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N 5 s of
HIRTES MARRIMES, STILEITH IND DEATH
**"Tº SU M M A R Y
IN
N E W Y O FR IX CITY,
DURING THE YEAR 1880.
BY
J O H. N. T. N. A. G. T. E., M. D.,
Member of the American Public Health Association, New York County Medical Society, New York
Public Health Association, Membre Adherent Congrés International D'Hygiene de Paris,
Membre Correspondant Etranger de la Societé Royale de Médecine Publique de
Belgique, Membre Correspondant Etranger de la Societé de Médecine
Publique et D'Hygiene Professionelle de Paris, Corre-
spondent of the National Board of Health of
U. S. of America, Deputy Register
of Records N.Y. Health
Dep’t, etc., etc.
—º- © Q-C-4-
NEW YORK : . . . . . .
M A RTIN B. BROWN, PRINTER AND STAT ſo NER,
NOS. 49 AND 51 PARK PLACE. -
I 882.
(, ) || || 71
//7
//53
///5s
SU M M A R Y
BRTHS MARRIMES STILL-B|RTHS AND DEMHS
New York City, during the Year 1880,
—)—t-ses-->4—
* AREA.—The total area of New York City is 24,893 acres, or 38.89 square miles.
Of this number the annexed district, comprising the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth
Wards, contains 12,317 acres, or 19.25 square miles.
LENGTH of PAVED STREETS AND SEWERS.–On June 30, 1880, there were 357
miles of paved streets and 16 miles of macadamized roads. The number of miles of
sewers was 383.41.
# The point of greatest elevation above high water in New York City is about 700
feet east of Christ Church, at the intersection of South street and Riverdale avenue,
Twenty-fourth Ward, which is 284 feet 5 inches above high water. -
PoPULATION.—The United States Census, taken in June, 1880, gave New York
City a population of 1,206,577, an increase of 264,285 over the figures which were given
by the U. S. Census of 1870. Of this number, 590,762 were males and 615,815 were
females. 727,743 were native and 478,834 were foreign born. 1,186,144 were white
and 20,433 colored (including 747 Chinese, 18 Japanese, and 44 Indians).
# IMMIGRATION.—The number of immigrants that arrived in this city from foreign
countries during the year 1880 was 320,889. -
DwDLLINGS.–The first count of dwelling-houses in New York City (subject to
revision), at the U. S. Census Office, gave the number of dwellings in June, 1880, as
73,941.
* Department of Public Works. Department of Public Parks. : Commissioners of Emigration.
4
DENSITY. —The average number of persons contained in each house was 16.62.
The number to an acre was 48.47, and to the square mile, 31,021. The average number
of persons in London in 1871 to a house was 7.8; to an acre, 42; to a square mile,
26,674.
The number of deaths that occurred in New York City during the year ending
December 31, 1880, was 31,937; of this number, 16,831 were males, 15,106 were females,
and 692 were colored. The annual death-rate to every 1,000 inhabitants was 26.47; to
every 1,000 males, 28.49; to every 1,000 females, 24.53, and to every 1,000 of the colored
population, 33.87. §
The deaths during the year exceeded the number that occurred during the
preceding year by 3,595. The annual death-rate to every 1,000 of the population for the
past ten years compares as follows: 1879, 25.82; 1878, 24.93; 1877, 24.50; 1876,
27.62; 1875, 29.47; 1874, 28.94; 1873, 29.68; 1872, 33.76; 1871, 28.26; 1870, 28.84.
The highest mortality from any single disease during the year was from phthisis
pulmonalis, which caused 4,706 deaths, 115 being colored persons. In 1879 the mortality
from this disease was 4,343, and in 1878 it was 4,466. Since the year 1804, a period of
77 years, 152,412 persons were reported to have died in this city from this disease.
The deaths from consumption during the year were chiefly confined to adults, there
being but 171 deaths from it reported among children under 5 years of age; 2,446 of
those who died were males and 2,260 were females ; 2,060 (1,049 males and 1,011
females) were born in the United States; 1,469 (719 males and 750 females) were born
in Ireland; 646 (386 males and 260 females) were born in Germany, and 531 (292 males
and 239 females) were born in other foreign countries. The highest monthly number
of deaths from this disease during the year occurred in December (459), the months of
March and October following, with 412 and 408 deaths respectively, and the lowest.
monthly mortality was in June (351).
The deaths from all causes since the year 1804 were 1,036,355; of this number,
152,412 were from phthisis pulmonalis, which is a percentage of 14.76 to the total
mortality. The deaths during the year 1880 from consumption showed a percentage of
14.73 to the total mortality. The percentage of deaths from this disease during the
year to the total mortality has therefore changed but slightly for the better when
compared with the proportion of deaths from phthisis to the total mortality of the
past 77 years, notwithstanding the soil has been made drier of late years by extensive
sewers, and drains. In the early years of the city's existence there was a less propor-
tion of deaths from pneumonia to phthisis than there is in recent years. This is inter-
esting, as bronchitis was not known or tabulated as a cause of death in this city
until the year 1839, and probably was included with pneumonia. /
The total number of deaths from 1804 to 1842, inclusive—a period of 39 years—was
175,538; of this number, 33,488 were reported as having occurred from phthisis pulmo-
malis, 11,041 from pneumonia, and 293 from bronchitis. The total number of deaths
from 1843 to 1880, inclusive—a period of 38 years—was 860,817; of this number,
5
118,924 deaths were from phthisis pulmonalis, 57,578 were from pneumonia, and 21,250
from bronchitis. This shows that during the past 77 years there were 242,574 deaths
due to phthisis pulmonalis, pneumonia, and bronchitis, making a percentage to the
total mortality of 23.46; and the proportion of deaths from pneumonia (68,619) and
bronchitis (21,548) to the deaths from phthisis pulmonalis during this period was 59.16.
During the 39 years from 1804 to 1842, inclusive, the total deaths in this city was
175,538; of this total, 33,488, or 19.08 per cent., were from phthisis pulmonalis. The
percentage of deaths from phthisis pulmonalis (33,488), pneumonia (11,041), and
bronchitis (293), to the total mortality during this period was 25.53, and the percentage
of the deaths from pneumonia and bronchitis to the total deaths from phthisis was 33.81.
The total deaths in New York City from 1843 to 1880—a period of 38 years—was
860,817; of this number, 118,924, or 13.81 per cent., were from phthisis pulmonalis,
and the percentage of the deaths from phthisis pulmonalis (118,924), prleumonia
(57,578), and bronchitis (21,250), to the total mortality was 22.97. The percentage of
deaths from pneumonia and bronchitis to the total deaths from phthisis pulmonalis
was 66.29. It will be seen by this comparison that, although the percentage of deaths
from phthisis pulmonalis for the last 38 years show a slight decrease to the total
mortality, yet the percentage of deaths from pneumonia and bronchitis have shown a
considerable increase, and, when added to the deaths from phthisis, show but a
slight decrease in the percentage of deaths to the total mortality of the last 38 years
when compared with the preceding 39 years.
The yearly average population for the 39 years ending December 31, 1842, was
171,849, and the yearly average number of deaths from phthisis pulmonalis during this
period was 859. The average yearly number, of deaths from phthisis pulmonalis,
pneumonia, and bronchitis was 1,149, showing an average number of deaths from phthisis
pulmonalis to the average population of 50.10 to every 10,000 inhabitants, and of phthisis
pulmonalis, pneumonia, and bronchitis of 66.87 to every 10,000 of the population. The
average yearly population for the 38 years ending December 31, 1880, was 778,496, and
the average yearly number of deaths from phthisis pulmonalis was 3,129, and of phthisis
pulmonalis, pneumonia, and bronchitis combined, 5,204, which represents a death-rate
to every 10,000 of the population from phthisis pulmonalis, of 40.19, and for every
10,000 of the population from phthisis pulmonalis, pneumonia, and bronchitis com-
bined, of 68.13. Thus it will be seen that the deaths from phthisis pulmonalis for the
39 years ending December 31, 1842, were 9.91 higher to the 10,000 inhabitants than the
deaths from this affection during the 38 years ending December 31, 1880; but if we
take the combined mortality from phthisis pulmonalis, pneumonia, and bronchitis, we
will find an increase of 1.26 deaths to every 10,000 of the population during the 38
years ending December 31, 1880.
The proportion of deaths from phthisis pulmonalis, pneumonia, and bronchitis
for each year during the past 77 years in New York City, will show the variable and
fatal prevalence of these diseases during this period. In the years 1804 and 1805 there
was one death to every 139 inhabitants.
In 1806 there was 1 death to every 170 inhabitants. In 1807 there was 1 death to every 142 inhabitants.
“ 1808 { % { % j68 { % ** 1809 § { { % 179 § {
{ { 1810 { { 6 & 137 ( & { { 1811 { % § { 142 § {
é & 1812 { { { { 114 § { “ 1813 { % { % 137 { {
** 1814 § { { % 169 { % ** 1815 £ 6 { % 134 & &
“ 1816 6 º' s & 126 é & “ 1817 & 4 & £ j60 {{
{ { 1818 § { { { 154 { { “ 1819 { % 6 & 168 { %
6 & 1820 § { { % | 158 { % “ 1821 & 4 § { 151 & 8
** 1822 “ { % 176 { { “ 1823 { % & 6 161 * “
** 1824 § { { % j64 & £ “ 1825 & 8 § { 139 § 6.
{ % 1826 (, ; $ & 158 & 4 { % 1897 * { % (, . 165 & 4
“ 1828 é & { % j64 & 4 ** 1829 { % € $ 162 & 4-
{ { 1830 { % & 4 168 { % { { 1831 § { - ( & 150 { %
“ 1832 “ { % 122 { { “ 1833 (, ‘ ( & 142 { %
** 1834 € $ § { 122 { % “ 1835 & & { % 135 & 6-
“ 1836 { { & 6 130 & 6 ** {S37 & 4 “ . 133 & 4
“ 1838 § { £ 6 159 & G - “ 1839 % 6 & £6. 159 {{-
** 1840 { % € $ 164 & 4 ** 1841 £ 6. £ 6 150 € $
** 1842 ( & { % 176 { % “ 1843 { % $6 125 ( &
** 1844 & £ \tº 185 & 4 ** 1845 { % 6 & 165 { %.
** 1846 & 4 “ . 184 { % “ 1847 { % & S 168 ( &
** 1848 § { ( & 171 { % ** 1849 { { & 6 155 & 6.
“ 1850 { % { { 170 $6 “ j851 $6 { % 138 ' 4 &
{ { 1852 { % & 4 151 { { { { 1853 { % { % 148 & C-
** 1854 { { § { 137 § { “ 1855 § { & 4 156 {{..
“ 1856 & 4 { % 191 { % “ 1857 { % 6 & 169 & 6.
“ 1858 { { & £ j63 € $ ** 1859 { % 6 (; 166 ( &
“ 1860 {{ & 4 166 & 4 ** 1861 { % { % 174 { %.
** 1862 { % { % 181 {{ ** 1863 * { { % 151 & 4
** 1864 & (, § { 146 { % ** 1865 {{ § { 155 6 &-
{ % 1866 § { { % 163 & 4 { % 1867 {{ { % 167 4 &
“ 1868 § { & e 155 {{ ** 1869 & 4 { % 146 £ 6.
“ 1870 ( & ( & 140 { % “ 1871 { % { % 137 £ 6.
“ 1872 & 4 ( & 130 {{ ‘‘ 1873 {{ { { 130 $ 6.
“ 1874 & 4 { % 134 { % “ 1875 { % - { % 129 € $
** 1876 { % { { 133 { % “ 1877 46 6 & 148 { %
“ 1878 § { & C t36 & 4 “ 1879 & 6 & 4 134 $ tº
“ 1880 { % { % j|36 { %
Nearly one-quarter of the deaths which took place in the City of New York
since the year 1804 were due to phthisis pulmonalis, pneumonia, and bronchitis, and
this large proportion of deaths from these diseases ought to demand the special
attention of the most experienced sanitarians of the country.
The effect of climate upon these diseases in New York City will be shown by the
mortality from them, by months, for the past 10 years. Out of 42,553 deaths from
phthisis during this period, 3,757 took place in the month of January, 3,639 in February,
4,043 in March, 3,780 in April, 3,491 in May, 3,049 in June, 3,398 in July, 3,286 in
* First year that bronchitis is tabulated.
7
..~~
August, 3,345 in September, 3,573 in October, 3,450 in November, and 3,742 in December.
The number of deaths from pneumonia for the same period was 23,856 ; of this
number, 2,698 were in January, 2,511 in February, 3,002 were in March, 2,724 were in
April, 2,385 were in May, 1,378 were in June, 1,065 were in July, 979 were in August,
1,113 were in September, 1,566 were in October, 2,031 were in November, and 2,404
were in December.
Bronchitis was the cause of 11,317 deaths during the 10 years; of this number,
1,189 died in January, 1,181 in February, 1,337 in March, 1,127 in April, 965 in May,
640 in June, 542 in July, 549 in August, 643 in September, 871 in October, 1,029 in
November, and 1,244 in December.
From the above figures it appears that the highest monthly number of deaths
occurred in March; the least monthly number of deaths from phthisis was in June ;
the least monthly number of deaths from pneumonia was in August, and the least
monthly number of deaths from bronchitis was in July.
The death-rate to every 1,000 inhabitants, in the year 1877, from phthisis, was 3.78;
in 1878, 4.13; in 1879, 3.96, and in 1880, 3.90. The death-rate to every 1,000 inhab-
itants, in 1877, from pneumonia, was 2.01 ; 1878, 2.11; 1879, 2.33, and in 1880, 2.84.
The death-rate to every 1,000 inhabitants from phthisis pulmonalis, pneumonia, and
bronchitis, in 1877, was 6.75; in 1878, 7.33; in 1879, 7.43, and in 1880, 7.39.
The number of deaths from pneumonia during the year 1880 was 2,822, against
2,554 in 1879 and 2,288 in 1878. 1,552 of those who died were males and 1,270 were
females.
The highest monthly number of deaths from this disease during the year was in April
(375), and the least was in August (108). Unlike phthisis pulmonalis, the deaths from
this disease among children were very high, 1,311 deaths (704 males and 607 females), or
nearly 47 per cent., were children under 5 years of age. - -
Bronchitis caused 1,375 deaths (704 males and 671 females) during the year. In
1879 the number of deaths was 1,263, and in 1878, 1,184. The highest monthly number
of deaths from this disease took place in December (195), and the least in July (43).
906 of the deaths (482 males and 424 females) from bronchitis were children under 5
years of age.
Pleurisy caused 90 deaths; congestion of the lungs, 110; haemorrhage of lungs, 12 ;
emphysema and asthma, 98, and laryngitis, 55.
The total mortality from diarrhoeal complaints (in which cholera infantum, cholera
morbus, diarrhoea, dysentery, entero-colitis, diarrhoeal enteritis and gastro-enteritis
were included) was 3,947 (2,094 males and 1,853 females). In 1879 the number of
deaths from these diseases was 2,965, and in 1878, 2,945. The number of deaths of
children under 5 years of age from diarrhoeal complaints during the year was 3,469; of
this number, 1,873 were males and 1,596 females. The fatality from diarrhoeal
diseases is always highest in the warm months. In July the average temperature was
74.90, and the deaths 1,190 ; in June the average temperature, Fahr., was 73.14, and
the deaths 1,187 ; in August the mean temperature, Fahr., was 72.65, and the deaths
8
625; in February the mean temperature was 36.47, Fahr., and the deaths 38, and in
January and December the mean temperature, Fahr., was 39.62 and 25.93 respectively,
and the deaths were 43 in each month.
1,419 deaths were attributed to Bright's disease and nephritis during the year; of
this number, 1,025 (539 males and 486 females) were from Bright's disease, and 394 (216
males and 178 females) were from nephritis. In 1879 the number of deaths from
Bright's disease and nephritis was 1,348, and in 1878, 1,161. 360 of those who died
during the year 1880 were born in the United States, 396 in Ireland, 139 in Germany, 2
each in Austria, Denmark, and Russia, 8 in Bohemia, 6 in British America, 35 in
England, 8 in France, 13 in Italy, 1 each in Norway, Sweden, Spain, and West Indies,
15 in Scotland, 4 each in Poland and Switzerland, 3 in Wales, and 13 were of
unknown nativity. 166 of the persons that died from this disease were reported to be
single, 435 married, and 136 widowed. There were but 11 persons (10 males and 1
female) who died from this disease that were under 5 years of age. -
Pyelitis caused two deaths; uraemia, 12; congestion of kidneys, 7; diabetes, 44;
cirrhosis of kidneys, 5; calculus, 8; cystitis, 64; hypertrophy of the prostate and
prostatitis, 22 ; Addison's disease, 4 ; suppression of urine, 6; stricture of urethra, 22,
and haematuria, 1.
There were 1,153 deaths (581 males and 572 females) caused by the different
varieties of heart disease, against 1,164 in 1879 and 1,068 in 1878. During the year,
pericarditis caused 61 deaths (26 males and 35 females); hypertrophy of the heart, 173
(90 males and 83 females); valvular disease of the heart, 660 (339 males and 321 females);
fatty degeneration of the heart, 98 (39 males and 59 females); endocarditis, 49 (24 males
and 25 females); disease of the heart, variety not specified, 87 (48 males and 39 females),
and angina pectoris, 19 deaths (12 males and 7 females).
Aneurisms caused 71 deaths, the most frequent variety being aneurism of the aorta,
which caused 67 deaths (46 males and 21 females). g
Cancers caused 659 deaths (218 males and 441 females). In 1879 the number was
572, and in 1878, 570. Of the varieties of cancer the most frequent was cancer of the
Hiver and uterus, each of them causing. 151 deaths; cancer of stomach caused 144;
cancer of breast, 92, and 186 deaths were caused by cancers of other organs.
Rheumatism caused 172 deaths (72 males and 100 females), and gout 11 (7 males
and 4 females).
During the year, 302 deaths were attributed to alcoholism, either as a primary or
associate cause, against 198 in 1879 and 127 in 1878. 93 of the deaths were due to
alcoholism, alone, 53 were due to alcoholism and Bright's disease, 28 were from delirium
tremens, alone, and from delirium tremens with other diseases, 12 additional deaths
were caused. Alcoholism and pneumonia caused 16 deaths; alcoholism with gastritis,
17, and alcoholism and congestion of the brain, 10. 65 of those who died from intem-
perance were single, 142 married, 45 widowed, and the condition of 50 was not stated.
74 were natives of the United States, 137 of Ireland, 51 of Germany, 6 of England, 4
each of Scotland and Bohemia, 3 each of Switzerland and France, 2 each of Canada and
9
Denmark, 1 each of Italy, West Indies, Alsace, and Norway, and 12 were of unknown
nativity. The deaths from intermperance are not exact, as the cause is often omitted on
the death certificates for various family reasons. g
Imanition, privation, want of breast milk, etc., caused 307 deaths, mostly of children.
The number of deaths of children under 5 years of age was 14,650, against 12,777
in 1879 and 12,400 in 1878. Of this number, 7,912 were males and 6,738 were females;
11,726 were under two years and 8,725 were under one year; 2,043 died before they
reached their first month, 828 were between their first and second month, 774 were
between their Second and third month, 714 were between their third and fourth month,
695 were between their fourth and fifth month, 606 were between their fifth and sixth
Imonth, 624 were between their sixth and seventh month, 524 were between their seventh
and eighth month, 513 were between their eighth and ninth month, 496 were between
their ninth and tenth month, 485 were between their tenth and eleventh month, and
423 between their eleventh and twelfth month. The most fatal month during the past
year to children under 5 years of age was June, 2,101 having died during this month.
In July there were 1,980; in August, 1,347. In the cooler months the deaths were less,
January having been credited with 908 and February with 875. -
The nativity of children who died before they reached their fifth year is as follows,
viz.: Austria, 22; Bohemia, 20; British America, 20; Denmark, 1; England, 33;
France, 6 ; Germany, 107; Holland, 3; Ireland, 41; Italy, 74; Norway, 10; Poland, 13;
Russia, 6 ; Scotland, 6; Sweden, 15; Switzerland, 22; United States, 13,778; West
Indies, 2 ; South America, 2; and those of unknown birth (chiefly foundlings), 460.
The nativity of the parents of these children is as follows: Austrian fathers, 176;
mothers, 165. Bohemian fathers, 259; mothers, 261. Belgian fathers, 10; mothers, 4.
British American fathers, 88; mothers, 89. Danish fathers, 29; mothers, 25. English
fathers, 378; mothers, 378. French fathers, 135; mothers, 111. German fathers, 3,743;
mothers, 3,187, Dutch fathers, 40; mothers, 33. Irish fathers, 3,736; mothers, 3,797.
Italian fathers, 404; mothers, 379. Norwegian fathers, 24; mothers, 19. Polish t
fathers, 191; mothers, 183. Russian fathers, 155; mothers, 121. Scotch fathers, 126;
mothers, 99. Swedish fathers, 67; mothers, 58. Swiss fathers, 88; mothers, 78. Spanish
fathers, 10; mothers, 2. United States fathers, 3,941; mothers, 4,736. Welch fathers,
14 ; mothers, 13. West Indian fathers, 57; mothers, 22. Finland fathers, 4; mother, 1.
Roumanian father, 1 ; mother, 1. Two fathers and 2 mothers were born in Portugal,
6 fathers were, born in China, and 1 each in East Indies, South America, India, and at
sea, and 1 mother was born in South America, 2 each in Egypt and Australia, and 1
each in Mexico and East Indies, while 872 were foundlings of unknown parentage.
The highest mortality of children under 5 years of age was of the zymotic class.
Out of a total of 9,572 deaths from this class of diseases, 7,388 were children under 5
years of age, and out of a total mortality of 12,121 from the local class of diseases,
4,440 were under 5 years of age.
152 persons took their own lives during the year, against 117 in 1879 and 142 in
1878. Of the total number for the year, 121 were males and 31 females; 34 were
10
stated to be single, 74 married, and 12 widowed; 35 were born in the United States,
64 in Germany, 20 in Ireland, 7 in France, 3 each in Switzerland, Poland, Italy, and
Scotland, 5 in England, 1 each in Denmark, Norway, U. S. of Colombia, Austria,
Spain, Bohemia, Canada, and 2 were of unknown nativity. The means used for self-
destruction were as follows: gun and pistol shot wounds, 39; drowning, 14; hanging,
28; cuts and stabs, 20; leaps from windows, etc., 9; inhalation of illuminating gas, 2,
and poisons, 40. Of the deaths by poisoning, 17 were stated to be from Paris green, 7
from opium, 3 each from “ irritant poison” and laudanum, 2 from oxalic acid, 1 each
from hydrate of chloral, strychnia, prussic acid, chloroform, prussiate of potassium,
cyanide of potassium, oxide of mercury, and nitric acid.
1,107 deaths (819 males and 288 females) were due to accident and negligence ; in
1879 the number was 837, and in 1878, 809. The number of deaths by drowning was
238 (204 males and 34 females); the number of deaths by drowning in 1879 was 149, and
in 1878, 185. Of the deaths by drowning during the year, 30 (20 males and 10 females)
were attributed to the burning of the steamboat “Seawanhaka ; ” 58 deaths (41 males,
and 17 females) were ascribed to homicide. -
The number of deaths during the year from small-pox was 31 (19 males and 12.
females); in 1879 there were 25, and in 1878, 2. 479 deaths (256 males and 223 females)
were from measles; the number that occurred in 1879 was 244, and in 1878, 272. 618
deaths (323 males and 295 females) were from scarlatina, against 1,477 in 1879, and 1,099
in 1878. 1,390 deaths (673 males and 717 females) were from diphtheria; in 1879 the
number was 671, and in 1878, 1,007. 277 deaths (134 males and 143 females) were from
whooping cough; the deaths from this disease in 1879 were 537, and in 1878, 143.
The deaths from typhoid fever were 241 (135 males and 106 females). There were 2
deaths (1 male and 1 female) from typhus fever; there were 4 deaths from this disease
in each of the years 1878 and 1879; and 1 death (male) from yellow fever, against 2 in
1879 and 0 in 1878. During the year there were 508 cases of typhoid fever registered,
3,048 cases of scarlet fever, 3,891 cases of measles, 3,307 cases of diphtheria, 67 cases of
small-pox, and 2 cases of typhus fever. The average age of those who died during
the year from small-pox was 19 years, 9 months, and 17 days; from measles, 2 years
and 14 days; scarlatina, 3 years, 11 months, and 22 days; diphtheria, 3 years, 9 months,
and 28 days; croup, 3 years and 11 days; whooping cough, 1 year, 3 months, and 18
days; typhus fever, 21 years; typhoid fever, 27 years, 5 months, and 26 days; malarial
fever, 24 years, 3 months, and 28 days, and cerebro-spinal fever, 9 years, 7 months,
and 21 days.
Croup caused 910 deaths (481 males and 429 females) during the year; in 1879 the
number was 522, and in 1878, 499.
Cerebro-spinal fever caused 170 deaths (99 males and 71 females); the number of
deaths from this complaint in 1879 was 108, and in 1878, 97. The number of deaths
from remittent fever was 150 (65 males and 85 females), and from intermittent fever, 165
deaths (85 males and 80 females). From erysipelas, 171 deaths (88 males and 83
females), against 145 each in 1879 and 1878. , One male died from Chagres fever, and 49
11
deaths were caused by puerperal fever. Syphilis caused 197 deaths (108 males and 89
females); in 1879 there were 193, and in 1878, 149. Of the deaths from this disease
during the year, 134 (68 males and 66 females) were children under 5 years of age, who
died from hereditary syphilis. Cirrhosis of liver caused 311 deaths (158 males and 153
females); in 1879 the number was 257, and in 1878, 233. Gastritis, enteritis, peritonitis
—not of tubercular, traumatic, or of puerperal origin—and gastro-enteritis caused 761
deaths (379 males and 382 females), against 547 in 1879 and 514 in 1878. Cyanosis
and atelectasis caused 200 deaths (130 males and 70 females). 716 deaths (389 males
and 327 females) were stated to be the result of premature and preternatural births;
, the number of deaths from premature and preternatural births in 1879 was 642, and in
1878, 576. The deaths from apoplexy were 516 (288 males and 228 females); in 1879
the number was 489, and in 1878, 447. 731 deaths (385 males and 346 females) were
from convulsions in children, against 666 in 1879 and 630 in 1878. 621 deaths (369
males and 252 females), were from meningitis and encephalitis; the number from
encephalitis was 57 (29 males and 28 females). 116 deaths (78 males and 38 females)
were from sun-stroke, against 41 in 1879 and 52 in 1878.
Of the total deaths for the year, 17,816 were reported in tenement-houses;* in 1879
the number of deaths in this class of dwellings was 15,055, and in 1878, 14,354. Of the
total number of deaths in tenement-houses, 10,101 were under 5 years of age ; the
number of deaths in houses containing less than 4 families was 7,538; of this number,
2,999 were under 5 years of age. This shows a percentage of deaths of children under
5 years of age to the total mortality in tenement-houses, of 56.69, and the percentage of
deaths of children under 5 years of age to the total mortality in houses which contain
less than 4 families, of 39.79. The percentage of deaths in tenement-houses to the
total mortality was 55.91, and in private houses, 23.63. The highest number of deaths.
reported in any single tenement-house was 13, and in any other class of dwellings, 6.
5,518 deaths were in institutions, 302 in hotels and boarding-houses, and 437 in rivers,
streets, etc.
The nativity of 20,809 persons who died during the year was in the United States; of
this number, 13,778 were under 5 years of age; 5,565 were natives of Ireland, 3,258 were
natives of Germany, 621 were natives of England, and 265 were natives of Italy. The
nativity of the parents of those who died is as follows, viz.: 11,026 fathers and 11,114
mothers were born in Ireland; 7,938 fathers and 7,226 mothers were born in Germany;
6,930 fathers and 7,966 mothers were born in the United States; 1,072 fathers and
1,048 mothers were born in England, and 621 fathers and 592 mothers were born in Italy.
The figures obtained from the United States Census of New York City—which was
taken in June, 1880—show that the population is composed of natives of the following
countries, viz.: United States, 727,629; Austria (proper) and Hungary, 8,844;
Bohemia, 8,093; British America, 7,011; Belgium, 556; Denmark, 1,096; England,
29,664; France, 9,910; Germany, 163,482; Holland, 1,860; Ireland, 198,595; Italy,
* A tenement-house is defined by law as a house containing more than 3 families, living independently
of each other ; houses which contain less than 4 families are classed as private houses. -
12
12,223; Norway, 893; Poland, 9,020; Russia, 4,551; Scotland, 8,683; Sweden,
3,194; Switzerland, 4,545; Spain, 669; Wales, 929; West Indies, 2,458; Africa, 87;
China, 747; Mexico, 132; South America, 427; Portugal, 66, and Greece, 69. The
annual death-rate to the 1,000 of the natives of these countries—according to the
figures stated above—is as follows, viz.: to the natives of the United States, 28.60;
Austria, (proper) and Hungary, 14.25; Bohemia, 9.27; British America, 21. 11; Belgium,
84.53; Denmark, 21.90 ; England, 20.93; France, 15.84; Germany, 19.93; Holland,
18.28; Ireland, 28.02; Italy, 21.68; Norway, 38.07; Poland, 7.54; Russia, 13.84;
Scotland, 21.99; Sweden, 24.11; Switzerland, 22.44; Spain, 20.93; Wales, 24.76;
West Indies, 28.88; Africa, 57.47; China, 21.42; Mexico, 37.88; South America,
35.13 ; Portugal, 30.30, and Greece, 14.49.
In regard to the disposal of the bodies of those who died during the year, it may be
of interest to know that 14,910 of the dead and 952 of the still-born were buried in
denominational cemeteries. Of this number, 13,002 of the dead and 772 of the still-
born were buried in Roman Catholic cemeteries, 1,081 of the dead and 117 of the still-
born were buried in Jewish cemeteries, 242 of the dead and 14 of the still-born were
buried in Methodist Episcopal cemeteries, 393 of the dead and 29 of the still-born were
buried in Protestant Episcopal cemeteries, and 192 of the dead and 15 of the still-born
were buried in Methodist Protestant cemeteries. 15,373 of the dead and 1,388 of the
still-born were buried in undenominational cemeteries ; of this number, 3,017 of the
dead and 565 of the still-born were buried at the city's expense (pauper burials), and 243
of the dead and 13 of the still-births (immigrants) were buried at the expense of the
Commissioners of Emigration. 1,655 bodies of persons who died and 88 still-births
were buried within the city limits, and 1,569 of the dead and 21 of the still-births
were sent to distant places for interment.
The number of births reported to the Bureau of Vital Statistics of the Health
Department during the year was 27,536. Of this number, 27,174 were white and 362
colored; 14,356 were males and 13,179 were females, and the sex of one was not
ascertained. 11,388 mothers and 8,624 fathers were born in the United States, 7,427
mothers and 9,274 fathers were born in Germany, 4,811 mothers and 4,757 fathers were
born in Ireland, 725 mothers and 798 fathers were born in England, 665 mothers and
627 fathers were born in Bohemia, 579 fathers and 626 mothers were born in Italy, and
the nativity of 32 mothers and 394 fathers was either unknown or not stated, and the
balance of the children had parents who were born in other foreign countries than those
above stated. One American-born mother was reported to have borne her 22d child,
one bore her 17th child, and one her 15th child. The largest number of children borne
by a foreign-born mother was 19; 2, each, bore their 17th and 18th child; 3, each,
bore their 16th child, and 12, each, bore their 15th child. Only about 75 per cent. of
the births that take place in this city annually are reported for registration. This
failure is specially noticed among those who practice midwifery among the Irish. The
number of births registered whose mothers were born in Ireland only exceed the deaths
of children under 5 years of age whose mothers, were born in Ireland by 1,694,
13
The number of marriages registered in New York during the year was 9,002. Of
this number, 8,791 males and 8,801 females were white, and 211 males and 201
females were colored, and 10 white women married colored men. 5,004 brides and
4,174 grooms were born in the United States, 1,661 brides and 2,287 grooms were born
in Germany, 742 brides and 646 grooms were born in Ireland, 326 brides and 364
grooms were born in England, 257 brides and 287 grooms were born in Italy, 131 brides
and 123 grooms were born in Bohemia, and 106 brides and 141 grooms were born in
|France. But about 80 per cent. of the marriages that occur in this city are registered.
This failure is more noticeable among those who perform the ceremony among the Irish.
The number of marriages registered of persons of Irish nativity was a little over one-third
those of German nativity, although, according to the U. S. Census of 1880, the Irish
population exceeded the German by 35,113.
2,362 still-births were registered in New York during the year. Of this number,
1,285 were males and 1,060 were females, and the sex of 17 was unknown or not
stated. 2,305 were of white and 57 were of colored parentage. 849 miothers and 664
fathers were born in the United States, and 563 fathers and 563 mothers were born in
Ireland, 515 mothers and 597 fathers were born in Germany, 71 mothers and 83 fathers
were born in England, 55 mothers and 58 fathers were born in Italy, 50 mothers and 58
fathers were born in Poland, and 34 mothers and 35 fathers were born in Bohemia.
Only about 95 per cent. of the still-births that occurred in New York City were regis-
tered, and these were chiefly of the advanced periods of utero-gestation ; those that
escape registration are principally those of the earlier periods of foetal life.
The accompanying Comparative Table of Vital Statistics for 1880 will show the
mortality, etc., of some of the principal cities of the world. This table has been com-
piled from the returns received from U. S. Consuls, Boards of Health, Health Officers,
and Registrars of Vital Statistics; and to those gentlemen I am thankfully indebted.
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