USs.G.S.A.-Form No 90. Revisred September 1934 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF 542046 Burea' %f Agricultural Economics H OK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, Barley, Oats, Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, Rye, and Mixed Grain, effective July 2, 1934; Flaxseed, effective August 1, 1934; Corn and Grain Sorghums, efective September 1, 1934; with amendments to the standards for Smutty Wheat, Smutty Rye, and Smutty Mixed Grain, effective July 25, 1934 Prepared by Grain Division Bureau of Agricultural Economics " sY OF MIChIGAN  U.S.G.S.A.-Form No. 90. Revised September 1934 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, Barley, Oats, Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, Rye, and Mixed Grain, effective July 2, 1934; for Flaxseed, effective August 1, 1934; and for Corn and Grain Sorghums,, effective September 1, 1934; with amendments to the stand- ards for Smutty Wheat, Smutty Rye, and Smutty Mixed Grain, effective July 25, 1934 Important Features of Grain Inspection Prepared by Grain Division Bureau of Agricultural Economics UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1934 For sale by Supt. Documents, Wash. D.C - - Price 10 cents CONTENTS Grain standards: Page Wheat standards-------------------1 Corn standards---___-------- ---- 18 Barley standards--------_ ---------- 23 Oats standards-------------------- 34 Feed oats standards-------------_- 40 Mixed feed oats standards--------- _44 Rye standards---- _ - _ - _ _ -- 48 Grain sorghums standards- ---------54 Flaxseed standards---------------- 63 Mixed grain standards--------------- 66 Important features of grain inspection: Inspection requirements -..-- - _ -- - - - 72 Misrepresentation------------------73 Appeals, findings, and fees ----------- 74 Licensing of inspectors-------------- 75 Penalties----.--------------_---_-- 76 Basis of inspection----------------- 76 Sampling of grain--- ---- -----------78 Grain trier (probe) and sampling can- vas--------------------------- 80 Spout sampler or "Pelican "-82 Sample divider (Boerner sampler) 83 Method of making moisture tests 85 Brown-Duvel moisture tester--------- 85 Electric moisture meter------------ 87 Standard method of making test weight per bushel---------------------- 88 Basis of determination for test weight per bushel---------------------- 90 Further information-------------------- 91 II DEPCOxTj' 1.?mY THE - IhAA .A F AMAE I HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Prepared in the Grain Division, Bureau of Agricultural Economics STANDARDS FOR WHEAT' For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for wheat: Wheat.-Wheat shall be any grain which, be- fore the removal of dockage, consists of 50 per- cent or more of wheat and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. The term wheat in these standards shall not include em- mer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, and poulard wheat. Classes.-Wheat 'shall be divided into seven classes, as follows: Class I, Hard Red Spring Wheat ; Class II, Durum Wheat ; Class III, Red Durum Wheat; Class IV, Hard Red Winter Wheat; Class V, Soft Red Winter Wheat; Class VI, White Wheat ; and Class VII, Mixed Wheat. Grades.-Wheat shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments .of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. i The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. 1 2 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Hard Red Spring Wheat (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of hard red spring wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows : Subclass (A) Dark Northern Spring f This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass . shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (B) Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (C) Red Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall also include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consist- ing of more than 10 per cent of the variety Humpback. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 3 Class I.-Hard Red Spring Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Dark Northern Spring, (b) Northern Spring, (c) Red Spring Maximum limits of- m Damaged P kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other 4 (wheat and terial classes other grains) Grade No. Lbs. Pet. Pct. Pet. Pct. Pet. Pct. llleavy'__ so 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 2 1--_-------_- 58 2 .1 1 .5 5 2 2------------57 4 .2 2 1.0 10 3 3--_-.-------55 7 .5 3 2.0 10 5 4-.------_----53 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 5__----_. 50 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grsde. Sample grade shall include wheat of the suhclass Dark Northern Spring, or Northern Spring, or Red Spring, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 Heavy to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 1 percent of moisture, or more than 10 percent of cracked kernels; or which contains inseparahie stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially ohjectionahle foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of thegrade requirements cannot he applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Applies to each of the subclasses Dark Northern Spring, Northern Spring, and Red Spring. 4 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Durum Wheat (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of com- mon Durum Wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent . of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Harc Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass- (B) Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 60 percent or more but less than 75 percent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (C) Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of less than 60 per- cent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Red Durum Wheat (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of Red Durum Wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 5 Class II.-Durum Wheat and Class III.-Red Durum Wheat Grade requirements for the subclasses (a) Hard Amber Durum, (b) Ainber Durum, and (c) Durum, of the class Durum Wheat, and for the class Red D-urm Wheat Maximum limits of- Damaged kernels Foreign Wheats of other (wheat and material classes other grains) Grade No. if 1 6 2 0. 1 0. E 5 3~ bo 03 aa a a 0 Lbs. Pct. Pet. Pet. Pct:* Pet. Pet. 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 2 5 3 1- ~- --" ~- 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 5 2----~-~-~-- 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 10 454 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 4--~ ~ - 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 - ------- - Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Sample grade. Hard Amber Durum, or Amber Durum, or Durum, or wheat of the class Red Durum Wheat, which does not come within the re- quirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture, or more than 10 percent of cracked kernels; or which contains insepara- ble stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor ex- cept of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 These specifications do not apply to the class Red Durum Wheat, or to the subclass Durum. 2 No. 1 Red Durum may contain 10 percent of wheats of other classes. 6 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Hard Red Winter Wheat (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of Hard Red Winter Wheat, and may include Aot more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark H ard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of 75 per- cent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subolass (B) Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (U) Yellow Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitre- ous kernels. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 7 Class IV.-Hard Red Winter Grade requirements for (a) Dark Hard Winter, (b) Hard Winter, (a) Yellow Hard Winter Grade No. 1---------____ 2-----.--..... 3-.-------- 4.-, .. ...- -- .. 5---------____ Sample grade. a) Maximum limits of- Damaged o kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes 8n other grains) SS- c- 4-1 a Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 1 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 2 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 3 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Hard Winter, or Hard Winter, or Yellow Hard Winter, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture, or more than 10 percent of cracked kernels; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or ,heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 8 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Soft Red Winter Wheat (Class V) This class shall include all varieties of Soft Red Winter Wheat and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (.A) Red Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of both light and dark colored kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of Soft Red Winter Wheat grown west of the Great 'Plains area of the United States. Subclass (B.) Western Red This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of more 'han 10 percent of wheat of this class known west of the Great Plains area of the United States. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 9 Class V.-Soft Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Red Winter, (b) Western Red . 1111 1.1 Grade No. Maximum limits of- ; Damaged n kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes other grains) 0 a (a0 ) 0~ Ln 4- lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 56 7 5 3 2.0 10 2.0 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Red Winter, or Western Red, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture, or more than 10 percent of cracked kernels; -or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objec- tionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1.......... 2...... .... 3..........- 4----------... 5---------. Sample grade. 10 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Wheat (Class VI) This class shall include all varieties of White Wheat, whether winter or spring grown, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into four subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard White This subclass shall include all wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Soft White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of less than 75. per- cent of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10, per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (U) White Club This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of common white wheat other than Sonora, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (D) Western White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat which contains more than 10 percent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any com- bination, and which also contains more than 10 percent of common White Wheat other than Sonora. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 11 Class VI.-White Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Hard Wite, (b) Soft White, (c) White Club, (d) Western White a Maximum limits of- Damaged Q kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes othergrains) Grade No. - Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pet. 1------------ 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 2---------.. 58 4 .2 2 1. J 10 1.0 3------.------ 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 4. --. .-- . 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 5------------ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade- Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Rard White, or Soft White, or White Club, or Western White, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture, or more than 10 percent of cracked kernels; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 12 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Mixed Wheat (Class VII) This class shall include all mixtures of wheat not provided for in the classes from I to VI, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-Mixed Wheat shall be graded according to the numeri- cal and Sample grade requirements of the class of wheat which predominates in the mixture, except that the grade specifications for the fac- tor " wheats of other classes " and the grade specifications for "No. 1 Heavy " in the stand- ards for hard red. spring wheat, shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall be stated as provided in either paragraph (a) or (b) of this section: (a) Except as specified in paragraph (b) of this section, the grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words " Sample grade ", as the case may be, (2) the words " Mixed Wheat ", and (3) the name and approximate percentage of each class of wheat which constitutes more than 10 percent of the mixture in the order of its predominance; but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mix- ture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade desig- nation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. (b) Mixed Durum.-Mixed Durum shall be mixed wheat consisting of 70 percent or more of Common Durum, and may contain not more than 10 percent of Red Durum and not more than 5 percent of soft red winter and/or white wheat. The grade designation for Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade ", as the case may be, and (2) the words " Mixed Durum." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 13 Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than wheat, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the wheat by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of wheat kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material, and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "'Dockage ", together with the. percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Wheat Tough Wheat Definition.-Tough wheat shall be (a) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, or of the. class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, or Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, pre- dominates, which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 15.5 percent of moisture, and (b) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Du- rum Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, predominates, which' contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. 14 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades.-Tough wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Tough." Smutty Wheat 2 Definition.-Smutty wheat shall be wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat. Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the method described either in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section. (a) Smut dockage.-Before the determina- tion of smut dockage as provided in this para- graph, the wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the, standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty. The smut shall be removed by scour- ing and the loss in weight of the wheat caused by the removal of the smut shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain when free from dockage. The per- centage so calculated shall be stated in terms of half percent, whole percent, or whole and half percent, as the case may be. A fraction of a half percent shall be disregarded. The per- centage of the smut dockage, so calculated and stated, shall be added to the grade designation, preceding the statement of dockage, if any. (b) " Light Smutty " and " Smutty."- Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty-; and 2 Effective July 25, 1934. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 15 (1) In the case of smutty wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty wheat which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." Garlicky Wheat Definition.-Garlicky wheat shall be wheat which contains two or more green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat. Grades.-Garlicky wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not garlicky ; and (1) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains two or more but not more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall -be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words " Light Gar- licky ".; and (2) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Garlicky." Weevily Wheat Definition.-Weevily, wheat, shall be wheat which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. 85436*-34 2 16 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades.-Weevily wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." Ergoty Wheat Definition.-Ergoty wheat shall be wheat which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Ergoty." Treated Wheat Definition.-Treated wheat shall be wheat which has been scoured, limed, washed, sul- phured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade designa- tion, alone. Grades.-Treated wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.--Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils, or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 17 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage oz mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the moisture tester and the method of use thereof described in Department Bulletin No. 1375, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as de- termined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than wheat which is not separated from the wheat in the proper deter- mination of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull-less.bar- ley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which. are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground-damaged, badly weather- damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. .Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which have been mate- rially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermenta- tion. Cracked kernels.-Cracked kernels shall be broken kernels of wheat and other grains re- maining after the removal of dockage. 18 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR CORN3 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for corn (maize) : Corn.-Corn shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of shelled corn of the dent or flint varieties, and may contain not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Classes.-Corn shall be divided into three classes, as follows: Class I, Yellow Corn; Class II, White Corn; and Class III, Mixed Corn. Yellow Corn (Class I) This class shall include Yellow Corn, and may include not more than 5 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of red on ker- nels of corn otherwise yellow shall not affect their classification as Yellow Corn. White Corn (Class II) This class shall include White Corn, and may include not more than 2 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of light straw color or of pink on kernels of corn otherwise white shall not affect their classification as White Corn. 3 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and- Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 19 Mixed Corn (Class III) This class shall consist of corn of various colors that does not meet the color require- ments for either of the classes Yellow Corn or White Corn. White-capped yellow kernels shall be classified as Mixed Corn. Grades.-Corn shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Corn Grade requirements for Yellow Corn, White Corn, and Mixed Corn Grade No. Maximum limits of- m test Damaged kernels weight Cracked (corn and other per Mois- corn and grains) bushel ture foreign material Heat- Total damaged Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 54 14.0 2 3 0.1 53 15.5 3 5 .2 51 17.5 4 -7 .5 48 20.0 5 10 1.0 44 23.0 7 15 3.0 Sample grade shall include corn of the class Yel- low Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1------------ 2- ---- --- - 3.----------- 4------------ 5---------.- Sample grade. 20 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Corn Flint Corn Definition.-Flint corn shall be corn of any class which consists of more than 25 percent of flint corn. Grades.-Flint corn shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not flint corn, and the word " Flint " shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, immediately following the word Yel- low, or White, or Mixed, as the case may be. Weevily Corn Definition.-Weevily corn shall be corn that is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.--Each deter- mination of class, variety, damage, and heat damage, shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of the cracked corn and for- eign material. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 21 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the moisture tester and the method of use thereof described in Department Bulletin No. 1375, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulle- tin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Cracked corn and foreign material.-Cracked corn and foreign material shall include kernels and pieces, of kernels of corn and all matter other than corn which will pass through a No. 12 sieve, and all matter other than corn re- maining on such sieve after screening. No. 12 sieve.-A metal sieve perforated with round holes 12/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, sweet corn, pop corn, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn and other grains which have been materi- ally discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermenta- tion.  OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 23 STANDARDS FOR BARLEY' For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for barley : Barley.-Barley shall be any grain which, be- fore the removal of dockage, consists of 50 per- cent or more of barley, and may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. The term " barley " as used in these standards shall not include hull-less barley. Classes.--Barley shall be divided into four classes, as follows: Class I, Barley ; Class II, Black Barley ; Class III, Western Barley ; and Class IV, Mixed Barley. Grades.-Barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and accord- ing to the special grades when applicable. 4 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. 24 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Barley (Class I) This class shall include all white (glumes) barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. This class shall be- divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Malting Barley This subclass shall include 6-rowed barley of the class Barley (Class I) which meets the requirements of grades Nos. 1 to 3, inclusive, which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 5 percent of 2-rowed and/or other types or varieties of barley of unsuitable malt- ing type such as Trebi and Black ; which con- tains not more than 15 percent of barley and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.076 (47s/64) of an inch wide and 3 of an inch long ; which contains not more than 5 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels ; which contains not more than 4 percent of damaged barley ; and shall not include Bleached barley. Barley of this subclass shall contain 75 percent or more of mellow barley kernels which kernels are not, en masse, semisteely. Subolass (B) Barley This subclass shall include all barley of the class Barley which does not meet the require- ments of subclass (A) Malting Barley. Black Barley (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of Black (glumes) Barley grown anywhere in the United States, and may include not more than 10 per- cent of barley of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN 'STANDARDS 25 Class I.-Barley and Class II.-Black Barley Grade requirements for subclass (a.) Malting Barley and subclass (b) Barley, of the class Barley, and for the class Black Barley Grade No. 1-_-------- 23__________---- 33._ . 44----------- 5------------ Sample grade- imtsm Maximum limits of- Heat- damaged Test kernels For- Bro- weight Sound (barley, eign ken Black per barley' other mate- ker- bar- bushel grains, rial nels ey and wild oats) Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 47 95 0.1 1 4 0.5 46 93 .2 2 8 1.0 43 90 .5 3 .12 2.0 40 80 1.0 4 20 5.0 35 70 3.0 6 30 10.0 Sample grade shall include barley of the subclass Barley, or of the class Black Barley, which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Any barley in grade No.1 that does not come within the pro- visions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than ' 2 percent of blight-damaged barley; and barley in any grade from No. 2 to Sample grade, inclusive, that does not come within the provisions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley. Any barley containing more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley shall be graded No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, or Sample grade, Blighted, as the case may be, as provided in the specifications for Blighted barley. - 2 These specifications do not apply to the class Black Barley. 3 See special requirements for subclass (A) Malting Barley. 4 Barley that is badly stained or materially weathered, shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 26 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Western Barley (Class III) This class shall include white (glumes) barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. Class III.-Western Barley Grade requirements for Western Barley Grade No. 1-----------_ 3----------- 4-------- -- 5----------- Sample grade-- Maximum limits of- Mini- mum imits of sound barley Heat- damaged kernels (barley, other grains, and wild oats) Wild oats For- Bro- eign ken ma- ker- terial nels Black barley Pct. Pct. Pct Pct. Pct. Pct 98 0.1 1 0.5 3 0.5 96 .2 2 1.0 6 1.0 93 .3 3 2 0 10 2.0 88 .5 5 3.0 15 5.0 80 1.0 10 4.0 25 10.0 Sample grade shall include barley of the class Western Barley which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive, or which con- tains more than 15 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable adobe, stones, and cinders, singly or combined; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which con- tains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which contains the seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 27 Mixed Barley (Class IV) This class shall be any mixture of barley not provided for in the classes from I to III, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.- Mixed Barley shall be graded according to the grade requirements of either (1) the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or (2) the class Black Barley, or (3) the class Western Barley, according to which class of barley predominates in the mixture, except that all grade specifica- tions as to the maximum percentages of black barley shall be disregarded. The gra, e designation for Mixed Barley shall include sccessively, in. the order named, the number of the grade or the words " Sample grade ", as the case may be ; the words " Mixed Barley ", followed by the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of barley which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture in the order of its predominance, but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate per- centage of at least one other class. For Mixed Barley, in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, the grade designation shall include a statement of the test weight per bushel immediately following the names and percentages of the classes composing the mixture. 28 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage in barley shall be determined ac- cording to the method described in paragraph (a), or paragraph (b), or paragraph (c), of this section. (a) In the case of Barley (Class I), and Black Barley (Class II), dockage includes all matter which can be removed from the barley by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equi- lateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which. are 5/64 inch in diameter. (b) In the case of Western Barley (Class III), dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than barley, sand, dirt, and any material other than barley, which can be removed readily from the barley by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices ; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of barley kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material and which cannot be re- covered by properly rescreening or recleaning. (c) In the case of Mixed Barley (Class IV), the dockage determination shall be made in accordance with the specifications given in paragraph (a) when barley, either of the class Barley (Class I) or barley of the class Black Barley (Class II) predominates in the mixture, or in accordance with the specifications given in paragraph (b) when barley of the class Western Barley (Class III) predominates in the mixture. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The percentage of dockage, so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word " Dock- age.", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 9 Special Grades for Barley Test Weight of Western Barley Grades for test weight of Western Barley.- For barley of the class Western Barley, the test weight per bushel in terms of whole pounds shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, following the name of the class. A fraction of a pound shall be disre- garded. Two-Rowed Barley Definition.-Two-rowed barley shall consist of 2-rowed barley of the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or of the class Western Barley, and may contain not more than 10 percent of barley of other varieties. Grades.-Two-rowed barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such bar- ley if it were not 2-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Two-rowed." Tough Barley Definition.-Tough barley shall be (a) barley of either of the classes Barley or Black Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of either one of the classes Barley or Black Barley predominates, which contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture, and (b) barley of the class Western Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of the class Western Barley predomi- nates, which contains more than 13.5 percent but not more than 15 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it 30 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Bright Western Barley Definition--Bright Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is of good natural color. Grades.--Bright Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright. Stained Western Barley Definition.--Stained Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is badly stained or weathered. Grades.-Stained Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not stained, and t'here shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Stained." Blighted Barley Definition.-Blighted barley shall be all bar- ley which contains more than 4 percent of bar- ley damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Blighted." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Barley Definition.-Smutty barley shall be barley which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty barley shall be graded and designated according to, the grade requirements of the. standards applicable to such barley if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." Garlicky Barley Definition.-Garlicky barley shall be barley which contains 3 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of barley. Grades.-Garlicky barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Garlicky." Weevily Barley Definition.-Weevily barley shall be barley which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 85436 --34 3 32 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Barley Definition.-Ergoty barley shall be barley which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation the word " Ergoty." Bleached Barley Definition.-Bleached barley shall be barley which, in whole or in part, has been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleach- ing agent. Grades.-Bleached barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a. part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 33 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be ascertained by the moisture tester and the method of use thereof described in Department Bulletin No. 1375, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than barley, except other grains, wild oats, and smut masses, which is not separated from the barley in the proper de- termination of dockage. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Sound barley.-Sound barley shall be ker- nels and pieces of kernels of barley remaining after the removal of dockage, which are not damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley, other grains, and wild oats, which have been materially discolored and damaged by ei- ternal heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 34 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR OATS5 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for oats: Oats.-Oats shall be any grain which consists of 80 percent or more of cultivated oats. Oats may contain not more than 10 percent of wild oats. Classes.-Oats shall be divided into five classes as follows: Class I, White Oats; Class II, Red Oats; Class III, Gray Oats; Class IV, Black Oats ; and Class V, Mixed Oats. For the purpose of this classification, the characteristics of each class, except Mixed Oats, shall be based on color characteristics ; White Oats shall in- clude yellow oats; and tinges of white, brown, or black, on the kernels of any red oats variety shall not affect their classification as red oats. Oats of any class except Mixed Oats may in- .lude not more than 10 percent of cultivated oats of other classes. Mixed Oats shall be any mixture of oats which does not meet the require- ments for any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, or Black Oats. Grades:-Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. 6 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 35 Oats Grade requirements for the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, and Mixed Oats Minimum limits Maximum limits of- Grade No. 11---__-- 22-____-_-- 33.____ ___.. 44 __ Sample grade. Test Sound Heat-dam- For- weight culti- aged kernels eign Wild per vated (oats other ma- oats bushel oats grais ats terial . _ . - .. Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 32 97 0.1 2 2 30 94 .3 2 3 27 90 1.0 3 5 24 80 3.0 5 10 Sample grade shall include oats of any one pf the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, or Mixed Oats, which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contain stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The oats in grade No. 1 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of oats of other classes, of which not more than 3 percent may be black cultivated oats. 2 The oats in grade No. 2 White Oats may contain not mcre than 5 percent of black cultivated oats. 3 Oats that are slightly weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. 4 Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 36 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Oats Tough Oarts Definition.-Tough oats shall be oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.--Tough oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they- were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Heavy Oats Definition.-Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 35 pounds or more but less than 38 pounds. Grades.-Heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, pre- ceding the name of the class, the word " Heavy." Extra Heavy Oats Definition.-Extra Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 38 pounds or more. Grades.-Extra Heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not extra heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Extra Heavy." Bright Oats Definition.-Bright oats shall be oats, except Bleached oats, that are of good natural color. Grades.-Bright oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements afl the standards applicable to such oats if they OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 37 were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word " Bright." Cereal Oats Definition.-Cereal oats shall be any oats, whether sized, clipped, or natural, which con- tain more than 20 percent of oats and/or other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. Grades.-Cereal oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not "'cereal " oats, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Cereal." Bleached Oats Definition.-Bleached oats shall be oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Weevily Oats Definition.-Weevily oats shall be oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part. of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." 38 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Oats Definition.-Smutty oats shall be oats which contain balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of oats. Grades.-Smutty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." Ergoty Oats Definition.-Ergoty oats shall be oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3. percent. Grades.-Ergoty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Ergoty." Garlicky Oats Definition.-Garlicky oats shall be oats which contain 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 500 grams of oats. Grades.-Garlicky oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and. made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Garlicky." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis :of the :grain as a whole. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 39 Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the moisture tester and the method of use thereof described in Department Bulletin No. 1375, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Sound cultivated oats.-Sound cultivated oats shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, which have been materially- discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 40 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR FEED OATS0 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for Feed Oats : Feed Oats.-Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of either (a) 30 percent or more but less than 80 percent of cultivated oats, but not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) 80 percent or more of cul- tivated oats and more than 10 percent of wild oats. Feed Oats may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains, and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent nay include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Feed Oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective. grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Feed Oats Tough Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Feed Oats shall -be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Tough." 6 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Feed Oats Grade requirements for Feed Oats 41 Minimum limits Maximum limits of- of-M Grade No. Heat-dam- Foreign mate. Test Culti- aged kernels rial weight vated (oats, wild per t oats, and bushel oats other Total Fine grains) seeds Per- Pounds Percent Percent Percent cent 1-------------- 32 60 2 3 2 2-------------- 29 45 4 4 3 31---- ----- 26 30 6 6 4 Sample grade-- Sample grade shall include feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially ob- jectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity suffi- cient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Bleached Feed Oats Definition.--Bleached Feed Oats shall be feed cats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Bleached." 42 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Weevily.Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Weevily." Smutty Feed Oats Definition.--Smutty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of feed oats. Grades.--Smutty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Smutty." Ergoty Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 per- cent. Grades.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- m'ents of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Ergoty." DEFINITIONS . Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 46 Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the moisture tester and the method of use thereof described in Department Bulletin No. 1375, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel-.Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bul- letin No. 1065, dated9 May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats ; but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from feed oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats, and other grains which have been materially discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 44 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED FEED- OATS 7 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for Mixed Feed Oats: Mixed Feed Oats.--Mixed Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of less than 30 percent of cultivated oats, but either (a) not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats com- bined, or (b) not less than 65 percent of wild oats ; may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains ; and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample'grade of these standards, and accord- ing to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Mixed Feed Oats Tough Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Tough." Bleached Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall he mixed feed oats which, in whole or in part, 7 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- .cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 45 have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such niixed feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Bleached." Mixed Feed Oats Grade requixrermts for Mixed Feed Oats -Mini- Maximum limits of- mum Grade No. testight Heat-damaged Foreign material per kernels (oats, bushel wild oats, and other grains) Total Fine seeds Pounds Percent Percent Percent 1-------------- 32 2 5 2 2-------------- 29 4 7 .3 31------------- 26 6 10 4 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include mixed feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, in- clusive; or which contain more than 16 per- cent of moisture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild - brome grasses of a character and in a quan- tity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Mixed Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weath- ered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Weevily Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to - stored grain. 46 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." S'rnitty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.--Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quan- tity equal to '30 balls of average size in 250 grams of mixed feed oats. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to -the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 47 Percentage of moistlqre.--Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the moisture tester and the method of use thereof described in Department Bulletin No. 1375, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats ; and shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from Mixed Feed Oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums,, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats, or other grains, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 85436*-34 4 48 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS 'FOR RYE 8 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for rye: Rye.-Rye shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50, percent or more of rye and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Rye shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of. these standards, and according to the- special grades when applicable. Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than rye, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the rye by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of rye kernels which are removed in properly separat- ing the foreign material, and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage ", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation, 8 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of.the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Rye Grade requirements for Rye 49 Maximum limits of- Mini- Damaged kernels r e Foreign material Grade No. wteiht grains) per bushel Heat- Foreign Total dam- Total matter agd other than wheat Pounl Percent Percent Percent Percent 1-------------- 56 2 0.1 3 1 2-------------- 54 4 .2 6 2 3-------------- 52 7 .5 10 4 4------------ - 49 15 3.0 10 6 Sample grade- Sample grade shall include rye which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commer- cially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied ac- curately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 50 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Rye Totigh Rye Definition.-Tough rye shall be rye which contains more than 14 percent, but not more than 16 percent, of moisture. Grades.-Tough rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Rye9 Definition.-Smutty rye shall be rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye. Grades.-Smutty rye shall be graded 'and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not smutty ; and (1) In the case of smutty rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250( grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty " ; and (2) In the case of smutty rye which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." I Effective July 25, 1934. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 51 Garlicky Rye Definition.-Garlicky rye shall be rye which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye. Grades.-Garlicky rye shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not garlicky : and (1) In the case of garlicky rye which contains 2 or more but not more than 6 green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grains of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Garlicky " ; and (2) In the case of garlicky rye which con- tains more than 6 green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Garlicky." Weevily Rye Definition.-Weevily rye shall be rye which is infested with live weevils or other insects in- jurious to stored grain. Grades.--Weevily rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." 52 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Rye Definition.---Ergoty rye shall be rye which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.--Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the moisture tester and the method of use thereof described in Department Bulletin No. 1375, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 53 Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than rye, which is not separated from the rye in the proper deter- mination of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, -emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which are heat darraged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 54 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR GRAIN SORGHUMS10 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for grain sorghums: Grain sorghums.-Grain sorghums shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of grain sorghums and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage and of " cracked kernels, foreign ma- terial, and other grains ", contains not more than 25 percent of nongrain sorghums. Classes.-Grain sorghums shall be divided into five classes, as follows : Class I, White Grain Sorghums ; Class II, Yellow Grain Sor- ghums ; Class III, Red Grain Sorghums ; Class IV, Brown Grain Sorghums ; and Class V, Mixed Grain Sorghums. Grades.-Grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade re- quirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 10 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. Grain Sorghums Grade requirements for Grain Sorghums Maximum limits of- Minimum Damaged kernels Total (grain sorghums, Grade No. teight nongrain sorghums, cracked pe buel Moisture and other grains) Nongrain f kenels, foreigns ma- sorghums terial, and Heat- other Total damaged grains Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 1-------------------------- 55 14 2 0.2 1 4 2------------------------- - 53 15 5 .5 3 8 3------------------------- 51 16 10 1.0 5 12 4------------------------ -- -49 18 15 3.0 10 15 Sample grade----------- Sample grade shall include grain sorghums of any class or subclass which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which are badly weathered; or which have any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 0 H H 0) z 0) 56 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Grain Sorghums (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of white grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Colored spots upon kernels that are otherwise white shall not affect their classification as white. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows : Subclass (A) White Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white kafir type, including hegari, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) White Durra This subclass shall ipclude grain sorghums of the white durra type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (C) White Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class White Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) White Kafir or subclass (b) White Durra. Yellow Grain Sorghums (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of yel- low and salmon-pink grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10, percent of grain sor- ghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 5'T Subclass (A) Yellow Milo This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the yellow milo type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other yellow grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sor- ghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (B) Yellow Grain Sorghwn This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Yellow Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Yellow Milo. Red Grain Sorghums (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of red grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the red kafir type and may include not more than 10 percent of other red grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Red Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Red Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Red Kafir. 58 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Brown Grain Sorghums (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of brown grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Mixed Grain Sorghums (Class V) This class shall include all mixtures of grain sorghums not provided for in the classes from I to IV, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-The grade designation for Mixed Grain Sorghums shall include, successively, in the order named: (1) The number of the grade or the words " Sample grade ", as the case may be ; (2) the words " Mixed Grain Sorghums " ; (3) the name and the approximate percentage of each class of grain sorghums which constitutes 10 per- cent or more of the mixture, in the order of its predominance, but if only one class ex- ceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. In those cases where Mixed Grain Sorghums consist of 70 percent or more of grain sorghums of the types white kafir, white durra, yellow milo, or red kafir, singly or combined, and not more than 10 per- cent of brown grain sorghums, the word " Mixed " shall be substituted for the words " Mixed Grain Sorghums ", and the name of the appropriate subclass or subclasses for such type or types, as the case may be, shall be substituted for the class names, in the grade designation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 59 Dockage Dockage includes sand, dirt, finely broken ker- nels, weed seeds, and other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the grain sorghums by means of a metal sieve perforated with round holes 21/2/64 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of half per- cent, whole percent, or whole and half percent, as the case may be. A fraction of a half per- cent shall be disregarded. The word " Dock- age ", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Grain Sorghums Bright Grain Sorghum Definition.--Bright grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums, of any class or subclass, which have good, natural color. Grades.-Bright grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class or subclass, the word " Bright." 60 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Discolored Grain Sorghums Definition.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums of any class or subclass which are discolored, but which are not badly weathered. Grades.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not discolored, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Discolored." Weevily Grain Sorghmns Definition.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." Smutty Grain Sorghuins Definition.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain a quantity of smut masses in excess of a quantity equal to 10 masses in 50 grams of grain sorghums. Grades.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 61 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of class, subclass, nongrain sorghums, total damage, heat damage, and inseparable stones and cinders, shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage and when free from "cracked kernels, foreign material, w. and other grains." All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the lot of grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the moisture tester and the method of use thereof described in Department Bulletin No. 1375, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or that ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soy- beans. Nongrain sorghums.--Nongrain sorghums shall include broomcorn, Sudan grass, Johnson grass, and cane seed. 62 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains.-Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains, shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, and all other mat- ter except dockage that will pass through a metal sieve perforated with equilateral trian- gular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter ; also other grains and all other matter except grain sorghums and nongrain sorghums remaining on such sieve after screening. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, 'badly ground damaged, moldy, or otherwise mate- rially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS (3 STANDARDS FOR FLAXSEED1' For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for flaxseed: Flaxseed.-Flaxseed shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of flaxseed and not more than 20 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Flaxseed shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards. Flaxseed Grade requirements for Fiaxseed Grade No Minimum test Maximum limits of ' weight per bushel damaged flaxseed 1-----_--____------ 49 pounds--------- 20 percent 2-------------- - 47 pounds--------- 30 percent Sample grade---- Sample grade shall include flaxseed which does not come within the requirements of either of the grades No. 1 or No. 2; or which contains fire-damaged flaxseed; or which contains more than 11 percent of moisture; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. 85436*-34--5 64 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage shall include all matter other than flaxseed which is contained in the lot of grain as a whole ; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of flaxseed removed with the dock- age and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the flaxseed including the dockage. The percentage of dockage so calculated, when equal to one-half percent or more, shall be stated in terms of half percent, whole percent, or whole and half percent, as the case may be. A frac- tion of a half percent shall be disregarded. The word " Dockage ", together with the per- -entage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of test weight, moisture, damage, and " fire damaged ", shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning de- vices. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture. -Percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the mois- ture tester and the method of use thereof de- scribed in Department Bulletin No. 1375, issued by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of moisture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 65 Test weight per bushel-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Damaged flaxseed.-Damaged flaxseed shall be seeds and pieces of seeds of flaxseed which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 66 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED GRAIN" For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards, of the United States for Mixed Grain: Definition.-Mixed Grain shall be any mixture of those grains for which standards have been, or hereafter may be, established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, that does not come within the requirements of any of the standards for such grains, and that does not contain more than 50 percent of foreign material. Wild oats in Mixed Grain shall be classed as a grain. Grades.-Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated either as "Mixed Grain" or as " Sample grade Mixed Grain ", and according to the special grades when applicable. Grade Requirements Mixed Grain (Grade).-The grade "Mixed Grain " shall include all mixed grain which does not come within the specifications for Sample grade Mixed Grain. Sample grade Mixed Grain.-The grade " Sample grade Mixed Grain " shall include all mixed grain which contains more than 16 per- cent of moisture, or m'ore than 15 percent of damaged kernels, or more than 3, percent of heat-damaged kernels ; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which contains stones and/or cinders ; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic ; or which has a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately ; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 12 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 67 Grade Designations The grade designation for Mixed Grain shall include, in the order named: (1) The words " Mixed Grain " or the words " Sample grade Mixed Grain ", as the case may be; (2) The name and percentage of each kind of grain, including wild oats, which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture, in the order of predominance; and (3) When applicable, the words "Other Grains ", followed by a statement of the per- centage of the combined quantity of those kinds of grain, including wild oats, each of which is present in a quantity less than 10 percent ; and (4) The words " Foreign Material ", together with a statement of the percentage thereof. All percentage statements shall be in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. Special Grades for Mixed Grain Tough Mixed Grain Definition.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Tough." 68 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS ,Smutty Mixect Grain13 Definition.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye predominates, and which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of mixed grain, (b) mixed grain in which oats predomi- nate, and which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of mixed grain, or (c) any mixed grain which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which con- tains smut masses in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Grain Definitionj-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Ergoty." " Effective July 25, 1934, 1W OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 69 Garlicky Mixed Grain Definition.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulbets, in 1,000 grams of mixed grain ; or (b) mixed grain in which oats or barley predominates, and which contains 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of mixed grain. Grades.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Garlicky." Weevily Mixed Gain Definition.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades. -Weevily Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." Blighted Mixed Grain Definition.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be all mixed grain in which barley predominates, and which, as a whole, contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially dis- colored by blight and/or mold. 70 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades. - Blighted Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Blighted." Treated Mixed Grain Definition.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which has been scoured, limed, washed, sulphured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade desig- nation, alone. Grades.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All deter- minations shall be on the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the moisture tester and method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1375, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or that ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. In the determination of moisture by the method OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS described in Department Bulletin No. 1375, the heating element shall be cut off when the thermometer shows a temperature specified for the grain which predominates in the mixture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, but shall not include wild oats. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be- all kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather dam'aged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernel of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GRAIN INSPECTION The United States Grain Standards Act pro- vides in part as follows: INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS " SE. 4. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any -grain no person thereafter shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain which is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade unless the grain shall have been inspected and graded by an inspector licensed under this act and the grade by which it is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale be one of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States: Provided, That any person may sell, offer for sale, or consign for sale, ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain by sample or by type, or under any name, description, or designation which is not false or misleading, and which name, description, or designation does not include in whole or in part the terms of any official grain standard of the United States: Provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade may be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce without inspec- tion at point of shipment by an inspector licensed under this act, to or through any place at which an inspector licensed under this act is located, subject to be inspected by a licensed inspector at the place to which shipped or at some convenient point through which shipped for inspection, which inspection shall be under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe, and subject further 72 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS '3 to the right of appeal from such inspection, as provided in section 6 of this act: And provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by any of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards may, upon compliance with the rules and regu- lations prescribed by the Secretary of Agricul- ture, be shipped in interstate or foreign com- merce without inspection from a place at which there is no inspector licensed under this act to a place at which there is no such inspector, sub- ject to the right of either party to the transaction to refer any dispute as to the grade of the grain to the Secretary of Agriculture, who may deter- mine the true grade thereof. No person shall in any certificate or in any contract or agree- ment of sale or agreement to sell by grade, either oral or written, involving, or in any invoice or bill of lading or other shipping docu- ment relating to, the shipment or delivery for shipment, in interstate or foreign commerce, of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, describe, or in any way refer to, any of such grain as being of any grade other than a grade fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States." MISREPRESENTATION " Suc. 5. That no person, except as permitted in section 4, shall represent that any grain shipped or delivered for shipment in inter- state or foreign commerce is of a grade fixed in the official grain standards other than as shown by a certificate therefor issued in com- pliance with this act ; and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause examinations to be made of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, and which has been certified to con- form to any grade fixed therefor in such offi- 74 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS cial grain standards, or which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or for- eign commerce. Whenever, after opportunity for hearing is given to the owner or shipper of the grain involved, and to the inspector thereof if the same has been inspected, it is determined by the Secretary that any quantity of grain has been incorrectly certified to con- form to a specified grade, or has been sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale under any name, description, or designation which is false or misleading, he may publish his findings." APPEALS, FINDINGS, AND FEES " SE. 6. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain and any quantity of such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale, or which has been shipped, or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce shall have been inspected and a dispute arises as to whether the grade as determined by such inspection of any such grain in fact conforms to the standard of the specified grade, any interested party may, either with or without reinspection, appeal the question to the Secretary of Agri- culture, and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause such investigation to be made and such tests to be applied as he may deem necessary and to determine the true grade: Provided, That any appeal from such inspection and grading to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be taken before the grain leaves the place where the inspection appealed from was made and before the identity of the grain has been . lost, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe. Whenever an appeal shall be taken or a dispute referred to the Secretary OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 75 of Agriculture under this act, he shall charge and assess, and cause to be collected, a rea- sonable fee, in amount to be fixed by him, which fee, in case of an appeal, shall be re- funded if the appeal is sustained. All such fees, not so refunded, shall be deposited and covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. The findings of the Secretary of Agriculture as to grade, signed by him or by such officer or officers, agent or agents, of the Department of Agriculture as he may designate, made after the parties in interest have' had opportunity to be heard, shall be accepted in the courts of the United States as prima facie evidence of the true grade of the grain determined by him at the time and place specified in the findings." LICENSING OF INSPECTORS " SEo. 7. The Secretary of Agriculture may issue a license to any person, upon presentation to him of satisfactory evidence that such person is competent, to inspect and grade grain and to certificate the grade thereof for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, under this act and the rules and regulations prescribed thereunder. No person authorized or employed by any State, county, city, town, board of trade, chamber of com- merce, corporation, society, partnership, or 7 association to inspect or grade grain shall cer- tify, or otherwise state or indicate in writing, that any grain for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, which has been inspected or graded by him, or by any person acting under his authority, is of one of the grades of the official grain standards of the United States, unless he holds an unsus- pended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. * * *" 76 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS PENALTIES " SEo. 9. That any person who shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of sections 4 or 7 of this act, or any inspector licensed under this act who shall knowingly inspect or grade im- properly any grain which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, or shall knowingly give any false ) certificate of grade, or shall accept money -or other consideration, directly or indirectly, for any neglect or improper performance of duty, and any person who shall improperly influence or attempt to improperly influence any such inspector in the performance of his duty, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both." BASIS OF INSPECTION Inspection and grading of a lot or parcel of grain for the purposes of the United States Grain Standards Act, consists of taking and ex- amining a representative sample or samples of the grain, making such tests as are necessary to determine its grade, and the issuing, by a licensed grain inspector or by a Federal grain supervisor, of a certificate of grade therefor. No licensed inspector or grain supervisor may issue a certificate of grade for any lot or parcel of grain unless the inspection and grading thereof be based upon a correct and representa- tive sample of the grain and be made under con- ditions that permit the determination of its true grade. No sample is deemed to be representa- tive unless of the size, and procured in accord- ance with the methods, prescribed in current instructions issued by the Chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics or by such oficer of OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 77 the Department as may be designated by him for the purpose. In the inspection and grading of any lot or parcel of grain, including cargoes of grain loaded aboard boats, barges, and other vessels, licensed inspectors and Federal grain supervi- sors are governed by the following require- ments: (1) If any lot, parcel, or cargo of grain ten- dered for inspection and grading be uniform in quality and condition, the grade shall be based upon an average sample thereof. (2) If any lot, parcel, or cargo of grain being loaded aboard a vessel for inspection is not uni- form in quality and condition by reason of the presence therein of a material portion of grain of a different grade, the licensed inspector or Federal grain supervisor is required to consider the portions of such lot, parcel, or cargo which are of different grades as separate lots tendered for inspection, and to separately inspect, grade, and certificate as to grade such different por- tions ; and each such certificate of grade shall bear a statement to the effect that the grain to which it applies has been loaded on board with other grain, the grade, description, and approxi- mate quantity of which shall be specified. 78 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SAMPLING OF GRAIN '.the taking of a correct and representative 'sample of a lot or parcel of grain for inspection and grading purposes is an important and essen- tial part of grain inspection. If the sample obtained is not representative no amount of care in making the determinations for the grading factors will establish the true grade of the grain involved. The Department of Agriculture, in its administration of the Grain Standards Act, holds that the licensed inspector is responsible for the correctness of the sample upon which he bases the grade of any lot or parcel of grain. For correct grading it is essential that the sam- ple, properly identified, be preserved in its original condition from the time it is taken until the grade is determined and that it be of sufficient size for the adequate making of all necessary tests. The basic instructions governing the sampling of grain for inspection and grading purposes are substantially as follows : (1) The sample shall be approximately 2 quarts in size. If the time to elapse between the drawing of the sample and the determina- tion of the grade would permit of such changes in the condition of the grain as to affect its grade, at least 1/g pints should be enclosed in an air-tight container and the remainder, if any, in a cloth bag ; (2) In the case of bulk grain in carload lots, trucks, or wagon lots, or in any other container in which the grain is of about the same depth :as in a carload, the sample shall be taken with :a double-tube compartment trier 60 inches long (fig. 1) by probing flaxseed in seven or more OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Tu places, and all other kinds of grain in five or more places, well distributed in different parts of such car, truck, or other container ; (3) In the case of bulk grain contained in a canal boat, barge, or steamship, the sample may .be taken with a trier as described above, or with a longer trier of the same design, by probing flaxseed in seven or more places, and, all other kinds of grain in five or more places, well distributed through each hatch or opening in the deck, provided such probing, or continued probing, will reach the grain at all depths; (4) In the case of bulk grain being loaded on board a barge, boat, or steamship, the sample may be taken from the loading spout or other conveyor to the vessel by means of a device known as a " Pelican " (fig. 2) or by means of any other device, approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics or by a person designated by him for the purpose; (5) In the case of grain contained in sacks, samples shall be drawn from as many in- dividual sacks selected at random as will en- able the procurement of a representative sam- ple of all the sacks involved in the lot. During the sampling operastion the grain ob- tained by each separate probe, or by each " cut " with the Pelican, or otherwise, shall be ex- amined to note any unevenness of loading, odor,' weevils, and the condition of the grain. If after examination of the separate probes, or cuts with the Pelican, no material portion of the grain is distinctly inferior to the re- mainder of the grain, the grain from the sepa- rate probes or from each separate cut with the Pelican, shall be combined and the combined 85436*-34 6 80 GFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS sample shall be regarded as an average sample of the grain involved. Whenever it shall appear, as a result of the sampling, that a material portion of an lot or parcel of grain is distinctly inferior, ia.i any manner, to the remainder of such lot or parcel; also whenever, in the case of grain loaded, or being loaded aboard, or being discharged from', a barge, boat, or-steamship, a material portion of such grain is of a different grade from the remainder, separate samples shall be taken of such distinctly inferior grain and of the re- maining portion, or of the grain of each of the distinctly different grades, as the case may be. There shall be filed with each of the separate samples so taken a statement of the estimated quantity of grain it represents. Further detailed information concerning cur- rent instructions for proper sampling may be obtained by applying to any office of Federal grain supervision. GRAIN TRIER (PROBE) AND SAMPLING CANVAS For obtaining a representative sample from a carload of bulk grain, a double-tube, separate- compartment grain trier (probe) shown in figure 1 is used. Such a trier makes it pos- sible for the sampler ordinarily to note any unevenness in loading and to ascertain. the approximate location and quantity of any mix- ture of grain or of dirty, smutty, heating, or damp spots, etc., found in any part of the grain. To assist in doing this a canvas 5 feet by 2 feet in dimensions on which to empty the grain from the trier is used. The grain should. be emptied lengthwise on the canvas, each separate trierful apart from the others, so that the grain from each compartment can be noted separately. - C .-N--rV Tus OUTER TUBE -- OPEN/NG /N TUBES INNER TUBE OUTER TUBE IC3 Z 2 ti to D 0 1 Z E A D FIGURE 1.--Grain trier (probe). Double-tubed, sepa- rate-compartment grain trier (probe) for sampling bulk grain : A, Trier closed ; B, trier open ; 0, cross section, showing double tubes ; D, sectional view ; and E, longitudinal view, showing compartments. 81 J 'IFFI( Al2 (tAIN STANIDARDIS SPOUT SAMIPLER OR "PELICAN" For obtaiifung~ : falling "4tlreaml of for sainiilillg b)1lk holds of aI Vessel. 1tf'Iri('(l IJ Il :l " re prT9Stllttltiv°e saniplle flri :l bulk grain, and pInrticiubL'1v a spout. ,san ilr geitel"til i'c icail' 2) is used. .4 'K' - - - - --I" 21 1 0; Y' - I'i(:i mu "',- Sp 8 Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 1------------- 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 2------------ 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 3------------ 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 41.-...-.--- 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 5------------ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Red Winter, or Western Red, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objec- tionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or Which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Wheat of this class that contains more than 10 percent of broken kernels of grain that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 10 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Wheat (Class VI) This class shall include all varieties of White Wheat, whether winter or spring grown, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into four subclasses, as follows: Siubclass (A) Hard White This subclass shall include all wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of 75 percent .or more of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Soft White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of less than 75 per- cent of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora. wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subelass (U) White Club This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of common white wheat other than Sonora, either singly or in any combination. Subolass (D) Western White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat which contains more than 10 percent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any com- bination, and which also contains more than 10 percent of common White Wheat other than Sonora. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 11 Class VI.-White Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Hard White, (b) Soft White, (c) White Club, (d) Western White Maximum limits of- Damaged o kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other 4 (wheat and terial classes n other grains) Grade No. Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 1.... -_...... . 60 2 0.1 1 0. 5 5 0.5 2_-.-----_-_ 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 3.-------_____ 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 41-.._....__ 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 5._--......... 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade- Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Hard White, or Soft White, or. White Club, or Western White, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one ormore of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Wheat of this class that contains more than 10 percent of broken kernels of grain that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 12 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Mixed Wheat (Class VII) This class shall include all mixtures of wheat not provided for in the classes from I to VI, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-Mixed Wheat shall be graded according to the numeri- cal and Sample grade requirements of the class of wheat which predominates in the mixture, except that the grade specifications for the fac- tor "wheats of other classes" and the grade specifications for "No. 1 Heavy " in the stand- ards for hard red spring wheat, shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall be stated as provided in either paragraph (a) or (b) of this section: (a) Except as specified in paragraph (b) of this section, the grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words " Sample grade ", as the case may be, (2) the words " Mixed Wheat ", and (3) the name and approximate percentage of each class of wheat which constitutes more than 10 percent of the mixture in the order of its predominance; but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mix- ture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade desig- nation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. (b) Mixed Durum.-Mixed Durum shall be mixed wheat consisting of 70 percent or more of Common Durum, and may contain not more than 10 percent of Red Durum and not more than 5 percent of soft red winter and/or white wheat. The grade designation for Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words " Mixed Durum." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 13 Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than wheat, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the wheat by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices ; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of wheat kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material, and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage.", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Wheat Tough Wheat Definition.--Tough wheat shall be (a) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, or Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, pre- dominates, which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 15.5. percent of moisture, and (b) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Du- ruin Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum .Wheat, predominates, which contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. 14 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades.-Tough wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Tough." ,Smutty Wheat, Definition.-Smutty wheat shall be wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat. Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the method described either in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section. (a) Smut dockage.-Before the determina- tion of smut dockage as provided in this para- graph, the wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty. The smut shall be removed by scour- ing and the loss in weight of the wheat caused by the removal of the smut shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain when free from dockage. The per- centage so calculated shall be stated in terms of half percent, whole percent, or whole and half percent, as the case may be. -A fraction of a half percent shall be disregarded. The per- centage of the smut dockage, so calculated and stated, shall be added to the grade designation, preceding the statement of dockage, if any. (b) " Light Smutty " and " Smutty."- Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to 'the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty ; and OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 15 (1) In the case of smutty wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty "; and (2) In the case of smutty wheat which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." Garlicky Wheat Definition.-Garlicky wheat shall be wheat which contains two or more green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or. partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat. Grades.-Garlicky wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not garlicky ; and (1) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains two or more but not more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Gar- licky "; and (2) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Garlicky." Weevily Wheat Definition.-Weevily wheat shall be wheat which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. 127675 *-35 2 16 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades.-Weevily wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." Ergoty Wheat Definition.-Ergoty wheat shall be wheat which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word '.' Ergoty." Treated Wheat Definition.-Treated wheat shall be wheat which has been scoured, limed, washed, sul- phured, or treated in such a m'anner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade designa- tion, alone. Grades.-Treated wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils,. or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 17 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as de- termined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than wheat which is not separated from the wheat in the proper deter- mination of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull-less bar- ley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground-damaged, badly weather- damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which have been mate- rially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermenta- tion. 18 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR CORN3 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for corn (maize) : Corn.-Corn shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of shelled corn of the dent or flint varieties, and may contain not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Classes--Corn shall be divided into three classes, as follows: Class I, Yellow Corn; Class II, White Corn; and Class III, Mixed Corn. Yellow Corn (Class I) This class shall include Yellow Corn, and may include not more than 5 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of red on ker- nels of corn otherwise yellow shall not affect their classification as Yellow Corn. White Corn (Class II) This class shall include White Corn, and may include not more than 2 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of light straw color or of pink on kernels of corn otherwise white shall not affect their classification as White Corn. 3 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 19 Mixed Corn (Class III) This class shall consist of corn of various colors that does not meet the color require- ments for either of the classes Yellow Corn or White Corn. White-capped yellow kernels shall be classified as Mixed Corn. Grades.--Corn shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Corn Grade requirements for Yellow Corn, White Corn, and Mixed Corn Grade No. 1------------_ 2 ------- _-- 3---------- 4---------- 5---------- Sample grade- Maximum limits of- Mini- -- mum test weight Cracked Damaged kernels per Mois- corn and bushel ture foreign material Total Heat- damaged Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 54 14.0 2 3 0.1 53 15.5 3 5 .2 51 17.5 4 7 .5 48 20.0 5 10 1.0 44 23.0 7 15 3.0 Sample grade shall include corn of the class Yel- low Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 20 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Corn Flint Corn Definition.-Flint corn shall be corn of. any class which consists of more than 25 percent of flint corn. Grades.-Flint corn shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not flint corn, and the word " Flint " shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade. desig- nation, immediately following the word Yel- low, or White, or Mixed, as the case may be. Weevily Corn Definition.-Weevily corn shall be corn that is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and miade a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.--Each deter- mination of class, variety, damage, and heat damage, shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of the cracked corn and for- eign material. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight.. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 21 Percentage of moisture.--Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the water oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulle- tin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Cracked corn and foreign material.-Cracked corn and foreign material shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of corn and all matter other than corn which will pass through a No. 12 sieve, and all matter other than corn re- maining on such sieve after screening. No. 12 sieve.-A metal sieve perforated with round holes 12/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, , Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, sweet corn, pop corn, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation.-  OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 23 STANDARDS FOR BARLEY4 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for barley : Barley -Barley shall be any grain which, be- fore the removal of dockage, consists of 50 per- cent or more of barley, and may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. The term " barley " as used in these standards shall not include hull-less barley. Classes.-Barley shall be divided into four classes, as follows : Class I, Barley ; Class II, Black Barley ; Class III, Western Barley ; and Class IV, Mixed Barley. Grades.-Barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Saniple grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and accord- ing to the special grades when applicable. 4 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. 24 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Barley (Class I) This class shall include all white (glumes) barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Malting Barley This subclass shall include 6-rowed barley of the class Barley (Class I) which meets the requirements of grades Nos. 1 to 3, inclusive, which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 5 percent of 2-rowed and/or other types or varieties of barley of unsuitable malt- ing type such -as Trebi and Black ; which con- tains not more than 15 percent of barley and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.076 (4/s/64) of . an inch wide and 3/j of an inch long ; which contains not more than 5 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels ; which contains not more than 4 percent of danraged barley ; and shall not include Bleached barley. Barley of this subclass shall contain 75 percent or more of mellow barley kernels which kernels are not, en masse, semi-steely. Subclass (B) Barley This subclass shall include all barley of -the class Barley which does not meet the require- ments of subclass (A) Malting Barley. Black Barley (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of Black (glumes) Barley grown anywhere in the United States, and may include not more than 10 per- cent of barley of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 25 Class I.-Barley and Class 1.--Black Barley Grade requirements for subclass (a) Malting Barley and subclass (b) Barley, of the class Barley, and for the class Black Barley Grade No. 1 3. . - - - - 23--_--- 33. 4'4.--------- 5----------- Sample grade its oum Maximum limits of- Heat- damaged Test kernels For- Bro- Black weight Sound (barley, eign ken har- per barley' other mate- ker- le 2 bushel grains, rial nels l and wild oats) Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. - 47 95 0.1 1 4 0.5 _ 46 93 .2 2 8 1.0 43 90 .5 3 12 2.0 40 80 1.0 4 20 5.0 35 70 3.0 6 30 10.0 - Sample grade shall include barley of the subclass Barley, or of the class Black Barley, which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Any barley in grade No.1 that does not come within the pro- visions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 2 percent of blight-damaged barley; and barley in any grade from No. 2 to Sample grade, inclusive, that does not come within the provisions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley. Any barley containing more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley shall be graded No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, or Sample grade, Blighted, as the case may be, as provided in the specifications for Blighted barley. 2 These specifications do not apply to the class Black Barley. 3 See special requirements for subclass (A) Malting Barley. 4 Barley that is badly stained or materially weathered, shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 26 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Western Barley (Class III) This class shall include white (glumes) barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States, and may include not more than 10 percent. of barley of other classes. Class III.-Western Barley Grade requirements for Western Barley Maximum limits of- Mini- Heat- mum damaged Grade No. limits of *ked For- Bro- sound kernels Wild eign ken Black barley (barley, oats ma- ker- barley other grains, and terial nels wild oats) Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pet. Pct. 1--------------- 98 0.1 1 0.5 3 0.5 2-------------- 96 .2 2 1.0 6 1.0 3-------------- -93 .3 3 2.0 10 *2.0 4--------------- 88 .5 5 3.0 15 5.0 5_----_----____ 80 1.0 10 4.0 25 10.0 Sample grade.- Sample grade shall include barley of the class Western Barley which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive, or which con- tains more than 15 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable adobe, stones, and cinders, singly or combined; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which con- tains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which contains the seeds of wild bkome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 27 Mixed Barley (Class IV) This class shall be any mixture of barley not provided for in the classes from I to III, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.- Mixed Barley shall be graded according to the grade requirements of either (1) the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or (2) the class Black Barley, or (3) the class Western Barley, according to which class.of barley predominates in the mixture, except that all grade specifica- tions as to the maximum percentages of black barley shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Barley shall include successively, in the order named, the number of the grade or the words " Sample grade ", as the case may be ; the words " Mixed Barley ", followed by the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of barley which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture in the order of its predominance, but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate per- centage of at least one other class. For Mixed Barley, in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, the grade designation shall include a statement of the test weight per bushel immediately following the names and percentages of the classes composing the mixture. 28 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage in barley shall be determined ac- cording to the method described in paragraph (a), or paragraph (b), or paragraph (c), of this section. (a) In the case of Barley (Class I), and Black Barley (Class II), dockage includes all matter which can be removed from the barley by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equi- lateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. (b) In the case of Western Barley (Class III), dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than barley, sand, dirt, and any material other than barley, which can be removed readily from the barley by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices ; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of barley kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material and which cannot be re- covered by properly rescreening or recleaning. (c) In the case of Mixed Barley (Class IV), the dockage determination shall be made in accordance with the specifications given in paragraph (a) when barley, either of the class Barley (Class I) or barley of the class Black Barley (Class II) predominates in the mixture, or in accordance with the specifications given in paragraph (b) when barley of the class Western Barley (Class III) predominates in the mixture. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The percentage of dockage, so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word " Dock- age ", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 9 Special Grades for Barley Test Weight of Western Barley Grades for test weight of Western Barley.- For barley of the class Western Barley, the test weight per bushel in terms of whole pounds shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, following the name of the class. A fraction of a pound shall be disre- garded. Two-Rowed Barley Definition.-Two-rowed barley shall consist of 2-rowed barley of the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or of the class Western Barley, and may contain not more than 10 percent of barley of other varieties. Grades.-Two-rowed barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such bar- ley if it were not 2-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word " Two-rowed." Tough Barley Definition.-Tough barley shall be (a) barley of either of the classes Barley or Black Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of either one of the classes Barley or Black Barley predominates, which contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture, and (b) barley of the class Western Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of the. class Western Barley predomi- nates, which contains more than 13.5 percent but not more than 15 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it 30 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Bright Western Barley Definition.-Bright Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is of good natural color. Grades.--Bright Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation,.preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright.' Stained Western Barley Definition.-Stained Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is badly stained or weathered. Grades.-Stained Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not stained, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Stained." Blighted Barley Definition.-Blighted barley shall be all bar- ley which contains more than 4 percent of bar- ley damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted barley. shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Blighted." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 31 Smutty Barley Definition.--Smutty barley shall be barley which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty.?' Garliocky Barley Definition.-Garlicky barley shall be barley which contains 3 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of barley. Grades.-Garlicky barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Garlicky." Weevily Barley Definition.--Weevily barley shall be barley which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 127675 --35---3 39 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Lrgoty Barley Definition.-Ergoty barley shall be barley which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation the word " Ergoty." Bleached Barley Definition.-Bleached barley shall be barley which, in whole or in part, has been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleach- ing agent. Grades.-Bleached barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a. part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the .case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 33 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushe.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of ' use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than barley, except other grains, wild oats, and smut masses, which is not separated from the barley in the proper de- termination of dockage. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Sound barley.-Sound barley shall be ker- nels and pieces of kernels of barley remaining after the removal of dockage, which are not dainaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and .pieces of kernels of barley, other grains, and wild oats, which have been materially discolored and damaged by ex- ternal heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 34 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR OATS For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for oats: Oats.-Oats shall be any grain which consists of 80 percent or more of cultivated oats. Oats may contain not more than 10 percent of wild oats. Classes.-Oats shall be divided into five classes as follows: Class I, White Oats; Class II, Red Oats; Class III, Gray Oats; Class IV, Black Oats ; and Class V, Mixed Oats. For the purpose of this classification, the characteristics of each class, except Mixed Oats, shall be based on color characteristics ; White Oats shall in- clude yellow oats; and tinges of white, brown, or black, on the kernels of any red oats variety shall not affect their classification as red oats. Oats of any class except Mixed Oats may in- clude not more than 10 percent of cultivated oats of other classes. Mixed Oats shall be any mixture of oats which does not meet the require- ments for any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, or Black Oats. Grades.-Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. s The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 35 Oats Grade requirements for the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, and Mixed Oats Minimum limits Maximum limits of- of- Grade No. Test Sound Heat-dam- For weight culti- aged kernels eign Wild (oats, other eg per vated ma- oats bushel oats grains and terial wild oats) tra Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 11_----_---- 32 97 0.1 2 2 22_______----_ 30 94 .3 3 3 33_______----_ 27 90 1.0 4 5 44 _.._-._----_ 24 80 3.0 5 10 Sample grade.. Sample grade shall include oats of any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, or Mixed Oats, which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contain stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or.hot; or which have any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The oats in grade No. 1 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of oats of other classes, of which not more than 3 percent may be black cultivated oats. 2 The oats in grade No. 2 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of black cultivated oats. 3 Oats that are slightly weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. 4 Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 36 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Oats Tough Oats Definition.-Tough oats shall be oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Tough." Heavy Oats Definition.-Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 35 pounds or more but less than 38 pounds.. Grades.-Heavy oats. shall be- graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were. not heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, pre- ceding the name of the class, the word "Heavy." Extra Heavy Oats Definition.-Extra Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per, bushel of 38 pounds or more. Grades.-Extra Heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not extra heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the words " Extra Heavy." Bright Oats Definition.-Bright oats shall be oats, except Bleached oats, that are of good natural color. Grades.-Bright oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 37 were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word " Bright." Cereal Oats Definition.-Cereal oats shall be any oats, whether sized, clipped, or natural, which con- tain more than 20 percent of oats and/or other matter except " fine seeds " that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted per- forations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. Grades.-Cereal oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not "cereal" oats, and there shall be added to, and made, a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Cereal." Bleaohed Oats Definition.-Bleached oats shall be oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Weevily Oats Definition.-Weevily oats shall be oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." 38 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Oats Definition.-Smutty oats shall be oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." Ergoty Oats Definition.-Ergoty oats shall be oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3. percent. Grades.-Ergoty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not. ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Ergoty." Garlicky Oats Definition.-Garlicky oats shall be oats which contain 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 500 grams of oats. Grades.-Garlicky oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Garlicky." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 3 9- Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of m-oisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces, of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all matter which can be removed from oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Sound, cultivated oats.--Sound cultivated oats shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 40 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, which have been materially discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. STANDARD FOR FEED OATS6 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for Feed Oats: Feed Oats.-Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of either (a) 30 percent or more but less than 80 percent of cultivated oats, but not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) 80 percent or more of cul- tivated oats and more than 10 percent of wild oats. Feed Oats may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains, and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Feed Oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Feed Oats Tough Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Tough." s The ispecifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Feed Oats Grade requirements for Feed Oats 41 Grade No. Minimum limits of- Mxmmlmt f Heat-dam- Foreign mate. Test Culti- aged kernels rial weight vated (oats, wild per oats oats, and bushel other Total Fine grains) seeds Per- Ponds Percent Percent Percent cent 32 60 2 3 2 29 45 4 4 3 26 30 6 6 4 Sample grade shall include feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially ob- jectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity suffi- cient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1.--------_---- 2--_----------- 31 Sample grade- 1 Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Bleached Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be feed oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Bleached." 42 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Weevily Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which have the kernels covered *ith smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Feed, Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Smutty." Ergoty Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 per- cent. Grades.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 43 Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bul- letin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats ; but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from feed oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats, and other grains which have been materially discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 44 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED FEED OATS' For the purposes of the official. grain stand- ards of the United States for Mixed Feed Oats: Mixed Feed Oats.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of less than 30 percent of cultivated oats, but either (a) not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats .com- bined, or (b) not less than 65 percent of wild oats ; may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains ; and may contain -not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded- and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and accord- ing to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Mixed Feed Oats Tough Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designgtion, the word " Tough." Bleached Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which, in whole or in part, 7 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Bleached." Mixed Feed Oats Grade requirements for Mixed Feed Oats Maximum limits of- Mini- mum Grade No. tst ht Heat-damaged Foreign material per kernels (oats, bushel wild oats, and other grains) Total . Fine seeds Pounds Percent Percent Percent 1-------------- 32 2 5 2 2-------.------ 29 4 7 3 31- - ....---.-- 26 6 10 4 Sample grade.- Sample grade shall include mixed feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, in- clusive; or which contain more than 16 per- cent of moisture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quan- tity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Mixed Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weath- ered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Weevily Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. 46 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades.--Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which have the kernels cov- ered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut. balls in excess of 0.2 per- cent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 47 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats ; and shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- 4 ter which can be removed from Mixed Feed Oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley,, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats, or other grains, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 1276750-35 4 48 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR RYE3 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for rye: Rye.-Rye shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of rye and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Rye shall be graded and designated according to the respective,grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than rye, sand, dirt, and- any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the rye by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of rye s kernels which are removed in properly separat- ing the foreign material, and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage ", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation, - The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food .and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Rye Grade requirements for Rye 49 Grade No. 1------------ 2------_--__-_- 3----------- 4------------ Sample grade.. Mini- mum test weight per bushel Maximum limits of- Damaged kernels (rye Foreign material and other mtra grains) Total Heat- dam- aged Total Foreign matter other than wheat Paunda Percent Percent Percent Percent 56 2 0.1 3 1 54 4 .2 6 2 52 7 .5 10 4 49 15 3.0 10 6 Sample grade shall include rye which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commer- cially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied ac- curately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 50 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Rye Tough Rye Definition.-Tough rye shall be rye which contains more than 14 percent, but not more than 16, percent, of moisture. Grades.-Tough rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Tough." Smutty Rye Definition.-Smutty rye shall be rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye. Grades.-Smutty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not smutty ; and (1) In the case of smutty rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250, grams of rye, #here shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty "; and (2) In the case of smutty rye which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 51 Ga/rlicky Rye Definition.-Garlicky rye shall be rye which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye. Grades.-Garlicky rye shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not garlicky : and (1) In the case of garlicky rye which contains 2 or more but not more than 6 green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Garlicky " ; and (2) In the case of garlicky rye which con- tains more than 6 green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Garlicky." Weevily Rye Definition.-Weevily rye shall be rye which is infested with live weevils or other insects in- jurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." 52 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Rye Definition.-Ergoty rye shall be rye which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the brasis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 53 Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than rye, which is not separated from the rye in the proper deter- mination of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged ke.rnels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 54 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR GRAIN SORGHUMS" For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for grain sorghums: Grain sorghums.-Grain sorghums shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of grain sorghums and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage and of " cracked kernels, foreign ma- terial, and other grains ", contains not more than 25 percent of nongrain sorghums. Classes.-Grain sorghums shall be divided into five classes, as follows: Class I, White Grain Sorghums ; Class II, Yellow Grain Sor- ghums ; Class III, Red Grain Sorghums ; Class IV, Brown Grain Sorghums ; and Class V, Mixed Grain Sorghums. Grades.-Grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade re- quirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 10 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. Grain Sorghums Grade requirements for Grain Sorghums Maximum limits of- Minimum Damaged kernels Total Grade No. test (grain sorghums, cracked Grade No. eight nongrain sorghums, krrnkld pe buel and other grains) Nongrain kernel Moisuresorgumsforeign ma- rsorghms terial, and Heat- other Total damaged grains Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 1-------------------------- 55 14 2 0.2 1 4 2-------------------------- 53 15 5 .5 3 8 3----------------------- - 51 16 10 1.0 5 12 4----------- --------------- 49 18 15 3.0 10 15 Sample grade----------- Sample grade shall include grain sorghums of any class or subclass which do riot come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain inseparable [stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which are badly weathered; or which have any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 56 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Grain Sorghums (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of white grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Colored spots upon kernels that are otherwise white shall not affect their classification as white. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows : Subclass (A) White Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white kafir type, including hegari, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) White Durra This subclass shall include grain sorghums of -the white durra type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (C) White Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums -of the class White Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) White Kafir or subclass (b) White Durra. Yellow Grain Sorghums (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of yel- low and salmon-pink grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sor- ghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 57 Subclass (A) Yellow .Milo This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the yellow milo type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other yellow grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sor- ghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (B) Yellow Grain Sorghwms This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Yellow Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Yellow Milo. Red Grain Sorghums (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of red grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain 'sorghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the red kafir type and may include not more than 10 percent of other red grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass. (B) Red Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Red Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Red Kafir. 58 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Brown Grain Sorghums (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of brown grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Mixed Grain Sorghums (Class V) This class shall include all mixtures of grain sorghums not provided for in the classes from I to IV, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-The grade designation for Mixed Grain Sorghums shall include, successively, in the order named: (1) The number of the grade or the words " Sample grade ", as the case may be; (2) the words " Mixed Grain Sorghums " ; (3) the name and the approximate percentage of each class of grain sorghums which constitutes 10 per- cent or more of the mixture, in the order of its predominance, but if only one class ex- ceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. In those cases where Mixed Grain Sorghums consist of 70 percent or more of grain sorghums of the types white kafir, white durra, yellow milo, or red kafir, singly or combined, and not more than 10 per- cent of brown grain sorghums, the word " Mixed " shall be substituted for the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums ", and the name of the appropriate subclass or subclasses for such type or types, as the case may be, shall be substituted for the class names, in the grade designation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 59 Dockage Dockage includes sand, dirt, finely broken ker- nels, weed seeds, and other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the grain sorghums by means of a metal sieve perforated with round holes 21/2/64 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word " Dockage ", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Grain Sorghums Bright Grain Sorghums, Definition.-Bright grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums, of any class or subclass, which have good, natural color. Grades.--Bright grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable tQ such grain sorghums if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class or subclass, the word " Bright." 60 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Discolored Grain Sorghitms Definition.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums of any class or subclass which are discolored, but which are not badly weathered. Grades.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not discolored, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Discolored." Weevily Grain Sorgh*m3s Definition.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." Srnstty Grain Sorg-hums Definition.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain a qnantity of smut masses in excess of a quantity equal to 10 masses in 50 grams of grain sorghums. Grades.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 61 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of " cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", shall be upon the basis of the grain' when free from dockage. Each de- termination of class, subclass, nongrain sor- ghums, damage, heat damage, and inseparable stones and/or cinders, shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage and when free from that part of the "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains" which can be removed readily by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perfora- tions the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. 'Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, hull-less barley, 62 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soy- beans. Nongrain sorghums.--Nongrain sorghums shall include broomcorn, Sudan grass, Johnson grass, and cane seed. Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains.-Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other. grains, shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, and all other mat- ter except dockage that will pass through a metal sieve perforated with. equilateral trian- gular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter ; also other grains and all other matter except grain sorghums and nongrain sorghums remaining on such sieve after screening. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, moldy, or otherwise mate- rially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 63 STANDARDS FOR FLAXSEED" For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for flaxseed: Flaxseed.--Flaxseed shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of flaxseed and not more than 20 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under :the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Flaxseed shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards. Flaxseed Grade requirements for Flaxseed Grade No. Minimum test Maximum limits of weight per bushel damaged flaxseed 1---_-_-..-----__ 49 pounds.--------- 20 percent 2-_________--- .--- 47pounds_--------- 30percent Sample grade--.. Sample grade shall include flaxseed which does not come within the requirements of either of the grades No. 1 or No. 2; or which contains fire-damaged flaxseed; ^r which contains more than 11 percent of moisture; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 11 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. 127675 °-35 5 64 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage shall include all matter other than flaxseed which is contained in the lot of grain as a whole ; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of flaxseed removed with the dock- age and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be- calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the flax- seed including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word " Dockage ", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of test weight, moisture, damage, and " fire damaged ", shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 65 Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Damaged flaxseed.-Damaged flaxseed shall be seeds and pieces of seeds of flaxseed which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 66 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED GRAIN1 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for Mixed Grain: Definition.-Mixed Grain shall be any mixture of those grains for which standards have been, or hereafter may be, established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, that does not come within the requirements of any of the standards for such grains, and that does not contain more than 50 percent of foreign material. Wild oats in Mixed Grain shall be classed as a grain. Grades.-Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated either as " Mixed Grain " or as " Sample grade Mixed Grain ", and according to the special grades when applicable. Grade Requirements Mixed Grain (Grade).-The grade " Mixed Grain " shall include all mixed grain which does not come within the specifications for Sample grade Mixed Grain. Sample grade. Mixed Grain.-The grade " Sample grade Mixed Grain " shall include all mixed grain which contains more than 16 per- cent of moisture, or nrore than 15 percent of damaged kernels, or more than 3 percent of heat-damaged kernels ; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which contains stones and/or cinders ; or which has any coin- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic ; or which has a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately ; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 67 Grade Designations The grade designation for Mixed Grain shall include, in the order named: (1) The words " Mixed Grain " or the words "Sample grade Mixed Grain ", as the case may be; (2) The name and approximate percentage of each kind of grain, including wild oats, which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture, in the order of predominance; and (3) When applicable, the words " Other Grains ", followed by .a statement of the per- centage of the combined quantity of those kinds of grain, including wild oats, each of which is present in a quantity less than 10 percent; and (4) The words " Foreign Material ", together with a statement of the percentage thereof. All percentage statements shall be in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. Special Grades for Mixed Grain Tough Mixed Grain Definition.--Tough Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16, percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Tough." 68 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Snutty Mixed Grain Definition.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of mixed grain, or (b) any other mixed grain which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 per- cent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Grain Definition--Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Ergoty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 09 Garlicky Mixed Grain Definition.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulbets, in 1,000 grams of mixed grain ; or (b) mixed grain in which oats or barley predominates, and which contains 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of mixed grain. . Grades.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Garlicky." Weevily Mixed Grain Definition.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades. -Weevily Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." Blighted Mixed Grain Definition.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be all mixed grain in which barley predominates, and which, as a* whole, contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially dis- colored by blight and/or mold. 70 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades. - Blighted Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Blighted." Treated Mixed Grain Definition.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which has been scoured, limed, washed, sulphured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade desig- nation, alone. Grades.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All deter- minations shall be on the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.--Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the apparatus and the method of use thereof specified in the official grain standards of the United States for the kind of grain which predominates in the mixture, OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 71 Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof describ'ed in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.--Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, but shall not include wild oats. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been. established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather dam'aged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernel of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of th* United States Grain Standards Act, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GRAIN INSPECTION The United States Grain Standards Act pro- vides in part as follows: INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS " SEC. 4. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain no person thereafter shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain which. is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade unless the grain shall have been inspected and graded by an inspector licensed under this act and the grade by which it is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale be one of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States: Provided, That any person may sell, offer for sale, or consign for sale, ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain by sample. or by type, or under any name, description, or designation which is not false or misleading, and which name, description, or designation does not include in whole or in part the terms of any official grain standard of the United States: Provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade may be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or, foreign commerce without inspec-. tion at point of shipment by an inspector licensed under this act, to or through any place at which an inspector licensed under this act is located, subject to be inspected by a licensed inspector at the place to which shipped or at some convenient point through which shipped for inspection, which inspection shall be under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe, and subject further 72 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 73 to the right of appeal from such inspection, as provided in section 6 of this act: And provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by any of the grades fixed therefor in the -official grain standards may, upon compliance with the rules and regu- lations prescribed by the Secretary of Agricul- ture, be shipped in interstate or foreign com- meree without inspection from a place at which there is no inspector licensed under this act to a place at which there is no such inspector, sub- ject to the right of either party to the transaction to refer any dispute as to the grade of the grain to the Secretary of Agriculture, who may deter- mine the true grade thereof. No person shall in any certificate or in any contract or agree- ment of sale or agreement to sell by grade, either oral or written, involving, or in any invoice or bill of lading or other shipping docu- ment relating to, the shipment or delivery for shipment, in interstate or foreign commerce, of any grain for which standards shall 'have been fixed and established under this act, describe, or in any way refer to, any of such grain as being of any grade other than a grade fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States." MISREPRESENTATION " SEc. 5. That no person, except as permitted in section 4, shall represent that any grain shipped or delivered for shipment in inter- state or foreign commerce is of a grade fixed in the official grain standards other than as shown by a certificate therefor issued in com- pliance with this act ; and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause examinations to be made of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, and which has been certified to con- form to any grade fixed therefor in such offi- 74 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS cial grain standards, or which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or for- eign commerce. Whenever, after opportunity for hearing is given to the owner or shipper of the grain involved, and to the inspector thereof if the same has been inspected, it is determined by the Secretary that any quantity of grain has been incorrectly certified to con- form to a specified grade, or has been sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale under any name, description, or designation which is false or misleading,. he may publish his findings." APPEALS, FINDINGS, AND FEES " SEc. 6>. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain and any quantity of such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale, or which has been shipped, or delivered for shipment in interstate. or foreign commerce shall have been inspected and a dispute arises as to whether the grade as determined by such inspection of any such grain in fact conforms to the standard of the specified grade, any interested party may, either with or without reinspection, appeal the question to the Secretary of Agri- culture, and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause such *investigation to be made and such tests to be applied as he may deem necessary and to determine the true grade: Provided, That any appeal from such inspection and grading to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be taken before the grain leaves the place where the inspection appealed from was made and before the identity of the grain has been lost, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe. Whenever an appeal shall be taken or a dispute referred to the Secretary OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS of Agriculture under this act, he shall. charge and assess, and cause to be collected, a rea- sonable fee, in amount to be fixed by him, which fee, in case of an appeal, shall be re- funded if the appeal is sustained. All such fees, not so refunded, shall be deposited and covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. The findings of the Secretary of Agriculture as to grade, signed by him or by such officer or officers; agent or agents, of the Department of Agriculture as he may designate, made after the parties in interest have had opportunity to be heard, shall be accepted in the courts of the United States as prima facie evidence of the true grade of the grain determined by him at the time and place specified in the findings." LICENSING OF INSPECTORS 'SEo. 7. The Secretary of Agriculture may -issue a license to any person, upon presentation to him of satisfactory evidence that such person is competent, to inspect and grade grain and to certificate the grade thereof for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, under this 'act and the rules and regulations prescribed thereunder. No person authorized or employed by any State, county, city, town, board of trade, chamber of com- merce, corporation, society, partnership, or association to inspect or grade grain shall cer- tify, or otherwise state or indicate in writing, that any grain for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, which has been inspected or graded by him, or by any person acting under his authority, is of one of the grades of the official grain standards of the United States, unless he holds an unsus- pended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. * * *" 76 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS PENALTIES " SEo. 9. That 'any person who shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of sections 4 or 7 of this act, or any inspector licensed under this act who shall knowingly inspect or grade im- properly any grain which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, or shall knowingly give any false certificate of grade, or -shall accept money or other consideration, directly or indirectly, for any neglect or improper performance of duty, and any person who shall improperly influence or attempt to improperly influence any such inspector in the performance of his duty, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both." BASIS OF INSPECTION Inspection and grading of a lot or parcel of grain for the purposes of the United States Grain Standards Act, consists of taking and ex- amining a representative sample or samples of the grain, making such tests as are necessary to determine its grade, and the issuing, by a licensed grain inspector or by a Federal grain supervisor, of a certificate of grade therefor. No licensed inspector or grain supervisor may issue a certificate of grade for any lot or parcel of grain unless the inspection and grading thereof be based upon a correct and representa- tive sample of the grain and be made under con- ditions that permit the determination of its true grade. No sample is deemed to be representa- tive unless of the size, and procured in accord- ance with the methocls, prescribed in current instructions issued by the Chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics or by such officer of OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 77 the Department as may be designated by him for the purpose. In the inspection and grading of any lot or parcel of grain, including cargoes of grain loaded aboard boats, barges, and other vessels, licensed inspectors and Federal grain supervi- sors are governed by the following require- ments: (1) If any lot, parcel, or cargo of grain ten- dered for inspection and grading be uniform in quality and condition, the grade shall be based upon an average sample thereof. (2) If any lot, parcel, or cargo of grain being loaded aboard a vessel for inspection is not uni- form in quality and condition by reason of the presence therein of a material portion of grain of a different grade, the licensed inspector or Federal grain supervisor is required to consider the portions of such lot, parcel, or cargo which are of different grades as separate lots tendered for inspection, and to separately inspect, grade, and certificate as to grade such different por- tions ; and each such certificate of grade shall bear a statement to the effect that the grain to which it applies has been loaded on board- with other grain, the grade, description, and approxi- mate quantity of which shall be specified. 78 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SAMPLING OF GRAIN The taking of a correct and representative sample of a lot or parcel of grain for inspection and grading purposes is an important and essen- tial part of grain inspection. If the sample obtained is not representative no amount of care in making the determinations for the grading factors will establish the true grade of the grain involved. The Department of Agriculture, in its administration of , the Grain Standards Act, holds that the licensed inspector is responsible for the correctness of the sample upon which he bases the grade of any lot or parcel of grain. For correct grading it is essential that the sam- ple, properly identified, be preserved in its original condition from the time it is taken until the grade is determined and that it be of sufficient size for the adequate making of all necessary tests. The basic instructions governing the sampling of grain for inspection and grading purposes are substantially as follows : (1) The sample shall be approximately 2 quarts in size. If the time to elapse between the drawing of the sample and the determina- tion of the grade would permit of such changes in the condition of the grain as to affect its grade, at least 11/ pints should be enclosed in an air-tight container and the remainder, if any, in a cloth bag; (2) In the case of bulk grain in carload lots, trucks, or wagon lots, or in any other container in which the grain is of about the same depth as in a carload, the sample shall be taken with a double-tube compartment trier 60 inches long (fig. 1) by probing flaxseed in seven or more OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 79 places, and all other kinds of grain in five or more places, well distributed in different parts of such car, truck, or other container ; (3) In the case of bulk grain contained in a canal boat, barge, or steamship, the sample may be taken with a trier as described above, or with a longer trier of the same design, by probing flaxseed in seven or more places, and all other kinds of grain in five or- more places, well distributed through each hatch or opening in the deck, provided such probing, or continued probing, will reach the grain at all depths ; (4) In the case of bulk grain being loaded on board a barge, boat, or steamship, the sample may be taken from the loading spout or other conveyor to the vessel by means of a device known as a " Pelican " (fig. 2) or by means of any other device, approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics or by a person designated by him for the purpose; (5) In the case of grain contained in sacks, samples shall be drawn from as many in- dividual sacks selected at random as will en- able the procurement of a representative sam- * ple of all the sacks involved in the lot. During the sampling operation the grain ob- tained by each separate probe, or by each " cut " with the Pelican, or otherwise, shall be ex- amined to note any unevenness of loading, odor, weevils, and the condition of the grain. If after examination of the separate probes, or cuts with the Pelican, no material portion of the grain is distinctly inferior to the - re- mainder of the grain, the grain from the sepa- rate probes or from each separate cut with the Pelican, shall be combined and the combined 127675 -35 6' 80 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS sample shall be regarded as an average sample of the grain involved. Whenever it shall appear, as a result of the sampling, that a material portion of any lot or parcel of grain is distinctly inferior, in any manner, to the remainder of such lot or parcel; also whenever, in the case of grain loaded, or being loaded aboard, or being discharged front, a barge, boat, or steamship, a material portion of such grain is of a different grade from the remainder, separate samples shall be taken of such distinctly inferior grain and of the re- maining portion, or of the grain of each of the distinctly different grades, as the case may be. There shall be filed with each of the separate samples so taken a statement of the estimated quantity of grain it represents. Further detailed information concerning cur- rent instructions for proper sampling may be obtained by applying to any office of Federal grain. supervision. GRAIN TRIER (PROBE) AND SAMPLING CANVAS For obtaining a representative sample from a carload of bulk grain, a double-tube, separate- compartment grain trier (probe) shown in figure 1 is used. Such a trier makes it pos- sible for the sampler ordinarily to note any unevenness in loading and to ascertain the approximate location and quantity of any mix- ture of grain or of dirty, smutty, heating, or damp spots, etc., found in any part of the grain. To assist in doing this a canvas 5 feet by 2 feet in dimensions on which to empty the grain from the trier is used. The grain should be -emptied lengthwise on the canvas, each separate trierful apart from the others, so that . the grain from each compartment can be noted separately. 51 C .INNER TUBE OUTER TUBE '-. OPEN/NG /N TUBES FF11 E TZUBE Z C I WrRTB 'MATME PATTO 2 n a E A B FIGURE 1.-Grain trier (probe). Double-tubed, sepa- rate-compartment grain trier (probe) for sampling bulk grain : A, Trier closed ; B, trier open ; C, cross section, showing double tubes ; D, sectional view ; and E, longitudinal view, showing comlpartments. 81 11 ;) 2 OFFICIAL UAl N S'IAND)AR)S SPOUT SAMPLER OR " PELICAN " For obtaining a relrcsentative samnple fro i a fallingy stream ofI bulk grain, andl particulnrly for sinpliii 1bul1k grain being. spouted into I he holds of al vessel, a spout sampleri, gen erally reftrii' to as n " Pelican" ''l (i. 2), is used. 114 Ikoiv' Sots]~ie eia Theuseof hisdvc ae i osbet obtain~~~~~~~~~~ COfIt rs etosfo tra of't grii being.po salnpleI. I (c )fiO l the strewm '4f graiii is cut at fr-equent iliei'vals and 1he salmples obtained are then reduced in size byd lbeig put through a Boerner sampler 'p OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 83 SAMPLE DIVIDER (BOERNER SAMPLER) After a representative sample of the lot or parcel of grain to be graded is obtained, it is usually necessary to reduce its size considerably, in order that the grade may be determined by careful analysis. To reduce the size of a sample of grain containing foreign substances of differ- ent specific gravity or size than of the grain with which they are mixed, and at the same time obtain a sample as representative as the original, is hardly possible except by mechanical means. Figure 3 shows a device, generally referred to as the " Boerner sampler ", which will divide a sample into smaller portions and still main- tain the proper proportions for the various fac- tors of the-original sample. In the operation of this device the grain is placed in a hopper at the top of the machine and is then released, when it passes through an opening at the bottom of the hopper and down the sides of a cone, the point of which is directly under the center of the opening. Around the base of the cone are 36 pockets or openings. The grain falling down n the sides of the cone is cut into 36 separate streams, which, a little farther on, merge into 2 streams. Streams nos. 1, 3, 5, etc., unite into 1 stream which empties into 1 receptacle, and streams nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, etc., unite into another stream which empties into a second receptacle. This device and a simplified form of it are fully described in United States Department of Agriculture Bulletins Nos. 287 and 857. ACES P1hZC61 CP.°A DUCT79 W5~/~Y SSDJ IN'70 c'7MP U4' EE INTO'V6 //'7/A4V .Wl/A'A A1 iNN"FC/NEL R NKE FIUE3-apl iie:A verial cross secio of ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ SS'/Y1 deiesoigptstknb h aeili passng fom te hoper o th cotaner;N B, crs section~ ~ ofte eie tte ae fte oe 84 /Nt OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 85 METHODS OF MAKING MOISTURE TESTS The official standards for wheat, barley, oats, Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, rye, grain sor- ghums, and flaxseed specify that the percent- age of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the air-oven method, and the stand- ards for corn specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the water-oven method, or, in all cases, that ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. The air-oven and the water-oven apparatus and their respective methods of use in. the determination of moisture content are described in Service and Regulatory Announce- ments No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture. In order that rapid determinations of mois- ture in grain may be made to meet the routine requirements of practical inspection work, grain inspectors may use electric moisture meters or other apparatus and methods which give mois- ture-test results equivalent to the results ob- tained with the air-oven -method or the water- oven method, as the case may be. Although the air-oven and water-oven methods are speci- fied as the basic methods for, determining mois- ture content for the purposes of the standards, it is intended that these methods will be used principally for the purpose of checking and standardizing the electric moisture meters or other moisture-testing equipment and methods used in routine grain-inspection work. 86 OFFJCIAI, URAI N STAN)AIIS Electric Moisture Meter Ai ceeelc lCin(istli'e IIC PWith NW1i(ch -, P;fi (I (l eIiIItIIi18 of t he IlOdst lIPO col eiilc~ of grantI ('an ])C 1wIiilile is 110N Iv;i 1181)10. The to'sts mafljl( with this device, wilh butll. e VcVJ f 101-", Checkh 1101 ,ce'll 'M e'ly with OIw te(sts 11iii1[1(' by (Wlell Ilut litils (iA Im Ii& tests itiaule «-it I tile Browni - I ive] E1ovi('V. I5 3 7 I'n;i'uj: 1. I';II Ct rIC II VUI: I II n, 111(1 1'I' A dleseri] }ti}1 (if I lie met In d of usin itIhe ee- fric C11101siure iiMl er Hlusi rat 0(1 ill it'ure 4. ini- el1Udi1 11('h 1l0('esr coll7 ( iversioll (c1,11s, is gixvll ill P" u ilhiet U. 8. G. S. A. AL.t, copy of which ('m1 1)0 (dii a ilned from ally office of Federal Gra ill 4ll)OvVioI STANDARD METHOD OF MAKING TEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL The conditions given in -the method described below have been found to be essential in mak- ing uniform tests of weight per bushel and obtaining accurate results, and have been adopted as standard in connection with the en- forceiment of the United States Grain Standards Act. (1) Use an accurate quart-sized tester. (2) Fill the kettle from a hopper. (3) Opening at bottom of hopper must be round and exactly 114 inches in diameter. (4) Bottom of opening imust be held exactly 2 inches above center of kettle. (5) Mark hopper on inside at a point where it will hold just enough grain to cause overflow over all sides of kettle. (6) Use same volume of grain for each test. (7) Use a stroker made of hardwood with smooth rounded edges, 12 inches long, % inch thick, and 13/ inches broad. (8) Place the stroker on the edge of the kettle lightly without jarring the kettle. (9) Stroke the grain from the kettle with three full-length zigzag motions of the stroker. (10) Hold the stroker on the kettle with its sides held in a vertical position. (11) Make the stroke clean all the way across the kettle. (12) Have the kettle rest on a firm base. . (13) Do not jar the kettle before or during the stroking operation. (14) If the top of the kettle is rough, smooth down the roughness with a rounded metal bar, but do not use a file for the purpose. 87 L'L OFI' W1A1, ;iL\1IN S-1A NI)A1U (15 j) M'\ake ilita t (ks imhinei('li ely a DPSTDBY THE UNTDSTATES OF AMERICA - UJ. S. G. S. A.-Form No. 90 Revised June 1937 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bureau of Agricultural Economics HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, effective October 1, 1937; Corn, effective January 20, 1937; Barley and Oats, effective July 1, 1937; and Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, Rye, Grain Sorghums, Flaxseed, and Mixed Grain, effective July 1, 1935 Prepared by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics  U. S. G. S. A.-Form No.90 Revised June 1937 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, effective October 1, 1937; Corn, effective January 20, 1937; Barley and Oats, effective July 1, 1937; and Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, Rye, Grain Sorghums, Flaxseed, and Mixed Grain, effective July 1, 1935 Important Features of Grain Inspection Prepared by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1937 For sale by Supt. Documents, Wash., D. C. - - Price 1 cent CONTENTS Grain standards: Page Wheat standards 1 Corn standards ------------------- 20 Barley standards-------------- --- 25 Oats standards------------------ 36 Feed oats standards ----------------42 Mixed feed oats standards-- ---------46 Rye standards-------------------- 50 Grain sorghums standards- -------- 56 Flaxseed standards- ---------------65 Mixed grain standards --------------68 Important features of grain inspection: Inspection requirements-- ----------74 Misrepresentation - - - -------------- 75 Appeals, findings, and fees- ----------76 Licensing of inspectors --------------77 Penalties------------------------- 78 Regulations----------------------- 78 Basis of inspection ----------------- 78 Sampling of grain --------------- 80 Spout sampler or "Pelican" ------- 83 Grain trier (probe) and sampling can- v a s -- - - - - - --- -- - -- - - - - - --.-- _ 84 Sample divider (Boerner sampler) 86 Methods of making moisture tests - 88 Electric moisture meter -------------89 Standard method of making test weight per bushel ----------------90 Basis of determination for test weight per bushel ---------------------- 92 Grain-testing sieves-- -------------- 93 Further information------------------- 95 FURTHER INFORMATION For further information regarding the United States Grain Standards Act, the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture thereunder, or the official grain standards, apply to any office of Federal Grain Supervision or to the Chief, Bureau of Agricul- turallEconomics, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.'C. II DEPOSITED BY THE IUJNTED T S MIC9o 7 AUG 1 6 1937 , 5 /9 37 HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Prepared by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics STANDARDS FOR WHEAT 1 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for wheat: Wheat.-Wheat shall be any grain which, before the rewoval of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of wheat and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 50 percent of broken kernels of grain of any size. The term wheat in these standards shall not include emmer, spelt, ein- korn, Polish wheat, and poulard wheat. Classes.-Wheat shall be divided into seven classes, as follows: Class I, Hard Red Spring Wheat; Class II, Durum Wheat; Class III, Red Durum Wheat; Class IV, Hard Red Winter Wheat; Class V, Soft Red Winter Wheat; Class VI, White Wheat; and Class VII, Mixed Wheat. Grades.-Wheat shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 1 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. 1 2 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Hard Red Spring Wheat (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of hard red spring wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (B) Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (C) Red Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall also include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consist- ing of more than 10 percent of the variety Humpback. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Class I.-Hard Red Spring Wheat 3 Grade requirements for (a) Dark Northern Spring, (b) Northern Spring, (c) Red Spring Grade No. 1 Heavy 12..- 1 2 _----- -- 22 3---------- 4--------- 5---------- Sample grade Maximum limits of- Damaged kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other 4 (wheat and terial classes .1 other grains) 0a So - 9 Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 2 58 2 .1 1 .5 5 2 57 4 .2 2 1.0 10 3 55 7 .5 3 2.0 10 5 53 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 50 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Northern Spring, or Northern Spring, or Red Spring, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 Heavy to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more .of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Applies to each of the subclasses Dark Northern Spring, Northern Spring, and Red Spring. 2 The wheat in grades No. 1 Heavy and No. 1 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by %/ inch long. 4 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Durum Wheat (Class. II) This class shall include all varieties of com- mon durum wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (B) Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 60 percent or more but less than 75 percent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (C) Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of less than 60 per- cent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Red Durum Wheat (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of Red Durum Wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 5 Class II.-Durum Wheat and Class III.-Red Durum Wheat Grade requirements for the subclasses (a) Hard Amber Durum, (b) Amber Durum, and (c) Durum, of the class Durum Wheat, and for the class Red Durum Wheat Maximum limits of- . Damaged kernels Foreign Wheats of other (wheat and material classes other grains) Grade No. 32k o o o a Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 13 ----------- 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 25 3 23.---. ....- 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 5 33 _.----.- 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 10 4---.___...-- 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 5____-____ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Hard Amber Durum, or Amber Durum, or Durum, or wheat of the class -Red Durum Wheat, which does not come within the re- quirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 'These specifications do not apply to the class Red Durum Wheat, or to the subclass Durum. 2 No. 1 Red Durum may contain 10 percent of wheats of other classes. 3 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of each of these classes may contain not more than either (a) 7 percent of shrunken and/or 6 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long, or (b) 10 percent of all such material that will pass through said sieve together with the broken kernels of grain of any size which remain on said sieve; and the wheat in grade No. 3 of each of these classes may contain not more than either (a) 10 percent of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through said sieve, or (b) 15 percent of all such material that will pass through said sieve together with the broken kernels of grain of any size which remain on said sieve. Hard Red Winter Wheat (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of hard red winter wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (B) Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (C) Yellow Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitre- ous kernels. ' OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 7 Class IV.-Hard Red Winter Grade requirements for (a) Dark Hard Winter, (b) Hard Winter, (c) Yellow Hard Winter Maximum limits of- .0 Damaged 0 kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes other grains) Grade No. 0 q N k+2 H)~ 0 h Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 11-------.-- 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 1 21 ----------- 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 2 31....----- 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 3 4- ----------- 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10' 5-- ---------- 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade- Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Hard Winter, or Hard Winter, or Yellow Hard Winter, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class-may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by 3 inch long. 14118*-37 2 8 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Soft Red Winter Wheat (Class V) This class shall include all varieties of soft red winter wheat and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of both light and dark colored kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of Soft Red Winter Wheat grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. Subclass (B) Western Red This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 10 percent of wheat of this class grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 9 Class V.-Soft Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Red Winter, (b) Western Red Maximum limits of- Damaged a kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes o~ other grains) Grade No. - 4z ao o a o a Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pet. Pct. Pct. 1 ___________ 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 21- _ _ _____ 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 31___________ 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 4____________ 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 5-___________ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0. 10 10.0 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Red Winter, or Western Red, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cin- ders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass. through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 10 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Wheat (Class VI) This class shall include all varieties of white wheat, whether winter or spring grown, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into four subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard White This subclass shall include all wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Soft White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat . consisting of less than 75 per- cent of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (C) White Club This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of common white wheat other than Sonora, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (D) Western White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat which contains more than 10 percent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varie- ties, either singly or in any combination, and which also contains more than 10 percent of com- mon white wheat other than Sonora. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 11 Class VI.-White Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Hard White, (b) Soft White, (c) White Club, (d) Western White Grade No. 11. 21-__---__-_- 31-__....-_. 4---------_... 5---------... . Sample grade. Maximum limits of- Damaged n kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes other grains) a a 3 '0 a) E+ E. Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Hard White, or Soft White, or White Club, or Western White, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain-and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 12 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Mixed Wheat (Class VII) This class shall include all mixtures of wheat not provided for in the classes from I to VI, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-Mixed Wheat shall be graded according to the numeri- cal and Sample grade requirements of the class of wheat which predominates in the mixture, except that the grade specifications for the factor "wheats of other classes" and the grade specifica- tions for "No. 1 Heavy" in the standards for hard red spring wheat, shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall be stated as provided in paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section: (a) Except as specified in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, the grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, (2) the words "Mixed Wheat", and (3) the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of wheat which constitutes more than 10 percent of the mixture in the order of its predominance; but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. (b) Amber Mixed Durum.-Amber Mixed Durum shall be. Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which con- tains not more than a total of 15 percent of wheats other than common durum and which contains not less than 60 percent of Durum kernels that are hard and vitreous and of amber color. Amber Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 per- cent of red durum, white, and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Amber Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 13 named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words "Amber Mixed Durum." (c) Mixed Durum.-Mixed Durum shall be Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which contains not more than a total of 20 percent of wheats other than com- mon durum. Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 percent of Red Durum wheat, and may contain not more than 5 percent of white and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words "Mixed Durum." Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than wheat, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the wheat by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of wheat kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material, and which cannot be re- covered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. 14 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Wheat Tough Wheat Definition.-Tough wheat shall be (a) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, or Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, predomi- nates, which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 15.5 percent of moisture, and (b) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, pre- dominates, which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Wheat Definition.-Smutty wheat shall be wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat. Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the method described either in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section. (a) Smut dockage.-Before the determination of smut dockage as provided in this paragraph, the wheat shall be graded and designated accord- ing to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty. The smut shall be removed by scouring and the .OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 15 loss in weight of the wheat caused by the removal of the smut shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the grain when free from dockage. The percentage so calculated shall be stated in terms of half percent, whole percent, or whole and half percent, as the case may be. A fraction of a half percent shall be disregarded. The percentage of the smut dockage, so calculated and stated, shall be added to the grade designation, preceding the statement of dockage, if any. (b) "Light Smutty" and "Smutty.'"-Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards appli- cable to such wheat if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty wheat which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade. designation, the word "Smutty. 141818 °-37---3 16 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Garlicky Wheat Definition.-Garlicky wheat shall be wheat which contains two or more green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat. Grades.-Garlicky wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains two or more but' not more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Gar- licky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Wheat Definition.-Weevily wheat shall be wheat which is infested with live weevils or other insects injuiious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 17 Ergoty Wheat Definition.-Ergoty wheat shall be wheat which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Treated Wheat Definition.-Treated wheat shall be wheat which had been scoured, limed, washed, sul- phured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numer- ical grade or the Sample grade designation, alone. Grades.-Treated wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. 18 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils, or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as de- termined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than wheat which is not separated from the wheat in the proper deter- mination of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as- foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull-less bar- ley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 19 Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which have been mate- rially discolored and damaged by ;external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 20 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR CORN2 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for corn (maize): Corn.-Corn shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of shelled corn of the dent or flint varieties, and may contain not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Classes.-Corn shall be divided into three classes, as follows: Class I, Yellow Corn; Class II, White Corn; and Class III, Mixed Corn. Yellow Corn (Class I) This class shall include yellow corn, and may include not more than 5 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of red on ker- nels of corn otherwise yellow shall not affect their classification as Yellow Corn. White Corn (Class II) This class shall include white corn, and may include not more than 2 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of light straw color or of pink on kernels of corn otherwise white shall not affect their classification as White Corn. 2 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 21 Mixed Corn (Class III) This class shall consist of corn of various colors that does not meet the color require- ments for either of the classes Yellow- Corn or White Corn. White-capped yellow kernels shall be classified as Mixed Corn. Grades.-Corn shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Corn Grade requirements for Yellow Corn, White Corn, and Mixed Corn Maximum limits of- Mini- mum testDaaekrnl Grade No. weight Cracked Damaged kernels per Mois- corn and - bushel ture foreign Heat- material Total damaged Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 1--_-_-_______ 54 14.0 2 3 0.1 2------------- 53 15.5 3 5 .2 3_....____ ..__ 51 17.5 4 7 .5 4------------- 48 20.0 5 10 1.0 5._.-__ ....___ 44 23.0 7 15 3.0 Sample grade- Sample grade shall include corn of the class Yel- low Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 22 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Corn Flint Corn Definition.-Flint corn shall be corn of any class wvhich consists of 95 percent or more of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint corn shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not flint corn, and the word "Flint" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, imme- diately following the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Flint and Dent Corn Definition.-Flint and Dent corn shall be corn of any class which consists of a mixture of the flint and dent varieties and which contains more than 5 percent but less than 95 percent of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint and ,Dent corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not Flint and Dent corn, and the words "Flint and Dent" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately fol- lowing the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Weevily Corn Definition.-Weevily corn shall be corn that is infested' with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily. corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 0MFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 23 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of class, variety, damage, and heat damage, shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of the cracked corn and for- eign material. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the water oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No.147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulle- tin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Cracked corn and foreign material.-Cracked corn and foreign material shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of corn and all matter other than corn which will pass through a No. 12 sieve, and all matter other than corn re- maining on such sieve after screening. No. 12 sieve.-A metal sieve perforated with round holes 12/64 inch in diameter. 141818*-37 4 24 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, sweet corn, pop corn, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.--Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 25 STANDARDS FOR BARLEY 3 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for barley: Barley.-Barley shall be any grain which, be- fore the removal of dockage, consists of 50 per- cent or more of barley, and may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. The term "barley" as used in these standards shall not include hull-less barley. Classes.-Barley shall be divided into four classes, as follows: Class I, Barley; Class II, Black Barley; Class III, Western Barley; and Class IV, Mixed Barley. Grades.-Barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 3 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. 26 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Barley (Class I) This class shall include all white (glumes) barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Malting Barley This subclass shall include 6-rowed barley of the class Barley (Class I) which meets the re- quirements of grades Nos. 1 to 3, inclusive, which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 5 percent of 2-rowed and/or other types or varieties of barley of unsuitable malting type such as Trebi and Black; which contains not more than 15 percent of barley and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal seive with slotted perforations 0.076 (4%/64) of an inch wide and % of an inch long; which contains not more than 5 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels; which contains not more than 4 percent of damaged barley; and shall not in- clude Bleached barley. Barley of this subclass shall contain 75 percent or more of mellow bar- ley kernels which kernels are not, en masse, semi-steely. Subclass (B) Barley This subclass shall include all barley of the class Barley which does not meet the require- ments of subclass (A) Malting Barley. Black Barley (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of black (glumes) barley grown anywhere in the United States, and may include not more than 10 per- cent of barley of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 27 Class I.-Barley and Class II.-Black Barley Grade requirements for subclass. (a) Malting Barley and subclass (b) Barley, of the class Barley, and for the class Black Barley Grade No. 13 33..... 4 4-----_-__ 5----------- 8ample grade- imts o Maximum limits of- Heat- damaged Test kernels For- Bro- Black weight Sound (barley, eign ken har- per barley1 other mate- ker- lay 2 bushel grains, rial nels and wild oats) Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 47 95 0.1 1 4 0.5 46 93 .2 2 8 1.0 43 90 .5 3 12 2.0 40 80 1.0 4 20 5.0 35 70 3.0 6 30 10.0 Sample grade shall include barley of the subclass Barley, or of the class Black Barley, which does not come within the grade requirements if any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor exCept of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Any barley in grade No. 1 that does not come within the pro- visions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 2 percent of blight-damaged barley; and barley in any grade from No. 2 to Sample grade, inclusive, that does not come within the provisions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley. Any barley containing more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley shall be graded No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, or Sample grade, Blighted, as the case may be, as provided in the specifications for Blighted barley. 2 These specifications do not apply to the class Black Barley. 3 See special requirements for subclass (A) Malting Barley. 4 Barley that is badly stained or materially weathered, shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 28 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Western Barley (Class III) This class shall include white (glumes) barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. Class III.-Western Barley Grade requirements for Western Barley Maximum limits of- Mini- Heat- mum Grade No. limits of damaged For- Bro- sound kernels Wild eign ken Black barley (barley, oats ma- ker- barley other teilns grains, and terial nels wild oats) Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 1- --___________ 98 0.1 1 0.5 3 0.5 2-------------- 96 .2 2 1.0 6 1.0 3-------------- 93 .3 3 2.0 10 2.0 4-------------- 88 .5 5 3.0 15 5.0 5______________ 80 1.0 10 4.0 25 10.0 Sample grade.. Sample grade shall include barley of the class Western Barley which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which con- tains more than 15 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable adobe, stones, and cinders, singly or combined; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which con- tains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which contains the seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 29 Mixed Barley (Class IV) This class shall be any mixture of barley not provided for in the classes from I to III, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.- Mixed Barley. shall be graded according to the grade requirements of either (1) the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or (2.) the class Black Barley, or (3) the class Western Barley, according to which class of barley predominates in the mixture, except that all grade specifica- tions as to the maximum percentages of black barley shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Barley shall include successively, in the order named, the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be; the words "Mixed Barley", followed by the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of barley which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture in the order of its predominance, but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate per- centage of at least one other class. For Mixed Barley, in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, the grade- designation shall include a statement. of the test weight per bushel immediately following the names and percentages of the classes composing the mixture. 30 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than barley, sand, dirt, and any material other than barley, which can be removed readily from the barley by the use of a metal scalper riddle sieve with slotted per- forations %4 inch wide by % inch long and by the use of a 20-gage -metal sieve with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are %4 inch in diameter; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of barley kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning with the sieve having equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are %4 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The percentage of dockage, so calculated, when equal to 1 per- cent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Barley Test Weight of Western Barley Grades for test weight of Western Barley. For barley of the class Western Barley, the test weight per bushel in terms of whole pounds shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, following the name of the class. A fraction of a pound shall be disregarded. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 31 Two-Rowed Barley Definition.-Two-rowed barley shall consist of 2-rowed barley of the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or of the class Western Barley, and may contain not more than 10 percent of barley of other varieties. Grades.-Two-rowed barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not 2-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Two- rowed." Tough Barley Definition.-Tough barley shall be (a) barley of either of the classes Barley or Black Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of either one of the, classes Barley or Black Barley predominates, which contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture, and (b) barley of the class Western Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, which contains more than 13.5 percent but not more than 15 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." 141818*-37 5 32 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Bright Western Barley Definition.-Bright Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is of good natural color. Grades.--Bright Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." Stained Western Barley Definition.-Stained Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is badly stained or weath- ered. Grades.-Stained Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not stained, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Stained." Blighted Barley Definition.-Blighted barley shall be all bar- ley which contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Blighted." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 33 Smutty Barley Definition.-Smutty barley shall be barley which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Garlicky Barley Definition.-Garlicky barley shall be barley which contains 3 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of barley. Grades.-Garlicky barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Barley Definition.-Weevily barley shall be barley which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 34 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Barley Definition.-Ergoty barley shall be barley which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Bleached Barley Definition.-Bleached barley shall be barley which, in whole or in part, has been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleach- ing agent. Grades.-Bleached barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Each determination of heat-dam- aged kernels and of mellow barley kernels shall be upon the basis of the pearled dockage-free grain. All .other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall 'be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.--Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 35 Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- lude all matter other than barley, except other grains, wild oats, and smut masses, which is not separated from the barley in the proper deter- mination of dockage. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Sound barley.-Sound barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley remaining after the removal of dockage, which are not damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Damaged barley.-Damaged barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley which -are damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, or which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley, other grains, and. wild oats, which have been materially discolored and damaged by ex- ternal heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 36 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR OATS4 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for oats: Oats.-Oats shall be any grain which consists of 80 percent or more of cultivated oats. Oats may contain not more than 10 percent of wild oats. Classes.-Oats shall be divided into five classes as follows: Class I, White Oats; Class II, Red Oats; Class III, Gray Oats; Class IV, Black Oats; and Class V, Mixed Oats. For the purpose of this classification, the characteristics of each class, except Mixed Oats, shall be based on color characteristics; White Oats shall include yellow oats; and tinges of white, brown, or black, on the kernels of any red oats variety shall not affect their classification as red oats. Oats of any class except Mixed Oats may include not more than 10 percent of . cultivated oats of other classes. Mixed Oats shall be any mixture of oats which does not meet the requirements for any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, or Black Oats. Grades.-Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. 4 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 37 Oats Grade requirements for the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, and Mixed Oats Minimum limits of- Maximum limits of- Grade No. 2 2- - - -- 33 _ 44-._ .___._ Sample grade Test weight per bushel Sound culti- vated oats Heat-dam- For- aged kernehs eign (oats, other eg grains, and ma-l wild oats) terial Wild oats Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 32 97 0.1 2 2 30 94 .3 3 3 27 90 1.0 4 5 24 80 3.0 5 10 Sample grade shall include oats of any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, or Mixed Oats, which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contain stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The oats in grade No. 1 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of oats of other classes, of which not more than 3 percent may be black cultivated oats. 2 The oats in grade No. 2 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of black cultivated oats. 3 Oats that are slightly weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. 4 Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 38 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Oats Tough Oats Definition.-Tough oats shall be oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Heavy Oats Definition.-Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 35 pounds or more but less than 38 pounds. Grades.-Heavy oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Heavy." Extra Heavy Oats Definition.-Extra Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 38 pounds or more. Grades.-Extra Heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not extra heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Extra Heavy." Bright Oats Definition.-Bright oats shall be oats, except Bleached oats, that are of good natural color. Grades.-Bright oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 39 the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." Thin Oats Definition.-Thin oats shall be any oats, whether sized, clipped, or natural, which contain more than 20 percent of oats and/or other matter except "fine seeds" that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by 3/8 inch long. Grades.-Thin oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not "thin" oats, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Thin." Bleached Oats Definition.-Bleached oats shall be oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the: word "Bleached." Weevily Oats Definition.-Weevily oats shall be oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 141818*--37-6 40 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Oats Definition.-Smutty oats shall be oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent.. Grades.-Smutty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Oats Definition.-Ergoty oats shall be oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Garlicky Oats Definition.-Garlicky oats shall be oats which contain 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of oats. Grades.-Garlicky oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS -.41 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultral Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all matter which can be removed from oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Sound cultivated oats.-Sound cultivated oats shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 42 . OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats which have been materially discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. STANDARDS FOR FEED OATS For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for Feed Oats: Feed Oats.-Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of either (a) 30 percent or more but less than 80 percent of cultivated oats, but not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) 80 percent or more of cul- tivated oats and more than 10 percent of wild oats. Feed Oats may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains, and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Feed Oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Feed Oats Tough Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough. Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designa- tion, the word "Tough." The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Feed Oats Grade requirements for Feed Oats Minimum limits of- Maximum limits of- Grade No. Test weight Culti- vated Heat-dam- aged kernels (oats, wild nats and Foreign mate- rial 1---____--__--- 31 Sample grade. bushel oats other Total Fine grains) seeds Per- Pounds Percent Percent Percent cent 32 60 2 3 2 29 45 4 4 3 26 30 6 6 4 Sample grade shall include feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially ob- jectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity suffi- cient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Bleached Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be feed oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." 44 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Weevily Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Feed Oats Definition.--Smutty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 per- cent. Grades.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 45 Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Serv- ice and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats; but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from feed oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Pol- ish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and sovbeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces .of kernels of cul- tivated oats, wild oats, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 46 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED FEED OATS 6 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Feed Oats: Mixed Feed Oats.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of less than 30 percent of cultivated oats, but either (a) not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) not less than 66 percent of wild oats; may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains; and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Mixed Feed Oats Tough Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Bleached Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which, in whole or in part, 6 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 47 have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be: graded and designated according to the grade. requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Mixed Feed Oats Grade requirements for Mixed Feed Oats Grade No. 1--------.--.. . 31 Sample grade- Mini- Maximum limits of- mum test Ha-aae weight atamage Foreign material per kernels (oats, bushel wild oats, and other grains) Total Fine seeds Pounds Percent Percent Percent 32 2 5 2 29 4 7 3 26 6 10 4 Sample grade shall include mixed feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, in- clusive; or which contain more than 16 per- cent of moisture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quan- tity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Mixed Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weath- ered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Weevily Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. 48 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 49 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats; and shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from Mixed Feed Oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soy beans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats, or other grains, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 50 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR RYE7 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for rve: Rye.-Rye shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of rye and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Rye shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than rye, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the rye by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of- rye kernels which are removed in properly separat- ing the foreign material, and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the docliage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent. shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. 7 The specifcations of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. - OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Rye Grade requirements for Rye 51 Maximum limits of- Mini- Damaged mum kernels (rye Foreign material Grd N. test and other Grade No. wesght grains) per bushel Heat- Foreign Total dam- Total matter aged other than wheat Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 1-------------- 56 2 0.1 3 1 2------------- - 54 4 .2 6 2 3-_--_----_____ 52 7 .5 10 4 4-------------- 49 15 3.0 10 6 Sample grade Sample grade shall include rye which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commer- cially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied ac- curately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 52 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Rye Tough Rye Definition.-Tough rye shall be rye which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Rye Definition.-Smutty rye shall be rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye. Grades.-Smutty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty rye which has -an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of aver- age size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty rye which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS .53 Garlicky . Rye Definition.-Garlicky rye shall be rye which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye. Grades.-Garlicky rye shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky rye which contains 2 or more but not more than 6 green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Garlicky".; and (2) In the case of garlicky rye which contains more than 6 green garlic bulblets, or an equiva- lent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Rye Definition.-Weevily rye shall be rye which is infested with live weevils or other insects in- jurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 54 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Rye Definition.-Ergoty rye shall be rye which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 55 Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than rye which is not separated from the rye in the proper determina- tion of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged,. or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 56 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR GRAIN SORGHUMS 8 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for grain sorghums: Grain sorghums.-Grain sorghums shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of grain sorghums and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Stand- ards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage and of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", contains not more than 25 percent of nongrain sorghums. Classes.-Grain sorghums shall be divided into five classes, as follows: Class I, White Grain Sorghums; Class II, Yellow Grain Sorghums; Class III, Red Grain Sorghums; Class IV, Brown Grain Sorghums; and Class V, Mixed Grain Sorghums. Grades.-Grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade re- quirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 8 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. Grain Sorghums Grade requirements for Grain Sorghums Maximum limits of- Minimum Da aekernelsToa Minimum Da ag dk r e Total test (g r a i n sorghums, cracked Grade No. weight nongrain sorghums, kernels per bushel Moisture and other grains) Nongrain foreign ma- .. sorghums terial, and 0 Heat- other Total damaged grains H Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 1---------------------------- 55- 14 2 0.2 1 4 2----------------------------- 53 15 5 :5 3 8 3------------------------------ 51. 16 10 1.0 5 12 4.----------------------------- 49 18 15 3.0 10 15 Sample grade-------------. Sample grade shall include grain sorghums of any class or subclass which d do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to o No. 4, inclusive; or which contain inseparable stones and/or cinders; of which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which are badly weathered; or which have any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 58 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Grain Sorghums (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of white grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Colored spots upon kernels that are otherwise white shall not affect their classification as white. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) White Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white kafir type, including hegari, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) White Durra This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white durra type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (C) White Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class White Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) White Kafir or subclass (b) White Durra. Yellow Grain Sorghums (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of yel- low and salmon-pink grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sor- ghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 59 Subclass (A) Yellow Milo This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the yellow milo type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other yellow grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sor- ghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (B) Yellow Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Yellow Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Yellow Milo. Red Grain Sorghums (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of red grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the red kafir type and may include not more. than 10 percent of other red grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Red Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums; of the class Red Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Red Kafir. 60 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Brown Grain Sorghums (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of brown grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Mixed Grain Sorghums (Class V) This class shall include all mixtures of grain sorghums not provided for in the classes from I to IV, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-The grade designation for Mixed Grain Sorghums shall include, successively, in the order named: (1) The number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be; (2) the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums"; (3) the name and the approximate percentage of each class of grain sorghums which constitutes 10 per- cent or more of the mixture, in the order of its predominance, but if only one class ex- ceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. In those cases where Mixed Grain Sorghums consist of 70 percent or more of grain sorghums of the types white kafir, white durra, yellow milo, or red kafir, singly or combined, and not more than 10 per- cent of brown grain sorghums, the word "Mixed" shall be substituted for the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums", and the name of the appropriate subclass or subclasses for such type or types, as the case may be, shall be substituted for the class names, in the grade designation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 61 Dockage Dockage includes sand, dirt, finely broken ker- nels, weed seeds, and other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the grain sorghums by means of a metal sieve perforated with round holes 22/64 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Grain Sorghums Bright Grain Sorghums Definition.-Bright grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums, of any class or subclass, which have good, natural color. Grades.-Bright grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class or subclass, the word "Bright." 62 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Discolored Grain Sorghums Definition.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums of any class or subclass which are discolored, but which are not badly weathered. Grades.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not discolored, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Discolored." Weevily Grain Sorghums Definition.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Grain Sorghums Definition.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain a quantity of smut masses in excess of a quantity equal to 10 masses in 50 grams of grain sorghums. Grades.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Each de- termination of class, subclass, nongrain sor- ghums, damage, heat damage, and inseparable stones and/or cinders, shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage and when free from that part of the "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains" which can be removed readily by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perfora- tions the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. 64 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soy- beans. Nongrain sorghums.-Nongrain sorghums shall include broomcorn, Sudan grass, Johnson grass, and cane seed. Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains.-Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains, shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, and all other mat- ter except dockage that will pass through a metal sieve perforated with equilateral trian- gular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter; also other grains and all other matter except grain sorghums and nongrain sorghums remaining on such sieve after screening. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, moldy, or otherwise mate- rially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR FLAXSEED9 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for flaxseed: Flaxseed.-Flaxseed shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of flaxseed and not more than 20 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Flaxseed shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards. Flaxseed Grade requirements for Flaxseed Minimum test Maximum limits of Grade No. weight per bushel damaged flaxseed 1----_..._...--.. 49 pounds.--------- 20 percent 2...--...--..--. - 47 pounds.---------... 30 percent Sample grade..._- -.. Sample grade shall include flaxseed which does not come within the requirements of either of the grades No. 1 or No. 2; or which contains fire-damaged flaxseed; or which contains more than 11 percent of moisture; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. e The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. 66 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage shall include all matter other than flaxseed which is contained in the lot of grain as a whole; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of flaxseed removed with the dock- age and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the flax- seed including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of test weight, moisture, damage, and "fire damaged", shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 67 Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Damaged flaxseed.-Damaged flaxseed shall be seeds and pieces of seeds of flaxseed which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 68 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED GRAIN 10 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Grain: Definition.-Mixed Grain shall be any mixture of those grains for which standards have been, or hereafter may be, established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, that does not come within the requirements of any of the standards for such grains, and that does not contain more than 50 percent of foreign material. Wild oats in Mixed Grain shall be classed as a grain. Grades.-Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated either as "Mixed Grain" or as "Sam- ple grade Mixed Grain", and according to the special grades when applicable. Grade Requirements Mixed Grain (Grade).-The grade "Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which does not come within the specifications for Sample grade Mixed Grain. Sample grade Mixed Grain.-The grade "Sample grade Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which contains more than 16 percent of moisture, or more than 15 percent of damaged kernels, or more than 3 percent of heat-damaged kernels; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which has a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 15 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 69 Grade Designations The grade designation for Mixed Grain shall include, in the order named: (1) The words "Mixed Grain" or the words "Sample grade Mixed Grain", as the case may be; (2) The name and approximate percentage of each kind of grain, including wild oats, which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture, in the order of predominance; and (3) When applicable, the words "Other Grains", followed by a statement of the per- centage of the combined quantity of those kinds of grain, including wild oats, each of which is present in a quantity less than 10 percent; and (4) The words "Foreign Material", together with a statement of the percentage thereof. All percentage statements shall be in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. Special Grades for Mixed Grain Tough Mixed Grain Definition.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Tough." (U OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Mixed Grain Definition.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of mixed grain, or (b) any other mixed grain which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 per- cent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require-- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Grain Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 71 Garlicky Mixed Grain Definition.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of mixed grain; or (b) mixed grain in which oats or barley predominates, and which contains 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of mixed grain. Grades.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Mixed Grain Definition.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Blighted Mixed Grain Definition.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be all mixed grain in which barley predominates and which, as a whole, contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially dis- colored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade 72 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Blighted." Treated Mixed Grain Definition.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which has been scoured, limed, washed, sulphured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade desig- nation, alone. Grades.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All deter- minations shall be on the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of .mois- ture - shall be that ascertained by the apparatus and the method of use thereof specified in the official grain standards of the United States for the kind of grain which predominates in the mixture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 73 Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, but shall not include wild oats. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GRAIN INSPECTION The United States Grain Standards Act pro- vides in part as follows: INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS "SEc. 4. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain no person thereafter shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign com- merce any such grain which is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade unless the grain shall have been inspected and graded by an inspector licensed under this act and the grade by which it is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale be one of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States: Provided, That any person may sell, offer for sale, or consign for sale, ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain by sample or by type, or under any name, de- scription, or designation which is not false or mis- leading, and which name, description, or designa- tion does not include in whole or in part the terms of any official grain standard of the United States: Provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade may be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce without inspec- tion at point of shipment by an inspector li- censed under this act, to or through any place at which an inspector licensed under this act is located, subject to be inspected by a licensed inspector at the place to which shipped or at some convenient point through which shipped for inspection, which inspection shall be under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe, and subject further 74 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS to the right of appeal from such inspection, as provided in section 6 of this act: And provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by any of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards may, upon compliance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture, be shipped in interstate or foreign commerce with- out inspection from a. place at which there is no inspector licensed under this act to a place at which there is no such inspector, subject to the right of either party to the transaction to refer any dispute as to the grade of the grain to the Secretary of Agriculture, who may determine the true grade thereof. No person shall in any certificate or in any contract or agreement of sale or agreement to sell by grade, either oral or written, involving, or in any invoice or bill of lading or other shipping document relating to, the shipment or' delivery for shipment, in inter- state or foreign commerce, of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, describe, or in any way refer to, any of such grain as being of any grade other than a grade fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States." MISREPRESENTATION "SEc. 5. That no person, except as permitted in section 4, shall represent that any grain shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce is of a grade fixed in the official grain standards other than as shown by a certificate therefor issued in compliance with this act; and the Secretary of Agriculture is author- ized to cause examinations to be made of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, and which has been certified to conform to any grade fixed therefor in such official grain standards, or which 76 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce. Whenever, after opportunity for hearing is given to the owner or shipper of the grain involved, and to the inspector thereof if the same has been inspected, it is de- termined by the Secretary that any quantity of grain has been incorrectly- certified to conform to a specified grade, or has been sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale under any name, description, or designation which is false or misleading, he may publish his findings." APPEALS, FINDINGS, AND FEES "SEc. 6. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain and any quantity of such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale, or which has been shipped, or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce shall have been inspected and a dispute arises as to whether the grade as determined by such inspection of any such grain in fact conforms to the standard of the specified grade, any interested party may, either with or without reinspection, appeal the question to the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause such investi- gation to be made and such tests to be applied as he may deem necessary and to determine the true grade: Provided, That any appeal from such inspection and grading to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be taken before the grain leaves the place where the. inspection appealed from was made and before the identity of the grain has been lost, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe. Whenever an appeal shall be taken or a dispute referred to the Secretary of Agriculture under OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 77 this act, he shall charge and assess, and cause to be collected, a reasonable fee, in amount to be fixed by him, which fee, in case of an appeal, shall be refunded if the appeal is sustained. All such fees, not so refunded, shall be deposited and covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. The findings of the Secretary of Agri- culture as to grade, signed by him or by such officer or officers, agent or agents, of the Depart- ment of Agriculture as he may designate, made after the parties in interest have had opportunity to be heard, shall be accepted in the courts of the United States as prima facie evidence of the true grade of the grain determined by him at the time and place specified in the findings." LICENSING OF INSPECTORS "SEc. 7. The Secretary of Agriculture may issue a license to any person, upon presentation to him of satisfactory evidence that such person is competent, to inspect and grade grain and to certificate the grade thereof for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, under this act and the rules and regulations prescribed thereunder. No person authorized or employed by any State, county, city, town, board of trade, chamber of com- merce, corporation, society, partnership, or association to inspect or grade grain shall cer- tify, or otherwise state or indicate in writing, that any grain for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, which has been inspected or graded by him, or by any person acting under his authority, is of one of the grades of the official grain standards of the United States, unless he holds an unsus- pended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. * * *" 78 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS PENALTIES "SEc. 9. That any person who shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of sections 4 or 7 of this act, or any inspector licensed under this act who shall knowingly inspect or grade im- properly any grain which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, or shall knowingly give any false certificate of grade, or shall accept money or other consideration, directly or indirectly, for any neglect or improper performance of duty, and any person who shall improperly influence or attempt to improperly influence any such inspector in the performance of his duty, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both." REGULATIONS Section 8 of the Grain Standards Act authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to make such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary for the efficient execution of. the provisions of the Act. Pursuant to this authority, the Secretary of Agri- culture has issued regulations under the Act and trey appear in Service and Regulatory Announce- ments No. 148 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Copy of the regulations as well as the complete text of the Act may be had upon application to any office of Federal Grain Super- vision or to the Chief of the Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. BASIS OF INSPECTION The basis of inspection for commercial lots of grain is governed by instructions which are summarized as follows: In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is generally or reasonably uniform in quality and condition throughout the lot, the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS y, grade should be based on a representative sample resulting from a composite of the probings taken from different parts of the lot. In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is not generally uniform as to quality or condition, care must be exercised, in basing the grade, to inlure that the grade assigned will reflect as nearly as may be the quality of the entire lot of grain. In cases where the variations in quality or condition are not material, the grade should be based on a composite sample of all the probings taken from different parts of the lot. However, in cases where the variations in quality or condition are marked by distinct and outstanding differences between portions of the grain, each portion should be regarded as if it were a separate lot or unit for inspection and grading, and the grade of each portion should be based upon a sample representative of it. In the inspection and grading of lots, parcels,, and cargoes of grain loaded aboard boats, barges, and other vessels, licensed inspectors shall be governed by the following requirements: 1. If such a lot, parcel, or cargo tendered for inspection and grading be uniform in quality and condition, the grade shall be based upon an aver- age sample thereof; 2. If such lot, parcel, or cargo so tendered is not uniform in quality and condition by reason of the presence therein of a material portion of grain of a different grade, the licensed inspector shall consider the portions of such lot, parcel, or cargo which are of different grades as separate lots tendered for inspection, and shall separately inspect, grade, and certificate as to grade such different portions; and each such certificate of grade shall bear a statement to the effect that the grain to which it applies has been loaded on board with other grain, the grade, description, and approximate quantity of which shall be specified. 80 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SAMPLING OF GRAIN The taking of a correct and representative sample of a lot or parcel of grain for inspection and grading purposes is an important and essen- tial part of grain inspection. If the sample obtained is not representative no amount of care in making the determinations for the grading factors will establish the true grade of the grain involved. The Department of Agriculture, in its administration of the Grain Standards Act, holds that the licensed inspector is responsible for the correctness of the sample upon which he bases the grade of any lot or parcel of grain. For correct grading it is essential that the sample, properly identified, be preserved in its original condition from the time it is taken until the grade is determined and that it be of sufficient size to permit the required tests to be performed. It is provided in part in Section 18 of Regula- tion 2 of the regulations of the Secretary under the Act that no licensed inspector shall issue a certificate of grade for any grain unless the in- spection and grading thereof be based upon a cor- rect and representative sample of the grain. No sample shall be deemed to be representative unless of the size, and procured in accordance with the methods, prescribed in instructions issued by the Chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics or by such officer of the Department as may be designated by him for the purpose, which are in effect at the time of the inspection and grading. The basic instructions governing the methods for sampling grain are summarized as follows: The size of the sample shall be not less than approximately 2 quarts. If the time to elapse between the drawing of the. sample and the de- termination of the grade would permit of such changes in the condition of the sample as to affect the grade assigned to the lot or parcel from which OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 81 the sample was taken, at least 1/ pints of the grain shall be enclosed in an air-tight container and the remainder, if any, in a cloth bag. In the case of bulk grain in a car, truck, or wagon, or in any other container in which the grain is of about the same depth as in a carload, the sample shall be taken with a double-tube compartment trier 60 inches long (fig. 2) by probing flaxseed in seven or more places and all other kinds of grain in five or more places, well distributed in different parts of the car, truck, or other container. In the discretion of the sampler and/or inspector, as many more probings as may be necessary shall be taken from the grain in different parts of the lot. In the case of bulk grain tendered for inspec- tion as it lies in a boat, barge, or other vessel, samples shall be taken with a double-tube com- partment grain trier of either standard or special length by probing at regular spaced intervals throughout the entire lot, provided that all of the grain so tendered is accessible for proper samp- ling. If the grain is of such depth or stowed in such a manner that representative samples of the entire lot cannot be obtained by the sampling methods prescribed in this paragraph, the grain shall be considered as inaccessible for sampling within the vessel. In the case of bulk grain being loaded for in- spection and grading aboard a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the loading spout or other convenient place en route, by the use of a device known as "The Pelican spout sampler" (fig. 1) or any other device giving equivalent results. The stream or streams shall be sampled at regular and frequent intervals to assure a correct and representative sample of the lot. In the case of grain tendered for inspection as it is being discharged from a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the running stream or at some other convenient place 82 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS after it leaves the vessel and before its identity is lost, provided the sample is not taken from grain moving on a horizontal belt where a cut of a full cross section of the stream is impracticable. The sample shall be taken in such a manner that it will be a correct and representative sample of the lot. If after examination of the separate probes, or cuts with the Pelican, no material portion of the grain is distinctly inferior to the remainder of the grain, the grain from the separate probes or from each separate cut with the Pelican, shall be combined and the combined sample shall be regarded as an average sample of the grain involved. Whenever it shall appear, as a result of the sampling, that a material portion of any lot or parcel of grain is distinctly inferior, in any manner, to the remainder of such lot or parcel; also whenever, in the case of grain loaded, or being loaded aboard, or being discharged from, a barge, boat, or steamship, a material portion of such grain is of a different grade from the remainder, separate samples shall be taken of such distinctly inferior grain and of the re- maining portion, or of the grain of each of the distinctly different grades, as the case may be. There shall be filed with each of the separate samples so taken a statement of the estimated quantity of grain it represents. The detailed official current instructions for the proper sampling of grain may be obtained by applying to any office of Federal grain super- vision. SPOUT SAMPLER OR "PELICAN" 83) Vow ob tai nilng a representfa iv ye a :Vl1e falling stream of bul1k grain, and parti for sampling bulik grain Lbeiig spouted It h( us of a vessel, a sp)()1it ,,ample1(r, heb ref(,rred to as a "'Pelican"i (fig. 1), is used. froin a c 11t1P1V 110 the IHIera l lv I Q r. a - -_ - -- ;8 " i .1 Thie use' of th is device imaes Ht possibI )e to OIn liii comtplete 0 (J(isM sect4ion ~ fr'oi the stream t of grain beIn~g sampled. Lii oJperatio}1 the stred mt of grain is ci it at freq tit ii iervals and the sample )IS itainied are then red hIced( iii sire{ by beingu put through a BSoernecr sampler (fig. 31Y 84 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS GRAIN TRIER (PROBE) AND SAMPLING CANVAS For obtaining a representative sample from a carload of bulk grain, a double-tube, separate- compartment grain trier (probe) shown in figure 2 is used. Such a trier makes it possible for the sampler ordinarily to note any unevenness in loading and to ascertain the approximate location and quantity of any mixture of grain or of dirty, smutty, heating, or damp spots, etc., found in any part of the grain. To assist in doing this a canvas 5 feet by 2 feet in dimensions on which to empty the grain from the trier is used. The grain should be emptied lengthwise on the canvas, each separate trierful apart from the others, so that the grain from each compartment can be noted separately. -.-OPEN/NC /N TUBES huH INER TUBE ll~1~ OUTER TUBE I ~g)rMII BMTB L~ll~I EqTiT/BE 0 2 2 '5 i Db O 5, a i O E a A FIGURE 2.-Grain trier (probe). Double-tubed, separate-com- partment grain trier (probe) for sampling bulk grain: A, Trier closed; B, trier open; C, cross section, showing double tubes; D, sectional view; and E, longitudinal view, showing compart- ments. 8 86 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SAMPLE DIVIDER (BOERNER SAMPLER) After a representative sample of the lot or parcel of grain to be graded is obtained, it is usually necessary to reduce its size considerably, in order that the grade may be determined by careful analysis. To reduce the size of a sample of grain containing foreign substances of differ- ent specific gravity or size than of the grain with which they are mixed, and at the same time obtain a sample as representative as the original, is hardly possible except by mechanical means. Figure 3 shows a device, generally referred to as the "Boerner sampler", which will divide a sample into smaller portions and still maintain the proper proportions for the various factors of the original sample. In the operation of this device the grain is placed in a hopper at the top of the machine and is then released, when it passes through an opening at the bottom of the hopper and down the sides of a cone, the point of which is directly under the center of the opening. Around the base of the cone are 36 pockets or openings. The grain falling down the sides of the cone is cut into 36 separate streams, which, a little farther on, merge into 2 streams. Streams nos. 1, 3, 5, etc., unite into 1 stream which empties into one receptacle, and streams nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, etc., unite into another stream which empties into a second receptacle. This device and a simplified form of it are fully described in United States Department of Agriculture 'Bulletins Nos. 287 and 857. S C $ !Yf/Ch' OMfA' 4{/67C% A'% ey/ J M /VTQ Oe~rZXA/v/P FUNE 4 /N TQ/,o ?RICA , 11NE //NYE EI,/ ',k'E' 'E~o1ACZ BE OVA BSEOFG S'f V FIGURE 3.-Sample divider: A, vertical cross section of device showing paths taken by the material in passing from the hopper to the container; B, cross section of the device at the. hase of the cone. 87 88 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS METHODS OF MAKING MOISTURE TESTS The official standards for wheat, barley, oats, Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, rye, grain sor- ghums, and flaxseed specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the air-oven method, and the standards for corn specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the water-oven method, or, in all cases, that ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. The air-oven and the water-oven apparatus and their respec- tive methods of use in the determination of moisture content are described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture. In order that rapid determinations of mois- ture in grain may be made to meet the routine requirements of practical inspection work, grain inspectors may use electric moisture meters or other apparatus and methods which give mois- ture-test results equivalent to the results obtained with the air-oven method or the water-oven method, as the case may be. Although the air- oven and water-oven methods are specified as the basic methods for determining moisture con- tent for the purposes of the standards, it is intended that these methods will be used prin- cipally for the purpose of checking and standard- izing the electric moisture meters or other moisture-testing equipment and methods used in routine grain-inspection work. ()FFI('LAL, GRAIN StiANI)ARJils ELECTRIC MOISTURE METER An electric moisture meter with which deterrriinations of the mroisture content of can be made is niow avai lahie. The tests with tis device, With buIt fewn exceIption~s, mIore accliratclv with the tests mtade by meithodls than the tests madne with thet 3 Duvel device. 89 rapid grain m ade check oven 1r0lrI- ttt c Flui .uk I.-ICtri(u InHl(i& IIIIr, A descrip ition of the inethiod of using the electric moisture nictler illuistrated inl figi re 4, in- cluding the necessary couversion charts, is given inI pamphlet U. S. G. S. A. M. B. L1, Revised Julv 19.36, copy of wich ctan I)e ob tainted front any office of Federal Grains Supervision. STANDARD METHOD OF MAKING TEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL The conditions given in the method described below have been found to be essential in making uniform tests of weight per bushel and obtaining accurate results, and have been adopted as stand- ard in connection with the enforcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. (1) Use an accurate quart-sized tester. (2) Fill the kettle from a hopper. (3) Opening at bottom of hopper must be round and exactly 114 inches in diameter. (4) Bottom of opening must be held exactly 2 inches above center of kettle. (5) Mark hopper on inside at a point where it will hold just enough grain to cause overflow over all sides of kettle. (6) Use same volume of grain for each test. (7) Use a stroker made of hardwood with smooth rounded edges, 12 inches long, % inch thick, and 1/ inches broad. (8) Place the stroker on the edge of the kettle lightly without jarring the kettle. (9) Stroke the grain from the kettle with three full-length zigzag motions of the stroker. (10) Hold the stroker on the kettle with its sides held in a vertical position. (11) Make the stroke clean all the way across the kettle. (12) Have the kettle rest on a firm base. (13) Do not jar the kettle before or during the stroking operation. (14) If the top of the kettle is rough, smooth down the roughness with a rounded metal bar, but do not use a file for the purpose. 90 OFFICIAL CHAIN STrAN1)AjMS ( 91 1 5) MAlke thle I est innmediately. after thle s-tiiple has been h roligllt t~o the 111S1)Gcti( ) room, office, or Iab~oratorv, to prevei i, (dryinrg out of thle grnun with coiiseq went change in its test wveiglht. N' <4 x. 9v 5 Y[ 42 p f a HY F .vw y-N- 1) 1UE 5. $1 al Hard appairatus for defier pexr butshel of grain. X1l) 1ha' qu art ketle must h avye a ca} acity Vof (Ntt~tlV 617.2 cubic ichats. (17 7)Ise a beam whichi is both accurately graduated anti sensitive to oiie-tenth hound paer bushel. 92 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS (18) Have the grain tester tested periodically for- (a) Accuracy of kettle, (b) Accuracy of beam readings, and (c) Sensitiveness of beam. The method of testing the accuracy of the test kettle and the accuracy and sensitiveness of the weighing beam of any weight-per-bushel testing outfit is given in Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1065. Any office of Federal Grain Supervision will be glad to test the apparatus for accuracy or arrange to have it tested free of charge. BASIS OF DETERMINATION FOR TEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL The official standards provide that the deter- mination of the test weight per bushel in the case of wheat, rye, and barley shall be made upon the basis of the grain from which the dockage has been removed; in the case of flaxseed the test- weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the flaxseed after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning de- vices; and in the case of all other grain the test- weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the grain as a whole. As the test weight per bushel is one of the main factors in determining the grade of grain, 1; quarts of the grain should be available to permit the test weight to be made with a quart tester. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 93 GRAIN-TESTING SIEVES Standardized grain-testing sieves with accurate perforations are essential in making uniform sieving and dockage tests. Standardized sieves are specified for use in connection with the en- forcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. These sieves are constructed from half hard aluminum sheet metal 20 gage (B. & S.) thick, and are perforated as described in the fol- lowing table. The maximum tolerance permitted in the accuracy of perforations is plus or minus 0.0005 inch, except that no tolerance is specified for the length dimensions of slotted perforations. The completed sieves are made up in the form of. flat sieves or as step metal sieves for use in a dockage machine or as hand sieves. The hand sieves are 13 inches in diameter, and have slightly flaring sides 2 inches high; with rolled-top edges, and are made to nest with each other and with a bottom pan. Decimal specifications for the size of sieve perforations should be used in the manu- facturing of grain-testing sieves. 94 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Specifications for sieve perforations Size of perforations Number of perfora- Dil tions per Common designations ecial square (ichs)equivalents foot (inches) (inches) ROUND HOLE PERFORATIONS 2Y/64 diameter--- ----------------- 0. 0390 27, 970 4b/64diameter ---------------.----- .0703 13,795 5/64 diameter------------------- - .0781 6,705 1/12 diameter------------------ - .0833 9,820 12/64 diameter-.--------------- -- --.. .1875 2,640 TRIANGULAR PERFORATIONS WITH INSCRIBED CIRCLES OF- 5/64 diameter---------------------- 0.0781 2,845 0.089 diameter-----..-- ------------- .0890 2,875 SLOTTED PERFORATIONS 3/64 by 3/8-------------------- 0.0469 by 0.375 2,690 4?/64 by 3/4..------------------- . 0761 by .75 865 9/64 by 3/4-...-------------------- .1406 by .75 ..---_.. 0.064 by 3/8-------------------- .0640 by .375 2,705 0.070 by 1/2 --...------------------ .0700 by .50 1,655 In addition to the sieves listed above a wire mesh sieve is also used in grain inspection. This sieve which has rectangular openings in it is used in connection with the determination of Dockage in flaxseed. It is constructed of wire having a diameter of 0.015 inch, with 4 by 16 meshes per inch. 0   Ci 1 c; c. te t O 11 ,r r R ' -..r . ..,,,. w ti t ;, .- U. S. G. S. A.-Form No. 90 Revised 1939 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Agricultural Marketing Service HANb ' OF OFFICIAL tzAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, effective October 1, 1937; Corn, effective January 20, 1937; Barley and Oats, effective July 1, 1937; and Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, Rye, Grain Sorghums, Flaxseed, and Mixed Grain, effective July 1, 1935 Prepared by the Agricultural Marketing Service UN1VfrR'TY OF MICI!GAN GENERAL LIBRARY  U. S. G. S. A.-Form No. 90 Revised 1939 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, effective October 1, 1937; Corn, effective January 20, 1937; Barley and Oats, effective July 1, 1937; and Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, Rye, Grain Sorghums, Flaxseed, and Mixed Grain, effective July 1, 1935 Important Features of Grain Inspection UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1939 For sale by Supt. Documents, Wash., D. C. - - Price 15 cents CONTENTS Grain standards: Page Wheat standards------------------- - Corn standards ----- 20 Barley standards------------------ 25 Oats standards-_ -------------- 36 Feed Oats standards - 42 Mixed Feed Oats standards-- 46 Rye standards--------------------- 50 Grain sorghums standards - - 56 Flaxseed standards____------_ 65 Mixed Grain standards_ --- - ------68 Important features of grain inspection: Inspection requirements- - - 74 Misrepresentation --- _ 75 Appeals, findings, and feesl- 76 Licensing of inspectors- 77 Penalties------------------------- 78 Regulations-------- ----- --78 Basis of inspection------------i-- 78 Sampling of grain ----------------- 80 Spout sampler or "Pelican" _ 83 Grain probe (trier) and sampling canvas------------------------- 84 Sample divider (Boerner sampler) --- 86 Federal dockage tester -------------- 88 Grain-testing sieves-_-- _ -- - _ _ _ _ -- _ _ 89 Specifications for sieve perforations-- 90 Basis of determination for test weight per bushel ------------------------ 91 Standard method of making test- weight-per-bushel determination. 91 Methods of making moisture tests- - 94 Electric moisture meter ------------ --95 Equipment used in grain inspection, _ 96 FURTHER INFORMATION For further information regarding the. United States Grain Standards Act, the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture thereunder, or the official grain standards apply to any office of Federal Grain Supervision or to the Chief, Agricultural Market- ing Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. JEPOSITED BY i1 H ZI UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ,6), HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR WHEAT' For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for wheat: Wheat.-Wheat shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of wheat and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 50 percent of broken kernels of grain of any size. The term wheat in these standards shall not include emmer, spelt, ein- korn, Polish wheat, and poulard wheat. Classes.-Wheat shall be divided into seven classes, as follows: Class I, Hard Red Spring Wheat; Class II, Durum Wheat; Class III, Red Durum Wheat; Class IV, Hard Red Winter Wheat; Class V, Soft Red Winter Wheat; Class VI, White Wheat; and Class VII, Mixed Wheat. Grades.-Wheat shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the , numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 1 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 1 2 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Hard Red Spring Wheat (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of hard red. spring wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (B) Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (C) Red Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall also include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consist- ing of more than 10 percent of the variety Humpback. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 3 Class I.-Hard Red Spring Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Dark Northern Spring, (b) Northern Spring, (c) Red Spring Grade No. .0 Maximum limits of- 0 Damaged p kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other 4 (wheat and terial classes other grains) Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 60 2 0. 1 1 0. 5 5 2 58 2 .1 1 .5 5 2 57 4 .2 2 1.0 10 3 55 7 .5 3 2.0 10 5 53 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 50 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Northern Spring, or Northern Spring, or Red Spring, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 Heavy to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Heavy 1 2_.. 12 2 .2 ... _ _... _ _ . 3---------- 4---------- 5--------- Sample grade 1 Applies to each of the subclasses Dark Northern Spring, Northern Spring, and Red Spring. 2 The wheat in grades No. 1 Heavy and No. 1 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 4 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Durum Wheat (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of com- mon durum wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (B) Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 60 percent or more but less than 75 percent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (C) Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of less than 60 per- cent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Red Durum Wheat (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of Red Durum Wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 5 Class II.-Durum Wheat and Class III.-Red Durum Wheat Grade requirements for the subclasses (a) Hard Amber Durum, (b) Amber Durum, and (c) Durum, of the class Durum Wheat, and for the class Red Durum Wheat Maximum limits of- .0 0 Damaged kernels Foreign Wheats of other (wheat and material classes other grains) Grade No. .? F0 E- o a E0 a 0 r Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 13----------- 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 2 5 3 23_._________ 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 5 3 3___----__ 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 10 4------------ 54 10 1.0 5 .3.0 10 10 5____________ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Hard Amber Durum, or Amber Durum, or Durum, or wheat of the class Red Durum Wheat, which does not come within the re- quirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 These specifications do not apply to the class Red Durum Wheat, or to the subclass Durum. 2 No. 1 Red Durum may contain 10 percent of wheats of other classes. 3 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of each of these classes may contain not more than either (a) 7 percent of shrunken and/or 6 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0. 064 inch wide by % inch long, or (b) 10 percent of all such material that will pass through said sieve together with the broken kernels of grain of any size which remain on said sieve; and the wheat in grade No. 3 of each of these classes may contain not more than either (a) 10 percent of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through said sieve, or (b) 15 percent of all such material that will pass through said sieve together with the broken kernels of grain of any size which remain on said sieve. Hard Red Winter Wheat (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of hard red winter wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (B) Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (C) Yellow Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitre- ous kernels. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 7 Class IV.-Hard Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Dark Hard Winter, (b) Hard Winter, (c) Yellow Hard Winter Grade No. Maximum limits of- Damaged A kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other 40 (wheat and terial classes . other grains) m a0 C3n 0a 1- 5 0e + e Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 1 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 2 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 3 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Hard Winter, or Hard Winter, or Yellow Hard Winter, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 21 1--------- 25-------- Sample grade. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 169900*-39 2 8 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Soft Red Winter Wheat (Class V) This class shall include all varieties of soft red winter wheat and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of both light and dark colored kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of Soft Red Winter Wheat grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. Subclass (B) Western Red This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 10 percent of wheat of this class grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 9 Class V.-Soft Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Red Winter, (b) Western Red Grade No. 11 . 2 1 - .. .. _ _ .. _ ..- 3 1. - 4---. ...------ 5---------- Sample grade. a Maximum limits of- Damaged a kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other - (wheat and terial classes other grains) aa a oo A Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Red Winter, or Western Red, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cin- ders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 1 0 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Wheat (Class VI) This class shall include all varieties of white wheat, whether winter or spring grown, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into four subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard White This subclass shall include all wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Soft White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of less than 75 per- cent of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (C) White Club This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in .any combination. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of common white wheat other than Sonora, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (D) Western White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat which contains more than 10 percent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varie- ties, either singly or in any combination, and which also contains more than 10 percent of com- mon white wheat other than Sonora. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 11 Class VI.-White Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Hard White, (b) Soft White, (c) White Club, (d) Western White o Maximum limits of- .0 m Damaged a kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes other grains) Grade No. -- * a 0a 0 ad Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pt. Pt. 1 -___________ 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 21 -_----- 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 31.-.__----.. 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 4.____________ 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 5------- -51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Hard White, or Soft White, or White Club, or Western White, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken. and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 12 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Mixed Wheat (Class VII) This class shall include all mixtures of wheat not provided for in the classes from I to VI, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-Mixed Wheat shall be graded according to the numeri- cal and Sample grade requirements of the class of wheat which predominates in the mixture, except that the grade specifications for the factor "wheats of other classes" and the grade specifica- tions for "No. 1 Heavy" in the standards for hard red spring wheat, shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall be stated as provided in paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section: (a) Except as specified in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, the grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, (2) the words "Mixed Wheat", and (3) the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of wheat which constitutes more than 10 percent of the mixture in the order of its predominance; but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. (b) 'Amber Mixed Durum.-Amber Mixed Durum shall be Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which con- tains not more than a total of 15 percent of wheats other than common durum and which contains not less than 60 percent of Durum kernels that are hard and vitreous and of amber color. Amber Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 per- cent of red durum, white, and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Amber Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 113 named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words "Amber Mixed Durum." (c) Mixed Durum.-Mixed Durum shall. be Mixed Wheat, consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which contains not more than a total of 20 percent of wheats other than com- mon durum. Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 percent of Red Durum wheat, and may contain not more than 5 percent of white and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order named, (1) .the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words "Mixed Durum." Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than wheat, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the wheat by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces, -of wheat kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material, and which cannot be re- covered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in -terms' of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the. grade designation. 14 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Wheat Tough Wheat Definition.-Tough wheat shall be (a) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, or Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, predomi- nates, which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 15.5 percent of moisture, and (b) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, pre- dominates, which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.--Tough wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to. such wheat if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Wheat Definition.-Smutty wheat shall be wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat. Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the method described either in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section. (a) Smut dockage.-Before the determination of smut dockage as provided in this paragraph, the wheat shall be graded and designated accord- ing to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty. The smut shall be removed by scouring and the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 15 loss in weight of the wheat caused by the removal of the smut shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the grain when free from dockage. The percentage so calculated shall be stated in terms of half percent, whole percent, or whole and half percent, as the case may be. A fraction of a half percent shall be disregarded. The percentage of the stnut dockage, so calculated and stated, shall be added to the grade designation, preceding the statement of dockage, if any. (b) "Light Smutty" and "Smutty."-Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards appli- cable to such wheat if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty wheat which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." 169900*-39 3 16 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Garlicky Wheat Definition.-Garlicky wheat shall be wheat which contains two or more green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat. Grades.-Garlicky wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains two or more but not more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Gar- licky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Wheat Definition.-Weevily wheat shall be wheat which is infested with live weevils or other insects injuilous to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 17 Ergoty Wheat Definition.-Ergoty wheat shall be wheat which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.--Ergoty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Treated Wheat Definition.-Treated wheat shall be wheat which had been scoured, limed, washed, sul- phured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numer- ical grade or the Sample grade designation, alone. Grades.-Treated wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. 18 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Definitions Basis of grade determinations.--tach deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils, or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as de- termined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than wheat which is not separated from the wheat in the proper deter- mination of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull-less bar- ley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 19 Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker, nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which have been mate- rially discolored and damaged by ;external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 20 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR CORN 2 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for corn (maize): Corn.-Corn shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of shelled corn of the dent or flint varieties, and may contain not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Classes.-Corn shall be divided into three classes, as follows: Class I, Yellow Corn; Class II, White Corn; and Class III, Mixed Corn. Yellow Corn (Class I) This class shall include yellow corn, and may include not more than 5 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of red on ker- nels of corn otherwise yellow shall not affect their classification as Yellow Corn. White Corn (Class II) This class shall include white corn, and may include not more than 2 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of light straw color or of pink on kernels of corn otherwise white shall not affect their classification as White Corn. z The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 21 Mixed Corn (Class III) This class shall consist of corn of various colors that does not meet the color require- ments for either of the classes Yellow Corn or White Corn. White-capped yellow kernels shall be classified as Mixed Corn. Grades.-Corn shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Corn Grade requirements for Yellow Corn, White Corn, and Mixed Corn Maximum limits of- Mini- mum test Grade No. weight Cracked Damaged kernels per Mois- corn and - bushel ture foreign material Total damaged Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 1------------- 54 14.0 2 3 0.1 2--..--... --__ 53 15.5 3 5 .2 3_..-- ___.. . 51 17.5 4 7 .5 4------------ 48 20.0 5 10 1.0 5__-----_____ 44 23.0 7 15 3.0 Sample grade- Sample grade shall include corn of the class Yel- low Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 22 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Corn Flint Corn Definition.-Flint corn shall be corn of any class which consists of 95 percent or more of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint corn shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not flint corn, and the word "Flint" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, imme- diately following the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Flint and Dent Corn Definition.-Flint and Dent corn shall be corn of any class which consists of a mixture of the flint and dent varieties and which contains more than 5 percent but less than 95 percent of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint and Dent corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not Flint and Dent corn, and the words "Flint and Dent" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately fol- lowing the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Weevily Corn Definition.-Weevily corn shall be corn that is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 23 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.--Each deter- mination of class, variety, damage, and heat damage, shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of the cracked corn and for- eign material. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the water oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No.147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulle- tin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Cracked corn and foreign material.-Cracked corn and foreign material shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of corn and all matter other than corn which will pass through a No. 12 sieve, and all matter other than corn re- maining on such sieve after screening. No. 12 sieve.--A metal sieve perforated with round holes 12/64 inch in diameter. 169900*-39 4 24 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, sweet corn, pop corn, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 25 STANDARDS FOR BARLEY3 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for barley: Barley.-Barley shall be any grain which, be- fore the removal of dockage, consists of 50 per- cent or more of barley, and may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains for whicb standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. The term "barley" as used in these standards shall not include hull-less barley. Classes.-Barley shall be divided into four classes, as follows: Class I, Barley; Class II, Black Barley; Class III, Western Barley; and Class IV, Mixed Barley. Grades.-Barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 3 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 26 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Barley (Class I) This class shall include all white (glumes) barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Malting Barley This subclass shall include 6-rowed barley of the class Barley (Class I) which meets the re- quirements of grades Nos. 1 to 3, inclusive, which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 5 percent of 2-rowed and/or other types or varieties of barley of unsuitable malting type such as Trebi and Black; which contains not more than 15 percent of barley and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal seive with slotted perforations 0.076. (4%/64) of an inch wide and % of an inch long; which contains not more than 5 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels; which contains not more than 4 percent of damaged barley; and shall not in- clude Bleached barley. Barley of this subclass shall contain 75 percent or more of mellow bar- ley kernels which kernels are not, en masse. semi-steely. Subclass (B) Barley This subclass shall include all barley of the class Barley which does not meet the require- ments of subclass (A) Malting Barley. Black Barley (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of black (glumes) barley grown anywhere in the United States, and may include not more than 10 per- cent of barley of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 27 Class I.-Barley and Class II.-Black Barley Grade requirements for subclass (a) Malting Barley and subclass (b) Barley, of the class Barley, and for the class Black Barley limsm Maximum limits of- Heat- damaged Grade No. Test kernels For- Bro- Black weight Sound (barley, eign ken b per barley1 other mate- ker- lar- bushel grains, rial nels l and wild oats) Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 13------------ 47 95 0.1 1 4 0.5 23 46 93 .2 2 8 1.0 3 3 ---- 43 90 .5 3 12 2.0 44---- 40 80 1.0 4 20 5.0 5------------- 35 70 3.0 6 30 10.0 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include barley of the subclass Barley, or of the class Black Barley, which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu, sive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or wbi.ch is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Any barley in grade No. 1 that does not come within the pro- visions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 2 percent of blight-damaged barley; and barley in any grade from No. 2 to Sample grade, inclusive, that does not come within the provisions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley. Any barley containing more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley shall be graded No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, or Sample grade, Blighted, as the case may be, as provided in the specifications for Blighted barley. 2 These specifications do not apply to the class Black Barley. 3 See special requirements for subclass (A) Malting Barley. 4 Barley that is badly stained or materially weathered, shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 28 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Western Barley (Class III) This class shall include white (glumes) barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. Class III.-Western Barley Grade requirements for Western Barley Maximum limits of- Mini- Heat- mum Grade No. limits of damaged For- Bro- sound kernels Wild eign ken Black barley other' oats ma- ker- barley grains, and terial nels wild oats) Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 1- ---- _---- 98 0.1 1 0.5 3 0.5 2--------------- 96 .2 2 1.0 6 1.0 3-------------- 93 .3 3 2.0 10 2.0 4-------------- 88 .5 5 3.0 15 5.0 5-------------- 80_ 1.0 10 4.0 25 10.0 Sample grade.. Sample grade shall include barley of the class Western Barley which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which con- tains more than 15 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable adobe, stones, and cinders, singly or combined; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which con- tains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which contains the seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 29 Mixed Barley (Class IV) This class shall be any mixture of barley not provided for in the classes from I to III, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.- Mixed Barley shall be graded- according to the grade requirements of either (1) the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or (2) the class Black Barley, or (3) the class Western Barley, according to which class of barley predominates in the mixture, except that all grade specifica- tions as to the maximum percentages of black barley shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Barley shall include successively, in the order named, the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be; the words "Mixed Barley", followed by the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of barley which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture in the order of its predominance, but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate per- centage of at least one other class. For Mixed Barley, in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, the grade designation shall include a statement of the test weight per bushel immediately following the names and percentages of the classes composing the mixture. 30 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than barley, sand, dirt, and any material other than barley, which can be removed readily from the barley by the use of a metal scalper riddle sieve with slotted per- forations %64 inch wide by % inch long and by the use of a 20-gage metal sieve with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are %4 inch in. diameter; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of barley kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning with the sieve having equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are %4 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The percentage of dockage, so calculated, when equal to 1 per- cent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Barley Test Weight of Western Barley Grades for test weight of Western Barley.-- For barley of the class Western Barley, the test weight per bushel in terms of whole pounds shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, following the name of the class. A fraction of a pound shall be disregarded. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 3.1 Two-Rowed Barley Definition.-Two-rowed barley shall consist of 2-rowed barley of the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or of the class Western Barley, and may contain not more than 10 percent of barley of other varieties. Grades.-Two-rowed barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not 2-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Two- rowed." Tough Barley Definition.-Tough barley shall be (a) barley of either of the classes Barley or Black Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of either one of the classes Barley or Black Barley predominates, which contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture, and (b) barley of the class Western Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, which contains more than 13.5 percent but not more than 15 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." 16.9900C-9--5 32 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Bright Western Barley Definition.-Bright Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is of good natural color. Grades.-Bright Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." Stained Western Barley Definition.-Stained Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is badly stained or weath- ered. Grades.-Stained Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not stained, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Stained." Blighted Barley Definition.-Blighted barley shall be all bar- ley which contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Blighted." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 33 Smutty Barley Definition.-Smutty barley shall be barley which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses in excess of 0.2 percent, Grades.-Smutty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Garlicky Barley Definition.-Garlicky barley shall be barley which contains 3 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of barley. Grades.-Garlicky barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Barley Definition.-Weevily barley shall be barley which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 34 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Barley Definition.-Ergoty barley shall be barley which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Bleached Barley Definition.-Bleached barley shall be barley which, in whole or in part, has been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleach- ing agent. Grades.-Bleached barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage,. temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Each determination of heat-dam- aged kernels and of mellow barley kernels shall be upon the basis of the pearled dockage-free grain. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. . Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 35 Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture,. or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than barley, except other grains, wild oats, and smut masses, which is not separated from the barley in the proper deter- mination of dockage. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Sound barley.-Sound barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley remaining after the removal of dockage, which are not damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Damaged barley.-Damaged barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley which are damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, or which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley, other grains, and wild oats, which have been materially discolored and damaged by ex- ternal heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 36 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR OATS4 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for oats: Oats.-Oats shall be any grain which consists of 80 percent or more of cultivated oats. Oats may contain not more than 10 percent of wild oats. Classes.-Oats shall be divided into five classes as follows: Class I, White Oats; Class II, Red Oats; Class III, Gray Oats; Class IV, Black Oats; and Class V, Mixed Oats. For the purpose of this classification, the characteristics of each class, except Mixed Oats, shall be based on color characteristics; White Oats shall include yellow oats; and tinges of white, brown, or black, on the kernels of any red oats variety shall not affect their classification as red oats. Oats of any class except Mixed Oats may include not more than 10 percent of cultivated oats of other classes. Mixed Oats shall be any mixture of oats which does not meet the requirements for any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, or Black Oats. Grades.-Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. 4 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 37 Oats Grade requirements for the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, and Mixed Oats Minimum limits Maximum limits of- of-- Grade No. 33..__........ 44........__.. Sample grade - Test weight per bushel Sound culti- vated oats Heat-dam- aged kernels (oats, other grains, and wild oats) For- eign ma- terial Wild oats Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 32 97 0.1 2 2 30 94 .3 3 3 27 90 1.0 4 5 24 80 3.0 5 10 Sample grade shall include oats of any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, or Mixed Oats, which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from 'No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contain stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. I The oats in grade No. 1 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of oats of other classes, of which not more than 3 percent may be black cultivated oats. 2 The oats in grade No. 2 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of black cultivated oats. 3 Oats that are slightly weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. 4 Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 38 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Oats Tough Oats Definition.-Tough oats shall be oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Heavy Oats Definition.-Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 35 pounds or more but less than 38 pounds. Grades.-Heavy oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Heavy." Extra Heavy Oats Definition.-Extra Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 38 pounds or more. Grades.-Extra Heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not extra heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Extra Heavy." Bright Oats Definition.-Bright oats shall be oats, except Bleached oats, that are of good natural color. Grades.-Bright oats. shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 39 the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." Thin Oats Definition.-Thin oats shall be any oats, whether sized, clipped, or natural, which contain more than 20 percent of oats and/or other matter except "fine seeds" that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by 3/8 inch long. Grades.-Thin oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not "thin" oats, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Thin." Bleached Oats Definition.-Bleached oats shall be oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Weevily Oats Definition.-Weevily oats shall be oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 169900 -39---6 40 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Oats Definition.-Smutty oats shall be oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Oats Definition.-Ergoty oats shall be oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Garlicky Oats Definition.-Garlicky oats shall be oats which contain 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of oats. Grades.-Garlicky oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 41 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultral Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all matter which can be removed from oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Sound cultivated oats.-Sound cultivated oats shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 42 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats., other grains, and wild oats which have been materially discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. STANDARDS FOR FEED OATS5 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for Feed Oats: Feed Oats.-Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of either (a) 30 percent or more but less than 80 percent of cultivated oats, but not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) 80 percent or more of cul- tivated oats and more than 10 percent of wild oats. Feed Oats may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains, and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Feed Oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Feed Oats Tough Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall, be added to, and made a part of, the grade designa- tion, the word "Tough." 5 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Feed Oats Grade requirements for Feed Oats 43 i i i Grade No. 1-----------___ 2------------ 3 1-- . - - - - .- Sample grade. Minimum limits Maximum limits of- of- Heat-dam- Foreign mate- Test Culti- aged kernels rial weight vated (oats, wild per oats oats, and bushel other Total Fine grains) seeds Per- Pound Percent Percent Percent cent 32 60 2 3 2 29 45 4 4 3 26 30 6 6 4 Sample grade shall include feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially ob- jectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity suffi- cient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Bleached Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be feed oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the' use' of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Feed Oats chall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." 44 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Weevily Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 per cent. Grades.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 45 Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Serv- ice and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats; but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from feed oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Pol- ish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats, wild oats, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 46 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED FEED OATS 6 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Feed Oats: Mixed Feed Oats.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of less than 30 percent of cultivated oats, but either (a) not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) not less than 65 percent of wild oats; may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains; and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Mixed Feed Oats Tough Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Bleached Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be iied feed oats which, in whole or in part, 6 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food,. Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 47 have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Mixed Feed Oats Grade requirements for Mixed Feed Oats Mini- mum Maximum limits of- Grade No. 1--- ....------- 2-3.-.--------- Sample grade.. tesght Heat-damaged Foreign material per kres(as bushel wild oats, and other grains) Total Fine seeds Pounds Percent Percent Percent 32 2 5 2 29 4 7 3 26 6 10 4 Sample grade shall include mixed feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, in- clusive; or which contain more than 16 per- cent of moisture; or which are musty, or.sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quan- tity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Mixed Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weath- ered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Weevily Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Mixed Feed 'Oats shall be mixed feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. 169900*--39 7 48 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 49 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated' oats, other grains, and wild oats; and shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from Mixed Feed Oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles. of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soy beans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats, or other grains, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 50 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR RYE 7 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for rye: Rye.-Rye shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of rye and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Rye shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than rye, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the rye by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of rye kernels which are removed in properly separat- ing the foreign material; and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. 7 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Rye Grade requirements for Rye 51 Maximum limits of- Mini- Damaged mum kernels rye Foreign material tet and other Frinmtra Grade No. weight grains) per bushel Heat- Foreign Total dam- Total matter other than aged wheat Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 1-------------- 56 2 0.1 3 1 2------__-----_ 54 4 .2 6 2 3--------_---- - 52 7 .5 10 4 4-------------- 49 15 3.0 10 6 Sample grade Sample grade shall include rye which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or - heating, or hot; or which has any commer- cially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied ac- curately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 52 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Rye Tough Rye Definition.-Tough rye shall be rye which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough rye shall be graded and des.- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Rye Definition.-Smutty rye shall be rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut.. in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250. grams of rye. Grades.-Smutty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of aver- age size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty rye which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30. balls of average size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 53 Garlicky Rye Definition.-Garlicky rye shall be rye which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye. Grades.-Garlicky rye shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky rye which contains 2 or more but not more than 6 green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Garlicky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky rye which contains more than 6 green garlic bulblets, or an equiva- lent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Rye Definition.-Weevily rye shall be rye which is infested with live weevils or other insects in- jurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 54 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Rye Definition.-Ergoty rye shall be rye which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.--Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as' determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 55 Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than rye which is not separated from the rye in the proper determina- tion of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 56 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR GRAIN SORGHUMS For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for grain sorghums: Grain sorghums.-Grain sorghums shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, oonsists of 50 percent or more of grain sorghums and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Stand- ards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage and of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", contains not more than 25 percent of nongrain sorghums. Classes.-Grain sorghums shall be divided into five classes, as follows: Class I, White Grain Sorghums; Class II, Yellow Grain Sorghums; Class III, Red Grain Sorghums; Class IV, Brown Grain Sorghums; and Class V, Mixed Grain Sorghums. Grades.-Grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade re- quirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 8 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Grain Sorghums Grade requirements for Grain Sorghums Maximum limits of- Minimum D am age d kernels Total Ga test (g r a i n sorghums, cracked Grade No. weight nongrain sorghums, kernels, per bushel Moisture and other grains) Nongrain foreign ma- sorghums terial, and Heat- other Total damaged grains Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 1---------------------------- - 55 14 2 0.2 1 4 2---.---------------------- - 53. 15 5 .5 3 8 3.----------------------------- 51 16 10 1.0 5 12 4--------------------------. 49 18 15 3.0 10 15 Sample grade-------------- . Sample grade shall include grain sorghums of any class or subclass which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which are badly weathered; or which have any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut: or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 0 z 58 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Grain Sorghums (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of white grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Colored spots upon kernels that are otherwise *white shall not affect their classification as white. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) White Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of -the white kafir type, including hegari, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) White Durra This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white durra type, and may include not more -than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (C) White Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class White Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) White Kafir or subclass (b) White Durra. Yellow Grain Sorghums (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of yel- low and salmon-pink grain sorghums, and may -include not more than 10 percent of grain sor- ghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 59 Subclass (A) Yellow Milo This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the yellow milo type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other yellow grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sor- ghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (B) Yellow Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Yellow Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Yellow Milo. Red Grain Sorghums (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of red grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other 'colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the red kafir type and may include not more than 10 percent of other red grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Red Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Red Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Red Kafir. 60 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Brown Grain Sorghums (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of brown grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Mixed Grain Sorghums (Class V) This class shall include all mixtures of grain sorghums not provided for in the classes from I to IV, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-The grade designation for Mixed Grain Sorghums shall include, successively, in the order named: (1) The number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be; (2) the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums"; (3) the name and the approximate percentage of each class of grain sorghums which constitutes 10 per- cent or more of the mixture, in the order of its predominance, but if only one class ex- ceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. In those cases where Mixed Grain Sorghums consist of 70 percent or more of grain sorghums of the types white kafir, white durra, yellow milo, or red kafir, singly or combined, and not more than 10 per- cent of brown grain sorghums, the word "Mixed" shall be substituted for the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums", and the name of the appropriate subclass or subclasses for such type or types, as the case may be, shall be substituted for the class names, in the grade designation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 61 Dockage Dockage includes sand, dirt, finely broken ker- nels, weed seeds, and other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the grain sorghums by means of a metal sieve perforated with round holes 2%/64 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Grain Sorghums Bright Grain Sorghums Definition.-Bright grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums, of any class or subclass, which have good, natural color. Grades.-Bright grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according -to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class or subclass, the word "Bright." 62 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Discolored Grain Sorghums Definition.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums of any class or subclass which are discolored, but which are not badly weathered. Grades.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not discolored, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Discolored." Weevily Grain Sorghums Definition.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain. sorghums if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Grain Sorghums Definition.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain a quantity of smut masses in excess of a quantity equal to 10 masses in 50 grams of grain sorghums. Grades.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 63 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", shall be upon the basis - of the grain when free from dockage. Each de- termination of class, subclass, nongrain sor- ghums, damage, heat damage, and inseparable stones and/or cinders, shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage and when free from that part of the "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains" which can be removed readily by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perfora- tions the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the, air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. 64 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soy- beans. Nongrain sorghums.-Nongrain sorghums shall include broomcorn, Sudan grass, Johnson grass, and cane seed. Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains.-Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains, - shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, and all other mat- ter except dockage that will pass through a metal sieve perforated with equilateral trian- gular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter; also other grains and all other matter except grain sorghums and nongrain sorghums remaining on such sieve after screening. Damaged kernels.-Damagtd kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, moldy, or otherwise mate- rially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 65 STANDARDS FOR FLAXSEED9 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for flaxseed: Flaxseed.-Flaxseed shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of flaxseed and not more than 20 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Flaxseed shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards. Flaxseed Grade requirements for Flaxseed Minimum test Maximum limits of Grade No. weight per bushel damaged flaxseed 1__---.--..-... . 49 pounds--------- - 20 percent 2--....._----.... . 47 pounds--------- 30 percent Sample grade-...._ Sample grade shall include flaxseed which does not come within the requirements of either of the grades No. 1 or No. 2; or which contains fire-damaged flaxseed; or which contains more than 11 percent of moisture; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. s The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 66 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage shall include all matter other than flaxseed which is contained in the lot of grain as a whole; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of flaxseed removed with the dock- age and which cannot be recovered by properly. rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the flax- seed including -the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of test weight, moisture, damage, and "fire damaged", shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use- of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 67 Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Damaged flaxseed.-Damaged flaxseed shall be seeds and pieces of seeds of flaxseed which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, . badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 68 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED GRAIN 'o For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Grain: Definition.-Mixed Grain shall be any mixture of those grains for which standards have been, or hereafter may be, established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, that does not come within the requirements of any of the standards for such grains, and that does not contain more than 50 percent of foreign material. Wild oats in Mixed Grain shall be classed as a grain. Grades.-Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated either as "Mixed Grain" or as "Sam- ple grade Mixed Grain", and according to the special grades when applicable. Grade Requirements Mixed Grain (Grade).-The grade "Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which does not come within the specifications for Sample grade Mixed Grain. Sample grade Mixed Grain.-The grade "Sample grade Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which contains more than 16 percent of moisture, or more than 15 percent of damaged kernels, or more than 3 percent of heat-damaged kernels; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which has a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 10 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Coemetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 69 Grade Designations The grade designation for Mixed Grain shall include, in the order named: (1) The words "Mixed Grain" or the words "Sample grade Mixed Grain", as the case may be; (2) The name and approximate percentage of each kind of grain, including wild oats, which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture, in the order of predominance; and (3) When applicable, the words "Other Grains", followed by a statement of the per- centage of the combined quantity of those kinds of grain, including wild oats, each of which is present in a quantity less than 10 percent; and (4) The words "Foreign Material", together with a statement of the percentage thereof. All percentage statements shall be in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. Special Grades for Mixed Grain Tough Mixed Grain Definition.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Tough." 70 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Mixed Grain Definition.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of mixed grain, or (b) any other mixed grain which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 per- cent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Grain Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 71 Garlicky Mixed Grain Definition.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of mixed grain; or (b) mixed grain in which oats or barley predominates, and which contains 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of mixed grain. Grades.-.Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Mixed Grain Definition.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were niot weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Blighted Mixed Grain Definition.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be all mixed grain in which barley predominates and which, as a whole, contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially dis- colored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade 72 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Blighted." Treated Mixed Grain Definition.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which has been scoured, limed, washed, sulphured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade desig- nation, alone. Grades.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All deter- minations shall be on the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the apparatus and the method of use thereof specified in the official grain standards of the United States for the kind of grain which predominates in the mixture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 7 3 Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards. Act, but shall not include wild oats. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains. for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused bxr fermentation. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GRAIN INSPECTION The United States Grain Standards Act pro- vides in part as follows: INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS "SEc. 4. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain no person thereafter shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign com- merce any such grain which is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade unless the grain shall have been inspected and graded by an inspector licensed under this act and the grade by which it is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale be one of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States: Provided, That any person may sell, offer for sale, or consign for sale, ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain by sample or by type, or under any name, de- scription, or designation which 'is not false or mis- leading, and which name, description, or designa- tion does not include in whole or in part the terms of any official grain standard of the United States: Provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade may be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce without inspec- tion at point of shipment by an inspector li- censed under this act, to or through any place at which an inspector licensed under this act is located, subject to be inspected by a licensed inspector at the place to which shipped or at some convenient point through which shipped for inspection, which inspection shall be under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe, and subject further 74 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 75 to the right of appeal from such inspection, as provided in section 6 of this act: And provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by any of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards may. upon compliance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture, be shipped in interstate or foreign commerce with- out inspection from a place at which there is no inspector licensed under this act to a place at which there is no such inspector, subject to the right of either party to the transaction to refer any dispute as to the grade of the grain to the Secretary of Agriculture, who may determine the true grade thereof. No person shall in any certificate or in any contract or agreement of sale or agreement to. sell by grade, either oral or written, involving, or in any invoice or bill of lading or other shipping document relating to, the shipment or delivery for shipment, in inter- state or foreign commerce, of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, describe, or in any way refer to, any of such grain as being of any grade other than a grade fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States." MISREPRESENTATION "SEc. 5. That no person, except as permitted in section 4, shall represent that any grain shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce is of a grade fixed in the official grain standards other than as shown by a certificate therefor issued in compliance with this act; and the Secretary of Agriculture is author- ized to cause examinations to be made of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act,. and which has been certified to conform to any grade fixed therefor in such official grain standards, or which 76 . OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS has been shipped or delivered f or shipment in interstate or foreign commerce. Whenever, after opportunity for hearing is given to the owner or shipper of the grain involved, and to the inspector thereof if the same has been inspected, it is de- termined by the Secretary that any quantity of grain has been incorrectly certified to conform to a specified grade, or has been sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale under any name, description, or designation which is false or misleading, he may publish his findings." APPEALS, FINDINGS, AND FEES "SEc. 6. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain and any quantity of such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale, or which has been shipped, or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce shall have been inspected and a dispute arises as to whether the grade as determined by such inspection of any such grain in fact conforms to the standard of the specified grade, any interested party may, either with or without reinspection, appeal the question to the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause such investi- gation to be made and such tests to. be applied as he may deem necessary and to determine the true grade: Provided, That any appeal from such inspection and grading to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be taken before the grain leaves the place where the inspection appealed from was made and before the identity of the grain has been lost, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe. Whenever an appeal shall be taken or a dispute referred to the Secretary of Agriculture under OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 77 this act, he shall charge and assess, and cause to be collected, a reasonable fee, in amount to be fixed by him, which fee, in case of an appeal, shall be refunded if the appeal is sustained. All such fees, not so refunded, shall be deposited and covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. The findings of the Secretary of Agri- culture as to grade, signed by him or by such officer or officers, agent or agents, of the Depart- ment of Agriculture as he may designate, made after the parties in interest have had opportunity to be heard, shall be accepted in the courts of the United States as prima facie evidence of the true grade of the grain determined by him at the time and place specified in the findings." LICENSING OF INSPECTORS "SEc. 7. The Secretary of Agriculture may issue a license to any person, upon presentation to him of satisfactory evidence that such person is competent, to inspect and grade grain and to certificate the grade thereof for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, under this act and the rules and regulations prescribed thereunder. No person authorized or employed by any State, county, city, town, board of trade, chamber of com- merce, corporation, society, partnership, or association to inspect or grade grain shall cer- tify, or otherwise state or indicate in writing, that any grain for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, which has been inspected or graded by him, or by any person acting under his authority, is of one of the grades of the official grain standards of the United States, unless he holds an unsus- pended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. * * *" 78 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS PENALTIES "SEc. 9. That any person who shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of sections 4 or 7 of this act, or any inspector licensed under this act who shall knowingly inspect or grade im- properly any grain which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, or shall knowingly give any false certificate of grade, or shall accept .money or other consideration, directly or. indirectly, for any neglect or improper performance of duty, and any person who shall improperly influence or attempt to improperly influence any such inspector in the performance of his duty, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both." REGULATIONS Section 8 of the Grain Standards Act author- izes the Secretary of Agriculture to make such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary for the efficient execution of the provisions of the Act. Pursuant to this authority, the Secretary of Agriculture has issued regulations under the Act. Copy of the regulations as well as the com- plete text of the Act may be had upon application to any office of Federal Grain Supervision or to the Chief of the Agricultural Marketing Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. BASIS OF INSPECTION The basis of inspection for commercial lots of grain is governed by instructions which are summarized as follows: In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is generally or reasonably uniform in quality and condition throughout the lot, the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 79 grade should be based on a representative sample resulting from a composite of the probings taken from different parts of the lot. In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is not generally uniform as to quality or condition, care must be exercised, in basing the grade, to in ure that the grade assigned will reflect as nearly as may be the quality of the entire lot of grain. In cases where the variations in quality or condition are not material, the grade should be based on a composite sample of all the probings taken from different parts of the lot. However, in cases where the variations in quality or condition, are marked by distinct and outstanding differences between portions of the grain, each portion should be regarded as if it were a separate lot or unit for inspection and grading, and the grade of each portion should be based upon a sample representative of it. In the inspection and grading of lots, parcels, and cargoes of grain loaded aboard boats, barges, and other vessels, licensed inspectors shall be governed by the following requirements: 1. If such a lot, parcel, or cargo tendered for inspection and grading be uniform in quality and condition, the grade shall be based upon an aver- age sample thereof; 2. If such lot, parcel, or cargo so tendered is not uniform in quality and condition by reason of the presence therein of a material portion of grain of a different grade, the licensed inspector shall consider the portions of such lot, parcel, or cargo which are of different grades as separate lots tendered for inspection, and shall separately inspect, grade, and certificate as to grade such different portions; and each such certificate of grade shall bear a statement to the effect that the grain to which it applies has been loaded on board with other grain, the grade, description, and approximate quantity of which shall be specified. 80 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SAMPLING OF GRAIN The taking of a correct and representative sample of a lot or parcel of grain for inspection and grading purposes is an important and essen- tial part of grain inspection. If the sample obtained is not representative no amount of care in making the determinations for the grading factors will establish the true grade of the grain involved. The Department of Agriculture, in its administration of the Grain Standards Act, holds that the licensed inspector is responsible for the correctness of the sample upon which he bases the grade of any lot or parcel of grain. For correct grading it is essential that the sample, properly identified, be preserved in its original condition from the time it is taken until the grade is determined and that it be of sufficient size to permit the required tests to be performed. It is provided in part in Section 18 of Regula- tion 2 of the regulations of the Secretary under the Act that no licensed inspector shall issue a certificate of grade for any grain unless the in- spection and grading thereof be based upon a cor- rect and representative sample of the grain. No sample shall be deemed to be representative unless of the size, and procured in accordance with the methods, prescribed in instructions issued by the Chief of the Agricultural Marketing Service or by such officer of the Department as may be designated by him for the purpose, which are in effect at the time of the inspection and grading. The basic instructions governing the methods for sampling grain are summarized as follows: The size of the sample shall be not less than approximately 2 quarts. If the time to elapse between the drawing of the sample and the de- termination of the grade would permit of such changes in the condition of the sample as to affect the grade assigned to the lot or parcel from which OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 81 the sample was taken, at least 1/ pints of the grain shall be enclosed in an air-tight container and the remainder, if any, in a cloth bag. In the case of bulk grain in a car, truck, or wagon, or in any other container in which the grain is of about the same depth as in a carload, the sample shall be taken with a double-tube 11-compartment probe 62V inches long (fig. 2) by probing flaxseed in seven or more places and all other kinds of grain in five or more places, well distributed in different parts of the car, truck, or other container. In the discretion of the sampler and/or inspector, as many more probings as may be necessary shall be taken from the grain in different parts of the lot. In the case of bulk grain tendered for inspec- tion as it lies in a boat, barge, or other vessel, samples shall be taken with a double-tube com- partment grain probe of either standard or special length by probing at regular spaced intervals throughout the entire lot, provided that all of the grain so tendered is accessible for proper samp- ling. If the grain is of such depth or stowed in such a manner that representative samples of the entire lot cannot be obtained by the sampling methods prescribed in this paragraph, the grain shall be considered as inaccessible for sampling within the vessel. In the case of bulk grain being loaded for in- spection and grading aboard a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the loading spout or other convenient place en route, by the use of a device known as "The Pelican spout sampler" (fig. 1) or any other device giving equivalent results. The stream or streams shall be sampled at regular and frequent intervals to assure a correct and representative sample of the lot. In the case of grain tendered for inspection as it is being discharged from a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the running stream or at some other convenient place 82 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS after it leaves the vessel and before its identity is lost, provided the sample is not taken from grain moving on a horizontal belt where- a cut of a full cross section of the stream is impracticable. The sample shall be taken in such a manner that it will be a correct and. representative sample of the lot. If after examination of the separate probes, or cuts with the Pelican, no material portion of the grain is distinctly inferior to the remainder of the grain, the grain from the separate probes or from each separate cut with the Pelican, shall be combined and the combined sample shall be regarded as an average sample of the grain involved. Whenever it shall appear, as a result of the sampling, that a material portion of any lot or parcel of grain is distinctly. inferior, in any manner, to the remainder of such lot or parcel; also whenever, in the case of grain loaded, or being loaded aboard, or being discharged from, a barge, boat, or steamship, -a material portion of such grain is of a different grade from the remainder, separate samples shall be taken of such distinctly inferior grain and of the re- maining portion, or of the grain of each of the distinctly different grades, as the case may be. There shall be filed with each of the separate samples so taken a statement of the estimated quantity of grain it represents. The detailed official current instructions for the proper sampling of grain may be obtained by applying to any office of Federal grain super- vision. SPOUT SAMPLER OR "PELICAN" For ) o1)1a ini)g a reim 'scl itative Samnple from a falling strmairu of, buflk graini, andl particularly for samin irg bulk grain being sp)ot ed into the 11hids of a, vessel, a spout samipler, g~eneralix' rel'ocre tor as a "PJel]ican"' (fig. 1), is ii sed Via 0. (A) hiiii (11.LT pl:Ie CTOSS suer linsfn in Ihe tret i of graiu he0on salnJied. In operationi the stream of g'raiii is cut at frequent intervals and the samples obtained are then reduced in size by' being put through a Boerner sampler (.fig. 3). 84 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS GRAIN PROBE (TRIER) AND SAMPLING CANVAS For obtaining a representative sample from a carload of bulk grain, a double-tube, 11-compart- ment grain probe (trier) as shown in figure 2 is used. Such a probe makes it possible for the sampler ordinarily to note any unevenness in loading and to ascertain the approximate loca- tion and quantity of any mixture of grain or of dirty, smutty, heating, or damp spots, etc., found in any part of the grain. A canvas 29% inches by 63 inches in dimensions on which to empty the grain from the probe is used. The grain should be emptied lengthwise on the canvas, each separate probeful apart from the others, so that the grain from each compart- ment can be examined separately. Detailed specifications and drawings of the probe, and specifications for the canvas may be obtained by applying to any office of Federal Grain Supervision. 58%IfhdenHthAu~ru 4// I/-COMPARTMENT BULK GRAIN PROBE 5Y8"8 18 1 A WidhIAf'openI6; iou/er to id/hofopernmy nnr ub BaspitB A Compor' - r Otsde d~omIe L L._- VIEW SHOWING COMPARTMENT OPENINGS / Otrtb SECT/ON A SECT/ON8-8" Is/rc 56M phthofner tube L ONG/ TUG/NAL SEC17ON NO76: SOuotradl inne tubs each loeIa lca0 B0092S00001 01 ~Outeradinnertubes to be close f7 n/a FIGURE 2.-Bulk grain probe (trier). 86 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SAMPLE DIVIDER (BOERNER SAMPLER) After a representative sample of the lot or parcel of grain to be graded is obtained, it is usually necessary to reduce its size considerably, in order that the grade may be determined by careful analysis. To reduce the size of a sample of grain containing foreign substances of differ- ent specific gravity or size than of the grain with which they are mixed, and at the same time obtain a sample as representative as the original, is hardly possible except by mechanical means. Figure 3 shows a device, generally referred to as the "Boerner sampler", which will divide a sample into smaller portions and still maintain the proper proportions for the various factors of the original sample. In the operation of this device the grain is placed in a hopper at the top of the machine and is then released, when it passes through an opening at the bottom of the hopper and down the sides of a cone, the point of which is directly under the center of the opening. Around the base of the cone are 36 pockets or openings. The grain falling down the sides of the cone is cut into 36 separate streams, which, a little farther on, merge into 2 streams. Streams nos. 1, 3, 5, etc., unite into 1 stream which empties into one receptacle, and streams nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, etc., unite into another stream which empties into a second receptacle. This device and a simplified form of it are fully described in United States Department of Agriculture Bulletins Nos. 287 and 857. mOVAW/fW/N YEZ "RECEPACL tz' Grrr ,jy1 base&ws of thcne 87 rl(1 O)FFICIXl, (MATN STANDARDS FEDERAL DOCKAGE TESTER A V'ederat dockaac tester with which uniformi res i ts can be obtai ied is used in all offices of h'ederal Grain Supervision and by many grain inspectors in making dockage tests and certain designated sieving tests of grain. (Fig. 4.) Tn- form ation conceringi the Federal clock age tester and its inethod of u se may be obt.ille i by' applying to any off]ice Of Federal Grain Si 1r I OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 89' GRAIN-TESTING SIEVES Standardized grain-testing sieves with accurate perforations are essential in making uniform sieving and dockage tests.. Standardized sieves are specified for use in connection with the en- forcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. These sieves are constructed from half hard aluminum sheet metal 20 gage (B. & S.) thick, and are perforated as described in the fol- lowing table. The maximum tolerance permitted in the accuracy of perforations is plus or minus 0.0005 inch, except that no tolerance is specified. for the length dimensions of slotted perforations. The completed sieves are made up in the form of fiat sieves or as step metal sieves for use in a dockage machine or as hand sieves. The hand sieves are 13 inches in diameter, and have slightly flaring sides 2 inches high, with rolled-top edges, and are made to nest with each other and with a bottom pan. Decimal specifications for the size of sieve perforations should be used in the manu- facturing of grain-testing sieves. 90 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Specifications for sieve perforations Size of perforations Number of perfora- tions per Common designations Decimal square (inches) (inches) oot ROUND HOLE PERFORATIONS 2Y2/64 diameter - _..._-------------- 0. 0390 27, 970 43 /64 diameter.----..---------------- .0703 13,795 5/64 diameter..-.-..... ---..-_. --... .0781 6,705 1/12 diameter-_..---... --... -_---_ .0833 9, 820 12/64 diameter- - ---..-...-.--....... .1875 2, 640 TRIANGULAR PERFORATIONS WITH INSCRIBED CIRCLES OF- .5/64 diameter_.._.........- ---_-_ 0. 0781 2, 845 0.089 diameter--..------------------- .0890 2,875 SLOTTED PERFORATIONS 3/64 by 3/8 -------------------- 0. 0469 by 0.375 2, 690 4N/64 by 3/4_-... ----.. --_.. .----. 076 by .75 865 9/64 by 3/4..-. --...-_..... .---- .1406 by .75 0.064 by 3/8_..-_-...--..... ----. -0640 by .375 2, 705 0.070 by 1/2_..--------.-------. 0700 by .50 1,655 In addition to the sieves listed above a wire mesh sieve is also used in grain inspection. This sieve which has rectangular openings in it is used in connection with the determination of Dockage in flaxseed. It is constructed of wire having a diameter of 0.015 inch, with 4 by 16 meshes per inch. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 91 BASIS OF DETERMINATION FOR TEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL The official standards provide that the deter- mination of the test weight per bushel in the case of wheat, rye, and barley shall be made upon the basis of the grain from which the dockage has been removed; in the case of flaxseed the test- weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the flaxseed after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning de- vices; and in the case of all other grain the test- weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the grain as a whole. As the test weight per bushel is one of the main factors in determining the grade of grain, 1% quarts of the grain should be available to permit the test weight to be made with a quart tester. STANDARD METHOD OF MAKING TEST- WEIGHT-PER-BUSHEL DETERMINATION The conditions given in the method described below have been found to be essential in making uniform tests of weight per bushel and obtaining accurate results, and have been adopted as stand- ard in connection with the enforcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. (1) Make the test immediately after the sample has been brought to the inspection room, office, or laboratory, to prevent drying out of the grain with consequent change in its test weight. (2) Use 1%quarts of grain for making the test. (3) Fill the kettle from a hopper. (4) Opening at bottom of hopper must be round and exactly 14 inches in diameter. 9 2 92 i(F FI(IAL (; U AIN 'ADiD ('5) B~ottomi of open~ingt tt 2 iu clies ai ove een ter of kettle. (G) r1hL( qut art; kettle mi it ha exactilv 67.2 ctil e inches. TheI meis of the qu1ar1 kettle ,fr in cles, diametter .I.62 inches. (7) If the top1 of the kettle he held exLLcIllx Lye a capacitx o }insidIe tflettslll aill 1)e: heialit f. I. is rough, smooth down the romghl it(5with a round(edl f el 1)u1t dio not tise a fi lb for the purp'ios(w (8) Have ilie kettle rest on a first base. tal lbar1 V E I.K N F 1,K~i >1:iTiiJ atr~ AI~trtt uis ftu I et crrti in iiiil thle tcsl. %%eith}t Iu'bV hu l u -f rainl. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 93 (9) Do not jar the kettle before or during the stroking operation. (10) Use a stroker made of hardwood with smooth rounded edges, 12 inches long, % inch thick, and 1%/4 inches broad. (11) Place the stroker on the edge of the kettle lightly without jarring the kettle. (12) Hold the stroker on the kettle with the sides of the stroker in a vertical position. (13) Stroke the grain 'from the kettle with three full-length zigzag motions of the stroker. (14) Make each stroke clean all the way across the kettle with the stroker always lightly touch- ing the kettle. (15) Use a beam which is both accurately graduated and sensitive to one-tenth pound per bushel. (16) Have the weight-per-bushel apparatus tested periodically for- (a) Accuracy of kettle, (5) Accuracy of beam readings, and (c) Sensitiveness of beam. The method of testing the accuracy of the test kettle and the accuracy and sensitiveness of the weighing beam of any weight-per-bushel testing outfit is given in Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1065. 94 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS METHODS OF MAKING MOISTURE TESTS The official standards for wheat, barley, oats, Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, rye, grain sor- ghums, and flaxseed specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the air-oven method, and the standards for corn specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the water-oven method, or, in all cases, that ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. The air-oven and the water-oven apparatus and their respec- tive methods of use in the determination of moisture content are. described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture. In order that rapid determinations of mois- ture in grain may be made to meet the routine requirements of practical inspection work, grain inspectors may use electric moisture meters or other apparatus and methods which give mois- ture-test results equivalent to the results obtained with the air-oven method or the water-oven method, as the case may be. Although the air- oven and water-oven methods are specified as the basic methods for determining moisture con- tent for the purposes of the standards, it is intended that these methods will be used prin- cipally for the purpose of checking and standard- izing the electric moisture meters or other moisture-testing equipment and methods used in routine grain-inspection work. OFFICIAL 1 GRAIN STANI)ARI)S ELECTRIC MOISTURE METER electric iioisture meter with which riiiiations of the Ifloist11t conItent of IMade is ini general use in grahinlse Ali ([ ernCif can bx worfk, ctioli A x t., I"13 (;J Elcclric niui inr:meter. A dv-,emiption of lie melthod( of uitili ilw e lec tri c mi [t!sture meter i ! I misral ed ini figu re 6, in- ci tiding the necessary conversion charts, is giveln ln 1)arnflpllCt t. S. G. S. A. M. I1. Lc-1, the latest revised coqvy of which can be obtained Ftroim an~v office oft Federal Grain Supervision. 96 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS EQUIPMENT USED IN GRAIN INSPECTION (1) Bulk grain probe. (2) Spout sampler (Pelican). (3) Sack probe (trier). (4) Sampling canvas. (5) Waterproof sample bags. (6) Airtight containers. (7) Sample divider (Boerner sampler). (8) Dockage tester. (9) Hand sieves. (10) Test-weight-per-bushel apparatus. (11) Moisture tester. (12) Balances: one 1,200-gram and one 100- gram capacity. (13) Barley pearler. (14) Sulphur-testing apparatus. (15) Smut dockage machine (for Pacific Coast). (16) Miscellaneous: grain pans, tweezers, tables, etc. 0     U. S. G. S. A.-Form No. 90 Revised 1941 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Agricultural Marketing Service HANDB5 OF OFFICIAL ICiAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, effective October 1, 1937; Corn, effective January 20, 1937; Barley, effective July 1, 1937; Oats, effective July 1, 1941; Feed Oats and Mixed Feed Oats, effective July 1, 1935; Rye, effective July 1, 1941; Grain Sor- ghums and Flaxseed, effective July 1, 1935; Soybeans, effective September 1, 1941; and Mixed Grain, effective July 1, 1935 A2a Prepared by the Agricultural Marketing Service UJNWERSITY OF MICHIAN GENERAL LIBRARY  U. S. G. S. A.-Form No. 90 Revised 1941 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, effective October 1, 1937; Corn, effective January 20, 1937; Barley, effective July 1, 1937; Oats, effec- tive July 1, 1941; Feed Oats and Mixed Feed Oats, effective July 1, 1935; Rye, effective July 1, 1941; Grain Sorghums and Flaxseed, effective July 1, 1935; Soybeans, effective September 1, 1941, and Mixed Grain, effective July 1, 1935 Important Features of Grain Inspection UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1941 For sale by Supt. Documents Wash. D. C. - - CONTENTS Grain standards: Page Wheat standards--- -----_-_________ 1 Corn standards---------_____-__-- 20 Barley standards-_--______-_____ 25 Oats standards -------------------- 36 Feed Oats standards--------------- 42 Mixed Feed Oats standards --------- - 46 Rye standards-__--__.-_------. 50 Grain sorghums standards------- - _ --56 Flaxseed standards _ ..- _ _ _ _ _ - 65 Soybeans standards - _ _ _ ...-. _ _ - _ . _ _ - 68 Mixed Grain standards_ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ 73 Important features of grain inspection: Inspection requirements------------ 79 Misrepresentation ----------------- -80 Appeals, findings, and fees---------- -81 Licensing of inspectors- _ _ - -- _ - _ _ _ _ - 82 Penalties------------------------- 83 Regulations________-----____.-_ 83 Basis of inspection----------------- 83 Sampling of grain_-_ -------__ 85 Spout sampler or "Pelican"---- ------88 Grain probe (trier) and sampling canvas_------- ----------------- 89 Sample divider (Boerner sampler)._- 91 Federal dockage tester - ----- - _ _ -- - ---93 Grain-testing sieves ----------------- 94 Specifications for sieve perforations - 95 Basis of determination for test weight per bushel---------------------- 96 Standard method of making test- weight-per-bushel determination___ 96 Methods of making moisture tests_ _ 99 Electric moisture meter ------------ 100 Equipment used in grain inspection_- 101 FURTHER INFORMATION For further information regarding the United States Grain Standards Act, the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture thereunder, or the official grain standards apply to any office of the Grain and Seed Division or to the Chief, Agricultural Market. ing Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Ix N/ gt 8 41 HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR WHEAT1 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for wheat: Wheat.-Wheat shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of wheat and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 50 percent of broken kernels of grain of any size. The term wheat in these standards shall not include emmer, spelt, ein- korn, Polish wheat, and poulard wheat. Classes.-Wheat shall be divided into seven classes, as follows: Class I, Hard Red Spring Wheat; Class II, Durum Wheat; Class III, Red Durum Wheat; Class IV, Hard Red Winter Wheat; Class V, Soft Red Winter Wheat; Class VI, White Wheat; and Class VII, Mixed Wheat. Grades.-Wheat shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to,.the special grades when applicable. 1 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 1 2 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Hard Red Spring Wheat (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of hard red spring wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (B) Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red .Spring Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (C) Red Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall also include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consist- ing of more than 10 percent of the variety Humpback. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 3 Class I.-Hard Red Spring Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Dark Northern Spring, (b) Northern Spring, (c) Red Spring Maximum limits of- a Damaged kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other 1q (wheat and terial classes other grains) Grade No. Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 1Heavyl 2... 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 2 12----__---- 58 2 .1 1 .5 5 2 22-____._-__-_ 57 4 .2 2 1.0 10 3 3------------ 55 7 .5 3 2.0 10 5 4-------..-- - 53 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 5----------- 50 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Northern Spring, or Northern Spring, or Red Spring, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 Heavy to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Applies to each of the subclasses Dark Northern Spring, Northern Spring, and Red Spring. 2 The wheat in grades No. 1 Heavy and No. 1 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by i inch long. 4 OFFICIAL GRAIN STAXDARDS Durum Wheat (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of com- mon durum wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (B) Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 60 percent or more but less than 75 percent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (C) Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of less than 60 per- cent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Red Durum Wheat (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of Red Durum Wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 5 Class II.-Durum Wheat and Class III.-Red Durum Wheat Grade requirements for the subclasses (a) Hard Amber Durum, (b) Amber Durum, and (c) Durum, of the class Durum Wheat, and for the class IRed Durum Wheat Maximum limits of- Damaged 'Q kernels Foreign W heats of other (wheat and material classes other grains) Grade No. - Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 13-___ ---_ 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 25 3 2 -____ -__ --_ 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 5 3 3____---- 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 10 4------------ 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 5------------ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Hard Amber Durum, or Amber Durum, or Durum, or wheat of the clas- Red Durum Wheat, which does not come within the re- quirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 These specifications do not apply to the class Red Durum Wheat, or to the subclass Durum. 2 No. 1 Red Durum may contain 10 percent of wheats of other classes. 3 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of each of these classes may contain not more than either (a) 7 percent of shrunken and/or 6 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by 3j inch long, or (b) 10 percent of all such material that will pass through said sieve together with the broken kernels of grain of any size which remain on said sieve; and the wheat in grade No. 3 of each of these classes may contain not more than either (a) 10 percent of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through said sieve, or (b) 15 percent of all such material that will pass through said sieve together with the broken kernels of grain of any size which remain on said sieve. Hard Red Winter Wheat (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of hard red winter wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (B) Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (C) Yellow Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitre- ous kernels. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 7 Class IV.-Hard Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Dark Hard Winter, (b) Hard Winter, (c) Yellow Hard Winter Maximum limits of- t Damaged A kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes bs other grains) Grade No. _ Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 11------- 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 1 21-.---------- 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 2 31---1--___ 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 3 4------------ 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 5-- _ -------_ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade- Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Hard Winter, or Hard Winter, or Yellow Hard Winter, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 309334*-41 2 8 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Soft Red Winter Wheat (Class V) This class shall include all varieties of soft red winter wheat and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of both light and dark colored kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of Soft Red Winter Wheat grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. Subclass (B) Western Red This subclass, shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 10 percent of wheat of this class grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 9 Class V.-Soft Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Red Winter, (b) Western Red Maximum limits of- Damaged a kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes b other grains) Grade No. - _40 . a en c Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 1 1------ 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 21-----------58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 3 1----------- 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 4---------___ 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 5 ------------ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10. 10.0 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Red Winter, or Western Red, which does not come within the requirements of any. of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cin- ders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 110 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Wheat (Class VI) This class shall include all. varieties of white wheat, whether winter or spring grown, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into four subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard White This subclass shall include all wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Soft White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of less than 75 per- cent of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (C) White Club This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of common white wheat other than Sonora, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (D) Western White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat which contains more than 10 percent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varie- ties, either singly or in any combination, and which also contains more than 10 percent of com- mon white wheat other than Sonora. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Class VI.-White Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Hard' White, (b) Soft White, (c) White Club, (d) Western White Maximum limits of- Damaged a kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes other grains) Grade No. - Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 11___________ 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 21_-_-________ 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 31..-..-__..____ 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 4__...__.._....._ 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 551 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade.. Sample grade shal include wheat of the subclass Hard White, or Soft White, or White Club, or Western White, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains- more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or hite or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of.smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 12-2 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Mixed Wheat (Class VII) This class shall include all mixtures of wheat not provided for in the classes from I to VI, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-Mixed Wheat shall be graded according to the numeri- cal and Sample grade requirements of the class of wheat which predominates in the mixture, except that the grade specifications for the factor "wheats of other classes" and the grade specifica- tions for "No. 1 Heavy" in the standards for hard red spring wheat, shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall be stated as provided in paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section: (a) Except as specified in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, the grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, (2) the words "Mixed Wheat", and (3) the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of wheat which constitutes more than 10 percent of the mixture in the order of its predominance; but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. (b) Amber Mixed Durum.-Amber Mixed Durum shall be Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which con- tains not more than a total of 15 percent of wheats other than common durum and which contains not less than 60 percent of Durum kernels that are hard and vitreous and of amber color. Amber Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 per- cent of red durum, white, and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Amber Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 13 named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words "Amber Mixed Durum." (c) Mixed Durum.-Mixed Durum shall be Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which contains not more than a total of 20 percent of wheats other than com- mon durum. Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 percent of Red Durum wheat, and may contain not more than 5 percent of white and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words 'Mixed Durum." Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than wheat, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the wheat by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of wheat kernels removed in properly' separating the foreign material, and which cannot be re- covered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. 14 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Wheat Tough Wheat Definition.-Tough wheat shall be (a) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, or Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, predomi- nates, which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 15.5 percent of moisture, and (b) wleat of any of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, pre- dominates, which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Wheat Definition.-Smutty wheat shall be wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat. Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the method described either in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section. (a) Smut dockage.-Before the determination of smut dockage as provided in this paragraph, the wheat shall be graded and designated accord- ing to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty. The smut shall be removed by scouring and the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 15 loss in weight of the wheat caused by the removal of the smut shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the grain when free from dockage. The percentage so calculated shall be stated in terms of half percent, whole percent, or whole and half percent, as the case may be. A fraction of a half percent shall be disregarded. The percentage of the smut dockage, so calculated and stated, shall be added to the grade designation, preceding the statement of dockage, if any. (b) "Light Smutty" and "Smutty."-Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards appli- cable to such wheat if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty wheat which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." 309334--41---3 16 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Garlicky Wheat Definition.-Garlicky wheat shall be wheat which contains two or more green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat. Grades.-Garlicky wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains two or more but not more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Gar- licky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Wheat Definition.-Weevily wheat shall be. wheat which is infested with live weevils or other insects injuious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 17 Ergoty Wheat Definition.-Ergoty wheat shall be wheat which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Treated Wheat Definition.-Treated wheat. shall be wheat which had been. scoured, limed, washed, sul- phured, or treated in' such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numer- ical grade or the Sample grade designation, alone. Grades.-Treated wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. 18 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils, or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use. thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as de- termined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than wheat which is not separated from the wheat in the proper deter- mination of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull-less bar- ley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 19 Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which have been mate- rially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 20 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR CORN2 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for corn (maize): Corn.-Corn shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of shelled corn of the dent or flint varieties, and may contain not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Classes.-Corn shall be divided into three classes, as follows: Class I, Yellow Corn; Class II, White Corn; and Class III, Mixed Corn. Yellow Corn (Class I) This class shall include yellow corn, and may include not more than 5 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of red on ker- nels of corn otherwise yellow shall not affect their classification as Yellow Corn. White Corn (Class II) This class shall include white corn, and may include not more than 2 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of light straw color or of pink on kernels of corn otherwise white shall not affect their classification as White Corn. 2 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 21 Mixed Corn (Class III) This class shall consist of corn of various colors that does not meet the color require- ments for either of the classes Yellow Corn or White Corn. White-capped yellow kernek shall be classified as Mixed Corn. Grades.--Corn shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Corn Grade requirements for Yellow Corn, White Corn, and Mixed Corn Grade No. 1----------_ 2------------- 3----- ---- 4---------___. 5-__-------- Sample grade. Maximum limits of- Mini- mum test weight Cracked Damaged kernels per Mois- corn and - bushel ture foreign Heat- material Total damaged Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 54 14.0 2 3 0.1 53 15.5 3 5 .2 51 17.5 4 7 .5 48 20.0 5 10 1.0 44 23.0 7 15 3.0 Sample grade shall include corn of the class Yel- low Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 22 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Corn Flint Corn Definition.-Flint corn shall be corn of any class which consists of 95 percent or more of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint corn shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not flint corn, and the word "Flint" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, imme- diately following the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Flint and Dent Corn Definition.-Flint and Dent corn shall be corn of any class which consists of a mixture of the flint and dent varieties and which contains more than 5 percent but less than 95 percent of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint and Dent corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not Flint and Dent corn, and the words "Flint and Dent" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately fol- lowing the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Weevily Corn Definition.-Weevily corn shall be corn that is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 23 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of class, variety, damage, and heat damage, shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of the cracked corn and for- eign material. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the water oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No.147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulle- tin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Cracked corn and foreign material-Cracked corn and foreign material shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of corn and all matter other than corn which will pass through a No. 12 sieve, and all matter other than corn re- maining on such sieve after screening. No. 12 sieve.-A metal sieve perforated with round holes 12/64 inch in diameter. 309334*-41 4 24 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, sweet corn, pop corn, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and. pieces of kernels of corn which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 25 STANDARDS FOR BARLEY3 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for barley: Barley.-Barley shall be any grain which, be- fore the removal of dockage, consists of 50 per- cent or more of barley, and may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. The term "barley" as used in these standards shall not include hull-less barley. Classes.-Barley shall be divided into four classes, as follows: Class I, Barley; Class II, Black Barley; Class III, Western Barley; and Class IV, Mixed Barley. Grades.-Barley shall be 'graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 3 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 26 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Barley (Class I) This class shall include all white (glumes) barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Malting Barley This subclass shall include 6-rowed barley of the class Barley (Class I) which meets the re- quirements of grades Nos. 1 to 3, inclusive, which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 5 percent of 2-rowed and/or other types or varieties of barley of unsuitable malting type such as Trebi and Black; which contains not more than 15 percent of barley and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal seive with slotted perforations 0.076 (4%/64) of an inch wide and % of an inch long; which contains not more than 5 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels; which contains not more than 4 percent of damaged barley; and shall not in- clude Bleached barley. Barley of this subclass shall contain 75 percent or more of mellow bar- ley kernels which kernels are not, en masse. semi-steely. Subclass (B) Barley This subclass shall include all barley of the class Barley which does not meet the require- ments of subclass (A) Malting Barley. Black Barley (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of black (glumes) barley grown anywhere in the United States, and may include not more than 10 per- cent of barley of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 27 Class I.-Barley and Class II.-Black Barley Grade requirements for subclass (a) Malting Barley and subclass (b) Barley, of the class Barley, and for the class Black Barley Grade No. 1 3 - - - - - - - 2 3 3 3-- - - - - 44. 5------------ Sample grade- lim m Maximum limits of- Heat- damaged Test kernels For- Bro- Black weight Sound (barley, eign ken har- per barley I other mate- ker- ley 2 bushel grains, rial nels and wild oats) Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 47 95 0.1 1 4 0.5 46 93 .2 2 8 1.0 43 90 .5 3 12 2.0 40 80 1.0 4 20 5.0 35 70 3.0 , 6 30 10.0 Sample grade shall include barley of the subclass Barley, or .of the class Black Barley, which does not come within the grade requirements if any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu, sive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Any barley in grade No. 1 that does not come within the pro- visions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 2 percent of blight-damaged barley; and barley in any grade from No. 2 to Sample grade, inclusive, that does not come within the provisions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley. Any barley containing more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley shall be graded No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, or Sample grade, Blighted, as the case may be, as provided in the specifications for Blighted barley. 2 These specifications do not apply to the class Black Barley. 3 See special requirements for subclass (A) Malting Barley. ' Barley that is badly stained or materially weathered, shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 28 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Western Barley (Class III) This class shall include white (glumes) barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. Class III.-Western Barley Grade requirements for Western Barley Maximum limits of- Mini- Heat- mum Grade No. limits of damaged For- Bro- sound kernels Wild eign ken Black barley oher' oats ma- ker- barley grains, and terial nels wild oats) Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 1---_-______-__ 98 0.1 1 0.5 3 0.5 2-------------- 96 .2 2 1.0 6 1.0 3-------------- 93 .3 3 2.0 10 2.0 4-------------- 88 .5 5 3.0 15 5.0 5__--_ --_ ---_ --_ 80 1.0 10 4.0 25 10.0 Sample grade__ Sample grade shall include barley of the class Western Barley which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1. to No. 5, inclusive; or which con- tains more than 15 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable adobe, stones, and cinders, singly or combined; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which con- tains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which contains the seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 29 Mixed Barley (Class IV) This class shall be any mixture of barley not provided for in the classes from I to III, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.- Mixed Barley shall be graded according to the grade requirements of either (1) the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or (2) the class Black Barley, or (3) the class Western Barley, according to which class of barley predominates in the mixture, except that all grade specifica- tions as to the maximum percentages of black barley shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Barley shall include successively, in the order named, the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be; the words "Mixed Barley", followed by the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of barley which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture in the order of its predominance, but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate per- centage of at least one other class. For Mixed Barley, in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, the grade designation shall include a statement of the test weight per bushel immediately following the names and percentages of the classes composing the mixture. 30 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than barley, sand, dirt, and any material other than barley, which can be removed readily from the barley by the use of a metal scalper riddle sieve with slotted per- forations %4 inch wide by % inch long and by the use of a 20-gage metal sieve with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are %4 inch in diameter; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of barley kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning with the sieve having equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 64 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The percentage of dockage, so calculated, when equal to 1 per- cent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Barley Test Weight of Western Barley Grades for test weight of Western Barley.- For barley of the class Western Barley, the test weight per bushel in terms of whole pounds shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, following the name of the class. A fraction of a pound shall be disregarded. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 31. Two-Rowed Barley Definition.-Two-rowed barley shall consist of 2-rowed barley of the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or of the class Western Barley, and may contain not more than 10 percent of barley of other varieties. Grades.-Two-rowed barley shall be graded and designated accc rding to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not 2-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name cf the class, the word "Two- rowed." Tough Barley Definition.-'1 ough barley shall be (a) barley of either of the classes Barley or Black Barley, or of the class Mired Barley in which barley of either one of ;he classes Barley or Black Barley predominates, which contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture, and (b) barley of the class Western Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, which contains more than 13.5 percent but not more than 15 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." 00:834--41 5 32 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Bright Western Barley Definition.-Bright Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is of good natural color. Grades.-Bright Western barley shall be :graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bright, and there shall be added to, and' made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright.' Stained Western Barley Definition.-Stained Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is badly stained or weath- ered. Grades.-Stained Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not stained, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Stained." Blighted Barley Definition.-Blighted barley shall be all bar- ley which contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted barley shall be graded and designated. according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Blighted." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 33 Smutty Barley Definition.-Smutty barley shall be barley which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Garlicky Barley Definition.-Garlicky barley shall be barley which contains 3 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of barley. Grades.-Garlicky barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Barley Definition.-Weevily barley shall be barley which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 34 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Barley Definition.-Ergoty barley shall be barley which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Bleached Barley Definition.-Bleached barley shall be barley which, in whole or in part, has been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleach- ing agent. Grades.-Bleached barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Each determination of heat-dan- aged kernels and of mellow barley kernels shall be upon the basis of the pearled dockage-free grain. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 35 Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than barley, except other grains, wild oats, and smut masses, which is not separated from the barley in the proper deter- mination of dockage. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Sound barley.-Sound barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley remaining after the removal of dockage, which are not damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Damaged barley.-Damaged barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley which are damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, or which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley, other grains, and wild oats, which have been materially discolored and damaged by ex- ternal heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 36 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR OATS4 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for oats: Oats.-Oats shall be any grain which consists of 80 percent or more of cultivated oats. Oats may contain not more than 10 percent of wild oats. Classes.-Oats shall be divided into five classes as follows: Class I, White Oats; Class II, Red Oats; Class III, Gray Oats; Class IV, Black Oats; and Class V, Mixed Oats. For the purpose of this classification, the characteristics of each class, except Mixed Oats, shall be based on color char- acteristics; White Oats shall include yellow oats; and tinges of white, brown, or black, on the ker- nels of any red oats variety shall not affect their classification as red oats. Oats of any class ex- cept Mixed Oats may include not more than 10 percent. of cultivated oats of other classes. Mixed Oats shall be any mixture of oats which does not meet the requirements for any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, or Black Oats. Grades.-Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Oats Bright Oats Definition.-Bright oats shall be oats, except Bleached oats, that are of good natural color. Grades.-Bright oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." 4 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Foed, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Oats Grade requirements for the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, and Mixed Oats Minimum limits of- Grade No. Test weight per bushel Sound culti- vated oats Maximum limits of- Heat-dam- For- aged kernels eign Wild (oats, other mra- oats grains, and terial wild oats) 11- __--- _-.- 22 3 3___---______ 44... _..... Sample grade Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 32 97 0.1 2 2 30 94 .3 3 3 27 90 1.0 4 5 24 80 3.0 5 10 Sample grade shall include oats of any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, or Mixed Oats, which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contain stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The oats in grade No. 1 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of oats of other classes, of which not more than 3 percent may be black cultivated oats. 2 The oats in grade No. 2 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of black cultivated oats. 3 Oats that are slightly weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. 4 Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 38 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Red Oats Definition.-Special red oats shall be oats of the class Red Oats which consist of Columbia oats or other red oats having similar character- istics and may contain not more than 10 percent of other cultivated oats. Grades.--Special red oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such red oats if they were not special, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately preceding the name of the class, the word "Special." Heavy Oats Definition.--Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 35 pounds or more but less than 38 pounds. Grades.-Heavy oats shall be graded and des- ignated accprding to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Heavy." Extra Heavy Oats Definition.-Extra Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 38 pounds or more. Grades.--Extra Heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not extra heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Extra Heavy." Tough Oats Definition.-Tough oats shall be oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 39 Grades.-Tough oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Thin Oats Definition.-Thin oats shall be any oats, whether sized, clipped, or natural, which contain more than 20 percent of oats and/or other matter except "fine seeds" that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by 3/8 inch long. Grades.-Thin oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not "thin" oats, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Thin." Bleached Oats Definition.-Bleached oats shall be oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Weevily Oats Definition.---Weevily oats shall be oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 309334 -41 6 40 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Oats Definition.-Smutty oats shall be oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Oats Definition.-Ergoty oats shall be oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. . Grades.-Ergoty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not ergoty, and there. shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Garlicky Oats Definition.-Garlicky oats shall be oats which contain 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of oats. Grades.-Garlicky oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standar ls applicable to such oats if they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 41 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultral Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be- the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all matter which can be removed from oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Sound cultivated oats.-Sound cultivated oats shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 42 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats which have been materially discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. STANDARDS FOR FEED OATS5 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for Feed Oats: Feed Oats.-Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of either (a) 30 percent or more but less than 80 percent of cultivated oats, but not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) 80 percent or more of cul- tivated oats and more than 10 percent of wild oats. Feed Oats may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains, and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Feed Oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Feed Oats Tough Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designa- tion, the word "Tough." 5 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Feed Oats Grade requirements for Feed Oats 43 Minimum limits Maximum limits of- of- Hea~t-dam- oeg ae Grade No. Test Culti- aged ernes Foreirialte- weight vated (oats, wild ra per oats oats, and - bushel °at other nTotal e grains) seeds Per- Pounds Percent Percent Percent cent 1.-------------- 32 60 2 3 2 2-------------- 29 45 4 4 3 31------ - __- 26 30 6 6 4 Sample grade_ Sample grade shall include feed oats which do not 3ome within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially ob- jectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic, or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity suffi- cient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded highe- fhan No. 3. Bleo hed Feed Oats Definition.-Bleahed Feed Oats shall be feed oats which, in wh le or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Feed Oats chall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they wvere not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation the word "Bleached." 44 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Weevily Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 per- cent. Grades.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 45 Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Serv- ice and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test. weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except . kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats; but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from feed oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Pol- ish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats, wild oats, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 46 OFFICIAL GlAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED FEED OATS 6 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Feed Oats: Mixed Feed Oats.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of less than 30 percent of cultivated oats, but either (a) not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) not less than 65 percent of wild oats; may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains; and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Mixed Feed Oats. Tough Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Bleached Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which, in whole or in part, 6 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 47 have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Mixed Feed Oats Grade requirements for Mixed Feed Oats Mini- Maximum limits of- mum GradeNo. wtest Grade No. wight Heat-damaged Foreign material per kernels (oats, bushel wild oats, and other grains) Total Fine seeds Pounds Percent Percent Percent 1------------.--. 32 2 5 2 2------------.--. 29 4 7 3 31----- 26 6 10 4 Sample grade... Sample grade shall include mixed feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, in- clusive; or which contain more than 16 per- cent of moisture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quan- tity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Mixed Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weath- ered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Weevily Mixed Feed Oats Definition.--Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious-to stored grain. 3093:4*-41 7 48 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut . spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 49 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other. grains, and wild oats; and shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from Mixed Feed Oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats, or other grains, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 50 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR RYE7 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for rye: Rye,-Rye shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of rye and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Rye shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than rye, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the rye by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of rye kernels which are removed in properly separat- ing the foreign material, and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage', together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. 7 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 51 Rye Grade requirements for Rye Mini- mum test weight Maximum limits of- Damaged kernels r e Foreign material grains) Grade No. 11___-_________ 21--__-----_--- 3 1 _ _ _ 4----------- Sample grade.. per bushel Heat- Foreign Total dam- Total matter dother than aged wheat Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 56 2 0.1 3 1 54 4 .2 6 2 52 7 .5 10 4 49 15 3.0 10 6 Sample grade shall include rye which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty,,or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commer- cially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied ac- curately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The rye in grades No. 1 and No. 2 may contain not more than 20 percent, and the rye in grade No. 3 may contain not more than 30 percent, of rye and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with rectangular perforations 0.064 inch wide by Wa inch long. 52 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Rye Plump Rye Definition.-Plump rye shall be rye which does not contain more than 5 percent of rye and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with rectangular perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. Grades.-Plump rye shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not plump, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately pre- ceding the word rye, the word "Plump." Tough Rye Definition.-Tough rye shall be rye which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Rye Definition.-Smutty rye shall be rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye. Grades.-Smutty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of aver- OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS age size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty rye which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Garlicky Rye Definition.-Garlicky rye shall be rye which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye. Grades.-Garlicky rye shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky rye which contains 2 or more but not more than 6 green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light -Garlicky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky rye which contains more than 6 green garlic bulblets, or an equiva-- lent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Rye Definition.-Weevily rye shall be rye which is infested with live weevils or other insects in- jurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 54 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Rye Definition.-Ergoty rye shall be rye which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 55 Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than rye which is not separated from the rye in the proper determina- tion of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, fiaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 56 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR GRAIN SORGHUMS $ For the purposes of the official grain standards. of the United States for grain sorghums: Grain sorghums.-Grain sorghums shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of grain sorghums. and not more than 10 percent of other grains. for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Stand- ards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage and of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", contains not more than 25 percent of nongrain sorghums. Classes.-Grain sorghums shall be divided into five classes, as follows: Class I, White Grain Sorghums; Class II, Yellow Grain Sorghums; Class III, Red Grain Sorghums; Class IV, Brown Grain Sorghums; and Class V, Mixed Grain Sorghums. Grades.-Grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade re- quirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 8 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Grain Sorghums Grade requirements for Grain Sorghums Grade No. 1------------- _-------- 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - _-- - .- - _ _ _ _ _ _- 4_-----. .-------------- Sample grade ----------- -- Maximum limits of-- Minimum D a m a g e d k e r n e l s Total test (g r a i n sorghums, cracked weight nongrain sorghums, kernels, per bushel Moisture and other grains) Nongrain foreign ma- _ sorghums terial, and Heat- other Total damaged grains Pounds Percent Percent Percent - Percent Percent 55 14 2 0.2 1 4 53 15 5 .5 3 8 51 16I 10 1.0 5 12 49 18 15 3.0 10 15 Sample grade shall include grain sorghums of any class or subclass which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain inseparable stones and/or cinders; of which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which are badly weathered; or which have any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut: or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. H H C z cc I I i , min i a 58 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Grain Sorghums (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of white grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Colored spots upon kernels that are otherwise white shall not affect their classification as white. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) White Kaftr This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white kafir type, including hegari, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) White Durra This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white durra type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (C) White Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class White Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) White Kafir or subclass (b) White Durra. Yellow Grain Sorghums (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of yel- low and salmon-pink grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sor- ghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 59 Subclass (A) Yellow Milo This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the yellow milo type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other yellow grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sor- ghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (B) Yellow Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Yellow Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Yellow Milo. Red Grain Sorghums (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of red grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other "colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the red kafir type and may include not more than 10 percent of other red grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Red Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Red Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Red Kafir. 60 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Brown Grain Sorghums- (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of brown grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Mixed Grain Sorghums (Class V) This class shall include all mixtures of grain sorghums not provided for in the classes from I to IV, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-The grade designation for Mixed Grain Sorghums shall include, .successively, in the order named: (1) The number of the grade or the words "Sample grade.', as the case may be; (2) the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums"; (3) the name and the approximate percentage of each class of grain sorghums which constitutes 10 per- cent or more of the mixture, in the order of its predominance, but if only one class ex- ceeds 10. percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. In those cases where Mixed Grain Sorghums consist of 70 percent or more of grain sorghums of the types white kafir, white durra, yellow milo, or red kafir, singly or combined, and not more than 10 per- cent of brown grain sorghums, the word "Mixed" shall be substituted for the words ' Mixed Grain Sorghums", and the name of the appropriate subclass or subclasses for such type or types, as the case may be, shall be substituted for the class names, in the grade designation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage includes sand, dirt, finely broken ker- nels, weed seeds, and other foreign material,. which can be removed readily from the grain sorghums by means of a metal sieve perforated with round holes 2%/64 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. Dockage shah be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Grain Sorghums Bright Grain Sorghums Definition.-Bright grain sorghums shall be- grain sorghums, of any class or subclass, which have good, natural color. Grades.-Bright grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class or subclass, the word "Bright." 62 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Discolored Grain Sorghums Definition.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums of any class or subclass which are discolored, but which are not badly weathered. Grades.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not discolored, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Discolored." Weevily Grain Sorghums Definition.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Grain Sorghums Definition.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain a quantity of smut masses in excess of a quantity equal to 10 masses in 50 grams of grain sorghums. Grades.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 63 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Each de- termination of class, subclass, nongrain sor- ghums, damage, heat damage, and inseparable stones and/or cinders, shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage and when free from that part of the "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains" which can be removed readily by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perfora- tions the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined .by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. 64 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat: and soy- beans. Nongrain sorghums.-Nongrain sorghums shall include broomcorn, Sudan grass, Johnson grass, and cane seed. Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains.-Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains, shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, and all other mat- ter except dockage that will pass through a metal- sieve perforated with equilateral trian- gular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter; also other grains and all other matter except grain sorghums and nongrain sorghums remaining on such sieve after screening. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, moldy, or otherwise mate- rially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain. sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by 'fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 65 STANDARDS FOR FLAXSEED9 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for flaxseed: Flaxseed.-Flaxseed shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of flaxseed and not more than 20 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Flaxseed shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards. Flaxseed Grade requirements for Flaxseed Grade No. 1----------.---.. . . Sample grade- _ . Minimum test Maximum limits of weight per bushel damaged flaxseed 49 pounds--------- 20 percent 47 pounds --------- 30 percent Sample grade shall include flaxseed which does not come within the requirements of either of the grades No. 1 or No. 2; or which contains fire-damaged flaxseed; or which contains more than 11 percent of moisture; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. e The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 66 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage shall include all matter other than flaxseed which is contained in the lot of grain as a whole; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of flaxseed removed with the dock- age and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the flax- seed including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof shall be added to the grade designation. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of test weight, moisture, damage, and "fire damaged", shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 67 Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use- thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Damaged flaxseed.-Damaged flaxseed shall be seeds and pieces of seeds of flaxseed which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 68 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR SOYBEANS 10 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for soybeans: Soybeans.-Soybeans shall be any grain which, before the removal- of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of threshed soybeans and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United Staters Grain Standards Act. Classes.-Soybeans shall be divided into five classes as follows: Class I, Yellow Soybeans; Class II, Green Soybeans; Class III, Brown Soybeans; Class IV, Black Soybeans; and Class V, Mixed Soybeans. Yellow Soybeans (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of yellow soybeans and may include not more than 10 percent of soybeans of other colors, but may include not more than. 5 percent of brown, black, and/or bicolored soybeans, either singly or in any combination. A tinge of green on soybeans otherwise yellow shall not affect their classi- fication as Yellow soybeans. 10 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 69 Green Soybeans (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of green soybeans and may include not more than 10 percent of soybeans of other colors, but may include not more than 5 percent of brown, black, and/or bicolored soybeans, either singly or in any combination. Brown Soybeans (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of brown soybeans and may include not more than 10 percent of soybeans of other colors. Black Soybeans (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of black soybeans and may include not more than 10 percent of soybeans of other colors. Mixed Soybeans (Class V) This class shall include all mixtures of soybeans not provided for in the classes I to IV, inclusive: Bicolored soybeans shall be classified as Mixed soybeans. Grades.-Soybeans shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of the appropriate class and according to the special grade when applicable. 70 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Soybeans Grade requirements for Yellow Soybeans, Green Soybeans, Brown Soybeans, Black Soybeans, and Mixed Soybeans Grade No. 11_____----_. 21---_------.-. 42 Sample grade_ Maximum limits of- Mini- _ mum test Damaged Foreign weight kernels material per Mure Splits (soybeans other bushel and other than grains) dockage Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 56 13 10 2 1 54 14 15 3 2 52 16 20 5 3 49 18 30 8 5 Sample grade shall include soybeans of any of the classes Yellow Soybeans, Green Soy- beans, Brown Soybeans, Black Soybeans, or Mixed Soybeans, which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which con- tain stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially objectionable for- eign odor; or which are otherwise of dis- tinctly low quality. 1 The soybeans in Grade No. 1 of each of the classes Yellow Soybeans and Green Soybeans may contain not more than 2 percent, and the soybeans in Grade No. 2 of each of these classes may contain not more than 3 percent of Black, Brown, or bi- colored soybeans, singly or combined. 2 Soybeans that are badly weathered or badly stained shall not be graded higher than No. 4. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 71 Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than soybeans, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the soybeans by the use of a 20-gage metal sieve having round-hole perforations %4 inch in diameter; also unde- veloped, shriveled, and pieces of soybeans re- moved in properly separating the foreign material. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage. The percentage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terns of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage," together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grade for Weevily Soybeans Definition.--Weevily soybeans shall be soy- beans that are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.- Weevily soybeans shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards otherwise applicable and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 72 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each determi- nation of moisture, dockage, temperature, odor, live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.- Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the water oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method that give equiv- alent results. Splits.-Splits shall be pieces of kernels of soybeans that are not damaged. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of soybeans and other grains which are heat-damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground-damaged, badly weather- damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Other grains.- Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, and cultivated buckwheat. Foreign material.- Foreign material shall be all matter other than soybeans which is not sepa- rated from the soybeans in the proper determina- tion of dockage. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 3 STANDARDS FOR MIXED GRAIN" For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Grain: Definition.-Mixed Grain shall be any mixture of those grains for which standards have been, or hereafter may be, established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, that does not come within the requirements of any of the standards for such grains, and that does not contain more than 50 percent of foreign material. Wild oats in Mixed Grain shall be classed as a grain. Grades.-Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated either as "Mixed Grain" or as "Sam- ple grade Mixed Grain", and according to the special grades when applicable. Grade Requirements Mixed Grain (Grade).-The grade "Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which does not come within the specifications for Sample grade Mixed Grain. Sample grade Mixed Grain.-The grade "Sample grade Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which contains more than 16 percent of moisture, or more than 15 percent of damaged kernels, or more than 3 percent of heat-damaged kernels; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which has a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. "i The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 74 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grade Designations The grade designation for Mixed Grain shall include, in the order named: (1) The words "Mixed Grain" or the words "Sample grade Mixed Grain", as the case may be; (2) The name and approximate percentage of each kind of grain, including wild oats, which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture, in the order of predominance; and (3) When applicable, the words "Other Grains", followed by a statement of the per- centage of the combined quantity of those kinds of grain, including wild oats, each of which is present in a quantity less than 10 percent; and (4) The words "Foreign Material", together with a statement of the percentage thereof. All percentage statements shall be in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. Special Grades for Mixed Grain Tough Mixed Grain Definition.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Tough." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 75 Smutty Mixed Grain Definition.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of mixed grain, or (b) any other mixed grain which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 per- cent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Grain Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." 76 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Garlicky Mixed Grain Definition.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of mixed grain; or (b) mixed grain in which oats or barley predominates, and which contains 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of mixed grain. Grades.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Mixed Grain Definition.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Blighted Mixed Grain Definition.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be all mixed grain in which barley predominates and which, as a whole, contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially dis- colored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 77 requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not blighted, and there shall be dded to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Blighted." Treated Mixed Grain Definition.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which has been scoured, limed, washed, sulphured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade desig- nation, alone. Grades.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All deter- minations shall be on the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the apparatus and the method of use thereof specified in the official grain standards of the United States for the kind of grain which predominates in the mixture. 78 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, but shall not include wild oats. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards ' Act, which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GRAIN INSPECTION The United States Grain Standards Act pro- vides in part as follows: INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS "SEc. 4. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain no person thereafter shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign com- merce any such grain which is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade unless the grain shall have been inspected and graded by an inspector licensed under this act and the grade by which it is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale be one of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States: Provided, That any person may sell, offer for sale, or consign for sale, ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain by sample or -by type, or .under any name, de- scription, or designation which is not false or mis- leading, and which name, description, or designa- tion does not include in whole or in part the terms of any official grain standard of the United States: Provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade may be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce without inspec- tion at point of shipment by an inspector li- censed under this act, to or through any place at which an inspector licensed under this act is . located, subject to be inspected by a licensed inspector at the place to which shipped or at some convenient point through which shipped for inspection, which inspection shall be under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe, and subject further 79 80 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS to the right of appeal from such inspection, as provided in section 6 of this act: And provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by any of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards may, upon compliance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture, be shipped in interstate or foreign commerce with- out inspection from a place at which there is no inspector licensed under this act to a place at which there is no such inspector, subject to the right of either party to the transaction to refer any dispute as to the grade of the grain to the Secretary of Agriculture, who may determine the true grade thereof. No person shall in any certificate or in any contract or agreement of sale or agreement to sell by grade, either oral or written, involving, or in any invoice or bill of lading or other shipping document relating to, the shipment or delivery for shipment, in inter- state or foreign commerce, of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, describe, or in any way refer to, any of such grain as being of any grade other than a grade fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States." MISREPRESENTATION "SEc. 5. That no person, except as permitted in section 4, shall represent that any grain shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce is of a grade fixed in the official grain standards other than as shown by a certificate therefor issued in compliance with this act; and the Secretary of Agriculture is author- ized to cause examinations to be made of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, and which has been certified to conform to any grade fixed therefor in such official grain standards, or which OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 81 has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce. Whenever, after opportunity for hearing is given to the owner or shipper of the grain involved, and to the inspector thereof if the same has been inspected, it is de- termined by the Secretary that any quantity of grain has been incorrectly certified to conform to a specified grade, or has been sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale under any name, description, or designation which is false or misleading, he may publish his findings." APPEALS, FINDINGS, AND FEES "SEc. 6. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain and any quantity of such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale, or which has been shipped, or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce shall have been inspected and a dispute arises as to whether the grade as determined by such inspection of any such grain in fact conforms to the standard of the specified grade, any interested party may, either with or without reinspection, appeal the question to the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause such investi- gation to be made and such tests to be applied as he may deem necessary and to determine the true grade: Provided, That any appeal from such inspection and grading to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be taken before the grain leaves the place where the inspection appealed from was made and before the identity of the grain has been lost, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe. Whenever an appeal shall be taken or a dispute referred to the Secretary of Agriculture under 82 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS this act, he shall charge and assess, and cause to be collected, a reasonable fee, in amount to be fixed by him, which fee, in case of an appeal, shall be refunded if the appeal is sustained. All such fees, not so refunded, shall be deposited and covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. The findings of the Secretary of Agri- culture as to grade, signed by him or by such officer or officers, agent or agents, of the Depart- ment of Agriculture as he may designate, made after the parties in interest have had opportunity to be heard, shall be accepted in the courts of the United States as prima facie evidence of the true grade of the grain determined by him at the time and place specified in the findings." LICENSING OF INSPECTORS "SEc. 7. The Secretary of Agriculture may issue a license to any person, upon presentation to him of satisfactory evidence that such person is competent, to inspect and grade grain and to certificate the grade thereof for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, under this act and the rules and regulations prescribed thereunder. No person authorized or employed by any State, county, city, town, board of trade, chamber of com- merce, corporation, society, partnership, or association to inspect or grade grain shall cer- tify, or otherwise state or indicate in writing, that any grain for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, which has been inspected or graded by him, or by any person acting under his authority, is of one of the grades of the official grain standards of .the United States, unless he holds an unsus- pended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. * * *" OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 83 PENALTIES "SEc. 9. That any person who shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of sections 4 or 7 of this act, or any inspector licensed under this act who shall knowingly inspect or grade im- properly any grain which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, or shall knowingly give any false certificate of grade; or shall accept money or other consideration, directly or indirectly, for any neglect or improper performance of duty, and any person who shall improperly influence or attempt to improperly influence any such inspector in the performance of his duty, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both." REGULATIONS Section 8 of the Grain Standards Act author- izes the Secretary of Agriculture to make such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary for the efficient execution of the provisions of the Act. Pursuant to this authority, the Secretary of Agriculture has issued regulations under the Act. Copy of the regulations as well as the com- plete text of the Act may be had upon application to any office of Federal Grain Supervision or to the Chief of the Agricultural Marketing Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. BASIS OF INSPECTION The basis of inspection for commercial lots of grain is governed by instructions which are summarized as follows: In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is generally or reasonably uniform in quality and condition throughout the lot, the 84 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS grade should be based on a representative sample resulting from a composite of the probings taken from different parts of the lot. In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is not generally uniform as to quality or condition, care must be exercised, in basing the grade, to in-ure that the grade assigned will reflect as nearly as may be the quality of the entire lot of grain. In cases where the variations in quality or condition are not material, the grade should be based on a composite sample of all the probings taken from different parts of the lot. However, in cases where the variations in quality or condition are marked by distinct and outstanding differences between portions of the grain, each portion should be regarded as if it were a separate lot or unit for inspection and grading, and the grade of each portion should be based upon a sample representative of it. In the inspection and grading of lots, parcels, and cargoes of grain loaded aboard boats, barges, and other vessels, licensed inspectors shall be governed by the following requirements: 1. If such a lot, parcel, or cargo tendered for inspection and grading be uniform in quality and condition, the grade shall be based upon an aver- age sample thereof; 2. If such lot, parcel, or cargo so tendered is not uniform in quality and condition by reason of the presence therein of a material portion of grain of a different grade, the licensed inspector shall consider the portions of such lot, parcel, or cargo which are of different grades as separate lots tendered for inspection, and shall separately inspect, grade, and certificate as to grade such different portions; and each such certificate of grade shall bear a statement to the effect that the grain to which it applies has been loaded on board with other grain, the grade, description, and approximate quantity of which shall be specified. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 85 SAMPLING OF GRAIN The taking of a correct and representative sample of a lot or parcel of grain for inspection and grading purposes is an important and essen- tial part of grain inspection. If the sample obtained is not representative no amount of care in making the determinations for the grading factors will establish the true grade of the grain involved. The Department of Agriculture, in its administration of the Grain Standards Act, holds that the licensed inspector is responsible for the correctness of the sample upon which he bases the grade of any lot or parcel of grain. For correct grading it is essential that the sample, properly identified, be preserved in its original condition from the time it is taken until the grade is determined and that it be of sufficient size to permit the required tests to be performed. It is provided in part in Section 18 of Regula- tion 2 of the regulations of the Secretary under the Act that no licensed inspector shall issue a certificate of grade for any grain unless the in- spection and grading thereof be based upon a cor- rect and representative sample of the grain. No sample shall be deemed to be representative unless of the size, and procured in accordance with the methods, prescribed in instructions issued by the Chief of the Agricultural Marketing Service or by such officer of the Department as may be designated by him for the purpose, which are in effect at the time of the inspection and grading. The basic instructions governing the methods for sampling grain are summarized as follows: The size of the sample shall be not less than approximately 2 quarts. If the time to elapse between the drawing of the sample and the de- termination of the grade would permit of such changes in the condition of the sample as to affect the grade assigned to the lot or parcel from which 86 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS the sample was taken, at least 1/ pints of the grain shall be enclosed in an air-tight container and the remainder, if any, in a cloth bag. In the case of bulk grain in a car, truck, or wagon, or in any other container in which the grain is of about the same depth as in a carload, the sample shall be taken with a double-tube 11-compartment probe 627A inches long (fig. 2) by probing flaxseed in seven or more places and all other kinds of grain in five or more places, well distributed in different parts of the car, truck, or other container. In the discretion of the sampler and/or inspector, as many more probings as may be necessary shall be taken from the grain in different parts of the lot. In the case of bulk grain tendered for inspec- tion as it lies in a boat, barge, or other vessel, samples shall be taken with a double-tube com- partment grain probe of either standard or special length by probing at regular spaced intervals throughout the entire lot, provided that all of the grain so tendered is accessible for proper samp- ling. If the grain is of such depth or stowed in such a manner that representative samples of the entire lot cannot be obtained by the sampling methods prescribed in this paragraph, the grain shall be considered as inaccessible for sampling within the vessel. In the case of bulk grain being loaded for in- spection and grading aboard a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the loading spout or other convenient place en route, by the use of a device known as "The Pelican spout sampler" (fig. 1) or any other device giving equivalent results. The stream or streams shall be sampled at regular and frequent intervals to assure a correct and representative sample of the lot. In the case of grain tendered for inspection as it is being discharged from a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the running stream or at some other convenient place OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 87 after it leaves the vessel and before its identity is lost, provided the sample is not taken from grain moving on a horizontal belt where a cut of a full cross section of the stream is impracticable. The sample shall be taken in such a manner that it will be a correct and representative sample of the lot. If after examination of the separate probes, or cuts with the Pelican, no material portion of the grain is distinctly inferior to the remainder of the grain, the grain from the separate probes or from each separate cut with the Pelican, shall be combined and the combined sample shall be regarded as an average sample of the grain involved. Whenever it shall appear, as a result of the sampling, that a material portion of any lot or parcel of grain is distinctly inferior, in any manner, to the remainder of such lot or parcel; also whenever, in the case of grain loaded, or being loaded aboard, or being discharged from, a barge, boat, or steamship, a material portion of such grain is of a different grade from the remainder, separate samples shall be taken of such distinctly inferior grain and of the re- maining portion, or of the grain of each of the distinctly different grades, as the case may be. There shall be filed with each of the separate samples so taken a statement of the estimated quantity of grain it represents. The detailed official current instructions for the proper sampling of grain may be obtained by applying to any office of Federal grain super- vision. ISI (XFI ('TAT4 (RIN ST.\NI)AIZDl SPOUT SAMPLER OR "PELICAN" Fyi' o1)4aiing a. I-epr("seiitntl falling streami of hulk grain, for, samihng 1)ilk grain b)ein~g holds of a vessel, a spout s ireferr-ed t as a "'Pllean"' (fig. ve sample fromi a, aini part ieii irbyv spouted in~t( Ihe t A 0 0: 0 p. a .....-- ----/8" v\ 1 t1. M r P'IGURE .-Shout snmnplur (i'elican). ihe i c se of this device makes it possibI e to oh ta ii comuplet e cro)ss section';s fr-oml the st ream of grain be1 ig sampled. In operation the stream of grain is cut at frequent intei'-als ami the samp~les obItaine~d are then reduced in size by being putf through a IBoerner sampler (fig. 3). OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 89 GRAIN PROBE (TRIER) AND SAMPLING CANVAS For obtaining a representative sample from a carload of bulk grain, a double-tube, 11-compart- ment grain probe (trier) as shown in figure 2 is used. Such a probe makes it possible for the sampler ordinarily to note any unevenness in loading and to ascertain the approximate loca- tion and quantity of any mixture of grain or of dirty, smutty, heating, or damp spots, etc., found in any part of the grain. A canvas 29% inches by 63 inches in dimensions on which to empty the grain from the probe is used. The grain should be emptied lengthwise on the canvas, each separate probeful apart from the others, so that the grain from each compart- ment can be examined separately. Detailed specifications and drawings of the probe, and specifications for the canvas may be obtained by applying to any office of Federal Grain Supervision. c m C '¢ C 2 h / wu J O +Q'. y a l_ y OO N C y AAO_ 1 C .c -whiI } o W r- rF tiF Qc O r~ h 3 a. _ ;; m .ff h \\ m .J a o c O h ZIT . h v o cm ova v sae , o d3 0 00 n Jle WOpw v ' N ai h " 0 Oat C y C v N a i "c 3 .C o o h " v JO o I .o w O 01 C) 0 I- g0 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 91 SAMPLE DIVIDER (BOERNER SAMPLER) After a representative sample of the lot or parcel of grain to be graded is obtained, it is usually necessary to reduce its size considerably, in order that the grade may be determined by careful analysis. To reduce the size of a sample of grain containing foreign substances of differ- ent specific gravity or size than of the grain with which they are mixed, and at the same time obtain a sample as representative as the original, is hardly possible except by mechanical means. Figure 3 shows a device, generally referred to as the "Boerner sampler", which will divide a sample into smaller portions and still maintain the proper proportions for the various factors of the original sample. In the operation of this device the grain is placed in a hopper at the top of the machine and is then released, when it passes through an opening at the bottom of the hopper and down the sides of a cone, the point of which is directly under the center of the opening. Around the base of the cone are 36 pockets or openings. The grain falling down the sides of the cone is cut into 36 separate streams, which, a little farther on, merge into 2 streams. Streams nos. 1, 3, 5, etc., unite into 1 stream which empties into one receptacle, and streams nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, etc., unite into another stream which empties into a second receptacle. This device and a simplified form of it are fully described in United States Department of Agriculture Bulletins Nos. 287 and 857. yN7 G/TES FUNNEL c- /NTO /NNF5R/W / Z' +W/YrfP fL/NZZ TEP f/MM M A B/ '/A5YC9EZfrA55z FIGURE 3.-Sample divider: A, vertical cross section of device showing paths taken by the material in passing from the hopper to the container; B, cross section of the device at the base of the cone. 92 ( )iFI( 1Al. (flT\IN S'FANI)ARDS93 C' FEDERAL. DOCKAGE TESTER A Hi~cernl doUckag e tester wN7itty which ii nform PUS 1tilt ctan i e ob1tained( 1 iIlQ(I ini all (iltice" (of I> I era]l G rain Su peiionsj and by In aLny grai it irsmnjci if i i tiaki g d ockage testy and c( rtain (lesigllatedl sieving, tl(\As (of rain. (Fig. 4.) InI- fri atlon e4 i cer I IL the IVe(]eral dock age te.-te r andI( its ii10tIov1 ()f 1150 lift\ he ()hiiilJC(i 1) v 'lI li\! hg to Anyi uflice of i'edcra!l (raill Is1)r V 511 I N'n:G'PK 4. -FO(ICT-Al 1n k 3a IrsE r. 94 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS GRAIN-TESTING SIEVES Standardized grain-testing sieves with accurate perforations are essential in making uniform sieving and dockage tests. Standardized sieves are specified for use in connection with the en- forcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. These sieves are constructed from half hard aluminum sheet metal 20 gage (B. & S.) thick, and are perforated as described in the fol- lowing table. The maximum tolerance permitted in the accuracy of perforations is plus or minus 0.0005 inch, except that no tolerance is specified for the length dimensions of slotted perforations. The completed sieves are made up in the form of flat sieves or as step metal sieves for use in a dockage machine or as hand sieves. The hand sieves are 13 inches in diameter, and have slightly flaring sides 2 inches high, with rolled-top edges, and are made to nest with each other and with a bottom pan. Decimal specifications for the size of sieve perforations should be used in the manu- facturing of grain-testing sieves. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Specifications for sieve perforations 95 Size of perforations Number of perfora- tions per Common designations Decimal square (inches) equivalents foot (inches) ROUND HOLE PERFORATIONS 21/64 diameter- -...._.....--.--- - - - ---0.0390 27,970 4%/64 diameter.-------------------- .0703 13,795 5/64 diameter.- . -------------------- .0781 6,705 1/12 diameter..-------------------- .0833 9,820 10/64 diameter ------ --------------- .1562 . 12/64 diameter .--------------------- .1875 2,640 TRIANGULAR PERFORATIONS WITH INSCRIBED CIRCLES OF- 5/64 diameter---------------------- 0.0781 2,845 0.089 diameter. ..-------------------- . 0890 2, 875 SLOTTED PERFORATIONS 3/64 by 3/8... ..-------------------- 0. 0469 by 0.375 2, 690 4N/64 by 3/4....------------------- .076 by .75 865 9/64 by 3/4. . . ..-------------------- .1406 by .75 ..-...-_..-. 0.064 by 3/8---------.. ..----------- .0640 by .375 2,705 0.070 by 1/2-------------------- .0700 by .50 1,655 In addition to the sieves listed above a wire mesh sieve is also used in grain inspection. This sieve which has rectangular openings in it is used in connection with the determination of Dockage in flaxseed. . It is constructed of wire having a diameter of 0.015 inch, with 4 by 16 meshes per inch. 96 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS BASIS OF DETERMINATION FOR TEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL The official standards provide that the deter- mination of the test weight per bushel in the case of wheat, rye, and barley shall be made upon the basis of the grain from which the dockage has been removed; in the case of flaxseed the test- weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the flaxseed after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning de- vices; and in the case of all other grain the test- weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the grain as a whole. As the test weight per bushel is one of the main factors in determining the grade of grain, 11 quarts of the grain should be available to permit the test weight to be made with a quart tester. STANDARD METHOD OF MAKING TEST- WEIGHT-PER-BUSHEL DETERMINATION The conditions given in the method described below have been found to be essential in making uniform tests of weight per bushel and obtaining accurate results, and have been adopted as stand- ard in connection with the enforcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. (1) Make the test immediately after the sample has been brought to the inspection room, office, or laboratory, to prevent drying out of the grain with consequent change in its test weight. (2) Use 1 %quarts of grain for making the test. (3) Fill the kettle from a hopper. (4) Opening at bottom of hopper must be round and exactly 1Y inches in diameter. OFFICIAL (;RAIN 8TA NDIARDS 9 97 (5) Bottom of opening must be held exactly 2 inches above center of kettle. (6) The quart kettle must have a caIpacity of exactly 67.2 cubic inclies. The inside measure- mient~s of the quart kettle shall be: height -4 inches, diameter 4.fi2 inches. (7) If the top of the kettle is rough, smooth down the i'oughness with a rounided metal bar) but dio not use a file for the purpose. (8) Have the kettle rest on a firm base. ;a 4 F, w Nj - an~iar'i'(apparatus GKr deteriuiniiig the test xv-eiglit. per h ijshel of grain, 98 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS (9) Do not jar the kettle before or during the stroking operation. (10). Use a stroker made of hardwood with smooth rounded edges, 12 inches long, % inch thick, and 1/ inches broad. (11) Place the stroker on the edge of the kettle lightly without jarring the kettle. (12) Hold the stroker on the kettle with the sides of the stroker in a vertical position. (13) Stroke the grain from the kettle with three full-length zigzag motions of the stroker. (14) Make each stroke clean all the way across the kettle with the stroker always lightly touch- ing the kettle. (15) Use a beam which is both accurately graduated and sensitive to one-tenth pound per bushel. (16) Have the weight-per-bushel apparatus tested periodically for- (a) Accuracy of kettle, (b) Accuracy of beam readings, and (c) Sensitiveness of beam. The method of testing the accuracy of the test kettle and the accuracy and sensitiveness of the weighing beam of any weight-per-bushel testing outfit is given in Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1065. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 99 METHODS OF MAKING MOISTURE TESTS The official standards for wheat, barley, oats, Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, rye, grain sor- ghums, and flaxseed specify that the. percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the air-oven method, and- the standards for corn and soybeans specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use: of the water-oven method,. or, in all cases, that as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moist- ure. The air-oven and the water-oven apparatus and their respective methods of use in the deter- mination of moisture content are described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture. In order that rapid determinations of mois- ture in grain may be made to meet the routine requirements of practical inspection work, grain inspectors may use electric moisture meters or other apparatus and methods which give mois- ture-test results equivalent to the results obtained with the air-oven method or the water-oven method, as the case may be. Although the air- oven and water-oven methods are specified as the basic methods for determining moisture con- tent for the purposes of- the standards, it is intended that these methods will be used prin- cipally for the purpose of checking and standard- izing the electric moisture meters or other moisture-testing equipment and methods used in routine grain-inspection work. 100 OFFICIAL GRAIN STJANI)ARDS ELECTRIC MOISTURE METER Anl electric i dletermi nations 10i, st ure of the ureter with which raid luoisture conttenut of2 grails can be made is in work. general use0 ill grails-ins pectionl tl.: r z FmuHcF: fi,--1?lecl~ri 11islr iiet er. (bse riptioii of the method of c re A Usl"i nitg the ectric iiioistli re mieteor i 1 ustrated ill figu re 1S, ill- iding the itece ;ary conversion charts, is giveni pamIphlet IJ. -;. G. S. A. M1. B. 1.-I1, the Iate-t, 'ised coif- of wich eani he ohtained from an v,, offie of Fedleral Grain Si5 rv11 on OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 101 EQUIPMENT USED IN GRAIN INSPECTION (1) Bulk grain probe. (2) Spout sampler (Pelican). (3) Sack probe (trier). (4) Sampling canvas. (5) Waterproof sample bags. (6) Airtight containers. (7) Sample divider (Boerner sampler). (8) Dockage tester. (9) Hand sieves. (10) Test-weight-per-bushel apparatus. (11) Moisture tester. (12) Balances: one 1,200-gram and one 100- gram capacity. (13) Barley pearler. (14) Sulphur-testing apparatus. (15) Smut dockage machine (for Pacific Coast). (16) Miscellaneous: grain pans, tweezers, tables, etc. 0    U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE War Food Administration Food Distribution Administration HAND OF OFFICI J SIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, effective October 1, 1937; Corn, effective January 20, 1937; Barley, effective July 1, 1937; Oats, effec- tive July 1, 1941; Feed Oats and Mixed Feed Oats, effective July 1, 1935; Rye, effective July 1, 1941; Grain Sorghums and Flaxseed, effective July 1, 1935; Soybeans, effective September 1, 1942; and Mixed Grain, effective July 1, 1935 I 1V je3A~ ~N5i)f% C) Prepared by the Food Distribution Administration j GAI GENERAL LIBRARY  Revised 1943 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WAR FOOD ADMINISTRATION Food Distribution Administration HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, effective October 1, 1937; Corn, effective January 20, 1937; Barley, effective July 1, 1937; Oats, effec- tive July 1, 1941; Feed Oats and Mixed Feed Oats, effective July 1, 1935; Rye, effective July 1, 1941; Grain Sorghums and Flaxseed, effective July 1, 1935; Soybeans, effective September 1, 1942; and Mixed Grain, effective July 1, 1935 Important Features of Grain Inspection UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTINA OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1943 For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. - Price 15c CONTENTS Grain standards: Page Wheat standards-------_---___ ---_ 1 Corn standards------------------- 20 Barley standards-----------------_ 25 Oats standards----------------- 36 Feed Oats standards--------------- 42 Mixed Feed Oats standards--------- 46 Rye standards-_--------.-------- 50 Grain sorghums standards---------- 56 Flaxseed standards---.---_------- 65 Soybeans standards_---_--____--_-- 68 Mixed Grain standards----- --------73 Important features of grain inspection: Inspection requirements------------ 79 Misrepresentation----------------- 80 Appeals, findings, and fees-------_ _ _ 81 Licensing of inspectors---------- 82 Penalties------------------------- 83 Regulations--------------------_-- 83 Basis of inspection-----_---.----___ 83 Sampling of grain_-------_--.--- 85 Spout sampler or "Pelican"---- ---_-88 Grain probe (trier) and sampling canvas------------------------ 89 Sample divider (Boerner sampler) --- 91 Federal dockage tester------------ 93 Grain-testing sieves-------- _ _ ------ 94 Specifications for sieveperforations- 95 Basis of determination for test weight per bushel--_--_-..------___.__ 96 Standard method of making test- weight-per-bushel determination--- 96 Methods of making moisture tests--- 99 Electric moisture meter-...--_ ------- 100 Equipment used in grain inspdction._ 101 FURTHER INFORMATION For further information regarding the United States Grain Standards Act, the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture thereunder, or the official grain standards apply to any office of the Grain Products Branch, or to the Director, Food Distrbu- tion Administration, Washington, D. C. II DEPOSITED BY THE UNITED STA TES OF AMERICA JA2 44 1943 HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR WHEAT' For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for wheat: Wheat.-Wheat shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of wheat and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 50 percent of broken kernels of grains of any size. The term wheat in these standards shall not include emmer, spelt, ein- korn, Polish wheat, and poulard wheat. Classes.-Wheat shall be divided into seven classes, as follows: Class I, Hard Red ST Wheat; Class II, Durum Wheat; Class III, 7 Durum Wheat; Class IV, Hard Red WijI Wheat; Class V, Soft Red Winter Wheat; Class VI, White Wheat; and Class VII, Mixed Wheat. Grades.-Wheat shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 1 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 1 2 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Hard Red Spring Wheat (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of hard red spring wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (B) Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (C) Red Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall also include wheat of the class Hard Red* Spring Wheat consist- ing of more than 10 percent of the variety Humpback. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS - 3 Class I.-Hard Red Spring Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Dark Northern Spring, (b) Northern Spring, (c) Red Spring Maximum limits of- a Damaged 0 kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other - (wheat and terial classes .5 other grains) Grade No. - a a Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pet. Pct. Pet. Pct. 1 Heavy 1 2... 60 2 0.1 1 0.6 5 2 12---- 58 2 .1 1 .5. 5 2 2 ...----.. 57 4 .2 2 1.0 10 3 3------------ 55 7 .5 3 2.0 10 5 4----..-------- 53 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 5------------ 50 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Northern Spring, or Northern Spring, or Red Spring, which does not come within the requirements of any ofthe grades from No. 1 Heavy to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. I Applies to each of the subclasses Dark Northern Spring, Northern Spring, and Red Spring. 2 The wheat in grades No. 1 Heavy and-No. 1 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by 3 inch long. 4 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Durum Wheat (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of com- mon durum wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (B) Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 60 percent or more but less than- 75 percent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (C) Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of less than 60 per- cent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Red Durum Wheat (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of Red Durum Wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 5 Class II.-Durum Wheat and Class III.--Red Durum Wheat Grade requirements for the subclasses (a) Hard Amber Durum, (b) Amber Durum, and (c) Durum, of the class Durum Wheat, and for the class Red Durum Wheat Grade No. 1 3 _ ........... 2 3 .--- _....... 3 3... ...... ........ 5... ._ 4---------d 5---------- Sample grade Maximum limits-of- Damaged ' kernels Foreign Wheats of other (wheat and material classes other grains) 58 4 . 2 2 1 0 0 S' 56 . 5 2. 1 10 .5 . 55 75 .i 3 2.0 10 10 Sample grade shal include wheat of the suholass Hard Amher Durum, or Amher Durum, or Durum, or wheat of the class Red Durum Wheat, which does not come within the re- quirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. , inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially ohjectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 These specifications do not apply to the class Red Durum Wheat, or to the subclass Durum. 2 No. 1 Red Durum may contain 10 percent of wheats of other classes. 3 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of each of these classes may contain not more than either (a) 7 percent of shrunken and/or 6 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long, or (b) 10 percent of all such material that will pass through said sieve together with the broken kernels of grain of any size which remain on said sieve; and the wheat in grade No. 3 of each of these classes may contain not more than either (a) 10 percent of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through said sieve, or (b) 15 percent of all such material that will pass through said sieve together with the broken kernels of grain of any size which remain on said sieve. Hard Red Winter Wheat (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of hard red winter wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (B) Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (C) Yellow Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat_ consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitre- ous kernels. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 7 Class IV.-Hard Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Dark Hard Winter, (b) Hard Winter, (c) Yellow Hard Winter .* Maximum limits of- Damaged 0 kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other 4 (wheat and terial classes other grains) Grade No. _ - -- a .. Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 11....-..-_- . 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 1 2 1. _..- ..__----.. 58 4 . 2 2 1. 0 10 2. 3 1...-- ....---_- 56 7 . 5 3 2. 0 10 3 4. - .._ _...------- 54 10 1. 0 5 3. 0 10 10 5..- -.....---..- 51 15 3. 0 7 5. 0 10 10 Sample grade.. Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Hard Wint;er, or Hard Winter, or Yellow Hard Winter, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or- which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 559886*-43---2 8 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Soft Red Winter Wheat (Class V) This class shall include all varieties of soft red winter wheat and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of both light and dark colored kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of Soft Red Winter Wheat grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. Subclass (B) Western Red This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 10 percent of wheat of this class grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 9 Class V.-Soft Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Red Winter, (b) Western Red Maximum limits of- b Damaged a kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes 8 other grains) Grade No. - cce 0 a8 ' r Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct.. Pct. Pct. 11..__..__.__ _ 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 21._ 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 31..- ..-.._.____ 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 4.-...... -. _ 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 5_ . __ ...- . 51 15. 3.0 7 5.0 10 10._0 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Red Winter, or Western Red, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cin- ders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by 3i inch long. 10 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Wheat (Class VI) This class shall include all varieties of white wheat, whether winter or spring grown, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into four subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard White This subclass shall include all wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Soft White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of less than 75 per- cent of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (C) White Club This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of common white wheat other than Sonora, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (D) Western White. This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat which contains more than 10 percent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varie- ties, either singly or in any combination, and, which also contains more than 10 percent of com- mon white wheat other than Sonora. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 11 Class VI.-White Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Hard White, (b) Soft White, (c) White Club, (d) Western White Maximum limits of- .a Damaged 0 kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes other grains) Grade No. a a .Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 11_. __ __ 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 21......._______ 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 3 1 .._ _ _ ........ 56 7 . 5 3 2. 0 10 2. 0 4_____________ 54 10. 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 5___. .51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade- Sample grade sheal include wheat of the subclass Hard White, or Soft White, or White Club, or Western White, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains - more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones antd/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, orhite or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by , inch long. 12 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Mixed Wheat (Class VII) This class shall include all mixtures of wheat not provided for in the classes from I to VI, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-Mixed Wheat shall be graded according to the numeri- cal and Sample grade requirements of the class of wheat which predominates in the mixture, except that the grade specifications for the factor- "wheats of other classes" and the grade specifica- tions for "No. 1 Heavy" in the standards for hard red spring wheat, shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall be stated as provided in paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section: (a) Except as specified in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this' section, the grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, (2) the words "Mixed Wheat", and (3) the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of .wheat which constitutes more than 10 percent of the mixture in the order of its predominance; but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. (b) Amber Mixed Durum.-Amber Mixed Durum shall be Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which con- tains not more than a total of 15 percent of wheats other than common durum and which contains not less than 60 percent of Durum kernels that are hard and vitreous and of amber color. Amber Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 per- cent of red durum, white, and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation 'for Amber Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 1 named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words "Amber Mixed Durum.'' (c) Mixed Durum.-Mixed Durum shall be Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which contains not more than a total of 20 percent of wheats other than com- mon durum. Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 percent of Red Durum wheat, and may contain not more than 5 percent of white and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words Mixed Durum." Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than wheat, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the wheat by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of wheat kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material, and which cannot be re- covered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1. percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent,. and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The. word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. 14 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Wheat Tough Wheat Definition.-Tough wheat shall be (a) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, or Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, predomi- nates, which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 15.5 percent of moisture, and (b) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red. Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, pre- dominates, which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Wheat Definition.-Smutty wheat shall be wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat. Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the method described either in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section. (a) Smut dockage.-Before the determination of smut dockage as provided in this paragraph, the wheat shall be graded and designated accord- ing to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty. The smut shall be removed by scouring and the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 15 loss in weight of the wheat caused by the removal of the smut shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the grain when free from dockage. The percentage so calculated shall be stated in terms of half percent, whole percent, or whole and half percent, as the case may be. A fraction of a half percent shall be disregarded. The percentage of the smut dockage, so calculated and stated, shall be added to the grade designation, preceding the statement of dockage, if any. (b) "Light Smutty" and "Smutty."-Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards appli- cable to such wheat if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty wheat which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." 559886--43 3 16 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Garlicky Wheat Definition.-Garlicky wheat shall be wheat which contains two or more green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat. Grades.-Garlicky wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains two or more but not more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Gar- licky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Wheat Definition.-Weevily wheat shall be wheat which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 17 Ergoty Wheat Definition.-Ergoty wheat shall be wheat which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the - grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Treated Wheat Definition.-Treated wheat shall be wheat which had been scoured, limed, washed, sul- phured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numer- ical grade or the Sample grade designation, alone. Grades.-Treated wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards. applicable to such wheat if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. 18 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils, or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as de- termined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.---Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than wheat which is not separated from the wheat in the proper deter- mination of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull-less bar- ley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 19 Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which have been mate- rially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 20 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR CORN 2 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for corn (maize): Corn.-Corn shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of shelled corn of the dent or flint varieties, and may contain not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Classes.-Corn shall be divided into three classes, as follows: Class I, Yellow Corn; Class II, White Corn; and Class III, Mixed Corn. Yellow Corn (Class I) This class shall include yellow corn, and may include not more than 5 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of red on ker- nels of corn otherwise yellow shall not affect their classification as Yellow Corn. White Corn (Class II) This class shall include white corn, and may include not more than 2 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of light straw color or of pink on kernels of corn otherwise white shall not affect their classification as White Corn. 2 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 21 Mixed Corn (Class III) This class shall consist of corn of various colors that does not meet the color require- ments for either of the classes Yellow Corn or White Corn. White-capped yellow kernels shall be classified as Mixed Corn. Grades.-Corn shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades, and Sample grade of its appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Corn Grade requirements for Yellow Corn, White Corn, and Mixed Corn Maximum limits of- Mini- mum testDaaekrnl Grade No. weight Cracked Damaged kernels per Mois- corn and bushel ture foreign Heat- material Total damaged Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 1------------- 54 14.0 2 3 0.1 2------------- 53 15.5 3 5 .2 3------------- 51 17.5 4 7 .5 4------------- 48 20.0 5 10 1.0 5------------- 44 23.0 7 15 3.0 Sample grade- Sample grade shall include corn of the class Yel- low Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 22 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Corn Flint Corn Definition.-Flint corn shall be corn of any class which consists of 95 percent or more of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint corn shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not flint corn, and the word "Flint" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, imme- diately following the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Flint and Dent Corn Definition.-Flint and Dent corn shall be corn of any class which consists of a mixture of the flint and dent varieties and which contains more than 5 percent but less than 95 percent of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint and Dent corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not Flint and Dent corn, and the words "Flint and Dent" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately fol- lowing the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Weevily Corn Definition.-Weevily corn shall be corn that is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades:-Weevily corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 23 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of class, variety, damage, and heat damage, shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of the cracked corn and for- eign material. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the water oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No.147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulle- tin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Cracked corn and foreign material.-Cracked corn and foreign material shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of corn and all matter other than corn which will pass through a No. 12 sieve, and all matter other than corn re- maining on such sieve after screening. No. 12 sieve.-A metal sieve perforated with round holes 12/64 inch in diameter. 559880 °-4---4 24 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, sweet corn, pop corn, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 25 STANDARDS FOR BARLEYs For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for barley: Barley.-Barley shall be any grain which, be- fore the removal of dockage, consists of 50 per- cent or more of barley, and may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. The term "barley" as used in these standards shall not include hull-less barley. Classes.-Barley shall be divided into four classes, as follows: Class I, Barley; Class II, Black Barley; Class III, Western Barley; and Class IV, Mixed Barley. Grades.-Barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 3 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 26 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Barley (Class I) This class shall include all white (glumes) barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Malting Barley This subclass shall include 6-rowed barley of the class Barley (Class I) which meets the re- quirements of grades Nos. 1 to 3, inclusive, which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 5 percent of 2-rowed and/or other types or varieties of, barley of unsuitable malting type such as Trebi and Black; which contains not more than 15 percent of barley and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal seive with slotted perforations 0.076 (4y/64) of an inch wide and % of an inch long; which contains not more than 5 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels;- which contains not- more than 4 percent of damaged barley; and shall not in- clude Bleached barley. Barley of this subclass shall contain 75 percent or more of mellow bar- ley kernels which kernels are not, en masse. semi-steely. Subclass (B) Barley This subclass shall include all barley of the class Barley which does not meet the require- ments of subclass (A) Malting Barley. Black Barley (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of black (glumes) barley grown anywhere in the United States, and may include not more than 10 per- cent of barley of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 27 Class I.-Barley and Class II.-Black Barley Grade requirements for subclass (a) Malting Barley and subclass (b) Barley, of the class Barley, and for the class Black Barley nimts of Maximum limits of- Heat- damaged Grade No. Test kernels For- Bro- Black weight Sound (barley, eign ken bar- per barley 1 other mate- ker- lay 2 bushel grains, rial nels and wild oats) Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 13- ------------ 47 95 0.1 1 4 0.5 23 _ _ _ _ 46 93 .2 2 8 1.0 3 3__. ..----. 43 90 .5 3 12 2.0 4 4. ___ ----_ 40 80 1.0 4 20 5.0 5------------- 35 70 3.0 6 30 10.0 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include barley of the subclass Barley, or of the class Black Barley, which does not come within the grade requirements ,f any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or wbi.ch is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Any barley in grade No. 1 that does not come within the pro- visions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 2 percent of blight-damaged barley; and barley in any grade from No. 2 to Sample grade, inclusive, that does not come within the provisions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley. Any barley containing more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley shall be graded No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, or Sample grade, Blighted, as the case may be, as provided in the specifications for- Blighted barley. 2 These specifications do not apply to the class Black Barley. 3 See special requirements for subclass (A) Malting Barley. 4 Barley that is badly stained or materially weathered, shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 28 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Western Barley (Class III) This class shall include white (glumes) barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. Class III.-Western Barley - Grade requirements for Western Barley Maximum limits of- Grade No. Mini- mum limits of sound barley Heat- damaged kernels (barley, other grains, and wild oats) Wild oats For- eign ma- terial Bro- ken ker- nels Black barley 1------------- 4---------- 5------- - Sample grade.- Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 98 0.1 1 0.5 3 0.5 96 .2 2 1.0 6 1.0 93 .3 3 2.0 10 2.0 88 .5 5 3.0 15 5.0 80 1.0 10 4.0 25 10.0 Sample grade shall include barley of the class Western Barley which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which con- tains more than 15 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable adobe, stones, and cinders, singly or combined; or which is , musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which con- tains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which contains the seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to' be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 29 Mixed Barley (Class IV) This class shall be any mixture of barley not provided for in the classes from I to III, inclusive. Grade requirements ' and designations.- Mixed Barley shall be graded according to the grade requirements of either (1) the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or (2) the class Black Barley, or (3) the class Western Barley, according to which class of barley predominates in the mixture, except that all grade specifica- tions as to the maximum percentages of black barley shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Barley shall include successively, in the order named, the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be; the words "Mixed Barley", followed by the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of barley which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture in the order of its predominance, but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate per- centage of at least one other class. For Mixed Barley, in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, the grade designation shall include a statement of the test weight per bushel immediately following the names and percentages of the classes composing the mixture. 30 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than barley, sand, dirt, and any material other than barley, which can be removed readily from the barley by the use of a metal scalper riddle sieve with slotted per- forations /4 inch wide by % inch long and by the use of a 20-gage metal sieve with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are %4 inch in diameter; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of barley kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning with the sieve having equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 34 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The percentage of dockage, so calculated, when equal to 1 per- cent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added, to the grade designation. Special Grades for Barley Test Weight of Western Barley Grades for test weight of Western Barley.- For barley of the class Western Barley, the test weight per bushel in terms of whole pounds shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, following the name of the class. A fraction of a pound shall be disregarded. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 31i Two-Rowed Barley Definition.-Two-rowed barley shall consist of 2-rowed barley of the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or of the class Western Barley, and may contain not more than 10 percent of barley of other varieties. Grades.-Two-rowed barley shall be graded and, designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not 2-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Two- rowed." Tough Barley Definition.-Tough barley shall be (a) barley of either of the classes Barley or Black Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of either one of the classes Barley or Black Barley predominates, which contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture, and (b) barley of the class Western Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, which contains more than 13.5 percent but not more than 15 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." 559886*-43 5 32 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Bright Western Barley Definition.-Bright Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is of good natural color. Grades.-Bright Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." Stained Western Barley- Definition.-Stained Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is badly stained or weath- ered. Grades.-Stained Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not stained, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Stained." Blighted Barley Definition.- Blighted barley shall be all bar- ley which contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the "word "Blighted." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 33 Smutty Barley Definition.-Smutty barley shall be barley which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Garlicky Barley Definition.-Garlicky barley shall be barley which contains 3 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of barley. Grades.-Garlicky barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Barley Definition.-Weevily barley shall be barley which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevfly barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 34 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Barley Definition.-Ergoty barley shall be barley which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Bleached Barley Definition.-Bleached barley shall be barley which, in whole or in part, has been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleach- ing agent. Grades.-Bleached barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Each determination of heat-dam- aged kernels and of mellow barley kernels shall be upon the basis of the pearled dockage-free grain. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the OFFICIAL GRAIN ST.ANIDARDS 35 Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than barley, except other grains, wild oats, and smut masses, which is not separated from the barley in the proper deter- mination of dockage. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, grain 'sorghums, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Sound barley.-Sound barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley remaining after the removal of dockage, which are not damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Damaged barley.-Damaged barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley which are damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, or which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley, other grains, and wild oats, which have been materially discolored and damaged by ex- ternal heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 36 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR OATS 4 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for oats: Oats.-Oats shall be any grain which consists of 80 percent or more of cultivated oats. Oats may contain not more than 10 percent of wild oats. Classes.-Oats shall be divided into five classes as follows: Class I, White Oats; Class II, Red Oats; Class III, Gray Oats; Class IV, Black Oats; and Class V, Mixed Oats. For the purpose of this classification, the characteristics of each class, except Mixed Oats, shall be based on color char- acteristics; White Oats shall include yellow oats; and tinges of white, brown, or black, on the ker- nels of any red oats variety shall not affect their classification as red oats. Oats of any class ex- cept Mixed Oats may include not more than 10 percent of cultivated oats of other classes. Mixed Oats shall be any mixture of oats which does not meet the requirements for any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, or Black Oats. Grades.-Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Oats Bright Oats Definition.-Bright oats shall be oats, except Bleached oats, that are of good natural color. Grades.-Bright oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." 4 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Foed, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 37 Oats Grade requirements for the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, and Mixed Oats Grade No. 11.. .____ ._-_- 2 2_...__ - _ _ _ 3 3 .-_----_... 44_ _. Sample grade. Minimum limits of- Test Sound weight culti- per vated bushel oats Maximum limits of- Heat-dam- For- aged kernels eign Wild (oats, other emgn Wild grains, and terial wild oats) Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 32 97 0.1 2 2 30 94 .3 3 3 27 90 1.0 4 5 24 80 3.0 5 10 Sample grade shall include oats of any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, or Mixed Oats, which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contain stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The oats in grade No. 1 White OatF may contain not more than 5 percent of oats of other classes, of which not more than 3 percent may be black cultivated oats. 2 The oats in grade No. 2 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of black cultivated oats. 3 Oats that are slightly weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. 4 Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 38 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Red Oats Definition.-Special red oats shall be oats of the class Red Oats which consist of Columbia oats or other red oats having similar character- istics and may contain not more than 10 percent of other cultivated oats. Grades.--Special red oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such red oats if they were not special, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately preceding the name of the class, the word "Special." Heavy Oats Definition.--Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 35 pounds or more but less than 38 pounds. Grades.-Heavy oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the -grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Heavy." Extra Heavy Oats Definition.-Extra Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 38 pounds or more. Grades.-Extra Heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not extra heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Extra Heavy." Tough Oats Definition.-Tough oats shall be oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 39 Grades.-Tough oats shall be graded and des-- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Thin Oats Definition.-Thin oats shall be any oats, whether sized, clipped, or natural, which contain more than 20 percent of oats and/or other matter except "fine seeds" that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by 3/8 inch long. Grades.-.Thin oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not "thin" oats, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Thin." Bleached Oats Definition.-Bleached oats shall be oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Weevily Oats Definition.-Weevily oats shall be oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 559886*-43 -6 40 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Oats Definition.-Smutty oats shall be oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Oats Definition.-Ergoty oats shall be oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty oats shall, be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Garlicky Oats Definition.-Garlicky oats shall be oats which contain 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of oats. Grades.-Garlicky. oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 41 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all matter which can be removed from oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with- equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Sound cultivated oats.-Sound cultivated oats shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 42 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats which have been materially discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. STANDARDS FOR FEED OATS5 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for Feed Oats: Feed Oats.-Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of either (a) 30 percent or more but less than 80 percent of cultivated oats, but not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) 80 percent or more of cul- tivated oats and more than 10 percent of wild oats. Feed Oats may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains, and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Feed Oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Feed Oats Tough Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Feed Oats shall be graded. and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designa- tion, the word "Tough." b The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Feed Oats Grade requirements for Feed Oats 43 Minimum limits Maximum limits of- of- TestHeat-dam- Foreign mate- Grade No. Test Culti- aged kernels ria - weight sated (oats, wild per oats, and bushel oats other Total Fine grains) seeds Per- Pounds Percent Percent Percent cent 1-------------- 32 60 2 3 2 2_______.._____ 29 45 4 4 3 31-......... -.. 26 30 6 6 4 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, inclusive;. or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially ob- jectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity suffi- cient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Bleached Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be feed oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to. the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." 44 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Weevily Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be'-graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not smutty, and there .shall be added to, and' made a part of,' the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 per- cent. Grades.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a. part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 45 Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Serv- ice and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture,. or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats; but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from feed oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.--Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Pol- ish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Heat.damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats, wild oats, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 46 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED FEED OATS 6 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Feed Oats: Mixed Feed Oats.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of less than 30 percent of cultivated oats, but either (a) not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) not less than 65 percent of wild oats; may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains; and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Mixed Feed Oats Tough Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Bleached Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which, in whole or in part, 6 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 47 have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Mixed Feed Oats Grade requirements for Mixed Feed Oats Mini- Maximum limits of- mum Grade No. test Ha-aae weight erat-am ate Foreign material _ per kres(as bushel wild oats, and other grains) Total Fine seeds Pounds Percent Percent Percent 1-------------- 32 2 5 2 2--------------- 29 4 7 3 31.....----.-._ 26 6 10 4 Sample grade... Sample grade shall include mixed feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, in- clusive; or which contain more than 16 per- cent of moisture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quan- tity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. I Mixed Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weath- ered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Weevily Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. 5598860-43 7 48, OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be *added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats Definition. Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and. designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions - Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. -Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 49 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats; and shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from Mixed Feed Oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats, or other grains, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 50 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR RYE7 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for rye: Rye.-Rye shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of rye and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Rye shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than rye, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the rye by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of rye kernels which are removed in properly separat- ing the foreign material, and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The w'ord "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. 7 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFIICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Rye Grade requirements for Rye Maximum limits of- Mini- Damaged mum kernels (rye Foreign material test and other Frinmtra Grade No. weight grains) per bushel Heat- Foreign Total dam- Total o ater aged wheat Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 11-----------. 56 2 0.1 3 1 21------------- 54 4 .2 6 2 31------ .-- 52 7 .5 10 4 4------------ 49 15 3.0 10 6 Sample grade.... Sample grade shall include rye which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commer- cially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied ac- curately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The rye in grades No. 1 and No. 2 may contain not more than 20 percent, and the rye in grade No. 3 may contain not more than 30 percent, of rye and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with rectangular perforations 0.064 inch wide by 4 inch long. 52 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Rye Plump Rye Definition.-Plump rye shall be rye which does not contain more than 5 percent of rye and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with rectangular perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. Grades.-Plump rye shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not plump, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately pre- ceding the word rye, the word "Plump." Tough Rye Definition.-Tough rye shall be rye which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Rye Definition.-Smutty rye shall be rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye. Grades.-Smutty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of aver- OFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 53 age size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty rye which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Garlicky Rye Definition.-Garlicky rye shall be rye which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye. Grades.-Garlicky rye shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky rye which contains 2 or more but not more than 6 green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Garlicky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky rye which contains more than 6 green garlic bulblets, or an equiva- lent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Rye Definition.-Weevily rye shall be rye which is infested with live weevils or other insects in- jurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 54 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Rye Definition.-Ergoty rye shall be rye which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to _stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 55 Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than rye which is not separated from the rye in the proper determina- tion of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 56 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR GRAIN SORGHUMS8 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for grain sorghums: Grain sorghums.-Grain sorghums shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of grain sorghums and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Stand- ards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage and of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", contains not more than 25 percent of nongrain sorghums. Classes.-Grain sorghums shall be divided into five classes, as follows: Class I, White Grain Sorghums; Class II, Yellow Grain Sorghums; Class III, Red Grain Sorghums; Class IV, Brown Grain Sorghums; and Class V, Mixed Grain Sorghums. Grades.-Grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade re- quirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 8 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Grain Sorghums Grade requirements for Grain Sorghums Maximum limits of- Minimum Damaged kernels Total test (g r a i n sorghums, cracked Grade No. weight nongrain sorghums, kernels per bushel Moisture and other grains) Nongrain foreign ma- __sorghums terial, and Heat- other Total damaged e grains Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 1.-------------.-- ------------- 55 14 2 0.2 1 4 2--------- -------------------.. 53 15 5 .5 3 8 3-------------------------- 51 16 10 1.0 5 12 4_..- _...._........... -. . _.. - 49 18 15 3.0 10 15 Sample grade-------------- Sample grade shall include grain sorghums of any class or subclass which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to e No. 4, inclusive; or which contain inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which are badly weathered; or which have any commercially. objectionable foreign odor except of smut; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 58 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Grain Sorghums (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of white grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Colored spots upon kernels that are otherwise white shall not affect their classification as white. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) White Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white kafir type, including hegari, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) White Durra This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white durra type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (C) White Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class White Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) White Kafir or subclass (b) White Durra. Yellow Grain Sorghums (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of yel- low and salmon-pink grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sor- ghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 59 Subclass (A) Yellow Milo This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the yellow milo type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other yellow grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sor- ghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (B) Yellow Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Yellow Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Yellow Milo. Red Grain Sorghums (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of red grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other 'colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the red kafir type and may include not more than 10 percent of other red grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Red Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Red Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Red Kafir. 60 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Brown Grain Sorghums (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of brown grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Mixed Grain Sorghums (Class V) This class shall include all mixtures of grain sorghums not provided. for in the classes from I to IV, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-The grade designation for Mixed Grain Sorghums shall include, successively, in the order named: (1) The number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be; (2) the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums"; (3) the name and the approximate percentage of each class of grain sorghums which constitutes 10 per- cent or more of the mixture, in the order of its predominance, but if only one class ex- ceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. In those cases where Mixed Grain Sorghums consist of 70 percent or more of grain sorghums of the types white kafir, white durra, yellow milo, or red kafir, singly or combined, and not more than 10 per- cent of brown grain sorghums, the word "Mixed" shall be substituted for the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums", and the name of the appropriate subclass or subclasses for such type or types, as the case may be, shall be substituted for the class names, in the grade designation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS t 1 Dockage - Dockage includes sand, dirt, finely broken ker- nels, weed seeds, and other foreign material, which can be removed readily- from the grain sorghums by means of a metal sieve perforated with round holes 2%/64 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a -percent shall be dis- regarded: The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Grain Sorghums Bright Grain Sorghums Definition.-Bright grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums, of any class or subclass, which have good, natural color. Grades.-Bright grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class or subclass, the word "Bright." 62 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Discolored Grain Sorghums Definition.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums of any class or subclass which are discolored, but which are not badly weathered. Grades.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not discolored, and there shall be added to,: and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Discolored." Weevily Grain Sorghums Definition.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which are infested with live weevils or. other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade ,requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Grain Sorghums Definition.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain a quantity of smut masses in excess of a quantity equal to 10 masses in 50 grams of grain sorghums. Grades.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 63 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Each de- termination of class, subclass, nongrain sor- ghums, damage, heat damage, and inseparable stones and/or cinders, shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage and when free from that part of the "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains" which can be removed readily by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perfora- tions the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture. Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. 64 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish whpat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soy- beans. Nongrain sorghums.-Nongrain sorghums shall include broomcorn, Sudan grass, Johnson grass, and cane seed. Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains.-Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains, shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, and all other mat- ter except dockage that will pass through a metal sieve perforated with equilateral trian- gular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter; also other grains and all other matter except grain sorghums and nongrain sorghums remaining on such sieve after screening. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, ,badly ground damaged, moldy, or otherwise mate- rially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 65 STANDARDS FOR FLAXSEED For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for flaxseed: Flaxseed.-Flaxseed shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of flaxseed and not more than 20 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Flaxseed shall be giaded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards. Flaxseed _ Grade requirements for Flaxseed Grade No. 1----------. 2 .. . - . . . - - _ - - . . Sample grade_. Minimum test Maximum limits of weight per bushel damaged flaxseed 49 pounds--------- 20 percent 47 pounds.---------.. . 30 percent Sample grade shall include flaxseed which does not come within the requirements of either of the grades No. 1 or No. 2; or which contains fire-damaged flaxseed; or which contains more than 11 percent of moisture; or which is musty, or sour, of heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. e The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 66 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage shall include all matter other than flaxseed which is contained in the lot of grain as a whole; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of flaxseed removed with the dock- age and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the flax- seed including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof shall be added to the grade designation. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of test weight, moisture, damage, and "fire damaged", shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices: All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 67 Test weight per bushel.--Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Damaged flaxseed.-Damaged flaxseed shall be seeds and pieces of seeds of flaxseed which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 68 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR SOYBEANS '0 For the purposes of the official grain-standards of the Inited States for soybeans: Soybeans.-}Soybeans shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of threshed soybeans and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Classes.--Soybeans shall be divided into five classes as follows: Class I, Yellow Soybeans; Class II, Green Soybeans; Class III, Brown Soybeans; Class IV, Black Soybeans; and Class V, Mixed Soybeans. Yellow Soybeans (Class I) This class shall include all varieties, of yellow soybeans and may include not more than 10 percent of soybeans of other colors, but may include not more than 5 percent of brown, black, and/or bicolored soybeans, either singly or in any combination. A tinge of green on soybeans otherwise yellow shall not affect their classi- fication as Yellow soybeans. 10 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Green Soybeans (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of green soybeans and may include not more than 10 percent of soybeans of other colors, but may include not more than 5 percent of brown, black, and/or bicolored soybeans, either singly or in any combination. Brown Soybeans (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of brown soybeans and may include not more than 10 percent of soybeans of other colors. Black Soybeans (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of black soybeans and may include not more than 10 percent of soybeans of other colors. Mixed Soybeans (Class V) This class shall include all mixtures of soybeans not provided for in the classes I to IV, inclusive. Bicolored soybeans shall be classified as Mixed soybeans. Grades.-Soybeans shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of the appropriate class and according to the special grade when applicable. 70 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Soybeans Grade requirements for Yellow Soybeans, Green Soybeans, Brown Soybeans, Black Soybeans, and Mixed Soybeans Maximum limits of- Mini- mum Grade No. test - Damaged Foreign weight Mois kernels material per ture Splits (soybeans other bushel and other than grains) dockage Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 11.____- ...--- 56 13 10 2 1 21--_____----- 54 14 15 3 2 3--------------- 52 16 20 5 3 42___________-_. 49 18 30 8 5 Sample grade- .. Sample grade shall include soybeans of any of the classes Yellow Soybeans, Green Soy- beans, Brown Soybeans, Black Soybeans, or Mixed Soybeans, which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which con- tain stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially objectionable for- eign odor; or which are otherwise of dis- tinctly low quality. 1 The soybeans in Grade No. 1 of each of the classes Yellow Soybeans and Green Soybeans may contain not more than 2 percent, and the soybeans in Grade No. 2 of each of these classes may contain not more than 3 percent of Black, Brown, or bi- colored soybeans, singly or combined. 2 Soybeans that are badly weathered or badly stained shall not be graded higher than No. 4. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than soybeans, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the soybeans by the use of a 20-gage metal sieve having round-hole perforations %4 inch in diameter; also unde- veloped, shriveled, and pieces of soybeans re- moved in properly separating the foreign material. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage. The percentage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage," together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grade for Weevily Soybeans Definition.-Weevily soybeans shall be soy- beans that are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily soybeans shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards otherwise applicable and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 72 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each determi- nation of moisture, dockage, temperature, odor, live weevils or other insects injurious to stored "grain, shall be -upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.- Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascer'tained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147' of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results. Tesf weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method that give equiv- alent results. Splits.-Splits shall be pieces of kernels of soybeans that are not damaged. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of soybeans and other grains which are heat-damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground-damaged, badly weather- damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Other grains.- Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, and cultivated buckwheat. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall be all matter other than soybeans which is not sepa- rated from the soybeans in the proper determina- tion of dockage. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 73 STANDARDS FOR MIXED GRAIN" For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Grain: Definition.-Mixed Grain shall be any mixture of those grains for which standards have been, or hereafter may be, established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, that does not come within the requirements of any of the standards for such grains, and that does not contain more than 50 percent of foreign material. Wild oats in Mixed Grain shall be classed as a grain. Grades.-Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated either as "Mixed Grain" or as "Sam- ple grade Mixed Grain", and according to the special grades when applicable. Grade Requirements Mixed Grain (Grade).-The grade "Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which does not come within the specifications for Sample grade Mixed. Grain. Sample grade Mixed Grain.-The grade "Sample grade Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which contains more than 16 percent of moisture, or more than 15 percent of damaged kernels, or more than 3 percent of heat-damaged kernels; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which has a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 11 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 74 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grade Designations The grade designation for Mixed Grain shall include, in the order named: (1) The words "Mixed Grain" or the words "Sample grade Mixed Grain", as the case may be; (2) The name and approximate percentage of each kind of grain, including wild oats, which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture, in the order of predominance; and (3) When applicable, the words "Other Grains", followed by a statement of the per-. centage of the combined quantity of those kinds of. grain, including wild oats, each of which is present in a quantity less than 10 percent; and (4) The words "Foreign Material", together with a statement of the percentage thereof. All percentage statements shall be in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. Special Grades for Mixed Grain Tough Mixed Grain Definition.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Tough." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 75 Smutty Mixed Grain Definition.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of mixed grain, or (b) any other mixed grain which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 per- cent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty.' Ergoty Mixed Grain Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." 76 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Garlicky Mixed Grain Definition.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of mixed grain; or (b) mixed grain in which oats or barley predominates, and which contains 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of mixed grain. Grades.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Mixed Grain Definition.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were iiot weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Blighted Mixed Grain Definition.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be all mixed grain in which barley predominates and which, as a whole,, contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially dis- colored by blight and/or mold. Grades.--Blighted Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 77 requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade. designation, the word "Blighted." Treated Mixed Grain Definition.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which has been scoured, limed, washed, sulphured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade desig- nation, alone. Grades.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All deter- minations shall be on the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the apparatus and the method of use thereof specified in the official grain standards of the United States for the kind of grain which predominates in the mixture. 78 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester . bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States -Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than grains for which. standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, but shall not include wild oats. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of those' grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat' or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GRAIN INSPECTION The United States Grain Standards Act pro- vides in part as follows: INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS "SEc. 4. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain no person thereafter shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign com- merce any such grain which is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade unless the grain shall have been inspected and graded by an inspector licensed under this act and the grade by which it is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale be one of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States: Provided, That any person may sell, offer for sale, or consign for sale, ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain by sample or by type, or under any name, de- scription, or designation which is not false or mis- leading, and which name, description, or designa- tion does not include in whole or in part the terms of any official grain standard of the United States: Provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade may be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce without' inspec- tion at point of shipment by an inspector li- censed under this act, to or through any place at which an inspector licensed under this act is located, subject to be inspected by a licensed inspector at the place to which shipped or at some convenient point through which shipped for inspection, which inspection shall be under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe, and subject further 79 80 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS to the right of appeal from such inspection, as provided in section 6 of this act: And provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by any of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards may, upon compliance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture, be shipped in interstate or foreign commerce with- out inspection from a place at which there is no inspector licensed under this act to a place at which there is no such inspector, subject to the right of either party to the transaction to refer any dispute as to the 'grade of the grain to the Secretary of Agriculture, who may determine the true grade thereof. No person shall in any certificate or in any contract or agreement of sale or agreement to sell by grade; either oral or written, involving, or in any invoice or bill of lading or other shipping document relating to, the shipment or delivery for shipment, in inter- state or foreign commerce, of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, describe, or in any way refer to, any of such grain as being of any grade other than a grade fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States." MISREPRESENTATION "Sxc. 5. That no person, except as permitted in section 4, shall represent that any grain shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce is of a grade fixed in the official grain standards other than as shown by a certificate therefor issued in compliance with this act; and the Secretary of Agriculture is author- ized to cause examinations to be made of any grain for which standards' shall have been fixed and established under this act, and which has been certified' to conform to any grade fixed therefor in such official grain standards, or which OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 81 has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce. Whenever, after opportunity for hearing is given to the owner or shipper of the grain involved, and to the inspector thereof if the same has been inspected, it is de- termined by the Secretary that any quantity of grain has been incorrectly certified to conform to a specified grade, or has been sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale under any name, description, or designation which is false or misleading, he may publish his findings." APPEALS, FINDINGS, AND FEES "SFc. 6. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain and any quantity of such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned_ for sale, or which has been shipped, or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce shall have been inspected and a dispute arises as to whether the grade as determined by such inspection of any such grain in fact conforms to the standard of the specified grade, any interested party may, either with or without reinspection, appeal the question to the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause such investi- gation to be made and such tests to be applied as he may deem necessary and to determine the true grade: Provided, That any appeal from such inspection and grading to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be taken before the grain leaves the place where the inspection appealed from was made and before the identity of the grain has been lost, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe. Whenever an appeal shall be taken or a dispute referred to the Secretary of Agriculture under 82 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS this act, he shall charge and assess, and cause to.be collected, a reasonable fee, in amount to be fixed by him, which fee, in case of an appeal, shall .be refunded if the appeal is sustained. All such fees, not so refunded, shall be deposited and covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. The findings of the Secretary of Agri- culture as to grade, signed by him or by such officer or officers, agent or agents, of the Depart- ment of Agriculture as he may designate, made after the parties in interest have had opportunity to be heard, shall be accepted in the courts of the United States as prima facie evidence of the true grade of the grain determined by him at the time and place specified in the findings." LICENSING OF INSPECTORS "SEc. 7. The Secretary of Agriculture may issue a license to any person, upon presentation to him of satisfactory evidence that such person is competent, to inspect and grade grain and to certificate the grade thereof for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, under this act and the rules and regulations prescribed thereunder. No person authorized or employed by any State, county, city, town, board of trade, chamber of com- merce, corporation, society, partnership, or association to inspect or grade grain shall cer- tify, or otherwise state or indicate in writing, that any grain for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, which has been inspected or graded by him, or by any person acting under his authority, is of one of the grades of the official grain standards of the United States, unless he holds an unsus- pended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. * * *" OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 83 PENALTIES "SEc. 9. That any person who shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of sections 4 or 7 of this act, or any inspector licensed under this act who shall knowingly inspect or grade im- properly any grain which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, or shall knowingly give any false certificate of grade, or shall accept money or other consideration, directly or indirectly, for any neglect or improper performance of duty, and any person who shall improperly influence or attempt to improperly influence any such inspector in the performance of his duty, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both." REGULATIONS Section 8 of the Grain Standards Act author- izes the Secretary of Agriculture to make such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary for the efficient execution of the provisions of the Act. Pursuant to this authority, the Secretary of Agriculture has issued regulations under the Act. Copy of the regulations as well as the com- plete text of the Act may be had upon application to any office of the Grain Products Branch, or to the Director, Food Distribution Administra- tion, Washington, D. C. BASIS OF INSPECTION The basis of inspection for commercial lots of grain is governed by instructions which are summarized as follows: In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is generally or reasonably uniform in quality and condition throughout the lot, the 84 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS grade should be based on a representative sample resulting from a composite of the probings taken from different parts of the lot. In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is not generally uniform as to quality or condition, care must be exercised, in basing the grade, to iniure that the grade assigned will reflect as nearly as may be the quality of the entire lot of grain. In cases where the variations in quality or condition are not material, the grade should be based on a composite sample of all the probings taken from different parts of the lot. However, in cases where the variations in quality or condition are marked by distinct and outstanding differences between portions of the grain, each portion should be regarded as if it were a separate lot or unit for inspection and grading, and the grade of each portion should be based upon a sample representative of it. In the inspection and grading of lots, parcels, and cargoes of.grain loaded aboard boats, barges, and other vessels, licensed inspectors shall be governed by the following requirements: 1. If such a lot, parcel, or cargo tendered for inspection and grading be uniform in quality and condition, the grade shall be based upon an aver- age sample thereof; 2. If such lot, parcel, or cargo so tendered is not uniform in quality and condition by reason of the presence therein of a material portion of grain of a different grade, the licensed inspector shall consider the portions of such lot, parcel, or cargo which are of different- grades as separate lots tendered for inspection, and shall separately inspect, grade, and certificate as to grade such different portions; and each such certificate of grade shall bear a statement to the effect that the grain to which it applies has been loaded on board with other grain, the grade, description, and approximate quantity of which shall be specified. OFFICIAL QRAIN STANDARDS 85 SAMPLING OF GRAIN The taking of a correct and representative samiple of a lot or parcel of grain for inspection and grading purposes is an important and essen- tial part of grain inspection. . If the sample obtained is not representative no amount of care in' making the determinations for the grading factors will establish the true grade of the grain involved. The Department of Agriculture, in its administration of the Grain Standards Act, holds that the licensed inspector is responsible for the correctness of the sample upon which he bases the grade of any lot or parcel of grain. For correct grading it is essential that the sample, properly identified, be preserved in its original condition from the time it is taken until the grade is determined and that it be of sufficient size to permit the required tests to be performed. It is provided in part in Section 26.21 of the regulations of the Secretary under the Act that no licensed inspector shall issue a certificate of grade for any grain unless the inspection and grading thereof be. based upon a correct and -rep- resentative sample of the grain. No sample shall be deemed to be representative unless of the size, and procured in accordance with the meth- ods, prescribed in instructions issued by the Director, Food Distribution Adninistration, or by such officer of the Department as may be des- ignated by him for the purpose, which are in effect at the time of the inspection and grading. The basic instructions governing the methods for sampling grain are summarized as follows: The size of the sample shall be not less than approximately 2 quarts. If the time to elapse between the drawing of the sample and the de- termination of the grade would permit of such changes in the condition of the sample as to affect the grade assigned to the lot or parcel from which 86 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS the sample was taken, at least 1 / pints of the grain shall be enclosed in an air-tight container and the remainder, if any, in a cloth bag. In the case of bulk grain in a car, truck, or wagon, or in any other container in which the grain is of about the same depth as in a carload, the sample shall be taken with a double-tube 11-compartment probe 623/8 inches long (fig. 2) by probing fiaxseed in seven or more places and all other kinds of grain in five or more places, well distributed in different parts of the car, truck, or other container. In the discretion of the sampler and/or inspector, as many more probings as may be necessary shall be taken from the grain in different parts of the lot. In the case of bulk grain tendered for inspec- tion as it lies, in a boat, barge, or other vessel, samples shall be taken with a double-tube com- partment grain probe of either standard or special length by probing at regular spaced intervals throughout the entire lot, provided that all of the grain so tendered is accessible for proper samp- ling. If the grain is of such depth or stowed in such a manner that representative samples of the entire lot cannot be obtained by -the sampling methods prescribed in this paragraph, the grain shall be considered as inaccessible for sampling within the vessel. In the case of bulk grain being loaded for in- spection and grading aboard a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the loading spout or other convenient place en route, by the use of a device known as "The Pelican spout sampler" (fig. 1) or any other device giving equivalent results. The stream or streams shall be sampled at regular and frequent intervals to assure a correct and representative sample of the lot. In the case of grain tendered for inspection as. it is being discharged from a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the running stream or at some other convenient place OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 87 after it leaves the vessel and before its identity is lost, provided the sample is not taken from grain moving on a horizontal belt where a out of a full cross section of the stream is impracticable. The sample shall be taken in such a manner that it will be a correct and representative sample of the lot. If after examination of the separate probes, or cuts with the Pelican, no material portion of the grain is distinctly inferior to the remainder of the grain, the- grain from the separate probes or from each separate cut with the Pelican, shall be combined and the combined sample shall be regarded as an average sample of the grain involved. Whenever it shall appear, as a result of the sampling, that a material portion of any lot or parcel of grain is distinctly inferior, in any manner, to the remainder of such lot or parcel; also whenever, in the case of grain loaded, or being loaded aboard, or being discharged from, a barge, boat, or steamship, a material portion of such grain is of a different grade from the remainder, separate samples shall be taken of such distinctly inferior grain and of the re- maining portion, or of the grain of each of the distinctly different grades, as the case may be. There shall be filed with each of- the separate samples so taken a statement of the estimated quantity of grain it represents. The detailed official current instructions for the proper sampling 'of grain may be obtained by applying to any office of the Grain Products Branch. 88 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SPOUT SAMPLER OR "PELICAN" For obtaining a representative sample from a falling stream of bulk grain, and particularly for sampling bulk grain being spouted into the holds of a vessel, a spout sampler, generally referred to as a "Pelican" (fig. 1), is used. 4 SS. " FIGURE 1.-Spout sampler (Pelican). The use of this device makes it possible to obtain complete cross sections from the stream of grain being sampled. In operation the stream of grain is cut at frequent intervals and the samples obtained are then reduced in size by being put through a Boerner sampler (fig. 3). OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 89 GRAIN PROBE (TRIER) AND SAMPLING CANVAS For obtaining a representative sample from a carload of bulk grain, a double-tube, 11-compart- ment grain probe (trier) as shown in figure 2 is used. Such a probe makes it possible for the sampler ordinarily to note any unevenness in loading and to ascertain the approximate loca- tion and quantity of any mixture of grain or of dirty, smutty, heating, or damp spots, etc., found in any part of the grain. A canvas 29% inches by 63 inches in dimensions on which to empty the grain from the probe is used. The grain should be emptied lengthwise on the canvas, each separate probeful apart from the others, so that the grain from each compart- ment can be examined separately. Detailed specifications and drawings of the probe, and specifications for the canvas may be obtained by applying to any office of the Grain Products Branch. Q58MbLnghfoute tub /-4/ 1-COMPARTMENT BULK GRAIN PROSE 6Z1L US DPRMN FGIUT - g A Width cfopnsg~nou/er fb /d/h ofopensirng/ - innrtbe S Bos pont B A 6op-sdtOusd doee / L 4-ine tuA- eftu VIEW SNOWING COMPARTMENT CPENINGS Outer tube bOOT/ON AA - PCT/ON 6-0" 56W 4&,npth oflInner tube 4" //0' ap/e bandle K eeyway inl sesso/e Fe//sbe brazed on oue tube LONG/TUOINAL M70/( Nose: A"M"S"Outer and inerstbes each tobem 4Gpupe8Sbos) Sharsd drawn seaml/ess 0 % Red Bross Ostero/sd inn/er tubes to be u/use f/flopy FIGUFRE 2-Bulk grain probe (trier). OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 91 SAMPLE DIVIDER (BOERNER SAMPLER) After a representative sample of the lot or parcel of grain to be graded is obtained, it is usually necessary to reduce its size considerably, in order that the grade may be determined by careful analysis. To reduce the size of a sample of grain containing foreign substances of differ- ent specific gravity or size than of the grain with which they are mixed, and at the same time obtain a sample as representative as the original, is hardly possible except by mechanical means. Figure 3 shows a device, generally referred to as the "Boerner sampler", which will divide a sample into smaller portions and still maintain the proper proportions for the various factors of the original sample. In the operation of this device the grain is placed in a hopper at the top of the machine and is then released, when it passes through an opening at the bottom of the hopper and down the sides' of a cone, the point of which is directly under the center of the opening. Around the base of the cone are 36 pockets or openings. The grain falling down the sides of the cone is cut into 36 separate streams, which, a little farther on, merge 'into 2 streams. Streams nos. 1, 3, 5, etc., unite into 1 stream which empties into one receptacle, and streams nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, etc., unite into another stream which empties into a second receptacle. This device and a simplified form of it are fully described in United States Department of Agriculture Bulletins Nos. 287 and 857. ~4c4~s #1 HOFW O iA A~- .SQCE ? /iy oiY GflCT'!/%3f J'VT UTR'FNNL - NO NN / yN' D& Yi ez WAWV VWh~Vh45ro7c fr/f1 6 07A CZ h aB r y/ , FIGUE 3-Sapledivder Averica css sec1itio ofdvc sho~~~~~~~~wingE~YGY pah tae ytemtra npsigfo h hoppr t theconaine; B cros scti n tedeieath base R7 of/ the cone.5r 92 GdN OFFICIAL GRAIN STANI)ARDS 93 FEDERAL 1)OCKAGE TESTER A IFederal dockage tester xi Iih which uniform results can be obtained is used iii all offices of the Grain Products Branch and by many grain insp~ectors in making dockage test's and certain designated Sieving tests of grain. (Fig. 4.) lii- forination concerninug the0 Federal dockage teste r and its method of use may be obtttined( by applying to any office of the Grain Prodiuct's Branch. aL 4W FIGURIE 4.-Federal dockaue tester. 94 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS GRAIN-TESTING SIEVES Standardized grain-testing sieves with accurate perforations are essential in making uniform sieving and dockage tests. Standardized sieves are specified for use in connection with the en- forcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. These sieves are constructed from half hard aluminum sheet metal 20 gage (B. & S.) thick, and are perforated as described in the fol- lowing table. The maximum tolerance permitted in the accuracy of perforations is plus or minus 0.0005 inch, except that no tolerance is specified for the length dimensions of slotted perforations. The completed sieves are made up in the form of flat sieves or as step metal sieves for use in z dockage machine or as hand sieves. The hand sieves are 13 inches in diameter, and have slightly flaring sides 2 inches high, with rolled-top edges, and are made to nest with each other and with a bottom pan. Decimal specifications for the size of sieve perforations should be used in the manu- facturing of grain-testing sieves. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 95 Specifications for sieve perforations Size of perforations Number of perfora- tions per Common designations Decimal square equivalents foot (inches) (inches) ROUND HOLE PERFORATIONS 2 /64 diameter_--.-. --........_-_ 0.0390 27,970 4 /64 diameter...... --.. --.-.-...... .0703 13, 795 5/64 diameter --......_.....-... -.. . .0781 6,705 1/12 diameter.. .. - ......---.... --.. .0833 9, 820 8/64 diameter...-__.... ..... .- .- . - .1250 4,736 12/64 diameter--..--------- --..... . 1875 2, 640 TRIANGULAR PERFORATIONS WITH INSCRIBED CIRCLES OF- 5/64 diameter...... --_.... ---. -_ 0. 0781 2,845 0.089 diameter...... -............... -. 0890 2, 875 SLOTTED,PERFORATIONS 3/64 by 3/8..---- _- ...... ....... 0. 0469 by0. 375 2,690 4%/64 by 3/4_-_-________-_ . 076 by . 75 865 8/64 by 3/4. ._.......------_. . . 1250 by .75 4,736 9/64 by 3/4.._ _..- ...______ - --. . .1406 by .75 . _ _ ... 10/64 by 3/8____-__-_-_..-..-... .15625by .375 532 0.057 by 3/8_____....------_ . .--- .057 by . 375 2, 500 0.064 by 3/8.... --.. --_... . ......... .0640 by .375 2,705 0.070 by 1/2._- ...- ............. -- .0700 by .50 1,655 In addition to the sieves listed above a wire mesh sieve is also used in grain inspection. This sieve which has rectangular openings in it is used in connection with the determination of Dockage in flaxseed. It is constructed of wire having a diameter of 0.015 inch, with 4 by 16 meshes per inch. 96 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS BASIS OF DETERMINATION FOR TEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL The official standards provide that the deter- mination of the test weight per bushel in the case of wheat, rye, barley, and soybeans shall be made upon the basis of the grain from which the dock- age has been removed; in the case of flaxseed the test-weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the flaxseed after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning de- vices; and in the case of all other grain the test- weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the grain as a whole. As the test weight per bushel is one of the main factors in determining the grade of grain, 1% quarts of the grain should be available to permit the test weight to be made with a quart tester. STANDARD METHOD OF MAKING TEST- WEIGHT-PER-BUSHEL DETERMINATION The conditions given in the method described below have been found to be essential in making uniform tests of weight per bushel and obtaining accurate results, and have been adopted as stand- ard in connection with the enforcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. (1) Make the test immediately after the sample has been brought to the inspection room, office, or laboratory, to prevent drying out of the grain with consequent change in its test weight. (2) Use 1/quarts of grain for making the test. (3) Fill the kettle from a hopper. (4) Opening at bottom of hopper must be round and exactly 1/4 inches in diameter. OFFICIA L OFIIALGRAIN srr N1ARDS 9 97 (5) Bottom the kettle afld oif openilg must held eNaetlv 2 I)e cci in ~ch ie s :nt crcd over above the top of kettle. (6)~ T1he quart kettle must have a eapacity of exactlyv 67.2 cul de inches. The inside height of the quart kentle shall be 4 inches (7) If the top of the kettle is rough, smooth down the roughness with a rounded metal bar, but do not use a file for the purpose. (8) Have the kettle rest on a firm base. r IATjfl 7'f "iti l . f1 1K s Ft,UR tr5.-S tanFIard apparatus for determining the test. weight per bushel of grain. 98 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS (9) Do not jar the kettle before or during the stroking operation. (10) Use a stroker made of hardwood with smooth, perfect half-round edges, 12 inches long, 3/8 inch thick, and 1% inches broad. (11) Place the stroker on the edge of the kettle lightly without jarring the kettle. (12) Hold the stroker on the kettle with the sides of the stroker in a vertical position. (13) Stroke the grain from the kettle with three full-length zigzag motions of the stroker. (14) - Make each stroke clean all the way across the kettle with the stroker always lightly touch- ing the kettle. (15) Use a beam which is both accurately graduated and sensitive to one-tenth pound per bushel. (16) Have the weight-per-bushel apparatus tested periodically for- (a) Accuracy of kettle, (b) Accuracy of beam readings, and (c) Sensitiveness of beam. The method of testing the accuracy of the test kettle and the accuracy and sensitiveness of the weighing beam of any weight-per-bushel testing outfit is given in Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1065. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 99 METHODS OF MAKING MOISTURE TESTS The official standards for wheat, barley, oats, Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, rye, grain cor- ghums, flaxseed, and soybeans, specify that. the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the air-oven method, and the stan- dards for corn specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the water-oven method, or, in all cases, that as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results. The air-oven and the water- oven apparatus and their respective methods of use in the determination of moisture content are described in Service and Regulatory Announce- ments No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. In order that rapid determinations of mois- ture in grain may be made to meet the routine requirements of practical inspection work, grain inspectors may use electric moisture meters or other apparatus and methods which give mois- ture-test results equivalent to the results obtained with the air-oven method or the water-oven method, as the case may be. Although the air- oven and water-oven methods are specified as the basic methods for determining moisture con- tent for the purposes of the standards, it is intended that these methods will be used prin- cipally for the purpose of checking and standard- izing the electric moisture meters or other moisture-testing equipment and methods used in routine grain-inspection work. 100 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS ELECTRIC MOISTURE METER An electric noiature metter with which rapid determinations of the imoistulre con tent, of grains canI Nvork'1 )e made is in general use iii grain-In sp)ectiont 1*,* 9 s O 0) 0 A- -. - + 0 F) 0 O Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 11____.----._ 60 2 0.1 1 .0.5 5 0.5 21- _ _ 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 31___________ 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 4_____---- 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 5------------ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Red Winter, or Western Red, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cin- ders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 10 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Wheat (Class VI) This class shall include all varieties of white wheat, whether winter or spring grown, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into four subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard White This subclass shall include all wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white cluh varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Soft White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of less than 75 per- cent of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (C) White Club This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of common white wheat - other than Sonora, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (D) Western White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat which contains more than 10 percent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varie- ties, either singly or in any combination, and which also contains more than 10 percent of com- mon white wheat other than Sonora. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 11 Class VI.-White Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Hard White, (b) Soft White, (c) White Club, (d) Western White Grade No. Maximum limits of- Damaged a kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes a other grains) a a +O o 80 . 58 4 .2 1.0 10 1. 4. d Cs caa SH H H Lbs. Pt. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade shal include wheat of the subclass Hard White, or Soft White, or White Club, or Western White, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or gariic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 11._.---_-- 2 1.... ... . .._ _ ... 31-------_-_-- 4---------- 5--------- Sample grade. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No., 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by A inch long. 12 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Mixed Wheat (Class VII) This class shall include all mixtures of wheat not provided for in the classes from I to VI, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-Mixed. Wheat shall be graded according to the numeri- cal and Sample grade requirements of the class of wheat which predominates in the mixture, except that the- grade specifications for the factor "wheats of other classes" and the grade specifica- tions for "No. 1 Heavy" in the standards for hard red spring wheat, shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall be stated as provided in paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section: (a) Except as specified in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, the grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, (2) the words "Mixed Wheat", and (3) the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of wheat which constitutes more than 10 percent of the mixture in the order of its predominance; but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. (b) Amber Mixed Durum.-Amber Mixed Durum shall be Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which con- tains not Taore than a total of 15 percent of wheats other than common durum and which contains not less than 60 percent of Durum kernels that are hard and vitreous and of amber color. Amber Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 per- cent of red durum, white, and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Amber Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 13 named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words "Amber Mixed Durum." (c) Mixed Durum.-Mixed Durum shall be Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which contains not more than a total of 20 percent of wheats other than com- mon durum. Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 percent of Red Durum wheat, and may contain not more than 5 percent of white and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words "Mixed Durum." Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than wheat, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the wheat by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of wheat kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material, and which cannot be re- .covered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to .the grade designation. 14 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Wheat Tough Wheat Definition.-Tough wheat shall be (a) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, or Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, predomi- nates, which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 15.5 percent of moisture, and (b) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, pre- dominates, which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Wheat Definition.-Smutty wheat shall be wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat. Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the method described either in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section. (a) Smut dockage.-Before the determination of smut dockage as provided in this paragraph, the wheat shall be graded and designated accord- ing to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty. The smut shall be removed by scouring 'and the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 15 loss in weight of the wheat caused by the removal of the smut shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the grain when free from dockage. The percentage so calculated shall be stated in terms of half percent, whole percent, or, whole and half percent, as the case may be. A fraction of a half percent shall be disregarded. The percentage of the smut dockage, so calculated and stated, shall be added to the grade designation, preceding the statement of dockage, if any. (b) "Light Smutty" and "Smutty."-Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards appli- cable to such wheat if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty wheat which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a. quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." 852721 --49 3 16 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Garlicky Wheat Definition.-Garlicky wheat shall be wheat which contains two or more green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat. Grades.-Garlicky wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains two or more but not more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Gar- licky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Wheat Definition.-Weevily wheat shall be wheat which is infested with live weevils or other insects injuiious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 17 Ergoty Wheat Definition.--Ergoty wheat shall be wheat which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicdble to such wheat if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Treated Wheat Definition.-Treated wheat shall be wheat which had been scoured, limed, washed, sul- phured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numer- ical grade or the Sample grade designation, alone. Grades.-Treated wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the -standards applicable to such wheat if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a .part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. 18 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter< mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils, or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained -by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as de- termined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than wheat which is not separated from the wheat in the proper deter- mination of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be ,considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull-less bar- ley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 19 Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which have been mate- rially discolored and damaged by ?external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 20 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR CORN 2 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for corn (maize): Corn.-Corn shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of shelled corn of the dent or flint varieties, and may contain not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of, the United States Grain Standards Act. Classes.-Corn shall be divided into three classes, as follows: Class I, Yellow Corn; Class II, White Corn; and Class III, Mixed Corn. Yellow Corn (Class I) This class shall include yellow corn, and may include not more than 5 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of red on ker- nels of corn otherwise yellow shall not affect their classification as Yellow Corn. White Corn (Class II) This class shall include white corn, and may include not more than 2 percent: of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of light straw color or ,of pink on kernels of corn otherwise white shall not affect their classification as White Corn. 2 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act- OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 21 Mixed Corn (Class III) This class shall consist of corn of various colors that does not meet the .color require- ments for either of the classes Yellow Corn or White Corn. White-capped yellow kernels shall be classified as Mixed Corn. Grades.-Corn shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Corn Grade requirements for Yellow Corn, White Corn, and Mixed Corn Grade No. 1---------- 2--------- 3------------- _------------- Sample grade. Maximum limits of- Mini- mum test weight Cracked Damaged kernels per Mois- corn and bushel ture foreign Heat- material Total damaged Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 54 14.0 2 3 0.1 53 15.5 3 5 .2 51 17.5 4 7 .5 48 20..0 5 10 1.0 44 23.0 7 15 3.0 Sample grade shall include corn of the class Yel- low Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 22 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Corn Flint Corn Definition.-Flint corn shall be corn of any class which consists of 95 percent or more of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint corn shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not flint corn, and the word "Flint" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, imme- diately following the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Flint and Dent Corn Definition.-Flint and Dent corn shall be corn of any class which consists of a mixture of the flint and dent varieties and which contains more than 5 percent but less than 95 percent of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint and Dent corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not Flint and Dent corn, and the words "Flint and Dent" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately fol- lowing the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case.may be. Weevily Corn Definition.-Weevily corn shall be corn that is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 23 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of class, variety, damage, and heat damage, shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of the cracked corn and for- eign material. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the water oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No.147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulle- tin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Cracked corn and foreign material.-Cracked corn and foreign material shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of corn and all matter other than corn which will pass through a No. 12 sieve, and all matter other than corn re- maining on such sieve after screening. No. 12 sieve.-A metal sieve perforated with round holes 12/64 inch in diameter. 852721* -49 4 24 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Other grains.--Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, sweet corn, pop corn, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat gr as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 25 STANDARDS FOR BARLEY3 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for barley: Barley.-Barley shall be any grain which, be- fore the removal of dockage, consists of 50 per- cent or more of barley, and may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. The term "barley" as used in these standards shall not include hull-less barley. Classes.-Barley shall be divided into four classes, as follows: Class I, Barley; Class II, Black Barley; Class III, Western Barley; and Class IV, Mixed Barley. Grades.-Barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 3 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and- Cosmetic Act. 26 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Barley (Class I) This. class shall include all white (glumes) barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Malting Barley This subclass shall include 6-rowed barley of the class Barley (Class I) which meets the re- quirements of grades Nos. 1 to 3, iuclusive, which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 5 percent of 2-rowed and/or other types or varieties of barley of unsuitable malting type such as Trebi and Black; which contains not more than 15 percent of barley and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal seive with slotted perforations 0.076 (4%/64) of an inch wide and % of an inch long; which contains not more than 5 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels; which contains not more than 4 percent of damaged barley; and shall not in- clude Bleached barley. Barley of this subclass shall contain 75 percent or more of mellow bar- ley kernels which kernels are not, en masse. semi-steely. Subclass (B) Barley This subclass shall include all barley of the class Barley which does not meet the require- ments of subclass (A) Malting Barley. Black Barley (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of black (glumes) barley grown anywhere in the United States, and may include not more than 10 per- cent of barley of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 27 Class I.-Barley and Class II.-Black Barley Grade requirements for subclass (a) Malting Barley and subclass (b) Barley, of the class Barley, and for the class Black Barley i Maximum limits of- limits of- Heat- damaged Grade No. Test kernels For- Bro- Black weight Sound (barley, eign ken bar- per barley 1 other mate- ker- bar- bushel grains, rial nels ley 2 and wild oats) Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 1------------ 47 95 0.1 1 4 0.5 23 ------ ___- _ 46 93 .2 2 8 1.0 33------------ _ _ 43 90 .5 3 12 2.11 44------------ - 40 80 1.0 4 20 5.0 5----__-__---- 35 70 3.0 6 30 10.0 Sample grade- Sample grade shall include barley of the subclass Barley, or of the class Black Barley, which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Any barley in grade No. 1 that does not come within the pro- visions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 2 percent of blight-damaged barley; and barley in any grade from No. 2 to Sample grade, inclusive, that does not come within the provisions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley. Any barley containing more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley shall be graded No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, or Sample grade, Blighted, as the case may be, as provided in the specifications for Blighted barley. 2 These specifications do not apply to the class Black Barley. 3 See special requirements for subclass (A) Malting Barley. 4 Barley that is badly stained or materially weathered, shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 28 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Western Barley (Class III) This class shall include white (glumes) barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. Class III.-Western Barley Grade requirements for Western Barley Maximum limits of- Mini- Heat- mum Grade No. limits of damaged For- Bro- sound kernels Wild eign ken Black barley othrl' oats ma- ker- barley grains, and terial nels wild oats) Pct. Pt. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 1-------------- 98 0.1 1 0.5 3 0.5 2______________ 96 .2 2 1.0 6 1.0 3-_____________ 93 .3 3 2.0 10 2.0 4-------------- 88 .5. 5 , 3.0 15 5.0 5-------------- 80 1.0 10 4.0 25 10.0 Sample grade.. Sample grade shall include barley of the class Western Barley which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which con- tains more than 15 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable adobe, stones, and cinders, singly or combined; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which con- tains a quantity of -smut so great that any one or -more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which contains the seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 29 Mixed Barley (Class IV) This class shall be any mixture of barley not provided for in the classes from I to III, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.- Mixed Barley shall be graded according to the grade requirements of either (1) the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or (2) the class Black Barley, or (3) the class Western Barley, according to which class of barley predominates in the mixture, except that all grade specifica- tions as to the maximum percentages of black barley shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Barley shall include successively, in the order named, the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be; the words "Mixed Barley", followed by the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of barley which constitutes 10 percent. or more of the mixture in the order of its predominance, but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate per- centage of at least one other class. For Mixed Barley, in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, the grade designation shall include a statement of the test weight per bushel immediately following the names and percentages of the classes composing the mixture. 30' OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than barley, sand, dirt, and any material other than barley, which can be removed readily from the barley by the use of a metal scalper riddle sieve with slotted per- forations %4 inch wide by % inch long and by the use of a 20-gage metal sieve with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are %4 inch in diameter; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of barley kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning with the sieve having equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are %, inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The percentage of dockage, so calculated, when equal to 1 per- cent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Barley Test Weight of Western Barley Grades for test weight of Western Barley.- For barley of the class Western Barley, the test weight per bushel in terms of whole pounds shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, following the name of the class. A fraction of a pound shall be disregarded. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 31 Two-Rowed Barley Definition.-Two-rowed barley shall consist of 2-rowed barley of the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or of the class Western Barley, and may contain not more than 10 percent of barley of other varieties. Grades.-Two-rowed barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade .require- ments of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not 2-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Two- rowed." Tough Barley Definition.-Tough barley shall be (a) barley of either of the classes Barley or Black Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of either one of the classes Barley or Black Barley predominates, which contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture, and (b) barley of the class Western Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, which contains more than 13.5 percent but not more than 15 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." 852721 -49 5 32 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Bright Western Barley Definition.-Bright Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is of good natural color. Grades.-Bright Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." Stained Western Barley Definition.-Stained Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is badly stained or weath- ered. Grades.-Stained Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not stained, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Stained." Blighted Barley Definition.- Blighted barley shall be all bar- ley which contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Blighted." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 33 Smutty Barley Definition.-Smutty barley shall be barley which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses in excess of 0.2 percent, Grades.-Smutty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Garlicky Barley Definition.-Garlicky barley shall be barley which contains 3 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of barley. Grades.-Garlicky barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Barley Definition.-Weevily barley shall be barley which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 34 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Barley Definition.-Ergoty barley shall be barley which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of .the standards applicable to such barley if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Bleached Barley Definition.-Bleached barley shall be barley which, in whole or in part, has been treated by the. use of sulphurous acid or any other bleach- ing agent. Grades.-Bleached. barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Each determination of heat-dam- aged kernels and of mellow barley kernels shall be upon the basis of the pearled dockage-free grain. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 35 35 Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture,' or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than barley, except other grains, wild oats, and smut masses, which is not separated from the barley in the proper deter- mination of dockage. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, 'hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Sound barley.-Sound barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley remaining after the removal of dockage, which are not damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Damaged barley.-Damaged barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley which are damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, or which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley, other .grains, and wild oats, which have. been materially discolored and damaged by ex- ternal heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 36 OFFIoIAL~ GRAIN STANDARDS, STANDARDS FOR OATS4 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for oats: Oats.-Oats shall be any grain which consists of 80 percent or more of cultivated oats. Oats may contain not more than 10 percent of wild oats. Classes.-Oats shall be divided into five classes as follows: Class I, White Oats; Class" II, Red Oats; Class III, Gray Oats; Class IV, Blaek Oats; and Class V, Mixed Oats. For the purpose of this classification, the characteristics of each class, except Mixed Oats, shall be based on color char- acteristics; White Oats shall include yellow oats; and tinges of white, brown, or black, on the ker- nels of any red oats variety shall not affect their classification as red oats. Oats of any class ex- cept Mixed Oats may include not more than 10 percent of cultivated oats of other classes. Mixed Oats shall be any mixture of oats which does not meet the requirements for any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, or Black Oats. Grades.-Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Oats Bright Oats Definition.-Bright oats shall be oats, except Bleached oats, that are of good natural color. Grades.-Bright oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." 4 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Foed, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 37 Oats Grade requirements for the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, and Mixed Oats Minimum limits Maximum limits of- of- Grade No. Test Sound Heat-dam- For- weight culti- aged kernels eign Wild per vated (oats other ma- oats bushel oats grains, and terial wild oats) Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 11------------- 32 97 0.1 2 2 2 i------_---30 94 .3 3 3 3 3------------- 27 90 1.0 4 5 4 4-.._.... -.... - 24 80 3.0 5 10 Sample grade- Sample grade shall include oats of any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, or Mixed Oats, which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contain stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The oats in grade No. 1 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of oats of other classes, of which not more than 3 percent may be black cultivated oats. 2 The oats in grade No. 2 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of black cultivated oats. 3 Oats that are slightly weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. 4 Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 4. Special Red Oats Definition.-Special red oats shall be oats of the class Red Oats which consist of Columbia oats or other red oats having similar character- 38 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS istics and may contain not more than 10 percent of other cultivated oats. Grades.-Special red oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such red oats if they were not special, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately preceding the name of the class, the word "Special." Medium Heavy Oats Definition.-Medium heavy oats shall be oats of any class of grades Nos. 3, 4, and Sample grade which have a test weight per bushel of 30 pounds or more but less than 35 pounds. Grades.-Medium heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards otherwise applicable and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Medium Heavy." Heavy Oats Definition.-Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 35 pounds or more but less than 38 pounds. Grades.-Heavy oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Heavy." Extra Heavy Oats Definition.-Extra Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 38 pounds or more. Grades.-Extra Heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not extra heavy, and there shall be OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 39 added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Extra Heavy." Tough Oats Definition.-Tough oats shall be oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Thin Oats Definition.-Thin oats shall be any oats, whether sized, clipped, or natural, which contain more than 20 percent of oats and/or other matter except "fine seeds" that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. Grades.-Thin oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not "thin" oats, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Thin.'' Bleached Oats Definition.--Bleached oats shall be oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached oats shall be graded and 'designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Weevily Oats Definition.-Weevily oats shall be oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. 852721 --49 6 40 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades.-Weevily oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Oats Definition.-Smutty oats shall be oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Oats Definition.-Ergoty oats shall be oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Garlicky Oats Definition.-Garlicky oats shall be oats which. contain 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of oats. Grades.-Garlicky oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if.they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Definitions Basis .of grade determinations.-All determina- tions shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 41 Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude. all matter except. kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all matter which can be removed from oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain. sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Sound cultivated oats.-Sound cultivated oats shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 42 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats which have been materially discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. STANDARDS FOR FEED. OATS 5 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for Feed Oats: Feed Oats.-Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of either (a) 30 percent or more but less than 80 percent of cultivated oats, but not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) 80 percent or more of cul- tivated oats and more than 10 percent of wild oats. Feed Oats may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains, and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Feed Oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Feed Oats Tough Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designa- tion, the word "Tough." 6 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 43 Feed Oats Grade requirements for Feed Oats Minimum limits Maximum limits of- of- Heat-dam- Grade No. Test Culti aged kernels Foreign mate- weight vated (oats, wild rial per oats oats, and bushel other Total Fine grains) seeds Per- Pounds Percent Percent Percent cent 1-------------- 32 60 2 3 2 2____..__- ___- - 29 45 4 4 3 31--- ..-----.. 26 30 6 6 4 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially ob- jectioniable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity suffi- cient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Bleached Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be feed oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." 44 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Weevily Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which' contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 per- cent. Grades.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." Defnitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 45 Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Serv- ice and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats; but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from feed oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Pol- ish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cul tivated oats, wild oats, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 4(5 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED FEED OATS a For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Feed Oats: Mixed Feed Oats.--Mixed Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of less than 30 percent of cultivated oats, 'but either (a) not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) not less than 65 percent of wild oats; may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains; and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreiga material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when aplicable. Special Grades for Mixed Feed Oats Tough Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to. the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Bleached Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which, in whole or in part, 6 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with 'the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 47 have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Mixed Feed Oats Grade requirements for Mixed Feed Oats Grade No. 1-..---------- 2-__----------- 31 ... Sample grade - Mini- Maximum limits of- mum test Ha-aae weight neratd a at Foreign material per kres(as bushel wild oats, and other grains) Total Fine seeds Pounds Percent Percent Percent 32 2 5 2 29 4 7 3 26 6 10 4 Sample grade shall include mixed feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, in- clusive; or which contain more than 16 per- cent of moisture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quan- tity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Mixed Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weath- ered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Weevily Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. 552721--49 7 48 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to* the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 49 Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the IJnited States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats; and shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from Mixed Feed Oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats, or other grains, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 50 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR RYE7 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for rye: Rye.-Rye shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of rye and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Rye shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than rye, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the rye by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of rye kernels which are removed in properly separat- ing the foreign material, and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. 7 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Rye Grade requirements for Rye 51 Maximum limits of- Mini- Damaged mum kernels rye Foreign material test and nther Frinmtra Grade No. weight grains) per bushel Heat- Foreign Hmatte Total dam- Total o atter aged wheat Pounds Percent Percent Percent, Percent 11-------------- 56 2 0.1 3 1 1 21------------- 54 4 .2 6| 2 31------------- 52 7 .5 10 4 4-------------- 49 15 3.0 10 6 Sample grade.. Sample grade shall include rye which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commer- cially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied ac- curately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The rye in grades No.1 and No. 2 may contain not more than 20 percent, and the rye in grade No. 3 may contain not more than 30 percent, of rye and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with rectangular perforations 0.064 inch wide by 9i inch long. 52 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Rye Plump Rye Definition.-Plump rye shall be rye which does not contain more than 5 percent of rye and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with rectangular perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. Grades.-Plump rye shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not plump, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately pre- ceding the word rye, the word "Plump." Tough Rye Definition.-Tough rye shall be rye which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were -not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Rye Definition.-Smutty rye shall be rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye. Grades.-Smutty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of aver- OFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 53 age size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty rye which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Garlicky Rye Definition.-Garlicky rye shall be rye which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye. Grades.--Garlicky rye shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky rye which contains 2 or more but not more than 6 green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Garlicky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky rye which contains more than 6 green garlic bulblets, or an equiva- lent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Rye Definition.-Weevily rye shall be rye which is infested with live weevils or other insects in- juriqus to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not weevily, and there shall be added, to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily" 54 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Rye Definition.-Ergoty rye shall be rye which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable -to such rye if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis - of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 55 Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than rye which is not separated from the rye in the proper determina- tion of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 56 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR GRAIN SORGHUMS8 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for grain sorghums: Grain sorghums.-Grain sorghums shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of grain sorghums and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Stand- ards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage and of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", contains not more than 25 percent of nongrain sorghums. Classes.-Grain sorghums shall be divided into five classes, as follows: Class I, White Grain Sorghums; Class II, Yellow Grain. Sorghums; Class III, Red Grain Sorghums; Class IV, Brown Grain Sorghums; and Class V, Mixed Grain Sorghums. Grades.-Grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade re- quirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 8 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Grain Sorghums Grade requirements for Grain Sorghums Maximum limits of- Minimum Damaged kernels Total test (g r a i n sorghums, cracked -+ Grade No. weight nongrain sorghums, kornels per bushel Moisture and other grains) Nongrain foreign ma- sorghums terial, and O Heat- other Total damaged grains Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent H 1----------------------------- 55 14 2 0.2 1 4 2-------------------------. 53 15 5 .5 3 8 3.----------------------------- 51 16 10 1.0 5 12 4--------------------------- -- 49 18 15 3.0 10 15 r Sample grade------------.. Sample grade shall include grain sorghums of any class or subclass which b do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to o No. 4, inclusive; or which contain inseparable stones and/or cinders; of which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which are badly weathered; or which have any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. -5 58 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Grain Sorghums (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of white grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Colored spots upon kernels that are otherwise white shall not affect their classification as white. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) White Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white kafir type, including hegari, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) White Durra This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white durra type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (C) White Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class White Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) White Kafir or subclass (b) White Durra. Yellow Grain Sorghums (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of yel- low and salmon-pink grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sor- ghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 59 Subclass (A) Yellow Milo This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the yellow milo type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other yellow grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sor- ghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (B) Yellow Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Yellow Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Yellow Milo. Red Grain Sorghums (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of red grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other "colors. This class shall be divided into .two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Kafir This subclass shall. include grain sorghums of the red kafir type and may include not more than 10 percent of other red grain -sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Red Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Red Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Red Kafir. 60 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Brown Grain Sorghums (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of brown grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Mixed Grain Sorghums (Class V) This class shall include all mixtures of grain sorghums not provided for in the classes from I to IV, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-The grade designation for Mixed Grain Sorghums shall include, successively, in the order named: (1) The number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be; (2) the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums"; (3) the name and the approximate percentage of each class of grain sorghums which constitutes 10 per- cent or more of the mixture, in the order of its predominance, but if only one class ex- ceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. In those cases where Mixed Grain Sorghums consist of 70 percent or more of grain sorghums of the types white kafir, white durra, yellow milo, or red kafir, singly or combined, and not more than 10 per- cent of brown grain sorghums, the word 'Mixed" shall be substituted for the words Mixed Grain Sorghums", and the name of the appropriate subclass or subclasses for such type or types, as the case may be, shall be substituted for the class names, in the grade designation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 61 Dockage Dockage includes sand, dirt, finely broken ker- nels, weed seeds, and other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the grain sorghums by means of a metal sieve perforated with round holes 22/64 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Grain Sorghums Bright Grain Sorghums Definition.-Bright grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums, of any class or subclass, which have good, natural color. Grades.-Bright grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a. part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class or subclass, the word "Bright." 62 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Discolored Grain Sorghums Definition.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums of any class or subclass which are discolored, but which are not badly weathered. Grades.-Discolored grain sorghums shall- be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not discolored, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Discolored." Weevily Grain Sorghums Definition.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Grain Sorghums Definition.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which have the kernels covered with smut spores, .or which contain a quantity of smut masses in excess of a quantity equal to 10 masses in 50 grams of grain sorghums. Grades.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 63 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Each de- termination of class, subclass, nongrain sor- ghums, damage, heat damage, and inseparable stones and/or cinders, shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage and when free from that part of the "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains" which can be removed readily by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perfora- tions the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. All other determinations shall 'be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.--Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. 64 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soy- beans. Nongrain sorghums.-Nongrain sorghums shall include broomcorn, Sudan grass, Johnson grass, and cane seed. Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains.-Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains, shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, and all other mat- ter except dockage that will pass through a metal sieve perforated with equilateral trian- gular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter; also other grains and all other matter except grain sorghums and nongrain sorghums remaining on such sieve after screening. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, moldy, or otherwise mate- rially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 65 STANDARDS FOR FLAXSEEDS For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for flaxseed: Flaxseed.-Flaxseed shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of flaxseed and not more than 20 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Flaxseed shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards. Flaxseed Grade requirements for Flaxseed Grade No. ...ple-- --grd 2 - .... .. - . .. -. ..- - .. _- - _- _ Sample grade......- Minimum test Maximum limits of weight per bushel damaged flaxseed 49 pounds--------_- 20 percent 47 pounds--------- 30 percent Sample grade shall include flaxseed which does not come within the requirements of either of the grades No. 1 or No. 2; or which contains fire-damaged flaxseed; or which contains more than 11 percent of moisture; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. O The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 66 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage shall include all matter other than flaxseed which is contained in the lot of grain as a whole; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of flaxseed removed with the dock- age and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the flax- seed including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together With the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of test weight, moisture, damage, and "fire damaged'', shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by. weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 67 Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Damaged flaxseed.-Damaged flaxseed shall be seeds and pieces of seeds of flaxseed which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 68 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR SOYBEANS10 Terms Defined For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for soybeans: (a) Soybeans.-Soybeans shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of threshed soybeans and not more than 10.0 percent of other grains. Threshed soybeans shall be whole or broken soybeans which are not removed in the determination of foreign material. (b) Classes.-Soybeans shall be divided into the following five classes: Yellow Soybeans, Green Soybeans, Brown Soybeans, Black Soy- beans, and Mixed Soybeans. (c) Yellow Soybeans.-Yellow Soybeans shall be any soybeans with yellow or green seed coats, which in cross section are yellow or have a yellow tinge, and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of other classes. (d) Green Soybeans.-Green Soybeans shall be any soybeans with green seed coats which in cross section are green, and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of other classes. (e) Brown Soybeans.-Brown Soybeans shall be any soybeans with brown seed coats, and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of other classes. (f) Black Soybeans.-Black Soybeans shall be any soybeans with black seed coats, and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of other classes. (g) Mixed Soybeans.-Mixed Soybeans shall be any mixture of soybeans which does not meet 10 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 69 the requirements for the classes Yellow Soybeans, Green Soybeans, Brown Soybeans, or Black Soy- beans. Bicolored soybeans shall be classified as Mixed Soybeans. (h) Grades and grade designations.-Grades shall be the numerical grades, sample grade, and special grades provided for on pages 71-72. (i) Bicolored soybeans.-Bicolored soybeans shall be any soybeans with seed coats of two colors, one of which is black or brown. (j) Splits.-Splits shall be pieces of soybeans. (k) Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be soybeans, pieces of soybeans, and kernels and pieces of kernels of other grains which are heat- damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground- damaged, badly weather-damaged, moldy, dis- eased, or otherwise materially damaged. (1) Other grains.-Other grains. shall be barley, corn, flaxseed, grain sorghums, oats, rye, wheat, buckwheat, einkorn, emmer, Polish wheat, popcorn, poulard wheat, rice, spelt, sweet corn, and wild oats. (m) Foreign material.-Foreign material shall be all matter, including soybeans and pieces of soybeans; which will pass readily through a sieve 0.032 inch thick with round perforations 0.125 (%4) inch in diameter, and all matter other than soybeans remaining non such sieve after sieving. (n) Stones.-Stones shall be concreted earthy or mineral matter and other substances of similar hardness that do not disintegrate readily in water. Principles Governing Application of Standards The following principles shall apply in the determination of the classes and grades of soy- beans: (a) Basis of determinations.-Each determi- nation of class, splits, and damaged kernels 70 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from that part of foreign material which can be removed readily by the use of a sieve 0.032 inch thick with round perforations 0.125 (%/4) inch in diameter. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. (b) Percentages.-Percentages shall be upon the basis of weight. (c) Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of moisture shall be ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 (re- vised August 1941), issued by the Agricultural Marketing Service (now Production and Market- ing Administration) of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results. . (d) Percentage of splits.-The percentage of splits shall be expressed in whole percent and any fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. (e) Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results. v OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 71 Grade Requirements The following grade requirements are appli- cable under these standards: (a) Numerical grades, sample grade, and grade requirements for all classes of soybeans. Maximum limits of- Mini- mum test Damaged Grade weight kernels per Moisture Splits (soybeans ateraln bushel and other mtra grains) Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent No. 1 56 13.0 10 2.0 2.0 No. 2 .... 54 14.0 20 3.0 3.0 No. 31.... 52 16.0 30 5.0 4.0 No. 4 2..... 49 18.0 40 8.0 6.0 S ample Sample grade shall be soybeans which do not meet grade the requirements for any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which are musty, or sour, or heating; or which have any commercially ob- jectionable foreign odor; or which contain stones, or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The soybeans in grade No. 1 of the class Yellow Soybeans may contain not more than 1.0 percent, in grade No. 2 not more than 2.0 percent, and in grade No. 3 not more than 5.0 percent of Green, Black, Brown, or bicolored soybeans, either singly or in any combination. 2 Soybeans which are materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 72 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS (b) Special grades, special grade requirements, and special grade designations for all classes of soybeans-(1) Garlicky soybeans-(i) Require- ments.-Garlicky soybeans shall be soybeans which contain 5 or more garlic bulblets in 1,000 grams of soybeans. (ii) Grade designation.-Garlicky soybeans shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such soybeans if they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to and made a part of the grade designation the word "Garlicky." (2) Weevily soybeans-(i) Requirements.- Weevily soybeans shall be soybeans which are infested with live weevils or other live insects injurious to stored grain. (ii) Grade designation.-Weevily soybeans shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such soybeans if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to and made a part of the grade designation the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 73 STANDARDS FOR MIXED GRAIN " For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Grain: Definition.-Mixed Grain shall be any mixture of those grains for which standards have been, or hereafter may be, established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, that does not come within the requirements of any of the standards for such grains, and that does not contain more than 50 percent of foreign material. Wild oats in Mixed Grain shall be classed as a grain. Grades.-Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated either as "Mixed Grain" or as "Sam- ple grade Mixed Grain", and according to the special grades when applicable. Grade Requirements Mixed Grain (Grade).-The grade "Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which does not come within the specifications for Sample grade Mixed Grain. Sample grade Mixed Grain.-The grade "Sample grade Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which contains more than 16 percent of moisture, or more than 15 percent of damaged kernels, or more than 3 percent of heat-damaged kernels; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which has a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 11 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 74 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grade Designations The grade designation for Mixed Grain shall include, in the order named: (1) The words "Mixed Grain" or the words "Sample grade Mixed Grain", as the case may be; (2) The name and approximate percentage of each kind of grain, including wild oats, which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture, in the order of predominance; and (3) When applicable, the words "Other Grains", followed by a statement of the per- centage of the combined quantity of those kinds of grain, including wild oats, each of which is present in a quantity less than 10 percent; and (4) The words "Foreign Material", together with a statement of the percentage thereof. All percentage statements shall be in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. Special Grades for Mixed Grain Tough Mixed Grain Definition.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Tough." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 75 Smutty Mixed Grain Definition.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of mixed grain, or (b) any other mixed grain which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 per- cent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Grain Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." 76 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Garlicky Mixed Grain Definition.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of mixed grain; or (b) mixed grain in which oats or barley predominates, and which contains 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of mixed grain. Grades.-Garlicky - Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Mixed Grain Definition.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Blighted Mixed Grain Definition.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be all mixed grain in which barley predominates and which, as a whole, contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially dis- colored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 77 requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Blighted." Treated Mixed Grain Definition.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which has been scoured, limed, washed, sulphured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade desig- nation, alone. Grades.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All, deter- minations shall be on the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.--Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the apparatus and the method of use thereof specified in the official grain standards of the United States for the kind of grain which predominates in the mixture. 78 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 10.65, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, but shall not include wild oats. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established .under the provisions of the United States Grain . Standards Act, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GRAIN INSPECTION The United States Grain Standards Act pro- vides in part as follows: INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS "SEc. 4. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain no person thereafter shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign com- merce any such grain which is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade unless the grain shall have been inspected and graded by an inspector licensed under this act and the grade by which it is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale be one of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States: Provided, That any person may sell, offer for sale, or consign for sale, ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain by sample or by type, or under any name, de- scription, or designation which is not false or mis- leading, and which name, description, or designa- tion does not include in whole or in part the terms of any official grain standard of the United States: Provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade may be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign 'commerce without inspec- tion at point of shipment by an inspector li- censed under this act, to or through any place at which an inspector licensed under this act is located, subject to be inspected by a licensed inspector at 'the place to which shipped or at some convenient point through which -shipped for inspection, which inspection shall be under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe, and subject further 79 80 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS to the right of appeal from such inspection, as provided in section 6 of this act: And provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or. consigned for sale by any of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards may, upon compliance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture, be shipped in interstate or foreign commerce with- out inspection from a place at which there is no inspector licensed under this act to a place at which there is no such inspector, subject to the right of either party to the transaction to refer any dispute as to the grade of the grain to the Secretary of Agriculture, who may determine the true grade thereof. No person shall in any certificate or in any contract or agreement of sale or agreement to sell by grade, either oral or written, involving, or in any invoice or bill of lading or other shipping document relating to, the shipment or delivery for shipment, in inter- state or foreign commerce, of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, describe, or in any way refer to, any of such grain as being of any grade other than a grade fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States." MISREPRESENTATION "SEc. 5. That no person, except as permitted in section 4, shall represent that any grain shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce is of a grade fixed in the official grain standards other than as shown by a certificate therefor issued in compliance with this act; and the Secretary of Agriculture is author- ized to cause examinations to be made of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, and which has been certified to conform to any grade fixed therefor in such official grain standards, or which OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 81 has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce. Whenever, after opportunity for hearing is given to the owner or shipper of the grain involved, and to the inspector thereof if the same has been inspected, it is de- termined by the Secretary that any quantity of grain has been incorrectly certified to conform to a specified grade, or has been sold, offered for sale, or consigned for. sale under any name, description, or designation which is false or misleading, he may publish his findings." APPEALS, FINDINGS, AND FEES "SEc. 6. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain and any quantity of such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale, or which has been shipped, or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce shall have been inspected and a dispute arises as- to whether the grade as determined by such inspection of any such grain in fact conforms to the standard of the specified grade, any interested party may, either with or without reinspection, appeal the question to the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause such investi- gation to be made and such tests to be applied as he may deem necessary and to determine the true grade: Provided, That any appeal from such inspection and grading to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be taken before the grain leaves the place where the inspection appealed from was made and before the identity of the grain has been lost, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe. Whenever an appeal shall be taken or a dispute referred to the Secretary of Agriculture under 82 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS this act, he shall charge and assess, and cause to be collected, a reasonable fee, in amount to be fixed by him, which fee, in case of an appeal, shall be refunded if the appeal is sustained. All such fees, not so refunded, shall be deposited and covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. The findings of the Secretary of Agri- culture as to grade, signed by him or by such officer or officers, agent or agents, of the Depart- ment of Agriculture as he may designate, made after the parties in interest have had opportunity to be heard, shall be accepted in the courts of the United States as prima facie evidence of the true grade of the grain determined by him at the time. and place specified in the findings." LICENSING OF INSPECTORS "SEc. 7. The Secretary of Agriculture may issue a license to any person, upon presentation to him of satisfactory evidence that such person is competent, to inspect and. grade grain and to certificate the grade thereof for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, under this act and the rules and regulations prescribed thereunder. No person authorized or employed by any State, county, city, town, board of trade, chamber of com- merce, corporation, society, partnership, or association to inspect or grade grain shall cer- tify, or otherwise state or indicate in writing, that any grain for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, which has been inspected or graded by him, or by any person acting under his authority, is of one of the grades of the official grain standards of the United States, unless he holds an unsus- pended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. * * *" OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS PENALTIES "SEc. 9. That any person who shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of sections 4 or 7 of this act, or any inspector licensed under this act who shall knowingly inspect or grade im- properly any grain which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, or shall knowingly give any false certificate of grade, or shall accept money or other consideration, directly or indirectly, for any neglect or improper performance of duty, and any person who shall improperly influence or attempt to improperly influence any such inspector in the performance of his duty, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both." REGULATIONS Section 8 of the Grain Standards Act author- izes the Secretary of Agriculture to make such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary for the efficient execution of the provisions of the Act. Pursuant to this authority, the Secretary of Agriculture has issued regulations under the Act. Copy of the regulations as well as the com- plete text of the Act may be had upon application to any office of the Grain Branch, or to the Ad- ministrator, Production and Marketing Adminis- tration, Washington 25, D. C. BASIS OF INSPECTION The basis of inspection for commercial lots of grain is governed by instructions which are summarized as follows: In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is generally or reasonably uniform in quality and condition throughout the lot. the 84 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS grade should be based on a representative sample resulting from a composite of the probings taken from different parts of the lot. . In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is not generally uniform as to quality or condition, care must be exercised, in basing the grade, to in ure that the grade assigned will reflect as nearly as may be the quality of the entire lot of grain. In cases where the variations in quality or condition are not material, the grade should be based on a composite sample of all the probings taken from different parts of the lot. However, in cases where the variations in quality or condition are marked by distinct and outstanding differences between portions of the grain, each portion should be regarded as if it were a separate lot or unit for inspection and grading, and the grade of each portion should be based upon a sample representative of it. In the inspection and grading of lots, parcels, and cargoes of grain loaded aboard boats, barges, and other vessels, licensed, inspectors shall be governed by the following requirements: 1. If such a lot, parcel, or cargo tendered for inspection and grading be uniform in quality and condition, the grade shall be based upon an aver- age sample thereof; 2. If such lot, parcel, or cargo so tendered is not uniform in quality and condition by reason of the presence therein of a material portion of grain of a. different grade, the licensed inspector shall consider the portions of such lot, parcel, or cargo which are of different grades as separate lots tendered for inspection, and shall separately inspect, grade, and certificate as to grade such different portions; and each such certificate of grade shall bear a statement to the- effect that the grain to which it applies has been loaded on board with other grain, the grade, description, and approximate quantity of which shall be specified. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 85 SAMPLING OF GRAIN The taking of a correct and representative sample of a lot or parcel of grain for inspection and grading purposes is an important and essen- tial part of grain inspection. If the sample obtained is not representative no amount of care in making the determinations for the grading factors will establish the true grade of the grain involved. The Department of Agriculture, in its administration of the Grain Standards Act, holds that the licensed inspector is responsible for the correctness of the sample upon which he bases the grade of any lot or parcel of grain. For correct grading it is essential that the sample, properly identified, be preserved in its original condition from the time it is taken until the grade is determined and that it be of sufficient size to permit the required tests to be performed. It is provided in part in Section 26.21 of the regulations of the Secretary under the Act that no licensed inspector shall issue a certificate of grade for any grain unless the inspection and grading thereof be based upon a correct and rep- resentative sample of the grain. No sample shall be deemed to be representative unless of the size, and procured in accordance with the meth- ods, prescribed in instructions issued by the Administrator, Production and Marketing Ad- ministration, or by such officer of the Department as may be designated by him for the purpose, which are in effect at the time of the inspection and grading. The basic instructions governing the methods for sampling grain are summarized as follows: The size of the sample shall be not less than approximately 2 quarts. If the time to elapse between the drawing of the sample and the de- termination of the grade would permit of such changes in the condition of the, sample as to affect the grade assigned to the lot or parcel from which 86 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS the sample was taken, at least 1V/ pints of the grain shall be enclosed in an air-tight container and the remainder, if any, in' a cloth bag. In the case of bulk grain in a car, truck, or wagon, or in any other container in which the grain is of about the same depth as in a carload, the sample shall be taken with a double-tube 11-compartment probe 627 inches long (fig. 2) by probing flaxseed in seven or more places and all other kinds of grain in five or more places, well distributed in different parts of the car, truck, or other container. In the discretion of the sampler and/or inspector, as -many more probings as may be necessary shall be taken from the grain in different parts of the lot. In the case of bulk grain tendered for inspec- tion as it lies in a boat, barge, or other vessel, samples shall be taken with a double-tube com- partment grain probe of either standard or special length by probing at regular spaced intervals throughout the entire lot, provided that all of the grain so tendered is accessible for proper samp- ling. If the grain is of such depth or stowed in such a manner that representative samples of the entire lot cannot be obtained by the sampling methods prescribed in this paragraph, the grain shall be considered as inaccessible for sampling within the vessel. In the case of bulk grain being loaded for in- spection and grading aboard a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the loading spout or other convenient place en route, by the use of a device known as "The Pelican spout sampler" (fig. 1) or any other device giving equivalent results. The stream or streams shall be sampled at regular and frequent intervals to assure a correct and representative sample of the lot. In the case of grain tendered for inspection as it is being discharged from a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the running stream or at some other convenient place OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 87 after it leaves the vessel and before its identity is lost, provided the sample is not taken from grain moving on a horizontal belt where a cut of a full cross section of the stream is impracticable. The sample shall be taken in such a manner that it will be a correct and representative sample of the lot. If after examination of the separate probes, or cuts with the Pelican, no material portion of the.grain is distinctly inferior to the remainder of the grain, the grain from the separate probes or from each separate cut with the Pelican, shall be combined and the combined sample shall be regarded as an average sample of the grain involved. Whenever it shall appear, as a result of the sampling, that a material portion of any lot or parcel of grain is distinctly inferior, in any manner, to the remainder of such lot or parcel; also whenever, in the case of grain loaded, or being loaded aboard, or being discharged from, a barge, boat, or steamship, a material portion of such grain is of a different grade from the remainder, separate samples shall be taken of such distinctly inferior grain and of the re- maining portion, or of the grain of each of the distinctly different grades, as the case may be. There shall be filed with each of the separate samples so taken a statement of the estimated quantity of grain it represents. The detailed official current -instructions for the proper sampling of grain may be obtained by applying to any office of the Grain Branch. 88 88 (EFFLUTAL GRAI N STANDARDS SPOUT SAMPLER OR "PELICAN" fallIIIg ob taining a representative sample from a stream of halk graini, and( piartici arl}- for sampling M)1lk grain being 11o]ds of a vessel, a spoiut referred t(o as a "'Pelican'' (fig. Spouted into the samlnp( 1), is ,r, genierally uised. "-V4 Al 1' g 0 f7 I4 'fy I lii FIGURtE .-S.pout sarflIler (Pelican). Th~1e use of this device makes it possible to obtain complete cross sections from the stream of grain 1)eing salflIicd. In operation the stream of grain is cut at frequent intervals an(I the samples oIbtainled are then reduced in size by being put through a Boerner sampler (fig. 3). OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 89 GRAIN PROBE (TRIER) AND SAMPLING CANVAS For obtaining a representative sample from a carload of bulk grain, a double-tube, 11-compart- ment grain probe (trier) as shown in figure 2 is used. Such a probe makes it possible for the sampler ordinarily to note any unevenness in loading and to ascertain the approximate loca- tion and quantity of any mixture of grain or of dirty, smutty, heating, or damp spots, etc., found in any part of the grain. A canvas 29% inches by 63 inches in dimensions on which to empty the grain from the probe is used. The grain should be emptied lengthwise on the canvas, each separate probeful apart from the others, so that the grain from each compart- ment can be examined separately. Detailed specifications and drawings of the probe, and specifications for the canvas may be obtained by applying to any office of the Grain Branch. 8iagthoocf6-8a - /b1COMPARTMENT BULK GRAIN PROBE 181 A Wd/h Noenin inouter/tb id/h fopernagnin ner tube - - - - r - - e o"'er Grin;d BostA Coaaedaa %uddidaaetec. r, 3 %' -Y y / tuer> WueEW SHOWING COMPARTMENT OPENINGS tb SECT/O/N %-A" SECT/V/I 8-B- M' ap/e handle LONG/TUBINAC SEC77ON NM Oterad inner tubes each toabe na 16 aye BIS(aoa) hard draawn samleass 80 % R/ad Brass Oa/acand/annertbes tvabeclose fhiai FIGURE 2.--Bulk grain probe (trier). OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 91 SAMPLE DIVIDER (BOERNER SAMPLER) After a representative sample of the lot or parcel of grain to be graded is obtained, it is usually necessary to reduce its size considerably, in order that the grade may be determined by careful analysis. To reduce the size of a sample of grain containing foreign substances of differ- ent specific gravity or size than of the grain with which they are mixed, and at the same time obtain a sample as representative as the original, is hardly possible except by mechanical means. Figure 3 shows a device, generally referred to as the "Boerner sampler", which will divide a sample into smaller portions and still maintain the proper proportions for the various factors of the original sample. In the operation of this device the grain is placed in a hopper at the top of the machine and is then released, when it passes through an opening at the bottom of the hopper and down the sides of a cone, the point of which is directly under the center of the opening. Around the base of the cone are 36 pockets or openings. The grain falling down the sides of the cone is cut into 36 separate streams, which, a little farther on, merge into 2 streams. Streams nos. 1, 3, 5, etc., unite into 1 stream which empties into one receptacle, and streams nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, etc., unite into another stream which empties into a second receptacle. This device and a simplified form of it are fully described in United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 287. I 77 UTE//7FU RNNEL ^j- /NT/NNF Pfl/NA /NFrR(NEZ ' B KIGURE 3.-Sample divider: A, vertical cross section of device showing paths taken by the material in passing from the hopper to the container; B, cross section of the device at the base of the cone. 92 OFFICIAL CHAIN STANI)ARDS 9lh FEDERAL DOCKAGE TESTER A Federal dockage tester wjith1 which. uniformu results can be obtained is use(d ini alt offiees of the ( rain Branch tand by many grain inspectors in inakinig (lockagpe tests antd certain) designlate1 sieving tests of grain. (Fig;. 4.) informtal ion concerning; the Federal dock age tester auid( it~s met hod of use may be obtained by applying; to any office of the (Grain Branch. ..~. t4~4~ 4. I FIGURE 4.-Federal dockage tester. 94 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS GRAIN-TESTING SIEVES Standardized grain-testing sieves with accurate perforations are essential in making uniform sieving and dockage tests. Standardized sieves are specified for use in connection with the en- forcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. These sieves are constructed from half hard aluminum sheet metal 20 gage (B. & S.) thick, and are perforated as described in the fol- lowing table. The maximum tolerance permitted in the accuracy of perforations is plus or minus 0.0005 inch, except that no tolerance is specified for the length dimensions of slotted perforations. The completed sieves are made up in the form of flat sieves or as step metal sieves for use in a dockage machine or as hand sieves. The hand sieves are 13 inches in diameter, and have slightly flaring sides 2 inches high, with rolled-top edges, and are made to nest with each other and with a bottom pan. Decimal specifications for the size of sieve perforations should be used in the manu- facturing of grain-testing sieves. ' OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 95 Specifications for sieve perforation Size of perforations Number of perfora- Decimal tions per Common designations square (inches) equivalents foot (inches) ROUND HOLE PERFORATIONS 2A/4 diameter-------------------- 0.0390 27,970 4Y/64 diameter.-------------------- .0703 13, 795 5/64 diameter.---------------------- .0781 6, 705 1/12 diameter.-- --..-...-...-.-- --- .0833 9,820 8/64 diameter---------------------- .1250 4, 736 12/64 diameter..--------------------- .1875 2, 640 TRIANGULAR PERFORATIONS WITH INSCRIBED CIRCLES OF-- 5/64 diameter---------------- --- 0. 0781 2,845 0.089 diameter.--------------------- .0890 2, 875 SLOTTED PERFORATIONS 3/64 by 3/8...-------------------- 0.0469 by0. 375 2,690 4A/64 by 3/4._ ...------------------ . 076 by . 75 865 8/64 by 3/4..-..------------------- .1250 by .75 4,736 9/64 by 3/4.......------------------ .1406 by .75 .- .. 10/64 by ..4...... - _...... __-__.. .15625 by .75 0.057 by .....------------------- .057 by .375 2,500 0.064 by 3/8-..-------------------- . 0640 by .375 2,705 0.070 by 1/2-..-.------------------. 0700 by . 50 1, 655 In addition to the sieves listed above a wire mesh sieve is also used in grain inspection. This sieve which has rectangular openings in it is used in connection with the determination of Dockage in flaxseed. It is constructed of wire having a diameter of 0.015 inch, with 4 by 16 meshes per inch. 96 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS BASIS OF DETERMINATION FOR TEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL The official standards provide that the deter- mination of the test weight per bushel in the case of wheat, rye, barley, and soybeans shall be made upon the basis of- the grain from which the dock- age has been removed; in the case of flaxseed the test-weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the flaxseed after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves 'and cleaning de- vices; and in the case of all other grain the test- weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the grain as a whole. As the test weight per bushel is one of the main factors in determining the grade of grain, 1f quarts of the grain should be available to permit the test weight to be made with a quart tester. STANDARD METHOD OF MAKING TEST- WEIGHT-PER-BUSHEL DETERMINATION The conditions given in the method described below have been found to be essential in making uniform tests of weight per bushel and obtaining accurate results, and have been adopted as stand- ard in connection with the enforcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. (1) Make the test immediately after the sample has been brought to the inspection room, office, or laboratory, to prevent drying out of the grain with consequent change in its test weight. (2) Use 1%quarts of grain for making the test. (3) Fill the kettle from a hopper. (4) Opening at bottom of hopper must be round and exactly 1% inches in .diameter. O)FFICI71AL (;VAIN STANL)ARLDS 'it (5) Bottom of o] p1)im g nmst )e centered over the kettle aind( held exactlyv 2 inches abo)ve t he (ti) rJie l uart kettle must have a cal exactli- 67.2 cuiiv)I inches. The inrsi(1 of the (part kettle shall be 4 inches. (7) If the top of' the kettle is rough, )acitv° of e height sm oothI tal bar, downvi but d (8) the roughness with a round~ed1 o riot use a file for the purpose. Have the kettle rest on a firm 1 lik )aSS. F FicuEi 5.-Starjdard apparatus for determining the test weight per bushel of grain. 98 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS (9) Do not jar the kettle before or during the stroking operation. (10) Use a stroker made of hardwood with smooth, perfect half-round edges, 12 inches long, % inch thick, and 1% inches broad. (11) Place the stroker on the edge of the kettle lightly without jarring the kettle. (12) Hold the stroker on. the kettle with the sides of the stroker in a vertical position. (13) Stroke the- grain from the kettle with three full-length zigzag motions of the stroker. (14) Make each stroke clean all the way across the kettle with the stroker always lightly touch- ing the -kettle. (15). Use a beam which is both accurately graduated and sensitive to. one-tenth pound per bushel. (16) Have the weight-per-bushel apparatus tested periodically for- (a) Accuracy of kettle, (b) Accuracy of beam readings, and (c) Sensitiveness of beam. The method of testing the accuracy of the test' kettle and the accuracy and sensitiveness of the weighing beam of any weight-per-bushel testing outfit is given in Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1065. OFFICIAL GRAIN 'STANDARDS 99 METHODS OF MAKING MOISTURE TESTS The official standards for wheat, barley, oats, Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, rye, grain cor- ghums, flaxseed, and soybeans, specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the air-oven method, and the stan- dards for corn specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the water-oven method, or, in .all cases, that as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results. The air-oven and the water- oven apparatus and their respective methods of use in the determination of moisture content are described in Service and Regulatory Announce- ments No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. In order that rapid determinations of mois- ture in grain may be made to meet the routine requirements of practical inspection work, grain inspectors may use electric moisture meters or other apparatus and methods which give mois- ture-test results equivalent to the results obtained with the air-oven method or the water-oven method, as the case may be. Although the air- oven and water-oven methods are specified as the basic methods for determining moisture con- tent for the purposes- of the standards, it is intended that these methods will be used prin- cipally for the purpose of checking and standard- izing the electric moisture meters or other moisture-testing equipment and methods used in routine grain-inspection work. 100 (iFFICIAL(41AI ELECTRIC MOISTURE METER An electric mistiure meter with v.hieli rabn ( determntations of the moistu re conlient of grain can lie ]Wade is i gect eral usec in gnjn-uin.)Qcctiof work. 44 electric mIioisture meter illustrated in figure 6, ini- eluding the necessary conversion charts, is given in pamphlet U. S. G. S. A.--A. B. L.-I, the latest revised coin- of which can be obItai]ned from anY office of the Grails Branch. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 101 EQUIPMENT USED IN GRAIN INSPECTION (1) Bulk grain probe. (2) Spout sampler (Pelican). (3). Sack probe (trier). (4) Sampling canvas. (5) Waterproof sample bags. (6) Airtight containers. (7) Sample divider (Boerner sampler). (8) Dockage tester. (9) Hand sieves. (10) Test-weight-per-bushel apparatus. (11) Moisture tester. (12) Balances: one 1,200-gram and one 100- gram capacity. (13) Barley pearler. (14) Sulphur-testing apparatus. (15) Smut dockage machine (for Pacific Coast). (16) Miscellaneous: grain pans, tweezers, tables, etc. 0    U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Production and Marketing Administration Grain Branch H. OK OF OFV.iUmi.i GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standard: for Wheat, effective October 1, 1937; Corn, effective January 20, 1937; Barley, effective July 1, 1950; Oats, effec- tive June 1, 1947; Feed Oats and Mixed Feed Oats, effective July 1, 1935; Rye, effective July 1, 1941; Grain Sorghums and Flaxseed, effective July 1, 1935; Soybeans, effective September 1, 1949; and Mixed Grain, effective July 1, 1935 Prepared by the Production and Marketing Administration  Revised 1950 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING ADMINISTRATION GRAIN BRANCH HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, effective October 1, 1937; Corn, effective January 20, 1937; Barley, effective July 1, 1950; Oats, effec- tive June 1, 1947; Feed Oats and Mixed Feed Oats, effective July 1, 1935; Rye, effective July 1, 1941; Grain Sorghums and Flaxseed, effective July 1, 1935; Soybeans, effective September 1, 1949; and Mixed Grain, effective July 1, 1935 Important Features of Grain Inspection UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1950 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. - Price 25 cents CONTENTS Grain standards: Page Wheat standards------------------- 1 Corn standards------------------ 20 Barley standards_____--- _ -------- 25 Oats standards------_----_--_--- - 37 Feed Oats standards_________-- _ --- 43 Mixed Feed Oats standards--------- 47 Rye standards------------------- 51 Grain sorghums standards- - - _ _ - - - 57 Flaxseed standards-_-_----___---- 66 Soybeans standards-_-_________---- 69 Mixed Grain standards-------- -- 74 Important features of grain inspection: Inspection requirements------ _ _ -- _ -- 80 Misrepresentation___------------- 81 Appeals, findings, and fees---------_ -82 Licensing of inspectors - _ - - - - - - - - - - 83 Penalties-____.___--____-----_____ 84 Regulations_-____---___---__----_ 84 Basis of inspection---------------- - 84 Sampling of grain_--__----_----_ 86 Spout sampler or "Pelican"--------- 89 Grain probe (trier) and sampling canvas------------------------- 90 Sample divider (Boerner sampler)-- 92 Dockage tester_-------_-___ - -_ ---- 94 Grain-testing sieves --------------_ 95 Basis of determination for test weight per bushel__________---_------- 97 Standard method of making test- weight-per-bushel determination- 97 Methods of making moisture tests- 100 Electric moisture meter------------ 101 Equipment used in grain inspection - 102 FURTHER INFORMATION For further information regarding the United States Grain Standards Act, the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture thereunder, or the official grain standards apply to any office of the Grain Branch, or to the Administrator, Production and Marketing Administration, Washington 25, D. C. II DEPKSITED BY THE HD UNITED STATES OF AMERICAS 11 'O HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR WHEAT1 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for wheat: Wheat.-Wheat shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of wheat and not more than 10 percent of other ,grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 50 percent of broken kernels of grain of any -size. The term wheat in these standards shall not include emmer, spelt, em- korn, Polish wheat, and poulard wheat. Classes.-Wheat shall be divided into seven classes, as follows: Class I, Hard Red Spring Wheat; Class II, Durum Wheat; Class III, Red Durum Wheat; Class IV, Hard Red Winter Wheat; Class V, Soft Red Winter Wheat; Class VI, White Wheat; and Class VII, Mixed Wheat. Grades.--Wheat shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 1 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal 'Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 1 2 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Hard Red Spring Wheat (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of hard red spring wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (B) Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (C) Red Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall also include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consist- ing of more than 10 percent of the variety Humpback. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 3 Class I.-Hard Red Spring Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Dark Northern Spring, (b) Northern Spring, (c) Red Spring Maximum limits of- 0 Damaged +, kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other 1 (wheat and terial classes .b other grains) Grade No. 02.. H r E-+ rd E° q Lbs. Pt. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 1 Heavy ' 2_-. 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 2 12____-__.-- 58 2 .1 1 .5 5 2 2 2--.-____ 57 4 .2 2 1.0 10 3 3---_______--- 55 7 .5 3 2.0 10 5 4-.--..-.-.-. 53 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 5-______-_-- 50 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Northern Spring, or Northern Spring, or Red Spring, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 Heavy to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Applies to each 'of the subclasses Dark Northern Spring, Northern Sprung, and Red Spring. 2 The wheat in grades No. 1 Heavy and No. 1 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 4 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Durum Wheat (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of com- mon durum wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (B) Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 60 percent or more but less than 75 percent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (C) Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of less than 60 per- cent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Red Durum Wheat (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of Red Durum Wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 5 Class II.-Durum Wheat and Class III.-Red Durum Wheat Grade requirements for the subclasses (a) Hard Amber Durum, (b) Amber Durum, and (c) Durum, of the class Durum Wheat, and for the class Red Durum Wheat Maximum limits of- Damaged kernels Foreign Wheats of other (wheat and material classes other grains) Grade No. Lb.Pc.Pt.Pt Pt Pc . ct a0 12-_ )- _ 0 . 0.0 2 Lbs Pet Pet Pet Pe.Pt. Pt 18 -----------_60 2 0.1 1 0.5 2 5 3 23___________- 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 5 3 3___________ 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 '10 4_--_________ 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 5-___________ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Samplegrade Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Hard Amber Durum, or Amber Durum, or Durum, or wheat of the class Red Durum Wheat, which does not come within the re- quirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 These specifications do not apply to the class Red Durum Wheat, or to the subclass Durum. 2 No. 1 Red Durum may contain 10 percent of wheats of other classes. 3 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of each of these classes may contain not more than either (a) 7 percent of shrunken and/or 6 GFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20 gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long, or (b) 10 percent of all such material-that will pass through said sieve together with the broken kernels of grain of any size which remain on said sieve; and the wheat in grade No. $ of each of these classes may contain not more than either (a) 10 percent of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through said sieve, or (b) 15 percent of all such material that will pass through said sieve together with the broken kernels of grain of any size which remain on said sieve. Hard Red Winter Wheat (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of hard red winter wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (B) Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (C) Yellow Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitre- ous kernels. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 7 Class IV.-Hard Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Dark Hard Winter, (b) Hard Winter, (c) Yellow Hard Winter Grade No. 11 ._---_--- 21--------_-- 31._-___--. 4--------- 5--------- Sample grade. .n be ... Maximum limits of- Damaged kernels (wheat and other grains) bem H a Foreign ma- Wheats of other terial classes 0 °m r beZ4- C0 Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 1 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 2 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 3 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade shall'include wheat of the subclass Dark Hard Winter, or Hard Winter, or Yellow Hard Winter, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlie; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade Nd. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 883461*--50 2 8 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Soft Red Winter Wheat (Class V) This class, shall include all varieties of soft red winter wheat and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of both light and dark colored kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of Soft Red Winter Wheat grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. Subclass (B) Western Red This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 10 percent of wheat of this class grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 9 Class V.-Soft Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Red Winter, (b) Western. Red Maximum limits of- Damaged a kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes other grains) Grade No. Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 11_--_-_-.60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 21_---_ 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 IL_---.---_--56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 4-----------54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 S.-._--------51 15 3.0 7 5.0 30 10.0 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Red Winter, or Western Red, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparahle stones and/or cin- ders; or which is musty, or sour, or beating, or hot; or which has any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not ce applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch -ide by inch long. 10 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Wheat (Class VI) This class shall include all varieties of white wheat, whether winter or spring grown, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into four subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard White This subclass shall include all wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Soft White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of less than 75 per- cent of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (C) White Club This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of common white wheat other than Sonora, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (D) Western White . This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat which contains more than 10 percent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varie- ties, either singly or in any combination, and which also contains more than 10 percent of com- mon white wheat other than Sonora. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Class VI.-White Wheat 11 Grade requirements for (a) Hard White, (b) Soft White, (c) White Club, (d) Western White Maximum limits of- Damaged a kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes other grains) Grade No. Lb' POt P Ot cd Pet O P4t 1 - 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 21 --------58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 31 -----------56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 4----------- 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 5----------- 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade..- Sample gra e shall include wheat of' the subclass Hard White, or Soft White, or White Club, or Western White, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by N inch long. 12 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Mixed Wheat (Class VII) This class shall include all mixtures of wheat not provided for in the classes from I to VI, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-Mixed Wheat shall be graded according to the numeri- cal and Sample grade requirements of the class of wheat which predominates in the mixture, except that the grade specifications for the factor "wheats of other classes" and the grade specifica- tions for "No. 1 Heavy" in the standards for hard red spring wheat, shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall be stated as provided in paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section: (a) Except as specified in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, the grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, (2) the words "Mixed Wheat", and (3) the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of wheat which constitutes more than 10 percent of the mixture in the order of its predominance; but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. (b) Amber Mixed Durum.--Amber Mixed Durum shall be Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which con- tains not rnore than a total of 15 percent of wheats other than common durum and which contains not less than 60 percent of Durum kernels that are hard and vitreous and of amber color. Amber Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 per- cent of red durum, white, and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Amber Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 13 named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words "Amber Mixed Durum.' (c) Mixed Durum.-Mixed Durum shall be Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which contains not more than a total of 20 percent of wheats other than com- mon durum. Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 percent of Red Durum wheat, and may contain not more than 5 percent of white and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words "Mixed Durum." Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than wheat, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the wheat by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of wheat kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material, and which cannot be re- covered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. 14 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Wheat Tough Wheat Definition.-Tough wheat shall be (a) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, or Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, predomi- nates, which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 15.5 percent of moisture, and (b) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, pre- dominates, which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade' designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Wheat Definition.-Smutty wheat shall be wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat. Smutty wheat shall. be graded and designated according to the method described either in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section. (a) Smut. dockage.-Before the determination of smut dockage as provided in this paragraph, the wheat shall be graded and designated accord- ing to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty. The smut shall be removed by scouring and the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 15 loss in weight of the wheat caused by the removal of the smut shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the grain when free from dockage. The percentage so calculated shall be stated in terms of half percent, whole percent, or whole and half percent, as the case may be. A fraction of a half percent shall be disregarded. The percentage of the smut dockage, so calculated and stated, shall be added to the grade designation, preceding the statement of dockage, if any. (b) "Light Smutty" and "Smutty.'"-Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards appli- cable to such wheat if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty wheat which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." 883461-50- -3 16 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Garlicky Wheat Definition.-Garlicky wheat shall be wheat which contains two or more green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat. Grades.-Garlicky wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains two or more but not more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Gar- licky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Wheat Definition.-Weevily wheat shall be wheat which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 17 Ergoty Wheat Definition.-Ergoty wheat shall be wheat which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Treated Wheat Definition.-Treated wheat shall be wheat which had been scoured, limed, washed, sul- phured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numer- ical grade or the Sample grade designation, alone. Grades.-Treated wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of. the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. 18 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils, or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All' other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device. and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.--Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as de- termined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than wheat which is not separated from the wheat in the proper deter- mination -of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull-less bar- ley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 19 Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which have been mate- rially discolored and damaged by ?external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 20 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR CORN 2 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for corn (maize): Corn.-Corn shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of shelled corn of the dent or flint varieties, and may contain not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Classes.-Corn shall be divided into three classes, as follows: Class I, Yellow Corn; Class II, White Corn; and Class III, Mixed Corn. Yellow Corn (Class I) This class shall include yellow corn, and may include not more than 5 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of red on ker- nels of corn otherwise yellow shall not affect their classification as Yellow Corn. White Corn (Class II) This class shall include white corn, and may include not more than 2 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of light straw color or of pink on kernels of corn otherwise white shall not affect their classification as White Corn. 2 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 21 Mixed Corn (Class III) This class shall consist of corn of various colors that does not meet the color require- ments for either of the classes Yellow Corn or White Corn. White-capped yellow kernels shall be classified as Mixed Corn. Grades.-Corn shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Corn Grade requirements for Yellow Corn, White Corn, and Mixed Corn Maximum limits of- Mini- mum testDaaekrnl Grade No. weight Cracked Damaged kernels per Mois- corn and bushel ture foreign material Total dHeaed Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 1---------1__ 54 14.0 2 3 0.1 2__________- 53 15.5 3 5 .2 3-____________ 51 17.5 4 7 .5 4__________-- 48 20.0 5 10 1.0 5-___________- 44 23.0 7 15 3.0 Sample grade Sample grade shall include corn of the class Yel- low Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 22 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Corn Flint Corn Definition.-Flint corn shall be corn of any class which consists of 95 percent or more of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint corn shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not flint corn, and the word "Flint" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, imme- diately following the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Flint and Dent Corn Definition.-Flint and Dent corn shall be corn of any class which consists of a mixture of the flint and dent varieties and which contains more than 5 percent but less than 95 percent of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.--Flint and Dent corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not Flint and Dent corn, and the words "Flint and Dent" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately fol- lowing the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Weevily Corn Definition.-Weevily corn shall be corn that is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 23 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.--Each deter- mination of class, variety, damage, and heat damage, shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of the cracked corn and for- eign material. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the water oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No.147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulle- tin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Cracked corn and foreign material.-Cracked corn and foreign material shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of corn and all matter other than corn which will pass through a No. 12 sieve, and all matter other than corn re- maining on such sieve after screening. No. 12 sieve.--A metal sieve perforated with round holes 12/64 inch in diameter. 88241* 50 4 24 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, sweet corn, pop corn, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and, pieces of kernels of corn which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 25 STANDARDS FOR BARLEY3 For the purposes of the official grain stand-- ards of the United States for barley: Barley.-Barley shall be any grain which, be- fore the removal of dockage, consists of 50 per- cent or more of barley, and may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. The term "barley" as used in these standards shall not include hull-less barley. Classes.-Barley shall be divided into four classes, as follows: Class I, Barley; Class II, Black Barley; Class III, Western Barley; and Class IV, Mixed Barley. Grades.-Barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 3 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 26 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Barley (Class I) This class shall include all white (glumes) barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Malting Barley This subclass shall include 6-rowed barley of the class Barley (Class I) which meets the re- quirements of grades Nos. 1 to 3, inclusive, which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 5 percent of 2-rowed and/or other types or varieties of barley of unsuitable malting type such as Trebi and Black; which contains not more than 15 percent of barley and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal seive with slotted perforations 0.076 (45/64) of an inch wide and % of an inch long; which contains not more than 5 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels; which contains not more than 4 percent of damaged barley; and shall not in- clude Bleached barley. Barley of this subclass shall contain 75 percent or more of mellow bar- ley kernels which kernels are not, en masse, semi-steely. Subclass (B) Barley This subclass shall include all barley of the class Barley which does not meet the require- ments of subclass (A) Malting Barley. Black Barley (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of black (glumes) barley grown anywhere in the United States, and may include not more than 10 per- cent of barley of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 27 Class I.-Barley and Class II.-Black Barley Grade requirements for subclass (a) Malting Barley and subclass (b) Barley, of the class Barley, and for the class Black Barley Minimum Maximum limits of- limits of- Heat- damaged Grade No. Test kernels For- Bro- Black weight Sound (barley, eign ken har- per barley 1 other mate- ker- ley 2 bushel grains, rial nels and wild oats) Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 13____ ___ 47 95 0.1 1 4 0.5 23-__--____-_- 46 93 .2 2 8 1.0 3 3----------- 43 90 .5 3 12 2.0 44_ -__ - -40 80 1.0 4 20 5.0 5__1______- _-- 35 70 3.0 6 30 10.0 Sample grade- Sample grade shall include barley of the subclass Barley, or of the class Black Barley, which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Any barley in grade No. 1 that does not come within the pro- visions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 2 percent of blight-damaged barley; and barley in any grade from No. 2 to Sample grade, inclusive, that does not come within the provisions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley. Any barley containing more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley shall be graded No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, or Sample grade, Blighted, as the case may be, as provided in the specifications for Blighted barley. 2 These specifications do not apply to the class Black Barley. 3 See special requirements for subclass (A) Malting Barley. 4 Barley that is badly stained or materially weathered, shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 28 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Western Barley (Class III) This class shall include white (glumies) barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. Class III.-Western Barley Grade requirements for Western Barley Grade No. 1----------____ 2 - - - - __- _- 3----------__- 4----------____ 5----------_ Sample grade-_ Maximum limits of- Mini- Heat- mum daae limits of damaged For- Bro- sound kernels Wild eign ken Black barley (barley, oats ma- ker- barley other grains, and terial nels wild oats) Pet. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 98 0.1 1 0.5 3 0.5 96 .2 2 1.0 6 1.0 93 .3 3 2.0 10 2.0 88 .5 5 3.0 15 5.0 80 1.0 10 4.0 25 10.0 Sample grade shall include barley of the class Western Barley which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which con- tains more than 15 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable adobe, stones, and cinders, singly or combined; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which con- tains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which contains the seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 29 Mixed Barley (Class IV) This class shall be any mixture of barley not provided for in the classes from I to III, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.- Mixed Barley shall be graded according to the grade requirements of either (1) the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or (2) the class. Black Barley, or (3) the class Western Barley, according to which class of barley predominates. in the mixture, except that all grade specifica- tions as to the maximum percentages of black barley shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Barley shall include successively, in the order named, the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be; the words "Mixed Barley", followed by the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of barley which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture in the order of its predominance, but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that. class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate per- centage of at least one other class. For Mixed Barley, in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, the grade designation shall include a statement of the test weight per bushel immediately following the names and percentages of the classes composing the mixture. Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than barley, sand, dirt, and any material other than barley, which can be removed readily from the barley by the use of a metal scalper riddle sieve with slotted per- forations %4 inch wide by / inch long and by the use of a 20-gage metal sieve with equilateral 30 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are %4 inch in diameter; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of barley kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning with the sieve having equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are %64 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The percentage of dockage, so calculated, when equal to 1 per- cent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Barley Test Weight of Western Barley Grades for test weight of Western Barley.- For barley of the class Western Barley, the test weight per bushel in terms of whole pounds shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, following the name of the class. A fraction of a pound shall be disregarded. Two-Rowed Barley Definition.-Two-rowed Barley shall consist of two-rowed barley of the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or of the class Western Barley, which does not meet the requirements for the special grades Choice Malting Two-rowed West- ern Barley and Malting Two-rowed Western Barley, and may contain not more than 10 per- cent of Six-rowed Barley. Grades.-Two-rowed Barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such barley OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 31 if it were not Two-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designa- tion, preceding the name of the class, the word "Two-rowed." Choice Malting Two-Rowed Western Barley Definition.-Choice Malting Two-rowed West- ern Barley shall be Two-rowed Barley of the class Western Barley which consists of the Hannchen or Hanna varietal types; which contains not more than 3 percent of varietal types of barley other than Hannchen or Hanna; which meets the requirements for grade No. 1; which has a test weight per bushel of 52 pounds or more; which contains 80 percent or more of mellow kernels; which is not semi-steely in mass; which contains not more than 5 percent of barley and other matter that will pass readily through a sieve 0.032 inch thick with perforations 0.086 by 0.750 (5//64 by %) inch; which contains not more than 5 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels; which does not contain barley injured by frost; and shall not include barley of the special grades smutty, garlicky, ergoty, bleached, or stained. Grades.-Choice Malting Two-rowed Western Barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards appli- cable to such barley if it were not Choice Malting Two-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Choice Malting Two-rowed." Malting Two-Rowed Western Barley Definition.-Malting Two-rowed Western Bar- ley shall be Two-rowed Barley of the class West- ern Barley which consists of the HannChen or Hanna varietal types; which contains not more than 5 percent of varietal types of barley other than Hannchen or Hanna; which meets the re- 32 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS quirements for. any of the grades No. 1 to No. 3, inclusive; which does not meet the requirements for the special grade Choice Malting Two-rowed Western Barley; which has a test weight per bushel of 50 pounds or more; which contains 60 percent or more of mellow kernels; which is not semi-steely in mass; which contains not more than 10 percent of barley and other matter that will pass readily through a sieve 0.032 inch thick with perforations 0.086 by 0.750 (53/64 by /) inch; which contains not more than 10 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels; which does not contain barley injured by frost; and shall. not include barley of the special grades smutty, garlicky, ergoty, blighted, stained, or bleached. Grades.-Malting Two-rowed Western Barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not Malting Two-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, prece.ding the name of the class, the words "Malting Two-rowed." Tough Barley Definition.--Tough barley shall be (a) barley of either of the classes Barley or Black Iarley, or- of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of either one of the classes, Barley or Black Barley predominates, which contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture, and (b) barley of the class Western Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, which contains more than 13.5 percent but not more than 15 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 33 Bright Western Barley Definition.-Bright Western barley shall be barley of the class , Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is of good natural color. Grades.-Bright Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." Stained Western Barley Definition.-Stained Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is badly stained or weath- ered. Grades.-Stained Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not stained, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Stained." Blighted Barley Definition.-Blighted barley shall be all bar- ley which contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted barley shall be graded and designated according to the .grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Blighted." 34 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Barley Definition.-Smutty barley shall be barley which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses in excess of 0.2 percent, Grades.-Smutty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Garlicky Barley Definition.-Garlicky barley shall be barley which contains 3 or more green garlic bulblets, or an' equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of barley. Grades.-Garlicky barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Barley Definition.--Weevily barley shall be barley which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily barley shall, be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS $5 Ergoty Barley Definition.-Ergoty barley shall be barley which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Bleached Barley Definition.-Bleached barley shall be barley which, in whole or in part, has been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleach- ing agent. Grades.-Bleached barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bleached, and there shall - be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Each determination of heat-dam- aged kernels and of mellow barley kernels shall be upon the basis of the pearled dockage-free grain. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the 36 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than barley, except other grains, wild oats, and smut masses, which is not separated from the barley in the proper deter- mination of dockage. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Sound barley.-Sound barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley remaining after the removal of dockage, which are not damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Damaged barley.-Damaged barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley which are damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, or which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley, other grains, and wild oats, which have been materially discolored and damaged by ex- ternal heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 37 STANDARDS FOR OATS4 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for oats: Oats.-Oats shall be any grain which consists of 80 percent or more of cultivated oats. Oats may contain not more than 10 percent of wild oats. Classes.-Oats shall be divided into five classes as follows: Class I, White Oats; Class II, Red Oats; Class III, Gray Oats; Class IV, Black Oats; and Class V, Mixed Oats. For the purpose of this classification, the characteristics of each class, except Mixed Oats, shall be based on color char- acteristics; White Oats shall include yellow oats; and tinges of white, brown, or black, on the ker- nels of any red oats variety shall not affect their classification as red oats. Oats of any class ex- cept Mixed Oats may include not more than 10 percent of cultivated oats of other classes. Mixed Oats shall be any mixture of oats which does not meet the requirements for any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, or Black Oats. Grades.-Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Oats Bright Oats Definition.-Bright oats shall be oats, except Bleached oats, that are of good natural color. Grades.-Bright oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." 4 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and. Cosmetic Act. 38 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Oats Grade requirements for the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, and Mixed Oats Grade No. 11_...... 2 2 _ -.._ .. . . 3 3--.---..---. 44... ...._..- Sample grade Minimum limits of- Maximum limits of- Test ound Heat-dam-. Test Sound aged kernels For- weight culti- (ae other eign Wild per vated (oats ma- oats bushel oats grains, and terial wild oats) Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 32 97 0.1 2 2 30 94 .3 3 3 27 90 1.0 4 5 24 80 3.0 5 10 Sample grade shall include oats of any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, or Mixed Oats, which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contain stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which bave any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a. quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The oats in grade No. 1 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of oats of other classes, of which not more. than 3 percent may be black cultivated oats. 2 The oats in grade No. 2 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of black cultivated oats. 3 Oats that are slightly weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. 4 Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 4. Special Red Oats Definition.--Special red oats shall be oats of the class Red Oats which consist of Columbia oats or other red oats having similar character- OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 39 istics and may contain not more than 10 percent of other cultivated oats. Grades.-Special red oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such red oats if they were not special, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately preceding the name of the class, the word "Special." Medium Heavy Oats Definition.-Medium heavy oats shall be oats of any class of grades Nos. 3, 4, and Sample grade which have a test weight per bushel of 30 pounds or more but less than 35 pounds. Grades.-Medium heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards otherwise applicable and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Medium Heavy." Heavy Oats Definition.-Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 35 pounds or more but less than 38 pounds. Grades.--Heavy oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Heavy." Extra Heavy Oats Definition.-Extra Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 38 pounds or more. Grades.-Extra Heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not extra heavy, and there shall be 883461*--50 6 40 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Extra Heavy." Tough Oats Definition.-Tough oats shall be oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Thin Oats Definition.-Thin oats shall be any oats, whether sized, clipped, or natural, which contain more than 20 percent of oats and/or other matter except "fine seeds" that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by / inch long. . Grades.-Thin oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not "thin" oats, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Thin." Bleached Oats Definition.-Bleached oats shall be oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades-Bleached oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not. bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Weevily Oats Definition.-Weevily oats shall be oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 41 Grades.-Weevily oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Oats Definition.-Smutty oats shall be oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Oats Definition.-Ergoty oats shall be oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Garlicky Oats Definition.-Garlicky oats shall be oats which contain 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of oats. Grades.-Garlicky oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Definitions Basis of grade determinations. All determina- tions shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. 42 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall, be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and' the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any, device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and -pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all matter which can be removed from oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Sound cultivated oats.-Sound cultivated oats shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 43 Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats which have been materially discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. STANDARDS FOR FEED OATS, For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Feed Oats: Feed Oats.-Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of either (a) 30 percent or more but less than 80 percent of cultivated oats, but not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) 80 percent or more of cul- tivated oats and more than 10 percent of wild oats. Feed Oats may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains, and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Feed Oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Feed Oats Tough Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designa- tion, the word "Tough." 6 The. specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 44 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Feed Oats Grade requirements for Feed Oats Minimom limits Maximum limits of- Grade No. Test Culti- Heat Foreign mate- weight vated oats, wild per oats, and bushel Oats other Total Fine grains) seeds Per- Pounds Percent Percent Percent cent 1------------ 32 60 2 3. 2 2--____..___.. 29 45 4 4 3 31. -- -..____ 26 30 6 6 4 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially ob- jectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity suffi- cient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Bleached Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be feed oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be .graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 45 Weevily Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 per- cent. Grades.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determina- tions shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. 46 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Serv- ice and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and .method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats; but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from feed oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Pol- ish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats, wild oats, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED FEED OATS 6 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Feed Oats: Mixed Feed Oats.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of less than 30 percent of cultivated oats, but either (a) not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) not less than 65 percent of wild oats; may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains; and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.--Mixed Feed Oats shall- be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Mixed Feed Oats Tough Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Bleached Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which, in whole or in part, 6 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 883461*-50 7 48 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.--Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Mixed Feed Oats Grade requirements for Mixed Feed Oats Mini- Maximum limits of- mum Grade No. test weight Heat-damaged Foreign material per kernels (oats, bushel wild oats, and other grains) Total Fine seeds Pounds Percent Percent Percent 1------------ '32 2 5 2 2----------.--- 29 4 7 3 31------------- 26 6 10 4 Sample grade - Sample grade shall include mixed feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, in- clusive; or which contain more than 16 per- cent of moisture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quan- tity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Mixed Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weath. ered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Weevily Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 49 Grades.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. 50 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats; and shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from Mixed Feed Oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats, or other grains, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR RYE7 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for rye: . Rye.-Rye shall be any grain which,. before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of rye and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Rye shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than rye, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the rye by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of rye kernels which are removed in properly separat- ing the foreign material, and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. 7 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 52 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS: Rye Grade requirements for Rye Maximum limits of- Mini- Damaged mum kernels r e Foreign- material Grade No. esisht grains) per abusheleat- Foreign Total dam- Total matter other than aged wheat Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 11_------------- 56 2 0.1 3 1 21------------- 54 4 .2 6 2 31___------ - 52 7. .5 10 4 4-------------- 49 15 3.0 10 6 Sample grade- Sample grade shall include rye which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No.. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commer- cially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied ac- curately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 5 The rye in grades No.1 and No. 2 may contain not more than 20 percent, and the rye in grade No. 3 may contain not more than 30 percent, of rye and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with rectangular perforations 0.064 inch wide by / inch long. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 53 Special Grades for Rye Plump Rye Definition.-Plump rye shall be rye which does not contain more than 5 percent of rye and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with rectangular perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. Grades.-Plump rye shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not plump, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately pre- ceding the word rye, the word "Plump." Tough Rye Definition.-Tough rye shall be rye which contains more than 14 percent but.not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Rye Definition.-Smutty rye shall be rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye. Grades.-Smutty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of aver- 54 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS age size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty rye which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Garlicky Rye Definition.-Garlicky rye shall be rye which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye. Grades.-Garlicky rye shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky rye which contains 2 or more but not more than 6 green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Garlicky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky rye which contains more than 6 green garlic bulblets, or an equiva- lent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Rye Definition.-Weevily rye shall be rye which is infested with live weevils or other insects in- jurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Rye Definition.-Ergoty rye shall be rye which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.---Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ' ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of. use thereof, described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. 883461 *-50 8 56 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than rye which is not separated from the rye in the proper determina- tion of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. -Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. . Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 57 STANDARDS FOR GRAIN SORGHUMS8 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for grain sorghums: Grain sorghums.--Grain sorghums shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of grain sorghums and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Stand- ards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage and of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", contains not more than 25 percent of nongrain sorghums. Classes.-Grain sorghums shall be divided into five classes, as follows: Class I, White Grain Sorghums; Class II, Yellow Grain Sorghums; Class III, Red Grain Sorghums; Class IV, Brown Grain Sorghums; and Class V, Mixed Grain Sorghums. Grades.-Grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade re- quirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 8 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Grain Sorghums Grade requirements for Grain Sorghums Grade No. Maximum limits of- Minimum Damaged kernels Total tiet (g r a in sorghums, cra weght nongrain sorghums, krcesd per bushel Moisture and other grais) Nongrain foreign ma- sorghums terial, and Ttl Heat- other Total damaged grains Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 55 14 2 0.2 1 4 53 15 5 .5 3 8 51 16 10 1.0 5 12 49 18 15 3.0 10 15 Sample grade shall include grain sorghums of any class or subclass which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which are badly weathered; or which have any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. O H H H H z d' 1._.-_---------------------- 3------------------------- 4------ --- ------------ -- Sam ple grade........... ---... OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 59 White Grain Sorghums (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of white grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Colored spots upon kernels that are otherwise white shall not affect their classification as white. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) White Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white kafir type, including hegari, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) White Durra This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white durra type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (C) White Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class White Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) White Kafir or subclass (b) White Durra. Yellow Grain Sorghums (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of yel- low and salmon-pink grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sor- ghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Subclass (A) Yellow Milo This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the yellow milo type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other yellow grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sor- ghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (B) Yellow Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Yellow Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Yellow Milo. Red Grain Sorghums (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of red grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other 'colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the red kafir type and may include not more than 10 percent of other red grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Red Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Red Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Red Kafir. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 61 Brown Grain Sorghums (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of brown grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Mixed Grain Sorghums (Class V) This class shall include all mixtures of grain sorghums not provided for in the classes from I to IV, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-The grade designation for Mixed Grain Sorghums shall include, successively, in the order named: (1) The number of the grade or the worde- "Sample grade", as the case may be; (2) the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums"; (3) the name and the approximate percentage of each class of grain sorghums which constitutes 10 per- cent or more of the mixture, in the order of its predominance, but if only one class ex- ceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. In those cases where Mixed Grain Sorghums consist of 70 percent or more of grain sorghums of the types white kafir, white durra, yellow milo, or red kafir, singly or combined, and not more than 10 per- cent of brown grain sorghums, the word "Mixed" shall be substituted for the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums", and the name of the appropriate subclass or subclasses for such' type or types, as the case may be, shall be substituted for the class names, in the grade designation. 62 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage includes sand, dirt, finely broken ker- nels, weed seeds, and other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the grain sorghums by means of a metal sieve perforated with round holes 2x/64 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Grain Sorghums Bright Grain Sorghums Definition.-Bright grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums, of any class or subclass, which have good, natural color. Grades.-Bright grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class or subclass, the word "Bright." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 63 Discolored Grain Sorghums Definition.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums of any class or subclass which are discolored, but which are not badly weathered. Grades.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not discolored, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Discolored." Weevily Grain Sorghums Definition.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Grain Sorghums Definition.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain a quantity of smut masses in excess of a quantity equal to 10 masses in 50 grams of grain sorghums. Grades.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." 883461*-50 9 64 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Each de- termination of class, subclass, nongrain sor- ghums, damage, heat damage, and inseparable stones and/or cinders, shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from .dockage and when free from that part of the "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains" which can be removed readily by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perfora- tions the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages -ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. - Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 65 Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soy- beans. Nongrain sorghums.-Nongrain sorghums shall include broomcorn, Sudan grass, Johnson grass, and cane seed. Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains.-Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains, shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, and all other mat- ter except dockage that will pass through a metal sieve perforated with equilateral trian- gular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter; also other grains and all other matter except grain sorghums and nongrain sorghums remaining on such sieve after screening. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, moldy, or otherwise mate- rially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 66 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR FLAXSEED9 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for flaxseed: Flaxseed.--Flaxseed shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of flaxseed and not more than 20 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Flaxseed shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards. Flaxseed Grade requirements for Flaxseed Grade No. Minimum test Maximum limits of weight per bushel damaged flaxseed 1 _...------ 49 pounds--------- 20 percent 2-------------... 47 pounds--------- 30 percent Sample grade-.. Sample grade. shall include flaxseed which does not come within the requirements of either of the grades No. 1 or No. 2; or which contains fire-damaged flaxseed; or which contains more than 11 percent of moisture; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has- any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. s The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 67 Dockage Dockage shall include all matter other than flaxseed which is contained in the lot of grain as a whole; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of flaxseed removed with the dock- age and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the flax- seed including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof,. shall be added to the grade designation. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of test weight, moisture, damage, and "fire damaged", shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. 68 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Damaged flaxseed.-Damaged flaxseed shall be seeds and pieces of seeds of flaxseed which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR SOYBEANS'0 Terms Defined For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for soybeans: (a) Soybeans.-Soybeans shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of threshed soybeans and not more than 10.0 percent of other grains. Threshed soybeans shall be whole or broken soybeans which are not removed in the determination of foreign material. (b) Classes.-Soybeans shall be divided into the following five classes: Yellow Soybeans, Green Soybeans, Brown Soybeans, Black Soy- beans, and Mixed Soybeans. . (c) Yellow Soybeans.-Yellow Soybeans shall be any soybeans with yellow or green seed coats, which in cross section are yellow or have a yellow tinge, and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of other classes. (d) Green Soybeans.-Green Soybeans shall be any soybeans with green seed coats which in cross section are green, and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of other classes. (e) Brown Soybeans.-Brown Soybeans shall -be any soybeans with brown seed coats, and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of other classes. (f) Black Soybeans.-Black Soybeans shall be any soybeans with black seed coats, and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of other classes. (g) Mixed Soybeans.-Mixed Soybeans shall be any mixture of soybeans which does not meet 15 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 70 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS the requirements for the classes Yellow Soybeans, Green Soybeans, Brown Soybeans, or Black Soy- beans. Bicolored soybeans shall be classified as Mixed Soybeans. (h) Grades and grade designations.--Grades shall be the numerical grades, sample grade, and special grades provided for on pages 72-73. (i) Bicolored soybeans.-Bicolored soybeans shall be any soybeans with seed coats of two colors, one of which is black or brown. (j) Splits.-Splits shall be pieces of soybeans. (k) Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be soybeans, pieces of soybeans, and kernels and pieces of kernels of other grains which are heat- damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground- damaged, badly weather-damaged, moldy, dis- eased, or otherwise materially damaged. (1) Other grains.-Other grains shall be barley, corn, flaxseed, grain sorghums, oats, rye, wheat, buckwheat, einkorn, emmer, Polish wheat, popcorn, poulard wheat, rice, spelt, sweet corn, and wild oats. (m) Foreign material.-Foreign material shall be all matter, including soybeans and pieces of soybeans, which will pass readily through a sieve 0.032 inch thick with round perforations 0.125 (Y/4) inch in diameter, and all matter other than soybeans remaining on such sieve after sieving. (n) Stones.-Stones shall be concreted earthy or mineral matter and other substances of similar hardness that do not disintegrate readily in water. Principles Governing Application of Standards The following principles shall apply in the determination of the classes and grades of soy- beans: (a) Basis of determinations.-Each determi- nation of class, splits, and damaged kernels OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 71 shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from that part of foreign material which can be removed readily by the use of a sieve 0.032 inch thick with round perforations 0.125. (864) inch in diameter. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. (b) Percentages.-Percentages shall be upon the basis of weight. (c) Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of moisture shall be ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 (re- vised August 1941), issued by the Agricultural Marketing Service (now Production and Market- ing Administration) of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results. (d) Percentage of splits.-The percentage of splits shall be expressed in whole percent and any fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. (e) Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results. 883461*--50 10 72 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grade Requirements The following grade requirements are appli- cable under these standards: (a) Numerical grades, sample grade, and grade requirements for all classes of soybeans. Maximum limits of- Mini- mum test :Damaged Grade weight kernels bushel Moisture Splits (soybeans Foeign and other grains). Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent No. 1 . 56 13.0 10 2.0 2.0 No.2... 54 14.0 20 3.0 3.0 No. 31 52 16.0 30 5.0 4.0 No. 4 2 49 18.0 40 8.0 6.0 S ample Sample grade shall be soybeans which do not meet grade the requirements for any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which are musty, or sour, or heating; or which have any commercially ob- jectionable foreign odor; or which contain stones; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The soybeans in grade No. 1 of the class Yellow Soybeans may contain not more than 1.0 percent, in grade No. 2 not more than 2.0 percent, and in grade No. 3 not more than 5.0 percent of Green, Black, Brown, or bicolored soybeans, either singly or in any combination. 2 Soybeans which are materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 4. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 73 (b) Special grades, special grade requirements, and special grade designations for all classes of soybeans-(1) Garlicky soybeans-(i) Require- ments.-Garlicky soybeans shall be soybeans which contain 5 or more garlic bulblets in 1,000 grams of soybeans. (ii) Grade designation.-Garlicky soybeans shall be graded and- designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such soybeans if they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to and made a part of the grade designation the word "Garlicky." (2) Weevily soybeans-(i) Requirements.- Weevily soybeans shall be soybeans which are infested with live weevils or other live insects injurious to stored grain. (ii) Grade designation.-Weevily soybeans shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such soybeans if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to and. made a part of the grade designation the word "Weevily." 74 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED GRAIN " For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Grain: Definition.-Mixed Grain shall be any mixture of those grains for which standards have been, or hereafter may be, established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, that does not come within the requirements of any of the standards for such grains, and that does not contain more than 50 percent of foreign material. Wild oats in Mixed Grain shall be classed as a grain. Grades.-Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated either as "Mixed Grain" or as "Sam- ple grade Mixed Grain", and according to the special grades when applicable. Grade Requirements Mixed Grain (Grade).-The grade "Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which does not come within the specifications for Sample grade Mixed Grain. Sample grade Mixed Grain.-The grade "Sample grade Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which contains more than 16 percent of moisture, or more than 15 percent of damaged kernels, or more than 3 percent of heat-damaged kernels; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which has a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 11 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 75 Grade Designations The grade designation for Mixed Grain shall include, in the order named: (1) The words "Mixed Grain" or the words "Sample grade Mixed Grain", as the case may be; (2) The name and approximate , percentage of each kind of grain, including wild oats, which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture, in the order of predominance; and (3) When applicable, the words "Other Grains", followed by a statement of the per- centage of the combined quantity of those kinds of grain, including wild oats, each of which is present in a quantity less than 10 percent; and (4) The words "Foreign Material", together with a statement of the percentage thereof. All percentage statements shall be in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. Special Grades for Mixed Grain Tough Mixed Grain Definition.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desis.- nation, the word "Tough." 76. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Mixed Grain Definition.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of mixed grain, or (b) any other mixed grain which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains, smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of, 0.2 per- cent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Grain Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 77 Garlicky Mixed Grain Definition.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent, quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of mixed grain; or (b) mixed grain in which oats or barley predominates, and which contains 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of mixed grain. Grades.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Mixed Grain Definition.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were niot weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Blighted Mixed Grain Definition.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be all mixed grain in which barley predominates and which, as a whole, contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially dis- colored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade 78 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Blighted." Treated Mixed Grain Definition.--Treated Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which has been scoured, limed, washed, sulphured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade desig- nation, alone. Grades.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All deter- minations shall be on the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the apparatus and the method of use thereof specified in the official grain standards of the United States for the kind of grain which predominates in the mixture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 79 Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than grains for which .standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, but shall not include wild oats. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 883461*-50 11 IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GRAIN INSPECTION The United States Grain Standards Act pro- vides in part as follows: INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS "Smc. 4. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain no person thereafter shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign com- merce any such grain which is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade unless the grain shall have been inspected and graded by an inspector licensed under this act and the grade by which it is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale be one of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States: Provided, That any person may sell, offer for sale, or consign for sale, ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain by sample or by type, or under any name, de- scription, or designation which is not false or mis- leading, and which name, description, or designa- tion does not include in whole or in part the terms of any official grain standard of the United States: Provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade may be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce without inspec- tion at point of shipment by an inspector li- censed under this act, to or through any place at which an inspector licensed under this act is located, subject to be inspected by a licensed inspector at the place to which shipped or at some convenient point through which shipped for inspection, which inspection shall be under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe, and subject further 80 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 81 to the right of appeal from such inspection, as provided in section 6 of this act: And provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by any of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards may., upon compliance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture, be shipped in interstate or foreign commerce with- out inspection from a place at which there is no inspector licensed under this act to a place at which there is no such inspector, subject to the right of either party to the transaction to refer any dispute as to the grade of the grain to the Secretary of Agriculture, who may determine the true grade thereof. No person shall in any certificate or in any contract or agreement of sale or agreement to sell by grade, either oral or written, involving, or in any invoice or bill of lading or other shipping document relating to, the shipment or delivery for shipment, in inter- state or foreign commerce, of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, describe, or in any 'way refer to, any of such grain as being of any grade other than a grade fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States." MISREPRESENTATION "Sxc. 5. That no. person, except as permitted in section 4, shall represent that any grain shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce is of a grade fixed in the official grain standards other than as shown by a certificate therefor issued in compliance with this act; and the Secretary of Agriculture is author- ized to cause examinations to be made of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, and which has been certified to conform to any grade fixed therefor in such official grain standards, or which 82 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce. Whenever, after opportunity for hearing is given to the owner or shipper of the grain involved, and to the inspector thereof if the same has been inspected, it is de- termined by -the Secretary that any quantity of grain has been incorrectly certified to conform to a specified grade, or has been sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale under any name, description, or designation which is false or misleading, he may publish his findings." APPEALS, FINDINGS, AND FEES "SEc. 6. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain and any quantity of such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale, or which has been shipped, or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce shall have been inspected and a dispute arises as to whether the grade as determined by such inspection of any such grain in fact conforms to the standard of the specified grade, any interested party may, either with or without reinspection, appeal the question to the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause such investi- gation to be made and such tests to be applied as he may deem necessary and to determine the true grade: Provided, That any appeal from such inspection and grading to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be taken before the grain leaves the place where the inspection appealed from was made and before the identity of the grain has been lost, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe. Whenever an appeal shall be taken or a dispute referred to the Secretary of Agriculture under OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 83 this act, he shall charge and assess, and cause to be collected, a reasonable fee, in amount to be fixed by him, which fee, in case of an appeal, shall be refunded if the appeal is sustained. All such fees, not so refunded, shall be deposited and covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. The findings of the Secretary of Agri- culture as to grade, signed by him or by such officer or officers, agent or agents, of the Depart- ment of Agriculture as he may designate, made after the parties in interest have had opportunity to be heard, shall be accepted in the courts of the United States as prima facie evidence of the true grade of the grain determined by him at the time and place specified in the findings." LICENSING OF INSPECTORS "SEC. 7. The Secretary of Agriculture may issue a license to any person, upon presentation to him of satisfactory evidence that such person is competent, to inspect and grade grain and to certificate the grade thereof for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, under this act and the rules and regulations prescribed thereunder. No person authorized or employed by any State, county, city, town, board of trade, chamber of com- merce, corporation, society, partnership, or association to inspect or grade grain shall cer- tify, or otherwise state or indicate in writing, that any grain for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, which has been inspected or graded by him, or by any person acting under his authority, is of one of the grades of the official grain standards of the United States, unless he holds an unsus- pended and unreyoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. * * *' 84 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS PENALTIES "SEc. 9. That any person who shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of sections 4 or 7 of this act, or any inspector licensed under this act who shall knowingly inspect or grade im- properly any grain which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, or shall knowingly give any false certificate of grade, or shall accept money or other consideration, directly or indirectly, for any neglect or improper performance of duty, and any person who shall improperly influence or attempt to improperly influence any such inspector in the performance of his duty, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both." REGULATIONS Section 8 of the Grain Standards Act author- izes the Secretary of Agriculture to make such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary for the efficient execution of the provisions of the Act. Pursuant to this authority, the Secretary of Agriculture has issued regulations under the Act. Copy of the regulations as well as the com- plete text of the Act may be had upon application to any office of the Grain Branch, or to the Ad- ministrator, Production and Marketing Adminis- tration, Washington 25, D. C. BASIS OF INSPECTION The basis of inspection for commercial lots 'of grain is governed by instructions which are summarized as follows: In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is generally or reasonably uniform in quality and condition throughout the lot, the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 85 grade should be based on a representative sample resulting from a composite of the probings taken from different parts of the lot. In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot-of grain which is not generally uniform as to quality or condition, care must be exercised, in basing the grade, to insure that the grade assigned will reflect as nearly as may be the quality of the entire lot of grain. In cases where the variations in quality or condition are not material, the. grade should be based on a composite sample of all the probings taken from different parts of the lot. However, in cases where the variations in quality or condition are marked by distinct and outstanding differences between portions of the grain, each portion should be regarded as if it were a separate lot or unit for inspection and grading, and the grade of each portion should be based upon a sample representative of it. In the inspection and grading of lots, parcels, and cargoes of grain loaded aboard boats, barges, and other vessels, licensed inspectors shall be governed by the following requirements: 1. If such a lot, parcel, or cargo tendered for inspection and grading be uniform in quality and condition, the grade shall be based upon an aver- age sample thereof; 2. If such lot, parcel, or cargo so tendered is not uniform in quality and condition by reason of the presence therein of a material portion of grain of a different grade, the licensed inspector shall consider the portions of such lot, parcel, or cargo which are of different grades as separate lots tendered for inspection, and shall separately inspect, grade, and certificate as to grade such different portions; and each such certificate of. grade shall bear a statement to the effect that the grain to which it applies has been loaded on board with other grain, the grade, description, and approximate quantity of which shall be specified. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SAMPLING OF GRAIN The taking of a correct and representative sample of a lot or parcel of grain for inspection and grading purposes is an important and essen- tial part of grain inspection. If the sample obtained is not representative no amount of care in making the determinations for the grading factors will establish the true grade of the grain involved. The Department of Agriculture, in its administration of the Grain Standards Act, holds that the licensed inspector is responsible for the correctness of the sample upon which he bases the grade of any lot or parcel of grain. For correct grading it is essential that the sample, properly identified, be preserved in its original condition from the time it is taken until the grade is determined and that it be of sufficient size to permit the required tests to be performed. It is provided in part in Section 26.21 of the regulations of the Secretary under the Act that no licensed inspector shall issue a certificate of grade for any grain unless the inspection and grading thereof be based upon a correct and rep- resentative sample of the grain. No sample shall be deemed to be representative unless of the size, and procured in accordance with the meth- ods, prescribed in instructions- issued by the Administrator, Production and Marketing Ad- ministration, or by such officer of the Department as may be designated by him for the purpose, which are in effect at the time of the inspection and grading. The basic instructions governing the methods for sampling grain are summarized as follows: The size of the sample shall be not less than approximately 2 quarts. If the time to elapse between the drawing of the sample and the de- termination of the grade would permit of such changes in the condition of the sample as to affect the grade assigned to the lot or parcel from which OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 87 the sample was taken, at least 1Y8 pints of the grain shall be enclosed in an air-tight container and the remainder, if any, in a cloth bag. In the case of bulk grain in a car, truck, or wagon, or in any other container in which the grain is of about the same depth as in a carload, the sample shall be taken with a double-tube 11-compartment probe 62V inches long (fig. 2) by probing flaxseed in seven or more places and all other kinds of grain in five or more places, well distributed in different parts of the car, truck, or other container. In the discretion of the sampler and/or inspector, as many more probings as may be necessary shall be taken from the grain in different parts of the lot. In the case of bulk grain tendered for inspec- tion as it lies in a boat, barge, or other vessel, samples shall be taken with a double-tube com- partment grain probe of either standard or special length by probing at regular spaced intervals throughout the entire lot, provided that all of the grain so tendered is accessible for proper sam- pling. If the grain is of such depth or stowed in such a manner that representative samples of the entire lot cannot be obtained by the sampling methods prescribed in this paragraph, the grain shall be considered as inaccessible for sampling within the vessel. In the case of bulk grain being loaded for in- spection and grading aboard a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the loading spout or other convenient place en route, by the use of a device known as "The Pelican spout sampler" (fig. 1) or any other device giving equivalent results. The stream or streams shall be sampled at regular and frequent intervals to assure a correct and representative sample of the lot. In the case of grain tendered for inspection as it is being discharged from a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the running stream or at some other convenient place 883461*-50 19 88 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS after it leaves the vessel and before its identity is lost, provided the sample is not taken from grain moving on a horizontal belt where a cut of a full cross section of the stream is impracticable. The sample shall be taken in such a manner that it will be a correct and representative sample of the lot. If after examination of the separate probes, or cuts with the Pelican, no material portion of the grain is distinctly inferior to the remainder of the grain, the grain from the separate probes or from each separate cut with the Pelican, shall be combined and the combined sample shall be regarded as an average sample of the grain involved. Whenever it shall appear, as a result of the sampling, that a material portion of any lot or parcel of grain is distinctly inferior, in any manner, to the remainder of such lot or parcel; also whenever, in the case of grain loaded, or being loaded aboard, or being discharged from, a barge, boat, or steamship, a material portion of such grain is of a different grade from the remainder, separate samples shall be taken of such distinctly inferior grain and of the re- maining portion, or of the grain of each of the distinctly different grades, as the case may be. There shall be filed with each of the separate samples so taken a statement of the estimated quantity of grain it represents. 'The detailed official current instructions for the proper sampling of grain may be obtained by applying to any office of the Grain Branch. ()VVJ.CIAL GRA IN S'L\ N1) \ H )4 SPOUT SAMPLER ORt "PELIf.CAN" For Id anin( "g represei :tit e samn qle from a falling; st ream of biilk graini, ,111L jmf1.ticulhriV for' saii tjliiig hu) iigK'rain be1Ming s])()uted'( ii fo th~e ho ls of a~ vessel, a sipout sampi)ler, gene1 rally rcerred If) as a ''Pelican'' (Fig. ) , is I tsed. 1<_4 Q X. stream fgri is c.put a~ipt e freqetintevas n the samples. obtained are then reduced in size by being put through a Boermer sampler (fig. 3). 90 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS GRAIN PROBE (TRIER) AND SAMPLING CANVAS For obtaining a representative sample from a carload of bulk grain, a double-tube, 11-compart- ment grain probe (trier) as shown in figure 2 is used. Such a probe makes it possible for the sampler ordinarily to 'note any unevenness in loading and to ascertain the approximate loca- tion and quantity of any mixture of grain or of dirty, smutty, heating, or damp spots, etc., found in any part of the grain. A canvas 29/ inches by 63 inches in dimensions on which to empty the grain from the probe is used. The grain should be emptied lengthwise on the canvas, each separate probeful apart from the others, so that the grain from each compart- ment can be examined separately. Detailed specifications and drawings of the probe, and specifications for the canvas may be obtained by applying to any office of the Grain Branch. 581"egho oue tube /I-GOMPARTMENT BULK GRAIN PROBE B A Width ofpe'~n"9i4oute Itbe lathofaeng ine fube Brospoin 8 A y CmpomN ~ =t r us~ lmtr lY 3 - 3i8f-4.-/i-..3i8 fote tu W uEW SHOWING COMPARTMENT OPENINGS rii tube rK/r 5 urtR O Iner ubeSECT/ON A-A" .STCTON B-8 e~riinXyo ne vi errzdLNG/OZ/OINAL SECTION OTE: Outer-and innertubes ech lobena /o gage B. S(,=) hd draw seaess 80 % Red Brass Outeod ine tbes to be close fitingi FIGURE 2.-Bulk grain. probe (trier). 92 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SAMPLE DIVIDER (BOERNER SAMPLER) After a representative sample of the lot or parcel of grain to be graded is obtained, it is usually necessary to reduce its size considerably, in order that the grade may be determined by careful analysis. To reduce the size of a sample of grain containing foreign substances of differ- ent specific gravity or size than of the grain with which they are mixed, and at the same time obtain a sample as representative as the original, is hardly possible except by mechanical means. Figure 3 shows a device, generally referred to as the "Boerner sampler", which will divide a sample into smaller portions and still maintain the proper proportions for the various factors of the original sample. In the operation of this device the grain is placed in a hopper at the top of the machine and is then released, when it passes through an opening at the bottom of the hopper and down the sides of a cone, the point of which is directly under the center of the opening. Arcund the base of the cone are 36 pockets or openings. The grain falling down the sides of the cone is cut into 36 separate streams, which, a little farther on, merge into 2 streams. Streams nos. 1, 3, 5, etc., unite into 1 stream which empties into one receptacle, and streams nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, etc., unite into another stream which empties into a second receptacle. This device and a simplified form of it are fully described in United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 287. 1A,70~ /4W/C/I f"UNN f A' //6'CA Qf CY /A0/d7/Z/,VA'F/ TE /'7/A4'Z/AN A ,4E' AL rxcTS Hr// /NNAr5f7.!/Y'Ase7ZZ' .SJV~S ' bH/y F'IGUYRE 3.-Sample divider: A, vertical cross section of device showing paths taken by the material in passing from the hopper to the container; B, cross section of the device at the base of the cone. 93 i- 1. A f E kS .mow yc ' , 54 s&- 2t* ~ 3Y - r z- r- 7. - A- i v F A OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 95 GRAIN-TESTING SIEVES Standardized grain-testing sieves with accurate perforations are essential in making uniform sieving and dockage tests. Standardized sieves are specified for use in connection with the en- forcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. These sieves are constructed from half hard aluminum sheet metal 0.032 inch thick, and are perforated as described in the follow- ing table. The maximum tolerance permitted in the accuracy of perforations is plus or minus 0.0005 inch, except that no tolerance is specified for the length dimensions of slotted perforations. The completed sieves are made up in the form of flat sieves or as step metal sieves for use in a dockage machine or as hand sieves. The hand sieves are 13 inches in diameter, and have slightly flaring sides 2 inches high, with rolled-top edges, and are made to nest with each other and with a bottom pan. Decimal specifications for the size of sieve perforations should be used in the manu- facturing of grain-testing sieves. 883461*--50 13 96 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Specifications for sieve perforations Size of perforations Number of perfora- tions per Common designations Decimal square foot (inches) equivalents (precision (inches) sieve) ROUND HOLE PERFORATIONS 2%/64 diameter_____-______-____ 0.0390 - 27, 970 4'/64 diameter____._ ----------_ .0703 13, 795 5/64 diameter..----------------------- .0781 6,705 1/12 diameter ---------------------- .0833 9,820 8/64 diameter ------ .---------------- .1250 4,736 12/64 diameter.----..... --...--- -_. 1875 2, 640 TRIANGULAR PERFORATIONS WITH INSCRIBED CIRCLES OF- 5/64 diameter.--....--- .....- . -- _....-...0. 0781 2, 845 0.089 diameter.-------------.----- .0890 2, 875 SLOTTED PERFORATIONS 3/64 by 3/8.-...-- 4i/64 by 3/4..--... 5 /64 by 3/4----. 8/64 by 3/4-.--..- 9/64by3/4-....--. 10/64 by 3/4- 0.064 by 3/8----. 0.070 by 1/2_-__-... - .. ._ _ _ 0.0469 by 0.375 2,690 . .076 by .75 865 ... -- .0858 by .75 856 .. -- .1250 by .75 638 - .1406 by .75 590 _..._........ .15625 by .75 557 _....- -- . 0640 by .375 2,633 . .0700 by .50 1,655 In addition to the sieves listed above a- wire mesh sieve is also used in grain inspection. This sieve which has rectangular openings in it is used in connection with the determination of Dockage in flaxseed. It is constructed of wire having a diameter of 0.015 inch, with 4 by 16 meshes per inch. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 97 BASIS OF DETERMINATION FOR TEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL The official standards provide that the deter- mination of the test weight per bushel in the case of wheat, rye, barley, and soybeans shall be made upon the basis of the grain from which the dock- age has been removed; in the case of flaxseed the test-weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the flaxseed after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning de- vices; and in the case of all other grain the test- weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the grain as a whole. As the test weight per bushel is one of the main factors in determining the grade of grain, 1% quarts of the grain should be available to permit the test weight to be made with a quart tester. STANDARD METHOD OF MAKING TEST- WEIGHT-PER-BUSHEL DETERMINATION The conditions given in the method described below have been found to be essential in making uniform tests of weight per bushel and obtaining accurate results, and have been adopted as stand- ard in connection with the enforcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. (1) Make the test immediately after the sample has been brought to the inspection room, office, or laboratory, to prevent drying out of the grain with consequent change in its test weight. (2) Use 18 quarts of grain for making the test. (3) Fill the kettle from a hopper. (4) Opening at bottom of hopper must be round and exactly 1Y inches in diameter. 98 nfll (4IAL (;RAIN STANDIARDS (5) Bottom of opening nist be centered over the kettle anid held exactly 2 niches above thle top of kettle. (6) Th'le qIuut 1kettle must haRve a caipaeitvti of exactly 67.2 cubic inches. Th inside height of the quart. kettle shall be 4 inches. (7) If the top of the kettle is rough, smooth down the roughness with a rounded metal bar, but (10 not use a file for the purpose. (8) Have the kettle rest on a firmh base. Fit lIF;a-Sanardajatufrdermngthtstegt P'rbise ofgan OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 99 (9) Do not jar the kettle before or during the stroking operation. (10) Use a stroker made of hardwood with smooth, perfect half-round edges, 12 inches long, % inch thick, and 1/ inches broad. (11) Place the stroker on the edge of the kettle lightly without jarring the kettle. (12) Hold the stroker on the kettle with the sides of the stroker in a vertical position. (13) Stroke the grain from the kettle with three full-length zigzag motions of the stroker. (14) Make each stroke clean all the way across the kettle with the stroker always lightly touch- ing the kettle. (15) Use a beam which is both accurately graduated and sensitive to one-tenth pound per bushel. (16) Have the weight-per-bushel apparatus tested periodically for- (a) Accuracy of kettle, (b) Accuracy of beam readings, and (c) Sensitiveness of beam. The method of testing the accuracy of the test kettle and the accuracy and sensitiveness of the weighing beam of any weight-per-bushel testing outfit is given in Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1065. 100 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS METHODS OF MAKING MOISTURE TESTS The official standards for wheat, barley, oats, Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, rye, grain sor- ghums, flaxseed, and soybeans, specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the air-oven method, and the stand- ards for corn specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the water-oven method, or, in all cases, that as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results. The air-oven and the water- oven apparatus and their respective methods of use in the determination of moisture content are described in Service and Regulatory Announce- ments No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. In order that rapid determinations of mois- ture in grain may be made -to meet the routine requirements of practical inspection work, grain inspectors may use electric moisture meters or other apparatus and methods which give mois- ture-test results equivalent to the results obtained with the air-oven method or the water-oven method, as the case may be. Although the air- oven and water-oven methods are specified as the basic methods for determining moisture con- tent for the purposes of the standards, it is intended that these methods will be used prin- cipally for the purpose of checking and standard- izing the electric moisture meters or other moisture-testing equipment and methods used in routine grain-inspection work. OFICIALV GRAIN STANDARDS 101 ELECTRIC MOISTURE METER An electric moisture meter with which rapid determinations of the moisture content of grain can be made is in general use in grain-inspection work. f g P AM 4 4 fr , FI UltE 6--Electric moisture meter. A description of the method of using the electric moisture meter illustrated in figure 6, in- cluding the necessary conversion charts, is given in pamphlet U. S. G. S. A.-M. B. 1.-1, the latest revised copy of which can be obtained from any office of the Grain Branch. 102 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS EQUIPMENT USED IN GRAIN INSPECTION (1) Bulk grain probe. (2) Spout sampler (Pelican).. (3) Sack probe (trier). (4) Sampling canvas. (5) Waterproof sample bags. (6) Airtight containers. (7) Sample divider (Boerner sampler). (8) Dockage tester. (9) Hand sieves. (10) Test-weight-per-bushel apparatus. (11) Moisture tester. (12) Balances: one 1,200-gram and one 100- gram capacity. (13) Barley pearler. (14) Sulphur-testing apparatus. (15) Smut dockage machine (for Pacific Coast). (16) Miscellaneous: grain pans, tweezers, tables, etc. 0   Tn S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE H " 4uct"on wministration A,2 HANDBOOK 19TI OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, effective October 1, 1937; Corn, effective January 20, 1937; Barley, effective July 1, 1950; Oats, effec- tive June 1, 1947; Feed Oats and Mixed Feed Oats, effective July 1, 1935; Rye, effective July 1, 1951; Grain Sorghums and Flaxseed, effective July 1, 1935; Soybeans, effective September 1, 1949; and Mixed Grain, effective July 1, 1935 iLYERSITY OF MC1 iGA N Pd kn A 1 V Production and Marketing Administration  Revised 1951 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING ADMINISTRATION GRAIN BRANCH HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, effective October 1, 1937; Corn, effective January 20, 1937; Barley, effective July 1, 1950; Oats, effec- tive June 1, 1947; Feed Oats and Mixed Feed Oats, effective July 1, 1935; Rye, effective July 1, 1951; Grain Sorghums and Flaxseed, effective July 1, 1935; Soybeans, effective September 1, 1949; and Mixed Grain, effective July 1, 1935 Important Features of Grain Inspection iU COC UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1951 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. - Price 25 cents CONTENTS Grain standards: Page Wheat standards -----____ ----_-____ 1 Corn standards---__ --___-____-___ 20 Barley standards___--_____________ 25 Oats standards-------------------- 37 Feed Oats standards--------------- 43 Mixed Feed Oats standards--- --.---47 Rye standards-- ----____.---_---_ 51 Grain sorghums standards- _ _ _ _ - _ -_ _ 57 Flaxseed standards----------------- 66 Soybeans standards------_---______ 69 Mixed Grain standards ---- -_-_-74 Important features of grain inspection: Inspection requirements------------ 80 Misrepresentation ----------------- 81 Appeals, findings, and fees- _ _ - - _ - _ - _ 82 Licensing of inspectors-- _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 83 Penalties------------------------- 84 Regulations -_-_--_-_--__-_ ----- 84 Basis of inspection-_ _-----_-_-_-84 Sampling of grain----------------- 86 Spout sampler or "Pelican"--------- 89 Grain probe (trier) and sampling canvas------------------------- 90 Sample divider (Boerner sampler)-- 92 Dockage tester___-_ ----______ 94 Grain-testing sieves --------------- 95 Basis of determination for test weight per bushel---------------------- 97 Standard method of making test- weight-per-bushel determination- 97 Methods of making moisture tests--_ 100 Electric moisture meter------------ 101 Equipment used in grain inspection - 102 FURTHER INFORMATION For further information regarding the United States Grain Standards Act, the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture thereunder, or the official grain standards apply to any office of the Grain Branch, or to the Administrator, Production and Marketing Administration, Washington 25, D. C. if DEP TyD BY THE / j *W #TED STATES OF AShiRICA. HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR WHEAT1 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for wheat: Wheat.-Wheat shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of wheat and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 50 perctnt of broken kernels of grain of any size. The term wheat in these standards shall not include emmer, spelt, ein- korn, Polish wheat, and poulard- wheat. Classes.-Wheat shall be divided into seven classes, as follows: Class I, Hard Red Spring Wheat; Class II, Durum Wheat; Class III, Red Durum Wheat; Class IV, Hard Red Winter Wheat; Class V, Soft Red Winter Wheat; Class- VI, White Wheat; and Class VII, Mixed Wheat. Grades.-Wheat shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of, its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 1 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 1 2 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Hard Red Spring Wheat (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of hard red spring wheat, and may include 'not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (B) Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (C) Red Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall also include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consist- ing of more than 10 percent of the variety Humpback. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 3 Class I.-Hard Red Spring Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Dark Northern Spring, (b) Northern Spring, (c) Red Spring Maximum limits of- a Damaged kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other , (wheat and terial classes .1 other grains) Grade No. Lbs. Pet. Pct. Pet. Pet. Pct. Pct. lHeavy12_.. 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 2 12-____--.58 2 .1 1 .5 5 2 22 -__ 57 4 .2 2 1.0 10 3 1------_--- 6 7 .5 3. 2.0 10 5 4----..-------- 53 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 5------------ 50 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Northern Spring, or Northern Spring, or Red Spring, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 Heavy to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwist of distinctly low quality. ' Applies t each of the subclasses Dark Northern Spring, Northern Spring, and Red Spring. 2 The wheat in grades No. 1 Heavy and No. 1 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by 3 inch long. 4 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Durum Wheat (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of com- mon durum wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (B) Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 60 percent or more but less than 75 percent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (C) Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of less than 60 per- cent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Red Durum Wheat (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of Red Durum Wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 5 Class II.-Durum Wheat and Class III.-Red Durum Wheat Grade requirements for the subclasses (a) Hard Amber Durum, (b) Amber Durum, and (c) Durum, of the class Durum Wheat, and for the class Red Durum Wheat Grade No. 13 _______ -- 2 3_______--_-_- 33 .-- - - - 4---------- 5---------- Sample grade Maximum limits of- 0 Damaged kernels Foreign Wheats of other (wheat and material classes other grains) 58 4 . $2104 10 35 __ _ -1 _ __ O a 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 25 3 58 4 .2 .2 1.0 10 5 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 10 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Hard Amber Durum, or Amber Durum, or Durum, or wheat of the class Red Durum Wheat, which does not come within the re- quirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor excbpt of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or-more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 These specifications do not apply to the class Red Durum Wheat, or to the subclass Durum. 2 No. 1 Red Durum may contain 10 percent of wheats of other classes. 3 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of each of these classes may contain not more than either (a) 7 percent of shrunken and/or 6 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20 gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by We inch long, or (b) 10 percent of all such material that will pass through said sieve together with the broken kernels of grain of any size which remain on said sieve; and the wheat in grade No. 3 of each of these classes may contain not more than either (a) 10 percent of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through said sieve, or (b) 15 percent of all such material that will pass through said sieve together with the broken kernels of grain of any size which remain on said sieve. Hard Red Winter Wheat (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of hard red winter wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Dark Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Iard Red Winter Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (B) Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark. hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (C) Yellow Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitre- ous kernels. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 7 Class IV.-Hard Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Dark Hard Winter, (b) Hard Winter, (c) Yellow Hard Winter Maximum limits of- r0 Damaged kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes other grains) Grade No. _ _ 0 .1 0.5 5 12 a be A a. +Q 512D 4- -Lb s. Pct. Pet. Pet. Pct. Pet. Pet. 1 1- ---------- 60 2 0.1 1' 0.5 5 1 21 --------.-- 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 2 31._---- 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 3 4- _--_-__.-_- 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10 5------------ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Hard Winter, or Hard Winter, or Yellow Hard Winter, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. 883461 *--50 2 8 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Soft Red Winter Wheat (Class V) This class shall include all varieties of soft red winter wheat and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of both light and dark colored kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of Soft Red Winter Wheat grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. Subclass (B) Western Red This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 10 percent of wheat of this class grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 9 Class V.-Soft Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Red Winter, (b) Western Red Maximum limits of- Damaged a kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes b other grains) - Grade No. - , e Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pet. 11----------- 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 21- - _ _ 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 31 .-__---- 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 4------------ 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 5------------ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Red Winter, or Western Red, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cin- ders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by 3/ inch long. 10 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Wheat (Class VI) This class shall include all varieties of white wheat, whether winter or spring grown, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into four subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Hard White This subclass shall include all wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Soft White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of less than 75 per- cent of -hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (C) White Club This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of common white wheat other than Sonora, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (D) Western White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat which contains more than 10 percent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varie- ties, either singly or in any combination, and which also contains more than 10 percent of com- mon white wheat other than Sonora. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS -11 Class VI.-White Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Hard White, (b) Soft White, (c) White Club, (d) Western White Maximum limits of- Damaged a kernels Foreign ma- Wheats of other (wheat and terial classes b other grains) Grade No. - Lbs Pet Pc . Pc . P t. P t. P p 0 2 40 0 . Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 11------ 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 0.5 21----- 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 1.0 31_____----__ 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 4_____________ 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 10.0 5_____._______ 51 15 3.0 7 5.0 10 10.0 Sample grade- Sample grade shal include wheat of the subelass Hard White, or Soft White, or White Club, or Western White, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The wheat in grades No. 1 and No. 2 of this class may contain not more than 7 percent, and the wheat in grade No. 3 of this class may contain not more than 10 percent, of shrunken and/or broken kernels of grain and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by 3, inch long. 12 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Mixed Wheat (Class VII) This class shall include all mixtures of wheat not provided for in the classes from I to VI, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-Mixed Wheat shall be graded according to the numeri- cal and Sample grade requirements of the class of wheat which predominates in the mixture, except that the grade specifications for the factor "wheats of other classes" and the grade specifica- tions for "No. 1 Heavy" in the standards for hard red spring wheat, shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall be stated as provided in paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section: (a) Except as specified in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, the grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, (2) the words "Mixed Wheat", and (3) the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of wheat which constitutes more than 10 percent of the mixture in the order of its predominance; but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. (b) Amber Mixed Durum.-Amber Mixed Durum shall be Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which con- tains not inore than a total of 15 percent of wheats other than common durum and which contains not less than 60 percent of Durum kernels that are hard and vitreous and of amber color. Amber Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 per- cent of red durum, white, and- soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Amber Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 13 named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words "Amber Mixed Durum." (c) Mixed Durum.-Mixed Durum shall be Mixed Wheat consisting of a mixture of Durum and other wheats, which contains not more than a total of 20 percent of wheats other than com- mon durum. Mixed Durum may contain not more than 5 percent of Red Durum wheat, and may contain not more than 5 percent of white and soft red winter wheat, singly or combined. The grade designation for Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be, and (2) the words "Mixed Durum." Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than wheat, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the wheat by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of wheat kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material, and which cannot be re- covered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated -in terms of percentage based on the total weight -of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 perent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the :grade designation. 14 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Wheat Tough Wheat Definition.--Tough wheat shall be (a) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, or of the class Mixed. Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, or Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, predomi- nates, which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 15.5 percent of moisture, and (b) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, pre- dominates, which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and. made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Wheat Definition.-Smutty wheat shall be wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat. Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to " the method described either in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section. (a) Smut dockage.-Before the determination of smut dockage as provided in this paragraph, the wheat shall be graded and designated accord- ing to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty. The smut shall be removed by scouring and the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 15 loss in weight of the wheat caused by the removal of the smut shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the grain when free from dockage. The percentage so calculated shall be stated in terms of half percent, whole percent, or whole and half percent, as the case may be. A fraction of a half percent shall be disregarded. The percentage of the smut dockage, so calculated and stated, shall be added to the grade designation, preceding the statement of dockage, if any. (b) "Light Smutty" and "Smutty. "-Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards appli- cable to such wheat if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty wheat which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." 883461 -50 3 16 OFFICIAL GRAIN, STANDARDS Garlicky Wheat Definition.-Garlicky wheat shall be wheat which contains two or more green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat. Grades.-Garlicky wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains two or more but not more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Gar- licky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Wheat Definition.-Weevily wheat shall be wheat which is infested with live weevils or other insects injuious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 17 Ergoty Wheat Definition.-Ergoty wheat shall be wheat which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.--Ergoty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Treated Wheat Definition.-Treated wheat shall be wheat which had been scoured, limed, washed, sul- phured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numer- ical grade or the Sample grade designation, alone. Grades.-Treated wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. 18 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils, or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.--Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushe.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as de- termined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than wheat which is not separated from the wheat in the proper deter- mination of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull-less bar- ley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 19 Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of. kernels of wheat and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- iels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which have been mate- rially discolored and damaged by ?external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 20 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR CORN 2 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for corn (maize): Corn.-Corn shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of shelled corn of the dent or flint varieties, and may contain not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Classes.-Corn shall be divided into three classes, as follows: Class I, Yellow Corn; Class II, White Corn; and Class III, Mixed Corn. Yellow Corn (Class I) This class shall include yellow corn, and may include not more than 5 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of red on ker- nels of corn otherwise yellow shall not affect their classification as Yellow Corn. White Corn (Class II) This class shall include white corn, and may include not more than 2 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of light straw color or of pink on kernels of corn otherwise white shall not affect their classification as White Corn. 2 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 21 Mixed Corn (Class III) This class shall consist of corn of various colors that does not meet the color require- ments for either of the classes Yellow Corn or White Corn. White-capped yellow kernels shall be classified as Mixed Corn. Grades.-Corn shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Corn Grade requirements for Yellow Corn, White Corn, and Mixed Corn Grade No. 1--------- 2-_------------ 4--------- 5--------- Sample grade. Maximum limits of- Mini- mum test weight Cracked Damaged kernels per Mois- corn and bushel ture foreign material Total dHea-ed Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 54 14.0 2 3 0.1 53 15.5 3 5 .2 51 17.5 4 7 .5 48 20.0 5 10 1.0 44 23.0 7 15 3.0 Sample grade shall include corn of the class Yel- low Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 22 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Corn Flint Corn Definition.--Flint corn shall be corn of any class which consists of 95 percent or more of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint corn shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not flint corn, and the word "Flint" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, imme- diately following the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Flint and Dent Corn Definition.-Flint and Dent corn shall be corn of any class which consists of a mixture of the flint and dent varieties and which contains more than 5 percent but less than 95 percent of corn of any of the flint varieties. Grades.-Flint and Dent corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not Flint and Dent corn, and the words "Flint and Dent" shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately fol- lowing the words Yellow Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, as the case may be. Weevily Corn Definition.-Weevily corn shall be corn that is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 23 Definitions Basis of grade determinations.--Each deter- mination of class, variety, damage, and heat damage, shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of the cracked corn and for- eign material. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the water oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No.147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulle- tin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Cracked corn and foreign material.-Cracked corn and foreign material shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of corn and all matter other than corn which will pass through a No. 12 sieve, and all matter other than corn re- maining on such sieve after screening. No. 12 sieve.--A metal sieve perforated with round holes 12/64 inch in diameter. 883461 *--50 4 24 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, sweet corn, pop corn, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which have' been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 25 STANDARDS FOR BARLEY3 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for barley: Barley.-Barley shall be any grain which, be- fore the removal of dockage, consists of 50 per- cent or more of barley, and may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. The term "barley" as used in these standards shall not include hull-less barley. Classes.-Barley shall be divided into four classes, as follows: Class I, Barley; Class II, Black Barley; Class III, Western Barley; and Class IV, Mixed Barley. Grades.-Barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 3 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 26 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Barley (Class I) This class shall include all white (glumes) barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Malting Barley This subclass shall include 6-rowed barley of the class Barley (Class I) which meets the re- quirements of grades Nos. 1 to 3, inclusive, which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 5 percent of 2-rowed and/or other types or varieties of barley of unsuitable malting type such as Trebi and Black; which contains not more than 15 percent of barley and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal seive with slotted perforations 0.076 (4%/64) of an inch wide and % of an inch long; which contains not more than 5 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels; which contains not more than 4 percent of damaged barley; and shall not in- clude Bleached barley. Barley of this subclass shall contain 75 percent or more of mellow bar- ley kernels which kernels are not, en masse, semi-steely. Subclass (B) Barley This subclass shall include all barley of the class Barley which does not meet the require- ments of subclass (A) Malting Barley. Black Barley (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of black (glumes) barley grown anywhere in the United States, and may include not more than 10 per- cent of barley of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 27 Class I.-Barley and Class II.-Black Barley Grade requirements for subclass (a) Malting Barley and subclass (b) Barley, of the class Barley, and for the class Black Barley Minimum Maximum limits of- limits of- Heat- damaged Grade No. Test kernels For- Bro- Black weight Sound (barley, eign ken har- per barley1 other mate- ker- ley 2 bushel grains, rial nels and wild oats) Lbs. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 13_--------- 47 95 0.1 1 4 0.5 23_ ----------46 93 .2 2 8 1.0 3 3-------_-- 43 90 .5 3 12 2.C 4 4-----_- 40 80 1.0 4 20 5.0 5------------- 35 70 3.0 , 6 30 10.0 Sample grade_ Sample grade shall include barley of the subclass Barley, or of the class Black Barley, which does not come within the grade requirements ,)f any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Any barley in grade No. 1 that does not come within the pro- visions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 2 percent of blight-damaged barley; and barley in any grade from No. 2 to Sample grade, inclusive, that does not come within the provisions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley. Any barley containing more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley shall be graded No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, or Sample grade, Blighted, as the case may be, as provided in the specifications for Blighted barley. 2 These specifications do not apply to the class Black Barley. 3 See special requirements for subclass (A) Malting Barley. 4 Barley that is badly stained or materially weathered, shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 28 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Western Barley (Class III) This class shall include white (glumes) barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. Class III.-Western Barley Grade requirements for Western Barley Maximum limits of- Mini- Heat- mum Grade No. limits of damaged For- Bro- sound - kernels Wild eign ken Black barley (brey, oats ma- ker- barley grains, and terial nels wild oats) Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pt. 1________---___ 98 0.1 1 0.5 3 0.5 2--_---________ 96 .2 2 1.0 6 1.0 3___--_____-___ 93 .3 3 2.0 10 2.0 4______________ 88 .5 5 3.0 15 5.0 5--_--___---- - 80 1.0 10 4.0 25 10.0 Sample grade.. Sample grade shall include barley of the class Western Barley which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which con- tains more than 15 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable adobe, stones, and cinders, singly or combined; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which con- tains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which contains the seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 29 Mixed Barley (Class IV) This class shall be any mixture of barley not provided for in the classes from I to III, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.- Mixed Barley shall be graded according to the grade requirements of either (1) the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or (2) the class Black Barley, or (3) the class Western Barley, according to which class of barley predominates in the mixture, except that all grade specifica- tions as to the maximum percentages of black barley shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Barley shall include successively, in the order named, the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be; the words "Mixed Barley", followed by the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of barley which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture in the order of its predominance, but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate per- centage of at least one other class. For Mixed Barley, in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, the grade designation shall include a statement of the test weight per bushel immediately following the names and percentages of the classes composing the mixture. Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than barley, sand, dirt, and any material other than barley, which can be removed readily from the barley by the use of a metal scalper riddle sieve with slotted per- forations %4 inch wide by / inch long and by the use of a 20-gage metal sieve with equilateral 30 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are %4 inch in diameter; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of barley kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning with the sieve having equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are %4 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The percentage of dockage, so calculated, when equal to 1 per- cent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Barley ' Test Weight of Western Barley Grades for test weight of Western Barley.- For barley of the class Western Barley, the test weight per bushel in terms of whole pounds shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, following the name of the class. A fraction of a pound shall be disregarded. Two-Rowed Barley Definition.-Two-rowed Barley shall consist of two-rowed barley of the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or of the class Western Barley, which does not meet the requirements for the special grades Choice Malting Two-rowed West- ern Barley and Malting Two-rowed Western Barley, and may contain not more than 10 per- cent of Six-rowed Barley. Grades.-Two-rowed Barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such barley OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 31 if it were not Two-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designa- tion, preceding the name of the class, the word "Two-rowed." Choice Malting Two-Rowed Western Barley Definition.-Choice Malting Two-rowed West- ern Barley shall be Two-rowed Barley of the class Western Barley which consists of the Hannchen or Hanna varietal types; which contains not more than 3 percent of varietal types of barley other than Hannchen or Hanna; which meets the requirements for grade No. 1; which has a test weight per bushel of 52 pounds or more; which contains 80 percent or more of mellow kernels; which is not semi-steely in mass; which contains not more than 5 percent of barley and other matter that will pass readily through a sieve 0.032 inch thick with perforations 0.086 by 0.750 (5//64 by %) inch; which contains not more than 5 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels; which does not contain barley injured by frost; and shall not include barley of the special grades smutty,. garlicky, ergoty, bleached, or stained. Grades.--Choice Malting Two-rowed Western Barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards appli- cable to such barley if it were not Choice Malting Two-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Choice Malting Two-rowed." Malting Two-Rowed Western Barley Definition.-Malting Two-rowed Western Bar- ley shall be Two-rowed Barley of the class West- ern Barley which consists of the Hannchen or Hanna varietal types; which contains not more than 5 percent of varietal types of barley other than Hannchen or Hanna; which meets the re-- 893461*0-50--5 32 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS quirements for any of the grades No. 1 to No. 3, inclusive; which does not meet the requirements for the special grade Choice Malting Two-rowed Western Barley; which has a test weight per bushel of 50 pounds or more; which contains 60 percent or more of mellow kernels; which is not semi-steely in mass; which contains not more than 10 percent of barley and other matter that will pass readily through a sieve 0.032 inch thick with perforations 0.086 by 0.750 (52/64 by %) inch; which contains not more than 10 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels; which does not contain barley injured by frost; and shall not include barley of the special grades smutty, garlicky, ergoty, blighted, stained, or bleached. Grades.-Malting Two-rowed Western Barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not Malting Two-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Malting Two-rowed." Tough Barley Definition.-Tough barley shall be (a) barley of either of the classes Barley or Black Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of either one of the classes Barley or Black Barley predominates, which contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture, and (b) barley of the class Western Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, which contains more than 13.5 percent but not more than 15 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 33 Bright Western Barley Definition.-Bright Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is of good natural color. Grades.-Bright Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." Stained Western Barley Definition.-Stained Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is badly stained or weath- ered. Grades.-Stained Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not stained, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Stained." Blighted Barley Definition.-Blighted barley shall be all bar- ley which contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Blighted." 34 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Barley Definition.-Smutty barley shall be barley which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the .grade designation, the word "Smutty." Garlicky Barley Definition.-Garlicky barley shall be barley which contains 3 or more green. garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or pattly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of barley. Grades.-Garlicky barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Barley Definition.-Weevily barley shall be barley which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 35 Ergoty Barley Definition.-Ergoty barley shall be barley which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Bleached Barley Definition.-Bleached barley shall be barley which, in whole or in part, has been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleach- ing agent. Grades.-Bleached barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Each determination of heat-dam- aged kernels and of mellow barley kernels shall be upon the basis of the pearled dockage-free grain. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the 36 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than barley, except other grains, wild oats, and smut masses, which is not separated from the barley in the proper deter- mination of dockage. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Sound barley.-Sound barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley remaining after the removal of dockage, which are not damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Damaged barley.-Damaged barley shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley which are damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, or which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be 'kernels and pieces of kernels of barley, other grains, and wild oats, which have been materially discolored and damaged by ex- ternal heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 37 STANDARDS FOR OATS4 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for oats: Oats.-Oats shall be any grain which consists of 80 percent or more of cultivated oats. Oats may contain not more than 10 percent of wild oats. Classes.-Oats shall be divided into five classes as follows: Class I, White Oats; Class II, Red Oats; Class III, Gray Oats; Class IV, Black Oats; and Class V, Mixed Oats. For the purpose of this classification, the characteristics of each class, except Mixed Oats, shall be based on color char- acteristics; White Oats shall include yellow oats; and tinges of white, brown, or black, on the ker- nels of any red oats variety shall not affect their classification as red oats. Oats of any class ex- cept Mixed Oats may include not more than 10 percent of cultivated oats of other classes. Mixed Oats shall be any mixture of oats which does not meet the requirements for any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, or Black Oats. Grades.-Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Oats Bright Oats Definition.-Bright oats shall be oats, except Bleached oats, that are of good natural color. Grades.-Bright oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." 4The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and* Cosmetic Act. 38 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Oats Grade requirements for the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, and Mixed Oats Minimum limits maximum limits of- of- Grade No. Test Sound Heat-dam- aged kernel For- weight culti- aget, er eign Wild per vated grains, and ma- oats bushel oats wild oats) terial Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 11--_-----_ _ 32 97 0.1 2 2 2 2---------- 30 94 .3 3 3 3 3-__-__---- 27 90 1.0 4 5 4 4___-__----_ 24 80 3.0 5 10 Sample grade - Sample grade shall include oats of any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, or Mixed Oats, which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contain stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially objection- able foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The oats in grade No. 1 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of oats of other classes, of which not more than 3 percent may be black cultivated oats. 2 The oats in grade No. 2 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of black cultivated oats. 3 Oats that are slightly weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. 4 Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 4. Special Red Oats Definition.-Special red oats shall be oats of -the class Red Oats which consist of Columbia oats or other red oats having similar character- OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 39 istics and may contain not more than 10 percent of other cultivated oats. Grades.-Special red oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements. of the standards applicable to such red oats if they were not special, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately preceding the name of the class, the word "Special." Medium Heavy Oats Definition.-Medium heavy oats shall be oats of any class of grades Nos. 3, 4, and Sample grade which have a test weight per bushel of 30 pounds or more but less than 35 pounds. Grades.-Medium heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards otherwise applicable and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Medium Heavy." Heavy Oats Definition.--Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 35 pounds or more but less than 38 pounds. Grades.-Heavy oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Heavy." Extra Heavy Oats Definition.-Extra Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 38 pounds or more. Grades.-Extra Heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not extra heavy, and there shall be 883461*--50 6 40 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the words "Extra Heavy." Tough Oats Definition.-Tough oats shall be oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Thin Oats Definition.-Thin oats shall be any oats, whether sized, clipped, or natural, which contain more than 20 percent of oats and/or other matter except "fine seeds" that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long. Grades.-Thin oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not "thin" oats, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Thin." Bleached Oats Definition.-Bleached oats shall be oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Weevily Oats Definition.-Weevily oats shall be oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 41 Grades.-Weevily oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Oats Definition.-Smutty oats shall be oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." - Ergoty Oats Definition.-Ergoty oats shall be oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Garlicky Oats Definition.-Garlicky oats shall be oats which contain 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of oats. Grades.-Garlicky oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determina- tions shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. 42 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture.. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, ipsued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all matter which can be removed from oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Sound cultivated oats.-Sound cultivated oats shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 43 Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats which have been materially discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. STANDARDS FOR FEED OATS s For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Feed Oats: Feed Oats.-Feed Oats shall be any grain' which consists of either (a) 30 percent or more but less than 80 percent of cultivated oats, but not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) 80 percent or more of cul- tivated oats and more than 10 percent of wild oats. Feed Oats may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains, and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Feed Oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Feed Oats Tough Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designa- tion, the word "Tough." 5 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 44 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Feed Oats Grade requirements for Feed Oats Minimum limits Maximum limits of- of- Grade No. THst ui-- Foreign mate- Tet uli-aged kernels Friate weight vated (oats, wild rial per oats, and bushel oats other Total Fine grains) seeds Per- Pounds Percent Percent Percent cent 1-------------- 32 60 2 3 2 2-------------- -29 45 4 4 3 31...-......_ .... 26 30 6 6 4 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially ob- - jectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity suffi- cient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Bleached Feed Oats Definition.--Bleached Feed Oats shall be feed oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such f eed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 45 Weevily Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 per- cent. Grades.-Ergoty Feed Oats shall. be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determina- tions shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. 46 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Serv- ice and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of -test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats; but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from feed oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular : perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Pol- ish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats, wild oats, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 47 STANDARDS FOR MIXED FEED OATS 6 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Feed Oats: Mixed Feed Oats.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of less than 30 percent of cultivated oats, but either (a) not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) not less than 65 percent of wild oats; may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains; and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades.-Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Mixed Feed Oats Tough Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Bleached Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which, in whole or in part, 6 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 883461*-50 7 48 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades.-Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and= designated according to the grade requirements .of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Bleached." Mixed Feed Oats Grade requirements for Mixed Feed Oats Grade No. 2------..----- 31.....--....-- Sample grade.. Mini- Maximum limits of- mum test Ha-aae weight Heratd a ate Foreign material bushel wild oats, and other grains) Total Fine seeds Pounds Percent Percent Percent 32 2 5 2 29 4 7 3 26 6 10 4 Sample grade shall include mixed feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 3, in- clusive; or which contain more than 16 per- cent of moisture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quan- tity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Mixed Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weath- ered shall not be graded higher than No. 3. Weevily Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall' be mixed feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 49 Grades.-Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty. ' Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. 50 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats; and shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds.-Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from Mixed Feed Oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed. circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats, or other grains, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 51 STANDARDS FOR RYE7 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for rye: Rye.--Rye shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of rye and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established. under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Rye shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stenis, chaff, straw, grain other than rye, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the rye by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of rye kernels which are removed in properly separat- ing the foreign material, and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The. per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. 7 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 52 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Rye Grade requirements for Rye Maximum limits of- Mini- Damaged mum kernels (rye Foreign material GrdN. test and other Grade No. weight grains) per bushel Heat- Foreign Total dam Total matter other thani aged wheat Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 11------------- 56 2 0.1 3 1 21------------- 54 4 .2 6 2 31--- 52 7 .5 10 4 4-_---------.- 49 15 3.0 10 6 Sample grade.. Sample grade shall include rye which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commer- cially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied ac- curately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The rye in grade No. 1 may contain not more than 10.0 per- cent, in grade No. 2 not more than 15.0 percent, and in grade No. 3 not more than 25.0 percent of "thin" rye, which "thin' rye shall consist of rye and other matter that will pass readily through a sieve 0.032 inch thick with perforations 0.064 by 0.375 inch. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 53 Special Grades for Rye Plump Rye Definition.-Plump rye shall be rye which does not contain more than 5 percent of rye and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with rectangular perforations 0.064 inch wide by %/ inch long. Grades.-Plump rye shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not plump, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, immediately pre- ceding the word rye, the word "Plump." Tough Rye Definition.-Tough rye shall be rye which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Rye Definition.-Smutty rye shall be rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye. Grades.-Smutty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of aver- 54 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS age size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty"; and (2) In the case of smutty rye which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Smutty." Garlicky Rye Definition.-Garlicky rye shall be rye which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye. Grades.-Garlicky rye shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not garlicky; and (1) In the case of garlicky rye which contains 2 or more but not more than 6 green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Garlicky"; and (2) In the case of garlicky rye which contains more than 6 green garlic bulblets, or an equiva- lent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Rye Definition.-Weevily rye shall be rye which is infested with live weevils or other insects in- jurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards. applicable to such rye if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 55 Ergoty Rye Definition.-Ergoty rye shall be rye which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations.--Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. 883461*-50 8 56 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than rye which is not separated from the rye in the proper determina- tion of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels 'of rye and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 57 STANDARDS FOR GRAIN SORGHUMS8 For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for grain sorghums: Grain sorghums.-Grain sorghums shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of grain sorghums and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Stand- ards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage and of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", contains not more than 25 percent of nongrain sorghums. Classes.-Grain sorghums shall be divided into five classes, as follows: Class I, White Grain Sorghums; Class II, Yellow Grain Sorghums; Class III, Red Grain Sorghums; Class IV, Brown Grain Sorghums; and Class V, Mixed Grain Sorghums. Grades.-Grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade re- quirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 8 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Grain Sorghums CA Grade requirements for Grain Sorghums Maximum limits of- Minimum Damaged kernels Total C test (grain sorghums, cracked H Grade No, weight nongrain sorghums, kernels, N per bushel Moisture and other grains) i foreign ma- pe_ sorghums terial, and C Heat-other Total damaged gra Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent I - --.. - - -=-- . -- - 55 14 2 0.2 1 4 2----------------------------- 53 15 5 .5 3 8 3---... --.. --.. ---- --- - - 51 16 10 1.0 5 12 0 4S ....a .....mp .l .....e_..... 49 18 15 3. 0 10 15 4_----------------------------- 4185 3.105 Sample grade---------... ----- Sample grade shall include grain sorghums of any class or subclass which d do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to w No. 4, inclusive; or which contain inseparable stones and/or cinders; os which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which are badly weathered; or which have any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 59 White Grain Sorghums (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of white grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Colored spots upon kernels that are otherwise white shall not affect their classification as white. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) White Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white kafir type, including hegari, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) White Durra This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white durra type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (C) White Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class White Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) White Kafir or subclass (b) White Durra. Yellow Grain Sorghums (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of yel- low and salmon-pink grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sor- ghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: 60 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Subclass (A) Yellow Milo This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the yellow milo type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other yellow grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sor- ghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (B) Yellow Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Yellow Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Yellow Milo. Red Grain Sorghums (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of red grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Subclass (A) Red Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the red kafir type and may include not more than 10 percent of other red grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Red Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Red Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Red Kafir. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 61 Brown Grain Sorghums (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of brown grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Mixed Grain Sorghums (Class V) This class shall include all mixtures of grain sorghums not provided for in the classes from I to IV, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations.-The grade designation for Mixed Grain Sorghums shall include, successively, in the order named: (1) The number of the grade or the wordy "Sample grade", as the case may be; (2) the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums"; (3) the name and the approximate percentage of each class of grain sorghums which constitutes 10 per- cent or more of the mixture, in the order of its predominance, but if only one class ex- ceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. In those cases where Mixed Grain Sorghums consist of 70 percent or more of grain sorghums of the types white kafir, white durra, yellow . milo, or red kafir, singly or combined, and not more than 10 per- cent of brown grain sorghums, the word "Mixed" shall be substituted for the words "Mixed Grain Sorghums", and the name of the appropriate subclass or subclasses for such type or types, as the case may be, shall be substituted for the class names, in the grade designation. 62 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage includes sand, dirt, finely broken ker- nels, weed seeds, and other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the grain sorghums by means of a metal sieve perforated with round holes 2Y/64 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Grain Sorghums Bright Grain Sorghums Definition.-Bright grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums, of any class or subclass, which have good, natural color. Grades.-Bright grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class or subclass, the word "Bright." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 63 Discolored Grain Sorghums Definition.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums of any class or subclass which are discolored, but which are not badly weathered. Grades.-Discolored grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not discolored, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Discolored." Weevily Grain Sorghums Definition.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Smutty Grain Sorghums Definition.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain a quantity of smut masses in excess of a quantity equal to 10 masses in 50 grams of grain sorghums. Grades.-Smutty grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to,. and made a part of the grade designation, the word "Smutty." 888461*-50 9 64 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Each de- termination of class, subclass, nongrain sor- ghums, damage, heat damage, and inseparable stones and/or cinders, shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage and when free from that part of the "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains" which can be removed readily by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perfora- tions the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by .any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 65 Other grains.-Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley; hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soy- beans. Nongrain sorghums.-Nongrain sorghums shall include broomcorn, Sudan grass, Johnson grass, and cane seed. Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains.-Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains, shall include kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, and all other mat- ter except dockage that will pass through a metal sieve perforated with equilateral trian- gular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter; also other grains and all other matter except grain sorghums and nongrain sorghums remaining on such sieve after screening. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, moldy, or otherwise mate- rially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 66 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR FLAXSEED9 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for fiaxseed: Flaxseed.-Flaxseed shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of flaxseed and not more than 20 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades.-Flaxseed shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards. Flaxseed Grade requirements for Flaxseed Grade No Minimum test Maximum limits of ' weight per bushel damaged flaxseed 1----------------- 49 pounds---------- 20 percent 2--------------- 47 pounds---------- 30 percent Sample grade-..-- Sample grade shall include flaxseed which does not come within the requirements of either of the grades No. 1 or No. 2; or which contains fire-damaged flaxseed; or which contains more than 11 percent of moisture; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. e The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 67 Dockage Dockage shall include all matter other than flaxseed which is contained in the lot of grain as a whole; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of flaxseed removed with the dock- age and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the flax- seed including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-Each deter- mination of test weight, moisture, damage, and "fire damaged", shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. 68 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Damaged flaxseed.-Damaged flaxseed shall be seeds and pieces of seeds of flaxseed which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 69 STANDARDS FOR SOYBEANS 10 Terms Defined For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for soybeans: (a) Soybeans.-Soybeans shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of threshed soybeans and not more than 10.0 percent of other grains. Threshed soybeans shall be whole or broken soybeans which are not removed in the determination of foreign material. (b) Classes.-Soybeans shall be divided into the following five classes: Yellow Soybeans, Green Soybeans, Brown Soybeans, Black Soy- beans, and Mixed Soybeans. (c) Yellow Soybeans.-Yellow Soybeans shall be any soybeans with yellow or green seed coats, which in cross section are yellow or have a yellow tinge, and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of other classes. (d) Green Soybeans.-Green Soybeans shall be any soybeans with green seed coats which in cross section are green, and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of other classes. (e) Brown Soybeans.-Brown Soybeans shall be any soybeans with brown seed coats, and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of other classes. (f) Black Soybeans.-Black Soybeans shall be any soybeans with black seed coats, and may include not more than 10.0 percent of soybeans of other classes. (g) Mixed Soybeans.-Mixed Soybeans shall be any mixture of soybeans which does not meet 10 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 70 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS the requirements for the classes Yellow Soybeans, Green Soybeans, Brown Soybeans, or Black Soy- beans. Bicolored soybeans shall be classified as Mixed Soybeans. (h) Grades and grade designations.-Grades shall be the numerical grades, sample grade, and special grades provided for on pages 72-73. (i) Bicolored soybeans.-Bicolored soybeans shall be any soybeans with seed coats of two colors, one of which is black or brown. (j) Splits.-Splits shall be pieces of soybeans. (k) Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be soybeans, pieces of soybeans, and kernels and pieces of kernels of other grains which are heat- damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground- damaged, badly weather-damaged, moldy, dis- eased, or otherwise materially damaged. (1) Other grains.-Other grains shall be barley, corn, fiaxseed, grain sorghums, oats, rye, wheat, buckwheat, einkorn, emmer, Polish wheat, popcorn, poulard wheat, rice, spelt, sweet corn, and wild oats. (m) Foreign material.-Foreign material shall be all matter, including soybeans and pieces of soybeans, which will pass readily through a sieve 0.032 inch thick with round perforations 0.125 (%4) inch in diameter, and all matter other than soybeans. remaining on such sieve after sieving. (n) Stones.-Stones shall be concreted earthy or mineral matter and other substances of similar hardness that do not disintegrate readily in water. Principles Governing Application of Standards The following principles shall apply in the determination of the classes and grades of soy- beans: (a) Basis of determinations.-Each determi- nation of class, splits, and damaged kornels OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 71 shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from that part of foreign material which can be removed readily by the use of a sieve 0.032 inch thick with round perforations 0.125 (%4) inch in diameter. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. (b) Percentages.-Percentages shall be upon the basis of weight. (c) Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of moisture shall be ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 (re- vised August 1941), issued by the Agricultural Marketing Service (now Production and Market- ing Administration) of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results. (d) Percentage of splits.-The percentage of splits shall be expressed in whole percent and any fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. (e) Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results. 883461 --50 10 72 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grade Requirements The following grade requirements are appli- cable under these standards: (a) Numerical grades, sample grade, and grade requirements for all classes of soybeans. Maximum limits of- Mini- mum test Damaged Grade weight kernels per Moisture Splits (soybeans Foreign bushel and other material grains) Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent No.1. 56 13.0 10 2.0 2.0 No.2.. 54 14.0 20 3.0 3.0 No. 3... 52 16.0 30 5.0 4.0 No. 4 2.... 49 18.0 40 8.0 6.0 S am p le Sample grade shall be soybeans which do not meet grade the requirements for any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which are musty, or sour, or heating; or which have any commercially ob- jectionable foreign odor; or which contain stones; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The soybeans in grade No. 1 of the class Yellow Soybeans may contain not more than 1.0 percent, in grade No. 2 not more than 2.0 percent, and in grade No. 3 not more than 5.0 percent of Green, Black, Brown, or bicolored soybeans, either singly or in any combination. 2 Soybeans which are materially weathered shall not be graded higher than No. 4. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 73 (b) Special grades, special grade requirements, and special grade designations for all classes of soybeans--(1) Garlicky soybeans-(i) Require- ments.-Garlicky soybeans shall be soybeans which contain 5 or more garlic bulblets in 1,000 grams of soybeans. (ii) Grade designation.-Garlicky soybeans shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such soybeans if they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to and made a part of the grade designation the word "Garlicky." (2) Weevily soybeans-(i) Requirements.- Weevily soybeans shall be soybeans which are infested with live weevils or other live insects injurious to stored grain. (ii) Grade designation.-Weevily soybeans shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such soybeans if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to and made a part of the grade designation the word "Weevily." 74 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED GRAIN" For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for Mixed Grain: Definition.--Mixed Grain shall be any mixture of those grains for which standards have been, or hereafter may be, established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, that does not come within the requirements of any of the standards for such grains, .and that does not contain more than 50 percent of foreign material. Wild oats in Mixed Grain shall be classed as a grain. Grades.-Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated either as "Mixed Grain" or as. "Sam- ple grade Mixed Grain", and according to the special grades when applicable. Grade Requirements Mixed Grain (Grade).-The grade "Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which does not come within the specifications for Sample grade Mixed Grain. Sample grade Mixed Grain.-The grade "Sample grade Mixed Grain" shall include all mixed grain which contains more than 16 percent of moisture, or more than 15 percent of damaged kernels, or more than 3 percent of heat-damaged kernels; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which has a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 11 The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 75 Grade Designations The grade designation for Mixed Grain shall include, in the order named: (1) The words "Mixed Grain" or the words "Sample grade Mixed Grain", as the case may be; (2) The name and approximate percentage of each kind of grain, including wild oats, which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture, in the order of predominance; and (3) When applicable, the words "Other Grains", followed by a statement of the per- centage of the combined quantity of those kinds of grain, including wild oats, each of which is present in a quantity less than 10 percent; and (4) The words "Foreign Material", together with a statement of the percentage thereof. All percentage statements shall be in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. Special Grades for Mixed Grain Tough Mixed Grain Definition.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades.-Tough Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Tough." 76 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Mixed Grain Definition.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of mixed grain, or (b) any other mixed grain which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 per- cent. Grades.-Smutty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Grain Definition.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades.-Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word "Ergoty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 77 Garlicky Mixed Grain Definition.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of mixed grain; or (b) mixed grain in which oats or barley predominates, and which contains 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 500 grams of mixed grain. Grades.-Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Garlicky." Weevily Mixed Grain Definition.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades.-Weevily Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Blighted Mixed Grain Definition.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be all mixed grain in which barley predominates and which, as a whole, contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially dis- colored by blight and/or mold. Grades.-Blighted Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade 78 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Blighted." Treated Mixed Grain Definition.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which has been scoured, limed, washed, sulphured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade desig- nation, alone. Grades.-Treated Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.-All deter- minations shall be on the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages.-Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.-Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the apparatus and the method of use thereof specified in the official grain standards of the United States for the kind of grain which predominates in the mixture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 79 Test weight per bushel.-Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material.-Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, but shall not include wild oats. Damaged kernels.-Damaged kernels shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels.-Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 883461°-50 11 IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GRAIN INSPECTION The United States Grain Standards Act pro- vides in part as follows: INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS "SEc. 4. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain no person thereafter shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign com- merce any such grain which is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade unless the grain shall have been inspected and graded by an inspector licensed under this act and the grade by which it is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale be one of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States: Provided, That any person may sell, offer for sale, or consign for sale, ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain by sample or by type, or under any name, de- scription, or designation which is not false or mis- leading, and which name, description, or designa- tion does not include in whole or in part the terms of any official grain standard of the United States: Provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade may be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce without inspec- tion at point of shipment by an inspector li- censed under this act, to or through any place at which an inspector licensed under this act is located, subject to be inspected by a licensed inspector at the place to which shipped or at some convenient point through which shipped for inspection, which inspection shall be under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe, and subject further 80 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 81 to the right of appeal from such inspection, as provided in section 6 of this act: And provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by any of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards may, upon compliance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture, be shipped in interstate or foreign commerce with- out inspection from a place at which there is no inspector licensed under this act to a place at which there is no such inspector, subject to the right of either party to the transaction to refer any dispute as to the grade of the grain to the Secretary of Agriculture, who may determine the true grade thereof. No person shall in any certificate or in any contract or agreement of sale or agreement to sell by grade, either oral or written, involving, or in any invoice or bill of lading or other shipping document relating to, the shipment or delivery for shipment, in inter- state or foreign commerce, of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, describe, or in any way refer to, any of such grain as being of any grade other than a grade fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States." MISREPRESENTATION "SEc. 5. That no person, except as permitted in section 4, shall represent that any grain shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce is of a grade fixed in the official grain standards other than as shown by a certificate therefor issued in compliance with this act; and the Secretary of Agriculture is author- ized to cause examinations to be made of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, and which has been certified to conform to any grade fixed therefor in such official grain standards, or which 82 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce. Whenever, after opportunity for hearing is given to the owner or shipper of the grain involved, and to the inspector thereof if the same has been inspected, it is de- termined by the Secretary that any quantity of grain has been incorrectly certified to conform to a specified grade, or has been sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale under any name, description, or designation which is false or misleading, he may publish his findings." APPEALS, FINDINGS, AND FEES "Src. 6. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain and any quantity of such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale, or which has been shipped, or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce shall have been inspected and a dispute arises as to whether the grade as determined by such inspection of any such grain in fact conforms to the standard of the specified grade, any interested party may, either with or without reinspection, appeal the question to the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause such investi- gation to be made and such tests to be applied as he may deem necessary and to determine the true grade: Provided, That any appeal from such inspection and grading to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be taken before the grain leaves the place where the inspection appealed from was made and before the identity of the grain has been lost, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe. Whenever an appeal shall be taken or a dispute referred to the Secretary of Agriculture under OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 83 this act, he shall charge and assess, and cause to be collected, a reasonable fee, in amount to be fixed by him, which fee, in case of an appeal, shall be refunded if the appeal is sustained. All such fees, not so refunded, shall be .deposited and covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. The findings of the Secretary of Agri- culture as to grade, signed by him or by such officer or officers, agent or agents, of the Depart- ment of Agriculture as he may designate, made after the parties in interest have had opportunity to be heard, shall be accepted in the courts of the United States as prima facie evidence of the true grade of the grain determined by him at the time and place specified in the findings." LICENSING OF INSPECTORS "SEc. 7. The Secretary of Agriculture may issue a license to any person, upon presentation to him of satisfactory evidence that such person is competent, to inspect and grade grain and to certificate the grade thereof for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, under this act and the rules and regulations prescribed thereunder. No person authorized or employed by any State, county, city, town, board of trade, chamber of com- merce, corporation, society, partnership, or association to inspect or grade grain shall cer- tify, or otherwise state or indicate in writing, that any grain for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, which has been inspected or graded by him, or by any person acting under his authority, is of one of the grades of the official grain standards of the United States, unless he holds an unsus- pended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. * * *" 84 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS PENALTIES "SEc. 9. That any person who shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of sections 4 or 7 of this act, or any inspector licensed under this act who shall knowingly inspect or grade im- properly any grain which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, or shall knowingly give any false certificate of grade, or shall accept money or other consideration, directly or indirectly, for any neglect or improper performance of duty, and any person who shall improperly influence or attempt to improperly influence any such inspector in the performance of his duty, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both." REGULATIONS Section 8 -of the Grain Standards Act author- izes the Secretary of Agriculture to make such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary for the efficient execution of the provisions of the Act. Pursuant to this authority, the Secretary of Agriculture has issued regulations under the Act. Copy of the regulations as well as the com- plete text of the Act may be had upon application to any office of the Grain Branch, or to the Ad- ministrator, Production and Marketing Adminis- tration, Washington 25, D. C. BASIS OF INSPECTION The basis of inspection for commercial lots of grain is governed by instructions which are summarized as follows: In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is generally or reasonably uniform in quality and condition throughout the lot, the OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 85 grade should be based on a representative sample resulting from a composite of the probings taken from different parts of the lot. In the case of a car, truck, or wagon lot of grain which is not generally uniform as to quality or condition, care must be exercised, in basing the grade, to insure that the grade assigned will reflect as nearly as may be the quality of the entire lot of grain. In cases where the variations in quality or condition are not material, the grade should be based on a composite sample of all the probings taken from different parts of the lot. However, in cases where the variations in quality or condition are marked by distinct and outstanding differences between portions of the grain, each portion should be regarded as if it were a separate lot or unit for inspection and grading, and the grade of each portion should be based upon a sample representative of it. In the inspection and grading of lots, parcels, and cargoes of grain loaded aboard boats, barges, and other vessels, licensed inspectors shall be governed by the following requirements: 1. If such a lot, parcel, or cargo tendered for inspection and grading be uniform in quality and condition, the grade shall be based upon an aver- age sample thereof; 2. If such lot, parcel, or cargo so tendered is not uniform in quality and condition by reason of the presence therein of a material portion of grain of a different grade, the licensed inspector shall consider the portions of such lot, parcel, or cargo which are of different grades as separate lots tendered for inspection, and shall separately inspect, grade, and certificate as to grade such different portions; and each such certificate of grade shall bear a statement to the effect that the grain to which it applies has been loaded on board with other grain, the grade, description, and approximate quantity of which shall be specified. 86 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SAMPLING OF GRAIN The taking of a correct and representative sample of a lot or parcel of grain for inspection and grading purposes is an important and essen- tial part of grain inspection. If the sample, obtained is not representative no amount of care in making the determinations for the grading factors will establish the true grade of the grain involved. The Department of Agriculture, in its administration of the Grain Standards Act, holds that the licensed inspector is responsible for the correctness of the sample upon which he bases the grade of any lot or parcel of grain. For correct grading it is essential that the sample, properly identified, be preserved in its original condition from the time it is taken until the grade is determined and that it be of sufficient size to permit the required tests to be performed. It is provided in part in Section 26.21 of the regulations of the Secretary under the Act that no licensed inspector shall issue a certificate of grade for any grain unless the inspection and grading thereof be based upon a correct and rep- resentative sample of the grain. No sample shall be deemed to be representative unless of the size, and procured in accordance with the meth- ods, prescribed in instructions issued by the Administrator, Production and Marketing Ad- ministration, or by such officer of the Department as may be designated by him for the purpose, which are in effect at the time of the inspection and grading. The basic instructions governing the methods for sampling grain are summarized as follows: The size of the sample shall be not less than approximately 2 quarts. If the time to elapse between the drawing of the sample and the de- termination of the grade would permit of such changes in the condition. of the sample as to affect the grade assigned to the lot or parcel from which OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 87 the sample was taken, at least 1/ pints of the grain shall be enclosed in an air-tight container and the remainder, if any, in a cloth bag. In the case of bulk grain in a car, truck, or wagon, or in any other container in which the grain is of about the same depth as in a carload, the sample shall be taken with a double-tube 11-compartment probe 62% inches long (fig. 2) by probing flaxseed in seven or more places and all other kinds of grain in five or more places, well distributed in different parts of the car, truck, or other container. In the discretion of the sampler and/or inspector, as many more probings as may be necessary shall be taken from the grain in different parts of the lot. In the case of bulk grain tendered for inspec- tion as it lies in a boat, barge, or other vessel, samples shall be taken with a double-tube com- partment grain probe of either standard or special length by probing at regular spaced intervals throughout the entire lot, provided that all of the grain so tendered is accessible for proper sam- pling. If the grain is of such depth or stowed in such a manner that representative samples of the entire lot cannot be obtained by the sampling methods prescribed in this paragraph, the grain shall be considered as inaccessible for sampling within the vessel. In the case of bulk grain being loaded for in- spection and grading aboard a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be' taken from the loading spout or other convenient place en route, by the use of a device known as "The Pelican spout sampler" (fig. 1) or any other device giving equivalent results. The stream or streams shall be sampled at regular and frequent intervals to assure a correct and representative sample of the lot. In the case of grain tendered for inspection as it is being discharged from a boat, barge, or other vessel, the sample shall be taken from the running stream or at some other convenient place 883461*-50 12 88 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS after it leaves the vessel and before its identity is lost, provided the sample is not taken from grain moving on a horizontal belt where a cut of a full cross section of the stream is impracticable. The sample shall be taken in such a manner that it will be a correct and representative sample of the lot. If after examination of the separate probes, or cuts with the Pelican, no material portion of the grain is distinctly inferior to the remainder of the grain, the grain from the separate probes or from each separate cut with the Pelican, shall be combined and the combined sample shall be regarded as an average sample of the grain involved. Whenever it shall appear, as a result of the sampling, that a material portion of any lot or parcel of grain is distinctly inferior, in any manner, to the remainder of such lot or parcel; also whenever, in the case of grain loaded, or being loaded aboard, or being discharged from, a barge, boat, or steamship, a material portion of such grain is of a different grade from the remainder, separate samples shall be taken of such distinctly inferior grain and of the re- maining portion, or of the grain of each of the distinctly different grades, as the case may be. There shall be filed with each of the separate samples so taken a statement of the estimated quantity of grain it represents. The detailed official current instructions for the proper sampling of grain may be obtained by applying tg any office of the Grain Branch. t)FFICI AL (NRAIN STANI)ARDIS SPOUT SAMPLER Olt "PELICAN" ForP oht iii g a rteJr('se1tative sample fr n' falling stream of bul1k grain, alI( p~tilicil< for5 I~mt11)i g b)1lk grain b)eing spou~ted into holAds of a vessel, a spou tiall11) ('I, generT referred to as a "PIelican" (fig;. 1), is used. 89 11 a [fiX the ~,Ih 1~ 0 i /.? i p < . 34 4 .0 I _. In h I VP ;L'iu: L-rI 011H ruJWI)lrr' lhlir,3n1. 'ht use of I his devije( tunkcs it, lmsC l toSIIP1 of gunin Irt'i g sfhi&(. In operio n )I the st rea n of grinii is cart at frequtent in tervals aind ther sampl)es c1)faine(1 are then reiieecr il size1/ by binig putt through a B~oernier samipler (fig. 3). 90 OFFICIAL GRAIN 'STANDARDS GRAIN PROBE (TRIER) AND SAMPLING CANVAS For obtaining a' representative sample from a carload of bulk grain, a double-tube, 11-compart- ment grain probe (trier) as shown in figure 2 is used. Such a probe makes it possible for the sampler ordinarily to note any unevenness in loading and to ascertain the approximate loca- tion and quaritity of any mixture of grain or of dirty, smutty, heating, or damp spots, etc., found in any part of the grain. A canvas 29% inches by 63 inches in dimensions on which to empty the grain from the probe is used. The grain should be emptied lengthwise on the canvas, each separate probeful apart from the others, so that the grain from each compart- ment can be examined separately. Detailed specifications and drawings of the probe, and specifications for the canvas may be obtained by applying to any office of the Grain Branch. -i .CQ ' jO O 0 1- -4 T- 0 a 91 92 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SAMPLE DIVIDER (BOERNER SAMPLER) After a representative sample of the lot or parcel of grain to be graded is obtained, it is usually necessary to reduce its size considerably, in order that the grade may be determined by careful analysis. To reduce the size of a sample of grain containing foreign substances of differ- ent specific gravity or size than of the grain with which they are mixed, and at the same time obtain a sample as representative as the original, is hardly possible except by mechanical means. Figure 3 shows a device, generally referred to as the "Boerner sampler", which will divide a sample into smaller portions and still maintain the proper proportions for the various factors of the original sample. In the operation of this device the grain is placed in a hopper at the top of the machine and is then released, when it passes through an opening at the bottom of the hopper and down the sides of a cone, the point of which is directly under the center of the opening. Around the base of the cone are 36 pockets or openings. The grain falling down the sides of the cone is cut into 36 separate streams, which, a little farther on, merge into 2 streams. Streams nos. 1, 3, 5, etc., unite into 1 stream which empties into one receptacle, and streams nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, etc., unite into another stream which empties into a second receptacle. This device and a simplified form of it are fully described in United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 287. /AO/7~'Z~4'5Z ~ } /W///V-,ZZNI AZ W8W4 B FIGUJRE 3.-Sample divider: A, vertical cross section of device showing paths taken by the material in passing from the hopper to the container; B, cross section of the device at the base of the cone. 93 Ci A c)4 OFFICIAL GRAIN STA NDARDS DOCKAGE TESTER A dockage tester with wVhich uniformn resul]ts can be obtained is; used in all offices of the (-raIn lBranche and by mnan x- g;rain) intspect ors in m akin g doc kage tests and certain) designated sievjn"t tests of grain. (FIi(; 4.) Information concerniing the dockao-o teste~r amnd its meth od of us i f1 V he oh)- tain(ed I v tI])plviflg to -MnY office of thle (rain JBranch. K s t 5 j i Z 9 i Qq b n i S 5 P z f 5:: r+' x ., il3r { c( i a F 3§ v k& i a e C E ks kz ~ tSiT t"e _ ~.y'. ~ S Fl( FLr 4.-Doeka lse l-tee. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 95 GRAIN-TESTING SIEVES Standardized grain-testing sieves with accurate perforations are essential in making uniform sieving and dockage tests. Standardized sieves are specified for use in connection with the en- forcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. These sieves are constructed from half hard aluminum sheet metal 0.032 inch thick, and are perforated as described in the follow- ing table. The maximum tolerance permitted in the accuracy of perforations is plus or minus 0.0005 inch, except that no tolerance is specified for the length dimensions of slotted perforations. The completed sieves are made up in the form of flat sieves or as step metal sieves for use in a dockage machine or as hand sieves. The hand sieves are 13 inches in diameter, and have slightly flaring sides 2 inches high, with rolled-top edges, and are made to nest with each other and with a bottom pan. Decimal specifications for the size of sieve perforations should be used in the manu- facturing of grain-testing sieves. 883461*--50 13 96 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Specifications for sieve perforations Size of perforations Number of perfora- tions per Common designations Decimal square foot (inches) equivalents (precision (inches) sieve) ROUND HOLE PERFORATIONS 2 /64 diameter_.____------_..-- - 0.0390 27, 970 4y/64 diameter---._..-..-.._-___ _ . .0703 13, 795 5/64 diameter..--___ . _.._--__ - .0781 6, 705 1/12 diameter--__-_--.. ____._.. .0833. 9,820 8/64 diam eter.. -............. ......... 1250 4, 736 12/64 diameter...-....-....-...-- -- .. 1875 2, 640 TRIANGULAR PERFORATIONS WITH INSCRIBED CIRCLES OF- 5/64 diameter -------------------. 0. 0781 2,845 0.089 diameter--_-__..-.._._...... 0890 2, 875 SLOTTED PERFORATIONS 3/64 by 3/8..-_.__-_ _ ...... .--- 0.0469 by 0.375 2,690 47/5/64 by 3/4__-__--------_ . .. . 076 by .75 865 5; /64 by 3/4 ---------.....-------- .0858 by . 75 856 8/64 by 3/4_--______-___ ..---_ . 1250 by . 75 638 9/64 by 3/4 _.....------------------- .1406 by .75 590 10/64 by 3/4---.. ----____ _.-----. .15625 by . 75 557 0.064 by 3/8... ..------------------ . 0640 by .375 2,633 0.070 by 1/2... ..------------------ . 0700 by .50 1,655 In addition to the sieves listed above a wire mesh sieve is also used in grain inspection. This sieve which has rectangular openings in it is used in connection with the determination of Dockage in flaxseed. It is constructed of wire having a diameter of 0.015 inch, with 4 by 16 meshes per inch. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 9'7 BASIS OF DETERMINATION FOR TEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL The official standards provide that the deter- mination of the test weight per bushel in the case of wheat, rye, and barley shall be made upon the basis of the grain from which the dockage has been removed; in the case of flaxseed the test-weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the flaxseed after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning de- vices; and in the case of all other grain the test- weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the grain as a whole. As the test weight per bushel is one of the main factors in determining the grade of grain, 1? quarts of the grain should be available to permit the test weight to be made with a quart tester. STANDARD METHOD OF MAKING TEST- WEIGHT-PER-BUSHEL DETERMINATION The conditions given in the method described below have been found to be essential in making uniform tests of weight per bushel and obtaining accurate results, and have been adopted as stand- ard' in connection with the enforcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. (1) Make the test immediately after the sample has been brought to the inspection room, office, or laboratory, to prevent drying out of the grain with consequent change in its test weight. (2) Use 1 / quarts of grain for making the test. (3) Fill the kettle from a hopper. (4) Opening at bottom of hopper must be round and exactly 1Y inches in diameter. W2S OPI'IAl GRAiN S'IANJ)ARDS (51 Bottomn of opening houst be0 centered over th e kettle and held exactly 2 inlches atbove the tlp of kettle. ('>) Th~e n iarl. kettle mu st have a cap~acityv of exactxN- 67.2 cuit)c i iches. The ins ide height of the cqutart kettle shall he J1 inches- (7) If the top of the kettle is rough, smooth clown the roughness with a rounded metal bar, lbut do tnt use a file for the purpose. (8) [Have the kettle rest on a firm baase. rUE 2<-StstntatI npr~iius for delerminig the I e-( weighit per bushel of vrain. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 99 (9) Do not jar the kettle before or during the stroking operation. (10) Use a stroker made of hardwood with smooth, perfect half-round edges, 12 inches long, 3/ inch thick, and 13/4 inches broad. (11) Place the stroker on the edge of the kettle lightly without jarring the kettle. (12) Hold the stroker on the kettle with the sides of the stroker in a vertical position. (13) Stroke the grain from the kettle with three full-length zigzag motions of the stroker. (14) Make each stroke clean all the way across the kettle with the stroker always lightly touch- ing the kettle. (15) Use a beam which is both accurately graduated and sensitive to one-tenth pound per bushel. (16) Have the weight-per-bushel apparatus tested periodically for- (a) Accuracy of kettle, (b) Accuracy of beam readings, and (c) Sensitiveness of beam. The method of testing the accuracy of the test kettle and the accuracy and sensitiveness of the weighing beam of any weight-per-bushel testing outfit is given in Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1065. 100 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS METHODS OF MAKING MOISTURE TESTS The official standards for wheat, barley, oats, Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, rye, grain sor- ghums, fiaxseed, and soybeans, specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the air-oven method, and the stand- ards for corn specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the water-oven method, or, in all cases, that as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results. The air-oven and the water- oven apparatus and their respective methods of use in the determination of moisture content are described in Service and Regulatory Announce- ments No. 147 of the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. In order that rapid determinations of mois- ture in grain may be made to meet the routine requirements of practical inspection work, grain inspectors may use electric moisture meters or other apparatus and methods which give mois- ture-test results, equivalent to the results obtained with the air-oven method or the water-oven method, as the case may be. Although the air- oven and water-oven methods are specified as the basic methods for determining moisture con- tent for the purposes of the standards, it is intended that these methods will be used prin- cipally for the purpose of checking and standard- izing the electric moisture meters or other moisture-testing equipment and methods used in routine grain-inspection work. (7) 'F'1 IAI. RAN STANDAll.RDlS 1 101 ELECTRIC MOISTURE METER An electric deteri liiations call he inade is xvor'k. noistiirc mieter of thle iiioistiii in general use N- xwith xvhlil rapid coniteiit of grain ni grainf-itlsjpectioli r IF rwuo, U BE.-E lectric moisture mneter. A dcrtiption of the method of using the electric moisture meter illustrated ini figure 6, in- cluding the necessary coniversion charts, is given in pamphlet 17. S. G. S. revised coI)y of whichz office of the Grain Bran A.--M. B. 1.-1, the latest cau he obs ainied from anyv Icli. 102 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS EQUIPMENT USED IN GRAIN INSPECTION (1) Bulk grain probe. (2) Spout sampler (Pelican). (3) Sack probe (trier). (4) Sampling canvas. (5) Waterproof sample bags. (6) Airtight containers. (7) Sample divider (Boerner sampler). (8) Dockage tester. (9) Hand sieves. (10) Test-weight-per-bushel apparatus. (11) Moisture tester. (12) Balances: one 1,200-gram and one 100- gram capacity. (13) Barley pearler. (14) Sulphur-testing apparatus. (15) Smut dockage machine (for Pacific Coast). (16) Miscellaneous: grain pans, tweezers, tables, etc. 0