population of more than 12,000 persons and merchandize to the
value of two millions which could have been easily destroyed by bombardment.
They had a formidable armament during the Great Siege; San Felipe had twenty-
six guns, Santa Bárbara twenty-three, in addition to the batteries of El Rey, El
Principe, La Princesa, and El Infante, fifteen guns between them; besides thirty
large mortars on either side to Tunara on the East and Punta Mala on the West.
A great deal of the stone was brought into Gibraltar and used in building;
the houses at the corner of Gunner's Parade and Engineers Lane, and two large
houses in Waterport Street on the right hand side, below the Post Office, being
among those erected from this material.
On the ruins were erected what was formerly a collection of squalid houses,
with two Barracks for the Spanish troops; but within the last two or three
years houses of a much better pretension have been erected on the sand, with
some cafés, a large church, a market, and a bull-ring; and the place is spreading
extensively, the inhabitants now numbering thousands where formerly they were
only in hundreds, and the foundations of the old forts still being found most useful
85
.
as quarries of cut stone. Several handsome villas have lately been erected.
There is also a cock-fighting establishment, which is largely patronized, particu-
larly on Sundays. The inhabitants, other than the soldiers, exist on the "crumbs"
of the Rock; more than 3,000 of them, from the Lines and San Roque, coming
into Gibraltar daily. The town is encompassed with gardens highly cultivated
although the soil would not strike a stranger as likely to be fertile. Quantities
of vegetables and fruit find their way into Gibraltar from these gardens which
extend almost to the foot of the
Queen of Spain's Chair (Sierra Carbonera).
The origin of the name (which is not known to the Spaniards) is very doubtful.
It is said that when the French and Spanish troops were besieging Gibraltar the
Queen of Spain took her seat there and vowed she would never move from the spot
until she had seen the Spanish flag waving over Gibraltar. There she sat far too
long for Majesty and might have been added to the list of the martyrs she had
invoked had it not been for the mercy and gallantry of the English Governor,
who having heard of the Royal vow, caused the Spanish standard to be waved
over the ramparts and so released the Royal lady. We need hardly add the story
has no foundation. The "Chair" is 971 feet in height and distant 6,866 yards
from the Rock Gun.
The cross on the summit was placed there about 1864 by a Jesuit Missionary,
Padre Ricardo. These crosses are often placed on elevated situations near towns
or villages in remembrance of a mission and are resorted to on stated days; there
are crosses at Algeciras and Los Barrios of the same origin.
Passing through the Lines to the West, a few minutes' most unsavoury ride
brings us to the Western Beach, at low tide a noble stretch of sand; and putting
our horse into a canter, scarcely a mile brings us to the turning leading to San
Roque; here we leave the sands, and proceeding leisurely, as the road here is not
good, reach in another half-mile the village of Campamento, a poor place, but
cool in the summer, and consequently many inhabitants of Gibraltar, whose
business takes them there daily, have their summer residences at this convenient
distance. At the back of the village is a large common where is the polo ground,
rented by the Gibraltar Garrison where formerly the Steeple Chase Meeting was
held in the early spring, but the cultivation of a great part of the Common has
diverted the ground to other uses and the Steeple Chase Meeting is held on the
North Front. Occasionally there is capital quail shooting to be had on this
common.
86
Proceeding on our way from Campamento we shortly pass on the left hand a
summer pavilion, with a delightful garden full of orange and locuot trees, belong-
ing to Mr. Francia, of Gibraltar.
Dr. Kelaart says that an artificial cave was discovered in this garden, extending
a great way into the body of the hill and containing evidences of its former occu-
pation by man.
A grave was also found, containing several human skeletons, in a perfect state
of preservation: there were rude implements, chiefly of stone, buried with them,
which are considered to indicate that the remains were those of Phoenicians.
Opposite to the gate may be observed the remains of a plain tomb, now rapidly
falling to decay; formerly a cross stood beside it-La Cruz del Sardo-it having
been the burial place of a Sardinian captain of a merchant vessel who, during
the War of Independence, when San Roque was occupied by a French division,
approaching too near their lines was attacked and killed by a party sent out to
intercept his retreat; his companions erected a stone on the spot, on which was
recorded the name and the untimely death of the Sardinian. At the foot of the
hill leading to San Roque we see on the left hand a farm, with a flourishing vine-
yard on the sunny slope to the stream, belonging to Mr. H. Sprague, United States
Consul at Gibraltar; and shortly after, on the opposite side, we pass a cortijo with
a large red cross on the front wall, with the remains of two smaller on either
side. Popular tradition recounts that a murder was committed there, and the
symbol is one of the murder crosses, not uncommon in Spain where the burning
heat of the climate keeps the blood at boiling point and the navaja is ever handy.
Such crosses may be seen occasionally in the Cork and Marajamboo Woods.
But the most reliable accounts agree that the house (known as the Cortijo de tres
Cruces or Cortijo de Gambaro) was built by Don Diego Gonzalez, who had the
crosses painted on the wall solely as a religious symbol, to invoke Divine pro-
tection and as a defence against evil spirits. A very little further on, rather
removed from the road on the left hand side, there is a murder cross, "La Cruz
"del Padre Ventura," erected in memory of a man of that name of great worth
and highly respected, who was hanged by the French on the spot, for withholding
some information which they desired to obtain.
From this spot we view a large expanse of corn land down the valley to the
left, while, on the right, rises the rugged clefts of the Sierra Carbonera, now, alas!
for the Calpe Hunt, with every little bit cultivated up to the commencement of
the rock ridge at the top; and looking back to the Rock of Gibraltar it appears as
an island, the isthmus connecting it with the main land merging into the azure
blue of the sea in a very few minutes from here we reach
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San Roque,
the situation of an ancient Hermitage which had always been an object of great
veneration to the people of Gibraltar, for when in 1649 an epidemic disease, hav-
ing committed great ravages at Cadiz and Seville causing the ruin of these opulent
cities, finally reached Gibraltar, all attacked by it fell victims, and as no human
skill could arrest its progress recourse was had to the Hermitage to which proces-
sions and pilgrimages were successfully made. It was observed that none died
who retired to that eminence although attacked by the disease; whence arose the
greatest devotion to the Holy Shrine, and the anniversary was celebrated by the
people of Gibraltar by a devotional procession and much solemnity. The town
was founded in 1704 by the Spaniards after the loss of Gibraltar, and built chiefly
from the ruins of the ancient city of Carteia.
The account of the building of San Roque, for many years a most important
town, and other neighbouring towns is so interesting that it deserves a somewhat
lengthened notice. We have seen that but few inhabitants of Gibraltar availed
themselves of the provisions of the 5th article of the capitulation when the
Rock was taken by the English in 1704. Though the simple form of
taking the oath of allegiance to Charles III. would have protected them
and their properties from molestation, the citizens, with honourable resolution,
preferred to abandon their homes, their comforts and their fortunes rather
than submit to a foreign dominion. Thus then the Spanish inhabitants of
Gibraltar who, preferring the loss of their possessions and all they held dear, had
left the fortress in a body when it fell into the hands of the English, proceeded
to form for themselves new dwellings in different parts of the neighbouring
Campo. They still considered themselves the representatives of the lost city,
whose name and authorities they kept, as also were continued to them, by Royal
command, all the privileges they enjoyed in their former city. Thus there may
be said to have existed two cities of Gibraltar, one the actual, occupied by the
English, and the other the moral, composed of Spaniards who had fled from that
city with their archives and title deeds of their properties (Montero). No doubt
there was as much lingering hope of again possessing the strong place they had
wrested from the Moors in the minds of the Kings of Spain, when they contri-
buted to keep up this contradiction, as it may be called, as a wish to soften the
bitterness of their loss and to reward their loyalty to the Crown, when they con-
erred all their former privileges to their subjects, as if the city had never ceased
to be under their dominion, and that the exodus of the inhabitants to other parts.
had only been made for reasons of convenience.
In 1716 a special Chief Magistrate or Corregidor was appointed by the Spanish
Government, together, as declared in the Royal Patent, with a Council, Tribunals,
Officers and Gentlemen of the City of Gibraltar, and in all public acts the people
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of San Roque are still styled "the inhabitants of Gibraltar, residing at San
Roque."
CC
It was to San Roque the greater part of the fugitives proceeded, and encamped
near the famous Hermitage which recalled so greatly to their recollection the
benefits they had derived in the epidemic of 1649. Soon therefore a village,
which afterwards became a town, was there established. Such was the foundation
of the present San Roque, a place most convenient as being as near to the Rock
as possible, to be well away from its guns; but the inhabitants still treasured the
hope of recovering their own again; and this was the reason the town was not
built at Rocadillo, a place in every way more suitable (Montero).
Some few years afterwards others of the fugitives who had sought the farms
and cottages on the banks of the Palmones, gathered together round the Oratory
of San Isidro, on the Cortijo de Tinoco, and this was the commencement of Los
Barrios.
The smallest part of the homeless who had wandered towards old Algeciras.
were reunited around the Oratory of the Vírgen de la Palma, and there established
a town like the others, which was the foundation of new Algeciras, but both
these latter towns were subject to the jurisdiction of San Roque, seat of the
Municipal Council of the ancient fortress; and these three populations represented
the lost Gibraltar.
In due time large churches were erected, and in them found refuge the sacred
images removed from the Church of St. Mary at Gibraltar, as has been mentioned
in our descriptive notes on that edifice; that of St. Joseph being in the church
of Los Barrios, and the venerated image of Jesus of Nazareth in the church at
San Roque.
San Roque rapidly increased in numbers, and in 1727 they were doubled; Alge-
ciras also increased greatly, particularly on account of its port, and in consequence
sought partition from the dominion of San Roque, and memorials were laid before
the Sovereign to obtain it; these naturally were energetically opposed by San
Roque, and for the time the subject was not persevered with, but reopened in
1734 with greater persistency. Älgeciras pleaded the great augmentation of its
population, much superior to San Roque, its increasing commerce and the little
attention it received from the Council at San Roque. It therefore not only prayed
for its ancient extended limits, but that the ancient Ayuntamiento of Gibraltar
should be transferred to it.
In 1738 the petition of Algeciras was refused by the King, who only conceded
the appointment of an Alcalde, nominated by the Corregidor of San Roque, who
was to exercise civil and criminal jurisdiction in the city and for one league out-
side, subject to the approbation of the Council.
In 1755, owing to the increase of Algeciras, it received concession for a sepa-
Pate Ayuntamiento; and soon after this division of jurisdiction came a division of
territorial rights between the towns.. Algeciras was to be bounded by the Pal-
mones River, San Roque by the Guadarranque, and Los Barrios was to possess
jurisdiction over the part between the rivers, the other limits of the separate
jurisdictions being Tarifa, Alcalá de los Gazules, Castellar and Casares, and such
they are to this day.
In 1763 San Roque protested against this diminution of her ancient privileges,,
but gained only some trifling concessions.
In 1808 General Castaños, as General of the Campo, resided chiefly at Algeciras,
which he greatly embellished with buildings, and ultimately, in spite of the pro-
testations of the people of San Roque, removed the head quarters of the Campo
of Gibraltar altogether to Algeciras, in view of the great need of every communi-
cation and watchfulness over Ceuta, constantly threatened by enemies; and the
Government, on being appealed to, confirmed this resolution on account of the
superior importance of the place as a port and a fortress. The headquarters,,
therefore, of the Campo of Gibraltar are now at Algeciras.
San Roque is situated on an eminence, and is very healthy. The population is:
about 8,000. It has a bull-ring, where, during the fair time, a "cuadrilla" of
performers takes part in the popular and brutal amusement of bull-fights.
It has always been the head-quarters of the different Spanish and French armies
engaged in the siege of the Rock. All persons be on the Rock are entitled to:
the rights of native Spanish subjects..
Sir George Don, the Governor of Gibraltar in 1826, had his country-house at
San Roque, and there are many good residences belonging to inhabitants of the
Rock; but the town itself is miserably dull, and only wakes up during the fair
time, and at occasional times when the Calpe Hounds meet there, and bring an
unwonted concourse of gallant men and fair women to enliven the place..
From San Roque, a ride of about four miles over a rough country and without
trees, brings us to the Second Venta, a muleteer's halting-place at the entrance-
of the Cork Woods, but neither at this nor at any other places in the Cork
Woods can any refreshment be obtained for man, except at the Long Stables,
where bread and tortilla can be had, but in all of them stabling and food can be
obtained for beast..
There are two roads from San Roque to the Cork Woods; leaving the town by
the road passing the bull-ring one bears to the left after crossing the stream at
1.2
90
the bottom and passes by the First Venta the other to the right over the hills
at the back of the Duke of Kent's Farm direct: to the Second Venta..
If, instead of turning off to the right to Campamento, on the road to San
Roque, the traveller continues along the beach he passes by Punta Mala, which
formerly had a large and well armed fort. It was at this point of the Bay their
material was landed by the Spaniards; their camp, consisting of two lines, extend-
ing from Punta Mala in an oblique direction towards the Queen of Spain's Chair.
The hills were then completely covered with trees and brushwood which were cut
down in the most lavish manner for the requirements of the camp and siege
works, so great were the requirements for the camp; hence the name Sierra Car-
bonera. The artillery park was nearer the Bay, close to Punta Mala, a spot
which had been selected for its advantages as a landing place for stores, guns,
&c. It was here also the allied English and Dutch landed between 3,000 and
4,000 men from Sir George Rooke's squadron, as a land force to operate against
Gibraltar when it was taken in 1704. The next village is
Orange-grove (Puente Mayorga),
a small fishing village, where there is a picturesque bridge over a little river,
which, although placid enough in general, yet, when swollen by heavy rains,
becomes a torrent, and cuts a path to the sea through the sand, in which at other
times it loses itself. Two officers and the driver of their car were drowned here
a few years ago. This stream, rising near the Cortijo del Aguila in the Sierra
Carbonera on the right hand side of the Malaga road and there called the
Cagancha, runs by San Roque and under the new bridge near Francia's garden,
where it is joined by another stream, Aguas Dulces, formed from the waters of
Castejon or Castellon (the old tower of Carteia), and from thence flows towards
the sea under the name of Cachon de Puente Mayorga.
From Orange Grove the ride to the 1st Venta over the Carteian Hills is very
pleasant and affords some fine views; it is the route usually taken in wet weather
or when the beach is bad; but straight on the stretch of beach towards the First
River (Guadarranque) is called "The Ladies' Mile." It is usually very good and
sound and, with but little traffic there is every temptation for a gallop: so it is
scarcely necessary to explain the title. On approaching the Tower on the right
hand close to the river, on the eminence called "El Rocadillo" now a farm, the
corn grows where once Carteia flourished.
Carteia.
This famous city of the ancients was founded by the Phoenician Hercules,
hence called Melcanth (King's Town) 896 B.C., 3108 A.M. It was enjoyed by
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them for many years until taken by storm by Hannibal and destroyed (B.c. 220),
being a very wealthy city and the capital of a province, having carried on a great
trade from Britain, Spain, Africa and many isles and countries with the famous
mart of Tyre. According to Justin, Carteia was conquered by the Carthaginians
about 2:80 years B.C., being then a rich city and the metropolis of the whole pro-
vince. Under them it maintained its trade and commerce as well as its warlike
spirit as many of the Carteians accompanied Hannibal to Italy in the second
Punic War. It was called by the Greeks Tartessus, and there is very great pro-
bability of its having been the identical port of Tarsis to which the fleets of
King Solomon resorted, 992 B.C. The wealth of the country seemed to have
been very great in those ages, particularly in its rich and inexhaustible mines,
the memory of which is preserved in 8th chap. 1st book Maccabees, where the
writer is celebrating the acts of the Romans and saying "They had reduced to their
"dominion the gold and silver of Spain." Their riches Diodorus Siculus extols
greatly, adding that when the Phoenicians first arrived on the coast, having
anassed more silver than their ships would hold, they took the lead from off their
anchors and capt them with that precious metal. Polybius says that in a mountain
not twenty stadii from Carthagena was a mine in which he saw working 40,000
men daily extracting 25,000 drachms of silver for the Romans, and Goropius, a
modern antiquary, has ventured to affirm that Andalusia supplied the Phoenicians,
Carthaginians and Romans successively with more gold and silver than the Indies
furnished to old Spain.
Carteia was taken from the Carthaginians by the Romans 200 B.C. and became a
Roman colony, where Caius Pompeius retreated when Cæsar gained the memorable
battle over Pompey's two sons at Munda, B.C. 45. The Romans were absolute
masters of Spain for 620 years till the Goths overran Rome, and the Vandals
carried fire and sword into Spain and destroyed the cities. It is probable Carteia
was finally destroyed when they broke into Andalusia, A.D. 425. Carteia is
described by Ayala as the first colony held by the Romans in Spain, the receptacle
of the fleets of the Carthaginians and the Phoenicians, the Court of Argantonius,
the frequented emporium of all commercial nations.
History records the important part its citizens took in Cæsar's wars, and from
Carteia Sextus Pompeius, after the death of Cæsar, marched at the head of six
legions.
The foundations of the old city have been traced to a spot between Orange
Grove and Punta Mala, its Eastern boundary; and statues, coins, cinerary urns,
tablets, &c., have been discovered in plenty within that place. In the Town Hall
of San Roque may be seen a small but elegantly worked basso-relievo found there.
The site was surveyed. in 1630 by Don Micaio Farinas, who reports the Mole.
was then almost entire and that it had illustrious ruins of superb edifices standing.
In ancient times the mouth of the river must have had very considerable accom-
anodation as we read in Livy that Varus, Pompey's Admiral, being defeated by
Didius in a naval engagement off the Bay of Gibraltar, retired his fleet within
the harbour of Carteia, and across its mouth fixed a number of anchors against
which those of Didius' ships who attempted to enter struck, whereby Varus that
day saved his whole fleet, consisting of thirty men-of-war, from destruction.
Before 1704 the rains of the ancient city were very considerable, but they were
used up to build the new houses of the inhabitants of Gibraltar, who left that city
on its capture by the English. Remains of the acqueduct which supplied it may,
Lowever, still be seen near the Almendral, to the North of San Roque.
Strabo says that Carteia was famous for a large purple shell fish which weighed
ten pounds and was eagerly sought after by the ancients, as from it was extracted
that rich Tyrian dye so prized by the Romans.
The old tower on the beach near the first river must not be confounded with the
tower of Cartagena, which was of great size, and the ruins of which are still on a
hill to the North of the site of the old city. It was simply one of the coast watch
towers in the time of Philip III. This watch-tower, of which are several in our
neighbourhood, dates from about 1620, forty-four of them being erected along the
whole extent of coast from the Easternmost point of the ancient Kingdom of
Granada to the borders of the Portuguese territory, comprising an extent of sixty-
three leagues. They were erected as a permanent remedy against the inroads of the
Turkish corsairs by whom the Mediterranean was infested, and notwithstanding the
vigilance of the Spanish naval forces often spread alarm and consternation along
its fertile shores, the district of Gibraltar being too often the scene of their insults
and depredations. The Ministers of Philip III. therefore resolved to erect these
towers from which could easily be seen the light of the fires made by the guards
luring the night or the smoke in the daytime, to announce the approach of the
enemy and call to arms at the shortest notice all the inhabitants of the coasts,
who were by these inroads so constantly exposed to great losses and also to
captivity. It may be mentioned that the reign of Philip is particularly remark-
able for the expulsion of the last remnants of the Moors from Spain. These
were yet numerous, and although most of them pretended Christians they still
secretly indulged in the doctrines of the Prophet: the Catholic clergy could ill-
brook the appearance in every part of the Kingdom of these infidels, amounting
probably to a million of souls, active and intelligent, exercising great skill and
industry, by which they would infallibly become in a few years predominant,
possibly to the overwhelming of Christianity in the whole Peninsula. After
umerous representations from the higher orders of clergy, supported by rc-
monstrances from Rome and assisted by the entreaties of his wife, Philip finally
determined to expel the whole of the surviving Moors and their descendants from
93
Spain; and in 1610, after a lapse of 900 years from the first arrival of Tarik
and his followers, was to be seen at Gibraltar the expulsion of their descendants
conducted to Africa by the Spanish Admiral Don Juan de Mendoza.
Among the little cluster of houses near the Ferry is one for refrescos, including
that beverage particularly dear to Englishmen; and Mariquita, the hostess, is
well known for her civil and prompt attention to thirsty souls. The road along
the river bank to the right winds at the bottom of the hill of Rocadillo, over
the little river (Rio de la Madre Vieja), and across the cultivated plain, almost
impassable in wet weather, to the 1st Venta (del Padre Mendez) and from there
the traveller passes first the Duke of Kent's Farm (Cortijo de la Fajonera), then
observes the sugar mill on the opposite bank of the stream-
stream-now used only as a
corn mill, the cultivation of the cane not being a success there-and soon reaches
the 2d Venta (de Gamez) at the entrance of
The Cork Woods
Nothing can exceed the beauty of these woods, although now sadly thinned by
the charcoal burner, and of late years cut through by the railway; they are a
favourite resort of pic-nic parties from the Rock, and in the winter constantly
resound with the cherry cry of the Calpe Huntsman, the sound of the horn, aud
the deep notes of the hounds, fer through the kindness of Mr. Heredia, of
Malaga, many parts are strictly prohibited to shooting parties and consequently
foxes are undisturbed. They are many miles in extent and possess every kind of
beauty. Open spaces covered with the most springy turf, where it is impossible
to resist a gallop; deep ravines thickly wooded, dusky groves, a pleasant retreat
from the summer sun, hundreds of sorts of wild flowers and ferns, magnificent
old cork trees, very much like the oak in appearance, a resemblance which is
further heightened by their bearing acerns, and a broad river at the bottom, all
make up a scene which requires te be visited only to be appreciated; and which
is quite certain to leave a pleasing recollection for years in the mind of the tra
weller. At certain seasons there is good rough shooting in these woods and
between the rivers,
If, instead of visiting the Cork Woods, the traveller desires to pursue his way
to Algeciras he crosses the Guadarranque (River of Mares) in the ferry boat
On this river in ancient times hundreds of Reman galleys moved, and here also
and at Algeciras the bomb-vessels were built during the great siege. Once on the
other side the way is plain to the Second River (Palmones). (The tower between
the two rivers is called Entre Rios, and that on the further side of the Palmones,
La Almiranta). This river is also crossed in a ferry-boat, and the way is then
quite clear to
¿
94
Algeciras.
This town was built by the Moors about the second year of their coming into
Spain, and was once a fortress of great magnificence and note, the name Alghezyrah-
Al-hadra signifying "the Green Island," is still preserved in the island opposite,
"La Isla Verde." It was here that in July, 1801, the English man-of-war
"Hannibal," in an action between Admiral Saumarez and the French Admiral Li-
nois, ran ashore and was captured. The town was taken by the Spaniards in 1344,
during which siege cannon was first used by the Moors, and the English who
were assisting the Spaniards, used it after at Cressy.
The renowa of King Alonzo who conducted the attack was so great, and more
particularly since the battle of Salado where the Moors lost 200,000 men and
enormous booty the fame of which victory had spread through Europe, that
many renowned Knights and Crusaders were induced to enrol themselves under
his banner or assist him in the field with their forces. From Germany there
came the Count de Bous; from Italy many Genoese who fought with great valour
from France many celebrated warriors, including Gaston de Foix and his brother
Roger, and from England Henry Duke of Lancaster, who was wounded beneath
the walls by an arrow, Lord Derby and the Earls of Salisbury, Lincoln and
Leicester, while the King of Navarre, accompanied by a division of troops,
marched forward to the siege in haste. So great was the interest of Europe in
the annihilation of the Moorish dynasty.
At his death the body of Alonzo was laid in the Cathedral Church of Cordoba.
Philip II. when at that city in 1568 had it disinterred that he might view the
relics of so famous a predecessor. The Spanish Monarch was scandalized to find
the corpse of the hero without a sword. One was brought to be placed by his
side. Not that," said Philip, "but mine, for such a King a King's sword only
"is fit."
From the taking of Algeciras or rather from the battle of Tarifa two years
before, may be dated the serious decline of the Mahometan dominton in Spain
which from that period began to draw towards its total annihilation. It is said
that after the battle of Tarifa the Spaniards found in the camp of the Moors
such an immense booty and such astonishing sums of gold and silver as to lower
the value of money, and raise that of provisions, all over the kingdom.
;
In 1364 it was retaken by the Granada Moors and destroyed. The King of
Spain is also King of Algeciras, a remnant of his former greatness, it being one
of the keys of the Moors to Spain. Old Algeciras was situated on the South
bank of the Rio Miel and remains yet exist in the Torre Villa Vieja (Tower of
the Old Town), aud another tower close to the sea, abreast of Isla Verde. The
towers are square indicating Moorish origin.
95
The aqueduct still in good order and supplying the town is generally spoken of
as having been constructed by the Romans; but Montero says that neither in
Algeciras or in the Villa Vieja (Old Town) are any vestiges of Roman occupation
and that the aqueduct and the remains of the old walls in the vicinity belonged
to the city founded by Tarik and which was re-built and extended by Jusuf Ben
Tachfin in 1098.
Modern Algeciras was rebuilt by Charles III. in 1760, to be a hornet's nest
against Gibraltar, swarming with privateers in war time, and with guarda costas
in peace. It is a large place, population about 12,000, but very dull and sleepy
-a type of all the towns to be seen in the South of Spain. The land communi-
cation from it to the interior is very bad. It is the head quarters of the force
stationed over the Campo, as the Spaniards still call the whole country round
Gibraltar, and the Commandant is the Governor of the place. The handsome
Plaza has a fountain erected by Castaños in 1808, and there is also a church of
some interest. The Alameda is prettily laid out and the bull-ring is spacious.
The bull-fights here are among the best in Spain. The town itself is of little
interest except for its associations and the sieges it has undergone from the
Moslem and Christian, but remains of noble aqueducts exist in the immediate
vicinity. It is visited from Gibraltar, as a day out from the hot rock in the
summer, and for the purchase of gloves, which are good and cheap. An excel-
lent luncheon may be obtained at the Fonda de la Marina on the beach, from the
windows of which the old Rock, five and a half miles distant across the Bay,
appears magnificently grand.
•
The Waterfall (Las Chorreras), about four miles from Algeciras, is very
picturesque, and well worth a visit.
It is situated in a ravine of a low spur of the Sierra de la Luna, the distance
of the nearest or most Easterly bend of that range from the centre of Algeciras
being equal to the distance of the latter from the summit of the Rock-about
30,500 feet on either side. This is a positive fact, although it seems difficult to
realise that the Sierra de la Luna, except the nearest point named, is farther from
Algeciras than the whole width of the Bay to Gibraltar, plus the distance up
the Rock.
From Algeciras, the sharp rugged outline of the Rock, assumes the appear-
ance which has caused the Spaniards to call it "El Cuerpo," it appearing like a
vast human body laid out on its back and covered with a winding sheet like a
dead Titan on his funeral pile; the head towards Spain, the chest arched at
Middle Hill, the legs rising gently upward to the knees at O'Hara's Tower, and
then sloping down till the feet rest on Europa. To the North of Algeciras, in a pic-
turesque valley about thirteen miles from Gibraltar, lies the town of Los Barrios.
•
譬
​$6
Los Barrios,
Founded by the refugees after the siege of 1704, on the situation of an ancient
Hermitage (San Isidro). Only worth visiting on account of the scenery through
which the road passes. The church is the only object of interest worthy the
attention of the traveller..
Castellar,
An old Moorish town and fortress, the latter in good preservation, situated on
a great height of bare rugged mountain which rises between the Rivers Hosgar--
ganta and Guadarranque. It has to be reached by a rocky staircase, nearly
2,000 feet high. It remained in the power of the Moors till 1-434 when it was.
taken by Juan de Saavedra, Alcalde of Ximena, recovered by them, but again.
Be-taken by the same valiant soldier. It is the property of the Duke of Medina
Celi. The road from Gibraltar to Castellar (about 18 miles) is through the Cork.
Woods, and passes by
The Convent of Almoraima.
The ancient Convent of Mercenarios called Santo Cristo de la Alinoraiina was:
founded in 1603 by Doña Beatriz Ramirez de Mendoza, Countess of Castellar..
It is now a farm-house; but in the Chapel still existing a solemn service is cele--
brated on the 3d of May in each year which is usually well attended by the
Gibraltar and country people, who afterwards hold high holiday in the Woods.
Alınoraima, in Arabic, signifies payment of fines and the old Moorish tower
near the river is said to be the place where fines were collected from those who
trespassed on these lands.
·
Among the places to be visited from Gibraltar, but not within the limits of a
day's ride, we inay mention. Tarifa, and Ximena in Spain, and Tangier, Ceuta, and
Tetuan, in Barbary..
Tarifa,
the Julia Traducta of the Romans, and the most Moorish town of Andalusia, is:
about twenty-four miles from Gibraltar. It is the most Southerly point of
Europe, being five miles farther South than Europa Point, and two miles than
Cabrita Point. It takes its name from Tarif, the Moslem eaptain who first com-
menced the conquest of Spain, and was held by the Moors-for 581 years. The
ride thither from Algeciras over the mountains is glorious, the views are splendid..
The wild forest through which the Guadalmeci boils and leaps is really magnifi-
cent, and fine views of Gibraltar and its beautiful Bay are seen through its leafy
xistas..
97
The town contains some 13,000 inhabitants; its narrow and tortuous streets
are enclosed by Moorish walls. The Alameda runs between the town and the
sea, and the Alcazar, a genuine Moorish castle, is to the east, just within the
walls.
"C
Tarifa was defended by Alonso de Guzman (El Bueno) in 1232 when the
Moors threatened to kill his only son who had fallen into their hands, if he
would not surrender the place. Alonso drew his dagger and threw it down,
exclaiming, "I should rather they should kill this child, and five others if I had
them, than surrender to them a city which my Sovereign has given me to guard!"
He retired and the child was put to death; his head was cut off and hurled against
the walls for his father to see, on which a cry of horror rang from the soldiers on
the battlements: Alonso rushed forth, beheld his son's body, and returning to his
childless mother, calmly observed, "I feared that the infidel had gained the City."
The window from which he threw the dagger may still be seen in the Alcazar at
Tarifa; it is blocked up but may be known by its border of azulejos (Dutch tiles).
The site of the murder is marked by a more modern tower, La Torre de Guzman.
Las Tarifeñas, or the women of Tarifa, wear the mantilla in the Moorish
fashion, with only one eye peeping out; they are the true lions of the place.
Tarifa was defended by the English against the attacks of the French under
Victor and Laval, in 1811, after the battle of Barrosa. Its real strength consists
in the rocky island which projects into the sea, on which is a castle. There is a
good lighthouse 135 feet high, and a small sheltered bay. The castle commands
the straits, and the small harbour in war time swarmed with gun-boats and pri-
vateers; but in any future war, a man-of-war steamer from Gibraltar would
render this source of annoyance to commerce an impossibility.
Ximena.
Ximena, formerly a Roman settlement on the River Hosgarganta, twenty-four
miles from Gibraltar, is famous for its Moorish castles and caves. When Crassus
took refuge in them during the civil wars of Marius and Sylla, they belonged to
one Pachiocus, and when visited by Mr. Conduct they still belonged to one
Puchoco, The name is itself Phoenician, and the town is supposed to have been
an outpost from Carteia. The Sanctuary of Nuestra Señora de los Angeles is
situated at a quarter of a league to the South of the town; it possesses a very
ancient image of the Virgin, in stone, which was fortunately discovered buried,
most probably by the inhabitants, either when the town fell again into the power
of the Moors after the first Christian conquest or even before when they first
entered the Peninsula. The city was taken from the Moors in 1431; retaken by
them in 1454; but again fell into the power of the Spanish King, Henry IV., in
1456, the Moorish garrison receiving good terms and being escorted in safety to
13
98.
the gates of Gibraltar. In order to populate the town great privileges were
granted to it, one of them being that a residence of ten months entitled those
guilty of homicide to an ample pardon. It was conferred by the King on Don
Beltran de Cueva, who sold it to the Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1471. In 1536
a suit was brought for its recovery by the Crown, but it was afterwards abandoned.
During the great siege of 1782, two manufactories of shot and shell were
established without the town, one on the Hosgarganta and the other on the
Guadiaro. The first is in ruins, the second is almost completely extant.
The venerated Sanctuary of N. S. de los Angeles is situated at a quarter of a
league to the South of the town near the bank of the Hosgarganta, and a Convent
of Franciscans was founded there in the 16th century which received in refuge
the Nuns of the Santa Clara Convent at Gibraltar in 1704.
TRIPS TO BARBARY.
Cueta.
:
This Spanish possession in Africa is the Botany Bay of Spain. It is the Septem
Fratres of Mela and the Heptadelphi of Ptolemy. It is situated on a rising
ground at the foot of Ape's Hill. The name is a corruption of "Septem," the
seven hillocks on which it is built. It is very strongly fortified on the land side.
Ceuta is not always to be got at from Gibraltar direct, as there is no regular
steam communication, but a Spanish despatch steamer starts regularly daily from
Algeciras with Government despatches, mails and passengers for that fortress.
The straits are only fourteen miles across between Gibraltar and Ceuta. It was
taken from the Moors in 1415, in the reign of King John I. of Portugal, but
having a Spanish Garrison in 1640 when the great Revolution took place in
Portugal, when John Duke of Braganza found means to drive out the Spaniards,
it did not revolt as the rest of the Portugese territory had done but remained in
possession of the Spaniards. It is a bishop's see, has a good palace and a noble
cathedral. The town is clean and paved in a mosaic pattern. The inhabitants
are entirely kept to the Rock, as they dare not venture beyond the fortifications
on account of the Moors, their hereditary foes. The number of convicts is
usually about 3,000; they are indifferently kept and treated. Ceuta becomes an
object of great interest when it is remembered that it was the starting-place of
the Moors on their invasion of Spain. Its port also formed the basis of Spain's
military operations against Morocco in 1859-60. There are authors: who say that:
it was one of the first three cities in the world; the others being Salernum in
99
Italy and Salem in Judea. Ceuta was partly garrisoned by the English in 1810,
the permission to do so having been obtained from the Spaniards by persevering
negotiations. It was a valuable movement, for Ceuta was then chiefly garrisoned
by condemned troops and filled with galley slaves, its works also were miserably
neglected and it had only six days provisions. It was therefore at the mercy of
the first thousand French who could cross the Straits. To them the possession
of the place would have been valuable in many ways, especially in obtaining pro-
visions from Rarbary, where their emissaries were exceedingly active.
The other Spanish possessions on the coast are Melilla, Peñon de la Gomera,
Ahlucemas and Chafarinas, the three first being also convict establishments.
Tangier.
No traveller should leave the neighbourhood of Gibraltar without crossing the
straits and paying a visit to this seaport of Morocco. The sudden transition
from the manners and customs of the West to those of Oriental nations which
are here to be seen in perfection, is both curious and interesting. The trip to
Tangier is perfectly easy as convenient steamers proceed there two or three times
a week from Gibraltar, thirty-two miles distant, returning on the next or the
following day with cattle and provisions for the troops. At Tangier the foreign
Ministers accredited to the Court of the Emperor of Morocco and the foreign
Consuls have their residences and only visit the Court occasionally on important
diplomatic questions, when the journey is made with great state and ceremony.
The personnel of these Legations impart a slightly European tinge to the com-
munity of Tangier, but the steep and narrow streets are crowded with magnificent
Moors in their picturesque costumes, who stride haughtily through the throng;
with Jews, of whom there are great numbers and who may easily be recognised
by their peculiar dress; with slaves of every sort of tinged complexion and with
the wild-looking men from the Riff Coast, with uncovered heads shaven all but
one long lock, by which Mahomet is to pull them up into heaven. These men are
the veritable descendants of the old Riff pirates, for whom the Mediterranean was
a wide field of operations. The streets are not only steep and narrow but very
badly paved, as if placed purposely to make walking over them as difficult as
possible. Blondin, who visited the place, left a memorial in the visitor's book of
one of the hotels to the effect that it was needless for him to test his balancing
powers here," because he was able to say that he had walked both up and down
"the
the main street of Tangier and had not fallen." The market-place outside the
walls is most curious. There may be seen clusters of goat skin tents, with dirty
and faded carpets, covered in with the green tops of the spreading cane; caravans
of weary camels with enormous loads arrived from the interior, from Fez or
Morocco; strings of the pretty little Barbary donkeys patient and uncared for,
100
who have also brought up their heavy burdens; the Arab musician, with his pipe
and tom-tom; the snake charmer, with his gleaming eyes and his uncomfortable
looking playfellows; the story-teller, with his circle of attentive listeners; the
women, closely veiled, sitting in groups, patiently waiting for their lords and
masters; Moorish soldiers with their blue cloaks and red peaked caps; the
Moorish peasant armed with yataghan and enormously long gun; and among all
this motley crowd a few Europeans, imparting the only bit of colour to this
curious scene where all the garments, almost without exception, are of a dirty
white colour. But the visitor will see all these things far better than we can
describe them, so we strongly recommend him not to lose the opportunity. There
are some excellent hotels. The principal objects of interest are; the Casba or
citadel; the Soko or market-place; the Swedish Consul's garden, within the
town; the outside walls, the old Roman bridge and the site of the old Roman
city, Tanja Bolea the Tingis of the Romans, where still may be seen the dock
gates for the galleys in the arsenal but which the lapse of time has left now at
some distance from the sea; the magnificent lighthouse at Cape Spartel maintained
by regular contributions from all nations; the lake near the Cape, and the Grind-
stone caves. They will all
They will all repay a visit.
:
About three miles from the town, on Mount Washington, are beautiful gardens,
where many of the European officials, merchants of Gibraltar, and also rich
Moors and Jews, have their summer residences the ride to which is most lovely
and should not be omitted. There are also some good country houses on the
Marshan, a flat on the heights just outside the Castle. This Marshan is a
smooth grassy plain, the top of the promontory on the inner side of which the
city is built the side of the promontory farthest from the town is very precipi-
tous and overhangs the sea. On the edge of the precipice are a number of
excavations from about one to three feet wide and varying in length, hewn in the
solid rock; they are generally supposed to have been Phoenician graves; but at
present they are frequently used as washing troughs by the Moorish women as
after heavy rains they are generally half full. On this plain is a country house
of the Grand Shereef of Wazan, Cidy Hadj Abd-Salam, who, as the most direct
descendant of the Prophet, is theoretically if not actually, the greatest man in
the Mohammedan world. His power is even now very great; on one occasion
he quelled a rebellion by his mere presence in the Sultan's camp and he is greatly
venerated by the people. His marriage to an English woman a few years ago has
invested him with peculiar interest in the eyes of Europeans. He is known to
the Spaniards as El Santo, and made great personal efforts in the war of 1859-60
to rouse the fanaticism of the Moors against them.
Captain Colville, in his "Ride in Petticoats and Slippers," gives the following
story of the Shereef as reliable :-
101
"The story of the manner in which the Shereef obtained his position is a
"curious one, and reminds one strongly of that of Jacob and Esau.
"The late Shereef had a favourite son. Now it so happened that the son was
very fond of playing with a certain ornamental stick belonging to his father.
"The old man knew of this peculiarity and being asked on his death bed which
"of his sons he would nominate as his successor, replied, "The one that is found
"with my stick in his hand.' There chanced to be in the room at the time a
"black slave woman who had had a son by the Shereef; she, hearing the dying
"man's words, ran off and gave the stick to her son, bidding him keep it. The
"stick was found in his possession and he was proclaimed the most direct
“descendant of the Prophet."
The influence of the Shereef not only extends throughout Morocco but over
Algiers, where it is acknowledged by the French authorities and where he has
paid visits, at their request, to exert his influence over some turbulent tribes in
the interior.
Descending from the Marshan and entering the town from the highest point the
best view of it is to be had. A narrow paved path leads through a high gateway
with a fine pointed arch to the Casba, where is the Bashaw's house, the prison,
the old treasury house, and one of the principal mosques. All here is completely
shut in; but turning down one of the narrow passages and passing through
another gateway which opens on the brow of a steep hill, we come suddenly upon
a view of wide extent and surpassing beauty. Beneath and immediately around
lies the town, all glistening white under the sun's rays. Here and there among
the houses rises the tall minaret of a mosque brilliant with its many coloured
mosaic, the broad waving leaves of a palmetto palm or the dark foliage of a fig-
tree. The houses are nearly uniform in colour, but the flags of different nations
flying from the houses of the Ministers make spots of gay colour standing out
clearly against the white of the town, and the beautiful blue of the sky and water
of the Bay, the latter bordered with shining yellow sands. Beyond, to the right
rise the African mountains shaded with every rich and lovely tint of purple and
green and gold, and some white-tipped with everlasting snow; to the left the
blue sea of the Straits and the purple mountains of Spain, whilst in the further
distance Gibraltar in all its grandeur is plainly visible. All is solemn and quiet,
when suddenly from the minaret of the mosque rises the wailing cry of the
Muezzin calling the faithful to prayer; and the traveller recognises fully that he
is in an unknown country, where all things, from the very foundations of social
life to its most insignificant particulars are completely changed.
The prison in the Casba is never very full as summary punishments are more
in vogue than incarceration. Cutting off a hand or foot is the usual punishment
for theft the stump being instantly plunged into boiling pitch to stop the bleed-
102
ing. Flogging is freely employed for minor offences. On nearing the prison the
window is at once crowded with unfortunates to beg, as it is believed they are
entirely dependent on contributions from their friends and casual visitors for their
maintenance, added to the sale of some pretty basket work which they make in
prison. The prison for women is a separate but adjoining building.
The ride to Cape Spartel is beautiful, the road passing over the Marshan,
across the Jews' River at the end, and then by narrow lanes bordering the
gardens of many beautiful summer residences of the Ministers and wealthy Moors
and Jews (Raven's Rock, the fine house of the English Minister, being very
noticeable); after which it continues over the mountains which are clothed with
arbutus, gum and other cistuses, laurestina, broom of various kinds, coronilla,
red and white heath and myrtle, a perpetual garden of flowers. The views are
magnificent.
Cape Spartel is a mountain of sandstone (secondary) with iron and limestone,
rising abruptly from the sea and opening underneath into vast caverns, the larger
of which were consecrated to Hercules. Upon the summit stands the famous
lighthouse sending its beneficent warning across the tempestuous ocean to a dis-
tance of twenty-five miles.
The Millstone Quarries are at Mediana between two and three miles to the
South, in vast caverns which have to be entered almost in darkness, and then on
reaching the interior the singular blue light diffused through them shows the
workmen at their labours. This light is admitted through a large aperture in the
side of the cliff facing the sea.
The return road from here passes through the Valley of Boubana, where the
English troops under Lord Teviott suffered a disastrous defeat on the 3d May,
1664, at the hands of Gaylan the Moorish usurper, during the time of our
occupation of Tangier in the time of Charles II. This event is thus quaintly
described by Pepys, who was Treasurer of the Commission for managing the
affairs of Tangier: "It seems my Lord Teviott's design was to go a mile and a
"half out of the town to cut down a wood in which the enemy did use to lie in
"ambush. He had sent several spyes; but all brought word that the way was
clear, and so might be, for anybody's discovery of an enemy before you are upon
"them. There they were all snapt, he and all his officers and about 200 men,
"as they say; there being now left in the Garrison but four captains. This
"happened the 3d of May last, being not before that day twelvemonth of his
entering into his Government there; but at his going out in the morning he
"said to some of his officers, Gentlemen, let us look to ourselves, for it was this
"day three years that so many brave Englishmen were knocked on the head by
"the Moors when Fines made his sally out."" An old map of Tangier shows
that the place was strengthened by redoubts erected on the neighbouring hills,
""
C
103
they being Fort Charles on the West, supposed to be on the Marshan, Fort Ann
to the South and Fort Monmouth to the East, besides a Great Redoubt between
Fort Ann and the town, but it was constantly besieged by the Moors.
We have said that the streets of Tangier are narrow, dirty and ill-paved, and
always crowded with people of different races and of the most curious types.
Here the foot-passenger has to look out for himself as the heavily laden camels,
mules and donkeys come past with their enormous loads; driven by wild looking
creatures with their continual cries of "Arrah-zeed-arrane-mek" (go more, go to
your mother) or "Baaluk-Baaluk" (by your leave). The principal street is that
from the landing place at the Waterport to the outer market or Soko, passing
through two barriers closed by heavy half rotten gates. Between these barriers
is an open space occupied by the forges and shops of smiths and on the left a
nook where formerly the bluff soldiers of our Charles II. kept guard. In this
street is the Great Mosque (no Christian can enter), opposite to which are the
offices of the learned Talebs (Moorish scribes); the upper fountain where black
slaves scream and squabble as to who shall first fill their antique looking jars,
the house of the Belgian Minister, opposite a large bare whitewashed house
appropriated to the Franciscan Monks. By the kindness of the owner the beauti-
ful little house of the Belgian Minister is shown to visitors during his absence
in the afternoon. It is stored with an interesting and valuable collection of
Moorish and other curiosities, beautifully kept and arranged with great taste and
ingenuity. It has an open central court-yard paved with coloured marbles; a
pretty fountain plays in the centre and beautiful flowers and tropical plants are
placed around.
The streets or rather lanes issuing from this main thoroughfare are tortuous
and difficult; on many of the houses may be observed the rude representation of
a hand painted in red intended to protect the inmates from the evil eye, in the
influence of which the Moors have great belief, considering also that Christians
possess it in a great degree. The whole place is well worth seeing and there is
nothing more noteworthy than the constant noise in the streets; often there
are great religious feasts when the whole people are out of doors and engaged in
making as much noise as possible, which generally, what with beggars, itiner-
ant musicians, minor rejoicings, &c., the bray of the Rheetah, an instrument
somewhat like our flageolet, but with a sound more like a bag-pipe, and the bang
of the tebel or Moorish drum, is seldom absent from the streets during the day,
while at night the weddings which, except the very poorest, are accompanied with
gun-firing and music, produce an extraordinary combination of discordant noises.
The bride is taken to her husband's home in procession, in a sort of closed
box, fastened on the back of a mule or donkey, the party being preceded by torch
bearers; when the most melancholy music accompanying a sort of nasal chant of
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the friends and relatives, varied by piercing yells, the barking of dogs and the
discharge of muskets, make altogether a frightful din which must be extremely
unpleasant to the poor bride cooped up within the box, who must be in a most
painful position as she sways most insecurely with the movements of the mule
over the rough and ill-paved roads.
On the Soko, which is before referred to, are the Sanctuary of Seedy Mekhfee,
the patron saint of the market-place; the place of public prayer, a long white-
washed wall pierced with horseshoe-headed windows looking towards Mecca and
in the centre a low tower, having a platform on the top and a small niche below.
And near the broad road of the Ambassadors is the Kooba or alcoved tomb of
Seedy Mahommed El Hadj the patron saint of Tangier. The Mahommedan
burial place is on the hill to the right of the market, and the traveller should be
careful to avoid treading on the graves as it is said the souls of the faithful are
troubled when an infidel trespasses on their place of rest. The graves are simple
mounds of earth all so placed as to point to the Prophet's tomb at Mecca, most
of them with a small board at the head; those of the wealthier class being
surrounded by a low and whitened wall, whilst here and there is seen an ancient
tombstone carved in arabesque-a monument of their formidable ancestors. Low
palmetto bushes and some wild vines creeping over a few solitary and blighted fig
tress, form the scanty ornaments of the Tangier cemetery. And here on a Friday
-the Mahommedan Sabbath-the dark-eyed houris of Tangier are seen, en-
veloped in their white haiks and flitting like shrouded ghosts about the tombs
over which wailing and lamentations are heard on every side. There is always
something new to observe in Tangier.
On no account should a visit to the Curiosity Shops be neglected, or to the
Stores of Moorish Pottery, for at both places some curious and pretty souvenirs
may be obtained of Moorish work; but let the traveller always bear in mind that
the first price asked is not what is really meant to be taken, and that a little
judicious bargaining will cause a very considerable relief to his pocket.
There is excellent partridge and snipe shooting in the country, but not within
ten miles of the town; and as there are no houses a shooting party must take
everything necessary for camping out-tents and mules, provisions and servants,
guides and soldiers. For although these latter gentry do nothing at all for their
pay, they serve to show the country people that the party is under the protection
of the Emperor and therefore not be interfered with.
Tangier, the ancient Tingis, was anciently a great mart of the Phoenicians, who
had a colony there. It is accounted one of the oldest cities in Africa and was
formerly a very considerable place and the capital of a kingdom. This kingdom
was reduced to a Roman province in the reign of Claudius. It was afterwards
overran by the Spanish Goths but taken from them by the Saracens in A.D. 722.
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Tangier has been possessed by the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals
and by the Mahommedans, who called it on account of its opulence, the second
Mecca.
s;
It was taken from the Moors by the Portuguese in 1473, and in 1652 there
was a famous university there. It had also sumptuous edifices and palaces and
was immensely strengthened by the Portuguese against the attacks of the Moors
but, finding the expense of retaining it to far exceed the advantage they gained by
keeping it, as the interior of the country was always closed to them, they yielded
it up to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza, Infanta of
Portugal, on her marriage with Charles II. in 1662. But the gift, like the pro-
verbial white elephant, caused more trouble than it was worth. Great expectations
were formed about Tangier, and it engaged to a large extent the attention of the
Government of that period. Pepys, in his Diary, makes frequent mention of the
place. A Commission presided over by the Duke of York sat weekly to manage
its affairs, and of this Commission Pepys himself was Treasurer.
The English found the same fault with it as the Portuguese-it entailed a
large garrison with but little profit as a return, not to mention the con-
stant attacks of the Moors; so in 1684, Lord Dartmouth, with whom was
Mr. Pepys, was sent with a fleet to destroy the mole and harbour and bring
away the garrison. This was done, and the town abandoned to the Moors,
and in consequence of the destruction of the mole, which extended nearly two
thousand feet into the sea (the remains of which are still plainly seen), the harbour
has become choked. This mole, which was formed by two arms running out from
the shore, was strongly fortified with batteries, and a harbour was formed capable
of containing the largest vessels.
Lord Dartmouth writes as follows to Mr. Pepys, Jan. 11, 1683-4:-"You
"will easily imagine the condition we have beene in, by the ill weather you have
"beene witness of where you have beene, but yet, God be thanked, we have
strugled in it so farr that the Mole is totally destroyed; very much more than
"you will imagine, till you see it."
There is now no protection for shipping and even small boats cannot approach
the shore within a short distance. There are, however, always plenty of Jewish
porters on the beach at the Marina who, without the least hesitation, rush into
the water and shoulder the traveller's luggage, and the traveller himself, to dry
land. For a lady they are gallant enough to bring a wicker chair, to which she
may safely trust herself although her feet are within a very few inches of the
sea. A great improvement has been effected lately, viz., the erection of a wooden
pier, which, stretching out into the water, is most convenient for those who have
an objection to the other primitive mode of landing on a foreign soil. The Bay
is well sheltered and the anchorage in the open roadstead is very good, for the
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coast is not subject to the heavy surf which is such a drawback to all the Southern
ports. The rise of tide at Gibraltar, just outside the tideless Mediterranean, is
four feet; at Tangier it reaches a height of six feet.
On the Mahommedan Feast Days the visitor will have an opportunity of seeing
the Lääb el Barood or Powder Play, one of the national customs. This either
takes place on the beach outside the town at low tide, or in the Soko. Sixty or
seventy Moors and soldiers, picturesquely dressed, well armed and mounted, are
divided into parties of some twelve or fourteen at a time, who, starting in a line
at a gallop, waving their long guns frantically over their heads and uttering wild
cries, race for about a couple of hundred yards and then suddenly pull up and
discharge their pieces in all directions. It is one of the strangest spectacles pos-
sible. At other times they separate into two parties one in pursuit of the other,
and the same thing takes place, the pursued turning round in their saddles to fire.
Serious accidents often happen as they are perfectly reckless about the loading
of their guns, the powder for which is carried loose in a bag on the horse and
ineasured out carelessly with the hand.
As part of the preparations for the siege of Gibraltar in 1779 (the original
intention of the Spaniards being by a close investment to starve the Garrison into
a surrender), they made secret overtures to the Emperor of Morocco to farm his
ports of Tetuan, Tangier and Larache, with a view of depriving the Garrison of
any supplies from that quarter. The Emperor would not accede to this at the
time though from the close blockade the Garrison derived very slender and
uncertain supplies from Barbary. The efforts of the English Consul at Tangier,
Mr. Logie, were beyond all praise, in providing supplies and procuring a channel
for the transmission of despatches; but in 1780, the Spanish Government having
exhausted all the efforts of diplomacy to secure a more active alliance with the
Emperor, he was induced at last by promises of large money payments to with-
draw from his neutrality and he ordered all British subjects to leave his dominions;
which order was followed by acts of gross indignity and cruelty to the English in
Moorish ports. Mr. Logie himself was attacked, driven from his house and plun-
dered, and being obliged to fly, all communication with Barbary was cut off and
a valuable channel of intelligence closed up; previously there were many Moors in
his pay
and as a constant trade was carried on between Barbary and the Spanish
camp frequent opportunities were afforded to the spies for making observations
and obtaining an insight into the affairs of the army. With the expulsion of the
Consul this source of information was destroyed. In those days, as now, the
Moors were always friendly to the English and we read in Drinkwater that upon
the commencement of the attack of the battering ships on the 13th September,
1782, the Moors at Tangier repaired to their Mosques imploring Heaven on
behalf of their Old Allies, and that on receiving accounts of the defeat of the
107
enemy they made public rejoicing and gave every demonstration of their affection
for the English nation.
For the space it occupies Tangier is a populous town, comprising more than
15,000 inhabitants. The number of Christians is greater than in any other town
of the Empire. The climate is very equable and pleasant being protected by the
mountain ranges on the South from the scorching heat to which the inland parts
of Morocco are exposed. Frost never occurs. The climate is moist as shown by
the facility with which iron rusts, but it is less moist than that of Madeira, be-
tween which and that of Algiers it holds, in this respect, an intermediate place.
It is a very healthy place although the sanitary arrangements are very imperfect,
the explanation being that sewer gas is only dangerous when closed up; there
being no system of sewers at Tangier the gas escapes harmlessly in the open air.
Tangier is of great importance to Gibraltar as providing large supplies of food,
comprising beef and mutton, poultry, eggs and game; the chief part of the meat
for the troops comes from the interior and is shipped at Tangier, only varied
occasionally by beef from Galicia which is of a far better quality.
Lord Nelson declared that the possession of Tangier would be necessary to
England in case she was at war with a maritime Power, for with Tangier in the
hands of an enemy or of an unfriendly Power the difficulties of holding Gibraltar
would be greatly increased, as all supplies would have to run the gauntlet of an
enemy's ship, supported by the guns of Tangier and Ceuta. When Morocco
becomes opened up to European enterprize and capital, the development of its
riches, as a possible bountiful corn-grower for Europe, will only be a question of
a very short time; for at present not a hundredth part of the available land is
cultivated, whilst the soil is capable of any amount of cultivation under a proper
system of irrigation through its broad and wide spreading plains.
Like Tangier the island of Bombay formed part of the dowry of the Infanta of
Portugal, wife of Charles II. Who could then foresee the subsequent value of
that small possession or what a focus for the extension of British power it has
since become.
And although, through mismanagement, Tangier proved to be a worse than
useless possession, it is not improbable that had it been retained it also would
have become a centre endowed with a like vitality and with a similar power of
growth. In that case a land far more accessible than India, with a soil and
climate among the most favoured in the world would now be yielding rich returns.
Immense tracts which at present lie waste would be used for the growth of
cotton; and a strong government would exist in place of an uncertain and op-
pressive administration.
།
108
Tetuan
is a Moorish town walled all round, eighteen miles from the Straits to the East-
ward of Ceuta and six and a half miles from the sea of which Martine is the
port.
It is not easily reached in this way as there is no harhour or even an available
roadstead, when the East wind blows. There is then a dangerous bar-so except
when an excursion steamer goes there in the summer months, and only then when
the Westerly wind is assured-there is little chance of getting at it from Gibraltar
by sea. The ride from Tangier although a long business (forty miles), is well
worth doing, as it will give a good idea of the interior of Morocco; and on a fine
day, accompanied by a guide and a soldier, the traveller may do it with comfort to
himself in about ten hours. In the Jewish quarter the house of Mr. Isaac Ñahon,
who speaks English, will be open to him and he will find very comfortable beds
and treatment. Tetuan is a much larger and more imposing place than Tangier but
it possesses many of its features, only the entire absence of Europeans renders it
more interesting as an Oriental study. The streets are very narrow and dirty,
but the houses being all flat-roofed and painted white as are also the walls, look
clean and bright in the sun. There are several fine mosques here, and Mr. Ñahon
is able to obtain permission for a traveller to visit some of the houses of the
rich Moors, which opportunity should not be neglected. The Jews in this town
are kept in great subjection their quarter being locked up at night and guarded
by Moorish soldiers.
Tetuan was founded in 1492 by the refugees from Granada, and many of the
families still retain the title-deeds of their former estates in Spain and the keys of
the doors of their houses, which have long since crumbled into ruin and decay.
The city is situated in a verdant valley at the foot of picturesque mountains,
the highest of which called Beni Hosmar forms part of the lesser Atlas chain.
The river which flows by it is flanked with orange orchards dotted with country
houses. A swampy plain extends towards the sea, and through it is a good road
six miles long made by the Spaniards during their three years occupation of the
place.
Tetuan was taken by the Spaniards in their last war with the Moors, 1859, and
ransomed by the latter for a sum of £4,000,000, payable by yearly instalments.
At Tetuan most of the long guns used by the Moors are made, and a visit to
their small workshops where, with indifferent tools and appliances, the workmen
turn out good, serviceable and, in some cases, highly, ornamented pieces is very
interesting.
A good deal of gold embroidery is done at Tetuan, and another industry is the
manufacture of brackets, chests and other wood work ornamented with Arabesque
painting in brilliant colours; slipper making and other leather work is also car-
109
ried on extensively. There is a Spanish convent at Tetuan but the success of the
mission in making converts is the same as that of all missions among Moslems—
none whatever (Leared).
The road from Tangier to Tetuan does not possess anything very striking in
point of scenery for at least three-fourths of the way. The track runs for some
distance along the smooth sands of the Bay, then inland and over two small stone
bridges. Plains of great extent are crossed which, with proper cultivation, might
be made to produce immense quantities of grain; not that it would be of much
general use while the present restrictions as to its export are in force in Morocco.
A river, dry in summer, but a torrent after the rains, has to be crossed and
recrossed and the flowering oleander bushes which fringe its course with crimson
have a beautiful effect, as the colour of the flower is of a much darker hue than
we are accustomed to in colder climes, and this belt of colour follows the winding
of the stream continuously for many miles. Not quite half-way to Tetuan is the
Fondak or Caravansary for travellers, 700 feet above the sea level; and near this
where a little brook bubbles out from the rocks, the traveller may take his well-
earned refreshment under the grateful shade of some fine olive trees. It is the
custom with some people to decry Morocco as an arid wilderness, but this usually
comes from only having seen it after or during the long summer drought. As a
matter of fact it is one of the most fertile countries in the world, as Dr. Leared
says, "A fertile waste only waiting for the hand of man to make it productive."
The valleys are covered with a rich alluvial deposit, the hills are rounded and
alluvial and even the main chain of the Atlas is not abrupt and its valleys are
the most fertile in the empire. The road from the Fondak lays through a moun-
tain pass extremely rough and rocky; in about an hour Tetuan is seen in the
distance but soon disappears. It again appears and remains long in view till the
traveller crosses over the stone bridge over the river that flows to the town. It
was on this road, about two leages from the Fondak, that the preliminaries of
peace were signed in the last war of Spain with Morocco, 1859-60, by Marshal
O'Donnell, Duke of Tetuan, and the brother of the Emperor of Morocco,
Mulley Abbas, after the sanguinary battle of Gualdras, on 23d March, 1860.
The former had advanced from Tetuan with the intention of turning the formidable
pass of the Fondak when the road would have been perfectly open to Tangier.
The action commenced at a short league from Tetuan near the river and valley
of the Guad-el-Ras, the river being the same which at Tetuan goes by the name of
the Gual-el-Jelu. The battle was fought over a great extent of ground and
resulted in the complete defeat of the Moorish army who fought with the greatest
courage and determination. The treaty was signed two days after at the Spanish
head quarters.
Along the whole route signs of habitation are few and far between, but the few
•
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villagers met with in the fields show at once that the traveller is in a land similar
in most respects to that with which we are all familiar from the teachings of our
earliest youth, while illustrations to old editions of the Bible are brought forcibly
to mind. The squalid villages are hedged with cactus and prickly pear, while the
palm-tree crops up everywhere in the interior; the heavy ploughs, of the most
primitive construction, drawn by the slow, patient oxen who literally "bow their
"necks to the yoke;" the ploughmen and labourers armed with a yataghan while
the long gun is not far off; and the Moorish mother who, working in the fields,
has her infant child constantly within sight laid on a rude cradle formed of two
forked sticks, with a covering from the sun-are all thoroughly Eastern. There
are no signs of civilization, and the inquiring traveller, moving slowly on his way
with his guide and soldier guard in front, cannot fail to wonder that in this age
of progress and rapid advancement in everything, a country for which God has
done so much and man so little, should still exhibit the peculiarities of centuries
long past, and should still want the touch of the vivifying hand of enterprise to
raise it to that condition where its natural advantages will, one day, most
undoubtedly place it.
FROM GIBRALTAR BY THE ROAD.
To those to whom time is an object but in a small degree and for whom
novelty has a charm, there are several excursions on horseback which may either
be undertaken with Gibraltar as a centre, or as a point of departure merely. In
either case one thing must be borne in mind-the roads in Spain are very in-
different and present few marks of interest beyond the ever-varying, ever-new,
and always picturesque scenery which lies, as a rule, on either side-scenery
rendered still more attractive by the absence of any active signs of civilization such
as are to be met with in other European countries. Everywhere in Spain the
traveller cannot fail to remark the absence of trees: few are planted in the country
except those which bear fruit or give shade for their Alamedas, for in truth im-
mediate profit is the utilitarian standard; whilst to plant timber is a thing of
forethought for others and is based on confidence in institutions which will
guarantee enjoyment at a distant period: all this in a land where people live from
day to day and no one thinks of the mañana, much as he talks about it, is held to
be downright folly in theory and practice. In Andalusia, everything and every-
body seems overcome with indomitable laziness-the summum bonum seems
enfolded in the papelito, and the tinkling of an ox-bell is a complete edition of
the "music of the spheres," so far as the Andalusian peasant is concerned. There
are some very active realities at the halting-places notwithstanding, and a packet
111
or two of insect-powder will be found useful in correcting any superabundant
energy on the part of the bichos.
The people as a rule are courteous and kindly in the extreme, and do their
best to make their visitors comfortable; they are also exceedingly cleanly in their
household linen, however defective their sanitary arrangements may be. Let the
traveller remember to be courteous and liberal in using little conventional terms
of civility and not begin by ordering and hurrying people about; he will thus be
met more than half way and obtain the best quarters and accommodation to be
had. (C
Cortesia de la boca, macho vale y poco cuesta." Always remember that
every Spaniard (be his class what it may) considers himself a caballero, or gentle-
man, and therefore your equal. When his self-esteem and personal sensitiveness
are once conciliated he is quick to return the compliment and to pay every
deference to the judicious stranger by whom he is put in his proper place: all
attempt to bully and browbeat is loss of time, for Spaniards are not to be driven
by a rod of iron, still less if wielded by a foreigner.
When on a riding journey, attend to the provend, for, except in the recognized
halting places the larders at the Ventas are generally empty, although the ventero
will answer, as in the time of Don Quijote, Hay de todo, "there is everything,'
but de lo que Vd. trae " of what you bring with you" must be understood.
"
The regular muleteers and carriers who ply from fixed places to others make the
best guides as these arrieros (arré; arabice, "gee up") are always well acquainted
with the state of the roads, fords, &c., &c., &c.
The beggars are the plague of Spain and worry and bleed the traveller as effec-
tually as the mosquitos. The best reply to their pertinacity is Perdone Vd. por
Dios, hermano! "Excuse me, my brother, for God's sake." If this request be
gravely said the mendicant gives up hope of coppers, while any other reply, such
as a refusal or inattention, only encourages importunity.
To sum up, there are drawbacks to travelling on horseback in Andalusia but
they are far out balanced by the beauty of the scenery and the novelty of the life.
The best time to travel is either in the early spring, when the winter rains have
tinted the woods and forests with green, or after the second rains, just before the
sun has attained its summer strength.
Gibraltar to Ronda.-Twelve Leagues.
HOW TO GET THERE.
As on a long day's journey everyone is anxious to know how near is the end,
it must be borne in mind that all distances are computed by leagues, and that the
Spanish league is a very variable measure of distance and entirely dependent on
112
the state of the road. It may roughly be estimated at an hour's ride varying
from three to five miles, but this only on very good ground, otherwise it may take
from an hour and a quarter to an hour and a half. This is a good thing to
remember and will save some disappointment particularly if ladies are of the
party. It must also be remembered that while the accommodation for man is
very fairly good on this short excursion into Spain, that for beast is as bad as can
be, therefore a choice should be made of a good guide who will look after the
horses (as no service will be found otherwise) and attend to what he is told;
while a water brush for the feet, a sponge and rubber, head collars with ropes,
and rugs and rollers for night (of the very oldest as no bedding is to be obtained
except chopped straw, and that in sufficient quantity is somewhat expensive)
should form an indispensable portion of the travelling kit. They all go on the
guide's horse or mule and add but little to the slight baggage necessary for the
traveller's comfort. A few nails and a spare fore and hind shoe should not be
forgotten, as the road in some places is awful and is likely to tear off the best
fastened shoe. The horses being thus provided for a few luxuries may be almost
considered indispensable for the rider. If one is fastidious a silver or plated fork
will not take up much room, but without fail take salt, soap and tea, the former
being coarse and bad at the inns, while nothing is more refreshing after a long
slow journey than the "cup that cheers, &c.," and while the coffee in Spain is
fair and the chocolate delicious, the tea even where it can be obtained is simply
undrinkable. These small articles will not over-burden the wallets which should
certainly be carried on the saddle if only to hold a little refreshment for the mid-
day halt, as no supplies can be depended on at the Ventas although a feed for
the horses is always to be had there. The traveller will not of course have for-
gotton the sinews of war, but let him be careful to include among them a number
of pesetas and half pesetas, as they will be found most convenient, for, as the
Scotchman said of sixpences, "They are canny little dogs and often do the work
"of shillings," which saves some money in the end. Well then, all these things
having been provided, horses saddled, shoes well looked to and the guide and his
horse ready with baggage slung on either side, while the rugs make him a com-
fortable seat, the traveller makes his start; early, remember; say at seven o'clock,
no later, for to Gaucin he has under ordinary circumstances, an eight hours' ride.
If a lady is of the party they will scarcely do it in less, but if not and the guide
will push on over the easy places a little over seven hours ought to reach the
mountain town.
There are two roads to Gaucin from Gibraltar, one by San Roque and thence
down the hill on the Eastern side by the Venta de Odon, lying in a valley between
the hills, and the road between the Lorca and Alcadezar Crags, leaving the Mara-
jamboo Woods on the left, and past the new pueblo of Tesorillo to the Venta de
Asebuchal (five hours) where a halt should be made for lunch and to feed the
113
horses, after which the road passes along the valley of the Guadiaro and the
Jennal, but after passing along the junction of these two rivers, a ford called the
Pasada Real, the line of the Jennal alone is followed by the Venta de los Nogales,
along and across the river bed up to the foot of Gaucin Hill.
The other road and undoubtedly the best is by the Eastern Beach, over Mar-
shall's Bank to the village of Guadiaro (two and a half hours), crossing the river
there, when the road lays for a very long distance along the valley and one can
jog along to the Venta de los Nogales where the same road is struck to the foot
of Gaucin Hill. The midday halt by this route is at the Venta de la Palma
(three and a half hours). The state of the river exercises a considerable influence
on the choice of routes as in wet weather or after heavy rains that by the Venta
de Asebuchal is the one to take as the Guardiaro can be crossed in a ferry-boat
higher up than the Pasada Real, which is then most probably dangerously high.
From the foot of Gaucin Hill the traveller is distant from the "English Hotel'
(Parador de los Ingleses), a little more than an hour's ride over a terrible road.
Good accommodation is found there and at moderate charges. For dinner,
including country wine, breakfast next morning and some provision for the journey
for next day the charges are-Travellers, each 35 rvn.; guide, 10 rvn.; lunch,
6 rvn.; horses, 12 rvn. The traveller will do well to remember that there is a
shoeing-forge next door to the "Hotel," for the road for the next day is terrible.
""
There are two roads from Gaucin to Ronda, the upper or mountain road by
Atajate, the lower by the Cortes Valley. To any one who desires to see magnifi-
cent bits of mountain scenery the upper road should be taken to Ronda and the
lower from it, the latter being at least a league farther but not such bad going.
It is a six hours' ride by the upper road and must all be done at a walk, Atajate
being as near as possible half way, but it is scarcely worth while to halt there
except to wash out the horses' mouth at the fountain in the village.
Ronda is first caught sight of when within an hour and a half off, and the
sight is most welcome after the difficult though very grand and impressive ride.
There are two hotels in Ronda-one by the bridge, La Posada de Vista Hermosa,
an inn of the old Spanish style but very clean and comfortable with good attend-
ance; and the other the Fonda Rondeña, a modern house, in the Plaza de los
Socorros. We can only speak of the former which is magnificently placed on the
very edge of the Tajo, and if the traveller is able to get the room with a balcony
hanging directly over the depths he will have an opportunity of gazing to the
full, at all hours, on this grand freak of nature which has cleft the rocky wall in
so tremendous a chasm. The charges at the bridge Hotel are as nearly as pos-
sible the same as at Gaucin, indeed hardly as much, 30 and 10 rvn. instead of
35 and 12 for man and horse. That for the guide, however, is higher, 15 rvr.
On leaving Ronda take the lower road by the Cortes Valley, six and a half
nu
.",
15
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hours to Gaucin; the river is reached in three quarters of an hour from the
start, and half an hour after that the Cueva del Gato is seen. The halting place
is at the Ventorillo de Jimera (three hours), shortly after which the river is left
and the road passes through scanty woods, and at last we get a little bit of
mountain road to Gaucin. It may be added that if time is an object, by leaving
Gaucin for Ronda early, say seven o'clock, there will be ample time for the sights
of Ronda the same afternoon, and the return journey may be commenced next
morning. Two more hints and we have done. The boys at Gaucin and Ronda
are most importunate the former with their cry of "Ochavo" "Ochavito "
almost a similar meaning to the well-known shibboleth of our neighbourhood
"Johnny: Penny "—but moderated in amount; and those of Ronda look upon
a stranger as a lawful prey and are importunate and most troublesome. It is a
good plan to hire a boy to show the places, arm him with a big stick and warn
him that his remuneration will entirely depend on his success in keeping off from
the travellers' sacred person the rest of the marauders.
Gaucin and Ronda.
WHAT TO SEE.
Gaucin is most romantically situated in a cleft ridge on the wall barrier to the
frontier of Granada, where it crests the height like a watchful sentinel, the moun-
tain wall presenting a splendid appearance to the traveller who has reached it from
Gibraltar after crossing and re-crossing the oleander fringed Jennal at the foot.
The road which scales it is a tremendous ascent by a sort of dislocated staircase
in a hanging garden, as beautiful orange groves lie at the foot from which the
town is a good hour's ride. In Gaucin, Guzman el Bueno was killed; the
Moorish castle, much shattered by an explosion, is worth visiting if only on
account of the glorious view where Gibraltar rises, as if from a plain in the dis-
tance and the blue Mediterranean and the African coast loom beyond. Height of
Gaucin above the sea level 2,050 feet.
The ride to Ronda from Gaucin by the upper road threads hill and dale along
the edge of precipices and affords many glorious views and the enjoyment of the
wildest scenery, the highest point on the road is 3,300 feet above the sea. Here
we pass Moorish villages built on heights with Moorish names and half Moorish
peasantry, who cultivate every patch of the mountain sides, turning them into
hanging gardens and bringing up earth from below in baskets. The natural
strength of this country has from time immemorial suggested sites for "hill
forts," the type of which is clearly Oriental: they are perched everywhere like
eagles' nests on the heights, and are the homes of brave highlanders who formed
the raw material of Guerilleros in the struggles of the Peninsula, when the
French were constantly beaten back by these sharpshooters.
115
The midday halt is at Atajate, a village after the true Spanish type, and a little
more than half-way. The scenery is all on the same grand rocky model, until
about a league and a half from Ronda, when that capital of the old Moors
first comes into view, nestling in the midst of its vega, and relieved upon an
azure blue mountainous background. The town lies on a table land, a gentle
descent for the last hour leading to the foot of it. It is of considerable size, famous
for fruit, but possessing no buildings of interest, except one old ruin, said to have
been a palace of the Moors. In the centre of the town is a bridge dividing the
old portion from the new, crossing the Tajo, with several waterfalls underneath,
and renowned in the district as a most romantic bit of scenery. On the right
stands an old Roman bridge. The bull-ring, originally built for a place of arins,
is one of the finest in Spain.
Ronda, the Arunda of Pliny, elevated amidst its mountains, enjoys at once the
fresh breezes from the sea and the open country; the air is pure and bracing and
the mornings and evenings are extremely cool; the town is consequently much
resorted to in summer by the parched inhabitants of the hotter districts. Being
highly salubrious the longevity of the place is proverbial. It is one of the most
picturesque cities in Europe, the Moorish town being divided from the new
quarter by the Tajo, a stupendous rent in the mountain, some two hundred feet
in width and three hundred and fifty deep; the old town is only accessible from
the South by a narrow and difficult ascent guarded by a fort.
It was the last stronghold of the Moors in Spain, and taken by surprise by
Ferdinand in 1485. The town hangs on a rock girt with the river Guadalvin
(the deep stream), called lower down the Guadiaro. Those in search of the
picturesque should begin at the old bridge of San Miguel and descend to the
mill below. The modern bridge, which is at the other end of Ronda, was built
in 1761 by José Martin Aldeguela, who was subsequently dashed to pieces by
falling from the parapet into the chasm below. It consists of one noble arch of
one hundred and ten feet, with a mean height above the rocky foundation of two
hundred and ninety feet. Beneath the pavement of the bridge is the city bride-
well where prisoners for short sentences are incarcerated. Looking over the
parapet the Moorish mills look like toy cottages and the miller men like white

ants.
Now descend to the level of the lowest mill, passing out of Ronda by the old
castle, and the view from thence, looking up, is unrivalled. The arch across the
Tajo hangs some 600 feet above; the river, which, black as Styx, has long
struggled heard, but not seen-in its rocky prison, here comes dashing joyously
down into life and liberty and the waters boil in the bright burning sun, leaping
from rock to rock, until at last they subside into a gentle stream stealing down
a fertile valley of flowers and fruit. In the town, visit the Dominican convent,
116
the Moorish towers, La Casa del Rey Moro in the Calle San Pedro, built in 1042
by Al Motadhed, who drank his wine out of jewel-studded goblets made of the
skulls of those whom he had beheaded. Here is La Mina de Ronda, a staircase
cut in the solid rock down to the river. This, however, is now partly blocked
up by rubbish, but some large rooms hollowed out of the rock and looking like
dungeons can be seen. The house itself has no traces of antiquity. Descend to
the Nereid's Grotto below which was dug by Christian slaves in 1342. The view
from the Alameda over the vega, with the mountain panorama to the right, is
one of the finest in the world, the gardens themselves being situated on the
verge
of a perpendicular cliff, whence is an almost sheer descent of nearly 1,000 feet
to the level of the valley below. Height of Ronda above the sea level 2,500 feet.
Ronda is an intricate old Moorish town. The houses are small, the doors made
of the fine Nogal or Walnut which abounds in the valleys. It is the cool summer
residence for the wealthy from Malaga, Seville, &c. The bull-ring, with its cells
for the bulls and contrivances for letting them in and out, is well worth an
examination. The bull-fights take place during the fair-time in May, and as this
is the season of the place, charges are generally higher. This fair is for leather,
saddlery, embroidered gaiters, garters, mantas, and horses.
Excursions may be made to Ronda la Vieja, two leagues North of Ronda,
which, being the ancient city, has, as usual, been used up as a quarry for the
newer one, and these ruins, considerable in 1747, now scarcely exist, as the Ronda
Corporations have been such busy Vandals.
In returning to Gibraltar, the lower road by the Cortes Valley, should be taken.
It is about one league longer than the upper road, but not so severe.
The valley
commences about a league from Ronda, the road running for three times that
distance along the River Guadiaro and the side of the overhanging mountains.
About half an hour's ride from this point where the river is reached, brings the
rider to the Cueva del Gato on the right, remarkable for the water from the high
ground on the other side having forced its way through the solid rocks, its solitary
means of joining the river. The entrance, like a lofty porch, is in the face of a
perpendicular cliff and approachable only by climbing over rather precipitous
rocks. The acanthus grows in all the crevices of the grey stone and the wild
vine and fig tree entwine across the entrance. The peasants say it continues for
the space of a league into the mountain; stalactites hang from the lofty roof,
and the whole presents a very grand and wild appearance. These caves have
often served as a refuge in time of war. The halting-place in the middle of the
day is called the Ventorillo de Jimera. This road is only passable with any degree
of comfort in dry weather.
Ronda to Granada,
This may be ridden easily in two days and a half: Campillos forming the sleep-
117
ing-ground on the first day (nine hours' ride), and Loja on the second day (twelve
hours' ride, allowing one for baiting). At Loja the railway is reached.
Here
The halting-place on the road to Campillos is at the Venta del Puerto.
Nature, enthroned in her Alpine heights and green-carpeted valleys, has lavished
beauty and fertility around: Man alone and his dwellings are poverty-stricken.
About half-way on Teba rises up on the right. It was recovered from the Moors
in 1323, by Alonso XI. The Salina or Salt Lake, distant two leagues, forms a
striking object from Campillos.
Antequera lies out of the direct road, but is well worth a visit. It was re-
covered from the Moors in 1410 by the Regent Fernando, who gave the city for
arms the badge of his military order, La Terraza, the "vase;" (quasi de terrá),
the pot of lilies of the Virgin under which the mystery of the divine incarnation
was shrouded. It is clean and well built. Ascend the Torre Mocha, with its
incongruous modern belfry. The view is striking. In front the Lover's Rock
rises out of the plain; and to the right the three conical hills of Archidona.
From the Lover's Rock, it is said, a Moorish maiden and a Christian knight, with
whom she was eloping, precipitated themselves to avoid falling into the hands of
their pursuers. Antequera is the place selected by the proverb, which indicates
the tendency (not however particular to Spaniards) of each person to take care
of himself. Salga el sol por Antequera, venga lo que viniere, el último mɔno se
ahoga (I'll be off for the last monkey is drowned). Leaving the Rock to the
left, and passing a pretty olive-grove, the road turns to Archidona, and then winds
to Loja, which is as its Arabic name implies, the guardian, the advanced sentinel
of the Vega of Granada. The view is most picturesque. The Castle towers
from a rock in the middle of the town; below runs the Genil, crossed by a
Moorish bridge; while beyond rises the Sierra Nevada with its diadem of snow.
Ferdinand and Isabella besieged it in 1488 and took it after thirty-four days siege,
very much by the aid of the English archers under Lord Rivers.
From Granada to Malaga is also a journey of two days and a half, although
only a few hours by train and diligence, Alhama and Loja being the respective
halting places, and the sight of the former city, renowned in history, is amply
sufficient to compensate for any trouble. Alhama is so called from its baths-
Al-hammám (whence our Hummums in Covent Garden). The number of these
which existed in the time of the cleanly Romans and Moors is amply evidenced
by the frequent recurrence of places called calidas or caldas, hot springs and
alhamas.
The town, wild and picturesque, is the Ronda of the Alpine districts and is
perched on the edge of an awful rent in the hills, round which the River Marchan
sweeps. It was the land-key of Granada and its romantic capture in 1482 spread
consternation into the Alhambra and paved the way for the final conquest of
118
Granada. The well-known plaintive ballad commencing Ay! de mi Alhama !
which Byron translated, "Woe is me, Alhama!" but it should be "Alas! for
my Alhama!" expressed the national lamentation of the Moors. The mineral
baths are a short distance from the town: the waters issue out of a dip in the
hills in that sort of position so common to warm volcanic springs. They are
considered beneficial for dyspepsia and rheumatism.
The view of the Tajo from the Convent is striking; Ronda on a smaller scale.
From Malaga to Gibraltar.
is about two days hardish work. For the most part the return journey is made
along the carretera or high road, such as it is. Marbella is the limit of the first
day's journey, a pretty town with a pretty name. Queen Isabella is said to have
exclaimed when visiting it with her victorious husband, "Que Mar tan bella."
It rises amidst groves and gardens backed by the Sierra Blanca, for here verdant
hills are called white as azure streams are green. Marbella is frail and fair and
like Potiphar's wife, is said to steal raiment-
Marbella es bella, no entres en ella :
Quien entra con capa sale sin ella.
The views from the Alameda are charming.
Thirteen miles from Marbella is the hamlet and castle of Munda where the
Waterloo of antiquity is supposed to have been fought, when Cæsar (47 a.c.)
defeated the sons of Pompey and was left a conqueror without a rival-the world
with one master. The exact site is unknown.
The next day's ride, still along the high road, brings the traveller to Estepona,
the fruit garden from whence Gibraltar derives no inconsiderable portion of its
supplies. It was built in 1456 from a ruined Moorish town. On the hills to
the left is Manilva, the hedionda or fetid Harrowgate waters of the coast. The
spring offends the nose and palate but benefits the stomach. The smell and
taste, according to local legends, are attributed to the farewell sigh of a water-
devil who, on being expelled by Santiago evaporated with a sulphurous twang.
(C
Between Marbella and Estepona is the Rio Verde, or Green River. This wild
oleander-fringed mountain torrent is translated by Bishop Percy as a gentle
river with a willowed shore;" but he could not assuredly have seen it when
swollen by heavy rains when it is nearly, if not quite impassable. At Estepona
a halt should be made for breakfast and then a ride of seven leagues along the
shore of the Mediterranean terminates in Gibraltar.
These routes have been dealt with somewhat at length, as being the most
picturesque and most likely to give travellers a good idea of Andalusia.
119
Gibraltar to Cadiz.
There are two roads-one by Algeciras, Tarifa, Vejer, Chiclana and San Fernando,
three short days in all, seven leagues per diem, with Tarifa and Vejer as halting-
places for the night; and the other a two days' ride each of eight and a half
leagues, by Casas Viejas where the night must be spent, and which is a great
shooting-ground for snipe and duck in the season, greatly affected by Gibraltar
sportsmen.
Vejer is a true specimen of a Moorish town, scrambling up a precipitous em-
inence; the Venta lies below near the bridge over the Barbate. A mile inland
is the Laguna de Jauda, near which Taric landing from Africa (711) encoun-
tered Roderick the last of the Goths, and the result of the battle gave Spain to
the Moslem.
On the road from Vejer to Chiclana where the tract enters into wild, sandy,
aromatic pine-clad solitudes, on the left rises the immortal knoll of Barrosa where
less than 4,500 English (among them the 87th, the Eagle Catchers) and Portu-
guese, under Graham, after twenty-four hours of intense toil and starvation
defeated Victor's army, without the least assistance from the Spaniards 12,000
strong under La Peña aptly described as a fool and a coward. No single stroke
was struck that day by Spanish sabre. "Socorros de España tarde o nunca,"
is a favourite Spanish proverb and amply was it illustrated on that day. Graham
thought is necessary to apologize to the Duke of Wellington for the rashness of
attacking with his handful, two entire French divisions. Spanish historians either
do not mention the English at all in this battle or attribute the ultimate failure
of the expedition to raise the Siege of Cadiz, to our retreat. The French say
the loss of the Eagles was solely owing to the accidental death of the Ensigns.
Chiclana looks pretty from afar, with its white houses, gardens and painted
railings; but it is ill-paved, drained and lighted. The air is pure and the baths
luxurious. From the hill of Santa Ana is a good panorama: three leagues off,
on a hill, basks Medina Sidonia, famous for its sulphur baths; it gives the ducal
title to the descendants of Guzman (El Bueno), to whom all the lands lying
between the Guardiaro and the Guadalete were granted for his defence of Tarifa,
when the Moors put to death his only son who had fallen into their hands, as
they had threatened to do if he would not surrender the place.
San Fernando is the capital of La Isla de Leon. Salt is the staple, made in
the salinas and marshes below, where lie enormous heaps piled up like mountains
of rather dirty snow.
Gibraltar Round the Neighbourhood.
A five days' ride may be taken as follows:-1st day. Gibraltar to Algeciras,
24 hours; Algeciras to Tarifa, 34 hours.
+
120
2nd day.―Tarifa to Vejer, 8 hours, including one hour's halt for lunch.
3rd day.-Vejer to Conil, 24 hours; Conil was formerly famous for its tunny
fishery; it is one league from Cape Trafalgar whose long, low, sandy lines stretch
towards Tarifa. It was off this Cape that the immortal Nelson sealed with his
life's blood his country's supremacy over the ocean. On the memorable 21st
October, 1805, with twenty-seven small ships of the line and four frigates he
engaged the French under Villeneuve and the Spaniards under Admiral Gravina,
together thirty-three sail of the line and seven frigates. Nelson was wounded at
a quarter before one and died on board his beloved "Victory " at half-past four.
The Spaniards fought well at Trafalgar; their noble commander being also mor-
tally wounded died soon after Nelson. Almost with his last breath he told the
English medical man (Dr. Fellows) that he was going to join Nelson, the "great-
"est man the world has ever produced."-Conil to Chiclana, via the battle-field
of Barrosa, 4 hours.
4th day.—Chiclana to Medina Sidonia, 3 hours; and thence to Casas Viejas,
3 hours.
5th day.-Cases Viejas to Venta de Polverilla, 6 hours, and thence to the old
Rock again, 4 hours.
El Convento del Cuervo.
This is a twenty-two miles ride, and two days are best taken. Ride out in the
afternoon and sleep at Los Barrios, and next day to the Convent, which was built
during the reign of Charles V. as a place of penance for monks convicted of
heinous crimes. The dungeons may be visited. The ride back to Gibraltar will
take about six hours.
Finally, a day's journey varies from eight to ten hours' riding and an hour for
lunch, and uncommonly hard riding some of it is; but with a good Spanish horse.
the traveller will soon cease to be nervous about his route, for it has the endu-
rance and the sure-footedness of that other humble and patient animal with
which it must be intimately connected in lineage. Let the traveller remember
that he will have to "rough" it, and that he will find it difficult to repair
damages at any of his halting-places; therefore his travelling equipage, both for
horse and man, should be of the best order; let him not be too particular about
the food, for "God there sends the meat and the evil one cooks" in most places
out of the beaten track; let him not forget a plentiful supply of vermin powder
or very strong snuff which will keep off at least a portion of his nightly visitants
and with these precautions and a sensibility for enjoyment of the beauties of
121
nature, her rocks and table lands, her woods and rivers, he may bring away from
his travels many pleasant recollections of the beauties of Andalusia, for so many
years the Paradise of the Moors, whose former greatness is well exemplified by
the quaint illustrations they have left of their culture and energy.
WEIGHTS, MEASURES. &c.
The following details may be useful for travellers by road :-
A metro
Kilometro
Legua (league)
Corta legua (short do.)
Larga legua (long do)
Vara (a yard)
Pie (foot)
English foot
English mile
DISTANCE.
1 yard 3 inches, or 1 vara 7 pulgadas.
1,093 yards 2 inches.
5,555 kil. 3 English miles.
3 miles.
from 4 to 5 miles.
is
=
3 pies (feet) 2.782 feet English.
12 pulgadas (inches).
13 Spanish inches.
1,925 Spanish yards.
WEIGHTS
AND MEASURES.
Arroba
Kilo
25 lbs.
= 2 lbs.
Fanega (straked) of barley
72 lbs. about.
do.
of wheat
96 lbs.
CC
(heaped) beans
115 lbs. "
tr
do. maize
118 lbs. "
do. peas (garbanzos)
122 lbs. "
:
SHOOTING EXPEDITIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD.
HINTS AND GENERAL DIRECTIONS.
For shooting in Spain a license is required; for carrying arms and for sporting ;
16
122
-obtain d through the Spanish Consul from the Civil Governor at Cadiz-the
cost is $4 for the licenses, $2 fee at the Consulate, and 3 rvn. for the stamped
paper on which the application is made. The stamped paper (papel sellado) can-
not be obtained in Gibraltar, but at the Estanco Nacional at Linea, or at any
Spanish town.
The application must be endorsed by the Alcalde of Linea or San Roque.
For form of application see Directory part.
Casas Viejas.
There are two roads to Casas Viejas generally used by sportsmen. To take the
shorter one you must ford the first river opposite Villegas, and follow the road
which, passing immediately behind Marcellino, takes you over the hills at the
back and crosses the Agua Corto. You then leave Patron's farm and la Cañada
del Infierno* on your right, and follow the narrow mountain path until you reach
Polvorillo a miserable hovel but the only house you meet on the road after
leaving Marcellino (19 miles). A short halt is generally made here for lunch or
to rest the baggage animals. The path now leads through a mountainous country
intersected by deep watercourses, which constitute the real difficulty of the road
-in fact crossing them is sometimes attended with danger-for a few hours rain
converts them from almost dry ditches to mountain torrents. The beds of these
watercourses are full of large boulders, among which you have to wend your way,
and therefore should the water be running smoothly, that is to say, should it be
so deep that the boulders do not disturb the surface, it is as well to take the
advice of the muleteers and not attempt to cross. Of these dangerous fords there
are three, and during heavy rain they rise so rapidly that horsemen have been
known to cross the first and when, after vainly trying to ford the second, they
turned back they found that the first had also become unfordable. Having crossed
the last of these gargantas, as the natives call them, one's troubles are at an end;
and in about an hour you descend on to a large plain watered by numerous
streams, and you see Casas Viejas lying on a hill on the opposite side. This route
is the shortest one and is about forty miles, and can be done on horseback, if
unencumbered by luggage, in eight hours.† The baggage animals will, as a rule,
take ten hours. This route should not be attempted except in fine weather for
the reasons already given; and on no account be persuaded to break the journey
and sleep at Polvorillo: it has no decent accommodation, no beds, and swarms
with fleas, chinches, &c.
* The road thus far can easily be traced on the Hunting Map.
A party of officers in 1876 did the distance in six hours. They had never been over the road before
and had no guide.
1
123
After or during wet weather the route by Tarifa is the better one. You ride
round by Algeciras to Tarifa and stay there the first night; starting early the
next morning you follow the high road to Vejer for three hours or perhaps a little
more until you arrive close to the small village of Taivilla perched on the side
of a hill; here you leave the high road, and bearing a little to your right you
pass close under this village, and travelling a little West of North across large
plains, intersected here and there by low grassy hills and small streams, you ought
to arrive at Casas Viejas in time to have a couple of hours snipe shooting before
dusk; to do this however it is advisable to send on the baggage animals an hour
or two in advance.
A good plan is to stop a few days at Tapatanilla, a little beyond Taivilla, and
then go on to Casas Viejas, 12 miles distant, or to the Cortijo Mediana on the
Mesa, which is half way between the two places.
The ride from Gibraltar to Tapatanilla via Tarifa can be easily done in a day if
an early start is made, the distance being about 50 miles. At Tapatanilla, by
the side of the diligence road to Vejer, there is a small house known to all the
muleteers where fair accommodation can be obtained, also stabling for horses,
but it is advisable to take one's own bedding; a soldier's bed tick, easily bor-
rowed in Gibraltar, answers admirably as it can be taken empty and filled on the
spot with chopped straw.
This house is near La Janda and close to the small or, as it is called, Laguna
Tarifa where, before the country is flooded by heavy rain, the duck-shooting is
excellent, and at the latter lagoon (Tarifa) with perseverance and luck a good
many geese may be shot at "flight "`time.
As regards "flight-shooting," the cranes come in first, just at sunset, then the
duck and last of all the geese which are very late, often not arriving till it is
almost too dark to see them.
After a few days at Tapatanilla a move is advisable to either the Mesa or Casas
Viejas, and at the latter place the Malabrigo, Molino and a soto just below the
village are pretty sure to be found full of suipe. The Mediana soto, below the
Mesa, is also excellent for snipe, and in the small river near it one is sure to find
a few duck and teal.
On the tableland of the Mesa late in the year golden plover are found in
enormous flocks and are easily "driven," on one occasion thirty-one birds were
killed by a right and left into "the brown" of one of these large flights.
On the Mesa there are also a few hares and quail, and several flocks of lesser
bustard can be seen, but it is almost impossible to get at them.
At the Cortijo Mediana, on the edge of the Mesa, there is good accommodation
for man and beast, but one's own bedding is a necessity for the fleas are in swarms.
124
1
At Casas Viejas the best-in fact we believe the only-house to put up at is
La Posada de Juan Villarba. The place is clean and the host not only most
attentive but moderate in his charges. As far as we can recollect the last time
we were there he charged 14 rvn. for ourselves and 5 rvn. for our servants and
mule-drivers per diem for board and lodging, and 4 rvn. per diem for each mule
or horse, giving these two feeds of corn a day.
Provisions here are not plentiful, and lack variety, fowls and eggs being the
staple articles. You must therefore provide yourself with a fair amount of tinned
meats and soups for your lunch, and which often come in as a grateful addition
to your dinner; also with rice, coffee, tea, salt, pepper, mustard, &c., sherry,
claret, brandy or whisky.* It is also advisable to take a few jars of Hollands,
for the use of the drivers; it is not only an economy but a dram administered to
them at judicious intervals has a wonderful effect on the pace of the baggage
animals. The panniers should be covered with some water-proof stuff, as rain
comes on very suddenly sometimes.
A guide is not an absolute necessity, but unless one is well acquainted with
Spanish it is well to have one, as you are thus enabled to obtain many little
comforts such as hot water, a tub, &c., so essential to the comfort of a sportsman
and so keenly appreciated after a hard day's work. One word however about
guides. Don't let them cater for you at Casas Viejas or anywhere else; they
simply double your expenses, buying fowls, &c., from the country people for next
to nothing and charging you Gibraltar starvation prices. Leave all this to Vil-
larba and you will have no cause to grumble.
Drivers and fairly good baggage animals can be obtained at Campamento or San
Roque, at a daily charge of 16 rvn. for each driver and 12 rvn. for each horse or
mule; in addition to this you have to board and lodge both man and beast; but
all the prices given are subject to alterations, being influenced by circumstances
too numerous to enter into in this short notice. Thus a good harvest raises the
price of horse and mule hire for irregular work, and a bad year raises the price of
fowls and eggs. A party of three with a guide or servant can manage comfort-
ably with three mules and two drivers, and their expenses ought not to exceed
twelve to fourteen shillings each a day, exclusive of what they may pay the guide.
The sport is very varied, but snipe shooting is the best; a bag of twenty-eight
or thirty couple to one gun being no uncommon result of one day's shooting.†
The snipe are found in the marshes, which commencing at the foot of Casas Viejas
run Westward towards Vejer.
* There is no drink to be obtained in the village except good common country wine (manzanilla) and
aguardiente and not always these.
+ Several bags of fifty couples have been made, and in 1879 an officer of the Rifle Brigade shot forty
couples in two hours at Tapat inilla not far from Casas Viejas,
125
In some seasons, about November and December, if the weather has been dry,
the snipe shooting is equal to any that can be obtained; but all depends upon the
weather, which if wet causes the birds to disperse over the whole country, while
if it be dry they remain in the sótos or marshes, and when flushed return almost
immediately. Suipe, as a rule, in Andalusia are far more wild than in other
countries, which is, no doubt, caused by the nature of the marshes, which often
quite dry at the end of summer, are in winter regular lakes, only at their edges
affording any resting places for the snipe (Agachadiza), the cover being usually
thin and bare.
It is as well to take a cazador or professional sportsman with you, not only to
show you the favourite haunts of the birds but also to point out the treacherous
spots in the marshes, for though these are nearly quite dry in summer, and in
winter when flooded afford a firm and secure footing generally, yet there are spots
which owing to the presence of springs are really dangerous-fortunately for the
sportsman there are but few of these places.
On the plains on either side of the marshes you find hares, quail, green and
golden plover (Chorlito), and on the grassy hills the lesser bustard (Sison, Fran-
colino). This latter is very hard to approach and your only chance is to have
them driven towards you, and even then it is difficult to obtain a shot as they fly
high. The great bustard (Abutarda) is also found on the plains before the crops
are cut, and you must employ the same tactics, but you have a better chance of
obtaining a shot as they fly low. The best time is usually at the end of March
when the corn is sufficiently high to shelter the guns, but the diversion of bustard
driving is rather expensive and often, like the Irishman's pig, they refuse to be
driven in the required direction. In August, near Casas Viejas and no doubt at
other places, the Spaniards ride down bustards with dogs, continually flushing
them till they are exhausted; but probably young birds only are thus caught.
They are also said to tire out the red-legged partridge in the same way.
In summer, quail (Codorniz) are universally distributed all over the cultivated
country; in autumn the best place to shoot them is in the maize fields or rather
stubbles. The Andalusia cazadores profess to recognize two kinds of quail, those
which are migratory, called "criollas," and those which are resident, and so
named "castellanas?
In hard winters, more especially when there has been little rain, large quantities
of water-fowl are to be found in the lagoons and marshes, and a ride of two or
three hours takes one to La Laguna de la Jauda, where occasionally there is most
excellent wild goose shooting. For full particulars of this sort of shooting we
cannot do better than refer the reader to Lieut.-Colonel Irby's work, "Ornitho-
logy of the Straits of Gibraltar."
One last word. Remember to take a couple of blankets with you, for the
..
126
nights are cold at Casas Viejas and bed-clothing scanty, but the beds themselves
are very comfortable and clean and quite free from troublesome bichos.
Ibex Shooting on the Sierra Bermeja, near Estepona.
The distance from Gibraltar to Estepona is seven Spanish leagues, equal to
twenty-five or thirty English miles. The road for the greater part of the distance
is along the Eastern Beach and very uninteresting. On leaving Estepona for the
Sierra, two and a half leagues of the way is along a good carriage road, and half
a league of mountain foot-path, and you then come to a small village called Ben-
najabi (which is not to be found in the Maps of Spain), and here the beaters will
be found waiting; arrangements having been made for them at least two days
before the arrival of the party, by a letter to José Montesino at Bennajabi; this
letter should be written in Spanish and sent via Estepona some days before.
From Bennajabi to El Caporal, where the tents are usually pitched, is a distance
of about three leagues; the scenery here is magnificent. At El Caporal there is
only a small hut occupied by one of the guards or keepers on the estate, the
greater part of which is owned by Mr. Thomas Heredia, of Malaga. Mr. Sal-
vador Buendiaz, Mr. Heredia's Administrador at Estepona, should be written to
beforehand and he will then give instructions to the keepers to be civil to the
visitors.
El Caporal is situated between two of the mountain spurs and is generally
chosen as a camping ground, as a small river passes close by; this river is some-
times however difficult to cross and a better camping ground is at a spot higher
up the Sierra called La Cueva, where there is a spring of good water, and by
camping here the crossing of the river twice a day is avoided.
Instead of tents it is better to have a hut built, especially if there are in the
party, as there should be, eight guns; the cost of building the hut is not more
than what would have to be paid for baggage animals carrying the tents, and the
hut itself is preferable to tents in wet weather.
It must be borne in mind that nothing except water and wood is to be had
either at El Caporal or La Cueva; everything in the way of food, &c., must be
taken with the party. A good country wine and aguardiente for the men can be
bought cheap at a small bodega, about ten miles from El Caporal. The aguar-
diente is the most necessary, as without their glass of it morning and evening, as
well as their wine for dinner, the beaters will not work. Bread should be got from
Estepona by sending in a messenger on horseback, also fresh beef and mutton, as
the ibex when shot is not very palatable. Partridges are occasionally seen, also
pheasants, but these latter are strictly preserved. On the lower ground, near
Bennajabi, deer and wild boar are to be found.
127
The cost of such a trip should not exceed $5 per day for each gun. José
Montesino, at Bennajabi, should in all cases be taken as first beater, as he knows
all the Sierra to perfection, having been born at El Caporal, and as a guide from
Gibraltar there is no better man than John Hill who knows the country well,
having been there on many occasions; he has also this advantage, he is a fair cook.
The best season for ibex shooting is about September and October.
It must not be supposed that the ibex shooting on these Sierras is all play.
Some of the beats necessitate a departure from camp at four a.m., and it will be
nine a.m. before the shooting post is reached—that is after five hours hard climb-
ing up the mountain. Perhaps the sportsman remains at his post another four
or five hours, probably sees no ibex and has another five hours walk down hill,
and this, if possible, is even worse than going up.
"(
Colonel Irby says, "one is amply repaid by the magnificent scenery and the
novelty of the affair, but as far as shooting goes it is a failure, and at the lowest
"calculation every ibex killed by a Gibraltar party costs over £100"-but of
course a great deal depends upon luck, for as many as seven heads have been
brought back to Gibraltar by one party after a few days on the Sierra.
Anyone who intends trying his luck with the "Cabras Montesas," as the ibex
are called by the Spaniards, should provide himself with a pair of light but strong
laced up boots, and have rope soles put on to them. The ordinary sole is very
liable to bring one to grief, as they have no hold on the slippery rocks.
The best gun to use is a double-barrel breech loading smooth bore, with ball
cartridge; a rifle is dangerous, as you almost invariably have to shoot in the
direction of the advancing beaters.
SPORTING IN MOROCCO.
As no accommodation can be obtained in the country the traveller must always
camp out. Arrangements for guides, tents, baggage animals, food, &c., can be
made at any of the Hotels at Tangier. Travelling is attended with more expense
and less comfort than in Spain from the total absence of inns, and the necessity
therefore for much extra baggage, tents, cooking appliances, &c. At country
villages fowls, eggs, butter, milk, and kuskoó-soo, the national diet of Morocco,
may be obtained but nothing else. Still $5 a day ought to cover all expenses
except for wine and liquors.
In Morocco no large game is found within the reach of the European sports-
man excepting wild pigs, which are only to be obtained by the battue system of
128
driving the jungle with beaters and dogs, sitting for hours waiting for the chance
"boar-hunt;" some-
of a shot, a class of amusement dignified by the name of a
times where the country is sufficiently open the real sport of pig-sticking can be
had. For this sport parties are frequently organised by Sir J. Drummond Hay.
the English Ambassador to Morocco, who is himself a "mighty hunter," and
kindly extends a liberal invitation to visitors from Gibraltar to join in the sport,
which is usually very successful; the Barbary horses being as sure-footed as goats
over the rough country.
No doubt further in the interior there is other large game; but with the
exception of shooting an occasional gazelle and a few pigs, there is no opportunity
of using the rifle.
The small game shooting is very good; the abundance of Barbary partridges in
some districts is miraculous; but when killed they are of little value in a culinary
point of view, being more dry and tasteless than the Spanish redleg, now so well
known in many parts of England. It is a curious fact that the Barbary partridge
is the only species found on the Rock of Gibraltar and is not found on the main-
land of Spain, and in the same manner the common red-legged or French partridge,
plentiful and resident in Andalusia, is never known to occur on the African side
of the Straits. It cannot be explained why it is not found on the Rock of Gib-
raltar, as it is to be seen on the Queen of Spain's Chair, and occasionally on the
plain below within a couple of miles of the Neutral Ground.
The number of snipe in some seasons is very great, especially at Masharal-
haddar, where and also at Ras Dowra, Larache, Sharf el Akab, Martine near
Tetuan and Esmir near Ceuta as good snipe and wild fowl shooting as may be
wished for can be obtained. But it is always uncertain sport, as one day swarms
are met with and perhaps on the next day hardly any are to be found. The
absence of roads and bridges renders the country in wet weather at times almost
impossible to travel over, the tracks becoming a succession of mudholes and the
rivers impassable torrents. This, added to the unpleasant certainty of living
under canvas during rainy weather, is a great drawback to winter shooting.
Another in my opinion insuperable objection to shooting in Morocco is that if
any great quantity of game be bagged it has to be thrown away as, unless within
twenty miles or so of Tangier, it is useless. The Moors being Mahometans will
not eat anything killed by a Christian or infidel; and killing for the mere sake
of slaughter does not come within the creed of a real sportsman. In Spain all
this is very different, as any one and every one is only too glad to accept of the
surplus game.
In almost all parts of Morocco rabbits abound; and hares are in places plenti-
ful. Woodcocks are sometimes tolerably abundant; quails, of course, are in
129
swarms during migration; and there are a great number of little bustard in the
vicinity of Tangier in small flocks, but they are very wild and wary.-(Colonel
Irby).
SOME CURIOSITIES OF ADMINISTRATION, DISCIPLINE, &c.,
IN OLDEN DAYS AT GIBRALTAR.
from about 1730 TO THE EARLY PART OF THE PRESENT CENTURY.
Orders, &c.
No asses to carry wadding to any of the batteries, but the men to carry it on
their backs.
Any donkeys loose in the town are to be the property of the person taking
them away, and any straying on the ramparts are to be shot by the sentries.
Ships coming into the Bay without showing their colours are to be fired on,
and the cost of the shot recovered in the Port dues.
No soldier on guard to smoke between first evening gun-fire and midnight.
All masons whatsoever are to be employed on the King's works and ou no
other; if any are found to have been employed on private works after this order
Lord Tyrawley will have every foot of the work done pulled down.
A Mr. ordered out of the Garrison for drinking the health of the Pre-
tender: if he has not left in two hours he is to be turned out by force.
A return of all obnoxious women to be sent to England to be sent to Town
Major's Office.
Fishermen are only to sell their fish after the servant of the Governor has
bought what he requires.
No soldiers to play at fives from 1st of June to last day of September.
As the cocks at the fountain have been stopped by dirt being put into them
designedly, the Governor declares that the first person who is detected in this act
shall be tried for his life.
Although persons are strictly forbidden to go on the Spanish Glacis, some
officers of the Garrison have most courageously stormed the Lines by getting over
the wall. The Spanish General is glad the sentry did not shoot them: the Eng-
lish General would have been glad if he had as a warning to others. He hopes
to hear no more of such school-boyish behaviour which would shame the service
of the most unmilitary nation upon earth.
++
7
17
130
If any dead cat, fowl, rat, broken glass, or dirty water, or filth is found before
any person's door he shall be fined a cobb (dollar), and if the neglect cannot be
fixed on any one house in particular, that and the one on either side shall pay also.
All soldiers and non-commissioned officers that shall act contrary to the
Articles of War that have been read to them against profaning the Lord's name
and swearing shall pay one shilling for each oath agreeable to the Articles of
War, or be obliged to do one day's work for the benefit of his Majesty's Garri-
son where he shall be appointed, and whoever shall hear any guilty of the breach
of these Orders and not inform the Town Major of the same shall be liable to the
same punishment.
And that all Bombadiers, Guuners and Mattrosses belonging to the Train be
liable to these Orders.
Whatever suttler doth not inform against men that swear in their houses con-
trary to the Orders given out shall be turned out of town.
1765.-A man of the Regiment having been so wicked and cowardly as to
hang himself, in order to put all the disgrace possible on such a heinous action
the Commanding Officer is ordered to treat the corpse with the greatest ignominy.
No Funeral Service is to be performed; the body is to be hung up by the heels
for a certain time and afterwards thrown over the Line Wall like a dog or cat.
A hat having becn taken from the Convent by some gentleman who left his own
instead, Mr. takes this method that the gentleman may exchange hats if he
pleases. [The italics are ours.-ED.]
According to the Convention with the Spaniards four deserters having been
returned to the Garrison, and the Governor having promised the Spanish General
not to inflict the full penalty, it is ordered that one man who had added robbery
to his crimes, have a piece of green put in his hat with a paper written, "Traitor
"to the King and Country, Religion and a Thief," and the others a piece of yellow
on their hats with a paper written, "Traitor to the King, Country and Religion."
The men under sentence of the General Court Martial having signified to the
General that if he would forgive the remainder of their punishment they would
fight like Devils in case the place is attacked; he takes them at their word and
liberates them.
No gaming to be allowed in Wine Houses, particularly including the games of
the Devil-and-the-Taylors and Skuttles.
In case of a thick fog in the early morning the barriers at Bayside, Forbes'
Guard and Landport are not to be opened till the Spanish Huts can be plainly
discovered.
All oysters which come from Portugal are to lie in the sea for at least a fort-
night before they are brought into the Garrison, as they are found very unwhole-
some without this precaution.
131
No billiards to be played after second gun-fire. If any keeper of a billiard
table disobeys this Order his table shall be broken to pieces and burnt on the
public parade.
If sentries are attacked by bullocks in the streets or on the Line Wall, they
are to retire into an embrasure or get upon the parapet; but they are not to fire
inconsiderately.
A Royal Salute is to be fired on laying the foundation stone of the King's
Bastion, and the workmen are to be employed from gun-fire to gun-fire, including
Sundays, until the work is finished.
No officer or soldier for duty is to carry an umbrella.
One hundred dollars reward offered for discovery of the infamous theft of
drawing the charges and stealing the powder from eighteen guns and howitzers;
a practice as unsoldierlike as scandalous, the punishment for which is death.
When passing an officer a soldier is to put up his hand gracefully to his head,
looking the officer respectfully in the face.
A loose ball and a charge of powder in a cane is to be issued to each man on
guard to save their cartridges. The loose ball to be carried in the cock of their
hats.
On account of the scarcity of flour soldiers are not to have their hair powdered
till further orders.
Yesterday a soldier when bathing with several of his comrades had the audacity
to swim and desert; sentries are to fire on any soldier swimming beyond 50 yards
if he does not return when ordered back.
It having been brought to notice that the Provost Sergeant at the Moorish
Castle does not inflict upon prisoners the whole of the punishment awarded, it is
hereby ordered and directed that in future when any part of the punishment is
not inflicted by him he shall receive the remainder himself.
Inhabitants are to be permitted to be in the streets of the town or on the road
to the New Mole or South Barracks till nine o'clock without a light. After nine
o'clock they are not allowed to be out without a light, and no inhabitant is to be
out after ten o'clock without having a permit as well as a light.
There will be a patrol of inhabitants at night to prevent robberies; they will
have permits from the Town Major. The military patrols will not interrupt them
but will assist them in apprehending robbers or housebreakers whenever it shall
be necessary.
Officers and Non-Commissioned Office's commanding guards are frequently
to send out patrols through the day with their arms unloaded to kill every dog
they see going about the streets.
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}
Whenever any boys are observed throwing squibs or firing powder they are
immediately to be taken to the next officer's guard and whipped by the drummers
at the discretion of the officer.
The skeleton of a soldier, supposed a deserter, was yesterday discovered at the
foot of the Rock so much broke to pieces and otherwise disfigured that there
remain no marks to distinguish the Corps he belonged to except the letters J. Y.
on his stockings. Any of the Corps who have lost a man, &c., &c.
It having been reported to the Governor from Spain that some officers from
the Garrison who attempted lately to land on the Spanish shore made use of very
indecent and improper assertions on that occasion, it is the Governor's positive
orders that no officer shall for the future presume to approach the Spanish shore
in boats or otherwise.
No person whatever to do anything to fruit trees or others that can injure
them in the smallest degree to prevent their bearing fruit or affording a comfort-
able shade.
?
It being represented to the Governor that the soldiers have got a method of
disposing of their necessarys which they call "fighting a cock," it is his positive
orders that this practice be discontinued, and that in the barrack room where
such necessarys are disposed of the soldiers belonging to that room shall pay for
such necessary.
The General to his great surprise met an officer coming from Spain with a large
straw hat, and to add to the burlesk figure an officer riding behind him. The
General forbids any such indecency and will not allow Port liberty to any officer
dressed in an unmilitary manner.
For the future should any officer's servant desert when absent from the Regi-
ment such officer shall be obliged to replace him with a good recruit or pay five
pounds for the non-effective.
If any man is drunk when for exercise on the South Parade he is not to be
sent to the black hole but marched a prisoner to the parade. The Drum Major
to take the cat out to exercise.
1773.-The Governor finds it necessary on account of the riots and disorders
which happened yesterday expressly to forbid all further horse racing.
For the instruction of the officers of this Garrison who may have thought it
right to punish soldiers for every neglect of duty, a little treatise in the form of
a Regimental Court Martial will soon be published from which they will learn
that a sentry box and a shower of rain can justify a sentry who was guilty of
what has hitherto been looked on as a most notorious breach of military duty.
1739.-No sentry or person is to fire at any dog but kill them by stabbing or
otherwise.
133
The Governor recommends it to the Commanding Officers of Regiments to give
directions that the cartridges may not be made too large for firing at exercise or
reviews, some barrels of firelocks having split in firing.
Samuel Lewis being appointed Executioner for the Garrison the Governor
orders that no person whatever offer any abuse to the said Lewis, and whoever
shall at any time abuse him either by throwing stones, striking or upbraiding
him on account of the said employment shall be punished with the utmost severity.
Notwithstanding the Governor's late order against persons abusing the Execu-
tioner, some soldiers and others have thrown stones at him, broke his head and
abused him in a gross manner. Whoever shall be found, &c., the Governor will
order such person to be whipt severely by the said Executioner.
No person whatever is to be suffered to go on the Line Wall or ramparts in a
night gown, night cap, or binyan on any pretence whatever, and all sentries are
to turn off such as shall attempt to come near their posts in any of the said
dresses without distinction of persons.
Whereas several fishermen instead of bringing their fish to the public markets
steal the best kind into town for particular people, the Governor orders that no
fisherman be allowed to hawk or sell fish anywhere but at the public market, and
whoever shall discover any fishermen bringing fish into the town is to secure such
fisherman and whatever fish he has about him shall be forfeited.
The Governor expects that for the future no person living in this Garrison send
out any letter, parchment or any other thing to Spain through Landport without
first acquainting him and obtaining his leave.
Whatever butcher shall dare to disobey an order in the least tittle the Captain
of the Main Guard will immediately confine all the butchers if he cannot fix it
on one.
No oysters to be permitted to come into town or suffered to be sold in the boats
at Waterport, it having been found very prejudicial to the men's health.
As many complaints are made to Lord Tyrawly of the women of the Garrison,
and those even by their own husbands, such as leaving them and living with other
men and other infamous practices, all such men having such complaints against
their wives to give in their names to the Town Major.
of the
It is the General's order that Edmund
Regiment be put
upon the gibbet at the top of the hill as a mark of ignomony for his abominable
wickedness in disobedience of the laws of God by putting himself to death.
Punishments.
Margaret Doe, by sentence of a General Court Martial, for making a disturb-
ance in her quarters and cutting the throat of Alexander Stewart; three hundred
134
lashes by the drummers; one hundred every other day at Landport, the Parade,
and Waterport, and afterwards with a rope round her neck, to be drummed out
of the Garrison.
Six men condemned to death for desertion were led to the place of execution;
two were there reprieved, and the remainder drew lots for their lives; the death
lot falling to James Jewett of Brigadier Clayton's Regiment, he was shot to death.
A Bombadier, by sentence of a Court Martial, reduced to serve as a Mattross
and to receive three hundred lashes with a cat with nine tails, for playing the
Quack and giving opium pills to a soldier contrary to orders; but recommended
to mercy on account of his long service of upwards of forty years.
Four soldiers were shot on Windmill Hill in September, 1757, for desertion; in
presence of the whole Garrison.
A Corporal tried for desertion and sentenced to serve for the rest of his life in
the corps for protection of Botany Bay.
The criminal John of the Regiment to be executed at guard mount-
ing to-morrow at the store house where he committed the robbery with a label
on his breast on which is to be wrote the word "Plunderer;" the body to remain
hanging till sunset.
Private Thomas
to receive 1,000 lashes with a cat of nine tails; the last
fifty of which are to be given by the hands of the common hangman between
Southport and Waterport; he is afterwards to be drummed out of the Garrison
with a halter about his neck.
The Governor orders this prisoner to be brought to the Grand Parade, there
to receive as much of the above punishment as he is able to bear at one time and
the rest afterwards.
Confinement to the Bread and Water Room or to the Bomb Shell
Privates A B and C D are to be executed to-morrow between ten and eleven ·
o'clock, and Private E F of the same Regiment is to receive 200 lashes under the
gallows (as the above prisoners are hanging) of the 400 he is sentenced to receive.
All sentinels who do not call out "All's well" every half minute shall be
punished with 200 lashes.
The officers of all guards are to punish soldiers for neglect of duty by tying
their neck and heels or posting them extraordinary.
Miscellaneous.
Previous to 1788 all the guns of the Garrison were fired on the King's birth-
day. In that year fifty guns were fired and twenty-one for the Queen.
Christmas Day, 1773.-Parole: I wish you a merry Christmas.
135
New Year's Day, 1774.-I wish you a happy new year.
Queen's birthday, 1803.-Parole: God bless. Countersign: The Queen.
G.O.-When the bounty money is paid all good soldiers will take this oppor-
tunity of paying their debts and it is recommended to all volunteers to apply at
least half of their bounty money for that purpose.
In 1799 extra bread was substituted for the ration of butter.
In 1800 cow-pox inoculation was introduced as a substitute for the small-pox;
the advantage being that the disorder produced by it is not contagious.
In the same year 30,000 lemons and eighty arrobes of onions were issued to
the troops at one time on account of the scurvy.
The queue is to be fixed to the hair of the head, but when an officer's hair is
not long enough for this purpose he may be allowed to fix the queue otherwise
till his hair is sufficiently long, but this is not to continue longer than two
months on any account.
Major Count de Courten of Rolls' Regiment named President of a Board of
Survey on bread reported to be of short weight-(a very appropriate Regiment
for the purpose!—ED.)
The General has ordered Mr. Raleigh to give a cob to the man of the Re-
ment who stopped the villian of the Regiment with a bag of stolen rum
upon his back as a reward for his having done his duty so well.
Several officers of the Garrison having communicated observations and hints to
the Governor which have proved and others may prove very advantageous to the
King's service, officers of every rank are desired to communicate any remark
which appears to them useful. The Governor assures thein such beneficial dis-
coveries shall be publicly acknowledged at a proper time.
The road to the Signal Station was commenced in 1749 by men sentenced by
Court Martial to corporal punishment. For 50 to 100 lashes one day's work,
100 to 200 lashes two days and so on.
1756.—The Sergeant-Major of that Regiment the Captain belongs to who is
appointed President of a Garrison Court Martial is to attend the said Court and
write the proceedings.
Lieutenant A B and Lieutenant C D tryed at the late General Court Martial
for a breach of the Article of War are found mutually guilty of a breach of the
first clause and ordered by the Court to ask pardon of each other in the presence
of Major-General ———, and that Mr. A B, appearing to be the first aggressor do
first ask pardon.
The Chaplains of the different Corps that attend the funerals are not to suffer
the corpse to be buried when the grave is not at least six feet deep, and in a more
#1
A
136
particular manner sailors that are buried without coffins, and they are desired to
see the grave properly filled up.
The Board assembled to decide as to, Whether a sentinel quitting his post
before he was relieved or found sleeping on his post should be punished by run-
ning the gauntlett or be whipped at his post, according to the constant practice
of the Garrison ever since the same has been in possession of the English.-Re-
solved-That running the gauntlett is a punishment which cannot be inflicted in
this Garrison for want of twigs and by reason of the duty of the Garrison being
very hard.
An Orderly Sergeant is to attend regularly on the Moor who is Secretary to the
Alcalde of Tetuan to prevent the sailors or soldiers abusing him or the rest of his
countrymen now in town.
1720.—A review of all the English inhabitants to be made on in the
Court before the Convent and afterwards of all Spaniards and Genoese able to
bear arms that they may be enrolled in case of service.
As no robberies can be committed but may be discovered by the Sergeants and
Corporals they are to pay for all if the offenders shall not be discovered.
No one to suffer any person to stand at their doors or go into the streets that
has marks of the small pox. No mackrel to be suffered to come into town.
All guards to rest and beat a march to the keys. Town Guard excepted.
No woman to beat a soldier; the first that doth shall be whipped and turned
out of town.
1726. For the convenience of quarters the Regiments of Pearce, Mark Kerr,
Egertons and Bissett that are in barracks to put three men in a bed and as many
beds in a room as possible to be removed this morning.
If any horses are found on the hill to-morrow the Governor will order out a
party to kill them.
Any man who has the misfortune to be killed is to be buried by the guard
where it happens and his clothes to be sent to his Regiment.
Curiosities of Drill,
G.O.-On a general parade of more than one regiment the Garrison Quarter-
Master will give the line of battle.
G.O.-Officers at guard-mounting will bring their espantoons to a half recover
and come to the rightabout together upon a flam and not upon the ruffle, which
will be previous to it. (The terms are meant for certain beats on the drum. The
espantoon for officers was done away with in 1786).
137
Governors, Lieutenant-Governors, and Commandants of the Fortress
of Gibraltar.
FROM ITS ACQUISITION BY THE ENGLISH UP TO THE PRESENT TIME.
Major-General Ramos
Colonel Elliott c
General Stanvix c.....
Colonel Congreve c
H. R. H. the Prince of Hesse
Lord Portmore.
1704
General O'Hara*
1795
...
1705
1706
Major General Sir T. Trigge
Major-General Barnett* c...
1801
1802
1706
1711
H. R. H. the Duke of Kent..
General Fox
1802 to 1820
....
1804
1713
General Drummond
1806
Colonel Cotton c
1716
...
General Sir Hew Dalrymple…..
1806
Lieut.-
Lieut.-Colonel Bowes c....
1719
General Drummond
1808
4.
Governors
Major Elington c...
1719
General Sir J. Cradock..
1809
Brigadier-General Kane c...
1720
General Sir Colin Campbell*..
1810
Colonel Hargrave c
1722
General Smith
....
....
1814
General Clayton c.......
1728
General Sabine....
1730
General Columbine
General Clayton c...
1739
General Hargrave c
General Sir George Don*
General the Earl of Chatham
General Sir George Don*......
Lieut.-General Sir W. Houston
Colonel C. Mann
1820 to 1836
1825
1831
Lieut.-
1835
...
Governors
General Bland
1748
Major-General Sir A. Woodford
1835
Lord George Beauclerc c
1751
Colonel Sir C. F. Smith, R.E.
1838
Colonel Herbert c..
1752
Lieut.-General Sir A. Woodford
1839
General Braddock c
...
General Fowkes
Lord Tyrawly
1754
General Sir R. T. Wilson............
1843
General Sir R. Gardiner
1848
1756
Colonel C. Ward, R.E c
1855
....
Earl of Panmure c......
1757
•
General Sir J. Fergusson
1855
·
Lord Home*
1758
Lieut.-General Sir W. J. Codrington
1859
Colonel Tovey c
1761
Lieut.-General Sir R. Airey, G.C.B..
1865
General Parslow
General Sir W. F. Williams of Kars, Bart.,
General Cornwallis
General Irwine c
General Cornwallis
General Boyd c...
General Elliott...
1762
G.C.B.
1870
1766
1767
Major-General E. A. Somerset, C.B. (act.) 1875-76
General Lord Napier of Magdàla, G.C.B.,
1769
G.C.S.I.....
.1876-82
1777
General O'Hara c...
1787
Major-General D. Anderson (act.)…….. .1877-78
General Sir J. M. Adye, G.C.B.
1883
General Sir R. Boyd*
1791
General Sir Henry Clinton
1794
General Hon. Sir E. A. Hardinge, K.C.B.,
C.I.E.
1886
General Rainsford c
1794
.. Commandant.
* Died and buried at Gibraltar.
In 1839 the appointment of Lieutenant-Governor was abolished.
18
138
"
Table of Gun Fire.
Most useful to those riding into Spain who do not wish to be left out in the cold, as all gates are
afterwards shut for the night.

Morning Evening
Morning Evening
H. M.
H. M.
н. M.
H. M.
JANUARY
مد
5
6
15
5 35
JULY
10
5
3 50
8 0
10
6
15
5
40
10
3
50
7 55
15
6
20
5
45
15
4 0
7
55
222
20
6 20
5
50
20
4
0
7 50
25
6 20
5
55
25
4 0
7
45
31
6
10
6 0
31
4
10
7 40
FEBRUARY...………………………
5
6 10
6
5
AUGUST
5
4
10
7 35
10
6 10
6 10
10
4 10
7 30
15
6
0
6
15
15
4 25
7 25
222
20
6
0
6
20
20
4 25
7
20
25
6
0
6
25
25
4 25
7
15
28
5 40
6 30
31
4 40
7
5
MARCH
5
5 40
6 35
SEPTEMBER
5
4
40
6
55
.......
10
5 40
6
35
10
4 40
6
50
15
5 20
6 40
15
4 50
6
40
20
5 20
6 45
20
4 50
6 35
25
31
APRIL
هد
5
10
10 10 10 10
20
6 50
25
4 50
6 30
0
6 55
30
5
0
7
OCTOBER
ОСТОВЕЕ..........
5
5
5
5
0
5
10
5
10 10 10
5
6 20
6 10
5
6 5
15
4 40
7 10
15
5 15
6
0
20 4 40
7 15
20
5 15
5 50
25
4 40
7 15
25
5 15
5 45
30
4 15
7 20
31
5
30
5 40
MAY
5
4 15
7 25
NOVEMBER
5
10
4 15
7 30
10
15
4
0
7 35
15
20
4
0
7 40
20
10 10 10 10
5
30
5 35
5
30
5
30
5
45
5 25
5
45
5 25
25
4 0
7 45
25
5 45
5 25
31
3 45
7 50
30
6 0
5
JUNE....
5
3 45
7 55
DECEMBER
5
6
0
5
~~~
20
20
10
3 45 7 55
15
3 45
20
3 45
25
3 45
30
3
50
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞¬
10
6
5 20
8 0
15
6
8
0
0
8 0
બી)
20
6
25
6
31
6 15
10 10 10 In
5 25
1
5
5 30
5
5 30
5 35
NIGHT.
At half-past 9 o'clock throughout the year.
139
English Names of Streets in Gibraltar and their
Abecasis' Passage
Arengo's Lane
Cloister Ramp
...
...
...
...
local equivalents.
Benzimbra's Lane
Boschetti's Ramp
Crutchett's, or Portuguese Town
College Lane
Cornwall's Parade
Commercial Square...
Castle Street
City Mill Lane
Church Street
•
...
•
...
Castle Ramp
Civil Hospital Ramp
Cannon, and Gunner's Lane
Casemates Square
Devil's Gap
Engineer Lane
Fountain Ramp
...
Fraser's Ramp
Flat Bastion Road
Governor's Street
Governor's Parade
George's Lane
Gowland's Ramp
Hargrave's Parade
King's Yard Lane
Lime Kiln Road
Lime Kiln Gulley
Library Garden
Library Ramp
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
...
...
:
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Line Wall
...
...
...
...
Market Lane
Rodger's Ramp
Market Street
Parliament Lane
Prince Edward's Ramp
Prince Edward's Road
Paradise Ramp
Serruya's Lane
Serfaty's Passage
Serruya's Ramp
Southport Street
Turnbull's Lane
Tuckey's Lane
Town Range
...
Victualling Office Lane
Waterport Street
Willis' Road
...
...
...
...
...
:.
:
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Callejon de la Pasciega.
Callejon de Chiappi.
Callejon del Moro.
Callejon del Tio Pepe.
La Calera.
Los Baños de Scotto.
Callejon de Risso.
Plaza de las Verduras.
Calle las Siete Revueltas.
Plazuela del Martillo.
Calle Comedias.
Calle de la Iglesia.
Calle del Castillo.
Cuesta del Hospital.
Detrás de la Iglesia.
La Esplanada.
Escalera del Monte.
Calle Ingenieros.
Callejon de la Fuente.
Escalera de Benoliel.
Cuesta de Mr. Bourne.
Calle Cordoneros.
Plaza de Artilleros.
Calle Vicario el Viejo.
Callejon del Hospicio.
Plazuela de los Artificios.
Callejon de la Paloma.
Callejon de Dolores Corbe.
Callejon de Segui.
Huerta Riera.
Callejon del Balali.
Las Murallas.
Callejon de la Carnicería.
Calle de la Policía.
Calle de la Fonda de los Masones.
Cuesta de Cárlos Maria,
Cuesta de Sandunga.
Escalera de Cardona.
Los Espinillos.
Calle Peligro.
Callejon de Bobadilla.
Escalera de Maqui.
Calle Puerta Nueva.
Detrás de los Cuartos.
Callejon del Jarro.
Calle Cuarteles.
Callejon del Perejil.
Calle Real.
Buena Vista.
:
1
:
!
140
Miles. Furl.
4
1
5
3
4
Table of Distances in the Neighbourhood.
From the Convent, Gibraltar, to Landport Guard
re
སྒྱུ
'
☺ ☺
ઃઃ
་
to Spanish Lines
to Campamento
to Orange Grove
to San Roque
....
to First Pine Wood
to Malaga Gardens
to Second Pine Wood
to First Venta (Venta del Padre Mendez)…….
to Duke of Kent's Farm (Cortijo de la
Fajonera)
to Second Venta (Venta de Gamez)
to The Convent (Convento de la Almoraima)
4
6 0
77 2
7
ON Q10 O
2
5
CC
ર
CC
to Long Stables (Venta de Gualquehigo)…….
to Los Barrios
ઃઃ
CC
34
CC
re
ઃઃ
CC
<<
k
cr
to Castellar
to Algeciras
to Algeciras across the Bay
to Tarifa
to Second Tower Eastern Beach
to Ximena...
From San Roque to First Pine Wood
From San Roque to First Venta
From First Pine Wood to Second Pine Wood
From Second Pine Wood to Second Venta
First Venta to Second Venta.........
ORDER IN
...
Currency of Gibraltar.
COUNCIL 2D MAY, 1881.
GOLD AND SILVER.
SILVER.
8
9
76
14
0
14
4
12
0
18
2
10
0
5
2
24 2
8
24
પેહ
1
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
5 Pesetas (commonly called a dollar).
50 Centimos (half peseta).
(quarter peseta).
GOLD.
100 Pesetas.
50
CC
2
CC
25
'
1
ઃઃ
10
፡፡
5
CC
Value in
Pesetas.
re
25
2 Escudos-peso duro, or hard dollar.
1
'
10
*2 Escudos (commonly called Gold 1
dollar piece)
5
1}
Doce
CC
re
or
or 16
25
(commonly called a dollar).
25 (commonly called Doblon de Isabel)
*4 Escudos (commonly called Gold 2
dollar piece)...
-or half dollar.
3 Reals of Plate, or dollar.
t
BRONZE.-10 centimos; 5 centimos; 2 centimos; 1 centimo.
NOTE.-Tradesmen and shopkeepers receive in payment all gold and silver coins which are current in
Spain. Also British coins at the rate usually of 25 Pesetas (or 5 dollars) to the £1; and 4 shillings, or
48 pence, to the 5 Peseta piece, commonly called a dollar. One Penny is practically equal to 10 centi-
mos, and 1 shilling to 125 centimos.
The 100, 50, 10 and 5 Peseta Gold Pieces have not yet been coined by the Spanish Government.
* Are practically out of circulation.
141
Calculations are also commonly made in Reals de Vellon, 20 of which are equal to a dollar of 5 pesetas ;
also in an imaginary coin called Reals de Plate, 12 of which are supposed to be equal to one dollar (or ŏ
pesctas). The following table expresses the relative value of coins used in computation :
Dollar.
1
Pesetas.
5
Reals de Plate
or Gibraltar Reals
(imaginary).
12
Reals de
Vellon.
20
Pence.
48
Farthings.
192
Centimos.
500
N.B.-British currency is not a legal tender, and the £1 sterling fluctuates in value, but it is usually
estimated at 25 pesetas or 5 dollars, and 4 shillings are equal to 5 pesetas or a dollar.
General Post Office.
The Gibraltar Post Office became a Colonial Department on the 1st January, 1886, having up to that
date been under the control of the General Post Office, London.
Gibraltar is a member of the "General Postal Union," and letters addressed to Union Countries are
chargeable with the rates of postage fixed by the Postal Union Convention of Paris, June, 1878.
Unpaid letters are charged double postage on delivery. Insufficiently paid letters are charged double
the deficiency of the unpaid rate.
All postage must be prepaid by Gibraltar Postage Stamps.
The fee for registration is 2d. without distinction of destination. The sender of a registered article
may obtain an acknowledgment of its delivery by paying, in advance, a fixed fee of 24d. in addition to
the ordinary registration fee and postage.
The Post Office is open from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week days, and from 7 to 10 a.m. and 4 to 6
on Sundays. Stamps of all kinds can be obtained in the Telegraph Office from 6 to 9 p.m.
Correspondence for the United Kingdom.
p.m.
Correspondence for the United Kingdom is forwarded daily in a closed mail to London, via Spain
and France. The mail is despatched from Gibraltar at 8:30 a.m. and reaches London on the fifth
day, occupying 4 days and 9 hours in its transit; a letter posted in Gibraltar on Monday morning is
delivered in London on Friday night, and in the provinces on Saturday morning. In the other direc-
tion, closed mails for Gibraltar are despatched from London twice daily, at 7:45 a.m. and 8.30 p.m., which
reach Gibraltar about 3:30 p.m. on the fifth day, occupying respectively 4 days, 7 hours and 45 minutes
and 4 days and 19 hours in their transmission. The evening despatch from London is received in
Gibraltar at the same time as the morning despatch of the following day.
Letters for the United States of America, West Indies, the States of South America, Canada, &c., are
forwarded, vid London, in the closed mail, unless any other route is specified on the address.
Correspondence for the European States.
Correspondence for the European States is forwarded daily in the general mail for Spain, despatched
from Gibraltar at 8:30 a.m.
Correspondence for the East.
Correspondence for Malta, Egypt and places Eastward of Suez, including Australia and New Zealand,
is forwarded weekly by P. and O. steamers.
Correspondence for Malta can be forwarded viâ Spain and France, but the time occupied in transit by
this route is on an average eight days.
1
142
Ship Mails.
Ship mails for England as well as the ports of Spain, Portugal, France, Malta and Egypt are made up
at the Post Office and despatched by merchant steamers on every eligible occasion. Mails for Tangier
and the Barbary ports are despatched by every opportunity; and letters for Tetuan or the ports of
Western Barbary, sent in the mail to Tangier, are despatched thence to destination by courier.
Letters forwarded to Union Countries by ship mail are charged the Union rate.
Letters forwarded to the ports of Western Barbary by ship mail are charged 1d. per oz.
Morocco Postal Service.
An express Postal Courier Service, under the control of the Gibraltar Government, is working between
Tangier, Larache, Rabat and Casablanca. The Time Table is as follows:-
UP.

Leave
rr
Casablanca
Rabat
<<
Larache
Monday,
6 o'clock evening.
Tuesday, 4
Thursday, 10
re
rr
morning.
Arrive
Tangier
Friday,
8
CC
re
Friday, 6 o'clock evening.
Saturday, 4
Monday, 10
Tuesday, 8
''
re
morning.
CC
DOWN.

Leave
Tangier
«Ε
Larache
<c
Rabat
Monday,
Tuesday,
Thursday, 10
6 o'clock evening.
Thursday, 6 o'clock evening.
re
CC
4
rr
morning.
Friday, 4
Sunday, 10
<<
(C
morning.
Arrive
Casablanca
Friday,
8
rr
Monday, 8
CC
"C
The rates of postage by this route are the Gibraltar inland rates.
Rates of Postage
CHARGED IN GIBRALTAR
Upon letters, newspapers, commercial papers, printed papers and patterns addressed to the undermentioned
Colonies and foreign countries.
1. Letters cannot be sent unpaid to the countries marked thus (), and newspapers, commercial
papers, printed papers and patterns must be prepaid in all cases.
2. Letters and other articles may be registered to all countries: the registration fee is 2d. in all
cases. The postage as well as the fee must be prepaid.
3. No packet of newspapers, commercial papers or printed papers must exceed 4lbs. in weight, and
the weight of a packet of patterns is limited to 8 ounces. The size of a packet of patterns ad-
dressed to any country in the Postal Union is limited to 8 inches in length, 4 inches in width,
and 2 inches in depth.
4. Proofs of printing or of music may bear corrections with a pen and may have manuscript an-
nexed to them. Circulars, &c., may bear the signature of the sender, his trade or profession,
place of residence, and a date. A book may have a dedication or complimentary inscription
in manuscript and printed or lithographed stock or share lists, prices current, and market
reports may have the prices added in writing.
143
LETTERS, POST CARDS, NEWSPAPERS, BOOKS, COMMERCIAL
PAPERS AND PATTERNS.

PLACE OR COUNTRY.
Gibraltar...
LOCAL.
Spain (including Canary Islands,
Tangier and Coast of Morocco
POSTAL UNION.
United Kingdom, and Countries in
the Union, shown in Class A.
(see next page)……..
Other Countries in the Union,
shown in Class B. (see next
page); also China..
NON-UNION.
Australian Colonies, viz. :-New
South Wales, Victoria, Queens-
land, South Australia and West-
ern Australia………
Tasmania..
New Zealand.
Fiji Islands....
Loyalty Islands
Norfolk Island……….
Samoa
Africa, West Coast (except the
places named)
‡Ascension...
...
Cape of Good Hope
Natal
.....
Orange Free State
St. Helena
•
Madagascar (except St. Mary and
Tamatave)
Transvaal.
Other Articles (except Parcels).
Post News-
Letters.
Cards. papers.
For coun-
tries not in
For every oz.
Registration Fee.
| Post Cards are only
sent to Countries
in Postal Union.
Not exceeding 4 oz.
and every addi-
tional 4 oz.
d.
P. Union.
For Countries in the Postal
Union, China and N. Africa.
Book Pkts. Prtd. Papers
and Patterns and Books.
For any Wt.
For every not exc. 2 oz.
Oz.
d.
d.
d.
ૐ
1
2
1
21/
2 2
1
1
4
૭
2
1/1/20
~~~
4
2
7 2
10
91/ 2
&&
Post Cards are not transmissible to Non-
Union Countries.
and for ev.
addl. 2 oz.
d.
1
1
1
20
1
1 1/
3
3
Q
21/0
21/
Ha
Commercial
Same as Printed Papers, but
Papers.
with minimum charge of 2 d.
Same as Printed Papers, but
with minimum charge of ld.
Patterns.
11
| |
144
Austria-Hungary
COUNTRIES COMPRISED IN THE POSTAL UNION.
In addition to the United Kingdom, Spain & Gibraltar.
CLASS A.
Azores
France
Germany
Belgium
Greece
Bulgaria
Italy
Canada (Dominion of)
Luxemburg
Cyprus
Madeira
Denmark
Malta
Egypt
Marquesas Islands
Montenegro
Netherlands
Newfoundland
St. Pierre et Miquelon
Servia
Sweden
Norway
Switzerland
Persia, via Russia
Tahiti
Portugal
Turkey
Roumania
United States
Russia
CLASS B.
Antigua
Argentine Republic
Bahamas
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
Gold Coast
Ecuador
Liberia
Falkland Islands
Mauritius and Depend-
Salvador
Siam
French Colonies
Gambia
encies
Mexico
Monserrat
Netherland Colonies
Nevis
Sierra Leone
Spanish Colonies
Straits Settlements
Tobago
Tortola
Grenada
British Guiana
British Honduras
Grenadines
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Ceylon
Chili
Congo
Hawaiian Islands
Paraguay
Trinidad
Turk's Islands
Hayti
Patagonia
Honduras (Republic
Persia, via the Persian
United States of Co-
lombia
Costa Rica
Danish Colonies, viz. :
Greenland, St. John
of)
Gulf
Uruguay
Hong Kong
Peru
Venezuela
India
Portuguese Colonies
and St. Thomas
Jamaica
St. Kitts
Dominica
Japan
Dominican Republic
Labuan
(San Domingo)
Lagoe
St. Lucia
St. Vincent, West In-
Money Orders.
Money Orders may be obtained at the General Post Office, Waterport Street, and at the South Dis-
trict Office, Scud Hill.
At the General Post Office the hours for Money Order business are from 9:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m.
The charge for Money Orders when issued for sterling money is as follows:-
dies
For a sum not exceeding £ 2......
CC
5...
CC
cr
7......
10......
Os. 6d.
1 0
.1 6
.2 0
When Money Orders are issued for the local currency the commission varies according to the rate of
exchange.
The largest amount for which a single Money Order can be issued is £10.
The countries or places in which Money Orders may be made payable shall be divided into two
classes, viz. :-
CLASS A.
UNITED KINGDOM AND MALTA.
The Orders of this class should be sent to the Payee by the Remitter.
145
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Danish West Indies
Dutch East Indies
Egypt
German Empire
Hawaii and Sandwich Islands
Holland
Hungary
Iceland
Italy
Japan
Norway
Portugal
Sweden
North Borneo (Saudakan)
Switzerland
United States
British India-Including the
Agencies of the Indian Post
Offices at Aden, Bagdad,
Bunder, Abbas, Bushire,
Busrah, Guadur, Jask, Lin-
ga, Muscat, and Zanzibar
BRITISH COLONIES.
AUSTRALIA.
New South Wales
CLASS B.
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
New Zealand
Gold Coast
Lagos
Mauritius
Natal
St. Helena
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
BRITISH AMERICA.
Canada-Including
WEST INDIES.
British
Antigua
Bahamas
Columbia, New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia, and Prince
Edward Island
Newfoundland
OTHER COLONIES.
Bermuda
Ceylon
Falkland Islands
Hong Kong:-Ineluding the
Agencies of the Hong Kong
Post Office at Amoy, Can-
ton, Foochow, Hankow,
Hoihow, Ningpo, Shanghai,
and Swakow
Straits Settlements
S. AND W. AFRICA.
Cape Colony
Gambia
Barbadoes
British Guiana
Dominica
Grenada
Honduras (British)
Jamaica
Monserrat
Nevis
St. Kitts
St. Lucia
St. Vincent
Tobago
Trinidad
Turks Islands
Malta
Cyprus
N.B.-Money Orders cannot, at present, be issued upon France.
Money Orders on places mentioned in Class B should be retained by the Remitter, a new Order being
issued in London for the sum represented, less half the original charges for commission.
Tangier Money Orders.
Money Orders issued in the local currency are exchanged between Gibraltar and its Postal Agency at
Tangier. The Commission on these Orders is as follows:-
For a sum not exceeding Pts. 50
Pts. 0 Cts. 50
CC
CC
CC 125
r 1
25
r
66
r
<<
175
250
rr
1
75
2
50
Postal Orders.
Postal Orders for certain fixed sums, from 1s. up to £1, are issued and paid during the hours of Money
Order business.
Postal Orders issued in Gibraltar are payable in the United Kingdom and Constantinople, and vice
versâ only.
The following are the amounts for which Postal Orders are issued, together with the Poundage payable
in respect of each Order :-
I
19
146
Amount of
Order.
Poundage.
Amount of
Order.
Poundage.
Amount of
Order.
Poundage.
s. d.
d.
S.
d.
d.
S. d.
d.
1 0
3
6
1
10 O
1
1
6
4
0
1
10
6
1
2 0
4
6
1
15 0
11/1
2 6
1
5
0
1
20 0
11
3 0
1
7 6
1
Broken amounts may be made up by the use of British Postage Stamps not exceeding five-pence in
value affixed to the face of any one Postal Order.

If a Postal Order be crossed
& Co." payment will only be made through a
Banker, and if the name of a Banker is added, payment will only be made through that Banker.
A Postal Order presented by, or through, a Banker for payment will not (in the absence of an express
arrangement between such Banker and the Postmaster General to the contrary) be paid until after such
Order has been examined at the Chief Office in London.
After a Postal Order has once been paid, to whomsoever it is paid, the Postmaster General will not be
liable for any further claim.
If any erasure or alteration be made, or if the Order is cut, defaced, or mutilated, payment may be
refused.
After the expiration of three months from the last day of the month of issue, a Postal Order will be
payable only on payment of a Commission equal to the amount of the original poundage, with the addi-
tion (if more than three months have elapsed since the said expiration) of the amount of the original
poundage for every further period of three months which has so elapsed, and for every portion of any
such period of three months over and above every complete period.
The Commission thus paid must be affixed in Postage Stamps to the back of the Order.
Parcel Post.
Parcels are received at the Gibraltar Post Office for transmission to the places named below. The
rates of Postage can be learnt on application at the Post Office.
United Kingdom
Aden
Algeria
Antigua
Ascension
Australia
Baghdad
Bahamas
Barbados
Belgium
Austria-Hungary
(including British
Bechuanaland).
(Parcels for British
Bechuanaland are
subject on delivery
to an additional
postal charge of 6d.
per parcel).
Hong Kong
India
Italy
St. Kitts
St. Lucia
St. Vincent (West In-
Jamaica
dies).
Labuan
Sardinia
Leeward Islands (West
Savanah
Indies)
Sicily
Luxemburg,
Grand
Smyrna
Ceylon
China
Duchy of
Malta
Congo Free State
Monserrat
Constantinople
Muscat
Corsica
Natal
Cyprus
Nevis
Demerara
Belize
Borneo
British Bechuanaland
British Guiana
British Honduras
Canada-(A list of the
places in Canada for
which parcels can be
accepted may be seen
at Post Office).
Cape of Good Hope
Dominica
Egypt
France
Germany
Grenada
Helligoland
Holland
Netherlands
Newfoundland
New South Wales
Norway
North Bornco-(This
territory of the Bri-
tish North Borneo
Company).
South Australia
Straits Settlements
Sweden
Switzerland
Tangiers
Tasmania
Tobago
Tortola
Trinidad
Tunis
Victoria (Autralia)
Western Australia
Zanzibar
POSTAL CHANGES.
On and after the 1st January, 1888, the General Overland Mails for Spain, the Con-
tinental States of Europe, and the United Kingdom are closed daily at the General Post
Office at 10:30 a.m.
Registered letters to be forwarded by the morning despatch must be presented for
registration before 10 a.m.
The pillar letter boxes, and letter box at the South District Office on Scud Hill are
cleared daily as follows:
Europa Main Road…….
South District Post Office..
New Mole Parade....,.
Convent Place. .
Governor's Parade..
.8.30 a.m.
8.45
9.00
9.15
•
...9.20
There is an afternoon clearing of the letter boxes at 2:30 p.m. daily (Sundays and
public holidays excepted).
Deliveries by letter carrier a at 7:30 a.m. daily, and at 1 p.m. on week days only.
147
Parcels must be handed in at the Post Office to one of the Clerks on duty, and must not be posted in
a Letter Box, or left on the Counter.
Parcel Mails for the United Kingdom are usually closed the evening before the arrival of the homeward
bound P. & O. steamer. Parcel Mails for Malta, Egypt, India, Straits Settlements and Hong Kong,
are closed the evening before the arrival of the outward bound P. & O. steamer.
:0:
Local Postal Arrangements.
The pillar boxes are cleared daily, two hours before the closing of the mail for Spain and the United
Kingdom, at the Post Office, and at 2 p.m.
There are two deliveries daily in the town and at the South.
A Receiving Office has been opened at Mr. LYONS, Scud Hill, South, where Postage Stamps, Money
Orders and Postal Orders may be obtained.
:0:
LATEST TIME FOR POSTING FOR THE UNDERMENTIONED COUNTRIES.
AT THE POST OFFICE. IN THE PILLAR BOXES.
United Kingdom and Countries via United
Kingdom
Spain and all other Continental Countries.....
8.30 a.m. daily.
•
•
8.30
•
South. Town.
6·30 a.m. 7:30 a.m. daily.
6.30 a.m. 7.30
CC
<c
Algeria, via Spain (by weekly packet from Cartagena) ..8:30a.m. every Thursday 6:30 a.m. 7:30
Malta and Egypt, by P. and O. steamer
India, Aden, Ceylon, China, Straits Settlements,
Australia, New Zealand, by P. and O. steamer
About 2 hours before sailing of P. & O. steamer,
at Chief Office.
The Letter Carriers leave the Post Office at 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. The arrival or despatch of a mail
may however cause a slight variation in the above hours.
:0:
Gibraltar Savings Bank-Post Office.
EXTRACTS FROM RULES AND REGULATIONS.
1. The Bank shall be open daily (Sundays excepted) from 8 a.m. until 6 p.m., and on Saturdays from
8 a.m. until 9 p.m.
2. Deposits of one Peseta and upwards will be received; but no one may deposit more than 100 Al-
fonsos in one year, ending 31st December, or make a further deposit when the balance standing to his
credit amounts to 500 Alfonsos, exclusive of interest.
3. Every Depositor shall during the months of February and August forward his Deposit Book to the
Superintendent for examination, and the entry of interest. If the Book shall not be forwarded the ac-
count of the depositor will be closed and all interest shall cease.
4. Deposits may be made by a Trustee on behalf of another person, in the joint names of such Trus-
tee and the person on whose account the money is deposited, but repayment thereof will only be made on
the receipts of both parties.
5. The Trustees and Treasurers of Friendly Societies (duly registered), of Provident and of Charitable
Societies, and of any bequest for the benefit of the poor, may deposit in the Savings Bank without limit
as to amount.
148
6. Deposits may be made by any person over 14 years of age.
7. Interest at the rate of 23% per annum will be allowed on each complete Alfonso left undisturbed
in the Bank from the 1st to the last day of a Calender Month (both inclusive). It will be calculated to
the 31st day of December in each year, and then will be added to, and become part of the principal money.
8. When the sum due to a Depositor amounts to 600 Alfonsos, interest will cease to be allowed.
9. Every Depositor can withdraw all or any part of the money deposited by him, in sums not less than
one Peseta, on giving one week's notice in the prescribed form to the Superintendent.
10. The notice of withdrawal must be signed by the Depositor in the presence of two witnesses.
11. If a Depositor cannot attend in person to receive payment, he may fill up a form, supplied by the
Bank, authorizing repayment to some person named thereon. This authority must likewise be signed in
the presence of two witnesses.
12. If a Depositor die leaving any sum of money in the Bank not exceeding 50 Alfonsos, exclusive of
interest, the same may, with the sanction of the Governor in writing, be paid to the widow, or divided
amongst the relatives of the deceased, by the Superintendent, without production of Probate of Will or
Letters of Administration being required. If produced, they will be acted on.
:0:
STEAM PACKET COMPANIES.
P. & O. STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY (MEDITERRANEAN LINE).
Gibraltar, Malta, Port Said, and Suez.
London Office No. 122, Leadenhall Street.
Agents in Gibraltar-Smith, Imossi & Co., Irish Town.
The outward steamers leave Gravesend every Wednesday, at 12:30 p.m.
The Company have arranged with the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway Company for the de-
spatch of a Special Train from the Liverpool Street Station of the Great Eastern Railway at 11 a.m.
every Wednesday. Passengers will be conveyed from this station to Tilbury, and thence to the Company's
Vessels in a commodious river Steamer. Fares: 3s. 6d. First Class, and 2s. 6d. Second Class. Pas-
sengers are specially requested to note that the Railway Tickets for this Special Train can only be ob-
tained at the Company's Offices, none being issued at the Railway Station. Passengers who desire to have
Tickets for their friends can only obtain them in the same manner: fares for Return Ticket: 4s. 6d. First
Class, and 3s. 6d. Second Class.
BAGGAGE.
Only hand Luggage will be conveyed by these trains.
Passengers leaving Gravesend on Thursday, arrive at Gibraltar on the following Tuesday, and after
staying there about four hours, arrive at Malta in about four days after. The ordinary stay at Malta is
about six hours. Port Said is reached in thirteen and Suez in fourteen days from London.
The homeward steamers are due at Gibraltar on Fridays, but they generally arrive on Tuesday or
Wednesday. Passengers will be able to land at Plymouth, if desired, and Coupon Railway Tickets are
issued at all the foreign stations of the P. and O. Company. These Coupons ensure special advantages
to Passengers landing at Plymouth. Fares to London: First class, £1 12 3; Second class, £1 2 0.
They pass the Passenger's Baggage through the Docks and into the Train free of Dock Dues and
Porterage; they are available for Seven days from the day of landing; and they also admit of the journey
being broken at any Main Line Station, provided it is completed within that period, and that application
is made to the Booking Clerk at the Docks for the necessary authority.
These Coupons must be stamped at the Booking Office at the Docks.
149
To Gibraltar.....
To Malta...
To Port Said
To Suez
RATES OF PASSAGE MONEY FROM GRAVESEND.
First class.
Single Passage.
£ 9
15
20
....
22
Return
ticket.
£15 Os.
22 10s.
32 0s.
36 0s.
Children
2d class, and
3 years and under 10. Passengers' Servants.
£ 4 10s.
710s.
10 0s.
£5 10s.
9 0s.
12 Os.
11 Os.
14 0s.
An experienced Surgeon is on board each vessel.
Venice, Ancona, Brindisi, and Alexandria.
The Company's steamers leave Venice every Friday morning for Brindisi, calling at Ancona, and leave
Brindisi for Alexandria with Her Majesty's mails every Monday, at 4 a.m.
£12
RATES OF PASSAGE FROM VENICE, ANCONA, OR BRINDISI TO ALEXANDRIA.
First class
Second class and passengers' servants…………. 9
Children under ten years of age, half the above rates. One child under three years of age, if with the
parent, free (no berth provided). Should more than one child under three years be conveyed, one-quarter
fare each will be charged, exclusive of the one taken free.
The above rates are exclusive of wines, spirits, and beer, which can be purchased on board the steamer.
Passengers proceeding via Brindisi are recommended to leave London not later than 740 a.m. on
Thursday, and via Venice same hour on Monday.
In future, letters for passengers on board the packets sailing from Brindisi, provided they be directed to
the care of the Commanders and be registered, may be posted in any part of the United Kingdom up to
the time at which registered letters for the East Indies, &c., intended for transmission by the same packets
are received, and they will be delivered on board the packets at Brindisi. The letters should be directed
thus:
"[Here name of Addressee.]
"On board the Mail Packet,
"Care of the Commander,
"BRINDISI.”
*** The Egyptian Government have notified that passengers intending to remain or travel in Egypt
must have passports viséd by the Turkish Consul at the port where they embark. Vice-Consul at South-
ampton, Thomas Hill, Oriental Place.
FARES FROM GIBRALTAR TO LONDON AND MALTA.
.....
$27/1/
35 Second class
60
......
20
To London-First class....
$45 Second class
Do.
do. (Return tickect) * 75
To Malta-First class.....
Do.
do. (Return ticket) *
NOTE.-Passengers can obtain shilling tickets on board the packets
boats, or vice versa, and an extra shilling ticket for personal baggage.
For a horse to London......£10 | For a dog to London......£2
to Malta....... 7
to Malta...... 1
* Available for 3 months from date of embarkation.
to convey them on shore by ferry-
Extra baggage pays in proportion.
150
OTHER STEAM COMPANIES,
CALLING AT GIBRALTAR; WITH FARES, AGENTS, &c.
Between Gibraltar and Algeciras.-In Summer (1st April to 30th September) steamers leave
Gibraltar for Algeciras at 9 and 10.30 a.m. and 5 p.m. on Sundays; leaving Algeciras for Gibraltar at 7
and 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. On week days the hours are 9 a.m., 12 noon and 5 p.m. to Algeciras, 7 and 10
a.m. and 3 p.m. to Gibraltar.-In Winter (1st October to end of March), Sundays, to Algeciras, 9 and
10.30 a.m. and 4 p.m.; from Algeciras, 7 and 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. The remainder of the week, 9 a.m.,
12 noon and 3.30 p.m. from Gibraltar and 7 and 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. from Algeciras.-Fares: First class,
6 rvn.; second class, 4 rvn. Return: First, 10 rvn.; Second, 6 rvn. Agent T. Haynes, Horse
Barrack-lane.
To Tangier.-Steamers “Gibel-Tarik" and "Hercules" ply regularly between both ports, start-
ing at noon. Sunday sailing from Gibraltar at 8 a.m. Fares, $2 and $1; return fare, only for 1st Class,
$3. Agents, M. H. Bland & Co., Irish Town.
Steamers "Lion Belge and "Jackal." Agents, Longlands Cowell & Co., Main-street. Occasional
boats also.-Fares, $2 and $1.
Marseilles, Gibraltar, Coast of Barbary and Canary Islands.-N. Paquet Ainé and Co., of
Marseilles, two or three times a month. Agent, Y. Bergel, Irish Town.
Glynn and Co. Line of Steamers (Z line)-Liverpool to Coast of Italy.—Agents, M. H.
Bland & Co., Irish Town.
Line of French Steamers between Havre, Lisbon, Cadiz, Gibraltar, and Malaga.-
Agent, E. R. Bonnet, Cathedral Square.
Communication to Ceuta and Tetuan daily, from Algeciras by Spanish steamers carrying Mails
and Passengers. Agent, T. Haynes, Horse Barrack-lane.
Pickernell and Co.'s Line of Steamers.-London and Coast of Italy. Agents, J. Peacock aud
Co., Irish Town.
Mersey Steamship Company.-Morocco Line.-London to Coast of Morocco. Agent,
Avelino Gaggero, Waterport Street.
Moss' Line.-Liverpool and Alexandria Steam Navigation Company.-- Once a week,
every Saturday or Sunday." Fares to Liverpool, £8 and £4 10. Agents, Smith, Imossi & Co., Irish Town.
French Line from Genoa to the Brazils and La Plata, calling at Marscilles, Gibraltar, Saint
Vincent, Buenos Ayres, &c.-Agents, Longlands Cowell & Co., Waterport-street.
Cunard Line. Between Liverpool, Gibraltar, Italy, Sicily, the Adriatic and Levant ports. Fares
from Gibraltar to Liverpool £7; return fare £12; and in summer months £10. Agents, M. H. Bland
and Co., Irish Town.
Compagnie Générale Transatlantic (Correo).-Every week.
Oran, Carthagena and Marseilles.
Malaga, Melilla, Nemours,
Tangier,
Fares: To Malaga, 1st class, 18f.; 2d, 13f.; 3d, 10f.; 4th, 8f.
gf.;
7f.;
5f.;
of. Without meals.
Melilla,
48f.;
36f.;
28f.;
23f.
60f.;
43f.;
32f.;
23f.
With meals.
Nemours,
76f.;
55f.;
36f.;
22f.
Oran,
150f.; 115f.;
65f.; 40f.
Marseilles,
Every Passenger to any Spanish porf must pay 1 Peseta for Spanish Consul over the passage fare.
This Company also issues a series of Circular Tickets worth the attention of tourists and travellers for
their exceedingly low price. Agent, Y. Bergel, Irish Town.
151
Castle Line.-Between China, New York and London. Agents, J. Rugeroni & Son, Commercial Sq.
Clan Line.-Trading between Bombay and Calcutta. Agents, J. Rugeroni & Son, Commercial Sq.
Navigazione Generale Italiana (Societá Riunite Florio e Rubbatino).—For Genoa and Palermo.
Agents, Francia, Brothers & Co., Irish Town.
Gibraltar, Cadiz and Malaga.-Agent, T. Haynes, Horse Barrack-lane.
Italy, Montevideo and Buenos Ayres (La Veloce).-Agent, A. Corsi, Waterport-street.
Leyland's Line.-Liverpool for Genoa, Leghorn, Naples, and Alexandria. Agents, Carver, Bro-
thers, Tuckey's Lane.
Hall's Line, London.-Gibraltar, Malaga, and Cadiz, calling at Lisbon.-Agents, J. Peacock and
Co., Irish Town.
Saenz & Co.'s Spanish Line.-London, Havre, Lisbon, Malaga, Cadiz, and Seville. Agents, J.
Rugeroni and Son, Commercial Square.
Robert M'Andrew & Co.--Line between London, Spanish ports and River Plate.-Agents, A.
Mateos & Sons, Pitman's Alley.
Stoomvaart Nederland Maatschappij.-Line between Amsterdam and Batavia, calling at
Naples for mails and passengers.-Agents, Turner & Co., Irish Town.
Royal Netherlands Steam Navigation Co.-Agents, Turner & Co., Irish Town.
Mazagan and other Ports on the Barbary Coast.-Once a week. Fares from $2 to $15
according to distance.
To Coast of Spain.-Malaga and Cadiz, two or three times a week. Fares $6 and $3. Agent,
Thomas Haynes, Horse Barrack-lane.
Malaga (2d line), Almeria Alicante, Valencia and Barcelona. From Algeciras, twice a
week. Fares, Malaga, $3; Almeria, $7; Alicante, $10; Valencia, $20, $14, and $7; Barcelona, $28, $19,
and $9. The steamers calling are of Messrs. Segovia, Cuadra & Co., and Vinuesa & Co. Agent at
Algeciras, Eugenio Oncala (no Agent at Gibraltar). Arrive on Tuesdays and Fridays, and ply between
Cadiz, Algeciras, Malaga, Almeria, Barcelona, and Marseilles.
Compañia Trasatlantica (formerly Lopez & Co.'s Line).-From Cadiz for Porto Rico and
Havana-Agents, J. Onetti and Sons, Engineer's Lane.
Anchor Line of Transatlantic, Oriental, Mediterranean and Peninsular steamships sailing fort-
nightly from Gibraltar for Italian and Adriatic ports, Bombay, Calcutta, Boston (U.S.), London and
Liverpool, and trimonthly for New York. Agents, Henderson Brothers, Church-street.
British India Steam Navigation Company (Limited).-Agents, Thomas Mosley & Co.,
Irish Town.
Between Oran, Nemours, Melilla and Ceuta.—Generally once a week. Agents at Gibraltar,
Bensusan, Brothers.
152
L
Gibraltar Government Telegraph,
POST OFFICE.
OPEN FROM 7 a.M. TO 9 P.M., from 1st apriL TO 1ST OCTOBER, and from 8 A.M. TO 9 P.M.,
FROM 1ST OCTOBER TO 1ST APRIL.
ON SUNDAYS OPEN TILL 11 a.m., AND FROM 5 TO 9 P.M.
The following rates will be charged for the transmission of Messages from Gibraltar to the
Countries named below.
1 Word. 2 Words. 10 Words
Ptas. Cts. Ptas. Cts. Ptas. Cts.
-
...
...
Algeria and Tunis
Austria and Hungary
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Belgium ...
Bulgaria..
Denmark...
...
...
Canary Islands (viâ Cadiz)
France
...
Great Britain
Germany...
Greece-Mainland
<6 Islands...
...
Holland
Heligoland
Italy
...
Luxembourg
Malta
...
Montenegro
...
...
...
Norway
...
...
Portugal...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
:::
...
...
...
Roumania
...
...
Russia in Europe and Caucasus
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Servia
Senegal
...
...
Tripoli
Turkey and Islands
...
..
...
...
...
0
35 0
70
3 50
...
0
...
360
73
8 65
0
41 0
82 3 10
...
0
29 0
58
2 90
...
...
...
0
45 0
90
4 50
0
41
0
82
4 10
1
65 3
30
16 50
0
25
0
50
2 50
...
...
0
55 1
10
5 50
0
321/1 0
65
3 25
0
66
1
32
6 60
...
...
0
69 1
39
6 95
...
0
33 0
66
3 30
: :
...
0
...
41 0
83
4 15
0
320 65
3 25
...
...
29
0
0
58
...
...
2 90
...
...
0
0
53 1
41 0
...
...
0
...
0
21 0
...
0
41
...
0
TOTOON
06
5 30
82
4 10
52 1 05
5 25
42
2 10
0
82
4 10
60 1 21
6 05
...
...
15 0 30
1 50
...
...
•
...
44 0
89
4 45
0
29
0
58
2 90
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
O31O
0
41 0
82
4 10
15
6
30
31 50
33 2 66
0
65 1
13 30
81 6 55
In the case of telegrams for the United Kingdom it is necessary that it be specified in writing whether
to be forwarded via France or via the Bilbao and Vigo Cable. The charge is the same by either route.
A Branch Telegraph Office has been opened at the Office of the Sub-Agent, Mr. LYONS, at Scud Hill.
For local telegrams the charge is 6d. for the first twelve words, and a half-penny for each additional
word. Addresses are charged for.
Telegrams for North and South America and the West Indies.
The rates for Telegrams to North and South America and the West Indies have been reduced. Full
information on the subject can be obtained at the Post Office.
153
Foreign Telegrams:
On and from the 1st July, 1886, the new regulations respecting Foreign Telegrams agreed upon at the
International Telegraph Conference held at Berlin came in force.
The principal alterations are the following
a.) The Rules relating to European have been assimilated to those relating to Extra European Code
Telegrams, the limit of length being fixed at ten letters; but words drawn from more than one of the au-
thorised languages, viz., English, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Latin being
allowed.
(6.) The name of both the Office and the Country of destination will be counted in the address as one
word each, whatever their length, provided they are written as single words by the sender.
(c.) The sender of a Telegram will be able to have it repeated from Office to Office during transmis-
sion by paying an additional quarter-rate instead of a half-rate as at present.
(d.) If the sender of an European Telegram prepays a reply, and the reply-form is not used by the
addressee, the amount prepaid for a reply will not be refunded to the sender as hitherto.
(e.) If the addressee of a telegram bas it repeated, and it then proves that only a portion of the Tele-
gram was inacurately transmitted, only a proportionate part of the charges will be refunded.
(f) The charges for any word or words omitted during the transmission of an European Telegram will
be refunded.
The above particulars can also be applied to the Gibraltar Government Telegraph.
:0:
The Eastern Telegraph Company, Limited.
Tariff per single word from Gibraltar on and after April 1st, 1880.

Via
Via
Lisbon. Malta.
Via
Lisbon.
Via
Malta.
Ptas. Cts. Ptas. Cts.
Great Britain....
0 55 0 75
Algeria......
0 85
0 35
Austria and Hungary.
0 85
0 35
Bosnia-Herzogovina
0 90
0 60
Belgium
0 70
0
Bulgaria.
0 95 0
Canary Islands...
1
80
Conakry
7 40
| |
Denmark
....
France.
Germany
Greece-Mainland
CC
0 85
0.75
0
2118888
60
60
Servia...
60
Spain viâ Vigo.
·· •
0
55
Sweden
0 80
0 55
1 15
0 75
Islands
1 20
0
80
D
Holland...
0 75
0 60
Heligoland
0 90
0 65
Italy
0 85 0 45
...
Switzerland.....
Tangier..
Turkey and Islands..
Channel Islands..
Tripoli.....
Tunis.
0 85 0
0 80 0 50
20 Cts. per word.
1 15
0 80
0
55
0 75
1 85
1 35
0 95
0 45
Luxemburg.
Malta
Montenegro
Norway
Portugal.
...
Roumania..
Russia in Europe & Caucasus
Ptas. Cts. Ptas. Cts.
0 75 0 60
1 05
0 35
0 90
0 60
0 85 0 75
0 20
0 90
0 60
1
05
0
80
0
90
0 60
0
30
65
2
20
154
Extra European Messages.
Turkey in Asia-Via Alexandria…...…………………………………………….
Persia-Viâ Malta.......
El Arich..
Persian Gulf-Bushire-Viâ Malta.
Other Places
Bushire-Viâ El Arich.....
Other Places
CC
Russia in Asia-1st Region...
Cyprus
C
2d
Egypt-Alexandria
CC
Pesetas.
Cents.
2
65
2
40
3
25
2
55
4
0
3
10
4
55
2
80
3
90
65
65
1st Region (including Cairo, Suez and Port Said.
1
90
2d
tr
2
15
Suakim, 2 pts. 75 cts...
.3d Region, 2 pts. 40 cts.
Aden and Perim....
4
25
South Africa-Zanzibar
9
25
Mozambique and Delagoa Bay………..
10
55
ઃઃ
Natal Durban
10
.
re
...
CC Other Places
Cape Colony and Orange Free State......
Transvaal.....
India-West of Chittagong.
East of Chittagong and Ceylon
Native Burmah...
10
10
•
10
•
Penang.
Malacca.
Singapore
Java and Sumatra......
Australia-South Australia....
10 10 10 ONZ∞
5
5
5
6
JAMIII8
50
70
70
90
25
45
50
7
75
8
11
Q 10
25
50
New South Wales, 11 pts. 80 cts.; Queensland, 12 pts. 10 cts.;
Tasmania, 12 pts. 30 cts.; Vietoria and West Australia, 11 pts.
60 cts.
New Zealand....
Cochin China……..
China-Canton and Macao, 9 pts...Landline Stations, 10 pts. 50 cts....
Hong Kong, Shanghai, Amoy and Foochow....
Tonquin
Japan
Annam.
Madeira...
St. Vincent
Siam-Viâ Cable ………….
cc
Indian Landline
Island of Luzon-Manila..
Corea-Viâ Japan……………….
re
CC
Shanghai
1201
12
6
1221
95
8
50
•
8
15
13
35
7
65
1
50
4
50
35
75
10
75
15
35
11
30
Rates to North and South America can be obtained at the Company's Offices.
Offices, Church Street.
C. V. DE SAUTY, M.S.T.E. and E., Superintendent.
F. A. TAYLOR, Asst. Supt. & Electrician.
155
Local Telegraph.
IN CHARGE OF THE ROYAL ENGINEERS-FOR GIBRALTAR ONLY.
Charge for a message of 20 words, 4d.: for every 10 words over, 24. In addition, 2d. will be charged
on each message for porterage.
NAMES OF PLACES FROM WHICH MESSAGES MAY BE SENT, viz. :
Head Quarter Office, Governor's Lane.
North Front Camp.
South Barracks.
Buena Vista Barracks.
Regulations for Gates, Permits, &c.
GATES.
Europa Barracks.
At first evening gunfire all the gates of the Garrison are closed; the wicket of the New Mole is, how-
ever, opened for the ingress and egress of officers of the Army and Navy (British or foreign), gentlemen
of the Yacht Clubs, and persons granted special permits up to 1 a.m.
The gates at the Ragged Staff are opened for the above, for passengers landing by the mails, during
the stay of the vessel, and persons having special permits, at 9, 10·30, and 11:30 p.m., and 12:30 a.m.,
from 15th March to 14th September, and at 7.30, 9, 10·30, 11:30 and 12:30, from 15th September to
14th March. These permits are issued by the D.A.A.G. Labourers, under special permits, are ad-
mitted at the Waterport Gate up to 11:30 p.m., and persons with special permits are allowed egress and
ingress at the same Gate up to the same hour. These permits for Waterport are issued by the Chief
of Police.
PERMITS.
Permission to visit the lower Galleries can only be granted by H. E. the Governor.
Permits (1) to visit St. Michael's Cave, (2) to allow Civilians to fish (only places allowed, Rosia, New
Mole, and Eastern Beach as far as Sandy Bay), (3) for shooting at the back of the Rock (only for officers
of the Army and Navy), (4) for crossing the line of sentries at the North Front for the purpose of burying
dead animals on the Eastern Beach, (5) for bringing powder, fire-arms, or other warlike stores into the
Garrison (number of pounds of powder, or articles to be introduced to be stated), are granted on applica-
tion to the Deputy Assistant Adjutant General. The quantity of powder is limited to 10 lbs., beyond
which a written application must be made to the Police Magistrate.
When dead bodies are to be brought into the Garrison for interment a certificate must first be obtained
from the Principal Medical Officer, and application made through the Colonial Secretary for the sanction
of the Governor.
PASSPORTS
are to be obtained at the Office of the Colonial Secretary. Passes for travelling in Spain are obtained
at the Police Magistrate's Office; gratis. Proof of British nationality is required in both cases.
PERMITS FOR CARRYING ARMS AND FOR SHOOTING IN SPAIN.
Must be applied for to the Civil Governor of Cadiz, through a memorial written on stamped paper and
certified by the Spanish Consul. The stamped paper cannot be bought at Gibraltar, but at Linea or
any other town in Spain, at the Estanco Nacional. The price of permit is $5, and office expenses $1.
The application must be endorsed by the Alcalde at Linea or San Roque. Form of application as follows
EXMO. SEÑOR,
El que suscribe (name and address) con el debido respeto ruega á V. E. se digne concederle
licencia para caza y para uso de armas en el distrito del digno mando de V. E. bajo los reglamentos y
condiciones vigentes.-Dios guarde á V. E. m.³ a.s
Gibraltar (date)
(Signed)
Exmo. Señor, Gobernador Civil de la Provincia de Cadiz.
Horses.
Prices for the day-Hunters, $4; Hacks, $2. For the afternoon, $1.
For travelling in Spain-Each horse, $2 per day and kept by the owner, or $1 and kept by the hirer,
156
Mean Time of High

Day
JANUARY.
FEBRUARY.
MARCH.
APRIL.
MAY.
JUNE.
of
Month.
a.m.
.p.m.
a.m.
p.m. a.m.
p.m.
a.m. p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
1
3 12 3 31
4 20
4 41
4 1
4 22
5 5
5 27
5 36
6
2
7 9
7 39
2
3 52
4 12
5 2
5 24
4 43
5 4
5252
6 17
6 30
7 1
8 11
8 44
3
4 34
4 54
5 46
610
5 25
5 47
6 45
7 15
7 34
8 10
9 21
9 55
4
5 16
5 39
6 34
6 59
6 11
6 36
7 51
8 30
8 49
9 31
10 27
10 55
5
6 3
6 29
7 26
7 58
7 4
7 33
9 15
10 2
10 11
10 46 11 25
6
6 57
7 25
8 34
9 10
8 7
8 46
10 44
11 22
11 17
11 46 11 51
12 13
7
7 56
8 29
9 53
10 35
9 32 10 19
11 54
12 10
12 33
12 53
8
9 5
9 43
11 16
11 53
11 3 11 41
12 21
12 44
12 31
12 51
1 11
1 31
9
10 19 10 56
12 26
-12 16
1 4
1 25
1 10
1 27
1 50
26
10
11 30
12 54
1 20
12 44
1 8
1 42
1 57
1 44
2 0
2 22
2.39
11
12 3 12 32
1 44
2 6
1 30
1 51
2.14
2 28
2 14
2 30
2 55
3 13
12
12 59
1 26
2 25
2 44
2 8
2 25
2 44
2258
2 46
3 2
3 32
3 50
13
150 2 14
3 2
3 19
2 42
256
3 13
3 29
3 18
3 33
4 10
4 29
14
2 36
2 56
338
3 54
3 13
3 28
3 44
3 59
3 51
4 7
4 47
5 7
15
3 18
3 37
4 11
4 29
3 43
3 59
4 14
4 29.
4 25
4.42
5 29
5 53
16
358
4 18
4 44
4 59
4 14
4 30
4 45
5 1
5 0
5 20
6 22
650
17
4 35
4 53
5 14
5930
4 45
4 58
5 19
5 39
5 42
6 8
7 19
7 50
18
5 12
5 30
5 47
6 5
5 12
5 28
6 0 0
6 25
6 36
7 6
8 22
855
19
5 49
6 9
6 23
6 45
5 47
6 7
6 54
7 26
7 39
8 16
9 33
10
10 7
20
6 28
6 49
7 8
7 34
6 28
653
8 0
8 42
8 55
9 34
10 38
11
11
9
21
7 11
736 8 4
8 39
7 21
7 54
9 28
10 12
10 8
10 41
11 40
1
22
8 3
8 35
9 20 10 4
8 32
9 16
10 46
11 20
11 13
11 42 12 9
12 35
23
9 9 9 49
10 45
11 23
10
4
10 46 11 50
12 8 1 2
1 28
24
10 25 11 0
11 56
11 23
11 57
57 12 15
12 38
12 32
12 55
1 55
2 21
25
11 33
12 27 12 52
-
12 24
1 2
1 25
1 21
1 46
2 47
3 11
,26
12 3
12 30
1 15
1 39
12 49
1 11
1 45
2 7
29
2 32
3 34
3 57
27
12 53
1 16
2 0
2 19
1 33
1 54
2 30
2 52
2 57
8 20
4 20
4 44
28
1 38
1 59
240
3 0
2 14
2 35
3 15
3 37
3 45
4 10
5 5
5 27
29
2 20
2 38
3 19
3 40
2 55
3 17
4 2
4 25
4 33
4 58
5 50
6 14
30
2 58
3 18
3 37 4 0
4 49
5 12
5 22
5 47
6 37
17 1
31
3 37 3 59
4 22 4 42
6 13 6 41
* The addition of 6 hours to the above periods
157
Water at Gibraltar, 1888.*

JULY.
AUGUST.
SEPTEMBER.
OCTOBER. NOVEMBER,
DECEMBER. Day
of
Month.

a.m. p.m.
7 26 7 52
a.m.
a.m.
p.m.
8 18 8 51
8 20 8 51
9 27
10 4
p.m. a.m. p.m.
9 52 10 33 10 32 11 9 11 55
11 10 11 42 11 41
a.m.
a.m.
p.m.
p.m.
12 8
1
12 20 12 42 12 32
12 57
2
9 25 9 58
10 40
11 15
12 12 12
8
12 30
1 4
1 24
1 20
1 45
3
10 31 11 0
11 45
12 36
12 59 12 52
1 14
1 45
2 6
2 8
2 33
4
11 29 11 55
12 13
12 37
1 20
1 41
1 35
1 53
2 28
2 50
2 55
3 21
5
12 19
1 0
1 23
2 0
2 19
2 13
2 32
3 13
3 34
3 45
4 11
6
12 40
1 1
1 44
2 4
2 37
2 55
2 52
3 13
3 58
4 21
4 35
4 59
7
1 23
1 44
2 23
2 41
3 17
3 36
3 34
3 55
4 45
10
5
8
5 24
5 50
8
2 2
2 21
3 1
3 19
357
4 19
4 17
4 38
5 35.6 3
6 17
6 46
9
2 39
2 57
3
8 39
3 58
4 39
5 0
5 0
5 23
5 23
6 34 7 6
7 15
7 46
10
3 16 3 36
4 19
4 39
5 21
5 45
5 50
6 16
7 42
8 22
8 18
8 53
11
355
4 16
5 0
5 20
6 9
6 34
6 46
7 21
9 5
9 47
9 31
10
مد
5
12
436
4 57
5 43
6 6
7 3
7 36
8 0
8 45
10 22
10 55
10 36
11
6
13
1 5 18 5 40
6 32
6 58
8 14
8 55
9 33
10 15
11 27
11 51
11 33
11 57
14
6 5
6 30
7 26
7 57
9 43
10 27
10 55
11 29
12 14
12 20
15
6 55
7 23
8 33
9 11
11
9
11 46
11 59
12 35
12 54 12 40
1 1
16
7 53 8 25
9 52
10 33
12 16
12 22
12 44
1 13
1 30
1 19
1 38
17
8 59 9 36
11 14
11 50
12 42
1 5
1 4
1 24
1 46
2 2
1 55
2 12
18
10 11 10 45
12 23
1 28
1 47
1 41
1 55
2 17
2 33
2 30
2 47
19
11 20 11 55
12 50
1 17
2 5
2 22
2 11
2 26
2 48
3 3
3 3
3 20
20
12 25
1 41
2 2
2 38
2 55
2 43
258
3 20
3 36
3 37
3 56
21
12 54
1 22
2 23
2 42
3 10
3 27
3 12
3 28
3 52
4 9
4 15
4 32
22
1 48
2 12
3 2
3 21
3 43
3 59
3 43
3 59
4 26
4 44
450
5 10
23
2 35
258
3 39
3 58
4 14
4 29
4 14
4 29 5 3
5 24
5 32
5 55
24
3 21 3 41
4 15 4 32
4 43
4 58
4 45
5 2 25
5 47
6 12
6 20
6 47
25
4 2
4 23
4 47
сл
5
3
5 15
5 33
5 21
5 43
6 41
7 12
7 15
7 45
26
4 42 5 2
5 19
5 35
5252
6 14
6 7
6 34
7 46
8 22
8 16
8 51
27
5 20 5 39
5 54
6 14
6 40
7 8
7 5
7 42
9 2
9 39
9 28 10 1
28
5259 6 19
6 35
6 58
7 40
8 19
8 23
9 9 9 10 15
10 47
10 34 11 8
29
6 39 7 1 7 23 7 53 9 4
9 51
9 50 10 26 11 17
11 44
11 40
30
7 25 750 8 27 9 8
11 111 31
12 9 12 36
31
will give the approximate time of low-tide,
158
*
Port of Gibraltar.
PORT OFFICE, &c.
The Port of Gibraltar, which is advantageously situated at the Mediterranean entrance of the Straits
has greatly increased in importance since the opening of the Suez Canal, and steamers engaged in the
India, China and Mediterranean trades take advantage of its convenient position to replenish their
bunkers. It is undoubtedly one of the most valuable intermediate coaling stations between the United
Kingdom and the Eist, and its importance is clearly proved by the number of steam ships of every size
and nationality that make use of the Port.
The quantity of coal supplied yearly is very large, and with the present increased facilities it is
unquestionable that this thriving trade will greatly prosper. The number of coal depôts has been largely
augmented of late years to meet the additional requirements of the Port, which circumstance, while being
of great value to the mercantile navy, has the double advantage of providing a large supply of coal for the
use of her Majesty's ships in the event of the stock kent at the Naval Yard being exhausted during a pro-
longed period of hostilities.
The fact of vessels being now able to obtain pratique and clearance at any hour of the night from the
Boarding Officer on duty at Devil's Tongue, and the facilities given for the admission of coal labourers by
Waterport until an advanced hour, provide the means for coaling steamers which may require urgent
despatch and cannot fail in encouraging vessels to make use of the Port.
The fixed establishment of the Port is composed of forty persons in all, the carrying out of
quarantine regulations, Port rules, police supervision and the collection of all fees and duties forming
their principal duties.
There are three launches attached to the Department for the purpose of boarding, patrolling our waters,
&c. All vessels coming into port are immediately visited by the pratique launch; the boarding is com-
menced at morning gun-fire and finished at first evening gun-fire. Pratique or clearance can, however,
be obtained at all hours of the night from the Boarding Officer on duty at Devil's Tongue without any
extra fee
3
4
Vessels which may be entitled to free pratique here and which have a case of sickness on board are
temporarily placed in quarantine pending the Port Surgeon's visit, who goes off in one of the Port
steam launches. The fixed hours for Port Surgeon's visits are 9 a.m. noon, 3 p.m., and of an hour
before first evening gunfire. On a vessel entering the Port signalling for medical assistance, a report is
immediately forwarded to the Port Surgeon who attends as soon as possible. Should the seaman be
suffering from small pox he is landed at the Stone Jetty under the usual sanitary precautions. Vessels
arriving in the Port with petroleum, fireworks, gunpowder or other goods of a combustible or explosive
nature are ordered to hoist a red flag on the foremast head and anchor in the extreme north end of the
Port, and no vessel, lighter, &c., is to go alongside for removing any portion of the cargo or for coaling
without the permission of the Captain of the Port. No vessel of any description is allowed to store
petroleum, gunpowder, &c., unless she is moved to the quarantine ground and has the red flag hoisted
on the foremast head.
Steamers in transit having on board as part of cargo any fireworks, gunpowder, &c., may receive coal
from alongside lighters in the quarantine ground, and all steamers with petroleum may, with the permis-
sion of the Captain of the Port, go alongside to receive coal under the superintendence of the following
guards :-Steamers under 800 tons, one guard for whom a charge is made of one pta. per hour. Steamers
over 800 tons, an additional guard must attend who has to be paid at the above rate. An extra guard has
to be taken if the coaling is continued during the night.
Firearms of any description or warlike stores which have been permitted to be landed cannot be
reshipped unless a bond is entered into by the shipper at the Port Office. A certificate from the Customs
Officer at the port of destination to the effect that the same have been landed must be produced, otherwise
the conditions of the bond are enforced.
159
PORT OFFICE HOURS.
The Port Office is opened at morning gun-fire and closed at first evening gun-fire. There is a clerk on
duty from 8 a.m. till first evening gun-fire except on Sundays when one attends from 9 till 11 a.m. and
from 4 p.m. in winter and 5 in summer until first evening gun-fire. Bills of Health can, however, be
obtained during the intervals the office is closed on Sundays from the Boarding Officer on duty, but all
payments must be made to the clerk on duty at the Port Office.
SHIPPING OFFICE HOURS.
General business hours from 9 to 3:30 p.m. Seamen requiring to be left behind after hours are
discharged by the Clerk on duty at Port Office. For all other purposes the office is closed at 3·30 p.m.
Shipping business will be attended to on Sundays from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m., and from 5 p.m. to 1st
Evening Gunfire.
The scale of fees for matters transacted at the Shipping Office, viz., engagement and discharge of
crews varies from, in ships under 60 tons, 4s. to ships above 1000 tons, £3, and so for ships of larger ton-
nage adding for every 100 tons above 1000, 5s. Engaging or discharging a seaman separately, 2s.
NUMBER OF LICENSED CRAFT OF THE PORT.
88 ferryboats, 34 lighters, 30 small lighters, 16 bumboats, 86 fishing boats, 9 steam launches, 64 private
boats, 4 pontoons, 8 water boats and 2 salvage launches. There are approximately 250 registered ferry-
boatmen, 200 fishermen, 100 lightermen and 50 bumboatmen. The number of registered seagoing vessels
belonging to the Port, provided with an Imperial registry is 37, of which 9 are propelled by steam. There
are 11 others provided with terminable certificates of registry.
PILOTS.
The following are the pilots fees :-For moving vessels from the Bay to the New Mole or to Rosia Bay
or from one anchorage to another in the Bay-For a vessel under 100 tons $2; from 100 to 200 tons
$3; from 200 to 400 tons $4; and over 400 tons $5. These sums include boathire in fine weather,
otherwise the usual scale of fare will be charged according to the foul weather flag hoisted at the Devil's
Tongue unless the Pilot be supplied with a boat by the ship employing him. Any dispute on account of
fees for service rendered is to be settled at the Port Office.
LIGHTS.
New Mole Head-Red. Ragged Staff-Green.
Devil's Tongue-White.
The light which has been fixed at the Devil's Tongue is in a very convenient site and is of great
service to boats coming into Waterport at night.
MEN-OF-WAR ANCHORAGE.
The anchorage ground reserved for men-of-war extends from Hulk No. 1 to No. 15, the northern and
southern limits of which are distinctly marked on the hulks. When a fleet is expected this ground is
always cleared of shipping.
BAYSIDE BEACH.
Questions relating to the hauling up of boats on the Western beach, the landing and custody of spars,
anchors, &c., the working on the beach on Sundays or after hours and the breaking up of ships must be
decided by the Captain of the Port, who gives a written permit for these purposes.
The number, tonnage and crews of steam vessels entered in the Colony of Gibraltar in the year 1886
was 4,706. Total tonnage 4,190,458, and crews 121,555 men. The number, tonnage and crews of
sailing vessels entered in the Colony of Gibraltar in the same year was 875 of 119,125 tons and 6,197
men, an increase over the preceding year of 171 vessels, 290,049 tons and 6,419 men.
NEW TARIFF.
HULK LICENSES
Vary from 175 pesetas yearly for a hulk from 50 to 100 tons register to 910 pesetas for a hulk of any
size. Hulks or other vessels of any description used for the stowage of wine or spirits pay, in addition
to the above charges, at the rate of 1 peseta per ton per annum. Boats, lighters and pontoons also require
to be licensed.
160
PORT DUES.
The following rates and duties are payable on all ships and vessels arriving at, touching at, or having
communication with the City, territory, shipping or anchorage of Gibraltar :-For every vessel from 11 to
600 tons, 10 cents for every ton; from 601 to 700 tons, 65 pesetas; an additional 5 pesetas being added
for every 100 tons, the maximum being for a vessel of 1801 tons and upwards, 125 pesetas.
Vessels plying between Algeciras and Gibraltar with passengers are not liable to payment of port dues.
The engine room of steamers is not included in the tonnage. And in addition to each of the foregoing
rates when the ship or vessel is liable to quarantine, a further duty is payable for the services of health
guards as follows:-
For any service not exceeding 3 hours
CC
6
<<
re
CC 12
18 rr
..
When watching a vessel in quarantine in guard boat for 24 hours (including the hire of boat)
For any time not exceeding day after the expiration of 24 hours
When embarked on board a vessel in the Bay for the performance of a quarantine per 24 hours
When embarked on board tug-steamers for a period not exceeding 3 hours
<<
6
rr
CC
CC
over 6 hours up to 24 hours
For every Bill of Health...
Pts. Cts.
2
50
5
00
10
00
15
00
25
00
12
50
5
00
2 50
5
00
7 50
5 00
For every endorsement on a Bill of Health
Boats, Waterport Wharf.
5 00
SCHEDULE OF FARES FOR FERRY BOATS WITH ONE OR TWO PASSENGERS AND A FAIR PROPORTION
OF LUGGAGE PLYING WITHIN THE PORT OF GIBRALTAR.
No.
Distances from Waterport Wharf.
S.
D.
1
To the New Mole, Ragged Staff, or any vessel in the Bay, or part of the Spanish
Coast within British waters, waiting a period not exceeding a quarter of an hour,
and back
26
234
To or from either of the above places
1
6
10 CO
5
To or from ditto
6
For each passenger above two
To any vessel inside of Hulk No. 41, waiting a period not exceeding a quarter of an
hour and back
To the Steam-tug's anchorage, waiting a period not exceeding a quarter of an hour and
back
1
0
1
6
1
0
0
7
To or from ditto
6
....
8
For each passenger above two to or from any of the above places
0
6
9
To the Algeciras steamer's anchorage and back, for each passenger
6
10
To or from ditto, for each passenger
0
3
11 From Ragged Staff to any vessel in the Bay, waiting a period not exceeding a quarter
of an hour and back
2
6
12
13
234
To or from ditto
1 6
For each passenger above two
1 0
15
14 From Ragged Staff to P. & O. steamer or any vessel lying within the New Mole,
waiting a period not exceeding a quarter of an hour and back, for each passenger..
To or from ditto, for each passenger
...
16
For every quarter of an hour's detention...
16
0
06
161
Children in arms free.
After 2d evening gun-fire (9.30) the fares to be increased one half.
In case of a boat being engaged so near gun-fire that she is unable to return to the Waterport Wharf, a
charge is to be made according to scale for detention until the boatmen can enter at the Ragged Staff
Wharf.
Blue Pendant
One-third added to all fares.
..All fares doubled.
In bad weather, the following colours will be hoisted at the Boarding Station at the Waterport Wharf:
Red Pendant
Blue and White Pendant .... All fares trebled.
....All
Blue Flag
Optional to go or not.
The Schedules of Fares, in English and Spanish, are posted at the Waterport Whart, New Mole and
Ragged Staff, for the convenience of passengers. It is eontemplated to fix a lamp, with reflector, over
the Sehedule posted at Waterport Wharf, to enable passengers to refer to it at night.
All complaints to be made at the Port Office, Casemate Square.
:0:
Consequent on repeated complaints as to the unsatisfactory condition of the passenger steamers plying
between Gibraltar and the neighbouring coasts, it was considered expedient in 1886 to pass a law to en-
sure the seaworthiness of these steamers and to regulate the passenger traffic.
Under this law were appointed a Shipwright Surveyor and an Engineer Surveyor, upon whose Declara-
tion of Survey the Governor grants or refuses Certificates as to the fitness of such steamers to carry
passengers.
The Surveyors are Mr. JACKSON SPENCER, Shipwright Surveyor, and Mr. WILLIAM ANTHONY, En-
gineer Surveyor, whose Salaries are £65 and £35 respectively, together with Fees.
·:0:
Aliens.
Every Alien coming into Gibraltar must provide himself with a Ticket at the Gate through which he
enters. This Ticket is good up to first evening gunfire of the day of issue. It can be extended for 10
days on the responsibility of a respectable inhabitant.
Any person having in his employ any Alien without a Ticket or Permit of Residence is liable, under
the Aliens Order in Council, upon conviction thereof before the Police Magistrate, to a penalty not
exceeding 125 pesetas, and in default of payment to imprisonment in the Civil Prison for any term not
exceeding one calender month.
Daily Tickets are extended at the Police Office every day, except Sunday, at 1.30 p.m., and half an
hour before 1st evening gunfire. On Sundays half an hour before 1st evening gunfire.
Permits of Residence are to be obtained at the Police Magistrate's Court on Mondays, Wednesdays,
Thursdays and Saturdays, at 12:30 p.m.
The necessary Bonds can be purchased at any Printing Office and a Vaccination Certificate must
accompany every Bond.
Truck and Box Carts.
The weight of a load to be carried on any truck-cart, provided the goods be of a description to be con-
veniently carried, shall not exceed 20 cwt. The weight of a load for a two-wheeled cart, if drawn by
two animals, shall not exceed 15 cwt.; but, if drawn by one animal only, the weight of a load shall
not exceed 10 cwt., under a penalty not exceeding twenty dollars.
The rate of fares for any licensed Truck or Cart can be ascertained at the Police Office.
Guides.
Good Guides may be heard of at the hotels, and at the Livery Stables in Bomb House and College Lane.
They usually receive $2 per day and find themselves, or $1 per day if found.
Donkeys may be hired for a journey to the Signal Station, &c., and can be ordered at the Livery
Stables. The charge should in no case exceed $1 including the attendant, but they should be obtained at
a cheaper rate.
21
162
FROM
Schedules of Fares for Hackney Carriages.
FARES BY DISTANCE.

One horse carriage.
Spanish Currency. | English Currency.
TO OR FROM
For one
or two
For more For one
For more
than two
or two
than two
persons.
persons.
persons.
persons.
8. d.
8. d.
Waterport and Markets,
Governor's Parade, or
any part of the Town,
within Governor's
Street, South Port and
Prince Edward's Gates,
North end of Alameda
and Ragged Staff
Ragged Staff and Alameda,
or any other part of
Town within Prince
Edward's and South
Port Gates
Any place in the South
except Governor's Cot-
tage
Waterport, the Markets,
Governor's Parade or
any part of Town, the
Mount, South Barrack
Road, Naval Hospital,
Rosia and New Mole
Governor's Parade, or any
part of the Town, New
Mole or Rosia
Any part of North Front.
or Eastern Beach, Gov-
ernor's Parade or any
part of the Town, New
Mole or Rosia
Waterport and South Port、
Gates, the Markets, and
any point within and in-
clusive of Engineer's
Lane, Governor's Street,
Town Range, Queen
Street, Market Street and
Irish Town...………….
Ptas. Cts. Ptas. Cts.
0 62
1 25
0 6 1 0
Any part of North Front,} 1 26
or Eastern Beach.......
Any part of North Front,
or Eastern Beach.........ý
Any part of Scud Hill
Road, South Barracks,
South Barrack Road, St.
Bernard's College, The
Mount, Rosia, Moorish
Castle, Flat Bastion
Road, Buena Vista, and
any place upon, or west
of, Europa Main Road...
Any point South of Buena
Vista Mess House, Eu-
ropa Pass Gate.......
Europa Flats, Light House
and Windmill Hill …………….
.....
Governor's Cottage........
1 85 1 0 1 6
1 85
2 80 1 6 2 3
1 25
1 85 1 0 1 6
1 85 2 80 1 6 2 3
2 50 3 75 2 0 3 0
163
FARES BY NIGHT.
Half in excess of above between 11 p.m. and morning gun-fire, from 1st May to 30th September,
and between 10 p.m. and morning gun-fire during the remaining months.
ONE HORSE CARRIAGE.
FARES BY TIME.
For one or two passengers.-One hour or part
of any hour, 1 pta. and 85 cts. (or 1s. 6d. Eng-
lish currency). Every half hour, or less than
half an hour, 95 cents (or 9d. English currency).
No hiring to exceed three hours.
Each passenger in excess of two to pay an extra
sixpence per hour, or three-pence for every half
hour or less than half an hour.
TWO HORSE CARRIAGE.
For the first hour, 3 ptas. and 15 cts. (or 2s. 6d.
English currency), and every half hour or less be-
yond one hour 1 pta. and 50 cts. (or ls. 3d.
English currency).
GENERAL REGULATIONS.
1.-Drivers when sent for, shall be bound to proceed from the Stand to the residence of the hirer
without extra charge, if the distance does not exceed a quarter of a mile; but if sent away without being
employed they shall be entitled to the fare of 62 cents (or 6d. sterling) in addition to any lawful charge
for detention hereafter mentioned.
2.-Drivers, if detained at the residence of the hirer for more than ten minutes be.ore starting shall
be paid for such detention 62 cents. (or 6d. sterling), and 6d. sterling (or 62 cents) for every additional
fifteen minutes detained, and in all cases the regular fare shall commence at the time of starting.
3.—When a car is called off any stand in the town to go to Europa or Windmill Hill, or any place
south of Buena Vista Mess House, to take up a fare the sum of 1 pta. and 25 cents (or one shilling
sterling) shall be paid by the hirer in addition to the fare which will afterwards become chargeable.
4.-When a car is called off any Stand out of town, south of Southport Gate, to go to Europa or Wind-
mill Hill or to any place south of Buena Vista Mess House to take up a fare the sum of 62 cents (or
sixpence sterling) shall be paid by the hirer in addition to the fare which will afterwards become charge-
able.
5.-Return fare from any place, when it exceeds 6d., half rates, with 62 cents (or 6d. English cur-
rency) for every quarter of any hour's detention, commences after first fifteen minutes.
6.- Optional with the hirer to pay by time, such option to be declared at the time of hiring, if by
time the driver to proceed at a pace not slower than four miles an hour.
7.-Drivers shall not convey more than four adult passengers inside and one outside, but the driver
may refuse to carry more than the four inside passengers; two children under the age of 12 years to be
counted as one adult, one child not to count. The driver and a passenger only to occupy the box seat.
8.-Agreement with driver to pay more than legal fare not binding. Sum paid beyond fare may be
recovered. Driver bound to wait if required any period not exceeding three hours.
9.-Drivers to go round corners at a walking pace and always to observe great caution when driving
through the streets.
10.—LUGGAGE.-No driver bound to carry any article injurious to his vehicle. With any fares driver
may charge 20 cents (or 2d. sterling) for each article of luggage. No small parcel, books, umbrellas, or
other article usually carried in the hand to be subject to any charge whatever.
164
b
Tariff to be paid to Market Porters hired to carry Baskets or Parcels.
BY DISTANCE.
FROM THE MARKET TO ANY PART OF
Pts. Cts.
Pts. Cts.
Bayside Barrier
.....
Booth's Passage
0 25
King's Bastion..
0 30
0 40
King's Yard Lane..
0 25
Bell Lane
0 25
Library Ramp
0
40
Bella Vista
0 92
Library Street
0
30
Cannon Lane
Catalan Bay
Buena Vista Barracks
Bomb House Lane
Castle Ramp...
Castle Road, Upper.
Castle Road, Lower.
Cathedral Square
0 92
Light House, Europa
0 25
0 30
Market Street
0 25
0 30
Market Lane..
0
25
0 40
....
Moorish Castle...
0 67
0 30
Morello's Ramp
0 65
0 30
...
Mount, The
0 75
0 30
Naval Hospital...
1 00
0
92
New Mole....
0 92
Church Street
0 30
North Front,
0 30
Church Lane
0 30
Parliament Lane
0 25
City Mill Lane...
0 30
Civil Hospital Ramp
0 30
Civil Hospital Road.
0.40
Pitman's Alley....
Prince Edward's Ramp
Prince Edward's Road.
0 25
0 30
0
65
Cloister Ramp
0 25
Queen's Street
0 40
...
College Lane...
0 30
Ragged Staff...
0 50
Commercial Square
Convent Place
Cottage, The
0 25
Roger's Ramp
0 40
0
30
Roger's Row..
0 75
2 25
Rosia
0 75
...
Cornwall's Parade
0 25
Saint Bernard's College
0
92
Cornwall's Lane
0 25
Sand Pits
0 92
Cooperage Lane
0 25
Secretary's Lane
0 42
Crutchett's Ramp...
0 25
Scud Hill
0 82
Cumberland Road...
0 87
South Barracks...
0
80
Engineer's Lane
0 25
South Barrack Road,
0 92
Europa Pass....
1
5
Southport Street
0 42
Europa Flats...
1 25
Spanish Pavilion
0 42
Fraser's Ramp
Flat Bastion Road
George's Lane
...
Governor's Parade
Governor's Street...
0 40
Town Range......
0 40
0 40
...
Tuckey's Lane
0
25
0 30
Turnbull's Lane
0 30
•
0 30
Victualling Office Lane..
0 42
0 30
Viney Cottage
0 97
Governor's Lane
0 30
Waterport Street
0 25
Hargrave's Parade
0
40
Wellington Front.
0 30
Horse Barrack Lane.
25
Willis's Road
0 50
Irish Town
0
25
Windmill Hill
0 25
Jumper's Bastion..
0 82
Wilson's Ramp.
0 40
King Street
0
30
BY TIME.
Ten Cents. for every quarter of an hour, or part of a quarter.
NOTE.-If detained in the Market more than half an hour, a detention fee of 10 Cents. may be
charged in addition to the above for every quarter of an hour after the first quarter.
Market boys are not allowed to carry more than 50lbs.
165
MOROCCO.
Regulations of the Moorish Government,
ESTABLISHED FOR THE OBSERVANCE OF FOREIGN SUBJECTS VISITING
THE COUNTRY.
Foreign subjects travelling in the interior or remaining outside of the seaport towns after dark, are
required to be accompanied by a Moorish guard.
The charge for a Horse Soldier is $1 per diem, and for a Foot Soldier half that amount.
Foreign subjects are required to abstain from going into assemblies of Mohammedans engaged in the
observance of their religious festivities, unless authorised by the local authorities.
When the local authorities consider any part of the country to be in an unsafe or disturbed state, they
will refuse to furnish guards to travellers or to sanction their proceeding to such districts.
Game Laws and Regulations.
Game-viz., hares and partridges-may not be shot in the district of Tangier from 1st February to 15th
August. Any infraction of this rule is punished, for the first offence, by a fine of $5 or three days'
imprisonment; and any subsequent offence by a fine of $10 or six days' imprisonment.
Guns and cartridges are not passed through the Custom-house without a permit from a Legation or
Consulate.
A piece of ground, about three square miles in extent, near the lower road to Cape Spartel, is strictly
preserved; being reserved, by order of the Moorish Government for the exclusive shooting of the Foreign
Representatives and their families, who have been to the expense of stocking it with birds and of paying
guards to prevent any poaching upon it.
An export duty of 4 okeats on partridges and of 1 okeats on hares (at the Government rate of 321
okeats to the dollar) is charged at the Custom House.
The lake district of Sharf-el-Akab and Hawara, about 8 square miles in extent and 10 miles distant
from Taugier, being reserved for pig-sticking, boar may not be shot there. Public notice is given of the
hunts which take place during the winter months.
Tariff of Charges at Landing Pier, Tangier.
For each person-1 Rvn.
For each package- Rvn.
Boat from anchorage of Gibraltar steamer-for each person, with 1 portmanteau and 3 small parcels,
4 Rvn.-1 Peseta.
Boat from anchorage of London, Marseilles, Oran, &c., steamers-6 Rvn. Every extra portmanteau
or case, 2 rvn. Sinall parcel, 1 rvn. In bad weather boat fares are doubled, and in very bad weather
the tariff is suspended.
N.B.-Fee of 1 rvn. per person for use of landing stage is included in the boat fares.
Hotels, Guides, Horses, &c.
Tangier is well provided with Hotels, where comfortable accommodation may be had. Like at most
other places where tourists congregate the Guides and Commissionaires of the rival establishments (most
of them here are Moors, who speak English and other languages) are often inconveniently persistent.
The Hotels are-
Continental .....
Villa de France (outside of Soko Gate)
Royal Victoria.
Central..
Mr. John Ansaldo, Proprietor.
Mr. L. Bruzaud,
•
...
Mr. J. Bruzaud,
r
Mrs. Marshall, Proprietress.
The tariff of prices for board and lodgings at the above establishments varies from six to eight and ten
shillings per day for each person.
The charge for Guides is one dollar per day, and for horses and mules from three to four shillings per
day, and two shillings for a half day.
166
The Foreign Ministers, Consuls-General, &c., resident
Great Britain.....
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Brazil
Denmark
•
in Tangier are-
Sir W. Kirby Green, K.C.M.G.
Herbert E. White, Esq...
V. T. G. de Vismes de Ponthieu, Esq.
( Herr Reglia Ritter v Ohmucevic...
Herr Résser...
..Baron E. Whettnall
Don José Daniel Colaço
Sir W. Kirby Green, K.C.M.G.
Mons'. L. C. Féraud…………………………...
Mons'. A. Boutiron....
France
Mons". Grimault
Mons. M. Lacau.
...
Mons. Taillet
Mons". L. Terrin....
Herr Gustav Travers...
Germany
Herr Rothert...
Italy......
Mons". Munsûr Melhameh
Signor F. Maissa.....
...
Sr. Agesilao Gianatelli Gentile.......
Netherlands............ Herr E. Cassel…………………..
Portugal.....
Spain ...
Don José Daniel Colaço
Don Emilio Rey y Colaço......
Don José Diosdado y Castillo.....
Don José Soliveres y Miera........
Don Manuel Garcia Jove y Fernandez..
Don Francisco Marti..
Coronel Bermudez y Reyna.......
Doctor Severo Cenarro...
Don J. Piñeyro y Villavicencio.
Don Mendez Vigo.......
Don Carlos de Rameau y Sevilla..
Don Anibal Rinaldi..
Don Francisco Lozano y Muñoz
Don Adriano Rotondo y Nicolau.
Sweden & Norway.....Herr Elias Cassel......
Wm. Reed Lewis, Esq.
Mann, Esq.
U. S. of America….. {
(Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary.
Consul.
Assistant.
Chargé d'Affaires & Consul-General,
Vice-Consul.
Minister Resident.
..Consul.
Acting Consul-General.
{ Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
...
Plenipotentiary.
Secretary of Legation.
.Secretary of Legation.
Premier Drogman.
Chancelier.
Military Dr. Attached to Legation.
Minister Resident.
Chancelier.
Drogman.
Minister Plenipotentiary.
....Consul.
Drogman.
Acting Consul-General.
{Envoy Extrordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary.
Chancelier.
{ Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
•
Plenipotentiary.
.Secretary of Legation.
.Secretary of Legation.
Secretary of Legation.
.Military Attaché.
Military Doctor attached to Legation,
Attaché.
..Attaché.
•
Joven de lenguas.
Premier Drogman.
Consul.
Vice-Consul.
Consul-General.
Consul.
Vice-Consul.

SQUADRON.
GARRISON
DAY.
SIGNALS.
BRITISH.
SPANISH.
ANSWERING PENDANT.
UNARMOURED
FRIGATE.
ESCAPE OF MILITARY PRISONER
GUN.
ESCAPE OF CIVIL PRISONER
I GUN.
NAVAL RECAL
I GUN.
FIRE IN THE BAY.
I GUN.
AUSTRIAN.
UNARMOURED
CORVETTE.
UNARMOURED
GUN VESSEL,
STORE SHIP
OR GOVTSTEAMER.
DUTCH.
TURKISH.
MAIL FROM WEST.
MAIL FROM EAST.
MAIL. HALF AN HOUR
FROM ANCHORAGE
MAIL ANCHORED.
DANISH.
YACHT.
GUARDA COSTA IN PURSUIT
NATIONALITY OF TRADER UNKNOWN.
I GUN
IRON CLAD
FRIGATE.
GUARDA COSTA IN POSSESSION
OF BRITISH TRADER.
FIRE NORTH
2 GUNS 5 SECONDS INTERVAL
(IF SOUTH, I MINUTE INTERVAL
AND FLAG ON SOUTH YARD ARM.)
PORTUGUESE.
NORWEGIAN
VESSEL IN DISTRESS EAST.
1 GUN.
RUSSIAN.
FRENCH.
10
GERMAN.
TANGIER STEAMER.
TURRET SHIP,
ALCECIRAS MAIL.
STEAMER FROM WEST.
BRITISH STEAMER
FROM EAST.
BELGIAN.
NIGHT.
DESPATCH
BOAT.
TROOPSHIP OR
TRANSPORT.
GREEK.
SWEDISH.
BRAZILIAN.
INDIAN
TROOPSHIP.
VESSEL IN DISTRESS EAST. VESSELIN DISTRESS WEST
I GUN.
FIRE NORTH.
FIRE SOUTH.
AMERICAN.
1 GUN.
2 GUNS 5 SECONDS INTERVAL. 2 GUNS I MINUTE INTERVAL.
DISTINGUISHING FLAGS
HOISTED ON EXTREMITY
OF UPPER YARD..
FIRE IN THE BAY.
1 GUN
N. B. VESSELS APPROACHING FROM THE EAST ARE SIGNALLED FROM THE SOUTH YARD ARM
FROM THE WEST FROM THE NORTH YARD ARM.
VACHER & SONS, LITH 29,PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
ITALIAN.
PENDANTS DENOTING
NATIONALITY HOISTED
ABOVE DISTINGUISHING
FLAGS..
167
Gibraltar Garrison Signals.
EXPLANATIONS.
1.—Steamers are signalled by a ball hoisted on the lower yard; when the nationality
is made out the proper pendant is hoisted from the corresponding block on the upper
yard.
2.-Vessels approaching from the East are signalled from the south yard arm, that
is on the right hand to a person looking up at the Signal Station from the town; those
from the West on the north yard arm.
3.-Signals are taken down as soon as the vessels anchor or have passed the Rock,
except in the case of mail steamers, when the ball is taken down when she is half an
hour from the anchorage; when anchored the flag will be lowered three feet, and kept
flying whilst the vessel remains in port.
4. The outward bound mail arriving by night usually fires one gun when off Rosia,
followed immediately by a blue light; the homeward mail usually fires one gun, fol-
lowed by a rocket at one minute's interval.
5.-A vessel in distress or on shore by day is reported by a gun being fired and the
flag of distress hoisted on the upper yard, with pendant denoting nationality, when
known, over it. At night a vessel in distress, East, one gun is fired and red and white
light hoisted at masthead. West, one gun, red, white and red lights at masthead.
6.-Fires by day or night are signalled as follows :-
IN THE BAY…....
NORTH DISTRICT
S Day ......One gun-Red flag at masthead.
Night ...One gun-One red light at masthead.
S Two guns at five seconds' interval.
Red flag at north yard arm.
(Day
Night..
SOUTH DISTRICT………..
Day
Night
...
Two guns at five seconds' interval.
Two red lights at masthead.
Two guns at one minute interval.
Red flag at south yard arm.
Two guns at one minute interval.
Three red lights at masthead.
7.—A daily report is sent to the Office of the Gibraltar Chronicle and to Lloyds'
Agents of all vessels passing the Rock which show their names, giving, as far as they
can be ascertained, the nationality and description of each vessel, the Company or Line
and Port to which she belongs, where from and where bound, the time of passing the
Rock, and any message she may wish to communicate for the information of Owners,
Agents or others.
8.-Merchants, Agents or others may, at their written request addressed to the Com-
manding Royal Engineer, have Signal Reports of vessels in which they are concerned
sent to them by telegraph from the Upper Signal Station on payment of one shilling.
The information given in these telegrams will appear in the Daily Signal Report sent to
the Gibraltar Chronicle.
168
No private Signal Reports are allowed to interfere in any way with telegrams or signal
messages on public service.
9.-Messages may be sent from private individuals to ships in the offing under the
following regulations :---
1.-The message must be delivered in duplicate at the Military Telegraph
Office or Signal Station, and must be prepaid, the charge being one shilling
for a message of 20 words or under, and sixpence for every additional 10 words.
2.—The sender of a message will be liable for any port charges that may be
lost to the Harbour Revenue by forwarding his message.
3.-All signals to passing ships will be sent by the International Commercial
Code only.
A time-ball has been erected at the Signal Station, but its working has been discon-
tinued for the present. Gibraltar time is 21′ 26″ behind Greenwich time.
HOTE
Yacht Club Agents.
Royal Yacht Squadron, Cowes...
Royal Albert..
Royal London
New Thames Yacht Club
Royal Northern..
Royal Southern.
Royal Dorset..
...
Royal Southampton..
James Speed & Co., Main Street.
Royal Western of Ireland........
Yacht Club de France
Royal Victoria Yacht Club, Ryde-Jerome Saccone, opposite the Police Office.
:0:-
Gibraltar Yacht Club.
Gentlemen wishing to have their yachts registered as belonging to this Club can ob-
tain information at the Port Office, through which the propositions have to be forwarded
for His Excellency the Governor's approval.
169
LIBRARIES.
The Garrison Library-Governor's Parade.
President
Vice-President
Hon. Librarian
Treasurer
OPEN FROM 9 A. M. TO 8 P. M.
Patron-H. E. the GOVErnor.
Major-General M. Walker, V.C., C.B.
Lieut.-Colonel E. Stephens, R.E.
#
Major J. E. Kitson, A.P.D.
Colonel W. Macdonnell, A.P.D.
All Military, Naval or Civil Officers serving at Gibraltar may become members.
Entrance fee $5, and an annual subscription of $9, payable quarterly in advance, be-
sides one shilling per month to the Telegraph Intelligence. Fund.
All officers, temporary residents, may be admitted for three months on payment of $1
monthly in advance, and the usual contribution to telegrams.
Any other person must be proposed and seconded as an honorary member and bal-
loted for by the Committee. Annual Subscription $9, payable in advance; besides one
shilling per month to the Telegraph Intelligence Fund.
Strangers may be introduced by a member to read in the Library for one month.
The Ladies of the family of a Member are entitled to admission to the Reading
Rooms and to the use of the books on the following scale :-For one lady $13 quarterly
in advance, and for every additional lady of the same family three shillings each quarterly
in advance.
Licen
There is a Pavilion attached to the Library with a Bar, Smoking, Billiard, Card and
Dressing Rooms.
3
Commercial Library-Exchange Building.
Hon. Secretary
Treasurer.
M. W. Stokes, Esq., Q.C.
.L. F. Imossi, Esq.
Tickets of admission for strangers, introduced by members, are granted for 14 days;
after that they must pay $1 per month.
22
170
2:
CLUBS AND INSTITUTES.
Gibraltar Club-City Mill Lane.
President.....
Vice-President
Hon. Secretary.....
Hon. Treasurer...
ESTABLISHED 1886.
..W. A. Thomson, Esq.
.J. P. Onetti, Esq.
....R. Bandury, Esq.
...A. Onetti, Esq.
Open to Gentlemen of Gibraltar and Officers of the Army and Navy.
Candidates must be proposed and seconded by two members and balloted for by
Members and Hon. Members.
President.....
Hon. Secretary.
:0:
Calpe Club-Church Street.
John Imossi, Esq.
Subscription $1 3 0 per month.
Candidates must be proposed and seconded by two members, and balloted for by the
Committee.
:0:
Gibraltar Whist Glub-Cannon Lane, D. 10 H. 13.
..........O. H. Tobin, Esq., Station Hospital.
Secretary...
Candidates must be proposed on personal knowledge and seconded by a Member.
Subscription $1 per month.
:0:
Circulo El Progreso.
Amateur Recreative Lyric Society-Main Street.
President....
Secretary...
Mr. Henry Abudarham.
Mr. John Chiappe, Jun.
Subscription $1 0 12 per month.
Candidates must be proposed and seconded by two Members, and balloted for at a
General Meeting.
Soldiers' Institute-Southport Street.
Supported by voluntary contributions. Open daily (free to all Soldiers and Sailors)
from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m.
Has a large Reading Room with Games, &c., Refreshment Bar, Lending Library,
Lavatory, Bath Room, and Mission Hall.
Meetings every evening.
Honorary Treasurer
Major Hipwell.
171
Gibraltar Garrison Recreation Rooms-Southport Street.
Armoury, Grand Store.
Patron-His Excellency the GOVERNOR.
Committee-Officers of the Garrison.
Hon. Secretary-Major W. F. Cottrell, Staff.
The object of the Institution is to provide real comfort, recreation, and amusing in-
struction for the Soldiers of the Garrison during their leisure hours, and the Committee
consider that this can best be attained on the principle of self-government, and by the
absence of any restraint so far as may be consistent with good order.
The Institution was inaugurated on the 22d April, 1885, and is open daily to all
Warrant Officers, N. C. Officers, and men of the Regiments, Corps, and Departments in
Gibraltar, the monthly subscription being one penny per man. All Warrant Officers,
Petty Officers of the Royal Navy, Seamen and Marines, and all Colonial Government
Employés, are admitted as Hon. Members at a nominal subscription, and the men of Ships
of War of other Nations are invited to use the Institution whilst in port. The accommo-
dation includes a fine Lending Library of 5,000 volumes; writing paper and envelopes
may also be had free on application to the Superintendent or his Assistant; the principal
papers and periodicals of the day are taken in; there are also Billiard and Bagatelle
Rooms, Games Room, and a spacious Skittle Alley; all of which are largely used and
much appreciated by the troops.
Weekly Smoking Concerts take place during the winter months on every Tuesday,
each Regiment, Corps and Department taking its turn to provide the entertainment.
Sailors' Home-Engineer Lane.
Captain of the Port
F. B. Planello, Port Office.
Treasurer.
.Secretary.
The Home receives an annual grant of £50 from Government and another £50
granted by the Lords of the Admiralty, in aid of its funds, which are derived from
voluntary contributions and receipts from lodgers.
AMUSEMENTS.
Calpe Hunt.
Master...
Hon. Secretary and Treasurer.
Colonel J. Kelly Holdsworth, C.R.A.
Major R. A. Hickson, A.D.C.
W. Conolly.
Huntsman
Meet twice a week (Tuesdays and Fridays) during the winter months. Subscription
$2 a month. Regiments pay $36 a month.
Gentlemen desiring to become members, entitling them to vote on all hunt questions
and to wear the hunt button, must be proposed and seconded by members. When
elected they pay $16 and are exempt from Field Money (two shillings each Meet at-
tended) for the 1st Season.
172
President.....
Hon. Secretary
Treasurer...
Clerk of the Course....
Jockey Club.
Major-General M. Walker, V.C., C.B.
.Lieut.-Colonel T. P. Shannon, C. & T. Staff.
F. Schott, Esq.
Members must be proposed and seconded at a general meeting of the Club, the names
having been published fourteen days before the meeting. Subscription $2 a year.
:0:
Civilian Racing Club.
President ....
Hon. Secretary
Treasurer...
Clerk of the Course
.Lord Gifford, V.C.
L. F. Imossi, Esq.
M. Y. Bergel, Esq.
M. A. Serfaty, Esq.
Members must be proposed and seconded at a General Meeting. Subscription, $4 a
year and $10 entrance fee.
President ....
•
·:0:-
Gymkhana Club.
Colonel J. P. Carr Glyn, A.A.G.
Hon. Secretary ...... Captain Maunsell R. W. K. Regt.
Hon. Secretary...
Polo Club.
Lieut. T. L. N. Morland, King's Royal Rifles.
The ground is on Campamento Common.
:0:
Officers' Racquet Court-South Barracks.
Lieut. Hon. S. H. R. L. Tollemache, K. R. Rifles.
Subscription $1 a quarter for playing members.
Hon. Secretary.
...
Entrance fee $2.
:0:
Hon. Secretary.
Officers' Cricket Club.
.Captain Banks, King's Royal Rifles.
Subscription, two shillings a month for players. One shilling for non-players.
173
Patron.
President.
Vice-President.
Treasurer..
Hon. Secretary....
Civilian Cricket Club,
H. E. the Governor.
Sir Henry Burford-Hancock.
Lord Gifford, V.C.
A von Andlau, Esq.
J. H. Bryant, Esq., M.D.
Calpe Rowing Club.
President...
Vice-President and Captain
Secretary and Treasurer
A. Hasluck, Esq.
W. F. Roberts, Esq.
Rosia Bathing Place.
Hon. Secretary….
Captain E. J. Priestly, R.A.
0
Sanitary Commissioners Public Bathing Establishments.
OPEN FROM MAY TILL OCTOBER-FROM SUNRISE TO SUNSET DAILY.
Bathing Houses-Ragged Staff and Bayside-For women.
Chatham Counter Guard and Devil's Tongue-For men.
Charge from d. to 4d. for one bath. Special tariff for family and season tickets.
Public Baths-Market Street.
Open from 7 o'clock a.m. to
winter.
Hon. Secretary
Opened in October, 1874.
8·15 p.m. in the summer, and from 8 a.m. to 7.15 p.m. in
Charge for a warm bath-Six-pence.
:0:
Lawn Tennis Club,
SAND PITS.
.Surgeon-Major H. Charlesworth, M.S.
The ground is at the Sandpits, where there are two courts. The racquets, shoes, &c.,
of members are taken care of at the Pavilion, where there are dressing rooms for ladies
and gentlemen.
SUBSCRIPTION--ONE SHILLING PER MONTH.
The names of ladies and gentlemen wishing to join to be sent to the Secretary.
:0:
Lawn Tennis Club,
Hon. Secretary
MOORISH CASTLE.
Major G. B. Allen, R.A.
!
174
F
Gibraltar Royal Minnesingers' Society.
Patrons-
H.R.H. Prince Albert Victor of Wales, K.G., &c., and H.E. the Governor.
President
Hon. Secretary
Musical Director
.Sir Henry Burford-Hancock.
Major A. W. Morris, B.M.
..Surgeon-Major R. Gillham-Thomsett, M.S.
Candidates are balloted for by the Committee, and should forward their names to
the Hon. Secretary.
The entrance is ten shillings, and the monthly subscription is one shilling and six-
pence, payable in advance. or a quarterly subscription of 4s., also in advance.
President....
Stage Manager
:0: -
Officers' Dramatic Club.
Lieut.-Colonel Morgan Crofton, S. S. Regt.
Major O'Malley, R.A.
Assistant Stage Manager......... W. Seed, Esq.
Hon. Secretary and Treasurer... Major W. F. Cottrell, Staff.
All officers and their families are considered members and are eligible to take part in
the performances.
Names of ladies and gentlemen willing to act, to be sent to the Secretary.
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The Gibraltar Musical and Dramatic Society.
President
Vice-President
Treasurer
Patron-H. E. the GOVERnor.
Vice-Patron-Sir Henry Burford-Hancock.
Hon. Secretary.....
W. A. Thomson, Esq.
A. J. Patron, Esq.
….A. von Andlau, Esq.
J. B. Recaño, Esq.
Any gentleman desirous of becoming a subscriber must be nominated by two Proprie-
tors and balloted for by the Committee.
Entrance fee ten shillings; monthly subscription five shillings, payable in advance.
•:0:
·:0:-
Garrison Subscription Balls.
President....
Secretaries....
•
Colonel Papillon, C.R.E.
Captain Maunsell, R.W.K.
J. B. Recaño, Esq.
Military Bands.
During the summer months the bands play on the Alameda on Monday and Thursday
commencing at 9 p.m.
During the winter months on the same days in the afternoon.
175
CHURCHES, HOSPITALS, CHARITIES, &c.
Civil Hospital.
President and Patron-His Excellency the Governor.
Deputy-Governors
Surgeon
Assistant Surgeon………….
Protestant Division-H. T. Creswell, Esq.
Roman Catholic Division—J. A. Patron, Esq.
Hebrew Division-I. Hassan, Esq.
One representing Local Government.
One representing Gavino's Estate.
A Civil or Military Medical Officer.
.J. Baggetto, Esq.
W. Turner, Esq., M.A., M.D.
The Board consists of the above Deputy-Governors, the first three elected annually
by the three great religious persuasions-Protestants, Roman Catholics and Hebrews-
into which the community is divided, two others appointed by H. E. the Governor, and
the other elected by the Trustees of Gavino's Estate.
The general fund of the Hospital is derived from a varying allowance paid by the Co-
lonial Government in lieu of certain charges formerly paid to the Hospital by all
This fund
shipping anchoring in the Bay, under the Warrant of the Governor.
receives also an allowance of £102 per annum from the War Office towards the support
of the Lock Hospital, and it is further aided by subscriptions, donations, bequests
and other casual sources of revenue.
The funds of each division are administered by the respective Deputy-Governors.
One hundred and ten patients can be accommodated in the present building since.
its reconstruction.
A new Ward, styled the Victoria Ward, has been built and endowed by the Colonial
Government in remembrance of Her Majesty's Jubilee.
Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity.
Civil Chaplain-The Venerable Arch. D. S. Govett, M.A.
Colonel J. A. Papillon, C.R.E.
Trustees Captain H. St. John, R.N.
B. Carver, Esq.
Organist Mr. Digby.
Applications for sittings to be made at the Cathedral on Wednesdays and
Fridays at 11.30.
176
King's (Garrison) Chapel.
Chaplain in Charge-Rev. P. F. Raymond, C.F.
Churchwardens..
Colonel J. Kelly-Holdsworth, C.R.A.
Colonel J. A. Papillon, C.R.E.
For hours of Services see Notice Board outside Chapel.
Daily at 9 a.m.
-:0:
Cathedral Church of St. Mary the Crowned.
Right Rev. Gonzalo Canilla, D.D., Bishop of Lystra, Vicar Apostolic.
Vicar General-Very Rev. Mgr. Gabriel Femenias.
Sittings may be secured on application at the Vestry, or at the Ecclesiastical Registry
Office, from 11 to 2 daily (Sundays and Church holidays excepted).
:0:-
St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church.
Services
Rev. T. Murray, Minister.
Sunday Morning, 11 a.m.
CC
Evening, 6:30 p.m.
South Barrack Chapel, 9 a.m.
For sittings apply to Mr. Fromow, Bible Depôt, Church-street.
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Wesleyan Chapel,
PRINCE EDWARD'S ROAD.
Sunday Services.....
Minister-Rev. T. Grimshaw.
11 a.m. and 6:30 p.m.
Chapel Steward-Mr. Henry F. Elenor.
Applications for sittings to be made to the Steward.
Patron ...
President
Chairman
Treasurer
:0:
Church of England Schools.
His Excellency the Governor.
The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop.
The Venerable the Archdeacon.
..Benjamin Carver, Esq.
:00:
Roman Catholic Poor Schools.
The Vicar Apostolic...
Rev. P. Bosano...
Francis Francia, Esq.
President.
Hon. Secretary.
Treasurer.
177
Gibraltar Public School.
Acting Secretary and Treasurer
·:0:
…………………..B. Carver, Esq.
Infant and Industrial School.
Acting Secretary
Treasurer
:0:
.B. Carver, Esq.
..R. Abrines, Esq.
Wesleyan Methodist School.
Hon. Secretary and Treasurer
Rev. T. Grimshaw.
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Hebrew Poor School.
President ..
Hon. Secretary
Treasurer..
.I. A. Levy, Esq.
..A. J. Benyunes, Esq.
NOTE.—All these Schools receive from Government a grant equal to the amount
of the voluntary contributions, which include School Pence.
Gavino's Asylum-Prince Edward's Road.
TRUSTEES-The Colonial Secretary (Government Member)-Messrs. F. Francia,
F. Imossi, L. F. Imossi, J. P. Onetti, J. Porral, H. F. Recaño, A. Patron
and the Deputy Governor, Catholic Division, Civil Hospital.
Supported by funds arising from property devised by the late J. Gavino for the main-
tenance of 28 aged paupers and 18 orphans of both sexes.
Protestant Orphan Asylum and British Poor Fund.
Treasurer......
Henry Thornton, Esq.
B. Carver, Esq., J. Speed, Esq.
Managing Committee { Venerable Arch. Govett and A. Hasluck, Esq.
The
A charity supported entirely by private donations.
23
178
British and Foreign Bible Society.
GIBRALTAR Branch.
Local Hon. Secretary....
Depôt Keeper and Colporteur...
Depôt-Church Street.
Major Hipwell, C. & T. Staff.
Mr. Fromow.
Gibraltar Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
Hon. Secretary and Treasurer
Executive Officer
Major F. O. Leggett, O.S.D.
...Mr. Falk.
All messages on business connected with this Society are kindly taken in at Mr.
Roberts', Chemist, Church Street.
Nursing Sisters.
Les Sœurs de Bon Secours-Library Ramp.
Gibraltar Centre of St. John Ambulance Association.
President
Vice-Presidents...
H. E. the Governor.
S Major-General M. Walker, V.C., C.B.
Sir Henry Burford-Hancock.
Hon. Secretary and Treasurer....Major H. G. Pilleau, R.E.
Patrons.....
Presidents...
Gibraltar Temperance Society.
(H. E. the Governor.
The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop.
The Venerable the Archdeacon (Civilian).
Rev. P. R. Raymond (Military).
Subscription, 4d. per month, or 4s. a year. Entrance Fee, 6d.
179
BOARDS, &c.
Gibraltar Cemetery Committee.
OFFICE—ROYAL ENGINEER OFFICE, KING'S YARD.
President
Members.....
Secretary and Treasurer... Mr.
The Commanding Royal Engineer.
The Principal Medical Officer.
The Assistant Military Secretary.
The Police Magistrate.
Chairman Chamber of Commerce.
Chairman Exchange Committee.
Chairman Sanitary Commissioners.
The Colonial Engineer.
F. R. Robson.
Notices as to Interments should be given to the Warder at the North Front Cemetery.
Applications for erection of tombs, vaults, &c., and for remission of fees in the case
of indigent persons, should be made to the Secretary.
Sketches of proposed monuments, and copies of inscriptions should be submitted to
the Secretary for approval of the Committee.
A
Board of Health.
H. E. the Governor.
The Colonial Secretary.
[C
Principal Medical Officer.
Police Magistrate.
Captain of the Port.
(c
ઃઃ
Port Surgeon.
CC
President of the Chamber of Commerce.
Chairman of the Sanitary Commissioners.
Chairman of the Exchange Committee.
Secretary-J. C. King, Esq.
Justices of the Peace.
The Colonial Secretary.
CC
te
Attorney-General.
Registrar of the Supreme Court.
Police Magistrate.
Treasurer and Collector of H. M.'s Revenues.
Captain of the Port.
Francis Francia, Esq.
180
-.
Managing Board of the Hebrew Community.
President
Vice-President
Hon. Secretary
Treasurer
J. Benzaquen, Esq.
J. I. Levy, Esq.
I. Hassan, Esq.
...
Y. Bergel, Esq.
B. L. Balensi, Esq.
M. Y. Bergel, Esq.
David Cuby, Esq.
Members.
Ver. Rev. Samuel Lasry, D.D.
A. Levy, Esq.
S. J. Sananes, Esq.
181
NAME.
THE GIBRALTAR CIVIL SERVICE.
DEPARTMENT.
1ST CLASS CLERKS.
James J. Terry
George A. Bassadone
Francis Z. L. Guibara
John B. Recaño
John C. King
Albert Porral
Anthony Desoisa
2D CLASS CLERKS.
James G. Gordon
Armand Podesta
Arthur Sanchez
John H. Imossi
*John Porral
Joseph Chipulina....
3D CLASS CLERKS.
*Robert H. Pogue
*John C. Phillips
*Eugene P. Griffin
*Felix B. Planelló
Joseph J. Desoisa
....
SUPPLEMENTARY CLERks.
*Richard Giraldi
*Anthony M. Requena
*James Gareze
George Lawrence
Robert F. King
Joseph S. Coll
Anthony Bosano
SUPERNUMERARY CLERKS.
Joseph Chipulina, Jr.
TELEGRAPH AND SAVINGS
BANK CLErks.
Albert Bosano.
Francis Shakery.
John Shakery.
Angel Chipulina.
Treasury-" Crown Lands."
Port Office.
Treasury.
Supreme Court.
Colonial Secretary's Office.
Treasury-" Crown Lands."
Post Office.
Sitting Magistrate's Office.
Treasury.
Supreme Court.
Port Office.
Colonial Secretary's Office.
Post Office.
Police (Chief Inspector's Office).
Audit Office.
Colonial Secretary's Office.
Port Office.
Post Office.
Port Office.
Supreme Court.
Port Office.
Police Magistrate's Office.
Police Magistrate's Office.
Post Office.
Attorney General's Office.
Post Office.
-Cashier.
-Cashier.
-Assistant Registrar.
(Confidential Clerk and Secre-
tary to Board of Health.
-Cashier.
Registrar of Births, Deaths and
Marriages, & Clerk to Justices.
-Accountant.
-Registrar Marine Court.
-Spanish Translator & Interpreter
-Clerk to Registrar of Shipping.

Qualified for 3d Class Clerks,
* These Clerks have passed a Competitive Examination.
182
NAMES OF OFFICERS OF THE GARRISON
(MILITARY AND CIVIL),
MEMBERS OF PUBLIC BODIES, FOREIGN CONSULS, &c., IN GIBRALTAR.
:0:
NOTE.-An asterisk (*) placed before the name denotes that the person is married.
His Excellency the Governor The Honorable Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge, General
of Her Majesty's Forces, Colonel Commandant of the King's Royal Rifle Corps,
Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Companion of
the Order of the Indian Empire, Knight Commander of the Legion of Honour,
Knight Commander of the Second Class of the Military Order of the Medjidie,
Extra Equerry to Her Majesty the Queen, Governor, Vice-Admiral and Commander-
in-Chief of the City and Garrison of Gibraltar, &c., &c., &c.—The Convent. Sum-
mer residence, The Cottage, Europa.
Personal Staff.
* Captain C. S. Shephard, D.S.O., The King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment), A.M.S.
and A.D.C.-The Convent.
Lieut. F. M. Beaumont, K. R. Rifles, A.D.C.-Secretary's Lane.
Infantry Brigade.
Major-General M. Walker, V.C., C.B.-Line Wall House.
* Major R. A. Hickson, The Buffs (East Kent Regiment), A.D.C.-Secretary's Lane.
* Major A. W. Morris, Northamptonshire Regiment, Brigade Major-Governor's Lane
Staff.
* Colonel J. P. Carr Glyn, Assist. Adjutant and Quarter-Master General-Cathedral
Square.
* Major G. C. Wynne, R.A., D.A.A. & Q. M. General & D.A.A.G. for Instruction—
Town Range.
*Major W. F. Cottrell, Garrison Quartermaster-Flat Bastion Road.
* Colonel J. Kelly-Holdsworth, Commanding Royal Artillery-Cannon Lane.
* Captain H. C. Dunlop, Brigade Major, Royal Artillery-Moorish Castle
* Colonel J. A. Papillon, Commanding Royal Engineer-Engineer House.
* Colonel J. Draper, Deputy Commissary General-Bella Vista.
Lieut.-Colonel A. B. Calvert, Assistant Commissary General of Ordnance-Bomb
House Lane.
* Colonel W. Macdonnell, Chief Paymaster-Sunnyside.
Surgeon General W. A. Mackinnon, C.B., Principal Medical Officer-Bomb House Lane.
* Warrant Officer-D. Craig, Chief Clerk, A.A.G. Office—Head Quarter Offices.
R. Geddes, Garrison Sergeant Major-College Lane.
*
CC
* Local Inspector of Army Schools-Major G. C. Wynne, R.A., D.A.A.G.
* Inspector of Warlike Stores-Major Morgan, R.A.-The Bungalow, Europa Pass.
*Superintendent of Gymnasium-Captain F. Hughes, Royal Dublin Fusiliers-Wind-
mill Hill.
183
$
Officers, &c., of H. M. Naval Establishment at Gibraltar.
* Captain H. C. St. John, A.D.C., Senior Naval Officer & Superintendent-The Mount.
* Secretary-
, (Assistant Paymaster, Royal Navy), Rosia.
Superintendent Engineer-James Hook, Esq. (Chief Engineer, Royal Navy), Naval
Yard.
* Admiralty Clerk and Cashier-H. M. Dixon, Esq., B.A., Rosia.
* Clerk of Works-W. J. Ruggier, Esq., Rosia.
* Master of Yard Craft and Pilot-W. Stevens, Esq., Cumberland Road.
H.M.S." Grappler."
* Lieutenant and Commander-D. Hamond Graeme.
Lieutenant (N)-L. E. Power.
Sub-Lieutenant-H. C. Lockyer.
Surgeon-J. Acheson, M.D.
Assistant Paymaster in Charge-E. V. Sharpe, Esq.
Engineer-J. J. Walker, Esq.
Gunner-Thomas Birchby.
Colonial Department.
* Chief Justice and Judge of Vice-Admiralty-The Hon. Sir Henry Burford-Hancock,
Arengo's Palace.
*
Colonial Secretary-The Right Hon. Lord Gifford, V.C., Secretary's Lane.
Attorney General-Robert Ffrench Sheriff, Esq., Q.C., 14, Scud Hill.
Civil Chaplain-The Venerable Archdeacon D. S. Govett, M.A., Commercial Square.
Treasurer and Collector of H. M.'s Revenues-Melfort Campbell, Esq., 14, Scud Hill.
Colonial Auditor-A. Patterson, Esq., Prince Edward's Ramp.
Captain of the Port-Commander J. F. Baker, R.N., St. Bernard's.
* Police Magistrate and Coroner—A. W. Fawkes, Esq., Secretary's Lane.
Registrar of the Supreme Court-Edward J. Baumgartner, Esq., Buena Vista House.
Assistant Registrar-J. B. Recaño, Esq., ('ivil Hospital Hill.
*Colonial Engineer-Captain S. Buckle, Library Villas.
* Chief of Police-W. Seed, Esq., Cloister Ramp.
Postmistress and Superintendent Gibraltar Government Telegraph-Miss Creswell,
Post Office.
* Port Surgeon-Dr. J. Bryant, College Lane.
* Registrar of Births, &c.--J. G. Gordon, Esq., Bomb House Lane.
Marshal Supreme Court and Vice-Admiralty Court-T. J. Vecchio, Esq.
* Lord Bishop of Gibraltar-Right Rev. Charles W. Sandford, D.D.
Roman Catholic Vicar Apostolic-Right Rev. Gonzalo Canilla, D.D., Rodger's Ramp.
184
Royal Artillery.
GOVERNOR'S PARADE.
MESS HOUSES
BLEAK HOUSE, EUROPA.
Staff.-(Office, Gunner's Barracks).
* Colonel J. Kelly Holdsworth, Colonel on the Staff, Commanding.
Captain H. C. Dunlop, Brigade Major.
* Major F. C. Morgan, Inspector of Warlike Stores and Firemaster.
Quartermaster R. L. Clark, Inspector of Ordnance Machinery.
* Captain T. Ward, Quartermaster.
{
North Division.-(Office, Gunner's Barracks).
Officer Commanding-*Lieut.-Colonel C. R. E. Wheatley.
Adjutant-Lieutenant W. H. Mills
No. 1 Battery, 1st Brigade, Cinque Ports Division-(Wellington Front).
* Major J. G. Uppleby
Captain F. E. Cooper
Major
Lieutenant M. B. Roberts
H. G. F. E. de Montmorenc
Lieutenant F. E. Freeth
No. 3 Battery, 1st Brigade, Eastern Division-(Moorish Castle).
Captain G. R. Townshend
T. Robertson
No. 2 Battery, 1st Brigade, Western Division-(Jumpers Bastion).
Major G. B. Allen
Captain T. F. Bushe
1
Lieutenant H. S. C. M. Guille
W. A. Boulnois
Lieutenant M. M. Morris
No. 3 Battery, 1st Brigade, Western Division-(King's Bastion).
Major L. J. A. Chapman
Captain
South Division.-(Cffice, Europa).
* Officer Commanding-Colonel C. A. Gorham.
Adjutant-Lieutenant H. M. Campbell.
C. C. Van Straubenzee
No. 4 Battery, 1st Brigade, Northern Division-(Europa Hutments).
* Major F. M. Turner
Captain J. R. H. Allen
Lieutenant P. H. Flower
2d Lieutenant H. J. F. Harris
No. 3 Battery, 1st Brigade, Lancashire Division- (Europa Hutments).
* Major H. H. Hardinge
Captain E. J. K. Priestley
Lieutenant E. W. Davies
W. W. Griffin
No. 2 Battery, 1st Brigade, Lancashire Division-(Europa Hutments).
*Major G. H. O'Malley
* Captain Hon. A. Lambart
Lieutenant F. T. L. Dames
2d Lieutenant L. R. Kenyon
C. S. Taylor
185
Royal Engineer Department.
OFFICES-KING'S YARD, QUEEN STREET.
* Commanding Royal Engineer-Colonel J. A. Papillon.
* Executive Officer-Lieut.-Colonel E. Stephens.
Division Officer, North-Captain R. T. Orpen.
* Division Officer, South-Major H. G. Pilleau.
* Division Officer, North Front-Major C. A. Rochfort-Boyd
* Officer in charge of Lands, Telegraphs, Plans & Photographs-Major H. G. Pilleau,
Assistant
•
* Staff Officer to C.R.E.-Captain E. R. Hussey.
2
* Surveyor-James Sords, Esq.
Assistant Surveyor-Ernest Dawson, Esq.
(C
-Captain J. W. Sill
Royal Engineers.
MESS HOUSE-OLD GREEN MARKET.
* Colonel J. A. Papillon, C.R.E. on the Staff
*Lieut.-Colonel E. Stephens, com'dg Batt.
* Major H. G. Pilleau
Captain R. T. Orpen
**
E. R. Hussey
C. A. Rochfort-Boyd (Bt.-Major)
J. W. Sill
Lieut. E. M. Burton
C. A. Leahy
B. C. Johirston
G. H. Fowke
F. E. G. Skey
E. H. Hills
R. P. Lee
:
22
186
..
1st Battalion The Norfolk Regiment (9th).
* Colonel W. J. Massy
MESS HOUSE-SPANISH PAVILION.
Lient-Colonel C. M. Stockley
* Major A. G. Wavell
*
*
*
F. A. Currie
O. Allcard
Captain J. L. Govan
F. J. D. Lugard, D.S.O.
B. de M. Leathes
S. D. Shortt
Lieutenant W. S. Dods
W. C. Tonge
H. H. Applewhaite
W. R. Inglis
Lieutenant E. C. Peebles
G. C. Graham
M. R. E. Ray
E. W. Margesson
A. L. Bellamy
A. E. Lascelles
C. H. Renwick
H. G. Levinge
Adjutant-Lieut. A. Chater
Paymaster-Captain F. J. Loder
* Quartermaster-Lieut. J. Connors
1st Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment (38th).
MESS HOUSE-BUENA VISTA.
* Colonel Sir N. W. D. Pringle, Bart.
Lieut-Colonel H. Beal, C.B.
Major Morgan S. Crofton, D.S.O.,
(Bt. Lieut.-Colonel)
A. B. Horsbrugh
R. Whalley
Captain W. Moore
F. Broadwood
J. S. Hume
C. H. Wylly
A. H. Brooksbank
* Lieutenant H. W. Steward
J. Kirkpatrick
E. S. P. Wolferstan
W. C. Bridge
*
*
Lieutenant F. A. Hedley
| | |
I │
R. F. B. Glover
C. B. Fitz Henry
H. R. H. Jack
C. P. M. Weatherley
H. Barlow
Hon. J. G. R. Colborne
H. Greenfield
R. Cosens
W. H. Errington
C. A. G. Close
Adjutant-Lieut. H. N. C. Heath
Paymaster-
* Quarter-Master-M. Billings
.
187
1st Battalion Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment (50th).
MESS HOUSE-LINE WALL.
Lieut.-Colonel J. L. Tweedie, D.S.O.
W. H. Bayly
Major H. Cummings
N. H. Leckie
A W. Dury
Captain G W. Maunsell
W. E. Rowe
E. D. Caird
Lieutenant J. A. G. Sangster
W. R. Minchin
W. R. N. Annesley, D.S.O.
J. M. Maxwell
A. G. Eckford
Lieutenant F. Hodges
1 1
A. W. Martyn
R. C. Style
N. H. S. Lowe
E. V. O. Hewitt
W. H. Brown
F. C. Marsh
D. P. Walker
·
Adjutant-Capt. & Bt.-Maj. F. Wintour
* Paymaster-Major R. E. Owen
* Quarter-Master-A. E. Mansfield
1
!
4-
3rd Battalion King's Royal Rifle Corps (60th).
MESS HOUSE-SOUTH BARRACKS.
Lieut.-Colonel G. T. Whitaker
Major E. L. Fraser, Bt.-Lieut.-Colonel
H. P. M. Wylie
R. S. R. Fetherstonhaugh,
(Bt.-Lieut.-Colonel)
Captain W. S. Anderson.
G. S. Baynes
H. D. Banks
D. G. R. Ryder
Lieutenant C. F. Sewell
C. J. Ryder
C. E. H. Hobhouse
T. L. N. Morland
H. C. Howard
Lieutenant Hon. St. L. H. Jervis
F. Douglas-Pennant
H. P. E. Parker
C. Ashburnham
J. Curteis
Hon. S. H. R. L. Tollemache
E. Pleydell-Bouverie-Campbell
A. H. Terry
A. R. M. Stuart-Wortley
G. A. J. Soltau-Symons
Adjutant-Lieut. W. H. Kennedy
* Paymaster-Major A. Stokes
Quartermaster-E. F. Overton
*
**
:
188
Commissariat and Transport Staff.
* Dep.-Com.-Gen. Colonel J. Draper
Asst.-Com.-Gen. Lt.-Col. T. P. Shannon
*Asst.-Com.-Gen. Major A. G. Hipwell
* Dep.-Asst.-Com.-Gen. Captain H. L.
Silvester
* Captain & Quartermaster J. Steele
Ordnance Store Department.
Assist.-Com.-Gen. of Ordnance Lieut.- * Dep.-Asst.-Com.-Gen. of Ordnance Capt.
Colonel A. B. Calvert
* Assist.-Com.-Gen. of Ordnance Major
H. T. Wyon
Conductor of Stores W. Herd
F. O. Leggett
J. Mitchell.
Army Pay Department.
DISTRICT OFFICE.
REGIMENTS.
*
*Colonel W. Macdonnell, Chief Pay- Norfolk Regiment-Captain F. J. Loder,
master
* Major J. E. Kitson, Paymaster
Captain J. F. Simonet, Paymaster
Paymaster
South Staffordshire Regiment-
Paymaster
*Royal West Kent Regiment -Major
R. E. Owen, Paymaster
* King's Royal Rifle Corps-Major A.
Stokes, Paymaster
Medical Staff.
*Surg.-General W. A. Mackinnon, C.B.
Brigade-Surgeon J. Warren
*Surgeon-Major R. W. Troup
M. Cogan
*
*
*
R. Collins, M.D.
W. H. Steele
*
A. W. Duke
樂
​R. G. Thomsett
J. Hoysted
Surgeon-Major H. Charlesworth
* Surgeon J. E. Nicholson
*
*
*
W. G. A. Bedford, M.B.
M. W. O'Keeffe, M.D.
G. E. Moffet, M.B.
H. A. Haines, M.D.
A. Perry
J. S. Davidson
Quarter-Master--J. Warrington
Chaplain's Department.
ENGLAND.
CHURCH OF
* Rev. T. C. Stanley, LL.D.
* Rev. S. P. H. Statham, B.A.
* Rev. P. F. Raymond, M.A.
Rev. H. Kelly
PRESBYTERIAN.
*Rev. T. Murray
ROMAN CATHOLIC.
WESLEYAN.
*Rev. J. Grimshaw
*
+
189
Chamber of Commerce.
J. Bland, Esq........
W. A. Thomson, Esq.
J. Carara, Esq.
W. J. Smith, Esq.
R. Abrines, Esq.
H. Cavanna, Esq.
A. Mosley, Esq.
B. Carver, Esq.
President
Vice-President.
..Treasurer
..Hon. Secretary.
J. P. Onetti, Esq.
W. J. Peacock, Esq.
J. A. Levy, Esq.
M. Y. Bergel, Esq.
Exchange Committee and Chamber of Commerce.
L. F. Imossi, Esq.
M. J. Pitman, Esq.
J. Garese, Esq.
A. Gaggero, Esq.
C. Rugeroni, Esq.
Chairman
Engineer & Surveyor
...Chairman
Deputy Chairman and Treasurer
Secretary
J. Pariente, Esq.
Emilio Castro, Esq.
Sanitary Commissioners.
Secretary and Chief Clerk
Auditor
...
Officer of Health
Valuator
Clerk of Works
Steam Engineer……
Sanitary Inspectors
Collectors
...
...
...
:
:
...
:
8. •
M. A. Serfaty, Esq.
T. Tudury, Esq.
F. Levy, Esq.
S Chief Paymaster Colonel W. Mac-
donnell
Surgeon Major R. Collins, M.S.
F. T. Crooks, Esq.
J. B. Imossi, Esq.
A. Thompson
T. Balestrino and J. Ceruti
A. M. Recaño and A. J. Morasso, Jr.
Major H. G. Pilleau, R.E.
Commissioners.
Major A. G. Hipwell, D.A.C. General
M. A. Serfaty, Esq.
J. B. Bartibas, Esq.
T. G. French, Esq.
W. J. S. Smith, Esq.
Melfort Campbell, Esq.
J. Hook, Esq., R.N.
James Galleano, Esq.
W. Glassford, Esq.
C. Rugeroni, Esq.
Joseph Porral, Esq.
:
190
Argentine
Austro-Hungary
Belgium
Bolivia
Brazil
Chili
Colombia
Costa Rica
Denmark
Dominica
France ...
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Hawaii...
Hayti
Holland
Italy
Liberia
Morocco
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Peru
Portugal
Russia ...
Salvador
Siam
Spain
...
...
:
:
:
:
...
:
:
...
:
Sweden and Norway
Turkey
Consuls and Address of Consulate.
:
... Lewis F. Imossi, Esq., Irish-town
H. Schott, Esq., Irish-town
Moses Y. Bergel, Esq., Irish-town
J. Garese, Esq. (in charge)
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
...
United States of America
Uruguay
Venezuela
0:
John Abrines, Esq., Waterport-street
Fernando Gonzalez, Esq., Waterport-street
Arthur Carara, Esq., Waterport-street
N. C. Mathiasen, Esq., Market-place
Adolphe Gomez, Esq., Waterport-street
M. A. A. L. G. Denis de Trobriand, Commercial-square
M. Theodore Ledoulx, Chancelier
Ferdinand Schott, Esq., Commercial-square
Michael J. Coll, Esq., Irish-town
Hector Cavana, Esq., Turnbull's-lane
H. Schott, Esq., Irish-town
Arthur Carara, Esq., Bell-lane
SLouis Thomas Power, Esq., Irish-town
Louis M. O. Power, Esq., Vice-Consul
Count Henry Durand de la Penne, Irish-town
John Garese, Esq., Cornwall's-lane
Hadj Said Guesus, Waterport-street
Solomon Lasry, Esq., Engineer-lane
John Garese, Esq., Cornwall's-lane
Lewis F. Imossi, Esq., Irish-town
Joáo Requena, Esq., Vice-Consul
Louis Thomas Power, Esq., Irish-town
Louis M. O. Power, Esq., Vice-Consul
Don Joaquin da Costa Freire, Irish-town
H. Schott, Esq., Irish-town
Don Enrique Mediano de Blasco, Church-street
Don José Meana, Vice-Consul
A. Recanié Effendi, Waterport-street
Horatio Jones Sprague, Esq., Prince Edward's-road
Antonio Corsi, Esq., Irish-town
Solomon Levy, Esq., Cloister-ramp
191
San Roque
Algeciras
Cadiz
Seville
Malaga
Jelez
Cordoba...
Huelva
Granada...
...
:
:
:
:
:
British Vice Consuls (Spain).
:
:
:
:
:
:
Tangier..
Tetuan
Larache ...
Rabat
Casablanca (Dar-el-Baida)
Mogador
Mazagan
Saffi
Algiers
Oran
...
...
...
...
...
George Frederick Cornwell, Esq., Q.C.
(Horse Barrack Lane, Gibraltar)
John H. Haynes, Esq.
(Horse Barrack Lane, Gibraltar)
L. Joel, Esq. (Consul)
E. F. Johnston, Esq.
A. Finn, Esq. (Consul).
R. Davies, Esq.
Duncan Shaw, Esq.
Gomez de Cadiz, Esq.
H. Stanier, Esq.
Africa,
H. E. White, Esq. (Consul).
J. S. Nahon, Esq. (Consular Agent).
Joseph Imossi, Esq.
John Frost, Esq.
Robert Hunter, Esq.
Charles A. Payton, Esq. (Consul).
Alfred Redman, Esq.
George P. Hunot, Esq.
Sir R. L. Playfair (Consul-General).
Anthony Boozo, Esq.
1
192
i
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF RESIDENTS
IN GIBRALTAR.
Aboab, S. J., Waterport-street
Abrines, R. & J., Waterport-street, and Cornwall's-
lane
Abrines, Arthur, Soud Hill
Abrines, John, Waterport-street
Abudarham, Joseph, Bell-lane
Abudarham, Solomon, Giro's-passage
Aitken, C., College-lane
Amigo, Miss, Waterport-street
Amigo, Peter, George's lane
Andlau, Adolphe von, Church-place-
Ansaldo, Henry, Governor's-street
A
Anthony, W., Fraser's-ramp
Aonso, A., Turnbull's-lane
Aonso, F., Waterport-street
Aonso, Sebastian and Nicholas, Governor's-street
Archbold, Johnston & Power, Irish-town.
Armstrong, Charles T., City Mill-lane
Arrowsmith, Mrs. W. J., Hargrave's-parade
Artesani, Peter, Church-street
Ashton, Francis, Chunch-street
Attias, Jacob, Waterport-strect
Austin, H. R., Cumberland-road
Bado, Emilio, Parliament-lane
Bado, Frederick, Waterport-street
Baggetto, J., Surgeon Civil Hospital, Castle-road
Baggetto, Manuel, Library Ramp
Baker, C. J., City-mill-lane
Baker, Commander J. F., R.N., St. Bernard's-
collage
Baker, Mrs., Jubilee house, Scud-hill
Balensi, Brothers, Turnbull's-lane
Balestrino, C., George's-lane
Balestrino, E., Scud hill
Balestrino, Francis, Southport-strect
Ballou, M. Church-street
Ballou, E.,,
do.
Bañasco, Onofre, King-street
Bandury, R., Garrison Library
Barcio, John, King-street
Bardasano, J., Cannon-lane
B
Bardasano, H., Cannon-lane
Barker, Edwin, Rosia steps
Barlow, Lt. H., Mount-pleasant
Bartibas, John B., Irish-town
Bartibas, Peter, Bell-lane
Barton, Miss S., Prince Edward's-ramp
Bassadone, F., Church-street
Bassadone, F. E., Prince Edward's-road
Bassadone, Geo., Convent-place
Bassadone, N. A., Lime-kiln-Gully
Bassadone, Misses, Convent-place
Batchelor, H. E., Scud-hill.
Baumgartner, E. J., Buena Vista House
Beanlind, A., Church-street
Beanland, Malin & Co., Governor's-para 'e
Beaty, Miss, Lower Castle-road
Bebeagun, A., Convent-place
Bedford, Dr., Scud-hill
193
Bellamy, Walter, Prince Edward's-road
Bellotti, Adolphus, Lynch-lane
Bellotti, Arthur, Cornwall's-lane
Bellotti, Brothers, Lynch-lane
Bellotti, P., Lynch-lane
Benabu, J., Line Wall
Benadi, Mordajai, Engineer-lane
Benadi, Samuel, Engineer-lane
Benaim, David, Church-street
Benatar, James, Church-street
Benatar, Samuel, Boschetti's-ramp
Bendham, F., Church-street
Beneluz, Joseph, Boschetti'-ramp
Beneluz, M., Boschetti's-ramp
Benny, John, College-lane
Benoliel, E., Gunner's-lane, & Commercial-square
Benoliel, R., Waterport-street
Benona, Hadj Mohamed, Waterport-street
Benrimo, J., Southport-street
Benselum, Leon, Church-street
Bensusan, A., Waterport-street
Bensusan, Brothers, Waterport-street
Bensusan, Moses, Waterport-street
Bentubo, L. S., Waterport-street
Benzaquen, Isaac, Waterport-street
Benzecri, Rafael, Waterport-street
Benzimra, Moses de Isaac, Irish-town
Benzimra, S. J., New Mole-parade
Bergel, Moses Y., Irish-town
Bergel, Y., Irish-town
Beriro, Menahem, Waterport-street
Berlingieri & Co., Horse-barrack-lane
Bertoloso, Mrs. S. A., George's-lane
Berutich, John, Prince Edward's-road
Billings, Qr.-Master M., Windmill-hill
Birch, W. S., Scud-hill
Bitton, S., Church-street
Bitton, Joseph, Governor's-parade
Blair, Captain S., Church-street
Bland & Co., M. H., Irish-town
Bland, J., Irish-town
Blond & Co., A., Irish-town
Bonell, Jacinto J., Engineer's-lane
Bonell, John A., Governor's-street
Bonfante, Andrew, Cornwall's-parade
Bonfante, B., Governor's-street
Bonfiglio, Charles, Waterport-street
Borrell, Isidro, Crutchett's-ramp
Bosano, Frederick, Castle-ramp
Bosano, Anthony, Horse-barrack-lane-yard
Bosano, Joseph, Governor's-street
Bossano, Albert, Govt. Telegraph Office
Bossano, Andrew, Cathedral-square
Bossano, M., Engineer-lane
Botaleb, Mohammed, Bomb-house-lane
Bottino, Aurelio, Waterport-street
Boulton, W. C., Supt. Ĉivil Prison
Bourn, Thomas, Road to Flat-bastion
Bowen, T., Flat Bastion-road
Bruce, T. L., Church-street
Bruzon, John, Rodger's-ramp
Bruzon, Michael, Lynch-lane
Bruzon, James,
do.
Bryant, Dr. J. H., College-lane
Buckle, S., Captain, Library Villa
Burford-Hancock, Sir Henry, Arengo's Palace
Butler, W., Irish-town
Butler, F., Irish-town
Q
Cabedo, Mrs., Library-ramp
Cabedo, A., Cumberland-steps
Cabedo, J., Market-lane
Cabañis, G., South barrack-sheds
Calamaro, James, Europa Hotel, New Mole-parade
Calvert, Lieut.-Colonel A., Bomb-house-lane
Campbell, Melfort, Scud-hill
Canepa, P., Market-place
Canilla, Right Rev. Gonzalo, Rodger's-ramp
Canilla, Sebastian, Waterport-street
Capurro, Arthur M., & Co., Irish-town
Capurro, A., Don Place
Carara, Arthur, Governor's-lane
Carara & Sons, John, Bell-lane
Carara, J., Cloister-ramp
Carara, G., Bomb-house-lane.
Cardona, Joseph, Willis's-road
Carlarino, Edward, Naval Hospital-road
Carrol, M., Rosia-steps
Carver, Brothers, Tuckey's-lane
Carver, Benjamin, Jun., ditto
Casciaro, J. M., Prince Edward's-ramp
Casciaro, A. M., Bell-lane
Castro, Emilio, Waterport-street
Cather, H., Castle Ramp Tank.
Cavanna, Hector, Waterport-street
Cayrasso, C., Church-street
Cazes, Joseph, Waterport-street
Cerisola, Lawrence, Castle-street
Cerisola, Lutgardo A., City-mill-lane
25
194
Cerisola, Pedro, Town-range
Cerisola, Sebastian, City Mill-lane
Ceruti, J. B., Engineer's-lane
Ceruti, J. P., City Mill-lane
Chapman, Major, R.A., Moorish Castle
Charlesworth, Surgeon-Major, Bomb House-lane
Chiappe, John, Cumberland-road
Chiappe, John, jun., City Mill-lane
Chichon, Arthur, Governor's-street
Chichon, Thos., Governor's. street
Chichon, John, Waterport-street
Chichon, Edward, Castle-ramp
Chincota, Edward, Castle-steps
Chincota, John, Crutchett's-ramp
Clark, R. L., Qr.-Master, 10, Europa-pass
Cogan, Surgeon-Major, Rockey Cottage
Cohen, Abraham S., Market-lane
Coll, Michael J., Irish-town
Coll, A. M.,
do.
Coll, Henry, Prince Edward's-ramp
Collard, W., Crutchett's-ramp
Collins, R., Surgeon Major, Cannon-lane
Collins, T., Southport-street
Consigliero, Mrs. John, Scud-hill
Consigliero, Antonia, Lower Castle-road
Consigliero, Claudio, Lower Castle road
Conte, S., Church-street
Conte, F., Southport-street
Conte, O. S., Waterport Street
Cornwell, G. F., Horse-barrack-lane and Campa-
mento
Corsi, Anthony, Waterport-street
Corsi, Vicente, Bedlam-ramp
Cortés, A., Boschetti's-ramp
Cortés, M., Engineer-lane
Cottrell, Major W. F., Garrison Qr.-Mr., Flat
Bastion House
Cowell, Mrs. Richard E., Waterport-street
Cowison, The Misses, Governor's-street
Creswell, Mrs. Edmund, Post-office
Creswell, Miss Margaret, Post-office
Creswell, H. T., Church-street & Campamento
Creswell, C., South Barrack-road
Crooks, Francis, Southport-street
Crooks, Joseph A., Southport-street
Crosbie, Miss S., Convent-place
Cruz, F., Cornwall's-lane
Cuby, D., New Mole Parade
Cuby, J., Church-street
Culatto, Luis, Church-street
Danan, Samuel, Waterport-street
Dagnino, Anthony, King-street
Dagnino, James, Church-street
Dagnino & Co., James A., Waterport-street
Dallas, D., Governor's-street
Dalorto, Emilio, Serruya's-lane
Dalorto, Lewis, Linea
Dalorto, T., City-mill-lane
Danero, James, Church-street
Danero, John, Engineer-lane
Danero, Joseph, Church-street
Danino, Mrs. A., Campamento.
Danino, J., Scud-hill
Danino, F., Willis's-road
Dasoi, Lewis, Irish-town
Dautez, Gustave, City Mill-lane
Davidson, James, Cumberland-road
Davidson, Miss, Governor's-parade
Davis, S., Waterport-street
D
Defferary, F., North Pavilion-road
De Sauty, C. V., Church-street-Telegraph Office
Desoisa, Anthony, Church-street
Dias, José, Waterport-street
Dias, J., jun., Governor's-street
Digby, W., City Mill-lane
Dixon, H. M., Rosia-parade
Dodero, John, Naval Hospital-bill
Dodero, Telmo, Irish-town
Dotto, Agustin, Governor's-street
Dotto, L. M., Governor's-street
Dotto, John, Waterport-street
Dotto, Rev. J., Church St. Mary the Crowned
Draper, Colonel J., Bella Vista, Europa-road
Duke, Surgeon-Major A. W., Southport-street
Dumoulin, A., Governor's-parade
Dunlop, Captain, No. 1 Quarters, Moorish Castle
Dunstan, R., Bell-lane
Durante, James, Crutchett's-ramp
195
E
Edwards, W., Prince Edward's-road
Ellice, Edward, Pitman's-alley
1
Esterico, Joseph, Fountain-ramp
Estopa, Domingo, Church-street
F
Fá, D., Waterport and Governor's-streets
Facio, Anthony, Waterport-street
Farias, C., Governor's-parade
Fava, Angel, Governor's-street
Fava, Eulogio, Waterport-street
Fava, Pascual, Waterport-street
Fava, L., Waterport-street
Fava, Lawrence H., Governor's-street
Fawkes, A. W., Secretary's-lane
Fetherstonhaugh, Lieut.-Colonel, Bella Vista
Femenias, Rev. G., Witham's-road
Femenias, Nicholas, Armstrong's Buildings
Ferguson, P., Southport street
Fexrary & Co., Waterport-street
Ferrary, A., Town-range
Ferrary, V., Cannon-lane
Ferro, A., Crutchett's-ramp
Foote, Mrs. H. J., The Elms, New Mole
Foote, Mrs. C., Morello's-ramp
Fowler, General, Library Ramp.
Franceri, J. F., Library-garden
.
Francia, Brothers, Irish-town
Francia, Francis, Rock-cottage
Francia, Mrs. W., Governor's-street
Francis, Charles, Armstrong's Buildings
Francis, G., Morello's-ramp
Franconi, Henry, Irish-town
Freire, Joaquin da, Irish-town
French, Thomas G., Waterport-street
Freyone, Andrew, Waterport-street
Fright, W. B., Lunatic Asylum
Fromow, S., Church-street
Fulton, C., Lieut.-Colonel, King's Yard-lane
G
Gabay, I., Town-range
do.
Gabizon, J., Church-street
Gache, Francis, Church-street
Gache, Joseph, Church-street
Gache, A.,
Gaggero, Andrew, Engineer-lane
Gaggero, Avelino, Waterport-street
Gaggero, Joseph, Irish-town
Gaggero, Manuel, Waterport-street
Gains, Mrs., Church-street
Gallardo, Joseph, Castle Road
Galleano, James, Willis's-road
Galliano, A. M., Church-lane
Galliano, J., Cannon-lane
Gamble & Co., T., Waterport-street
Gandolino, R., Crutchett's-ramp
Garbarino, Jas., King-street
Garbarino, J., junr., Prince Edward's-ramp
Garcia, J., Turnbull's-lane
Garcia, Giuseppe, Horse-barrack-lane
Garese, John, Cornwall's-lane
Gareze, Joseph, Waterport-street
Garibaldi, J., Church-place
Garzon, H. S., Waterport-street
Gavaron, Mrs., Bomb-house-lane
Ghigliotto, J., Convent-place
Ghio, A., Prince Edward's-ramp
Gifford, Lord, V.C., Secretary's-lane
Gill & Sons, Francis, Waterport-street
Gill, W., Irish-town
Giraldi, Anthony, Cannon-lane
Glassford, William, Campamento
Glover, Lieut. R., Wind-mill-hill
Glyn, Colonel J. P. Carr, Cathedral-square
Goerbey, Robert, Governor's-street
Gomez, Adolfo, Irish-town
Gomez, Manuel, Irish-town
Gomez, R. Waterport-street
Gonzalez, Fernando, Waterport-street
Gordon, T., Library-garden
196
Gordon, J. Gautier, Bomb House-lane
Gordon, Hypolite Charles, Lopez's-ramp
Gorham, Col. R.A., Europa
Goslin, Mrs., Scud-hill
Govett, Archdeacon D., Commercial-square
Graffione, James, Governor's-parade
Gregory, J., Church-street
Griffin, Captain A., City-mill-lane
Griffin, P., New Mole Parade
Griffin, E.,
do.
Griffiths, A., Church-street
Grimshaw, Rev., Prince Edward's-road
Guasco, Miss, Church-lane
Guesus, Hadj Said, Waterport-street
Guibara, F., Giro's-passage
Gumb, E., Crutchett's-ramp
Haire, John, Roger's-ramp
Hardinge, Major, R.A., No. 50, F.O.Q., Europa
Harrison, Mrs. J. W., Library Villa
Hasluck & Bonell, Waterport-street
Hasluck, A., Morello's-ramp
Hassan, Jacob A., Waterport-street
Hassan, Mesod, Waterport-street
Hassan, Isaac, Convent-place
latchwell, A., Cornwall's-parade
Haynes, John Hall, Foundry North-front, and
Horse Barrack-lane-yard
Hemmi, Charles M., Library-garden
Henderson Brothers, Church-street
Henry, William I., Southport-street
Hepper, James, Lynch-lane
Hepper, Miss, Scud Hill
H
Hepper, Miss C. E., ditto
Hernandez, A., Convent-place
Hickson, Major, A.D.C., Secretary's-lane
Hipwell, Major, Southport-street
Holliday, J., Engineer-lane and Crutchett's-ramp
Holliday, Joseph, Church-street
Holmes, Richard, Bedlam-court
Holmes, G., Soldiers' Institute
Hook, J., Naval Yard
Howard, Mrs., Church-street
Hoysted, Surgeon Major J., Europa
Hughes, Captain, Wind Mill-hill
Humphrys, George, Governor's-parade
Hutcheson, J. W., Governor's-street
Hutcheson, Charles, Governor's-street
H
Imossi, Albert, Gowland's Cottage
1mossi, Francis, Cornwall's-lane
Imossi, Joseph G., Library-ramp
Imossi, John, Southport-street
Imossi, F. A., Library-garden
Imossi, Lewis F., Irish-town
Kelly, Rev. H., Rodger's-road
J
Imossi, Francis, Governor's-street
Imossi, J. L., Serfaty's-passage
Imossi, John B., Church-place
Isola, B., King-street
Israel, J., Tuckey's-lane
Israel, S. and D., Waterport-street
Jimenez, Dr., Prince Edward's-ramp
Kelly Holdsworth, Colonel J., C.R.A., Artillery
House, Cannon-lane
King, Mrs. D., Morello's-ramp
K
King, J. C., Library-ramp
King, W. S., Waterport-street
Kitson, Major, Bella Vista
:
197
Labrador, F. & E., Waterport-street
Laferla, Vincent, Church-street
Larios, Brothers, Waterport-street
Larios, Mrs. P., Connaught-house
Larios, P.
Larios, L.
<<
Lasry, Solomon, Engineer-lane
Lavarello, Angel, Irish-town
Lavie, Adam, Governor's-street
Lawrence, George, Sen., Cornwall's-lanc
Lawrence, George, Jun., Irish-town
Ledouls, Theodore, Commercial-square
Leggett, Major, O.S.D., Southport-street
工
​Lequich, W., Royal Hotel
Levy, Abraham, New Mole-parade
Levy, Frederick, College-lane
Levy & Co., Turnbull's-lane
Llambias, John, Library-ramp
Lombard, L. A., Governor's-street
Longlands Cowell & Co., Waterport-street
Lopez, Dr. R., Prince Edward's-ramp
Lugaro, Anthony, Governor's-street
Lunari, Andrew, Irish-town
Lyons, P., Scud-hill
Lyons, Captain T., Windmill-hill
M
Macdonnell, Col. W., A.P.D., Sunnyside House
Mackintosh, J., Gibraltar Club
M'Phee, A. C, Flat-bastion-road & Church-street
Manito, Miss, Church-street
McClenahan, Qr.-Master, Town-range
Mansfield, Qr.-Master A., Casemates
Mañetto, Gabriel, Rock Farm
Mannia, Horatio L., Church-street
Mannia, C., Governor's-street.
Marcella, Mrs., Don Place
Marfé, L., Naval Hospital-road
Marin & Co., Waterport-street
Marin, C., Prince Edward's-road
Marrache & Sons, Church-street
Martinez, J. M., Church-street.
Martinez, M., sen., College-lane
Martinez, M., jun., Bell-lane
Massias, Abraham I., Waterport-street
Mateos & Sons, A., Pitman's-alley
Mathiasen, N. C., The Aloes, Europa Main road
Maxted, Mrs. M. J., Castle-road
Maxted, Herbert, Castle-road
Meana, Don José, Church-street
Mediano de Blasco, Don E., Church-street
Mendoza, J., Waterport-street
Miles, Mrs. William, Governor's-street
Miles, W., Governor's-street
Moffet, G. E., Surgeon, Naval Hospital-road
Molinary, James, Carrera's-passage
Molinary, Christopher, Irish-town
Molinary, Henry, Commercial-square
Montegriffo, Bros., Governor's & Church-streets
Montegriffo, Peter, Market-lane
Montegriffo, W., Church-street
Moon, C., Waterport and Governor's-street
Morales, H., Irish-town
Morasso, A. C., Cornwall's Lane
Morasso, A. J., Governor's-street
Moreno, J., Waterport-street
Morgan, Major, The Bungalow, Europa Pass
Morris, Major, B.M., Governor's-lane
Morillo, John, Waterport-street
Morillas, John, Horse-barrack-lane
Mosley & Co., T., Irish-town
Mosley, A., Irish-town
Mosley, H. P., Irish-town
Multedo, Frederick, Cornwall's-lane
Multedo, Nicholas, Cornwall's-lane
Murray, Rev. T., North Pavilion-road
Musso, J., Horse Barrack lane
N
Narice, Henry & Co., Governor's-street
Natali, A., Governor's-street
Negrette, J., Waterport-street
Nehemias, E., Market-lane
Netto, Albert, Church-street
Nicholson, Surgeon J., North Front
Nogueras, Joseph, Crutchett's-ramp
Norman, Miss, Station Hospital
Norton, J., Governor's-lane
Nosardi, Mrs., Governor's-street
198
Oliva, Dr., Convent-place
Oliveri, Edward, Waterport-street
O'Malley, Major, R.A., Rodger's Road
Onetti & Sons, John, Engineer-lane
Onetti, R., Engineer-lane
Onetti, A., Engineer-lane
Onetti, J. P., Engineer-lane
Ortega, Manuel, Waterport-street
Ortelly & Lavarello, Irish-town
Osborne, Mrs. G., Scud Hill
O'Sullivan, J., Church-lane
Owen, Major, W.K.R., Cumberland-road
Overton, Qr.-Master, South Barracks
Pallache, M., Waterport-street
Papillon, Colonel A., C.R.E., Engineer House
Pariente, Joseph, Cloister-ramp
Parker, Mrs., Spanish Hotel, Waterport-street
Parmel, M., Waterport-street
Parody, J. B., Green-market
Parody & Co., Richard, Waterport-street
Parody & Co., P., Cornwall's-lane
Parral, R., Turnbull's-lane
Parral, A., Civil Hospital
Parral, F., Fraser's-ramp
Patron, Dr. Joseph, Governor's-parade
Patron, Arthur J., Bell-lane & Library-ramp
Patron, Joseph A., Market-street
Patterson, A., Prince Edward's-ramp
Pau, Agustin, Turnbull's-lane
Peacock, John, & Co., Irish-town
Peacock, W., North Front
Peire, The Misses, Waterport-street
Peluffo, F., Governor's-street
Penne, Count Durand de la, Irish-town
Pereira, A., Town-range
Pernot, A., Waterport-street
Peso, S., Prince Edward's-ramp
Perry, Surgeon A., North Pavilion-road
Peterkin, James, Convent-place
Pettit, Mrs., City Mill-lane
P
Picardo, Agustín, Market-lane
Picardo, Thomas, Governor's-street
Piccone, F. J., Commercial-square
Pilleau, Major, R.E., Bomb House-lane
Pinela, Joseph, Governor's-street and Parliament-
street
Piri, A., Waterport-street
Pisani, P. H., Waterport-street
Pitman, M. J., Pitman's-alley
Plaja y Patxot, Joseph, Georges'-lane
Planello, F. B., Giro's-passage
Playa, Joseph, Waterport-street
Podesta, O., Giro's passage
Pons, O., Waterport-street
Popper, I., Cathedral-square
Porral, A., Waterport-street
Porral, Joseph M., Engineer-lane
Porral, John, Waterport street
Porro, N., Cornwall's-lane
Posso, James, Governor's-street
Power, Chevalier Louis T., Prince Edward's Ramp
Power, L. M. O.,
do.
Prescott, George A., Civil Hospital-ramp
Pringle, William, George's-lane
Prescott, James, Castle-ramp
Pringle, Sir N., Europa Main-road, C.O.Q.
R
Ramagge, Miss J., Convent-place
Raymond, Rev. P., Southport-street
Recaño, H. F., Victoria Villa, Europa Main-road
and Waterport-street
Recaño, J. B., Civil Hospital-ramp
Recaño, A. C., Civil Hospital-ramp
Recaño, J. H., Cumberland-road
Recaño, A. M., Library-garden
Redman, A., George's-lane
Relle, Mrs., South-barrack-road
Renello, William, Pitman's-alley
Requena, Joao, Prince Edward's Ramp
Requena, A. M., Flat Bastion-road
Rey, F., Waterport-street
Rich, R. W., Convent-place
Richards, W. H., Waterport-street
Roberts, W. F., Church-street
Roberts, Miss, Wheatly Terrace, Pr. Edwd's-ramp
199
Robinson, R., Church street
Robson, J. Cathedral-square
Rochfort-Boyd, Major C., Library House
Rodriguez, Č., Johnston's-passage.
Rodriguez, Dr. P., Waterport-street
Ross, Alexander, South Barrack-sheds
Ross, Miss, Scud-hill
Rothe, J., Prince Edward's-road
Rugeroni & Son, Joseph, Commercial-square
Rugeroni, C., Irish-towu
Sœurs, Les du Bon Secours de Troyes, 1, Library-
ramp
Saccone, Jerome, Market-street
Saccone, Julius, Camp, North Front
Salacroup, E., Gunner's-lane
Salacroup, M., George's-fane
Sampson, F., Naval-hospital-hill
Sananes, Samuel, Church-street
Sanchez, Mrs., Church-street
Sanchez, A.,
do.
Sanchez, William, Waterport-street
Sanguineti, James, Library-street
Sanguineti, M., Cruchett's-ramp
Saviñon, Cándido, Tuckey's-lane
Schott, Ferdinand, Commercial-square
Schott, Horatio, Irish-town
Scully, Mrs., Armstrong's Buildings
Seed, W., Cloister ramp
Segui, John, Lime-kilu-gully
Serfaty, M. A., Blue House, Waterport-street
Serfaty, Widow E., Parliament-lane
Serfaty, E. A., Commercial-square
Serruya, Solomon M., Commercial-square
Shacaluga, J., Roger's-road
Shakery, Miss, Prince Edward-ramp
Shakery, F.,
ditto
Shakery, J., Giro's-passage
Shannon, Lieut.-Colonel, Sandpits
Shephard, Mrs., The Convent
S
Rugeroni, M., Benzimbra's-alley
Rugeroni, Rafael, Prince Edward's-road
Rugier, M., Bell-lane
Ruggier, W. J., Rosia
Rumbo, Joaquim, Crutchett's-ramp
Rumbo, Joseph, Parliament-lane
Rusca, John, Town-range
Rusca, A., Town-range
Russo, Simon, Waterport-street
Russo, Pascual, Boschetti's-ramp
Sheriff, R. Ff., Attorney-General, 14, Scud-hill
Sheriff, Robert, Irish-town
Silvester, Captain H. L., 48, F.O.Q., Europa-road.
Simonds, H. & G., Waterport-street
Sita, E., Cornwall's-parade
Smith, Imossi & Co., Irish-town
Smith, W. J., Scud-hill
Smith, W. J. S., Irish-town
Sords, J., Prince Edward's-ramp
Soto, A. de, Governor's parade
Speed & Co., James, Waterport-street
Speed, Mrs.,
ditto
Sprague, Horatio Jones, Prince Edward's-road
St. John, Captain, R.N., The Mount
Stalker, Miss, Prince Edward's-road
Statham, Rev. S. P. H., North Pavilion-road
Stanley, Rev. T. C., Mount Pleasant
Steele, Captain J., Prince Edward's-ramp
Steele, Surgeon-Major, Windmill Hill
Stephens, Lieut.-Colonel E., Southport-street
Sterrico, Julius, Scud-hill
Stevens, William, New-mole
Stewart, John, Gunner's lane
Stokes, Martin W., Cumberland-place
Stokes, Major, Roger's-road
Stoneham, Henry, Rosia
Supervielle, Mrs., Irish-town
Swain, Robert, Irish-town
Swain, The Misses, Southport-street
Tasker, James, Southport-street
Taylor, F. A., Church-lane
Terry, Anthony, Gowland's-ramp
Terry, Henry, 6, Southport-street
Terry, James, Gowland's-ramp
H
Thibaudier, Joseph, Castle-ramp
Thomsett, Surgeon- Major H., Paradise
Thompson, James, Waterport-street
Thomson, W. A., Irish-town
Thornton, E. Y., Engineer-lane
200
•
Thornton, Henry, Willis's-road
Tiber, A., Town-range
Townshend, Captain, R.A., Moorish Castle
Trenerry, Horatio J., Cannon-lane
Trenerry, Mrs., Scud Hill
Trenerry, T., Convent-place
Triay, Dr. A. J., Turnbull's-lane
Triay, John, Castle-road
Trico, James, Governor's-street
Trinche, A., Engineer-lane
Troup, Surgeon-Major, Station Hospital
Tudury, T., Gunner's-lane
Turner, Major, R.A., No. 49, F.O.Q., Europa
Turner & Co., Irish-town
Turner, Dr. W., Civil Hospital
Tyler, W., Armstrong's Buildings
Tuson, A. K., Rosia
Vacca, G., Church-street
Valarino, H., Church.street
Vecchio, A. J., City-mill-lane
Vecchio, T., Castle Tank-road
U
Uppleby, Major, Woodford Cottage
V
Verano, Manuel, Waterport-street
Victory, Peter, Waterport-street
Villa, Nicholas, City Mill-lane
Villa, John, Irish-town
Viñales, John B., Governor's-street
Ventura and Sufredo, Parliament-lane
Walker, Major-General M., V.C., C.B., Line Wall
House
Walker, G., Roger's-road
Do. H.,
do.
Walsall, Mrs. G., Governor's-parade
Ward, Capt. T., Prince Edward's-ramp
Warren, Brigade Surgeon, Station Hospital
W
Weir, W. and T., Convent-place
Whalley, J., Crutchett's-ramp
Wink, Joseph, Gunner's-lane
Woodward, George, Armstrong's-buildings
Wynne, Major, D.A.A.G., Town Range
Wylie, Major,
Wyon, Captain, Secretary's-lane
201
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
Chronicle of Events for the Year 1887.
1. Postal Courier Service established between Tangier, Larache, Rabat and Casablanca.
Sapper Boyle, R.E., killed by a fall on the staircase in Town Range Barracks.
3.-New Year's Ball at the Convent.
5.-New Colours presented on the Alameda to the 38th (1st Battalion South Stafford-
shire) Regt., under the command of Colonel Sir Norman Pringle, by H. E. the
Hon. Sir Arthur E. Hardinge, Governor and Commander-in-Chief. The religious
ceremony was conducted by the Bishop of the Diocese, the Right Reverend
Charles Sandford, D.D., assisted by the Reverend Dr. Stanley and the Reverend
P. F. Raymond. A large number of spectators were present.
Performance at the theatre by the Royal Engineer's Dramatic Club.
7.- Ball given by Colonel Sir Norman Pringle and the Officers of the 38th (1st Bat-
talion South Staffordshire) Regt., at Buena Vista, in honour of the new Colours.
9.-The Channel Squadron under the command of Vice Admiral Sir W. Hewett,
K.C.B., V.C.; Rear Admiral the Hon. E. R. Fremantle, C.B., C.M.G., second
in command, arrived in Gibraltar.
11.-Mr. Melfort Campbell, Colonial Treasurer, sworn in as acting Police Magistrate
during the illness of Lieut.-Colonel Gilbard.
The appointment of a Commission on Elementary Education sanctioned by the
Secretary of State.
Sudden death of Mr. Thomas Haynes of the Calpe Foundry, North Front.
15.-Presentation of Distinguished Service Medals in the Alamela to Privates Harradine
and Ralph of the 50th Queen's Own (Royal West Kent) Regiment, by H. E.
the Governor.
20.-Mr. William Seed, Chief of Police, sworn in as Acting Coroner during the illness
of Lieut.-Colonel Gilbard.
Mr. Melfort Campbell, Colonial Treasurer, sworn in as Acting Colonial Secretary
during the absence on leave of Lord Gifford, V.C.
The Massilia, of Hamburg, reported stranded on the Aceitera Bank.
21. The schooners Laura Emma, of Glasgow, and Welsh Girl, of Llanelly, and the
brig Minatitlan, of Turk's Island, stranded off the town.
22.-Lieut.-Colonel Gilbard, Police Magistrate, died at 9 a.m. from the effects of a fall
from his horse on the 28th December, 1886. A memoir of the lamented de-
ceased appears in the Chronicle of the 24th January, 1887.
24.-Channel Squadron left for Port Mahon.
Funeral of the late Lieut.-Colonel Gilbard. The funeral, whieh was a military one,
was more largely attended than any other on record. H. E. the Governor and
all the Civil and Military Officers of the Colony, Consuls and leading Inhabitants
of Gibraltar followed the corpse to its last resting place in the North Front
Cemetery. The Pall was born by Lieut.-Colonel Tweedie, D.S.O., Lieut.-Colonel
Whitaker, Lieut.-Colonel Mitchell and Lieut.-Colonel Stephens, representing the
Military, and the Acting Colonial Secretary, the Captain of the Port, the Colonial
Auditor and Colonial Engineer representing the Civil Service of the Colony. The
Hon. the Chief Justice officiated as Chief mourner.
31.-Ball given by Lieut.-Colonel Whitaker and the Officers of the King's Royal Rifles
at the Assembly Rooms in the Alameda.
4.-Completion of the electric telegraph cable between Gibraltar and Tangier announced
to H. E. the Governor by a telegram from the Chairman of the Eastern Telegraph
Company.
26
202
FEBRUARX 7.-Captain Purvis, R.N., left Gibraltar after three years' service as Senior Naval Offi-
cer, and was succeeded by Captain St. John, R.N.
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
11.-The Channel Squadron arrived from Port Mahon.
12.-Financial Balance of the Colony to 31st December, 1886, showing a credit of
£2403, or Ptas. 60 077 86c. published by authority.
16.-Election of Major Wynne, R.A., to succeed Major Dalton, R.A., as Editor of the
Gibraltar Chronicle.
19.-Appointment of Mr. A. W. Fawkes, Barrister at Law, to succeed the late Lieut.-
Colonel Gilbard as Police Magistrate.
23.-The Channel Squadron left for Vigo.
24.-The Inhabitants of Gibraltar presented the late Governor, General Sir John Miller
Adye, G.C.B., with a Silver Tea Service and Salver and an Address.
2.-Meeting held at the Convent under the Presidency of H. E. the Governor, the Hon.
Sir Arthur Hardinge, K.C.B., to determine the best means of celebrating the
Jubilee of Her Most Gracious Majesty. It was resolved to raise a fund by sub-
scription to be devoted partly to the Imperial Institute and partly to some local
object of utility, and a Committee was appointed for the furtherance of this
object.
7.-Fire in Pitman's Alley, which destroyed a shed occupied by Mr. Renello, coach-
builder, and effected considerable damage to the stock.
10.-Calpe Hunt Steeple Chases.
15.-Gallant rescue of a drowning man in a heavy sea off Ragged Staff by Bombardier
Haines, R.A., of the Governor's boat's crew.
22.-H.R.H. Prince Albert Victor of Wales, attended by his Equerry, Captain the Hon.
A. H. F. Greville, K.R.R., and by Major Miles, arrived from England in the P.
aud O. steamship Rosetta, to be attached to the 3d Battalion King's Royal Rifles.
28.-Point to Point Races.
30.-New Polo Club instituted.
5.-Death of Mr. Jerome Saccone, the well known banker and wine merchant.
7.—A special burgee authorised for the "Gibraltar Yacht Club."
8.-Departure of the Special Mission to the Court of Morocco.
Great burglary and robbery at the store of Messrs. Vasquez & Casola.
19.—Great storm of wind and rain; 6 inches of rain fell in 24 hours. Much damage
done to the hulks in the Bay.
20-—Mr. Fawkes sworn in as Coroner and Police Magistrate.
25.-Ball given by Lieut.-Colonel Tweedie and officers 50th Queen's Own (Royal West
Kent) Regiment at the Assembly Rooms.
27.-The Channel Squadron came in from Madeira.
29.-Presentation of a Clock to the Garrison Recreation Rooms by the officers and men
of the Channel Squadron.
30.-Presentation of a Clock to the Garrison Library by the officers of the Channel
Squadron.
3.-Gibraltar Spring Meeting.
6.-At
6. At a meeting of the "Jubilee Committee " it was determined to allot the sum of
£100 to the Imperial Institute, and to keep the balance as a nucleus for the pur-
chase of a Life Boat for Gibraltar.
7.—The Channel Squadron left for England.
203
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
17.-Soirée given by the Spanish Consul, Sr. Don Enrique Mediano, in honour of the
first anniversary of the birth of King Alfonso XIII. of Spain. H.R.H. the
Prince Albert Victor of Wales was present.
24.-Celebration of Her Majesty's birthday,
Fire in a bakery near the Civil Hospital.
A daughter of Zobehr Pasha, then à prisoner of war in this Garrison, born in Gib-
raltar on the 19th, registered under the name of Victoria.
Presentation of a Silver Cup to Major Dalton, R.A., late Secretary to the Calpe
Hunt.
25.-Jubilee Regatta.
26.-The "Birthday "Ball at the Convent.
31.-Formation of the new Gymkhana Club.
4.-Garrison Jubilee Athletic Sports.
7.-H. R. H. Prince Albert Victor of Wales left Gibraltar.
::
8.-Eton dinner given by H.E. the Governor at the Convent.
20.-Celebration of Her Majesty's Jubilee. On this occasion the sum of £430 was
forwarded from Gibraltar to the Imperial Institute, consisting of £100 out of the
subscriptions raised by the Jubilee Committee, £130 subscribed by the Officers
and Men of H. M. Forces in Gibraltar, and £200 presented by the Colonial Gov-
ernment. A new ward to be called the Victoria" Ward was added to the Civil
Hospital and endowed with £300 per annum, and the balance (£256) of the
sum collected by the Jubilee Committee was reserved as a nucleus for the purchase
of a Life Boat. The town was generally illuminated, and at 9 p.m. a torchlight
tattoo of the massed bands of the Garrison started from the Alameda and marched
through the town, after which the bands returned and played a selection of
music on the Alameda which was brightly illuminated and enlivened at intervals
with pyrotechnic displays. The behaviour of the vast crowd assembled left
nothing to be desired, and the whole passed off most successfully.
20.-Jubilee Race Meeting.
25.-Major Carré Fulton appointed Acting Chief of Police during the absence on leave
of Mr. Seed.
1.-First Gymkhana meeting of the season.
2.-Gunner William Smith, R.A., stabbed at Algeciras.
Distribution of prizes to the pupils at the Loretto Convent by H.E. the Governor.
9.-Sergeant Brown, R.A., for 18 years in charge of the Signal Station and well known
to visitors for his civility and intelligence, left Gibraltar on trausfer to Devonport.
19.-Captain Muir, Commandant of the Viceroy's Body Guard, and the Indian Officers
of the native Army who had been in England for the celebration of H. M.
Jubilee, arrived in the P. & O. s.s. Sutlej and proceeded to the Convent, where
H. E. the Governor informed them, in pursuance of a telegram received from the
Viceroy, of the honours Her Majesty had been graciously pleased to grant them.
Death of the Rev. George Alton, formerly Wesleyan Minister and Secretary to the
Sanitary Commissioners of Gibraltar.
29.-Arrival of the Mediterranean Squadron under the command of Admiral H.R.H.
the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G., &c.
Calpe Rowing Club Regatta.
30.-Violent thunderstorm.
3.-Zobehr Pasha, for 2 years a prisoner of war in Gibraltar, was released.
11.-The Mediterranean Fleet left for Cadiz for the opening of the Mariti.ne Exhibition
204
:
AUGUST
16.-Mediterranean Fleet returned from Cadiz.
Zobehr Pasha embarked for Port Said in the P. & O. s.s. Rosetta.
20.-The Mediterranean Fleet left for Bougie.
The Bands of the 50th (Queen's Own), 86th (Royal Irish Rifles), and King's
Royal Rifles left for Malaga in H. M. S. Hecla to compete in the Military Band
Contest to take place on the 21st in honour of the 300th anniversary of the
re-conquest of the City by the Christians.
21.-So-called fight between a Lion and a Bull in the Bull Ring at Linea.
23.-H.R.H. the Duke of Genoa arrived in the Duilio.
H. M. S. Hecla returned with the three Bands. The Band of the 50th (Queen's
Own) having won the 4th prize and the other two Bands receiving gold medals
of honour.
SEPTEMBER 8.-New Soldier's Institute in Southport Street opened by H. E. the Governor, the
Hon. Sir Arthur Hardinge, K.C.B.

OCTOBER
17.- Arrival of the Chinese Squadron under the command of Admiral Lang.
22.-Departure of the Chinese Squadron.
23.-Arrival of the Training Squadron under the command of Commodore Markham.
30.-Departure of the Training Squadron.
14.-Burglary committed at Chronicle Office, when about $108 was carried off.
NOVEMBER 4.-Death of the Commandeur Benso, Consul-General for Portugal in Gibraltar for 43
years.
8.-Gibraltar Autumn Race Meeting.
9.-Opening of the New Organ in the King's Chapel.
14.-Civilian Racing Club Autumn Meeting.
15.-Opening Meet of the Calpe Hounds at First Venta.
19.-Opening Concert of the Gibraltar Royal Minnesingers, when an ivory bâton, the
gift of the Society, was presented by H. E. the Governor to Surgeon-Major
Gillham-Thomsett, the Hon. Musical Director, in recognition of his untiring
energy in the interests of the Society.
DECEMBER 6.-Arrival of the Germian Training Squadron under the command of Captain Von
Pawelsetz.
14.-Death of Lieut. Commander Charter, R.N., commanding H. M. S. Grappler
16.-Appointment of M. Adolphe Aimé Louis Gabriel Denis de Tobriand as Consul in
this city for the French Republic.
19.-Publication of the first report of the Engineer to the Sanitary Commissioners, also
of a scheme for the proposed Sanitary Commissioners' Gas Works.
Appointment of Lieut. Douglas Hamond Grome, R.N., to command H. M. S.
Grappler.
22.-Publication of the Sanitary Commissioners' Bye Laws respecting Common Lodging
Houses.
27.-Arrival of the 1st Battalion 9th (Norfolk) Regiment under the command of Col.
Massy to relieve the 86th (Royal Irish Rifles.)
28.-Departure of the 86th (Royal Irish Rifles) for Egypt.
30.-Alteration of time for posting letters for the United Kingdom announced for 1st
January, 1888.
205
J. SACCONE,
Banker, Wine and Spirit Merchant,
AND
AGENT
FOR THE
UNDERMENTIONED BANKS, VIZ:
The London and Westminster, Limited,
Lothbury.
The Alliance, Limited.
Messrs. Barclay, Bevan and Co.
Sir Samuel Scott, Bart., and Co.
Messrs. Drummond.
Messrs. Prescott and Co.
Clydesdale Bank.
The New Oriental Bank Corporation,
London.
Messrs. Coutts and Co.
Messrs. Glyn, Mills, Currie and Co.
The Consolidated Bank,
Messrs. Child & Co.
Messrs. Holt, Laurie, and Co.
The Union Bank of London, Limited.
The Central Bank of London, Limited.
The Capital and Counties Bank, Ltd.
Messrs. B. Twining and Co., 215,
Strand, London,
Messrs. Cocks Biddulph and Co., 43,
Charing Cross, London.
Messrs. Praeds & Co., 189, Fleet St.,
London.
The Bank of Liverpool, Limited.
The Royal Bank of Scotland, Edin-
burgh.
The Bank of Scotland, Edinburgh.
The Commercial Bank of Scotland,
Limited.
The Ulster Bank (Limited) of Belfast.
Messrs. Kountze Brothers, of New York.
Messrs. Winslow, Lanier and Co., of
New York.
The Merchants Loan and Trust Co.,
of Chicago, U.S.A.
The Citizens' National Bank, Cincin-
nati, U.S.A.
Messrs. Oouve and Co., Marseilles.
The Kjobenham Handelsbank, Copen-
hagen.
Feliale der Union Bank of Trieste.
OPPOSITE THE POLICE OFFICE.
206


JAMES SPEED & CO.,
BY APPOINTMENT
WINE MERCHANTS
ΤΟ
H.B.H. the Duke of Edinburgh,
GIBRALTAR.
IMPORTERS OF HAVANNA CIGARS.
AGENTS TO
GONZALEZ, BYASS & Co, Jerez de la Frontera.
PERRIER-JOUET & Co., Epernay.
AYALA & Co., Chateau d'Ay.
HEIDSIECK & Co., Reims.
EUGENE CLICQUOT, FILS & Co., Reims.
JAMES SPEED & Co. are Agents to the following Yacht Clubs:-
ROYAL YACHT SQUADRON.
ROYAL ALBERT.
ROYAL LONDON.
NEW THAMES YACHT CLUB.
ROYAL NORTHERN.
&C.,
&c.,
ROYAL SOUTHERN.
ROYAL DORSET.
ROYAL SOUTHAMPTON.
ROYAL WESTERN OF IRELAND.
YACHT CLUB DE FRANCE.
&c.
207

MM
JOSEPH CUBY & SONS,
BANKERS,
Army and Navy Contractors,
KING'S STREET,
GIBRALTAR.
Commission Representation
and Transit.
PALLACHE AND AZERAD,




GIBRALTAR.
203
Mr. ISRAEL GABAY,
PROFESSOR OF LANGUAGES,
AND TUTOR IN SPANISH
To His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught,
HIS EXCELLENCY LORD NAPIER OF MAGDÁLA,
The Honourable the Chief Justice, Sir HENRY J. B. BURFORD-HANCOCK. Kt.,
And to over Four Hundred of the Military, Naval, and Civil Members of the
Garrison during a period of 24 years-1863-1887.
THE SPANISH, ENGLISH, AND FRENCH LANGUAGES TAUGHT.
Residence-TOWN RANGE, D. 21 H. 16,
(Opposite the Guard Room).
JOHN CHIAPPE, Junr.,
TEACHER OF
English, French, & Spanish Languages,
Music & Drawing,
20, CITY MILL LANE.
TERMS.
AT THE
3 lessons per week..
2
66
66
SOUTH.
20s. per month.
.16s.
IN TOWN.
3 lessons per week............
2
66
16s. per month.
.12s.
209

ROYAL HOTEL,
And Branch (lately King's Arms Hotel),
GIBRALTAR.
Proprietor---WILLIAM LEQUICH.
:0:
This newly-constructed and already well-known house, which has lately received con-
siderable additions, adding greatly to its accommodation, is situated in
the centre of the Town, and has a magnificent view of the Bay,
Straits and surrounding country.
SUITES OF ROOMS FOR LARGE OR SMALL
FAMILIES.
TABLE D'HOTE.
In Summer at 7, Winter at 62.
BREAKFASTS & LUNCHEONS AT ANY HOUR.
10:
INTERPRETERS AND EXPERIENCED GUIDES
FOR TRIPS INTO SPAIN OR SHOOTING
EXCURSIONS IN MOROCCO.
1
CARRIAGES AND HACKS READY ON THE SHORTEST NOTICE.
Correct information regarding Steamers, Railways and routes in Spain
can be had at the Hotel or from any of the Guides.
27
210

CALPE HOTEL.
FOUR CORNERS,
GIBRALTAR,
JOSEPH HOLLIDAY & Co.--Proprietors.
ссс
The above Hotel, recently established, is situated in one of the most central localities
of the Town, where every desirable conveniences for Excursions to the Rock and neigh-
bourhood are at hand.
It is fitted up with the utmost regard for the convenience of passengers, and offers
every possible accommodation and first-class attendance.
TABLE D'HOTE EVERY EVENING,
In Summer at 7; Winter at 6.
Breakfasts and Luncheons at any hour.
CHARGES VERY REASONABLE.
211


VILLA DE FRANCE HOTEL
TANGIER,
(MOROCCO)
AT TEN MINUTES WALK FROM THE PIER.
LUCIEN BRUZAUD-PROPRIETOR.
This Hotel, recently refitted and enlarged, is situated in a lovely
Garden, on an elevation outside the gates of the City, com-
manding a magnificent view of the Town, Bay, Straits
and surrounding country.
This Establishment contains
Comfortable Apartments for Families
Desirous of spending the Winter; Lawn Tennis Courts provided
for the energetic, Reading, Smoking and Bath Rooms, &c.
Fresh Butter and Milk to be had daily from Cows
grazing on the grounds of the Hotel.
SHOOTING EXCURSIONS AND JOURNEYS INTO THE INTE-
RIOR PROMPTLY PROVIDED ON MODERATE TERMS.
212.

"CONTINENTAL HOTEL,"
TANGIER,
(MOROCCO)
Tourists will find at the above Hotel the comforts of a first-class
EUROPEAN HOUSE.
Situated on the Marina, facing the Bay,
FIVE MINUTES' WALK FROM THE PIER.
Reading, Smoking, Billiard and Bath Rooms.
SHOOTING & TRAVELLING PARTIES FOUND IN EVERYTHING.
NEWSPAPERS OF ALL COUNTRIES.
WELL STOCKED CELLAR, DIRECT IMPORTATION.
EXCELLENT CUISINE, TABLE D'HOTE,
DINNERS & LUNCHEONS SERVED AT ALL HOURS.
Guides & Interpreters, Hacks & Pack Mules.
The management is entirely under the direction of its Proprietor,
Mr. John Ansaldo.
1
FORMERLY OF THE CLUB HOUSE HOTEL AT GIBRALTAR,
213
GEORGE HUMPHRYS,
GOVERNOR'S PARADE,
OPPOSITE THE ARTILLERY MESS, NEAR THE LIBRARY
GIBRALTAR,
SADDLER AND HARNESS MAKER.
HAS ALWAYS ON HAND AN ASSORTMENT OF
SWAIN'S HUNTING, JOCKEY AND CARRIAGE WHIPS.
ALSO,
BRIDLES, SPURS, HORSE CLOTHING,
CORN SIEVES, BROOMS, BRUSHES AND ALL OTHER STABLE REQUISITES,
SADDLE SOAP, BREECHES PASTE,
[COPY.]
BOOT TOP POWDER, METROPOLITAN POLISH, &c.
IMPORTANT TESTIMONIALS.
To Mr. FLASH MAN,
12, Tulse Hill, Brixton, London.
I have great pleasure in telling you how well the Saddle purchased of you in 1875
has served all my requirements in Syria.
In climbing some of the steepest ascents of the Lebanon, when the giving way of a
Strap or Buckle might have been death, everything perfectly held together, and the Sad-
dle is as good for use now as when I had it from you.
And none of the Horses or Mules that I have ridden with it have suffered from the
sore back so common in the East,
March 8th, 1883.
(Signed)
JULIANA WILLIAMS,
32, Josephine Avenue,
BRIXTON.
"GEORGE HUMPHRYS, Governor's Parade, Gibraltar.
"Gibraltar, 18th May, 1885.
"Sir, I arrived at this port some days ago, and feel it a duty to express my satisfac-
tion for THE SADDLE I bought of you (of the Firm FLASHMAN, 12, Tulse Hill,
Brixton, London), in the year 1864, and which has been continually used during my
Travels in Morocco; and the DOUBLE HARNESS that my deceased father purchased
of you, and of the above Firm, has been, and is still, in daily use in Gibraltar, and in
good condition. Sporting folks should buy FLASHMAN'S Saddles and Harness, for they
recommend themselves.
I am, Sir, yours truly,
"
N.B.—Mr. FLASHMAN'S SADDLES are sold by
"A. H. MATEOS."
GEORGE HUMPHRYS,
3, GOVERNOR'S PARADE, GIBRALTAR.
214
HASLUCK & BONELL'S
"STORES,"
Drapery, Clothing, Perfumery, House Linen, Glass, China,
Furniture, &c., &c., &c.,

"
Main Street (NEXT ROYAL HOTEL.")
HASLUCK & BONELL,
Agents for Messrs. Grindlay & Co.,
ARMY AGENTS & BANKERS,
LONDON.
***Goods forwarded to and received from London.
J. B. CAYRASSO.
Established 1821.

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL
LEATHER WAREHOUSE.
No. 31, CHURCH STREET,
OPPOSITE THE SPANISH PAVILION,
GIBRALTAR.
Importer of and Dealer in Leather of all descriptions, and every
article used in the manufacture of Boots and Shoes.
REGIMENTAL SHOPS SUPPLIED
ON THE MOST LIBERAL AND ADVANTAGEOUS TERMS.
215
Mr. ISIDOR POPPER,
Professor of Modern Languages,
14, Cathedral Square,
GIBRALTAR.
A. PIMIENTA & Co.,
WATERPORT STREET, OPPOSITE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH,
CASINO CALPE'S BUILDING.
Grand Depot of English, French & German Pianos; also Musical Instruments, &c., &c.
Pianos of all styles and prices from the well-known Manufactories of Messrs. BRINS-
MEAD & SON, of London, MANGEOT FRERES, of Paris, and
A. GRAND, of Berlin,
Sole Agents in Gibraltar for the above Manufacturers.
Pianos and Musical Instruments sold by instalments of £2 per month and upwards.
Gentlemen desirous of hiring Pianos will have amount paid for hire deducted from cost
price, if Piano purchased afterwards.
A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF OPERATIC MUSIC, SPANISH SONGS, &c.. ALWAYS ON HAND.
Orders for Music attended to and imported with the least possible delay.
Amateurs and Professionals are invited to inspect the Stock of Instruments and Music.
•
216
H. & G. SIMONDS, Limited,
READING,
PALE ALE & PORTER BREWERS.
WINE AND SPIRIT IMPORTERS,
ALE AND STOUT BOTTLERS.
BRANCHES AT
LONDON, ALDERSHOT, PORTSMOUTH, WOOLWICH, SHORNCLIFFE, FARNBORO',
BRIGHTON, HASTINGS, OXFORD, CHATHAM, COLCHESTER, DOVER,
EXETER, PLYMOUTH, &c., &c., and MALTA.
CONTRACTORS FOR THE SUPPLY OF
Officers' Messes, Serjeants' Messes & Canteens
66
AT THE PRINCIPAL MILITARY STATIONS IN ENGLAND.
An extensive Stock of Wines and Spirits,
SELECTED UNDER PERSONAL SUPERVISION,
ALWAYS ON HAND.
IMPERIAL" STOUT, Specially brewed for Bottling in Gibraltar, and
INDIA PALE ALE, in Quarts and Pints
69, Waterport Street,
GIBRALTAR.
PRICE LIST on application to MANAGER, GIBRALTAR BRANCH,
Mr. G. A. HOUGHTON.

217
ANDREW J. MORASSO, Jun.,


HOUSE
AGENT.
Rents collected and security given, both in Gibraltar
and the neighbourhood.
ADDRESS-98, CHURCH STREET,
GIBRALTAR.
The best guarantees are vouched for.
THE GOLDEN BOOT.
JAMES DANERO, Proprietor,
No. 57, CHURCH STREET,

CIBRALTAR.
BOOTS, SHOES, &c.,
At Moderate Prices.
28

218

ANDREW FREYONE,
House Painter, Gilder and Picture Frame Maker,
DEALER IN
OIL AND WATER COLOUR PAINTINGS,
PRINTS, ENGRAVINCS, CHROMOS, OLEOGRAPHS,
SCRAP AND PORTRAIT ALBUMS
CABINET AND CARTE DE VISITE FRAMES.
GILT AND FANCY WOOD MOULDINGS,
WINDOW GLASSES, PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, OILS, BRUSHES, &c., &c.
FOR HOUSE AND SHIP PAINTING.
ALSO,
WINDSOR AND NEWTON'S
9
ARTIST'S COLORS AND DRAWING MATERIALS,
A VARIED ASSORTMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEWS OF
Gibraltar, Tangier, Tetuan, Algeciras,
ST. ROQUE, GRANADA AND THE ALHAMBRA,
SPANISH AND MOORISH COSTUMES, &c.
ARTISTS' REPOSITORY,
No. 96, WATERPORT STREET,
GIBRALTAR.
* 219
SOLOMON E. BENOLIEL & Co.,
GUNNERS' LANE and COMMERCIAL SQUARE,
Gibraltar.
Importers and Dealers in
Moorish Curiosities,
Caldas Ware Plates and Vases, Spanish Fans,
Lace and Old Pottery, Rush and Wicker
Work Chairs, Indian and Oriental
Curiosities,
Views of Gibraltar, Tangier, and Spain.
H. L. MANNIA,
WATCHMAKER,
CHURCH STREET (OPPOSITE MR. ROBERTS),
GIBRALTAR.
GOLD & SILVER WATCHES,
CLOCKS, SPECTACLES, FOLDERS AND EYE-GLASSES,
OF THE BEST MAKERS, İN GREAT VARIETY,
ALWAYS ON HAND.
Chronometers rated and repaired, Nautical Instruments adjusted, and
second-hand Chronometers to let on hire.
220
BASSADONE SISTERS
(ADJOINING COURT HOUSE GARDEN)
GIBRALTAR.
Ladies' Dress Stuffs, Hosiery, Haberdashery,
&c., &c., &c.
Gentlemen's Long Cloths and Fancy Flannel Shirts,
&c., &c,, &c.
CASH SALES
AT ALMOST LONDON PRICES.
JOSEPHINE CERISOLA,
MILLINER AND DRESS MAKER,
CITY MILL LANE,
GIBRALTAR.
A select assortment of FANCY GOODS, of the very latest fashions,
direct from England and France, &c., &c., consisting of
Silk, Woollen and other stuffs for Ladies' Dresses, Velvets, Ribbons,
Laces, Fringes, Trimmings, Flowers, Feathers, Hats
and Bonnets, &c., &c.,
ALWAYS ON HAND, AND IN GREAT VARIETY.
221

THE ESMERALDA.
PROPRIETORS-MONTEGRIFFO, BROTHERS.
BRITISH AND FOREIGN CONFECTIONERY,
Wedding Cakes, Preserved Fruits, Nougat; large assortment of French
Chocolate Creams, Bon-Bons and Fondants.
HOT MEAT PIES AND CHEESE CAKES DAILY,
&c., &c., &c.
CHURCH
STREET
OPPOSITE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH,
GIBRALTAR.
HENRY BARDASANO,
GENERAL MERCHANT,




AND IMPORTER OF
Wines, Spirits, Teas, &c.,
CANNON LANE 9
GIBRALTAR.
222
R & J. ABRINES.

TRADE
MARK.
R. & J. ABRINES,
27, WATERPORT STREET,
GIBRALTAR.
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN
Wines, Spirits, les, Groceries & Provisions,
CONTRACTORS TO HER MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT,
CANTEENS, &c., SUPPLIED ON THE MOST FAVOURABLE TERMS,
CHEQUES AND BILLS ON ENGLAND CASHED AT THE CURRENT EXCHANGE OF THE DAY.
AGENTS TO
The Globe Parcel Delivery Company of London,
(G. W. WHEATLEY & Co.).
MESSRS. W. GOSSAGE & SONS.
SOAP MANUFACTURERS, WIDNES, LANCASHIRE,
AND TO
Messrs. Moët & Chandon, Celebrated Champagne Growers.
223
THE "R.M." STORE,


LOMDON HOUSE,
SCUD
HILL,
SOUTH.
The best Groceries and Provisions can
be obtained at reduced prices.
ALL FIRST-CLASS BRANDS.
Orders given will be promply attended to, and
delivered free of charge.
224


THE STATIONERY DEPOT,
No. 68, WATERPORT STREET,
GIBRALTAR.
ENGLISH, FRENCH & SPANISH NOVELS
ALWAYS ON HAND.
Music, Drawing Paper, Fancy Paper,
JOURNALS AND ACCOUNT BOOKS,
&c., &c., &c.
Orders thankfully received and promptly attended to.
THE STEAM FLOUR MILL,
WITH BAKERY AND VERMICELLI MANUFACTORY ATTACHED.
No. 4, GEORGE'S LANE,
GIBRALTAR.
FLOUR, MEAL, SEMOLA, BRAN, BREAD, FAMILY, SHIP
AND DOGS BISCUITS, VERMICELLI & MACCARONI,
CAN ALWAYS BE HAD,
FRESH AND GOOD,
IN THIS ESTABLISHMENT, ON THE MOST FAVOURABLE TERMS.
Proprietor-P. AMIGO, Merchant & Commission Agent,
WHO HAS ALSO A STEAM FLOUR MILL AT LINEA,
225


CHARLES T. ARMSTRONG.
City Mill Lane,
GIBRALTAR,
GENERAL MERCHANT.
3. Allsopp & Sons,
BREWERS,
SOLE AGENT FOR
Quinness, Son & &..
BURTON-ON-TRENT.
DUBLIN.
BREWERS,
BANKING AGENT & CORRESPONDENT OF
Funtley & Balmers,
BISCUIT MANUFACTURERS,
READING & LONDON,
Grosse & Blackwell,
MANUFACTURERS OF PICKLES, SAUCES AND PRESERVED PROVISIONS, LONDON.
Brice's Patent Candle Co., Limited,
MANUFACTURERS OF CANDLES, SOAPS, &c,,
LONDON.
Orlando Jones & Co.,
MANUFACTURERS OF RICE STARCH,
Seete & Baillon,
MERCHANTS,
LONDON.
LONDON.
ALL KINDS OF GROCERIES
And Articles in general required by Regimental Canteens.
Note. Bills on England cashed at Market Exchange.
29
226

:
M. BAGLIETTO,
WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT,
17, CHURCH STREET,
GIBRALTAR,
Wines, Spirits, Cordials, &c.,
BY WHOLESALE AND RETAIL
Orders promptly attended to and delivered
free of charge.
227
Well Park Brewery, Glasgow.
******** REGISTERED
PALE
THE
TRADE MARKS ACT

BREWERY
TRADE MARK
WELL PAR
VR.Tennent.
TENNENT'S
ALE
******
Established 1769.
INDIA PALE ALE
XXX DOUBLE STOUT.
The Brewers guarantee them to be made of pure Malt and Hops only, and are
specially brewed for the Gibraltar climate.
The above MALT LIQUORS can be had from the Agent in large and small
bottles, and for the convenience of purchasers orders from half a dozen bottles
will be executed.
Consumers will find great advantage in price by returning the empty bottles.
N. Clavaresso,
44, IRISH TOWN.
Orders for large quantities are promptly prepared in strong cases.
No extra charge for cases and packing.

228

ALBERT IMOSSI,
BUILDER

AND
GOVERNMENT CONTRACTOR
FOR
WORKS AND BUILDINGS.
J
(CONTRACTOR FOR THE NEW CIVIL HOSPITAL AND THE NEW
LUNATIC ASYLUM).
ALSO,
PREPARES PLANS,
ESTIMATES AND SPECIFICATIONS
FOR PRIVATE BUILDINGS
AT THE SHORTEST NOTICE
AND ON MODERATE TERMS.
CASTLE STREET.

229
!


JOSEPH CARDONA.
BUILDER, &c.,
GIBRALTAR.
JOSEPH CARDONA, Jun., M.S.A.,
ARCHITECT, &c.,
GIBRALTAR.
F

230

A. DOTTO & C..
General Plumbers, Tube and Gas fitters,
Bell-hangers, &c.,
CONTRACTORS TO HER MAJESTY'S WAR OFFICE.
A large stock and selection of all Articles concerning the above
lines always on hand, of the best kind and of well
known Manufacturers.
All works attended to and performed promptly;
AND ALL KINDS OF
RANGES. KITCHENERS AND HOT
WATER APPARATUS, &c..
FITTED AND REPAIRED IN THE MOST EFFICACIOUS WAY
ON REASONABLE TERMS.
Sewer Drain Cleaner Rods and Tools on Hire.

TANGIER BRANCH,
Mr. RINALDI'S FONDAK,
Soco de Fuera.
HEAD OFFICE,
GOVERNOR'S PARADE,
GIBRALTAR.
231
JAMES A. DAGNINO,
IRONMONGER,
DEALER IN
Iron Bedsteads, Cutlery, Hardware,
ROUND AND FLAT IRON BARS, STEEL BARS,
&c., &c., &c.
FROM THE BEST ENGLISH MANUFACTURERS
AT VERY MODERATE TERMS.
Vaterport Street No. 6
OPPOSITE THE SPANISH HOTEL,
CIBRALTAR.
ALSO,
BUILDING MATERIALS,
SUCH AS
Best Portland Cement; Earthenware Drain Pipes,
Bends, &c.; Roofing Slates.
PLASTER OF PARIS, SPANISH BRICKS AND TILES, PLASTERER'S LATHS,
FIRE BRICKS AND FIRE CLAY, VENTILATING BRICKS,
SQUARE GLAZED TILES, &c., &c., &c.
Sole Agent for the Universal Metal Cleaning and
Polishing Paste.
232

R. PARODY & Co..
Contractors to H. M.'s Government,
No. 6, WATERPORT STREET,
GIBRALTAR.
ADJOINING THE POST OFFICE.
Sporting Gunpowder from CURTIS & HARVEY and Pigou,
WILK & LAWRENCE.
Hardware, Tin Ware, Holloware, Cutlery,
Arms, Ammunition, Iron Safes, American Cook-
ing Stoves, Brushes of all kinds, Electro Plate
and Silver Goods, Kitchen Utensils, &c., &c.
Brass, Iron, Sheet Iron, Copper Sheeting, Brass
and Tin Plate by Wholesale and Retail.
233

JOSEPH GACHE,
Watch and Clock Maker and Optician,
91, CHURCH STREET,
(Near the English Cathedral),
GIBRALTAR.

10/
A SPLENDID SELECTION OF
Ladies' & Gentlemen's
10/1
CHAINS, RINGS,
AND
GOLD, SILVER, STEEL,
AND
Nickled Silver Watches,
Sole Agent for the cele-
brated lock & chain-stitch
SINGER
System Sewing Machines,
FOR SALE AT
THE LOWEST PRICES:
ALSO
NEEDLES, OIL, &c.
10/
All kinds of Sewing
Machines neatly and
promptly repaired.
I X
XI
10/
EWELLERY
IN GREAT VARIETY
ALWAYS ON HAND.

FOLDERS, SPECTACLES,
EYE-GLASSES,
Pebble and Crown Glass, &c.
English, American, and
French
CLOCKS
in great variety.
Chronometers, Watches,
Clocks, &c,, repaired
at moderate prices.
J
80
234


AVELINO GAGGERO,

GIBRALTAR,
AVELINO GAGGERO & Co.,
TANGIER (MOROCCO).
Agents for the Mersey Steamship Company,
Morocco Line of Steamers,
Mississippi and Dominion Line,
&c., &c., &c.
Agents for the following well-known Forwarding and Shipping
Firms :-
Pickford & Co.; H. Starr & Co.; Oliver
Redmond & Co.; Stavely & Co.;
The American European Express;
Elkan & Co.; Langstaff, Ehrenberg & Pollak;
Charles Aitkins and Nisbet.


235

J. B. PARODY,
WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT,
Grocer & Dealer in Provisions
OF ALL CLASSES,
BY WHOLESALE AND RETAIL,
46, ENGINEER LANE,
GIBRALTAR.
PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIO.
A. FREYONE & Co.,
99, WATER PORT
Gibraltar.
STREET,
Portraits, Groups, Horses, Monuments and all kinds of
outdoor work can be made.
236
"

IMPERIAL"
FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,
1, OLD BROAD STREET AND 16, PALL MALL,

LONDON.
ESTABLISHED, 1803,
For insuring Houses and other Buildings, Goods, Wares, Merchan-
dize, Hulks, and Goods on board said Hulks;
also,
Rents are insured and made good during the re-building
of the property damaged by fire.
Capital, £1,200,000.
General Manager.
E. COZENS SMITH, Esq.
DIRECTORS.
Charles Barclay, Esq.,
Chairman.
James Dalison Alexander, Esq.
Richard James Ashton, Esq.
Thomas George Barclay, Esq.
Robert Cooper Lee Bevan, Esq.
Percival Bosanquet, Esq.
James Brand, Esq.
Sir George Henry Chambers, Esq.
The Rt. Hon. Lord Cheylesmore.
J. D. Crum-Ewing, Esq.
Horace B. T. Farquhar, Esq.
George Hanbury Field, Esq.
Charles Barclay, Esq.
Francis Augustus Bevan, Esq.
Charles Townshend Murdoch, Esq., M.P.,
AUDITORS.
Deputy-Chairman.
John Saunders Gilliat, Esq., M.P.
John Hampton Hale, Esq.
John Sheriff Hill, Esq.
Edward Huth, Esq.
Alexander Lawrie, Esq.
Francis Fredk. Lidderdale, Esq.
John McConnell, Esq.
Thomas Holdsworth Newman, Esq.
John Silverlock, Esq.
Martin Ridley Smith, Esq.
Richard Twining, Esq.
John Hampton Hale, Esq.
Charles Townshend Murdoch, Esq.
LOSSES ARE PROMPTLY AND LIBERALLY MET.
Detailed prospectuses and further information may be had on application to
D. M. BENAIM, Agent.
237
ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY,
(FIRE AND LIFE),
ONE OF THE
LARGEST INSURANCE COMPANIES IN THE WORLD.
:0:
DISTINGUISHED FOR PROMPT AND LIBERAL SETTLEMENT.
'0:
OFFICES:
LONDON-Lombard Street.
LIVERPOOL-North John Street.
CAPITAL
£2,000,000.
FUNDS upwards of £6,000,000.
Insurances against Fire on Buildings and Rents, Mer-
chandise, Furniture, Hulks in the Bay, also Goods
deposited on board; and Life Insurances can be effected
at moderate premiums.
JOHN H. McLAREN, Manager.
JOHN H. CROFT, Secretary in London.
JOHN GARESE, Agent for Gibraltar and Neighbourhood.
238
BRITISH AND FOREIGN
MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY,
LIMITED.
CHIEF OFFICE :
Exchange Buildings, West Liverpool.
CAPITAL £1,000,000.
MARINE INSURANCES ON MERCHANDISE, FURNITURE & SPECIE
SHIPPED BY STEAMERS AND SAILING VESSELS,
CAN BE EFFECTED ON APPLICATION TO
JOHN GARESE,
AGENT.
239
LIVERPOOL & LONDON & GLOBE.
THE LARGEST
FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY
IN THE WORLD.

FIRE, LIFE and ANNUITIES.
Insurances taken on the most favourable terms.
TURNER & Co.,
AGENTS.
240

66
ALLIANCE
ASSURANCE
99
COMPANY
(LIFE AND FIRE).
ESTABLISHED BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT, 1824.
CAPITAL, £5,000,000 (Five Millions Sterling).
BOARD OF DIRECTORS;
CHAIRMAN-The Right Hon. Lord ROTHSCHILD.
James Alexander, Esq.
Charles George Barnett, Esq.
Charles Edward Barnett, Esq.
Francis William Buxton, Esq.
Lord Edward Cavendish, M.P,
James Fletcher, Esq.
Cyril Flower, Esq., M.P.
Hon. K. P. Bouverie.
Right Hon. G. J. Goschen.
Richard Hoare, Esq.
Francis Alfred Lucas, Esq.
Edward Harbord Lushington, Esq.
Hugh Colin Smith, Esq.
Right Hon. Lord Stalbridge.
Sir Charles Rivers Wilson, K.C.M.G., C.B
AUDITORS,
R. D. Sassoon, Esq.
A. E. Scott, Esq.
Robert Lewis, Chief Secretary. David Mirylees, Assistant Secretary.
Marcus N. Adler, Actuary.
Bankers-LLOYDS BARNETTS & BOSANQUETS BANK, LIMITED.
Medical Officer for Gibraltar-Dr. JOSEPH PATRON.
LIFE DEPARTMENT.-The rates of premium will be found moderate and the
conditions of Assurance most favourable to the assured. It is claimed for the
ALLIANCE that its large Capital, the amount of its Reserves, and the character
of its investments afford security of a very high order.
2)
FIRE DEPARTMENT.-The policies against loss by Fire are granted on every
description of property, including Buildings, Merchandise, Hulks moored in the
Bay, and Goods stored on board, and also on Rents of Properties assured in the
Company,
THOMAS MOSLEY & Co,
AGENTS.
241
RHENISH-WESTPHALIAN LLOYD
Marine Insurance Company, Limited.
CAPITAL, 6,000,000 R.M.
The undersigned are ready to issue Policies on Specie, Goods
and Merchandise shipped from this port to any part of the
World, at current rate of premium.
S. CONTE & Co.,
General Agents,
Irish Town.
Manchester Fire Assurance Company,
ESTABLISHED IN 1824.
CAPITAL, ONE MILLION STERLING.
For Insuring Buildings, Rents, Furniture,
Merchandise, Goods, &c., &c.
Further particulars may be obtained on application to
S. CONTE & Co.,
Agents,
Irish Town.
31
242

0. A. CONTE,
WATERPORT STREET,
Gibraltar.
Cork Grower, Exporter & Manufacturer.
FACTORY AT
Linea de la Concepcion (Spain),
AND AT
Gaucin, Benarraba, Algeciras,
VILLALUENGA DEL ROSARIO,
GRAZALEMA, UBRIQUE, BENALAURIA,
AND
TETUAN (AFRICA).
243
TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS
(MANZANILLA-LONDON).
FULTON'S PATENT
MILITARY HANDKERCHIEF.
Consists of a large Cotton Handkerchief, size 28 by 34 inches,
on which are beautifully printed sketches, with instructions on
all Military Subjects so hard to impress on soldiers.
The idea is not a new one, similar Handkerchiefs being a part
of every Soldier's Kit in the German and Spanish Armies.
The Handkerchief has been engraved after much care in the
selection of the subjects so important for every soldier to know.
The Engravings and Instructions are on the following Sub-
jects:-

Martini-Henry Rifle.
Laying out a Soldier's Kit.
Shelter Trench Exercise.
Army Signalling.
Bugle Calls.
Small Sketches and Instructions on every position in which
a soldier may find himself when in action.
The Handkerchief has been most carefully drawn out by
Lieut.-Colonel FULTON, late of the Durham Light Infantry,
Author of "How to Train a Company, Questions on Queen's
Regulations;" and can only be obtained through
"" C6
Messrs. Stead & Co.,
5, WATER LANE,
Great Tower Street,
LONDON,
who is prepared to contract for the supply of any quantity at
very low prices.
Officers of the Infantry and Auxiliary forces are invited to
inspect the Handkerchiefs as to their utility for the advance-
ment of Military Science in the Ranks of our Army.
244

THE "TIMES" GUN (Hammerless).
THE SUCCESS OF THE YEAR.
THE LATEST-THE BEST-THE CHEAPEST.
MANUFACTURERS WEAMAN S' BIRMINGHAM,
HE TIMES, GO
PRICE
DISCOUNT
...
...
...
...
ENRY TOLLEY &
£10 10 0
£2 2 0
N
CASH WITH ORDER £8 8 0
From "LAND & WATER," Sept. 28th, 1887.
'How the Makers can turn this weapon out at the retail price of £8 8s. is more
than we know."
SEND FOR DRAWINGS AND PARTICULARS.
HENRY TOLLEY & Co.,
THE TIMES WORKS,
WEAMAN STREET, BIRMINGHAM.
245

THE
TH LINE.
STEAMERS
BETWEEN ·
CADIZ, TARIFA, ALGECIRAS.
GIBRALTAR AND MALAGA.
THE FAST AND POWERFUL STEAMERS
THOMAS HAYNES, JAMES HAYNES
AND
ANA HAYNES
Sail weekly between the above ports.
For freight or passage, apply to
PEDRO RICO
DANIEL MOWBRAY Málaga.
THOMAS HAYNES, Gibraltar.
Sons of THOMAS HAYNES, Algeciras.
Sons of THOMAS HAYNES, Cadiz.
246

THE
TH
LINE.
STEAMERS
BETWEEN
ALGECIRAS AND GIBRALTAR.
THE SPANISH STEAMERS
INFANTA & PRIMERO DE ALGECIRAS,
UNDER CONTRACT FOR CONVEYING HER MAJESTY'S MAILS.
:0:
SUMMER
9
FROM 1ST APRIL TO 30TH SEPTEMBER,
THREE TRIPS DAILY.
WINTER,
FROM 1ST OCTOBER TO 31ST MARCH,
THREE TRIPS DAILY.
FOR HOURS OF SAILING, SEE HANDBILLS.
FARES-First Class, 6 rvn.-Second Class, 4 rvn.
Tickets to be had at the Wharf.

247
THE
7

TH LINE.
STEAMER
BETWEEN
ALGECIRAS AND CEUTA
""
THE SPANISH STEAMER
MARIA"
Under contract for conveying H. C. M. Mails.
Agents
SAILS DAILY BETWEEN THE ABOVE PORTS.
JOSE MAS, Ceuta.
Sons of THOMAS HAYNES, Algeciras.
THOMAS HAYNES,
Horse Barrack Lane, Gibraltar.
-

248
W. & T. WEIR,
Raval, Wilitary and Werchant
Werchant Vailors,
HABIT AND BREECHES MAKERS,
CONVENT PLACE,
GIBRALTAR AND TANGIER.
PA T. RONIZED BY
H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, K.G.
H.R.H. THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH, K.G.
H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT, K.G.
THE ARMY AND NAVY, &c., &c.
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF ITALY.
H.R.H. PRINCE HENRY DE BORBON.
HIS EXCELLENOY THE GOVERNOR.
THE UNITED STATES NAVY, &c.
R. W. RICH,
1, SOUTHPORT STREET
CORNER OF
CONVENT PLACE.
MILITARY TAILOR.

Breeches,
Riding Habits,
Liveries, Mufti,
&c.,
&C.,
&c.
249

W. F. ROBERTS,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST
To H. B. H. the Duke of Connaught,
77, CHURCH STREET,
GIBRALTAR,
SUCCESSOR TO THE LATE T. H. ROBERTS.
Established A.D. 1828.
PRESCRIPTIONS
AND EVERY DESCRIPTION OF
FAMILY RECEIPTS
Accurately prepared with the purest Chemicals and Drugs
obtained from the principal houses
in England and France.
A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF
English, French and American Proprietary Medicines and Articles; Trusses, Combs,
Sponges, Soaps, Tooth, Hair, Nail and Shaving Brushes; Gazogenes,
Glass Table Filters, Family Enemas, Eau de Cologne, Florida
Water, Perfumery and all other goods connected
with the trade always on hand.
HUNYADI JANOS, FREIDRICKSHALL AND VICHY WATERS
CONTINUALLY IMPORTED. ·
Sole Agent for Dr. Menist's celebrated
PEBBLE SPECTACLES, EYE-GLASSES and BINOCULARS.
Also on hand Pebble and Best Quality Crystal Spectacles and Folders,
OF LONDON MANUFACTURERS.
32
250

•.
P. LYONS,
Wholesale and Retail Chemist and Druggist,
SCUD HILL, SOUTH.
Prescriptions and Family Receipts
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION
Prepared Accurately from the Purest Chemicals and Pharma-
ceutical Preparations.
A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF
PERFUMERY, PATENT MEDICINES,
SURGICAL APPLIANCES,
Family, Nursery and Toilet Requisites,
ALWAYS ON HAND.
IMPORTER
OF
CARLSBAD, HUNYADI JANOS, FREDEIRICKSHALL AND VICHY WATERS.
District Fost, Telegraph and Money Order Office.
Postage Stamps, Postal Orders, &c., can be obtained from 7 a.m. till 9 p.m.
251
ESTABLISHED 1832.
Dr. PATRON'S PHARMACY,
British and Foreign Medicine Depot,
No. 80, OPPOSITE THE EXCHANGE,
GIBRALTAR.
IN STOCK, A LARGE AND EXTENSIVE ASSORTMENT OF
English, French & American Proprietary Medicines.
Among other Articles will be found a varied Stock of the following
Nursery and Dietetie
Requisites.
Feeding Bottles.
Nestle's and Ridge's Food.
Prepared Fuller's Earth.
Brand's, Johnson's, and Lie-
big's Essence of Meat.
Surgical Appliances.
Trusses.
Chest Protectors.
Family Enemas.
Air Cushions.
Elastic Stockings & Bandages.
Travelling Urinals.
Fumigating Tape and Paper.
Euxesis.
Toilet Articles.
Hair, Face & Mouth Washes.
Hair Cream, Pomades & Dyes.
Toilet Vinegar.
Tooth and Toilet Powder.
Bay Rum.
Shaving Soap and Cream.
Eau de Cologne.
Florida Water.
Perfumery.
Golden Hair Wash.
Hair, Tooth, Nail and Shaving
Brushes.
Sponges.
Miscellaneous.
Plate Powders.
Insect Powder.
Marking Ink.
China Cement.
Corn Plasters.
Curling Medicated Paper.
Tooth Brush Guards.
Pocket & Glass Table Filters.
Gazogenes.
Veterinary Preparations.
Flesh Gloves and Straps.
Soap Cases.
Eye Baths, Shades, &c.
And all other Goods connected with the Trade.
PHYSICIANS' PRESCRIPTIONS
CAREFULLY COMPOUNDED, AND ORDERS ANSWERED WITH CARE AND DESPATCH.
Physicians and Travellers from England and the Continent will find a Stock of Medicines
complete, imported direct from the Manufacturers, warranted genuine, and of
the best quality.
Depot for Hunyadi, Vichy, Fredeirickshall and Carlsbad Waters, &c., &c.
•
252

J. A. GARIBALDI
(Certificated Dispenser of the Society of Apothecaries of London,
Member of the British Pharmaceutical Conference, Mem-
ber of the Society of Chemical Industry, and asso-
ciated to the Pharmaceutical Society of
Great Britain. By examination),
FAMILY & DISPENSING CHEMIST
21, Church Street,
Opposite the Catholic Church,
GIBRALTAR.
Select Domestic Medicines and Preparations
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION,
Prepared from Drugs only of ascertained purity.
BRITISH & FOREIGN PATENT MEDICINES
AND
SURGICAL APPLIANCES.
ALSO,
A large assortment of
English, French & German Perfumeries.
FAMILY, NURSERY AND TOILET REQUISITES
ALWAYS ON HAND.
All Foreign Prescriptions faithfully dispensed according to the
Pharmacopias of their respective Countries.
*
.1
253
DUMOULIN'S
MANUFACTORY OF SODA WATER
Warranted
TO BE MADE OF RAIN AND TANGIER WATER,
AND
SOLE DEPOT OF ICE MADE FROM THE WELL KNOWN SPRINGS OF TORRE MOLINO, MALAGA,
UNDER THE THEATRE ROYAL.
Gibraltar.
Orders thankfully received and promptly executed.
W. LEQUICH & Co.,
SODA WATER MANUFACTURERS,
BY STEAM POWER,
GEORGE'S LANE 9
Gibraltar.
ON HAND,
SODA WATER, GINGER BEER, LEMONADE, CIDER,
SELTZER AND TONIC WATERS,
&c., &c., &c.
:
.

254


HENRY MOLINARY,
Ship Chandler and Commission Agent,
AND DEALER IN
OILS, PAINTS, COTTON WASTE, TALLOW, ROPES AND SALT PRO
COMMERCIAL SQUARE,
GIBRALTAR.
PROVISIONS,
ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO.
Letters for steamers or vessels addressed as above will be delivered
immediately on arrival.
SHIPPING GAZETTE RECEIVED EVERY MAIL.
255
RUSSIANO, IMOSSI & Co.,
WATERPORT STREET (Corner of Engineer's Lane),
GIBRALTAR.
ESTABLISHED IN 1835.
Have always on hand a very large stock of
Hats, Umbrellas and Cassimirs,
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION
From the best Manufacturers of England and France.
魚
​LA CALPENSE'
ESTABLISHED IN 1835.
33
THOMAS RUSSIANO-PROPRIETOR,
WATERPORT STREET
(CORNER OF ENGINEER'S LANE),
CASTLE STREET (CALLE DE COMEDIAS),
AND CHURCH
STREET,
GIBRALTAR.
CIGAR AND CIGARETTE MANUFACTORY.
A Large Stock of HAVANNAH CIGARS and TOBACCO always on hand.
256

-
ROYAL TOBACCONIST SHOP.
G. FIALO & CO.,
No. 20 MAIN STREET, OPPOSITE THE EXCHANGE,
GIBRALTAR.
:0:
Superior Havannah Cigars of various qualities,
GIBRALTAR MADE CIGARS,
Turkish and French Cigarettes,
COPE'S, AND BEARS & SON'S MIXTURES, &C.
ALSO,
Fancy Articles, comprising Pipes, Pouches, Perfumery, Cigar Holders,
Cases, &c., &c.
Gibraltar Directory and Gibraltar Chronicle
SOLD HERE.
257

"LA HABANERA."
J. DANERO,
28, CHURCH STREET,
GIBRALTAR.
Direct Importer of Havannah Cigars, Turkish Tobaccos and
Cigarettes, large assortment of Cigars and Tobaccos,
and a choice selection of Smoking Articles.
MODERATE TERMS.
"La Vivandera.”
HENRY VALARINO
TOBACCONIST,
CHURCH STREET
GIBRALTAR.
انپور
A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF
HAVANNAH, GERMAN & GIBRALTAR CIGARS.
MIXTURES OF ALL KINDS.
33
258
"EL TRIUNFO"
Cigar and Tobacco Depot,
Church Street, No. 15,
Corner of Cathedral Square,

GIBRALTAR.
ALWAYS ON HAND,
A large assortment of American Plug Tobacco,
FOREIGN AND GIBRALTAR MADE CIGARS,
MANILLA CIGARS AND CHEROOTS,
Genuine Havana and Canary Eslands Cigars,
TURKISH AND EGYPTIAN CIGARETTES,
A CHOICE ASSORTMENT OF TRIESTE MEERSCHAUM PIPES.
G.B.D. and W.W.S. Briar root Pipes, Cigar Holders, Match Boxes, Pouches, Silver
Ferrules, Plugs, and everything connected with the Fancy Tobacconists' trade.
Pioneer Brand, Golden Cloud and Bear's Tobaccos always in Stock.
Canteens and Sergeants' Messes supplied with Goods of the best
quality at whoesale prices.
ALBERT A. NETTO, Manager.
259
SISTERS OF BON-SECOURS
OF
TROYES.
LIBRARY RAMP, GIBRALTAR,
D. 18 H. 33.
The Sisters of this Community are employed in nursing the sick of all religious
denominations at their own houses. They make no charge for their services, but de-
pend for their support on the voluntary offerings of the charitable.
For all particulars apply to the Sister Superior at the above address.
A. DOTTO,
Governor's Parade, Corner of Garrison Library,

GIBRALTAR.
DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF
BUILDING MATERIALS,
Portland Cement, Drain Pipes, Tiles, Plasterers'
Laths, Mahogany, &c., &c.
AS ALSO UNDERTAKES ALL KINDS OF WORKS.
*


260
Madame EMILIA R. BIRCH,
DEALER IN
Real Spanish Lace and Fans, Ancient Cabinets and Mirrors, Silk
Brocades, Old Paste Jewellery, Revolvers and Pistols, Spanish
and Moorish Pottery, Oil Paintings, Photographic Views,
and all Sort of Curiosities,
&c., &c., &c.
SCUD HILL,
South, Gibraltar.
JAMES SANGUINETI
Furniture Maker,
No. 3, Library Street,
GIBRALTAR.
Estimates given of all kinds of Carpenter's Works, and Works
neatly executed at the shortest notice. Always on hand, a large
stock of Mahogany in Boards and Logs, and of all kinds
of Hard Woods at wholesale and retail prices.
261
CAFÉ UNIVERSAL,
Proprietor-FREDERICK BADO.
WELLINGTON COFFEE HOUSE,
Proprietor-L. BADO.
Choice assortment of Wines, Spirits and
Liqueurs, &c., of very well
known firms.



ALSO,
GUINNESS' STOUT
AND
ALLSOP'S PALE ALE,
in bottles and on draught.
During the Summer Season Syrups and Refreshments are
provided with Ice without extra charge.
WATERPORT STREET,
Opposite Messrs. SPEED & Co.
262
:

CHARLES RODRIGUEZ.
Farrier and General Shoeing Smith,
JOHNSTON'S PASSAGE,
GIBRALTAR.
Sick Horses can be attended to in the Stables of the above with
t
the utmost care and skill.
HORSES WILL BE SHOED FOR 5s.
Gentlemen sending horses to the above Stables by their grooms will
please send a written order.

JOHN MORILLAS,
SURGEON DENTIST,
HORSE BARRACK LANE,




REAR OF "CAFE UNIVERSAL."
GIBRALTAR.
. 263
WILLIAM RENELLO & Co..
COACH BUILDERS,
PITMAN'S ALLEY,
GIBRALTAR.
All kinds of broken Axle Boxes neatly repaired; also, all kinds
of Axle Caps, Colletts, &c., &c.
All kinds of CARRIAGE LEATHER WORK and TRIMMINGS neatly executed at the shortest notice.
PETER ARTESANI AND SON,
SADDLERS AND HARNESS MAKERS,
23, CHURCH STREET,
GIBRALTAR.
SADDLES, BRIDLES, WHIPS, SPURS
HORSE CLOTHING, BRUSHES, &c., &c.,
ALWAYS ON HAND.
REPAIRS TO ALL KINDS OF SADDLERY EXECUTED PROMPTLY AND NEATLY.
CHARGES MODERATE.
:
•

264
ALL
ENGLISH SHOPS,
ENGLISH GOODS.
THE ONLY OUTFITTER IN GIBRALTAR.
READY MADE CLOTHING ALWAYS ON HAND,
Suits from £1 to £2; Boys' Suits from 4s. to 16s.
Christy's Hats and Caps, Home price.
SUITS MADE TO ORDER WITH 48 HOURS' NOTICE.
ALTERATIONS AND REPAIRS AT MODERATE CHARGES.
THE ONLY BEDDING STORE IN THE CITY.
Mattresses, Bolsters, Pillows, Stair Carpets, Mats, Rugs, &c., &c.
Ulsters, Waterproofs, Umbrellas, Drapery, Flannel, Lace,
AND
ENGLISH BOOTS AND SHOES
Prompt attention paid to orders from Officers in regard to fitting
GROOMS AND SERVANTS.
TWEED SUITS MADE TO ORDER FROM £2 15s.
OFFICERS' MESS BLACK CLOTH SUITS from £3 upwards
HATS FOR SERVANTS FROM 4s. 6d. UPWARDS.
ALL MEASUREMENT TAKEN at 30, Governor's Street.
BEDDING AND OUTFITTING at 85, Waterport Street.
TERMS: ACCOUNTS CLEARED MONTHLY.
C. MOON (late 11th Brigade R.A.)
'
1


'
NON
CIRCULATING

1
In Memory of
STEPHEN SPAULDING
1907 1925
CLASS of 1927
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
VINNUOKAAM
Labi
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
3 9015 06588 3954



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