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11837
ARTES
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
VERITAS
PLURIBUS, UNUM
TOEBU
SCIENTIA
OF THE
SQUAERIS PENINSULAM AMOENAMU,
CIRCUMSPICE
STAINTAMISTAJARDINIAI LAT
ADDAGH
£
MIN
MOME
BIOD
f
phasenku

INDEX.
USEFUL INFORMATION
MAPS.
DESCRIPTION OF MAPS, ETC
INDEX TO USEFUL INFORMATION.
A Table of Daily Savings at Compound Interest.
A Woman's Chances to Marry
A List of the Principal Officers of the U. S. Government,
and Salaries Paid to Them...
Age and Growth of Trees..
Air-Composition of
•
Alaska, Value of to the United States.
Alloys..
Alpine Pass-The.
Alpnach-The Slide of....
Alps-The....
American Coal Fields.
American Wars....
Amount of Barbed Wire Required for a Fence.
Amount of Paint Required for a Given Surface.
Amount of Oil in Seeds…….
Analysis of Various Articles of Food
·
Air Line Distances from Washington to Various Parts of the
World...
•
Ascents of the Alps
Authors' Successes.
·
A •
Andersonville Prison.
Andes-The.
Animals-Age of.
Aqueducts-Famous.
Armies and Navies of the Principal Nations
Army of the United States.
• •
•
....
•••
•
Autograph Album Verses.
Average Rainfall in the United States.
Average Temperature in the United States.
Average Weight of Americans.
Babel-The Tower of...
Barnum's Museum
Baseball....
*.
Baseball Record...
Battering Rams-Ancient.
Bell-The Liberty.
Best Records in Sporting Matters.
Big Trees.
Billiards-The Largest Sum Ever Played for……..
Birds-Ranks of Melody in
Blendin's Great Feat
•
•
·
INDEX
Board, Measurements.
Book: -Number Published.
Brass Plates-Weight per Square Foot..
$
**
+
· •
•
P
232, 233, 235.
141, 142
14
I.
12
209
07
69
ров режи

4
nd Brick Layers..
in a Cubic Yard-Number of..
in a Rod-Number of.
ge-The Largest
iges-Notable
oklyn Suspension Bridge.
ilders' Estimating Tables.
alendar for Finding What Day any Date will Fall on.
California's Big Trees
Canals-Their Length and Cost.
on Carriers.
The....
•
..
Cannon Balls-Speed of
apacities, Sizes and Weights of Copper
arbonic Acid in Air...
arpenters', Plasterers' and Bricklayers' Work-Estimates
arrying Capacity of Freight Cars
astings-Shrinkage of..
Caverns-The Largest.
Center of Population in the United States.
Certificates of Deposit
Charcoal and Charred Timbers..
Chinese Palace Library.
Cholera
Church Membership.
Cisterns-Capacity of
Coal and Iron-When First Used
oal Mines--The Deepest.
bal Mines-Temperature in
ins-Value of Foreign.
liseum at Rome-The
ors-Symbolic Meaning of..
•
•
-
•
•
··
•
··
-
···
*
parative Cost of Freight by Water and Rail.
parative Light Derived from Gas and Oils
bosition of Solders...
ercial Travelers-Tax on
.. • •
▸
***
··
+
ous Diseases..
rships.
t Laws of the United States.
rticles by the Piece from One to One Dozen.
mancipation..
nnsylvania Passenger Railroad Car.
=
• • ·
· •
nters' Work..
··
Il Quantities of Hay.
Roofing.
ency to Outgrow.
e United States.
A Table of...
Our Language.
rgest.
umference and Areas of Circles.
•
-J
•
4
• •
·
•
· ·
•
*
PAGE.
125
125
125
74
38,39
217
23
76, 77
73
73
125
256
126
25
18
164
99
75
92
174
126
98
79,82
316
313
200
126
126
227, 238
127
224
224
126
35
279
177
12ኛ
87,88
163
215
226
68
224
20
153
35, 37
230
102
18
316
75
266
150

5
wente, dichtheir homes out
Dietetic Economies-Practical..
Digestion-Time Required.
Dimensions of an Acre.
Disinfectant-A Good
Divorces.
Divorce Laws of all the States and Territories.
Drafts..
Dredging Machines-Capacity of.
Ducks-Speed attained by Wild
Due Bills.
•
Durability of Different Woods.
Duties--United States..
- -
•••
•
Dynamic Power of Various Foods.
Dynamite-Force Exerted by
Eifel Tower-Height of...
Electricity-Information on
Empire-The Largest..
Engineering Achievements
Equestrians-Laws Governing
Estimates of Materials for Building
Excessive Heat in the Past...
Expectation of Life....
..
Exports of Merchandise, etc., from United States, from
1870 to 1888, inclusive.
Facts About the Human Body
Facts from the Census.
Facts Worth Knowing.
Falls of Montmorenci.
Falls of Niagara..
Falls of Yosemite Valley.
Falls of Avre, in Bavaria.
Farmers' Statistics.
•
• •
•
••••
❤
·
·
...
Fast Passages of Ocean Steamships
Fastest Railroad Time..
→
Fastest Time on Record.
Fat, Water and Muscle Properties of Food
Fictitious Names of States.
Fictitious Names of Cities..
Fineness of United States Coins..
Fire Extinguisher.
Fires-Great..
••••
First Occurrences-Dates of…….
Fisk-Date James Fisk was Shot.
Flood-Date of the...
··
+ K
• •
Floor, Wall and Roof Measures.
Food-Analysis of Various Articles of.
Food for Cattle.
Foreign Carrying Trade for 21 years.
Foreign Nations and their Rulers.
Foreign Coins-Value of……..
Forts- the Greatest..
Frictic.-The Law of.
•
•
PAGE.
1538
137,
&g
26
316
315
JOS
175
125
120
174
279
193
219
230
39
62
217
127, 123
182
134.
150
29
293
307
102
279
C


6
Frost in Siberia.
Gas-Pressure of Natural……….
Gestation-Period of in Animals
Geological Facts..
Gold and Silver Produced in the United States.
Gold-Beating
Gold Leaf.
...
··
•
·
•
Gold-Value of a Ton..
Government Revenues and Expenditures for 1889.
Governors' Salaries, Terms of Office and State Capitals...156-157
Granite Column-The Greatest in History.
Greek Phalanx--The Ancient
Grindstones-Weight of……….
Gun-The Largest in the United States
Health Hints.
Heat and Cold.
Heat of the Human Body.
Heart-The Action of the.
瞭
​-
Height of Principal Monuments and Towers
Highest Mountains in the World ...
Highest Railroad in United States- The
High Bridge and Obelisk in England.
Historical Events, Principal.
...
·
ปี •
Horses-Durability of
Horse Power in an Englne-To Calculate.
ot Springs-Origin of..
tel Guests...
ttest Place on the Globe.
y Ancient Rome was Supplied with Water.
y to Raise a Drowned Body
to Get Rid of Rats
to Remove Rust..
o Make 32 Kinds of Solder
ound Travels
Repair Cracked Bells..
Test the Quality of Steel.
•
•
•
Destroy the Effect of Acid on Clothes
Wash Silverware.
leanse Brushes..
eep Meat Fresh in Summer.
rife Inscriptions on Metal,
t the Vitality of Seeds.
lerate Money Dropped in Value..
o Plant Corn
Vill Shrink..
•
•
Strong Trames
mine Nature of a Suspicious Illness
Grease Spots Before Painting.
nre Corn in Crib, Hay in Mow, etc.
Paints for Tints
ve Eggs...
·
PAGE.
126
126
124
235
+
229-230
315
315
157
103
128
125
160
217
82, 87, 88, 89, go
283, 284
120
126

39
65
239
205
12-121
224
164
126

177
126
126
222
222
200
200
312
VIZ
.12
212
VIA
13
13
13
14
305
Óc
69
27
88
26
tq
282
107

PAGE.
How to Till Any P
Immigration....
Age
Important Events of the Late Civil War…
Imports of Merchandise, etc., to United States from 1870 to
1065, inclusive………..
Information for Tanners.
Inn, and Innkeepers..
Interest Laws and Status of Limitation in Each State
•
and Territory
Interest Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 per cent
Iron-Different Colors Caused by Heat
Iren Furnaces.
Iron-Statistics.
Japanese Periodicals.
Jumbo-The Famous Elephant.
Justices of the United States—Age,
Lakes Sizes of..
Language of Flowers..
Largest Bell in the World.
Largest Cities of the Earth.
Largest Electric Lights,
Lauterbrunnen
•
Law-Points of..
Laws Governing Articles Found..
多​者
​*
Carriers of Goods
44
*4
4.
Li
1.
24
44
AL
份量
​«Ĺ
L
>>
L
(f
15
of
<<
**
tr
<<
+C
44
<3
42
<.
CC
*
15
(+
看看
​V
CE
**
(
+
46
"
..
―――
=
*
::
Certificates of Deposit
Common Carriers.
Checks.
Drafts.
Due Bills.
Equestrians
•
Hotel Guests.
Hotel Keepers.
Landlord and Tenant.
ct
...
D
Marriage and Divorce
Negotiable Instruments
Passenger Carriers.
Pedestrians
Promissory Notes..
Sleeping Car Companies
Sleeping Car Passenger
The Roads.
•
↑
· "
·
→
Vehicles..
Warehousemen
Warehouse Receipts.
Length of Navigation of the Mississippi..
Level-Difference Between Apparent and True
Library-The Largest..
Lightning-Distance Reflected.
Marriage and Divorce Laws in all the States in the Union.
Mason and fixon's Line.
Mason Work Estimates.
¿
191, 192
10. 20, 21, 22
102
-
·
•
151
315
40-62
•
192
125
176
29
200
159
217
209
164
190, 177, 193
316
324
306
185

172
135
178
174
177
157
175
374
182
177
170
193. 184, 185
105
172
177
183
173
179
180
180
181
179
175
303
14
315
125
105
109
28
E-


PAGE.
Maud S.-Price paid by Robert Bo
bilt.
***
Mayflower-Passengers by the.
Measures-Table of.
Measures of Length.
Measures of Land……….
Mechanics-Workshop Rules, etc
Mercantile Laws.
Metals-Melting Point of.
Miles of Books
Miles of Various Nations-Length in Yards
Milk-The Demand for…….….
•
A
··
Naturalization Laws of the United State:
Negotiable Paper and Instruments..
Nervous Deaths.
Most Northern Point Reached by Arctic Explorers
Molders and Patternmakers' Table..
• •
News-Derivation of the Word..
M
Newspapers..
New York State Soldiers Furnished by
Nile The..
•
page
Notes of Interest.
Notes Promissory
Number of Nails in Carpenter's Work.
Number of Pounds to Bushel in Various States
Number of Shrubs to an Acre of Ground.
Number of Years Seeds Retain their Vitality..
Number of Cubic Feet in a Ton of Various Substances
Occupation of the Inhabitants of the
Occupation of Legislators.
Ocean Greatest Depth of.
Ocean Steamships..
Oceans Sizes of....
Our Ancestors' Illiteracy
Oxyhydrogen Lime-Distance Perceptible.
Paints-To Mix for Tints
·
Parliamentary Rules and Usages
Passengers Transported.
Pedestrians.
Pension Statistics.
Periodicals in Japan.
Perpetual Snow-Limit of.
·
Poetic Selections--
"Ostler Joe"
The Murderer.
€
Twenty Years Ago.
Points of Law.
•
• D
· ·
W. H. Vander
•
►
D
•
•
……
•
218
120-
285
104
219
311-313
172
160
•
Phonograph-The...
Pile Driving in Sandy Soil..
Pithy Facts.
Place of Nativity of Foreign Born Inhabitants of the United
States...
315
121
310
223
255
302, 303
172
315
310
315
218
127
217, 218
159
United States...168, 169
278
244
136, 140
164
173
28
72
68
28x
315
136
282
9
315
183
146, 147
159
124
63
125
-315, 316
205
129
133
£34
172
1

PAGE.
Poisons-Antidotes and Treatment..
Political Information:
A List of the Principal Officers of the U. S. Govern-
ment, with salaries paid to them...
Results of the Electoral College Proceedings by States
from 1789 to and including 1868.
Votes by States for President from 1824 to date, showing
which party carried the State, and by what majority..
Popular Vote for Presidential Candidates to and includ-
ing 1888....
Popular Vote for Presidential Candidates to and includ-
ing 1888. (Condensed).
Appropriations by Congress.
Pompey's Pillar-The Size of....
Popular and Electoral Votes for Presidents.
Population of Every State and Territory.
Population of the United States.
Population of the Cities of the United States in 1870 and
1880....
Portraits on Bank Notes and Postage Stamps.
Postage Rates of..
Posts To Preserve from Rotting.
Power Required to Start Vessels.
Press Statistics of the American.
plakk
"
Pyramids-Egyptian...
Pyramids - The Largest.
Quantity of Bricks Required for a Building
Rate of Annual Income on Investments.
Railroad Bridge at Niagara.
Railroad to the Sun
·
•
123
125
314
Prices of Produce for 29 Years in the Chicago Market. 11, 12, 13, 14
Principal of the Public Debt ..
Printing Inks-To Mix for Tints
Produce Exchange Transactions.
Profits of Telegraph Companies
Pulse-The-At Birth..
Railroads, Cost of in the United States.
Railroad Mileage of the World.
Railroad-The Highest in the United States,
+
•
Ready Reckoner Table..
Relative Hardness of Woods ….
Relative Strength of Bodies to Resist Torsion
River Nile-Interesting Facts About the.
Rivers-Interesting Matter About.
Rivers-Solid Matter in
Rivers-The Longest in the World
Road-The Law of the…
Roma Legion-The
T
•
→
•
Comparative Statistics of in the United States
Earning, Interest and Dividends of American..
Fastest Time on...
Signals.
291
296
16
299, 300
127
16
17
170-171
82-86
199-204
66
281
•
·
15
287
**
304
282
163
99
126
127
76
75885858
301
280
об
94. 95
239
257
123
256
127
127, 128
726
155
180
125
PAGE.
Roman Money Mentioned in the New Testament Reduced
to American Value..
Roof Elevations.
...
Rowing -The Largest Stake ever Rowed for.
Rubble Work...
Rules for Accidents on Water.
Rules for Spelling..
Russian Way of Stopping Holes in Ships.
Safe Business Rules.
Salary List of United States Government 1.mploye
Salaries of State Officers..
Save a Little
*
C
·
Savings Bank Compound Interest.
Savings Banks..
Scarlet Fever—Sure Cure for.
Screw Threads-Standard.
Seas Sizes of
A
Ships-The Largest.
Shrinkage of Castings.
Silver Statistics...
Seasoning and Preserving Timber
Seed Quantity Required to Plant an Acre.
Shingles Required in a Roof..
· * •
·
··
Silver--Weight of a Ton..
Sizes of Lakes, Seas and Ocean-
·
Size and Strength of Cast Iron Column
Sleeping Cars..
•
Small-pox-Sure Cure for
Snow-Limit of Perpetu.d
Soldering Fluid
Solomon's Temple-Description of.
Speed Attained by Birds and Fowls,
Spelling Rules...
Sporting Matters - Best Records, cu
Springs in the Ocean.
•
Springs in California of Note
Standing Army of the United State
Steam Heating.
Steamer Great Eastern.
Steamer Etruria.
·
Steamship Fast Passages.
แ
-
Arrivals from Europe
Steamer Savannah.
Steel-Working of..
Steel Plates-Weight per Square Foot.
Some Good Maxims.
Stock Brokers' Technicalities.
Strength of Ice
Strength of One-Horse Power.
St Winfred's Well in England
Surveyors' Measurements...
Table Showing the Average Velocity of Various Bodies
·
•
• ·
• •
•
210
26
218
28
213
274
222
276
15
439, 440
223
276
104
IÚI
102
104
18
154, 155
28
218
99
122, 220
157
164
252
179
161
124
210
127
126
274, 275
259-266
126
196
143
209
74
137
137
140
116
312
152
160
247
241
298
127
219
214
II
Table Showing the Number of Days from Any Day in One
Mouth to the Same Day in Another Month
Tables Showing the Requisite Size of Girders and Spans
for Warehouses...
Tables for Engineers and Machinists
Tanning.
Telegraph Statistics of the World.
"L
AL
C
容量
​CC
Tek phone- The.
Temperature of the Ocean
<
(5
"Celestial Space.
Tempering The U. S. Government $10,000 Secret.
Temples Various--Description of………
·
United States
Western Union Company.
The Alps...
The Highest Mountain in the World.
The Lottiest Inhabited Spot on the Globe.
Timber for Posts..
Timber Line on Various Mountains
Transmission of Power.
Trichina-What it is.
•
Theater--The Largest
The Biggest Things.
The Eleven Great Wonders of America.
The Fastest Locomotive Ever Built.
The Largest Telescope.
The Liberty Bell…….
The Nation's Dead.
+
The National Government
The Pulse.
The Use of Capitals..
The Use of the Steel Square
J
Timber Measurements.
..
Time in Which a Sum of Money will Double.
Time at Which Money Doubles at Interest.
Torpedo Service of the World .
Trees--The Largest..
· •
·
Trinity Church, New York.
Tunnel--The Largest.
Type Various Sizes of.
Useful Information for Architects and Builders
United States Customs Duties.
Finited States Customs Articles Frce of Duty.
United States Land Measure and Homestead Laws.
Valuable Suggestions to Clerks and Workingmen.
Value of Diamonds..
Value of Different Food for Stock.
Value of a Ton of Gold or Silver
Value of Foreign Coins in United States Money.
Vehicles-Laws Governing.
Violen Deaths…….
Volcano--The Largest.
·
·
•
...
•
210
.127, 128
*
PAGE.
·
•
225
.32, 33
252
125
100
100
IOI
64
126
126
145
15
00
275
34
.243-245
100
277
314
73, 75
• •
123
124
124
123
124
125
213
74
74
132
38
150
75, 3ΟΣ
51
.23, 35
193, 195
105
70, 71
222
30
78
31
153
157
227, 228
181
315
74
12
44
"
Voters and Voting-Qualifications for in Each State in the
Union..
Wages Tables.
War-Men Called by President Lincoln.
Colored Troops in the Late Civil.
Important Events in the Late Civil.
C
*K
$4
Alabama.
Alaska.
Arizona.
Arkansas
California.
The Nation's Dead.
The United States Pension Statistics
The Greatest Battles..
United States Soldiers in the Late Civil.
• · •
- ·
·
(s
Wars of the United States.
Warehouse Men..
Warehouse Receipts.
Water-Power of...
Waterfalls-Notable…….
Waterfalls - Height of.
Weather Wisdom..
Wedding Anniversaries.
Weight of a Cubic Foot of Stone, Metal, Earth, etc
Weight of Cordwood.
Weight of Iron..
Weight of Lead Pipe..
Weight of Various Metals in lbs. per cubic font.
Weight of a Cubic Inch
Weight-Sundry Commercial.
Weights of Famous Bells..
+6
45
tr
"
CC
Wheat Measurement in Europe
Weight of Steel per Foot...
Weight Required to Tear Asunder Various Articles.
Weight and Measures--Table..
Western Union Telegraph Company
What a Deed to a Farm Includes.
What a Horse Can Draw…….
What Royalty Costs England
What Smoking Costs..
What the White House Costs.
Wire Ropes..
Wire- The Longest Span
Wood Screws-Formula for
Workshop Rules and Receipts.
Yards of Wire to the Bundle.
Yield of a Quarter of Wheat.
You Cannot Count a Trillion.
•
+
•
Central America.
• +
• ·
...
•
• ·
*
+
+
*
• ·
+
•
·
•
INDEX TO ATLAS MAPS,
PAGE.
301 Colorado
350 Connecticut.
365 Dakota..
363 Delaware.
357 Florida.
337! Georgia
•
•
4 ▸
PAGE.
Toy, 100
24. 25
143
144
40, 62
•
252
....254, 257, 258, 267, 208, 20)
J }
} 1
I
+4
14
1
145
146
165
144
148-150
179
175
II. 232
124
188
136--188
251
35
267, 68, 69
2:35
84. *5
FI
70
213
274
317
273
J25
74
160
.317, 313
67
1/5
34
PAGE.
371
360
373
375
377
379
13
Idaho..
[Hinois.
Indiana..
Indian Territory.
Iowa
Kansas.
Kentucky
Louisiana.
Maine...
Manitoba.
Maryland.
Massachusetts.
• ปี
• ·
•
· • ·
ES
Mexico.
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi.
Missouri.
Montana.
Nebraska.
Nevada
· •
• ►
..
· -
·
-
·
New Hampshire.
New Jersey..
•
46
+1
Abyssinia
Afghanistan
Africa...
Alabama
Alaska.
Algeria.
Andes Republics.
Antilles-The Great.
Lesser
•
………
Arabia.
Argentine Republic.
Arizona.
Arkansas.
Asia.
Bahama Islands.
Barbary States-The..
·
Central Africa..
Central America.
Ceylon
•
PAGE.
..
•
*
•
•
·
•
•
-
•
•
•
•
•
•
→
PAGE.
•
·
•
•
•
•
·
.
381 New Mexico
383 New York...
385 North America
387 North Carolina.
389 Ohio..
Ontario
O
391
350 Oregon.
393 Pennsylvania.
395 Quebec
341
Rhode Island
397 South America
399 South Carolina
335 Tennessee.
Texas..
401
403 Utah.
405 Vermont
INDEX TO ATLAS DESCRIPTIVE MATTER.
Beloochistan..
Bokhara...
Brazil...
British Columbia.
California.
Canada-The Dominion of. 342
·
339 Dakota...
336 Delaware
West Virginia.
407 Virginia.
409 Washington Territory..
411
413 Wisconsin.
347 Wyoming
415
336 Hayti
325 Illinois.
322
Idaho.
363 | Florida..
362 Georgia.
318 Guiana..
•
•
...
· •
**
•
· ·
• •
• =
• •
• •
336 | District of Columbia.
322 Europe.
340 Farther India.
*
✰✰ ▼
..
.. ·
·
x •
326 | Chili..
322 Chinese Empire-The
323 Colorado....
360 Congo Free States-The...
358 Connecticut
325 Cuba......
>
.. •
•
•
322 India
339 | Indiana …….
342 Indian Territory.
366 Iowa..
..
PAGE.
417
419
329
353
421
■
Jamaica.
323-327 Japanese Empire-The.
336 Kansas.
321 Kentucky
• M
•
••
C
•• . •
·
•
C
··
PAGE
·
•
•
---
•
•
343
423
425
345
427
329
352
350
429
431
347
357
433
357
435
437
340
320
370
327
368
336-
372
374
438
317
321
376
378
340
336
382
380
321
384
386
388
336
320
390
349
14
冀
​Louisiana
Madagascar..
Maine.
Manitoba
Maryland.
Massachusetts
Mexico...
Michigan.
Minnesota.
Mississippi.
•
···
Missouri
Montana
: Morocco
Nebraska
Nevada
New Brunswick.
Newfoundland
New Hampshire
New Jersey..
New Mexico
New York..
Nile Country-The
North America..
North Carolina.
Nova Scotia.
Ohio.
Ontario
Oregon.
Palestine.
Paraguay
Pennsylvania.
..
··
···
··
...
...
··
..
..
Persia..
Porto Rico..
• ·
•
•
•
- .
W
..
...
* -
•
PAGE.
PAGE.
392 Prince Edward Island..... 344
328 Quebec
··
394 Rhode Island
..
342 Russian Turkestan.
396 Sahara...
398 Senegambia.
334 Siberia.
400 Sierra Leone.
·
-
·
•
►
402 Soudan.
♦
404 South America
406 South Africa..
408 South Carolina.
1325 Tennessee...
410 Texas..
412 Transcaucasia.
344 Tripoli.
344 Tunis...
•
--
•
--
•
CA
*
D
··
..
→
•
·
..
•
....
••
. •
424 Wyoming
322 Zanzibar
336
•
346 Turkey in Asia.
414 United States-The.
323 West Virginia.
340 Wisconsin.
....
416 Uruguay.
418 Utah..
326 Venezuela.
328 Vermont
352 Virginia..
344 Washington, D. C.
420 Washington Territory
342 West Griqualand.
422 | West Indies..
✰✰
...
·
• •
•
•
•
•
P
*
...
惕 ​•
•
·
•
•
··
··
• ·
327
338
.324, 327
❤
·
•
·
•
..
·
··
344
426
320
327
328
··
320
328
354
351
438
320
326
326
322
332
340
430
340
348
355
438
432
327
336
356
434
436
327
9.
Parliamentary Rules and Usages.
Trace each motion to its respective references and you
master at a glance the intricacies of Parliamentary usages,
comprising some three hundred points of order.
Motion to adjourn.
*
.I a Ba II x
•
Motion to determine time to which to ad-
generally
Call to order.
journ..
Motion to amend...
Motion to amend an amendment.
Motion to amend the rules.
Motion to appeal from Speaker's
re indecorum..
Motion to appeal from Speaker's decision
•
•
•
•
a + A a II x
.3 at A a II x
•
.3 a A a II x
.3 at Ab II x
ment...
Motion to suspend the rules
Motion to take from the table
··
•
•
decision
·
•
•
Motion to close debate on question.
Motion to commit..
·· • *
Motion to extend limits of debate on ques-
tion....
·· •
Leave to continue speaking after indecorum. I a
Motion that....do lie on the table.
Motion to limit debate on question.
Objection to consideration of question...I
Motion for the orders of the day.
Motion to postpone to a definite time.
Motion to postpone indefinitely.
Motion for previous question..
Questions touching priority of business.
Questions of privilege..
•
• •
·
•
•
+
.1 at A a II y
•
3 a A a II y
I a A a III y
I at Ab II x
*
.3 b + A a II x
I a A a III y
媚
​.4 at A a II x
•
•
•
Reading papers.
Motion to reconsider a debatable question.3
Motion to reconsider an undebatable ques-
rat Aa II x
·
*
I a Ca II x
I at Ab II x
+
a
Ab III y
tion...
Motion to refer a question.
3 bt Ball x
Ball x
I a
• •
Motion that committee do not rise.
Question whether subject shall be discussed. I a* A b III y
Motion to make subject a special order…....3 a † A ¿ II x
To substitute in the nature of an amend-
3 b* A all x
II I
•
.I a Ab II x
I at Aa II x
3 at A a II x
→
.I a A a II x
*
b * B a II x
* • -
* A a II x
*
*
•
I a
* B a ll z
II
· 3 a † A a II x
·
3 at Ba II x
•
I a * Cox
10
To take up a question out of its proper
order
•
+. May be amended.
A. Can be reconsidered.
►
Motion to withdraw a motion.
Questions of precedence of questions.
Forms in which questions may be
put.
.13 14 15 16 17 18 19
RULES OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE-
Condensed.
· • .
b. Opens the main question to debate.
*. Cannot be amended.
•
I a A b II x
*
I a A a II x
•
5 6 7 8 9 10 12
1. Question undebatable; sometimes remarks tacitly
allowed.
2. Undebatable if another question is before the
assembly.
3. Debatable question.
4 Limited debate only on proprietry of postponement.
a. Does not allow reference to main question.
M
B. Cannot be reconsidered.
C. An affirmative vote on this question cannot be
reconsidered.
b. Requires two-third vote unless special rules have been
enacted.
a. Simple majority suffices to determine the question.
II. Motion must be seconded.
III. Does not require to be seconded.
x. Not in order when another has the floor.
y. Always in order though another may have the floor.
z. May be moved and entered on the record when an-
other has the floor, but the business then before the as-
sembly may not be put aside. The motion must be made
by one who voted with the prevailing side, and on the
same day the original vote was taken.
5. Fixing the time to which an adjournment may be
made; ranks first.
6. To adjourn without limitation; second.
7. Motion for the Orders of the Day; third.
8. Motion that....do lie on the table; fourth.
9. Motion for the previous question; fifth.
10 Motion to postpone definitely; sixth.
II
12. Motion to commit; seventh.
13. Motion to amend; eighth.
14. Motion to postpone indefinitely; ninth.
15. On motion to strike out the words, "Shall the words
stand part of the motion?" unless a majority sustains the
words they are struck out.
16. On motion for previous question the form to be
observed is, "Shall the main question be now put?"
This, if carried, ends debate.
17. On an appeal from the Chair's decision, "Shall the
decision he sustained as the ruling of the house?" The
Chair is generally sustained.
18. On motion for Orders of the Day, "Will the house
now proceed to the Orders of the Day?" This, if car
ried, supersedes intervening motions.
19. When an objection is raised to considering ques.
tion, "Shall the question be considered?" objection may
be made by any member before debate has commenced,
but not subsequently.
[Used by permission from Gaskell's Compendium of Forms
Fairbanks & Palmer Publishing Co., publishers.]
Prices of Produce.
RECORD OF THE CHICAGO MARKET FOR 29 YEARS.
No. 2 SPRING WHEAT.
Range for
the entire
Months the lowest
prices quere
reached.
Yrs.
1858.. February.
1859.. July and August.
1860..December...
1861.. June and July,
1862.. January.
1863..August.
1864.. March..
1865..December.
1866.. February.
1867..August.
1868.. November.
1869..December...
1870..Apri....
1871..August..
1872.. November.
1873..September..
1874..October. 2.
1875..February..
1976..July....
·
··
C •
*
•*
• ·
*
• • ❤ •
•
*
year.
$o 53 a o 97
50
2 I 15
66
a 1 13
a 1 55
Q
a 1 15
a 2 26
a 1 25
a 203
55 a z 85
1 044 a 2 20
76% a 1 47
734 a 1 31
99½ a 1 32
gooooooo
55
64
80
I 07
85
78
Months the highest
prices were
reacked.
ΤΟΙ 4 1 61
89 a 146
814 a 1 28
834 a 1 30%
83 a 1 26
August
May
April
May
92 August
October
June
January
November
May
July

August-
July
Feb., April and ;
August
July
April
August
December
****
12
严
​1877..August.
1878.. December.
1879.. January.
1880.. August.
1881.. January
1882. December
1883..October...
1884..December.
1885.. March..
1886.. October.
+
•
•
...
·
Months the lowest
prices were
reached.
Yrs.
1858..May...
1859.. December..
z860..December.
1861..Sept. and Oct.
1862.. April..
1863.. January
1864.. March..
1865..December.
1866.. February.
1867: March
1868..December.
14
đ
•
•
L •
•
•
1869.. January.
1870.. December.
1871.. December..
1872..October.
1873.. June.
1874.. January
1875.. December..
1876.. February..
1877.. March. .
1878.. December…..
1874.. January
1880.. April.
1881.. February.
1882..December..
1883..October..
1884.. December.
1885.. January.
1886..April..
•
..
•
•
•
❤
··
--
•
•
• ·
•
Months the lowest
prices were
reached.
· •
• •
.....
•
•
69/½ a
73% a
74 a
No. 2 CORN.
1 01½ a 1 76
77 a 1 14
81% a 1 322 December
86½ a 132
953% a 1 43%
913 a 1 40
90 a 1 13½ June
Yrs.
1858. January.
$12.00
1859. . October & November. 14 00
1860.. December.
1861..December..
1862.. January.
•
·
Range for
the entire
46 a
te
MESS PORK.
year.
a 66
a 81
96
9134 April
January
85
13.00
900
800
$027
42
27 (z
20
a
22
a 41
42
a 98
76 a1 40
38 a 88
33344100
563α1 12
October
52
44
a102½ August
a 97 August
45 a 94½ May
39%
29% 48% May
27 a 544 December
September
49 a 86
452 76% May and July
382 49 May
37594 58 April
29% 43% March
298 @ 49 October
31½a 4331 November
354
70% October
464
81
+
55
45
Range for
the entire
year.
May
April
January
October
April and May
417 50
419 00
a2000
221 ∞
a12 25
February
Months the highest
prices were
reached.
August
October
70
34½u 87
3444 49
33 22 43% August
April
May
56%½ March and May
December
November
November
January and February
November
July
January
September
April and May
Months the highest
prices were
reached.
April
May
September & October
April
December
13
1863.. February.
1864.. January
1865.. March and May.
1866..December..
•
•
••
· • A
··
••
...
1867.. January..
1868.. January.
1869.. January.
1870..December.
1871..August..
1872..March..
1873..November.
1874.. Jan., Feb. and March. 13 75
12 00
II 05
• •
11 00
17 70
15 20
a22 75
1875.. January.
1876..October..
1877..December.
1878..December.
1879.. January.
1880.. April.
1881.. January.
1882..March.
1883..Sept. and Oct.
1884..December..
1885..Oct. and Nov.
z886..May...
12 40 a17 95
6022a11 35
727/2013 75
9 37/2019 00
12 40
azo oo
1600 a24 75
00
•
....
•
..
··
Yrs.
1858.. January.
1859..December.
1860.. Jan. and Feb..
•
1861..December...
1862.. February.
1863.. January.
1864.. March..
1865.. April.
866..December.
4.
··
· • 10. *
•
·
1867.. January and July.
1868.. January.
1869..Oct. and Nov..
1870..December..
1871.. Nov. and Dec.
1872..December..
1873.. November...
1874.. January.
1875.. November.
1876..September.
1877..December.
1878..December.
1879..August.
1880.. June...
1881..February..
•
·
• ·
•
·
• •
PRIME
Months the lowest
prices were
reached.
• •
• •
•
•
…….
D
•
•
•
►
··
·
•
4
•
•
-
•
·
•
•
·
·
a18 50
243 00
438 00
17.00 α34 00
18.00
IO OO
17 50
22 50
a24 50
19 621/2α3000
27.00
18.00
$800
a34 00
a34 50
a23 00
a1600
a18 00
24 75
223 50
a10 50
975 12 50
9 25 13 00
622/2011 50
575 2 975
7 25
412.00
11 75
1600
11 25
11 25
11 75
1625
II 00
IO 20 a20 15
10 55 419 50
800 a1325
817/2α11 70
STEAMED LARD.
Range for
the entire
year.
423 50
a 30 05
423 00
13 75
a19 50
a20 75
a17 25
8372α1300
700
650
December
July and October
October
August
September
October
8 20 215 50
11 80 215 75
June and August
July
January
July
April and May
∞of
_
955 21385
7 55 a11 65
732/2α 780
5 30 a 775
6 35
4 785
a13.00
9 20
August
October
April
January
January
December
October
September
October
211 00
a 9 37%
May
May, June and July
February
December
Months the highest
prices were
reached.
May and June
October
July, August, Sep-
tember and October
April and May
October
Nov. and Dec.
September
September
May
August
May and September
February
January
February
July
April
October
April and May
March and April
January
August
December
November
July
14
1882..March…….
1883..October.
1884..December..
1885.. November.
1886..October
Minneapolis.
Duluth.
Chicago
Toledo.
Detroit..
St. Louis.
Milwaukee.
Kansas City.
Peoria.
Dist.
···
•
300
400
500
600
•
700
800
goo
...
Totals..
yards inches
0.026
100
▼ • 4
The following table shows the receipts of wheat at the points
named, from August 1st to December 18th, for two years:
Diff. of
Level.
•
→
1
Dist.
•
yards
1000
··
10 05
a13 10
12 10
7 15
6.45
210 00
5 85 22 7 10
3 62½ a 7 52½ September.
200 0.193 1100
0.231
1200
3.701
0.4II
1300 4.344
0.643
1400
5.038
0.925
1500
5.784
I.200 1600 6.580
1.645 1700 7.425
2.081
1800
8.324
TABLE SHOWING DIFFERENCE BETWEEN APPARENT AND TRUE
LEVEL AT VARIOUS DISTANCES.
Diff. of
Level.
Dist.
inches miles
2.570
3.110
*\*\***
2 3 →
October.
May.
February.
February and April,
•
3
1886.
bu.
17,882,500
16,569,000
10,869,500
8,232,000
5,822,000
5,406,000
4,128,000
1,933,500
250,000
71,008,500
Diff. of
Level.
O CIN O O O O
ft. in. miles
0 0½
2 +00007
4 10
6
5 16 7
23 IT
\
16,072,000
10,395,500
7,234,000
5,043,50x
5,950,50x
4,845,000
3,112,000.
1,555,500
173,000
54.381,500
Dist.
1885.
bu.
7
&
Diff. of
Level.

ft. in
32 6
42
Q
10
I1
J2
13
14 130
15 150
COS DA
53 9
66
Yo
95
112
6
3
7
EXPLANATION.-A true level is in the circumference of a circle,
drawn through the same point, the center of which is at the center
of the earth. An apparent level consists of a continuation of the
level plane drawn through the point at which the observation is
made. For example, an apparent level at the sea-shore would, at
a distance of ten miles, just touch the top of an object sixty-six
feet four inches high.
15
Salaries of United States Officers, per annum.
PRESIDENT, VICE-PRESIDENT AND CABINET. — President,
$50,000; Vice-President, $8,000; Cabinet Officers, $8,000 each,
UNITED STATES SENATORS.-$5,000, with mileage.
CONGRESS.-Members of Congress, $5,000, with mileage.
SUPREME COURT.-Chief Justice, $10,500; Associate Justices
$10,000.
CIRCUIT COURTS.-Justices of Circuit Courts, $6,000.
HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS.-Supt. of Burn of Engraving
and Printing, $4,500; Public Printer, $4.500: Supt. of Census
$5,000; Supt. of Naval Observatory, $5,000; Sap, of the Signal
Service, $4,000; Director of Geological Surveys, $6,000: Direc-
tor of the Mint, $4,500; Commissioner of Gen“al Land Office,
$4,000; Commissioner of Pensions, $3,600; Commissioner of
Agriculture, $3,000; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, $3,000;
Commissioner of Education, $3.000; Commander of Marine
Corps, $3,500, Supt. of Coast and Geodetic Survey, $6,000.
UNITED STATES TREASURY.—Treasurer, $6,000. P-
Treasury, $4,000); Commissioner of Customs, $4,000.
***** T
or of
INTERNAL REVENUE AGENCIES.-Supervising Agents, $12
per day; 34 other Agents, per day, 36 to $8.
POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. Washington.-Three Assistant
Postmaster-Generals, $3,500; Chief Clerk, $2,200.
POSTMASTERS.-Postmasters are divided into four classes.
First Class, $3,000 to $4,000, (excepting New York City, which
is $8.000); second class, $2,000 to $3,000; third class, $1,000 to
$2,000; fourth class less than $1.000. The first three classes are
appointed by the President, and confirmed by the Senate; thosa
of fourth class are appointed by the Postmaster-General.
DIPLOMATIC APPOINTMENTS.-Ministers to Germany, Great
Britain, France, and Russia, $17,500; Ministers ◆ Brazil, China,
Austria-Hungary, Italy, Mexico, Japan, and Spain, $12,000;
Ministers to Chili, Peru, and Central Amer., $10,000; Ministers
to Argentine Confederation, Hawaiian Islands, Belgíum, Hayti,
Columbia, Netherlands, Sweden, Turkey, and Venezuela, $7,500;
Ministers to Switzerland, Denmark, Paraguay, Bolivia, and
H
Portugal, $5,000; Minister to Liberia, $4,000.
ARMY OFFICERS.-General, $13,500; Lieut-General, $11,000;
Major-General, $7.500; Brigadier-General, $5,500; Colonel,
$3,500; Lieutenant-Colonel, $3,000; Major, $2,500; Captain,
mounted, $2,000; Captain, not mounted, $1,800; Regimental
Adjutant, '$1.800; Regimental Quartmaster, $1,800; 1st Lieu-
tenant, mounted, $1,600; 1st Lieutenant, not mounted, $1,500;
2d Lieutenant, mounted, $1,500; 2d Lieutenant, not mounted,
$1,400; Chaplain, $1,500.

NAVY OFFICERS.—Admiral, $13.000; Vice-Admiral, $9,000;
Rear-Admirals, $6.000; Commodores, $5,000: Captains, $4,500;
Commanders, $3,500; Lieut.-Commanders, $2,800; Lieutenants,
$2,400; Masters, $1,800; Ensigns, $1,200; Midshipmen, $1,000;
Cadet Midshipmen, $500; Mates, $900; Medical and Pay Direc-
ters and Medical and Pay Inspectors and Chief Engineers,
$4,400; Fleet Surgeons, Fleet Paymasters, and Fleet Engineers,
$4,400; Surgeous and Paymasters, $2,800; Chaplains, $2,500.
16
Year.
POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTES FOR PRESIDENTS.
Popular Elect
Vote. Votu.
CANDIDATES.
PARTY.
1824....Andrew Jackson..... Democrat.......
1824....John Q. Adams.
1824....W. H. Crawford.
1824....Henry Clay...
1828....Andrew Jackson..
1828....John Q. Adams....
1832....Andrew Jackson.
1832....Henry Clay..
1832....John Floyd..
1832…….. William Wirt..
1836....Martin Van Buren,
1836....W. H. Harrison..
1836....Hugh L. White..
1836....Daniel Webster..
1836.... W. P. Mangum.
1840....Martin Van Buren... Democrat.

+
+3
•
…….
2
…………
··
....
...
• ··
O
••
**
·
•
·
•
•
…………
•••
•1
1840.... W. H. Harrison..
1840... J. G. Birney.
1844....James K. Polk.
1844....Henry Clay
1844....James G. Birney
1848....Zachary Taylor..
1848....Lewis Cass..
Democrat..
1848....Martin Van Buren... Free Soil.
1852....Franklin Pierce..... Democrat.
1852...Winfield Scott.. Whig.
1852. John P. Hale...... Free Soil..
1856....James Buchanan…………. Democrat..
1856....John C. Fremont.... Republican………
1856....Millard Fillmore.. American..
1860....Abraham Lincoln.... Republican.
1860....Stephen A. Douglas.. Democrat.
1860....John C. Breckenridge Democrat
1860....John Beil ……..
Uniou..
1864.... Abraham Lincolu.... Republican.
1864....Geo. B. McClellan.... Democrat..
1868....U. S. Grant………….
1868....Horatio Seymour.
1872....U. S. Grant....
1872……..Horace Greeley.
1872……….Charles O'Conor…….
1872.....James Black..
1876....R. B. Jiayes.
1876....Samuel J. Tilden.
1876....Peter Cooper..
1876... Q. C. Samh
1076....Rcattering,,
1880....James A. Garfield.... Republican.
1880.... Winfeld S. Hancock. Deinocrat.
1880....James B. Weaver.... Greenback.
1884....Grover Cleveland.... Democrat
1884....James G Blaine..... Republican...
1884....Beni. F. Butler...... Greenback.
1884 ..Jobu P. St. John .... Prohibition.
1888…….. Benjamin Harrison... Republican.
1838.. Grover Cleveland. Democratic.
1866
· Fisk
1828. Laber Vote.
Prohibition
..
...
••
•*•
..
Federal..
Republican.
Republican.
Democrat.
Federal...
Democrat..
Nat. Republican.
Whig.
Whig..
Democrat.
Whig.
Whig..
Whig..
Whig.
....
....
··
....
...
Whig...
Liberty
Democrat.
Whig.
Liberty
Whig
►
•
D
•
··
·
• ··
...
• •
··
*
•
•
•
•
Democrat....
Temperance………
Repúblican..
Deinocrat.
Greenback….
Prohibition.
•
...
•U
Republican.
Democrat..
Republican.
Liberal & Dem.. 2,834,079
2,709,613
3.597,070
152.872
105.321
44,282
46.587
647,231
509,097
687,502
530,189
761,549
736,656
1,128.702
1,275,017
7,059
1,337,243
1,299,068
62,300
1,360,101
1,220,544
291,263
1,601,474
1,386,578
156.149
1.828,169
1,341,262
874,534
1.866,352
1.375.157
845,763
589.581
2.216.067
·
1.808,725
3.015.071
29.408
5.608
4,033.950
4,284,885
•
5,430,607
-5,538,045
257,243
114.623
99
84
41
37
178
83
219
49
good by
11
7
170
[73
| 26
114
11
48
234
170
105
163
127
....
254
12
174
114
8
180
12
72
81.740
9.522
2.636
4,449,053
4.442,035
307,306
…………
4,911,017 219
4,848,334
133,825
182
181.809
39
212
21
214
Ek
286
……….
185
184
214
155
233.
168
•••
12
Population of Every State and Territory, Etc.
UNITED STATES CENSUS OF 1880.
STATES.
Alabama...
Arkansas.
California
Colorado.
Connecticut
Delaware.
Florida..
Georgia.
Illinois.
Indiana.
-
Iowa..
Kansas.
Kentucky
Louisiana.
Maine
..
Michigan..
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri..
Nebraska..
Nevada.
Maryland..
Massachusetts
•
...
•
·
New Hampshire
New Jersey.
New York…….
North Carolina
Ohio..
Oregon.
Pennsylvania..
Rhode Island
South Carolina.
Tennessee..
Texas...
Vermont.
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin..
•
...
•
Arizona..
Dakota...
Idaho.
Montana.
New Mexico.
Utah.....
Washington
Wyoming..
•••
Total of States..
District of Columbia.
TERRITORIES.
i
• •
•
……………
▸
"
··
..
Total United States.
**
Population.
1,262,794
802.564
$64.686
194.649
622.683
146.654
267.351
1.539.048
3 078.769
1.978.362
1,624.620
995.966
1.648.708
910.103
648.945
931.63%
1.753.012
1,636.331
780,806
1.131.592
2.168.804
152.433
62,265
346,984
1.130.983
5.083.810
1,400,047
3,198.239
174,767
4,282.786
276.528
995,622
1.542,463
1,592,574
332,286
1,512.806
618,443
1.315,480
49.369,595
177 638
40.441
135,180
32,611
39,157
118.430
143.906
75,120
20.788
50,152,866
Area in Electora
Vote
Sq. Miles.
50,722
52.198
188.981
104.500
4.674
2,120
59.268
58,000
55.410
33.509
55.045
81.313
37.600
41.346
31,776
11.184
7.800
56.451
83,531
47.156
65.350
75.995
112,090
9.280
8.320
47.000
50,704
39.964
95.244
46,000
1,306
29.385
45,600
237.504
10.212
40.904
23.000
53.924
2,054,666
60
118:916
147.490
90,932
143,776
121,201
80,056
69.944
93.107
2.915.048
18
14
13
སྒྱུམྨཊྛཧྨཡཿཟླ*ཝཧྨཀྵ*ཀྑསྒྱུཀྑ
18
A Table of Daily Savings at Compound Interest.
Cents a day.
$ .02%
.05%
.11
.27
.55
1.10
1.37
Per Year.
$ 10.00
20.00
40.00
100.00
200.00
400.00
500.00
In 10 Years.
$
130
260
520
1,300
2,600
5.200
6,500
Fifty Years.
$ 2,900
5,800
11,600
29,000
58,009
116.098
145,000
Seasoning and Preserving Timber.
For the purpose of seasoning, timber should be piled under
shelter, where it may be kept dry, but not exposed to a strong
current of air. At the same time there should be a free circula-
tion of air about the timber, with which view slats or block
of wood should be placed between the pieces that lie over each
other, near enough to prevent the timber from bending.
In the sleds, the pieces of timber should be piled in this way,
or in square piles, and classed according to age and kind. Each
pile should be distinctly marked with the number and kind of
pieces, and the age, or the date of receiving them.
The piles should be taken down and made over again at intervals,
varying with the length of time which the timber has been cut.
The seasoning of timber requires from two to four years,
cording to its size.
Gradual drying and seasoning in this manner is considered the
most favorable to the durability and strength of timber, but varions
methods have been prepared for hastening the process. For this
purpose, steaming and boiling timber has been applied with snccess;
kiln-drying is serviceable only for boards and pieces of small
dimensions, and is apt to cause cracks, and to impair the strength
of wood, unless performed very slowly.
Timber of large dimension is improved by immersion in water
for some weeks, according to its size, after which, it is less subject to
warp and crack in steaming.
Oak timber loses about one-fifth of its weight in seasoning, and
about one-third of its weight in becoming dry.

Fastest Railroad Time.
1 mile-50s., 3 miles in 2 m. 36¼s., and 5 miles in 4m. 50s.
train which left West Philadelphia for Jersey City (P. R. R.) at
7:85 a. m. ( Edward Osmond, engineer) Sept. 4. 1879.
10 miles-8 min., Hamburg to Buffalo, N. Y., Lake Shore and
Michigan Southern R. R.; in 9 min., Hudson River road, loco-
motive and platform car, with steam fire-engine, Peekskil
to Sing Sing, N. Y., Feb. 17, 1874.
14 miles-11 min., locomotive Hamilton Davis and six cars,
New York Central R, R., 1855.
18 miles-15 min., special train conveying the Duke of Wal-
lington, Paddington to Slough, Eng.
111 milles-98 min., no stop, new Fontaine engine and two
coaches, carrying W. H. Vanderbilt and party-Amherstburg to
St. Thomas, Canada Southern Railway, May 5, 1881....109 min.,
special train, consisting of locomotive, baggage car, one coach
and one Pullman palace-car, Engineer MeComber, carrying
Bishop of Detroit and a number of the clergy; the time includes
4 min., stoppage at Charing Cross-St. Thomas to Amherstburg
Sept. 13, 18777
T
19

DAYS.
3142 30 201
20
25
30
33
631
931
MONTHS.
12345678901
$1 | $2 | $3 | $4
COCO DO ZO
10200
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12QC LO
FIVE PER CENT. INTEREST TABLE.
$5 $10 $20 | $30 | $40 | $50 | 860 | $70 | $80 | $90 | $100 $200 $500 $1,000
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10
13
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18
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28
30
SIX PER CENT. INTEREST TABLE.
$10 $20
Jad
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11
101
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16
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75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25
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70 1.05 1.40 1.75 2.10 2.45 2.80 3.15
80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.60
90 1.35 1 80 2.25 2.70 3.15 3.60 4.05
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20.00
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DAYS.
MONTHS.
66-66A CORSI
10
15
20
25
80
88
63
93
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16
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$10 $20
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9
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15
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17
18
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20
21
22
23
24
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26
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4
5
6
EIGHT PER CENT. INTEREST TABLE.
R
TIME. $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $0 $10 $100 $1000
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58
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1.56
1.78
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2.22
2.44
2.67
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12 13 1.33 13.33
18 20 2.00 20.00
12 14 16
16 19 21 24 27 2.67 26.67
3.11
3.33
3.56
3.78
4.00
4.22
4.44
4,67
4.89
5.11
5-33
5.56
5.78
6.00
6.22
6.44
6.67
42
33 3-3333-33
40 4.00 40.00
47 | 4.67 | 46.67
53
53 5.33 53.33
60 6.00 60.00
|
48
48
54
60
67 6.67 66.67
66 | 73
72
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7-3373-33
8.00 80.00
23
Builders' Estimating Tables.
Table showing quantity of material in every four lineal feet of
exterior wall in a balloon frame building, height of wall being
given:


Length of
Studs.
8
ã ∞
IO
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
18
20
22
24
26
e8
Size of Sills.
14
16
18
20
22
24
20
22
24
26
28
30
6x
6
6x 8
,6x10
6x10
8x10
8x10
8x12
9x12
IOX12
IOXIO
10X12
10X12
12X12
10X14
IOX14
12X14
Width
of Size of
House. Rafters.
Feet.
2X4
2X4
2X4
2X4
Size of Studs, Braces, etc.
2X4
2X4
2x6
2x6
2x6
2x6
2x6
2x6
Size of
Collar-
piece.
4x6 plates.
1x6 ribbons.
studs 16 inch centers.
2X4
2X4
2X4
2X4
2x4 studs.
4x4 braces.
4x4 plates.
1x6 ribbons.
2X4
2X4
2x6
2x6
studs
16 inches from
centers.
2x6
2x6
2x6
2x6
2x6 studs.
6x6 braces.
Quantity of Lumber
in Rafter and
Collar-piece.
39
45
50
56
62
67
30
Table showing amount of lumber in rafters, collar-piece and
boarding, and number of shingles to four lineal feet of roof, meas-
ured from eave to eave over ridge. Rafters 16-inch centers:
84
92
ΤΟΣ
Quantity of
Rough Lumber,
Quantity of
Inch Boarding.
Siding in
sup. feet.
Tar Paper in
sup. feet.
109
117
125
42
52
62 53
62
69
82
87
98
36
40
44 50
60
6 2 ន
78 9
40
тоб
$8
74
97
106
80
109 97 110 176
119! 106 420 192
115
124
133
96
122
80 90 144
137 88 100 160
145 97 110 176
162 106 120 192
169 114 130) 208
176 123 140| 224
198 132 150| 240
70 112
80 128
71
80 90 144
88 100 160


Quant'y
of No. of
Board'g Shingl's
Feet.
560
640
720
800
880
обо
800
880
960
1040
1120
1200
24
Days.
I
3.
6
7
7
9
10
II
-
•
8.
•
•
Rate.
⋅
12.
13.
14.
·
15.
16.
17.
18.
•
19
20
21
22
23.
24.
23.
26.
·
•
-
•
·
•
•
•
··
WAGES TABLES ·
Vidy Mp
$14
.54
1.08
1.62
$15
5.92
6.46
7.00
$16
.58
.62
1.15 1.23
4.04
4.62
VALUE OF TIME FOR DAYS, AT STATED RATES PER MONTH.
$18
$19
$20 $21 $22
$23
1.73
2.31
2.15
2.40
2.69 2.88 3.08
3-46 3.69
3.23
3.77
4.31
4.85
38
.65
1.31
1.85 1.96
2.62
4.31
4.92
$17
5.19
5.54
5-77 6.15
6.35
6.92
7.50
8.08
6.77
7.38
8.00
8.62
3.27
3.92
4.58
.69
1.38
2.08
-73
1.46
2.19
2.77
2.92
3.65
3.40
4.38
4.15
4.85
5.23 5.54
5.88
6.23
0.54
7.19
6.92
7.02
7.85 8.31
8.50
9.15
9.81
10.46
II. 12
9.00
9.69
10.38
11.08
M
5.12
5.85
6.58
17.31
18.00
.77
1.54
2.31
3.08
3.85
4.62
5.38
6.15
6.92
7.31 7.69
8.04
8.46
8.77
9.23
10.00
9.50
7-54
9 23
8.08
8.65
8.62 9.23 9.85
9.15 9.81
10.46
9.69 10.38 11.08
11.77
10.23 10.96 11.69 12.42
10.77 11.54 12.31 13.08
II.31 12.12 12.92 13.73 14.54 15.35 16.15
15.23
16.08
16.92
17.69
15.92
16.81
11.85 12.69 13.54 14.38
12.38 13.27 14.15 15.04
12.92 13.85 74.77 15.69
13.46
14.42 15.38 16.35
15.00 16.00 17.00
16.62
18.46
14.00
.81
1.62
17.54
18.27 19.23
19.00˚ | 20.00
2.42
3.23
4.04
4.85
5.65
6.46
11.77
10.23 10.77 II.31
10.96 11.54
11.69 12.31
12.42 13.08
12.46 13.15 13.85
13-15 13.88 14.62
13.85 14.62 15.38
5.92
6.77
7.62
8.46
9.31
10.15
11.00
11.85
12.12 12.69
7.27
8.08
8.88
9.69
10.50
.85
1.69
2.54
3.38
4.23
5.08
.88
1.77
2.65
3.54
4.42
5.31
6.19
7.08
7.96
8.85
$24
.92
1.85
15.04
15.92
16.81
2.77
3.69
4.62
5.54
6.46
7.38
8.31
9.23
12.92 13.54
13.73 14-38
14-54 15.23
15.35 16.08
17.54
16.15 16.92 17.69 18.46
18.58
19.38
20.31
16.96 17.77
17.77 18.62
18.58 19.46
19.38 20.31
20.19 21.15
21.00 32.00
19.46
20.35
21.23 22.15
22.12 23.08
23.00 | 24.00
$25
· 96
I.92
2.88
3.85
4.81
9.73 10.15
10.62 11.08
II.54
11.50
12.00
12.50
12.38
12.92
13.46
13.27 13.85 14.42
14.15 14.77
15.38
16.35
15.69
16.62
5.77
6.73
7.69
8.65
9.62
10.58
17-31
18.27
19.23
20.19
21.15
21.23 22.12
23.08
24.04
25.00
25



Six Days'
Wages.
$2
3456 78
9
IO
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
200080
18
19
One
Day.
333
50
66%
833
I 50
1 66%
1 833
$1 00
1 16/3
1 33 $1 063
93%
2.00
2 16
2 333
2 50
2 66
2 833
3 00
3 10
3 33
Eight Six Five Four Two One
Hours. Hours. Hours. Hours. Hours. Hour.
263
40
53%
6623
80
2. 00
2 13
2 26
2 40
2 53%
2 6624
20
2038282 8
40
50
60
I 20
90
1 33% $1 00
1 463
I 10
I бо I 20
1 73%
1 30
1 863
I 40
70
I 50
1 60
1 70
I 80
90
2 00
1633
25
33/
413
50
583
66%
room 18 by 20, 11 ft. high; and the
cost of plastering the same at 15
cts. per sq. yd.
75
83/3
The length of the four walls is
(twice 20 and twice 18) 76 feet,
913
$1 00
1 08/
I 16
I 25
1 33
133
20
263
33/3
40
463
53%
60
66%
73/
80
863
933
$1 00
1 0633
1 13
1 41
I 50
I 20
1 58 1 263
1 66% 1 33%
28
4
633
10
13/3
163
20
23/
2623
30
33/
3635
40
433
4633
50
53/%
56%
60
63
662
3/3
356
6/3
8/3
*** ***
IO
II
13
15
16
18/
20
21/
233/3
Carpenters', Plasterers' and Bricklayers'
Work.
25
26
28/
To find how many square yards in a floor or wall: multiply the
length by the width or height, and divide the product by 9.
How many square yards in a floor 18 ft. 14X18=252 sq. feet.
long and 14 ft. wide; and how many yards 9)252(28 sq. yds.
of carpet 3/4 yd. wide, will it take?
To divide by a fraction, multiply the
number by the denominator, and divide
the product by the numerator.
To multiply by a fraction, multiply by 3) 112 (37
the numerator and divide by the denom-
inator.
Ans
30
31%
33%
Find how many square yards in 76X11-836 sq. ft. in four walls.
the four walls and ceiling of a 18X20=360
40
<< C4
ceiling.
yds. carpet.
28 sq. yds.
37 yds. carpet.
9(1196(133 sq. yds, nearly.
.15
Ans. $19.95 for plastering.
which multiplied by the height gives the sq. ft. in the walls. Tka
length multiplied by the width gives the sq. ft. in the ceilir
26
1
To measure square timbers: multiply the length, width and
thickness together, and divide the product by 12.
How many square feet in a joist 2 by 8, 18 ft. long?
2X8X18=288÷12=24 ft. Ans
Sill 8 by 8, 22 ft. long? 8X8X22=1408÷÷÷12=1173 ft. Ans.
Amount of Paint Required for a Given
Surface.
It is impossible to give a rule that will apply in all cases, as the
amouut varies with the kind and thickness of the paint, the kind
of wood or other material to which it is applied, the age of the
surface, etc. The following is an approximate rule: Divide the
number of square feet of surface by 200. The result will be the
number of gallons of liquid paint required to give two coats; or,
divide by 18 and the result will be the number of pounds of pure
ground white lead required to give three coats.
How to Kill Grease Spots before Painting.
Wash over smoky or greasy parts with saltpetre, or very thin
lime white-wash. If soap-suds are used, they must be washed off
thoroughly, as they prevent the paint from drying hard.
Dimensions of One Acre.
A square, whose sides are 12,649 rods, or 69.57 yards or 208.71
feet long, contains one acre. Table of dimensions of rectangle.
containing one acre:
RODS.

I
X160
3 X 53%
5
32
7 22 6-7
9
11
17 7-9 92 X 16 16-19 10
X 14 6-11112 X 13 21-33 12
4
If 3%
If
ર
<<
1½ X1063
3/2 × 45 5-7
52 X 29 1-II
7/2X 21
If %
If full “
Roof Elevations.
By the pitch" of a roof is meant the relation which the height
of the ridge above the level of the roof-plates bears to the span, or
the distance between the studs on which the roof rests.
CL
J
The length of rafters for the most common pitches can be found
as follows from any given span:
If pitch, multiply span by
+f
C
If
66
"
น
4
"
"
2 X 80
4 X 40
6
8
4
แ
"
X 263
X 20
X 16
X 13%
.71
4,1,8
ย
112
559, or 7-12 nearly.
44
.6 or 3-5
,
625, or 5%
, or 7-10
or 4-5
?
1 12, or 1½
2× 64
42 X 35 5-9
62 X 24 8-13
8½ X 18 14-17
101½ X 15 5-21
122 X 12 4-5
13-20 X 12 13-20
44
Co
L
#
*
27
To lengths thus obtained must be added amount of projection of
rafters at the eaves.
As rafters must be purchased of even lengths, a few inches more
or less on their lengths will make a difference to the pitch so slight
that it cannot be detected by the eye.
EXAMPLE-To determine the length of rafters for a roof con-
structed one-half pitch, with a span of 24 feet-24X.71=17,04; or,
practically, just 17 feet. A projection of one foot for eaves makes
the length to be purchased 18 feet
How To Build Strong Frames.
Sheathing put on diagonally acts as a brace over the whole sur
face, and requires no more lumber than if put on horizontally. It
is well to run the sheathing from each side up parallel with the
rafters, if at the gable ends, and at similar angles at the sides.
Roofing boards can be put on in the same manner. Studs can be
allowed to project above the plates and the rafters spiked to the
sides of studs. Partitions should be braced with waste stuff, and
in such ways a building can be strengthened that it can be rolled
over and over without coming to pieces, and the extra cost wil
simply consist in a few hours extra labor.
In some parts of the West, and especially in Nebraska, a framed
sill is in use, which combines qualities that will make it of service
to builders in many localities. A piece of 2x6 or 2x8 is laid upon
the wall, and flush with one side of this a 2-inch piece of the same
width as the joists is placed on edge and securely hiked on, thus
making the bottom and one side of a trough. These can be fast-
ened before being put in place. The joists are placed with their
ends upon the bed of the sill and against the side, and spiked to
both. The studs are halved down, in this case 8 inches, and
nailed to side of sill and joists. The sides of the sill, running
parallel with the joists, are formed by two of the joists them-
selves, either set flush with the face of the wall and the studs let
down back, or set back two inches and the studs let down in
front.


When the frame is finished, and before the floor is laid, the wall
is built up behind and over the sill; thus holding all in place,
guarding against wind, as the wall must be torn up before the
building will go; and also, incidentally, against rats and other
vermin. It will be found fully as strong and much cheaper than
timber.
If posts are used for the foundation a modification of this arrange-
ment will prove equally serviceable. The principal on which it
depends is explained at length farther on. It is well known that a
thin piece of timber put on edge, as in joists, etc., will support a
much greater weight than if laid on its side. The strength of a
piece is in direct proportion to the square of its depth and nearly
inversely as its length. Thus it will be found that simply the 2x12,
8 feet long, without considering the support afforded to it by the
walls, would have a strength equal to four 2x45 16 feet long, it might
be objected that the joists would not rest on the 2x12, but on the
2x6. This is partly true, but the joists are spiked to the 2x12, and
28
are nalled to the studs, which rest on the sill, thus binding the
whole together. Particular care must be taken to spike the 2x12
side of the sill to the 2x4 or 2x6 base at short intervals. All the
parts must be well nailed together, and especially the studs to the
joists, and the sills to the posts. This form will have abundant
strength and stiffness if the posts are not over 8 feet apart. A sill
constructed in this way, of these dimensions, contains the same
number of feet as a 6x6 sill, but will sustain a weight a third
greater than the latter, if the weights are placed at the centers, but
as the studs are fastened together by the sheathing, the weight
will be partly transferred from the sills to the posts. It can also
be made of any lengths that will reach from post to post, and the
cost can thus be made less.
Shingles Required in a Roof.
To the square foot it takes 9 if exposed four inches; 8 if exposed
4½ inches, and 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches to the weather.
Find the number of shingles required to cover a roof 38 ft. long,
and the rafters on each side 14 ft. Shingles exposed 4½ inches.
28 X 38=1064 (sq. ft.) X 8=8512 shingles. Ans.
To find the length of rafters, giving the roof one-third pitch:
take three-fifths of the width of the building. If the building is
30 feet wide, they must be 18 feet long, exclusive of projection.
The following very useful and practical calculations will be found
exceedingly handy, as guides to the builder, in making up his
figures when he is called upon to estimate for all portions of a job,
many of which are not entirely in his own particular line:
MASON WORK-BRICK.
1% barrels lime and % yard sand will lay 1,000 brick.
One man with 1 tenders will lay 1,800 to 2,000 brick per day.
RUBBLE.
1 barrels lime and 1 yard of sand will lay 100 feet of stone.
One man will lay 150 feet of stone per day with one tender.
CEMENT.
14 barrels cement and 4 yard sand will lay 100 feet rubble stone.
Same time as to mason and tender as rubble.
REQUIRED IN CARPENTER
WORK.
NUMBER OF NAILS
OF NAILS
To case and hang one door, 1 lb.
To case and hang one window, 4 lb.
Base, 100 lineal feet, 1 lb.
To put on rafters, joists, etc., 3 lbs. to 1,000 feet.
To put up studding, same.
To lay a 6-inch pine floor, 15 lbs. to 1,000 feet.
29
LABOR.
To place joists, etc., on wall, $4 per 1,000.
Put up jambs and case a door, $1.50.
Hanging door and locking, 50c. to 75c.
Fitting sash, 50c. to 75c.
Casing window, stool and apron, $1.00
Hang outside blinds, 50c.
Hang inside blinds, 75c.; if boxed, $100
Lay pine floor, 6 in., 30c. per square.
Lay pine floor, 4 in., 40c. per square.
Lay walnut floor, 3 in., $1 per square.
Roof and sheathing, 25c. per square.
To lay shingles, per 1,000, 75c. per square.
COST OF PAINTERS' WORK.
I coat shellac, 50c. per square.
I coat lead and oil, 75c. per square,
2 coats fead and oil, $1.50 per square.
3 coats lead and oil, $2.50 per square.
Sanding, I coat, 75c. per square.
Grain oak, 2 coats, $2.50 per square.
Grain walnut, 2 coats, $3.00 per square.
To set glass, 10 per cent. of cost.
Calcimining, 6oc. to 75c. per square.
I coat varnish, 50c. per square.
Floor, Wall and Roof Measure.
To find the number of square yards in a floor or wall: RULE-
Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet) and divide the
product by 9: the result will be square yards.
ESTIMATES OF MATERIALS.
3½ barrels of lime will do 100 square yards plastering, two coats.
64
46
4
u
A
2
one coat.
1½ bushels of hair
100
100
14 yards good sand
100
barrel of plaster (stucco) will hard-finish 100 square yards
plastering.
1 barrel of lime will lay 1,000 bricks. (It takes good lime to de
it.)
*
46
a
2 barrels of lime will lay 1 cord rubble stone.
barrel of lime will lay 1 perch rubble stone. (Estimating
cord to perch.)
To every barrel of lime estimate about yards of good sand for
plastering and brick work.
IRON FURNACES.-There are about 690 iron furnaces in
the United States. These turned out, in 1882, over 5,000,000 tons
of pig iron.
30
THE LARGEST TELESCOPE in the world is the Lord
Rosse, which has an aperture of seventy-two inches. The far-
est in this country is at San Jose, Cal., having an aperture of
twenty-eight inches.
Useful Information for Architects and
Builders.
NUMBER OF NAILS AND TACKS PER POUND.
NAILS. No.
Size.
[enny, fence 2
แ
2½ 50
"
34
66
10
$4
4
33 456 78
* * * *
J
u
to
44
#C
fine 1
....
...
··
•
...
...
3
34
•
14
1/2
Y
H222 N M M M❀✿
WW
24
21/2
234
3
3/4
3½
4
44
per lb.
in 80 nails
и
к
<<
«
"
5
5/2
YSS
"
«
44
*
44
XX
K
સરસ સ
39
760
480
300
200
160
128
92
2873
60
44
24
18
14
13
"
44
&
*
"
3
"
J
&
3
3
66
u
*
**
**
HH22 34∞
I
11/4
2/2
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
oz.
૩૩ ૩ ૩ ૪ ૪ ૪ ૪ ૪ ૪ ૪ ૪ ૪ ૪ ૪
•
...
...
Length.
1/3
•3-16
1/4
...
.5-16
3/8
7-16
→
•
TACKS.
•
3/4
..13-16
C
9-16
$8
11-16
...
8
15-16
I
.I 1-16
1%
No.
per lb.
inch....16,000
66
"
"L
"C
CL
"
«
64
4
«
"
«
"
"
u
....10,666
8,000
6,404
5,333
4,000
2,666
•
...
...
•
•
2,000
1,600
1,333
1,143
1,000
888
800
727
666
1,000 shingles, laid 4 inches to the weather, will cover 100 square
feet of surface, and 5 lbs. of shingle nails will fasten them on.
One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than the number of
square feet of surface to be covered, because of the lap in the sid-
Ing and matching.
1,000 laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and 11 lbs. of lathe
nails will nail them on; 8 bushels of good lime, 16 bushels of sand,
and 1 bushel of hair, will make enough good mortar to plaster 100
square yards.
A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime, and a cubic yard of sand,
will lay 100 cubic feet of wall.
Five courses of brick will lay 1 foot in height on a chimney; 16
bricks in a course will make a flue 4 ins. wide and 12 ins. long, and
8 bricks in a course will make a flue 8 ins. wide and 16 ins. long.
Cement I bush. and sand 2 bush. will cover 3½ sq. yds. 1 inch
thick, 4½ sq. yds. ¾ inch thick, and 6¾ sq. yds. ½ inch thick; 1
bush. cement and I of sand will cover 24 sq. yds. 1 in. thick, 3
square yards 3/4 inch thick, and 4½ square yards ½ inch thick.
+
!
31
:
Quantity of Bricks Required to Con-
struct a Building.
Number of Bricks to Thickness of
4 inch. 18 inch. 12 inch 16 inch 20 inch 24 inch
1....
2...
3.
4.
Superficial
Feet of
Wall.

5.
6.
7.
8.
•
9.....
90.
IOO.
200.
ZO
20.
30.
40..
50...
60...
•
•
70..
80..
•
•
•
•
300..
400..
•
carat.
7
15
23
30
38
carat.
45
53
60
68
75
150
225
300
375
450
15
808 AWH
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
300
450
600
750
goo
2 58 8
22
45
68
113
135
158
180
203
225
55885
go
525 1,050
1,575
600
1,200
1,800
675
1,350
2,025
1,500 2,250
750
1,500 3,000
2,250 4,500 6,750
3,000 6,000
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
600
37
75
113
150
188
225
263
300
338
375
450
675
goo
1,200
1,125
1,500
1,350 1,800
2,100
2,400 3,000
2,700
3,000
4,500 6,000 7,500
750
908 1,125
1,500
1,875
45
ga
135
180
225
270
315
360
405
450
goa
1,350
1,800
2,250
2,250
2,700
2,625 3,150
3,600
3,375 4,050
3,750 4,500
9,000
9,000 11,250 13,500
9,000 12,000 15,000
18.000
VALUE OF DIAMONDS.
Diamonds averaging one-half carat each, $60 per carat.
Diamonds averaging three-quarters carat each, $80 per carat.
Diamonds averaging one carat each, $100 per carat.
Diamonds averaging one and one-quarter carats each, $110 per
Diamonds averaging one and one-half carats each, $120 per
Diamonds averaging one and three-quarters carats each, $145
per carat.
Diamonds averaging two carats each, $175 per carat.
In other words, the value of the gem increases in the geometrical
satio of its weight. Four diamonds weighing together two carats
are worth $120; but one diamond weighing just as much is worth
$350. Stones weighing over two carats are about the same price
per carat as two-carat stones they should be dearer, but they are
not, simply because the demand for them is limited. If the demand
for diamonds were as imperative as the demand for flour or beef,
the geometrical ratio would again come into play, and five-carat
stones would be valued in the thousands.
32


TABLE showing the requisite sizes of girders and joists for warehouses, the span and distance apart
being given:
Distance
apart.
6 Feet.
Feet.
ΤΟ
12
14
Inches.
8x12
9x12
IOXI2
8
9
ΤΟ
II
Span of Girders.
12
13
14
8 Feet.
Inches.
22X10
3 XIO
3 X12
TABLE showing quantity of lumber in every four lineal feet of partition, studs being placed 16 centers,
waste included:
Height of partition.
Feet.
15
16
Inches.
12X13
12X14
12X15
10 Feet.
12 Feet.
Inches.
12X16
12x18
14X18
Inches.
14x18
16x18
Quantity of Studs 2x4.
Feet.
wwwNUNU
20
23
26
29
32
35
Joists.
18 7
At
41
44
REMARKS.
Girders to have a bearing at
each end and joists six inches.
If 2x6
Feet.
Quwwat ww
46
$5
59
64

33
TABLE as before, adapted for churches, public halls, etc.
Distance
apart.
HHHH
3456
13
Feet. Inches. Inches. [Inches. Inches. Inches.
12
2 x 8
8x12
6x10
12x16
12X14
6x11 9x12 11X15
2
12X17
10X12 12X15
IIX18 2
11X16 12x16
TIX12
x 9
x 9
6x12
7X12
2
XIO
8x12 12X12 12x16
2
XIO
13x18
14X18
8x12
2
X12
2
X12
24x12
2/2x12
22x12
3
X12
3
XI2
3 x13
3 x13]
3 X14
3 x14
14
15
16
17
18
Span of Girders.
6 Feet. 8 Feet. 10 Ft. 12 Ft.
25
26
27
19
20
21
22
23
11X12
24 10X12
12X17
9x14
10X14 11X18
12x18
11X14
9x12
9x12
10X12 12X14 13x18
10X12
IIX15
14x18
11X12 12X15
IIXI6
12x16
Joists.
10X13 12X17
10X14 12x18
10X14 12x18
REMARKS.
Bearings of girders and joists as above.
Both tables are calculated for yellow pine.
34
****
The Use of the Steel Square.
The standard steel square has a blade 24 inches long and 2 inches
wide, and a tongue from 14 to 18 inches long and 1 inches wide.
The blade is exactly at right angles with the tongue, and the angle
formed by them an exact right angle, or square corner.
A proper
square should have the ordinary divisions of inches, half inches,
quarters and eighths, and often sixteenths and thirty-seconds.
Another portion of the square is divided into twelfths of an inch;
this portion is simply a scale of 12 feet to an inch, used for any pur-
pose, as measuring scale drawings, etc. The diagonal scale on the
tongue near the blade, often found on squares, is thus termed from
its diagonal lines. However, the proper term is centesimal scale,
for the reason that by it a unit may be divided into 100 equal parts,
and therefore any number to the 100th part of a unit may be
expressed. In this scale A B is one inch; then, if it be required to
take off 73-100 inches, set one foot of the compasses in the third
parallel under 1 at E, extend the other foot to the seventh diagonal
In that parallel at G, and the distance between E G is that required,
for E F is one inch and F G 73 parts of an inch.

Upon one side of the blade of the square, running parallel with
the length, will be found nine lines, divided at intervals of one inch
into sections or spaces by cross lines This is the plank, board and
Scantling measure. On each side of the cross lines referred to are
figures, sometimes on one side of the cross line and often spread
over the line, thus, 1|49| We will suppose we have a board
12 feet long and 6 inches wide. Looking on the outer edge of the
blade we find 12; between the fifth and sixth lines, under 12, will
be found 12 again; this is the length of the board. Now follow the
space along toward the tongue till we come to the cross line under
6 (on the edge of the blade), this being the width of the board; in
this space will be found the figure 6 again, which is the answer in
board measure, viz., slx feet
On some squares will be found on one side of the blade 9 lines,
and crossing these lines diagonally to the right are rows of figures,
as seven is, seven 25, seven 3s, etc. This is another style of board
measure and gives the feet in a board according to its length and
width.
In the center of the tongue will generally be found two parallel
lines, half an inch apart, with figures between them; this is termed
the Brace Rule. Near the extreme end of the tongue will be found
24-24 and to the right of these 33.95. The 24-24 indicate the two
sides of a right-angle-triangle, while the length of the brace is indi-
cated by 33.95.
This will explain the use of any of the figures in
the brace rule. On the opposite side of the tongue from the brace
rule will generally be found the octagon scale, situated between
two central parallel lines This space is divided into intervals and
numbered thus; 10, 20, 30, 40. 50, 60. Suppose it becomes neces-
sary to describe an octagon ten inches square; draw a square ten
Inches each way and bisect the square with a horizontal and per-
pendicular center line. To find the length of the octagon line,
place one point of the compasses on any of the main divisions of the
scale and the other leg or point on the tenth subdivlsion. This
"$
35
length being measured off on each side of center lines, touching
the line of the octagon, will give the points from which to draw the
octagonal lines. The size of the octagon must equal the number of
spaces taken off from the tongue by the compasses.
Weight of a Cubic Foot of Earth, Stone,
Metal, &c.
Article.
Alcohol....
•
Ash Wood....
Bay Wood..
53
• 51
Brass, gun metal........... 543
49 Lead, cast..
Lead, rolled...
Milk..
Maple.
58 Mortar
65 | Mud.
Brandy
Beer...
Blood......
66 Marble, Italian.
102 Marble, Vermont.
··
Brick, common..
Cork...
Cedar.
Copper, cast..
Copper, plates.
Clay..
Coal, Lehigh..
Coal, Lackawanna
Cider..
Chestnut.....
Ebony.....
Earth, loose..
Glass, Window.
Gold..
•••
•
• •
..
•
•
..
Hickory, pig nut.
Hickory, shell-bark.
Hay, bale...
Hay, pressed
Honey.
Iron, cast.
Iron, plates.
••
Iron, wrought bars..
Ice...
+
•
· ·
•
40
Lignum Vita Wood.
Logwood..
•
•
•
Lbs. | Article.
•
..
•
•
•
●
•
• •
•
•
·
• •
··
•
• • • •
15 Mahogany.
35 Oak, Canadian.
1,203 Steel, plates..
547 Oak, live, seasoned..
543 Oak, white, dry.
120 Oil, linseed...
* •
• •
... 7 ·
486 Water, salt..
.57%
Water, rain.
Willow..
57 Zinc, cast..
83
•
..
•
...
•
Lbs.
709
.711
64
..
**
•
*
··47
110
56 Pine, yellow
34
50 Pine, white.
64 Pine, red……
34
37
38 Pine, well seasoned......... 30
83 Platina..
...
94 Red Hickory
165 Silver.
.165
*
102
169
66
•
58 XS KI
•••
49 Steel, soft..
43 Stone, common, about......158
9 Sand, wet, about..
25 Spruce.
9o|Tin..
450 Tar.
481 Vinegar.
•
67
...1,219
•
54
52
6253
.4874
.489
59
+
128
31
455
63
67
6668
64
62
36
428
Composition of Solders.
Fine Solder is an alloy of two parts of Block Tin and one part of
Lead. Glazing Solder is equal parts of Block Tin and Lead.
Plumbing Solder, one part Block Tin, two parts Lead.
AVERAGE WEIGHT of an American man is 141 pounds;
of a woman, 124½ pounds.
*
36
:
Cost of Tin Roofing per Square and per
Square Foot.
The following table shows the cost per square and per square
foot of tin roofing, laid with 14x20 tin, with tin at any price from
$4 to $10 per box. The first column contains the price per box of
tin; the second column shows the cost of tin per square (100 square
feet) of surface, and the third column shows the cost of tin per
square foot of surface:
FLAT SEAM ROOFING-COST WITH 14x20 TIN.
Price of
•
Tin per
box.
$4.25..
5.75..
6.00...
....
6.25.
6.50.
6.75-
7.00.
···
·
Cost per
square of
flat roof
14x20 Tin.
.$2.21.
.0494
4.30........ 2.34.........0234
4:75:...... 2.47.
5:00..
2.60....
5.23........ 2.73...
5.30...
2.86....
5.73........ 2.99.
6.00..
3.12...
6.25........ 3.25...
6.50........ 3.38.
6.75........ 3.51.
7.00....
3.64.
0507
.0520
.0533
.0546
.0559
.0572
7.25...
5.59.
5.72.
5.85.
5.98.
6 11
3.77..
3.90.
7-75...
4.03..
8.00........ 4.16.
.0585
,0598
7.50...
.0611
6.24.
.0624
STANDING SEAM ROOFING-COST WITH 14x20 TIN.
··
...
•
..
··
•
•
...
•
•
··
•
---
···
•
....
.... 3.76.
+ ··
Cost per
Square of
Price of stand'g seam
Tio por
roof with Cost per
box.
14x20 Tin. sq. foot
.$2.37.
$4.25....
4.50.... 2.51.
4.75........ 2.65.
5.do.
2.79.
2.93..
5.25..
5.50.... 3.06...
..
+
··
..
=
•••
3.20.
3.34.
3.48.
3.62..
...
+
• •
Cost per
sq. foot.
.0221
•
………
3.90.....
•
0
•
•
•
•
..
.0247
.0260
.0273
.0286
.0299
.9312
.0325
.0338
.0351
.0364
.0377
.0390
.0403
.0416
Price of
Tin per
box.
.0293
.0306
.0320
.0334
.0348
.0362
.0376
.0390
$8.25.
8.50.
8.75.
9.00...
9.25......
……………
...
...
9.50.
9.75.
10.00..
.0237 $725
.0251
.0265
.0279
•••
10 25..
10.50....
10.75.
11.00.
11.25.
11.50
II.75.
12.00
··
••
•
• ·
...
10.00.
•
Price of
Tin per
box.
...
.. - •
7.50....
7.75.....
8.00...
8 25....
8.50.
8.75.
9 00
9 25....
··
· •
1 ··
9.50....
9.75...
Cost per
square of
flat roof
Cost per
14x20 Tin. sq. foot.
.$4.29........ .0420
4.42....
.0442
...
•
►
•
•
..
•
·
•
5
·
•
··
•
•
•
•
•
D
•
4.55.........0455
•
4.68.
4.81...
4.94.
5.07
5.20..
5.33
5.46
Cost per
square of
stand'g seam
Cost per
roof with
14X20 Tin. sq. foot.
.$403........ .0403
.0417
.0431
4.17
4 31
..
..
...
7 ...
•
1
·
5 01.
•
•
YOU
...
• ··
AL
...
..
4.45........0445
4.59....... .0459
4 73
.0473
.0487
.0501
5 15....... .0515
5 29.......
.0529
.0543
5.43
5 57..
.0557
...
4.87.......
.0468
.0481
37
i
f
Cost of Tin Roofing per Square-con-
tinued.
FLAT SEAM ROOFING-COST WITH 20x28 TIN.
Price of
Tin per
box.
$8.00..
8.50...
9.00.
9.50..
•
•
10.00.
10.50..
11.00.
II 50...
12 00
12.50
13.00.
13.50
14.00.
••
..
14.50..
15.00..
15.50..
··
$8.00..
8 50.
→→
9.00.
9.50
10 00.
10.50..
II.CO.
II.50...
►
·
·
•
•
14.00..
14.50..
15.00..
$5.50..
16.00.
--
•
12 00...
12 50.
13. 00.
13 50....
•
•
•
··
Cost per
square of
flat roof
20x28 Tin.
··
•
•
·
.$2.01.
·
•
•
•
•
• •
•
•
•
··
•
Cost per
square of
Price of standi'g seam
Tin per
roof with Cost per
box. 20x28 Tin. sq. foot.
.$2.15...
2.28..
•
·
•
•
·
•
2.13...
2.26.
2.38.
2.51.
2.63.
2.76.
2.89..
•
••• •
...
→→
•
•
3.00..
3.13..
3.25...
3.38.
3.50..
3.63.
3.75.
3.88.
STANDING SEAM ROOFING-COST WITH 20x28 TIN.
………♥
2.95.
3.09.
···
3 63
3 75
3 89
4.0
3.35
38.
•
•
+
2.41.
2.55.
2.68
2 82...
··
• •
•
•
• •
·
·
+
•
4 TA
4.29.
·
Cost per
sq. foot.
•
•
•
·
3.21....... .0321
Price of
Tin per
box.
0201 $16.00.
16.50....
.0213
.0226
17.00..
.0238
17.50..
.0251
.0263
18.00..
18.50..
19.00..
.0276
.0288
19.50.....
•
•
.0300
.0313
.0325
.0338
.0350
.0363
.0375
.0388
•
.0215
.0228
0241
.0255
.0268
0282
20.00.
20 50.
21.00.
21 50
22.00.
03
.03 B
.0302
.0375
.0389
.0402
0415
.0429
•
20.50.
21.00.
Price of
Tin per
box.
21.50
22.00
•
22 50
23.00.
113.50.
24.00
• ❤ •
• •
·
•
$16.50....
17.00 ..
17.50....
18.00.
18.50..
19.00
•
•
.0295
19 50..
20 00.
.0309
• •
22 50....
23.00......
• •
[
•
•
•
· •
•
•
C
• •
1
Cost per
square of
flat roof
20x28 Tin.
•
•
•
•
L
•
.$4.01.
4.13.
4.26..
4.38.
•
•
•
•
•
•
··
•
··
·
•
··
•
………
•
•
•
4.51
4.63
4.76.
4.88.
•
•
... O
•
Cost per
square of
standi'g seam
roof with
20x28 Tin.
.$4.42.
•
•
5.01...
5.13..
5.26.
5.38
5 SI
5.63..
5.76....
4.69.
4 82..
**
• D •
4.96.
5.09.
...
5.23
5.36.
U ·
• •
5 49.
5.63.
5.76.
··
5 go.
6.03.
4 56....
• ·
6 17.
6 30
643
•
-
+4
··
•
•
•
·
་
• •
+4
....
Cost per
sq. foot.
……….
·
•
•
•
•
.0401
.0413
.0426
.0438
•
.0451
.0463
.0476
.0488
•
.0501
.0513
.0526
.0538
Cost per
sq. foot.
.0551
.0563
.0576
.0442
.0456
.0469
.0482
.0496
.0509
.0523
.0536
.0549
.0563
.0576
.0590
.обоз
.0617
0630
.0643
38
The Fastest Locomotive Ever Built.
The largest and fastest passenger engine ever built was by the
Rhode Island Locomotive Works, for the New York, Providence
and Boston Railroad Company The main driving wheels are
six feet in diameter and set but seven feet six inches apart. This
arrangement makes her run easily on curves. The cylinders are
eighteen inches in diameter, with twenty-four-inch stroke. The
boiler is fifty-four inches in diameter at the smoke-stack, with a
wagon top. It extends to the very end of the cab, and necessitates
the elevation of the engineer's seat to a height far above the fire-
door. The fire required three tons of coal before the engine pulled
out of the round-house to make her trips, and four tons will be
carried on the tender. The tank of the latter will hold 4,000 gallons
of water, and the total weight of the engine proper is 93,000 to
95,000 pounds. The weight on the driving wheel will be 66,000
pounds, or 4,800 more than the Connecticut.
She looks to be enormously high as she sets up well in the air,
and her short smoke-stack adds to her apparent height. Every
thing about her is steel. There is not a particle of brass or bright
work about her. She will make the run from Providence to
Groton, Conn., a distance of 62.5 miles, including a dead stop at
Mystic drawbridge, as required by the statutes of Connecticut, in
just 62.5 minutes, pulling at the same time eight cars four of which
are Pullmans.
Notable Bridges of the World.
Sublician bridge, at Rome, oldest wooden bridge; seventh
century. Twice rebuilt, but ruins only remain.
The bridge at Burton, over the Trent; once the longest bridge
In England; 1,545 feet.
The old London bridge was the first stone bridge. Commenced
In 1176, completed in 1209.
The bridge of the Holy Trinity, Florence, built in 1569; marble;
322 feet long.
The Bridge of Sighs, at Venice, over which condemned prisoners
passed to execution, was built in 1589.
The Rialto, at Venice, a single marble arch, built from designs
of Michael Angelo; 98% feet long; completed 1591.
Coalbrookdale bridge, England, was the first cast-iron bridge.
Built over the Severn in 1779.
New London bridge, granite, from designs by L. Rennier.
Commenced in 1824, completed in about seven years; cost
$7,291,000.
The Britannia bridge, over the Menai Strait, Wales, 103 feet
above high water. Wrought iron, 1,511 feet long, finished in 1850.
Cost, $3,008,000.
The Niagara Suspension bridge was built by Roebling, in 1852-
55. Cost, $400,000; 245 feet above water, 1,268 feet long, ostl-
mated 1,200 tons.
Havre de Grace, over the Susquehanna, 3,271 feet long.
Brooklyn Bridge was commenced under the direction of J.
1
1
}
39
Į
I
**
Rechling in 1870, and completed in about thirteen years; 3,475 feet
long, 135 feet high. Cost nearly $15,000,000.
The Canti-Lever bridge, 1884, over the Niagara, steel Length
gio fast; total weight, 3,000 tons; cost was $222,000.
Rush street bridge, Chicago, Ill., 1884, cost $132,000; the larg-:
est general traffic drawbridge in the world. Will accommodate
four teams abreast, and its foot passages are seven feet wide in
the clear. Swung by steam power and lighted by electric light.
Cincinnati, over Ohio river (suspension), 2,220 feet long.
Trajans, over Danube river (stone), 4,770 feet long.
Highbridge, Harlem (stone), 1,460 feet long.
Victoria, Montreal (tubular), 9, 144 feet long.
Louisville, over Ohio river (truss), 5,218 feet long.
St. Louis, over the Mississippi (steel), 2,045 feet long.
Height of Principal Monuments and Towers.
PLACES.
Paris, France.
Washington, D. C..
Egypt.
Belgium.
France.
Egypt.
Rome
Germany
England
England
Italy
Lombardy.
Germany
Spain
Lombardy.
Holland.
Egypt...
Bavaria
...
Venice
Italy
New York.
Hindostan
China
Paris...
Massachusetts.
Italy
Baltimore
··
·
Paris
Italy.
Paris
··
...
... •
··
•
··
•••
•
··
..
...
---
••
•
·
• ·
•
··
... •
NAMES.
Eifel...
Washington Monument.
Pyramid of Cheops..
..Antwerp Cathedral.
Strasburg Cathedral.
.Pyramid of Cephrenes.
St. Peter's Church.
St. Martin's Church at Landshut..
St. Paul's Church, London....
.Salisbury Cathedral.
..Cathedral at Florence.
..Cathedral at Cremona.
Church at Fribourg.
Cathedral of Seville.
.Cathedral of Milan..
.Cathedral of Utrecht...
.Pyramid of Sakkarah.
Cathedral of Notre Dame, Munich.
St. Mark's Church ...
•
•
•
•
•
• • ●
•
· •
• •
·
....
...
………♥
··
Assinelli Tower, Bologna..
Trinity Church...
.Column at Delhi..
--
.Porcelain Tower, Nankin.
Church of Notre Dame..
Bunker Hill Monument..
.Leaning Tower of Pisa...
Washington Monument..
Monument, Place Vendome..
•
Trajan's Pillar, Rome..
.Obelisk of Luxor.....
· ·
· -
FEET.
1,000
555
486
476
• · •
..
---
•
··
··
474
456
448
*** 355
356
356
348
328
•
411
365
400
386
397
386
360
272
284
262
260
224
221
179
175
153
151
110
ANDERSONVILLE.
The total number of deaths in Ander-
sonville prison was 12,462, about one-third of which took place in
the stockade and two-thirds in the hospital. The greatest number
imprisoned at any one time was 33,006. Number of escapes, 328.
+
M
?
Y
I
î
*
40
IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR.
A complete list containing every engagement, great and
small, during the Late Civil War, with casualties on both
sides so far as known, and the victors in the more import-
ant battles; compiled expressly for Conklin's Handy Manual,
from the records of the Government for Grand Army refer-
ence, and being the only list ever published for the public.
The following abstract may be depended upon as being as
nearly reliable as can be compiled. Were it possible to consult
the memory of every veteran who took part in our memorable
struggle, much more could doubtless be added. Many of the
casualties were never recorded in the heat and confusion of
battle, but, so far as they appear on the records on either
side, they are here inscribed:
NOVEMBER, 1860.
10-Bill to equip and raise 10,000 volunteers introduced in
South Carolina Legislature.
18-Georgia Legislature voted $1,000,000 to arm the State.
20-23-Specie payment suspended by banks in Richmond,
Baltimore, Washington, Philadelphia and Trenton, also gen-
erally through the South.
**
DECEMBER, 1860.
3-A John Brown anniversary meeting in Boston broken up
by riot,
10-Louisiana Legislature voted $500,000 to arm the State.
24-Election in Alabama-60,000 majority for secession.
27-Troops ordered out in Charleston.
JANUARY, 1861.
5-Steamer Star of the West sailed from N. Y. with supplies
and reinforcements for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston
on 9th, was fired upon and driven back to sea; returned to
N. Y. on 12th with two shot holes in her hull.
7-Senator Toombs, of Georgia, made a secession speech
in U. S. Senate.
18-Virginia Legislature appropriated $1,000,000 for the de-
fense of the State.
21-Jefferson Davis withdrew from U. S. Senate.
31-U. S. Mint at New Orleans seized by State authorities.
FEBRUARY, 1861.
9-Jefferson Davis elected President of C. S. A.
9-U. S. $25,000,000 loan bill signed by the President.
MARCH, 1861.
4-Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President,
26-Sam Houston, Governor of Texas, deposed for refusal
to take an oath of allegiance to the C. S. A.
}
a
$
41
}
DATE.
12
15
19
2
5
10
10
II
17
29
3I
I
3
IO
II
14
17
17
17
18
23
26
27
29
2555
APRIL, 1861
IO
II
Bombardment of Fort Sum-
ter. No casualties..
Evacuation of Ft. Sumter, S.C.
Riots in Baltimore, Md..
MAY.
N. Y. 69th Regment arrived in
Washington...
Gen. Butler took possession
of Relay House…..
Camp Jackson, Mo..
Riots in St. Louis, Mo.
Charleston blockade establs'd
C. S. Cong. authorized issue of
$50,000,000 8% 20-year bonds
Pres't Davis reached Richm'd
Cavalry skirmish at Fairfax
C. H. Va....
JUNE.
Fairfax Court House, Va.
Phillippi, West Virginia
Big Bethel, Va..
*Romney, West Virginia.
Confederates evacuate and
burn Harper's Ferry, Va....
Vienna, Virginia.
*Boonville, Mo...
Edward's Ferry. Md.
Camp Cole, Mo...
48 B. & O. R. R. locomotives,
valued at $400,000, destroyed
by the Confederates.
Patterson Creek, Va..
Matthias' Point, Va...
General council of war held at
Washington..
•
6
7 Great Falls, Va……….
8 Laurel Hill, W. Va..
•••
# •
JULY.
Falling Waters, Md...
*Carthage, or Dry Forks, Mo.
Newport News...
President Lincoln called for
400,000 men and $400,000,000
to put down the rebellion..
Middle Creek Fork, W. Va……
•
Monroe Station, Mo..
*Rich Mt., Va. (Camp lost and
*
UNION.
K. W.
+4
1
4
I
16
521 S
5
I
15
I
I
8
13
122 on
CASUALTIES.

I
3
31
20
34
I
6
742
19
52
WH
14
SI5
15
31
6
6
CONFED.
K. W.
27
M
2
6
15
IS
4
7
12
14
16
4
#་
7
I
20
20
~
F-M
31
50
40 125 45
639
20 75

42
he
***
DATE.
12
12
14
16
17
17
17
17
18
19
21
22
24
26
27
amnnng *
2
3
14
5
7
8
5 Point of Rocks, Md.
Hampton, Va...
*Lovettsville, Va....
17
19
886.
II Potosi, Mo.
20
26
29
31
10 *Wilson's Creek, Mo. (Gen.
Lyon killed.).
HHNNNO
I
JULY, 1861.
I
2
150 prisoners taken.).
Barboursville, or Red House,
Martial law declared at St.
Louis, Mo....
Brunswick, Mo...
Charleston, or Bird's Pt., Mo.
*Hawk's Nest, W. Va……….
Cross Lanes, or Somerville,
W. Va.....
27
Ball's Cross Roads, Va..
28-9 Ft. Hatteras, N. C.
Lexington, Mo.
Munson's Hill, Va.
2
2
6
Blue Mills, Mo....
Lane's Prairie, near Rolla, Mo.
Ft. Fillmore, New Mexico...
AUGUST.
Dug Springs, Mo.
Messilla, New Mexico.
Athens, Mo.
...
...
• •
...
·
Va...
Beverly, W. Va..
••
Carrick's Ford, W. Va.
Millsville, or Wentzville, Mo.
Fulton, Mo..
Scarrytown, W. Va..
Martinsburg, Mo.
Bunker Hill, Va..
Blackburn's Ford, Va..
Harrisonville and
Parkers-
ville, Mo...
I
+Bull Run, or Manassas, Va... 481 1011 1460 269 1483
Forsyth, Mo...
10
·
··
••••
SEPTEMBER.
Bennett's Mills, Mo...
Boone Court House, W. Va.
Dallas, Mo....
K.
Dry Wood, or Ft. Scott, Mo..
Beher's Mills, Mo.....
Paducah, Ky., occupied by
Union forces...
UNION.
II
I
13
749H
7
I
I
19
I
I
I
HUA
CASUALTIES.
5
I
N
H
W. K. W.
35
24
40
1 M
I
15
1 150 1
433
68
38
38
3
12
3
323
37
6
8
763
6
ONN
40 200
2
ล
∞ LO
CONFED.
420
8
-
60 140 100
ΙΟ
223 721 291 205 800
I
2 3
600
20 10 50
7
4
15 53
14
ܘܝ
I
40
12
14
14
3 2
33 W
I
40
I
50
8
3
30
44
3
26
6
5
3
30
51 715
5
1
43

:
10
II
12
13
13
14
DATE.
មាន់ វា ឯ ១៥ ន ន នា
12-
17
17
មាន ន
25
26
3448
15
16
16
17-
19
21
22
23
23
25
06
SEPTEMBER, 1861
OCTOBER.
Grienbrier, W. Va.
Ft. Craig, New Mexico
Buffalo Hill, Ky..
Hillsboro, Ky..
9 Santa Rosa, Fla.
Cameron, Mo..
Upton Hill, Ky...
12
12
12
13
Bayles Crossroads, La..
Beckwith Farm, Mo...
West Glaze, Mo...
13
15
Big River Br'ge, nr. Potosi, Mo.
Lime Creek, Mo.
•
Carnifex Ferry.
Lewinsville, Va………
Black River, near Ironton, Mo.
Cheat Mountain, W. Va..
Booneville, Mo...
Confed. privateer Judah de-
stroyed near Pensacola, Fla.
Pritchard's Mills, Va....
20. +Lexington, Mo..
Morristown, Mo...
Blue Hills, Mo...
Banks of New Orleans sus-
pend specie payment..
Barbourville, W. Va..
+Ball's Bluff, Va. (Col. Baker
killed.).
Poppinsville, or Osceola, Mo.
Elliott's Mills, Mo……….
*Romney, or Hanging Rock,
W. Va....
Chapmansville, W. Va.
Lucas Bend, Ky
Munson's Hill
• •
...
Bolivar Heights, Mo.
Warsaw, Mo....
• .
UNION.
CONFED.
K. W. K. W. 1
16 102
6
81
- H
9
I
2 4
II
3 15
I
I
42 108 1624
6
39
ས་
34
CASUALTIES.
220 266 500
17
9
8
I 5
20
12
24
3 50
341
14
4
4 9
25
32
N
I
18
2
a
2
29
***
I 6 33
45
4
21. Fr'd'ckst'n and I'nton, Mo. 6
Big Hurricane Creek, Mo....
Bell's Bluff; called Edwards
Ferry, or Har'sn's Ln' dg, Va. 223 226 445
Buffalo Mills, Mo……..
West Liberty, Ky....
Hodgeville, Ky...
Zagonyi's ch'ge, Spr'gfield, Mo.
Romney, or Mill Creek, W. Va.
7
60
2 14
2
3
37
151
5
12
8
25
7
IO
7
36 264
100
II
50
II
35
20 50
4
∞ wh
8
5
I
62
5
63
80
30
3
75
75
60
31
100
20
*
75
30
291
350
3
N
4
40
200
14
36 264
17
IO
55
5
2
5
15 59
******
"
44
DATE.
26 Saratoga, Ky..
Plattsburg, Mo..
Spring Hill, Mo..
27
27
29
I
Woodbury and Morgant'n, Ky.
NOVEMBER.
Winfield Scott, Com. U. S.
army, retired, and Maj.-Gen.
Geo. B. McClellan app'nted..
Renick, Randolph Co., Mo..
6 Little Santa Fe, Mo...
*Belmont, Mo...
Galveston Harbor, Tex.
*Port Royal, S. C..
HONNNG
I
7
7
9
10
10
II
12
: 17
18
19
19
25
24
26
26
29
334
4
4
9
OCTOBER, 1861.
10
II
13
•
*Piketown, or Fry Mtn., Ky. (70)
wagons, stores, and eq'p'gs.)
Guyandotte, W. Va..
Gauley Bridge, W. Va.
Little Blue, Mo..
Occoguan Creek, Va.
Cypress Bridge, Ky.
Palmyra, Mo...
Wirt Court House, W. Va.
Eng. packet Trent boarded by
Capt. Wilkes, and Mason
and Slidell captured. On the
24th inst. they were placed in
Ft. Warren, Boston Harbor;
released Jan. 1, 1862, on a de-
mand of the British govt....
Ft. Pickens, Pensacola, Fla...
Lancaster, Mo.
·
•
Little Blue, Mo..
Drainesville, Va….
Black Walnut Creek, Mo
DECEMBER.
Salem, Mo..
Vienna, Va.
Anandale, Va..
Dunksburg, Mo.; citizens re-
pulse raiders...
Congress passed bill authoriz'g
exchange of prisoners.
Shelling of Free Stone Point
by Union gunboats.
Bertrand, Mo...
•
•
+ •
Camp Allegheny, or Buffalo
Mt., W. Va.
UNION.
K. W.
28H00
4
7
2730
mal CA
5
CASUALTIES.

I
I
6
1
4
5
I
90 173 235 261| 427 378
3
II 39
46 38
14
23
2200
26
16
9
I
15
72
1
15
10
W-d
20 10
CONFED.
K. W. 1
8 17
∞ ∞
8
18
3
31
ทาง
I
53
5
13
2
17
45 200
10
16
I
17
23
20
7 10
20 96
}
45


DATE.
20
21
17 Rowlett's Station, Ky.
18 *Milford, Blackwater, Mo……………
傻
​Drainsville, Va...
Hudson, Mo...
Wadesburg, Mo.
Sacramento, Ky.
Mt. Zion, Mo..
Banks of New York, Philadel-
phia, Albany, and Boston sus-
pend specie payment.
JANUARY, 1862.
4
Port Royal, S. C..
Huntersville, Va..
Near Bath, Va..
Calhoun, Mo...
4
4
7 Blue Gap, near Romney, Va..
Jennie's Creek, Ky
Charleston. Mo..
Dry Forks, W. Va.
Silver Creek, Mo..
Columbus, Mo..
Middle Creek, Ky.
22
28
28
30
bad
I
7∞∞∞
8
8
8
23 550
19-
1∞∞∞
I
8
8
Bowling Green, Ky..
6 *Fort Henry, Tenn.
Linn Creek, Va..
*Roanoke Island, N. C. (Sur-
render of Ft. Henry, Tenn.,
to Federal army....
Elizabeth City, N. C..
Blooming Gap, Va...
Flat Lick Fords, Ky.
14-15, 16. *Ft. Donnelson, Tenn.
(6 forts, 65 guns, and 17,500
small arms captured, and
13,829 Conf. w. and m.).
Pea Ridge, Mo..
Independence, Mo.
Ft. Craig, New Mexico.
Mason's Neck, Va……….
Keytersville, Mo...
ΤΟ
13
14
1
DECEMBER, 1861.
17
18
21
24
26
2
• •
• ·
20. *Mill Springs, Ky. (Gen.
Zolicoffer killed)...
Knob Noster, Mo.
Occoguan Bridge, Mo.
FEBRUARY.
· • •
→ ·
MARCH.
Pittsburg Landing, Tenn.
UNION.
K. W. K. W.
|
10 22
8
027
7 61
I
~
I 8
5
63
3∞
8
552
3
CASUALTIES.
I
532
31
1200
5
25
38 194
I
I 4
2 2
IO
I
2
IO
51
1666
I
16
6
35 200
2
40
I
2 51
CONFED.
5
33 50
10
30
25 150
I 7
30
30
16
15
LO
6
40
IO
cour
5
100 160
8
16
1300
43 143
13
4
ww.
I
14
4461735 150| 231|1007
5 9
I 3
62 140
I
80
7
39 2527
51
150
20 200
46

⇒1
i
>
7
i
DATE.
New Madrid, Mo...
Occoguan, Va
6- 7, 8. *Pea Ridge, Ark.
Fox Creek, Mo..
minó noo
9
9
IO
10
II
12
12
13
14
16
18
21
22
23
23
-26
26
28
2 440 ∞
MARCH, 1862.
26-27, 28.
27, 28.
8
• 9
ΙΟ
II
II
12
12
14
14
14
14
15
16
16
Near Nashville, Tenn.
Mountain Grove, Mo…….
Hampton Roads, Va...
Burke's Station, Va.
••
Jacksb'o, Big Creek Gap, Tenn.
Paris, Tenn.
Lexington, Mo...
Near Lebanon, Mo..
New Madrid, Mo.
*Newberne, N. C..
*
··
Black Jack Forest, Tenn.
Salem, or Spring River, Ark.
Mosquito Inlet, Fla...
Independence, Mo.
Carthage, Mo..
...
...
••
··
•
• ·
Near Corinth, Miss..
Owens River, Cal..
*Ft. Pulaski, Ga...
Huntsville, Ala...
Yorktown, Va....
...
Little Blue River, Mo..
Monterey, Va..
Pollocksville, N. C..
Diamond Grove, Mo...
Walkersville, Mo....
Monta Vallo, Mo……….
Pechach's Pass, Ariz.......
Savannah, Tenn...........
Wilmington Island, Ga......
1 2 3
UNION.
K. W. K. W.
дож
I
203 972 174 1100 2500 1600
41
5
I
10
261 108
585
CASUALTIES.
32
3
ON NGN NW
91 466
I
*Winchester, Va. (Gens. Mc-
Intosh, McCulloch and Slack
killed).
Warrensburg, Mo...
Humonsville, Mo.
Near Santa Fe, N. M.
Warrensburg, Mo....
APRIL.
Putnam's Ferry, Mo...
Great Bethel, Va..
10
2
20
• • + ·
Crump's Landing, Tenn.
6-7 *Shiloh, or Pittsb'g Ld'g, Tenn. 1735 7882 3950 1728 8012 959
8 *Island No. 10, Tenn. (6 forts
captured).
2
2
223
10
25H
103 440 24
I 22
5. គិម
2
~
CONFED.
Co
3
ܗ
732
91
35]
100
2 4
ΙΟ
17
9 3
13 5
100
64 106 433
54
51
15
75 35 36 бо 93
15
3
17
15
5
5
80 342 269
9
10 10
U LA
5
P-M
25988
6000
25 200
4 360
200
71
5 65
10
47

DATE.
16
17
18
18
18-
2977888 A**888
19
23
26
26
26
29
134
4
-IIINN∞∞aagoo
5
5
5
3
I Clarke's Hollow, West Va...
Farmington, Miss.
Licking, Mo..
Cheese Cake Church, Va.
Lebanon, Tenn...
7
7
8
8
9
IO
10
10
APRIL, 1862.
II
13
15
15
·· +
Lee's Mills, Va..
Holly River, W. Va.
Falmouth, Va...
Elk Station, Ala.
9 New Kent C. H., Va..
IS
15
•
Edisto Island, S. C…….
28. Fts. Jackson and St. Phillip
and the capture of New Or-
leans, La..
Talbot's Ferry, Ark.
Camden. N. C…….
Grass Lick, W. Va..
Ft. Macon, N. C..
Turnback Creek, Mo.
Neosha, Mo....
Com. Farragut demanded the
surrender of New Orleans..
In front of Yorktown, Va…………
Norton's Mills, N. C..
Paint Rock R. R. Bridge, Tenn.
Cumberland Monntain, Tenn.
Monterey, Tenn...
Bridgeport, Ala..
MAY.
·
New Orleans capt'd by Union
soldiers..
•
Lock Ridge Mills, Ky.
* Williamsburg, Va...
West Point, Va...
Somerville Heights, Va.
McDowell or Bull Pasture, Va.
Corinth, Miss..
•
*
.
Port Pillow, Tenn..
Surrender of Norfolk, Va..
Gen. Butler captured $800,000
in Gold at New Orleans.
Bloomfield, Mo……….
Monterey, Tenn..
Linden, Va..
••
····
• • ·
Fort Darling, James River, Va.
Clalk Bluff, Mo...
Butler, Bates Co., Mo..
UNION.
K. W.
W.
35 129
3
"")
5
23 1
12
I
36 193
I
98
1 3
I
MAN
3
7
Jonk
I
16
I 6
H2H
I
I
4 a
CASUALTIES.
4 5+
I
4
w au
I
16
3
I
3
II
3
3
2 7 24
28 225
4
21
2 2
12
د دا
6 25
41 16 68
450 1400 372 1000
40 104 4I
3
12 14
234 © H
P-M
3
43
I
CONFED.
14
K. │W.
20 75 50
2
19
185 197 400
ထိုက
3
6
7
5
72
30
w. I
N
7
19
18 450
30 62
100 200
30
16
IO 14
2
I
3
3
8
350
66
48
DATE.
15-8 Princeton, West Va..
Corinth, Miss..
Searcy Landing, Ark.
Clinton, N. C..
17
19
19
21
22
22
23
23
23
23
24
24
25
27
27
27
28
29
30
30
Phillips Creek, Miss..
Florida, Mo....
Near Newberne, N. C...
Louisburg, Va.
Front Royal, Va.
Backton Station, Va.
Ft. Craig, New Mexico.
New Bridge, Va…….
Chickahominy, Va..
+Winchester, Va. (Fed. retr' d.
Hanover Court House, Va…….
Big Indian Creek, Ark…….
Osceola, Mo..
Wardensville, Va.
Pocotaligo, S. C
Booneville, Miss.
Front Royal, Va..
*Corinth, Miss..
Neosho, Mo...
31 Near Washington, N. C.
31 And
31
30
AMM =
234456
6
8
9
IO
II
MAY, 1862.
12
13
13
14
16
17
17
...
• •
...
•
renders).
Harrisonburg, Va..
+ Cross Keys, Va.
+ Port Republic, Va.
James Island, S. C……….
Monterey, Ky...
Waddell's Farm, Ark.
Old Church, Va.
James Island, S. C..
Turnstall Station, Va..
·
••
•
JUNE.
+Seven Pines and Fair Oaks,
• •
•
Va....
Strasburg, Va.
►
Legare's Point, S. C……….
Jasper, Tenn.
Blackand, Miss.
Tranter's Creek, N. C.
Memphis, Tenn. (Memphis sur-
...
Ft. Johnson, James Isl'd, S. C.
St. Charles, Årk…….
Warrensburg, Mo.
•
UNION.
CONFED.
K. W. K. W. I
30 70
39
17
--
O ∞
IO
18
342
132
14
3
2
32 122 750
61
5
CASUALTIES.

2
I
2 4
38 155 71I
53 344
257
53 2∞
8
322
60
12
3
10
32
9
8
3
Jnd w
2 5
2
7
14
II
125 500
67 364 574)
3
13
2 14
12
150
9
3 19
4 8
85 472 128
105
30
2
2
40
12
60
200
5
บา
2
31
800 3627 1222 2800 3807 1300
20
8ANO* *
80
60 100
25
17
3
28
I
19
2
63 17 50
20
42 230
88 335
80 100
30
27
6
730
51| 144
155
2000
156
34
100
1
=
?
17
18
21
22
23
25
25
25
26
27
26-
26
1 X 36 78
I
I
DATE.
6
7
8
9
JUNE, 1862.
Smithville, Ark...
Williamsburg Road, Va.
Battle Creek, Tenn..
Raceland, La..
Raytown, Mo..
Oak Grove, Va.
Germantown, Tenn.
Little Red River, Ark.
*Chickahominy, Va..
+Gaines Mills, Va...
29. U. S. fleet under Com. Far-
•
• • •
··
•
• ·
Total casualties in Confed.
divisions were 14,011 w……….
JULY.
Booneville, Miss..
Morning Sun, Texas.
Elvington Heights, Va.
Grand Prairie, Ark….
Bayou Cache, La..
Black River, Mo...
Hamilton, N. C……….
9 Aberdeen, Ark…….
Thompkinsville, Ky.
Williamsburg, Va.
Pleasant Hill, Mo..
9
II
II
12
Lebanon, Ky. (Morgan's raid).
12
13
Near Culpepper, Va.
Murfreesboro, Tenn.
Batesville, Ark.
14
15
35
Apache Pass, Ariz.
Fayetteville, Ark..
•
•
•
• •
•
•
•
49

•
•
·
UNION.
K. W. K. W.
2543m
47380
7 57
I
ragut; no casualties rec'rd'd.
to July 1. *Malvern Hill, Va. 1000k w & m5000k w & m
President Lincoln calls for
600,000 men. The seven days'
retreat of the Army of the
Potomac under Gen. Geo. B.
McClellan; total casualties.
in the various engagements
were: 1st corps..
2d corps.
3d corps.
4th corps.
5th corps....
6th corps...
Engineer's corps.
Total...
51 401
10
CASUALTIES.
45
S
CO H
4
7
I
1
253 1240 1581
1871076 848|
1891051 833
69 507 201
620 2460 1198
24513131179
2 21
15827709 5958
4
I
10
2
MI
33
2
Sol 150
1000
7500k w & m/7500k w & m
4
32
21
64
57
3
20
6
19
CONFED.
5 9
65 495 II
2820
17
II
64
4
O MO
10
100
84
110 200
3
6
65
26
15
กา
5
65
I
5
62 800 50 100
4
752
150
HAL
50

=
DATE.
15
17
18
18
*******
23
23
24
24
29
30
31
12234
I
25
26 Young's Crossroads, N. C.
28 Moore's Mills, Mo..
Brownsville, Tenn.
Paris, Ky..
Coggin's Point, Va.
AUGUST.
Newark, Mo...
Orange Court House, Va..
Clear Creek, Mo………..
Languelle Ferry, Ark..
President Lincoln ordered 300,-
ooo men to be drafted..
679aaqu
9
4 Sparta, Tenn..
5
ܩ
JULY, 1862.
LO
II
12
13
15
16
19
20
Decatur, Tenn.
Cynthiana, Ky. Morgan's raid.
Postage stamps made legal
tender..
guer-
Memphis, Mo...
Guerrilla campaign in Mo. to
Sept. 20. (Morgan's
rillas scattered)...
Florida, Mo....
Columbus, Mo...
Trinity, Ala..
Near Florida, Mo.
Courtland Bridge, Mo.
•
..
Independence, Mo.
Gallatin, Tenn..
Clarendon, Ark..
•
• · ·
·
*Baton Rouge, La. (Gen. Will-
iams killed).
Malvern Hill, Va..
Kirksville, Mo.
Thornburg, Va..
Tazewell, Tenn.
Trenton, Tenn.
Stockton, Mo...
*Cedar Mountain, Va. (Conf.
repulsed)....
Nucces River, Tex.
to 13. Grand River skirmishes,
Mo. Total..
•
..
• •
Merriweather's Ferry, Tenn..
Lone Jack, Mo..
Clarksville, Tenn.
Edgefield Junction, Tenn.
22 +Gallatin, Tenn. (Gen. John-
UNION.
K. W. K. W.
17
13
3
2
21
I
19
4
10
77 156 347 500 1800 560
3
4
17
2030 23
CASUALTIES.
31
28
4
341
35
W=8 A5
100
22
22
4457
1 T3
*2 4∞O
II
H &
2
7
21
6
15
82 255
II
60
12
23
41
12
14
38
100
60
31 6
60 100
8 18
34
CONFED.
18 312
50 200
8 29
23
200
12
I
4
8
30 100
4
27
IO 6
73
12
II
72
50 9
450 660 290| 229|1047
8 14
2018 NO
23
84 316 76
100
128 200
40
30 20
13 36
6
IO
20
IIO
52
18
31
700
!
5+1

DATE.
23
23
29
30
30
30
31
son captured)..
Big Hill, Madison Co., Ky...
Waterloo Bridge, Va..
23 Pope's campaign in Va. to
Sept. 1. Army of Virginia.. 7000
25-6 Ft. Donnelson, Tenn.
31
27
*Bull Run and Kettle Run, Va.| 300|
28-9 *Groverton and Gainesville,
Va. Army of Potomac losses
in all corps..
Manchester, Tenn.
tSecond Battle of Bull Run, or
Manassas, Va.
Bolivar, Tenn.
+Richmond, Ky.
•••
Medow Station, Tenn.
SEPTEMBER.
Britton's Lane, Tenn
+Chantilly, Va.
McDowell's
corps, Hooker and Kearney's
Div. of 3d corps, and Reno's
corps. (Gens. Kearney and
Stearns, Federals, killed.... 1300
Washington, N. C………
Columbus, Tenn..
Cold Water, Miss..
Fayetteville, W. Va.
I
HH
I
6
9
10
10
12-
19-
20
22
30
AUGUST, 1862.
HŜS N∞
7
• •
20.
··
14
15. Harper's Ferry, Va. 11583
Union prisoners taken.
*South Mountain, Md. (Gen.
Reno killed)..
14-6 +Mumfordsville, Ky.
Harper's Ferry surrenders 11,-
500 Federals..
15
17
*Antietam, or Sharpsburg, Md.
Total loss in all corps....
* Iuka, Miss..
Blackford's Ford, Va...
Emancipation Proclamation is-
sued.....
Newtonia, Mo..
OCTOBER.
Shepherdstown, Va..
3-4 Corinth, Miss..
I
5
Metamora, Miss..
La Vergne, Tenn.
* Perryville, Ky...
•
+
·
UNION.
CONFED.
K. W. K. W. 1
17000
CASUALTIES.
64 100 200 110 k & w
IO 40
25
37
94
8 36
2
13
80
80 120
443 1800
50
1500
30
50
812000 &
800 4000 3000 700 3000
5
18 64 100
200 700 4000 250 500
3 13 43
5 51 52 179 100
100
800
+ 00 0
30 100
18
4
500
k w & m
go +85
45
80
8000
2010 9416 1043 3500
144 598
92| 131| 103] 33 231
163998
1000
900 2344 1500
3566 715
16000
263 692 501
So 115 220 280
12
60
315 1812 232142356922248
500
400
3 9
80
9162943 489/2500
175
доставка
:
•
2
DATE.
ΙΟ
17
18
2223
1 (3)
I
3
3456 78
21
220092929
24
28
14
18
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I
J
I
8
11
+1
OCTOBER, 1862.
Harrodsburg, Ky.
Lexington, Ky.
Morgan, the raider, dashed into
Lexington- and captured 125
prisoners
•
+ ·
28 Crane Hill, Boonesboro, Ark..
R
Maysville, Ark.
Pocotaligo, S. C.....
NOVEMBER.
Artillery fight at Philmont, Va.
Reconnoisance at the base of
Blue Ridge Mts. Confeder-
ates literally driven into the
river and drowned by scores.
Harrisonville, Mo.....
Galveston, Texas, surrendered
Nashville, Tenn.
Garretsburg, Ky.
Big Beaver Creek, Mo..
Hudsonville, Miss...
Gen. Sumner demands surren-
Hartwood Church, Va.………
DECEMBER.
4
Winchester, Va., captured by
Union soldiers
Coffeeville, Miss.
5
7
7
Fayetteville, Ark..
Hartsville, Tenn..
Dobbin's Ferry, Tenn...
9
13
12-8 Goldsboro expedition, N. C.……
+ Frederickburg, Va., Army of
the Potomac...
Kingston, N. C..
Lexington, Tenn..
Holly Springs, Miss.
Davis Mills, Miss.
20
21
28-9 + Chicasaw Bayou, Vicksburg.
Red Mound, Tenn..
30
31
To
der of Fredericksburg, Va..
Beaver Creek, Mo...
•
52

•
▼
• *
Ga
• •
4
•
CASUALTIES.
UNION.
K. W. K. W.
4 24 350
43 258
IO
644
3
26
1 3
10
36
9 200
300
10} 54
167 798 183
55
1800
5 48
90 478
1180 9028 2145
40 120
7 10 124
1000
3
191 982 756
23 139 58
CONFED.
14 144
129 831
14 102
JANUARY, 1863.
*Murfreesboro, or Stone River,
Goo
Tenn., Army of Cumberland. 1533 7245 2800 14560
Galveston, Tex.
Springfield, Mo…..
*Ft. Hindman, Ark.
50
6 20
17 85
16
5
20
75 300
1600
23
185
7 43
300 1200
21 114
71 268 400
579 3870 127
50 75 400
기 ​28
22 50
207
50 150 300
4 200
100 400 5000
1
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€.
DATE.
ক
Сл
3
Ft. Donnelson, Tenn..
MARCH.
5 Spring Hill and Unionville,
Tenn...
14
17
20
30
Port Hudson, La..
Kelly's Ford, Va……….
Vaught's Hill, Tenn.
Dutton's Hill, or Somerset, Ky.
APRIL.
Bombardment of Ft. Sumter,
by South Atlantic squadron.
Franklin and Harpeth River,
Tenn...
12-4 Irish Bend, or Indian Ridge.
La...
7
10
UN BNK
26
16 Siege of Suffolk, Va.
Cape Girardeau, Mo...
Streight's raid from Tuscum-
bia, Ala., to Rome, Ga....
Fairmount, W. Va...
Spottsylvania Court House, Va
MAY
27
29
30
HH
I
I
I-4
2
FEBRUARY, 1863.
II
12
14
16
17
18
27
53

9
9
..
JUNE.
Franklin, Tenn..
K.
...
UNION.
CONFED.
W. K. W. 1
|
60 50 140 400 130
16
100 300 1306 150 450
65
9
72
10
2
100
350
12
CASUALTIES.
58
35
48
42
44 202
6
|2000
25
20
500
|3000
268
I 6
69 1466
Port Gibson, Miss..
La Grange, Ark..
*Chancellorsville, Va.
+Fredericksburg, Va...
Horse Shoe Bend, Ky.
Raymond, Miss.
*Jackson, Miss.
*Champion Hills, Miss. (20
cannon captured).
*Big Black River, Miss. (17
cannon captured)
to 22. +Siege of Vicksburg,
by Gen. Grant and Porter's
gunboat fleet. (31,277 Con.
killed, wounded and miss'ng 545 3688 303
to July 9. Siege of Port Hud-
son, La.
500 2500
25
6-8 Milliken's Bend, La. Colored
4 26
20 8ol
regm'ts. No quarters shown. 154 223 115 125 400 200
Monticello and Rocky Gap, Ky
Bevery Ford and Brandy Sta-
tion, Va. Cavalry fight....
13-5] +Winchester, Va...
II 88
63 300
200
19
100
500
60 275
1150
500
130 718
2000k w & m
15129518 5000 1581 8700 2000
IO 20 40 100
60 341
909
40 240
450
426 1842 189 2500
29 242
боо
ဦ
IO
35 85
400 2000
400
200
700
850
1800
100 700 6408
2500
་
54

11
******
DATE.
23
23
28
30
14
17
Martinsburg, Va...
Aldie, Va. Kilpatrick's cavalry
20-1 La Forche Crossing, La……….
Upperville, Va...
21
Brashearn City, La..
to 30. *Rosenkranz's campaign
from Murfreesboro to Tal-
lahoma, Tenn……….
Donaldsonville, La.
Hanover, Penn..
JULY.
*Gettysburg, Pa., Army of the
Potomac. Decisive battle of
the war...
26. Morgan's raid into ken-
tucky, Indiana and Ohio...
*Helena, Ark...
Vicksburg surrenders
4
4
4-5 Bolton and Birdway Ferry,
Miss. (rear guard of John-
ston's army).
Smithburg, Md……
Lebanon, Ly
1-3
I-
All
in 1900
5
13
13
13-
14
14
16
JUNE, 1863.
...
3
9
20
9-16.
*Port Hudson surrenders..
Jackson, Miss....
10 Sept. 6. Siege of Fort Wagner,
Morris Island, S. C...
Yazoo, City, Miss...
Donaldsonville, La.
21
26
25
··
....
• •
17
17
21-3 Manassas Gap and Chester
Gap, Va...
AUGUST.
...
1-3 Rappahannock, Station, Va..
Jacksonville, La...
••••
•
Sparta, Tenn..
Lawrence, Kas., burned..
Massacre at Lawrence, Kas..
Rocky Gap, Va...
to 31. Brownsville Bayou, Ark
SEPTEMBER.
8 Night attack on Ft. Sumter...
UNION.
K. W. K. W.
1757
450
• ·
15. Draft riots in N. Y. City.. 1000
Falling Waters, Md.
* Bristow Station, Va....
Sheppardtown, Va..
Honey Springs, Indian Ter...
Wytheville W. Va...
200
24 4I 89
8 40
94
46
12
85 462
43
CASUALTIES.

77 35
17
17
13709
283486643 3500
29 36
51 329
40 300 3 18
30
30
9 15 400 3 6
100 800 100
3939
سا
22 80 790 86 385 3000
57 117 32 173 687 776
60
61
35 102
3
8
16 134
CONFED,
2
6 25
24
140
16 113
13 72
2 27
Ind
2
100
53 150
20 100 60
1634
114
39 112 150
75
125
[1200]
14500 0008
P-M.
40
150
25
75
150 400
75
300
5500
71 504 764
501
8 13621
8
2000
100
250
1500
800
125
55

DATE.
9
13
19
22223
* O****
29 Near Morganzia, La..
OCTOBER,
17
18
21
II
12-3 Ingham's Mills and Wyatt's,
13
Miss.
Culpepper and White Sulphur
Springs, Va..
Auburn, Va..
14
14
Bristol Station, Va..
• • ··
15-8 Canton, Brownsville, and Clin-
ton, Miss..
President Lincoln calls for
27
Batter
300,000 more men…….
Charlestown, W. Va...
Cherokee Station, Ala..
25 Pine Bluff, Ark..
26 Cane Creek, Ala..
Wauhatchie, Tenn.
NOVEMBER.
3
SEPTEMBER, 1863.
Cumberland Gap, Tenn...
Culpepper, Va
and 20. Chickamauga, Ga.
Army of Cumberland; 13,412
Confed. wounded...
Blountsville, Tenn.
7
II
14
14
16
17
•
27
27
Henderson's Mills, Tenn..
…….
+ ..
Grand Cateau, La..
3-4 Colliersville & Moscow, Tenn
Rogersville, Tenn...
6
6
+
Droop Mountain, Va……….
Rappahannock Station, Va..
Natchez, Miss...
Huff's Ferry, Tenn.
Maysville, Tenn.
Campbell's Station, Tenn…….
to Dec. 4. Siege of Knoxville,
Tenn. Army of the Ohio..
23-5 *Chattanooga, Tenn., Look-
out Mt., and Mis'y Ridge,
Army of the Tennessee.
26-8 Operations at Mine Run, Va.,
Army of the Potomac.
Cleveland, Tenn....
*Ringgold and Taylor's Ridge,
Ga...
DECEMBER.
10-4 Bean's Sta. and Morristown,
Tenn.....
..
K.
UNION.
3 40
14
5 22
45
1644 92624945 2389
15
CASUALTIES.

7
II
8.
46
II 42
51 329
W. K. W.
12 13 379
37
31
370
4
100
100
40 400
II
20
6
76 339
26 124 570
7 57
5
32
700
27
96
12 650
94
6
60 340
39 80
CONFED.
68 351
2000
IO 40 75
30
50
81
750
200
P-M
2005
50 100
24
40
53 164
IO 30
300 1200
150
60 320 65
100{
IO 20
50 250 100
II
98 1627
4
8
757 4529 330 36121816141
100 400
100 400
932
570
80 400 300
200
50 200 230
150
56

售
​DATE.
00000
I
3
Barran Fork, Ind. Ter.
Charleston, Tenn...
St. Augustine, Fla..
JANUARY, 1864.
London Heights, Va..
Jonesville, Va....
Mossy Creek, Tenn
16-7 Dandridge, Tenn..
Rolling Prairie, Ark.
Taswell, Tenn.
Kelly's Ford, Tenn.
Medley, W. Va...
13
23
24
27
29
FEBRUARY.
19
28
30
www.you
I
5
669
ad
1-3 Newberne, N. C………….
March 8. Yazoo River exp'd'n
3- March 5. Expedition from
Vicksburg to Meridian, Miss.
Qualltown, N. C...
Morton's Ford, Va..
Morgan's Mills, Ark.
25. Smith's raid from Ger-
mantown, Tenn., into Miss..
14-5 Waterproof, La. Col'd troops.
Olustee or Silver Lake, Fla...
Mulberry Gap, Tenn...
25-7 Buzzard Roost, Ga
28-
20
22
I
9
17
17
21
25
26
DECEMBER, 1863.
31
235
.
•
..
Burton's Ford, Va...
Suffolk, Va...
··
• +
•
Manchester, Tenn..
Gen. Grant assumes command
of all the armies of the U. S.
Henderson Hills, La.
Near Snydersville, Miss..
APRIL.
Spooneville, Ark..
Okalona, Ark…….
Roseville, Ark..
Wilson's Farm, La..
▼
Ft. Anderson, Ky.
...
to 30. Longview and Mt. Elba,
Ark...
7
8-9 Sabin Cross Roads and Pleas-
ant Hills, La…………
10-3 Prairie di Ann, Ark..
UNION
K. W.
March 4. Kilpatrick's raid from
Stephensburg to Richmond, Va. 330
MARCH.
2 15!
4
29
12
II
100
IO
16
35 121
IO
CASUALTIES.
14
4
16
o69 +
10
41
48 300
150
8 I
16
70
14
50 250
50 138 105 503|
3
6
10 201
I
4
I
46
18
3
P-M
33
74
19] II
43 267
8 14
15
193 1175 400 100 400
13 256
17 272
CONFED.
39
K. W.
50
8 39 21
44
14
31
65
5
351
65
308
21
8
IO
2 3
12
20 120
100
85
ON
555555
10/
15
12
15
100
30
yo
3 7
P-M
50 300
25
212
50
100
30
250
40
35 300
II
25
40 100
300 1600 2100 600 204 500
100
50
+16
J
DATE.
12
15
17
18
Pleasant Hill Landing, La………
and 16. Liberty P.O. and occu-
pation of Camden, Ark
to 20. +Plymouth, N. C...
Poison Springs, Ark
23
and 24. Moneti's Bluff, La…..
Mark's Mills, Ark.
30 Jenkin's Ferry, Ark
24
gooo oo
8
8-
MAY.
1-8 Hudnot's plantat'n, near Alex-
andria, La..
6
Army
5-7 Battle of the Wilderness, Va.
Army of the Potomac...
Gen. Sherman begins his At-
lanta campaign..
5-9 Rocky Face Ridge, Ga.
of the Cumberland.
6-7 Chester Station, Va..
Todd's Tavern, Va..
18. Spottsylvania, Fredericks-
burg Road, Army of the Po-
mac. (2 Confederate generals
and 30 guns captured).
Swift Creek, Va…….
10. Cloyn's Mountain, Va..
13. Sheridan's cavalry raids
in Virginia.
12-6 Drury's Bluff, Va..
Resaca, Ga
10.
13-6
Newmarket, Va..
ááá
9-
9-
9-
15
16
18
i
* 252
APRIL, 1864.
25
23-7 North Ann River, Va.
• •
26-9 Decatur, Ala
IO
57
27-8 Hanoverton, Va.
Ashland, Va..
►
*
to June 4. *Dallas, Ga. Army
of the Cumberland...
30
JUNE.
1-12 +Cold Harbor, Va.: 10,570 Fed.
wounded..
•
Piedmont, W. Va.
Lake Chicot. Ark..
Mount Sterling, Ky.
6
9
9-30 Kenesaw Mountain, Army of
the Cumberland.
Brice's Cross Roads, Miss.
UNION,
K. W. K. W.
33
15597
CASUALTIES.

4177
7
255
20 80 1500 500
113 88 68
350
400
100 250 100 110 228
200 955
300 300
87
200 637
48 250
40 150
to 30. Bermuda Hundred, Va. 200 1000
Calhoun Station, La..
60 300
21463
10677
2400
48
10687
90 4001
126 585
50 174 200
422 2383 210
600 2147
CONFED.
200
1995
130 650
40
70
35 150
25 100
2000 6000 3400
600
50 200
30 150
120 500 240] 85 320
3000
500
223 1400 290 2000
2577 1000 5000 3000
500
699
300
100
400 2000 100
300 1500 1000
3000
60
25 119 200| 475
26 130
40
2450 1200
500
400 1450 1060
100
50 200 250
3500
1370 6500 S001100
223 3941623 131 475
•
J
why
58

{
6
J
DATE,
17
19
11
Cynthiana, Ky....
II
and 12.
15
Trevillian Sta., Va..
Malvern Hill...
15-9 +Petersburg, Va., Army of the
James.
and 18. Lynchburg, Va..
Alabama sunk off Charbourg,
France, by the Kearsage..
to 30. In front of Petersburg,
Va....
22-3 Jerusalem Plank road, Va.
Army of the Potomac.
22 to 30. Wilson's raid on the
Weldon railroad, Va..
23-4 Jones' Bridge, Va..
25-9 Clarendon, St. Charles river,
Ark...
28
20
I
JUNE, 1864.
9
12
18
...
19
20
Confederates move on Wash-
ington by way of the She-
nandoah Valley, Va....
JULY.
··
··
6-10 Chattahoochee river, Ga. Army
of the Ohio..
Monocacy, Md.
•
•••
to 31, In front of Petersburg,
Va., Deep Bottom, New-
market and Malvern Hill... 898 40603110
2-5 Smyrna, Ga
60 310
3-9 Expedition from Vicksburg to
Jackson, Miss..
5-18 Smith's expedition from La
Grange, Tenn., to Tapola,
Miss...
150
...
CASUALTIES.
UNION.
H
K. W. 1
150
85 490 160
25 3
1398 7474 1814
100 500 100
112 506 800
604 2494 2117
92 317 734
54 235 300
Ft. Stephens, Washington, D.C
Ashby's Gap, Va..
20. Winchester, Va…….
*Peachtree Creek, Ga...
*Atlanta, Ga. (McPherson k'ld)
24-4 Kernstown and Winchester.. 1200
26- 31. Stoneman's raid to Macon 100
26- 31.
McCook's raid to Love-
22
··
28
Second sortie at
joy Station, Ga..
Atlanta, Ga,
Ezra Chapel.
AUGUST.
1-31 In front of Petersburg, Va…………
5-23 *Ft. Gaines, Mobile Harbor,
200
85 567
80 450 200
90 579 1200
54 319
CONFED.
W.
100 500
100 600
87 484
K.
300
100
200
365
250
400
100
500
300 200
200 200.
200
P-M
600 200
g
110 600
400
370
400
200
37 175
300 200
300 1310 1113 25000083
500 2141 1000 2482 4000 2017
600
990
642 4000/1900
܀
15
A.
1
DATE.
79
1000 H I
Ala. (100 drowned by sink-
ing of the Tecumseh. 150
guns captured).
Morefield, Va....
Explosion at City Point, Va.
14-8 Strawberry Plains, Va……….
Front Royal, Va.
16
18
21
25
25
29
31
OCTOBER, 1864.
10
4
16
19-
··
59
SEPTEMBER.
Jonesboro, Ga.
I
1-8 Rosseau's pursuit of Wheeler
in Tennessee..
Oct. 30. In front of Peters-
15
19
19, 21. *Six Mile House Vel-
don R. R. (Railroad
Summitt Pt., Berryville, and
Flowing Springs, Va...
Smithville and Kearneysville,
Va....
Ream's Station, Va.
Smithfield, Va...
And
30
I
2
2
5 Allatoona, Ga.
7-13 Darbytown Road, Va
Strasburg, Va..
13
13
23
26-7 Pilot Knob, or Ironton, Mo..
Massacre by Price, Mo...
27
28-30. Newmarket Heights, or
Laurel Hill, Va...
OCTOBER.
• •
75
UNION.
K. W. K. W.
'd). 212 1155 3176
600
Dalton, Ga. Troops under Col.
Johnson..
Glascow, Mo..
*Cedar Creek, Va, (Sheridan's
ride)..
9 22
70 130
400 1755 1400
13 58
CASUALTIES.

1149
zol
170
30
burg, Va. Army of the Pot'c 170 S20 812
*Fall of Atlanta, Ga...
3-4 Berryville, Va..
2
..
Greenville, Tenn..
Sycamore Church, Va……….
22. Winchester and Fisher's
Hills, Va. 2d Div. 19th corps
under Sheridan. (Con. Gens.
Rhodes and Gordon killed). 693 4033 623 3259
Athens, Ala…………
400
30 182 100
6
28
122
201 60 1001 300
127 5461709 1500
10
90
200
56
2
CONFED.
100
400 2029
141 788 1750
400
400
1000
30 150 300
(2000)2000
200
300
950 5
100 1500
And
Poplar Springs Church, Va……. | 141
Waynesboro, Va……..
Saltville, Va..
50
18
54 190 104
142 352 212 231
105 502 206 1100
30 144 401
2000
100
25 100
ID
50
2144
400
P-M
400
501
588 3516 1891 3000
200
79
60 75
25
3600
800l 100
21
71
500 411
350
1200
60
t
ř
DATE.
27
+Natcher's Run, Va.
27-8 Fair Oaks, Va..
Beverly, W. Va.
29
NOVEMBER.
G N
9
Atlanta, Ga...
Newton and Cedar Spring,
Ball's Gap, Tenn....
Myerstown, Va...
Griswoldville, Ga..
Saundersonville, Ga.
26-9 Sylvan Grove, Ga..
29 30. Spring Hill and Franklin,
Tenn...
30
12
13
18
22
26
10-
12-
OCTOBER, 1864.
DECEMBER.
I
Stony Creek Station, Va…..
1-14 *In front of Nashville, Tenn.
1-31 In front of Petersburg. Army
of the Potomac.
25
28
•
4
Block House No. 7, Tenn.
5-8 Murfreesboro, Tenn.
6-9 Deveaux's Neck, S. C...
8-9 Hatcher's Run, Va..
21.
21. Siege of Savannah, Ga..
Stoneman's raid, Bean's
Sta., Tenn., to Saltv'le, Va.
13
*Ft. McAllister, Ga..
15-7 Nashville, Tenn.
17
Franklin, Tenn. Wilson's cav.
Wounded and sick captured
+Ft. Fisher, N. C..
Egypt Station, Miss
JANUARY, 1865.
Franklin, Miss.
A
25
2
13-5 *Ft. Fisher, N. C..
16
TO
Honey Hill, or Grahamsville,
S. C..
Va
5-7
8-14 Williston,
Explosion of magazine at Ft.
Fisher, N. C. (Fort and 72
guns captured)..
Combahce River,
To Feb. 9.
S. C..
FEBRUARY.
Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's
Kun, Va..
Blackville, and
Aiken, SC. Kilpatrick's cav.
Jares Island, S. C..
UNION.
CONFED.
K. W. K. W. 1
CASUALTIES.
0156 1047 609| 206| 600| 200
C120 783 400 60
60 311 80
8 25 13
17 27
92
5
601
IO 52
84 100
36 200
40
16 100
231
46
189 1033 1004 17503800 702
66 645
20 123
21 IIO
400 1740
25
138
40 329
100
300175
39 300 200| 400
125
200
אא
184 749
100
66
20
20 76
IO
50 200 400
100
Gool
100
&
201
400
2321062 186 1200
8 126 500
250
4462
200
150
201
30
175
70;
197
800
1800
55 280
500
2083
100
61
DATE.
18-
22.
Ft. Anderson, N. C..
27- March 25. Sheridan's raid in
Virginia..
MARCH.
8-10 Wilcox Bridge, N. C.
Averysboro, N. C...
16
19
22-
25
25
26-
29
31
31
I
2 (3
FEBRUARY, 1865.
2
5
6
...
21. *Bentonville, N. C., Kil-
patrick's cavalry..
April 24. Wilson's raid from
Chickasaw, Ala., to Macon.
Ft. Stedman, in front of Pe-
tersburg, Va..
••
Assault of 2d and 6th corps...
April 9. Siege of Mobile, Ala.,
including Spanish fort and
Port Blakely.
Quaker Road, Va.
Boydton and White Oak Roads
Dinwiddie Court House, Va.
APRIL.
*Five Forks, Va. All of Lee's
artillery captured).
Fall of Petersburg, Va..
Fall of Richmond.
6,000 Con.
prisoners taken, of whom
5,000 were sick and wounded'
Amelia Springs, Va.
Sailor's Creek, Va.
7
Farmville, Va..
•
8-9 Appomattox Court House. Va.
CASUALTIES.

UNION.
K.W.KW. I
70 400 375
1667
40 204
35
80 421 600|1500|
77 477
191 1086 287 267|
63 345 63 22
68 337 506 800
103 864 209
213 1211,
55 300
177 1034 556
67, 354
124 706
269 2565 5000
CONFED.
20 96!
166 1014
6551
2001
108 540 217
0 1625
38 6706
1881
834
500
135
400!
3000
1000
5001
2952
400 100
1000) 235
15500
3000
16000
17
APRIL-CONTINUED.
9-Lee surrendered to the Armies of the Potomac and James
(Maj.-Gen. Grant), with 26,000 prisoners.
14-Mobile surrendered to a combined army and naval at-
tack.
14-The flag that Gen. Anderson had lowered at Ft. Sumter
was returned to its position.
14-President Lincoln was assassinated at Washington. He
was shot in the back of the head at Ford's theatre by Wilkes
Booth, and died next morning.
15-Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, took the oath of office
as President.
17-Surrender of Mosby to Maj.-Gen. Hancock, with 700
prisoners.
25-Wilkes Booth shot in a barn in Virginia and died in
twenty-four hours.
62
*..
APRIL-COntinued.
26-Johnson surrendered to the Armies of the Tennessee,
Georgia, and Ohio (Maj.-Gen. Sherman), with 29,924 prisoners.
MAY, 1865.
5-Galveston, Tex., surrenders to the Federals.
10-Capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinsville, Ga.
10-Surrender of Sam. Jones' command at Tallehassee,
Fla., with 8,000 prisoners.
11-Chalk Bluff, Ark. Surrender of Jeff Thompson's com-
mand with 7,454 prisoners.
13-Palmetto Ranch, Tex., 118 Federals killed.
26-Surrender of Kirby Smith to Maj.-Gen. Canby's com-
mand with 20,000 prisoners.
26-The Armies of the East and West were disbanded and
returned home, after a review at Washington.
JUNE, 1865.
6-An order was issued for the release of all prisoners of
war in the depots of the North.
JULY, 1865.
7-Mrs. Surratt, Harold, Payne, and Azertoth hanged at
Washington for conspiracy in the murder of Lincoln.
DECEMBER, 1865.
18-Secretary Seward officially declared slavery abolished.
EXPLANATION OF MARKS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
*Federals victorious.
+ Confederates victorious.
k-Killed.
w-Wounded.
m-Missing.
P-M-Prisoners and missing.
ELECTRICITY.
As far back as 321 B. C, the ancient philosopher Theo-
phrastus mentions the power of amber to attract straws and
dry leaves, Pliny. in 70 A. D., writes concerning the same
phenomenon, and it is from the Greek name of "amber," pro-
nounced "elecktron," that we call this phenomenon
"'elec-
tricity." Dr. Gilbert, of Colchester, may be considered the
founder of the science of electricity, for it was he that care-
fully repeated the observations of the ancients, and experi
mented in various ways and published these experiments
in a book during the period between 1540 and 1603.
Sir Wm. Watson (1715 to 1807) distinctly announced
the theory of positive and negative electricity, which
was afterwards elaborated by Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Dr.
Franklin also established the fact that the lightning was an
electrical spark, similar to that made by an electric machine
or Leyden jar. In 1790, Galvani discovered that the contact of
metals produced muscular contraction in the legs of a dead
!
!
63
It re-
frog, and in 1800, Valta discovered the art of generating elec-
tricity by contact of metals with damp cloths. From these we
obtained the galvanic battery and the voltaic pile.
mained with Prof. H. C. Oersted, of Copenhagen, however, to
bring forward the most important fact, viz., the magnetic
action of the electrical current. This was in 1820.
This was in 1820. As soon as
the discovery reached France, the eminent French philoso-
pher Ampere set to work to develop the important conse-
quences it involved. Faraday in 1820, discovered electric-
magnetic rotation. From this time up, experimentists and
theorists were busy searching for ways and means by which the
electrical energy could be utilized as mechanical power, and
to-day the galvanic battery and electric dynamo are rapidly
ousting steam, and in a thousand ways doing its work with
less noise, expense and better results. Electrical lighting is
done by means of the arc and incandescent systems.
THE PHONOGRAPH.
THE PHONOGRAPH is a machine for recording and then
transmitting sounds, speech, mucic, etc. It is the invention
of Thos. A. Edison, the most noted electrician of this age.
The phonograph was accidentally discovered. Mr. Edison
was at work on an apparatus for recording a telegraphic mes-
sage, by having an armature (with a needle fastened in one
end) of the sounder make indentations on a piece of tin foil
wrapped around a cylinder. The message would thus be
punctured or indented on this tin foil, then, by substituting
another needle-blunt-for the sharp one and turning the
cylinder, the armature would be vibrated as the needle entered
into and passed out of the indentations. While experiment-
ing, he turned the cylinder verp rapidly, and instead of a suc-
cession of "clicks," a musical sound was produced. He
seized the idea, and the Edison Phonograph was the result.
The perfected phonograph of to-day consists of a cylinder of
wax, or other plastic material, which is revolved either by
hand, foot power or an electric motor. This cylinder, called
the phonogram, is used for recording the sound. This is done
by a diaphragm-such as is used in a telephone-into the cen-
ter of which is fastened a sharp needle, which rests upon and
just touches the phonogram. When the words are spoken
the diaphragm vibrates, moving this needle up and down,
and a series of indentations are made in a spiral line on the
phonogram, which is turning around about eighty-five times a
minute. To make the phonograph speak, or repeat the words,
another diaphragm, similar to the first or recorder, but having
a blunt instead of a sharp needle, is placed at the starting
point and the phonogram made to revolve, of course, as the
needle passes over the indentations it vibrates the diaphragm
and the words are reproduced-as in a telephone. The
phonograph faithfully reproduces music, whistling, singing.
speech, or any sounds, and the phonograms can be packed
into a mailing tube and sent all over the world to be used as
often as desired.
→
64
=
مونه
THE TELEPHONE.
In 1831, Wheatstone showed that when the sounding
boards of two musical instruments were connected together by
a rod of pine wood, a tune played on one will be faithfully
reproduced by the other. Somewhat later a toy, called the
Lovers' String, was made, and is the simplest form of a
mechanical telephone. The toy consisted of two tin cups,
the bottoms made of parchment or cat gut tightly stretched
like a drum head, and connected, one with the other, by a
string or cord. When the string was drawn taut, sounds, such
as those of ordinary speech, produced in front of one of the
cups were transmitted along the string to the other cup and
reproduced there. This was the first telephone. At various
times between 1831 and 1876, electricians and scientists had
experimented with electro-magnets as a means of transmitting
sounds a long distance. Charles Bourseul in 1854 published
an article on the electrical transmission of speech, and recom-
mended the use of a flexible plate at the source of sound,
which would vibrate in response to the atmospheric pulsa-
tions and thus open and shut an electrical circuit, and would
thus operate, by an electro-magnet, upon a similar plate at a
di.tance connected by wire with the first, causing it to give
out as many pulsations as there were breaks in the circuit.
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell first exhibited the speaking
telephone at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. It is
this telephone, greatly improved however, which is now in
common use. This telephone consists of a compouud perma-
nent magnet fitted into the center of a hard rubber tube and
carrying, at one end, a short electro-magnet. In front of this
electro-magnet is fixed a thin, soft iron disk, about one and
three-fourths inches in diameter. This disk lies at the end of
the rubber tube, where the tube is formed into a mouth piece.
The action of telephoning with this telephone is very simple.
The sound, as ordinary speech, is made in the mouth piece.
The atmosphere conveys the sound-vibrations against the
thin, iron disk (commonly called the diaphragm.) The disk
vibrates in sympathy, and ceming against the electro-magnet,
breaks and opens the electric circuit with every vibration.
By means of the connecting wire, the electro-magnet in the
distant telephone causes the diaphragm to vibrate corre-
sponding to the breaks in the current. This of course vibrates
the atmosphere and the pulsations are conveyed to the ear.
The telephone thus described is now used as a receiver. The
transmitter invented and improved by Edison and Blake, is
combined with the Bell telephone and makes the telephone of
general use. Telephonic communication nave been held
between Chicago and New York, but not with overwhelming
success.
i
}
65
:
Highest and Greatest Mountains in the
NAME.
Mt. Everest (Himalayas)..
Sorato, the highest in America.
Illimani..
Chimborazo .
...
Mt. Whitney.
Mt. Fairweather.
Mt. Shasta.
Mt. Ranier.
→
10
Long's Peak, Rocky Mountains
Mt. A.arat.
Pike's Peak.
Mt. Ophir,
•
· ·
•
·
World.
· ••
...
•
•
...
+ ·
Hindoo-Koosh..
Demavend, highest of Elburz Mts..... Persia..
Cotopaxi, highest volcano in the world. Ecuador
Antisana..
St. Elias, highest in North America.
Popocatapetl, volcano……….
Ecuador
Alaska...
.Mexico
.Hawaii..
17,540 33
16,000 3
Mt. Roa, highest in Oceanica.
Mt. Brown, highest peak of K'ky Mts.. Brit. America 15,900 3
Mont Blanc, highest in Europe, Alps. .Savoy
Mt. Rosa, next highest peak of Alps..
Limit of perpetual show at the.
Savoy
Equator
3
.15.732
...15,150 2
15,207 27%
15,924 3
Pichinca
Ecuador
California ....14,887 234
.Alaska...
14,500 234
California. 14.442 234
Wash. Territy 14,444
Colorado.
23
14,271 27%
14,320 2/2
14,216 2
·
· ·
•
•
Thibet..
Bolivia.
.Bolivia.
Ecuador..
•
•
•
·
•
COUNTRY
•
·
Mt. Hood..
Mt. Lebanon..
Mt. Perda, highest of Pyrenees.
Mt. Ætna, volcano.
Monte Corno, highest of Appenines....Naples
Sneehattan, highest Dovrefield Mts.
Pindus, highest in.
Mount Sinai.
·
.Afghanistan...20,600
•
•
• •
.Oregon
Syria..
..France.
Sicily.
·· •
··
·
Norway
.Greece
Arabia..
•••
•
•
•
•
***
•
..
.Armenia.
...Colorado
Sumatra
13,800 25%
Fremont's Peak, Rocky Mountains... Wyoming.. 13.570 25%
Wash Territ'y 13,400 22
Mt. St. Helens..
Peak of Teneriffe..
Canaries .12,182 2%
Miltzin, highest of Atlas Mountains.
··
•
·
>
- ·
•
• •
··
•
•
...
Feet
High Miles
•
• •
1
.Morocco......II,500
... •
334
.20,000 334
19,496 334
-
•
·
• •
•
**
29,002 53%
21,284 4
21,
145 4
21,422 4
·
• •
2
.11,225 2
10,533
.10,950
10,835 2
••
19,150 3
17,850 3
Black Mountain, highest in
....N. Carolina... 6,760 14
Mt. Washington, highest White Mts...N Hampshire 6,285 1
Mt. Marcy, highest in.
New York.... 5,402 I
..Iceland……..
I
•
Mt. Hecla, volcano.
Ben Nevis, highest in Great Britain....Scotland..
Mansfield, highest of Green Mountains. Vermont.
Peaks of Otter..
Mt. Vesuvius..
Round Top, highest of Catskill Mts....New York.... 3,804
.Virginia
..Naples.
4.255
•
9,523 134
8,115 1
7,677 1%
6,541 14
5, 104
4,406
4,280
4,260
NÄIN
ONE HORSE POWER is the strength necessary to lift 33,000
pounds one foot per minute.
66
$
}
A
$
Portraits on Bank Notes and Postage
Stamps.
On United States notes-$1, Washington; $2, Jefferson; $5,
Jackson; $10, Webster; $20, Hamilton; $50, Franklin; $roo,
Lincoln; $500, General Mansfield; $1,000, DeWitt Clinton: $5,000,
Madison; $10,000, Jackson. On silver certificates-$10, Robert
Morris; $20, Commodore Decatur; $50, Edward Everett; $100,
James Monroe; $500, Charles Sumner, and $1,000, W. L. Marcy.
On gold notes-$20, Garfield; $50, Silas Wright; $100, Thomas
H. Benton: $500, A. Lincoln; $1,000, Alexander Hamilton: $5,000,
James Madison; $10,000, Andrew Jackson.
Those which appear upon postage stamps are: On 10-cent
stamp, the head of Jefferson, from life-size statue by Powers;
6-cent, Lincoln, from bust by Volk; 5-cent, Garfield; 4-cent, Jack-
son; 2-cent, Washington, after Houdon's bust; 1-cent, Franklin,
from profile bust by Rubicht.
Average Temperature in United States.
69 | Salt Lake City, Utah.
69 Romney, West Virginia.
.69 Indianapolis, Indiana...
.67 Leavenworth, Kansas.
..66 Santa Fe, New Mexico Ter...5I
.64 Sterlacoom, W. Ter........
Hartford, Connecticut.
Springfield, Illinois.
Tucson, Arizona.
Jacksonville, Florida.
New Orleans, Louisiana..
Austin, Texas.
Mobile, Alabama....
Jackson, Mississippi..
Little Rock, Arkansas.
Columbia, S. Carolina.
Ft. Gibson, Indian Ter…….
Raleigh, N Carolina..
Atlanta, Georgia..
Nashville, Tennessee.
Richmond, Virginia.
Louisville, Kentucky..
San Francisco, California.
Washington, D. C……….
St. Louis, Missouri.
Baltimore, Maryland..
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Wilmington, Delaware.
Trenton, New Jersey....
Columbus, Ohio..
Portland, Oregon.
Ft. Boise, Idaho.
..
•
•
.. •
•
..
……….
... ··
...
..
• ·
•
·
•
•
•
•
..
• +
•
•
•
63
.62
.60
•
• • •
•
Camp Scott, Nevada.
.59 Des Moines, Iowa.....
58 Omaha, Nebraska.... ....
•
ED
...
··
•
58 Denver, Colorado..
.57 Boston, Massachusetts..
56| Albany, New York.
.55 Providence, Rhode Island....48
.55 Detroit, Michigan.
.47
.55
Ft. Randall, Dakota Ter.. ..47
54 Sitka, Alaska.
46
54 Concord, New Hampshire....46
• • •
53 Augusta, Maine…………
53
Madison, Wisconsin.
···
··
•
•
•
•
··
···
•
··
· 54
•
•
..
•
•
...
52
52
51
51
..45
.....45
• ..
.53 Helena, Montana Ter... ...43
•
53 Montpelier, Vermont..... . . . .43
……………………….52 | St. Paul, Minnesota..........42
|
50
50
50
49
.49
.48
48
.48
If a railway were built to the sun, and trains upon it were rum
at the rate of thirty miles an hour, day and night without a stop,
it would require 350 years to make the journey from the earth to
the sun.
1
67
}
$
}
Average Rainfall in the United States.
Inches.
PLACE.
PLACE.
Inches.
Ft. Garland, Colorado………….
Ft. Bridger, Utah Ter.
Ft. Bliss, Texas..
Ft. Colville, Wash. Ter..
San Diego, California......
Ft. Craig, New Mexico Ter..11
Ft. Defiance, Arizona.. ..14
Ft. Randall, Dakota Ter.....16
Ft. Marcy, New Mexico Ter.16
Ft. Massachusetts, Colorado.17
Sacramento, California…….
Dallas, Oregon..
San Francisco, California.. 21
Mackinac, Michigan.........23
Salt Lake City, Utah Ter....23
Ft. Snelling, Minnesota..
.21
21
•
Ft. Kearney..
Penn Yan, New York…….
Milwaukee, Wisconsin.......30
Detroit, Michigan..
Wire
Gauge.
No. o.
&
I.
2.
3.
4.
S..
6..
*******
نه
44
#4
..
...
7...
8...
•
9....
10....
Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas.
Ft. Brown, Texas..
Buffalo, New York..
Burlington, Vermont.
Peoria, Illinois.
Key West, Florida.:.
Ft, Gibson, Indian Ter.
White Sulphur Springs, Va..37
Washington, D. C...
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Cleveland, Ohio..
Ft Vancouver.
Hanover, New Hampshire...40
*
•
•
**
•}
...
•
•
14.
••
·
•
+
•
•
[
•
..25
.25
..28
• • •
•
•
D
E • •
•
··
D
•
• ·
..
.30
31
33
-33
·34
35
36
.36
•
New Orleans, Louisiana.
Natchez, Mississippi..
Huntsville, Alabama..
Washington, Arkansas………….. 54
Ft. Myers, Florida.
54
56
Ft. Tonson. Indian Ter..... 57
Meadow Valley, California.. 57
Baton Rouge, Louisiana.... 60
Mt. Vernon, Alabama.
66
Ft. Haski., Oregon..
Sitka, Alas
Neah Bay, Wash. Ter......123
Yards of Wire
Wires all weigh 63 lbs. to the bundle
per Bundle.
Yards in Wire
Bundle. Gauge.
• •
··
Ft. Smith, Arkansas.
40
9
4I
9
41
42
43
43
Providence, Rhode Island.. 41
New Bedford, Mass.
Baltimore, Maryland......
Muscatine, Iowa..
9
St. Louis, Missouri..
Marietta, Ohio.
Richmond, Indiana.
Gaston, N. Carolina.
New York City, N. Y.
Charleston, S. Carolina.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 44
New Haven, Connecticut... 44
Cincinnati, Ohio.
43
43
43
43
44
Brunswick, Maine..
44
44
44
45
47
4
6
6
·
•
37
.37
.37
38
71
91
105
121
143
170
203
239
286
342
420
No. 11.
"
"
"
་
((
"
Boston, Massachusetts...
Newark, New Jersey..
Memphis, Tennessee.
Fortress Monroe, Virginia..
Springdale, Kentucky.
Savannah, Georgia.
C
44
44
12...
13.
14
15.
16.
·
17
18.
19.
J + •
••
20.
• *
..
·
··
*
....
...
..
••
**
...
…….
•
··
··
··
·
••• • .. •
··
D
..
...
····
•
•
D
•
# ► •
•
•
··
•
Yards in
Bundle.
•
529
700
893
...1143
..1468
....1954
....2540
48
·
Q KALJOA 5888.
48
51
53
66
83
3150
4085
4913
4
68
Amount of Barbed Wire Required for
Fences.
Estimated number of pounds of barbed wire required to fence
space or distances mentioned, with one, two or three lines of
wire, based upon each pound of wire measuring one rod (16½
feet).
1 square acre…….
1 side of a square acre
I square half-acre..
I square mile..
I side of a square mile..
I rod in length..
100 rods in length.
100 feet in length
•
Dist. apart.
3 inches by 3 inches..
4 inches by 4 inches.
6 inches by 6 inches
9 inches by 9 inches.
1 foot by 1 foot
1½ feet by 1½½ feet
2 feet by i foot..
2 feet by 2 feet…….
22 feet by 2½ feet..
3 feet by I foot....
4 feet by 1 foot...
4
feet by 2 feet...
4
feet by 3 feet..
3 feet by 2 feet.
··
3 feet by 3 feet.
32 feet by 3% feet.
..
••
•
feet by 4 feet..
42 feet by 4% feet
4
•*
··
5
feet by i foot
5 feet by 2 feet..
5 feet by 3 feet.
5 feet by 4 feet.
5 feet by 5 feet..
52 feet by 5% feet
..
· ·
•
Number of Shrubs or Plants for an
Acre of Ground.
No. of Plants. | Dist. apart.
**
•
•
·
· 4 ·
•
... •
...
•
...
· •
•
•
••
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
··
+
••
696,960 | 6 feet by 6 feet..
.392,040 62 feet by 6% feet.
174,240 7 feet by 7 feet....
77,440 8 feet by 8 feet..
43,560 9 feet by 9 feet...
19,360 10 feet by 10 feet
21,780 11 feet by 11 feet..
10,890 12 feet by 12 feet.
6,960 13 feet by 13 feet..
|
14,520 14 feet by 14 feet..
7,260 15 feet by 15 feet.
4,840 16 feet by 16 feet.
3,555 16 feet by 16½ feet
10,800 17 feet by 17 feet..
|
5,445 18 feet by 18 feet
3,630 19 feet by 16 feet.
20 feet by 20 feet..
2,722
2,151 25 feet by 25 feet
8,712 30 feet by 30 feet
4,356 33 feet by 33 feet....
2,904 40 feet by 40 feet.
2,178 50 feet by 50 feet...
1,742 60 feet by 60 feet.
1,417 66 feet by 66 feet........
••
..
1 Line.
50% lbs.
123 lbs
36
lbs.
1280
lbs.
lbs.
320
I
lb.
1100
lbs.
6 1-16 lbs.
2 Lines.
101½ lbs.
25/3 lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
3 Lines.
152 lbs.
38 lbs.
108 lbs.
3840 lbs.
lbs.
960 lbs
lbs.
200
lbs
3 lbs
300 lbs
12% lbs. 18 3-16 lbs'
72
2560
640
2
*
No. of Plants,
··
►
•
..
4
❤
...
•
--
··
A
·
•
..
•
+
•
•
•
•
•
•
"
•
་
·
210
1,031
381
680
1,
537
435
360
302
257
222
193
170
160
150
134
120
108
69
48
40
27
IT
12
IO
COST OF EMANCIPATION.
If the total cost of the Civil
War be divided among the slaves set free, emancipation cost about
$700 per slave.
+
富
​69
How Deep in the Ground to Plant Corn
• - •
•
The following is the result of an experiment with Indian Corn.
That which was planted at the depth of
3 inch, sprout appeared in.
inch, sprout appeared in.
1½ inch, sprout appeared in.
2 inches, sprout appeared in.
2½ inches, sprout appeared in
3 inches, sprout appeared in
3/2½ inches, sprout appeared in
4 inches, sprout appeared in
The more shallow the seed was covered with earth, the more
rapidly the sprout made its appearance, and the stronger after-
wards was the stalk The deeper the seed lay, the longer it re
mained before it came to the surface. Four inches was too deep
for the maize, and also too deep for smaller kernels.
.13
days
•
∙13 days
How to Measure Corn in Crib, Hay in a
Mow, etc.
•
· ❤
•
· ·
•
•
8
day-
8½ day:
9½ days
day-
10
.11½ day-
72
day.
•
•
This rule will apply to a crib of any kind. Two cubic feet cl
sound, dry corn in the ear will make a bushel shelled.
To get
the quantity of sheiled corn in a crib of corn in the ear, measure
the length, breadth and height of the crib, inside of the rail:
multiply the length by the breadth and the product by the height;
then divide the product by two, and you have the number of
bushels in the crib.
To find the number of bushels of apples, potatoes, etc., in a bin,
multiply the length, breadth and thickness together, and this
product by 8, and point off one figure in the product for decimals
To find the amount of hay in a mow, allow 512 cubic feet for a
ton, and it will come out very near correct.
How Grain will Shrink.
Farmers rarely gain by keeping their grain after it is fit for
market, when the shrinkage is taken into account. Wheat, from
the time it is threshed, will shrink two quarts to the bushel or siv
per cent. in six months, in the most favorable circumstances.
Hence, it follows that ninety-four cents a bushel for wheat when
first threshed in August, is as good, taking into account the shrink-
age alone, as one dollar in the following February.
x
Corn shrinks much more from the time it is first husked. Onz
bundred bushels of ears, as they come from the field in November
will be reduced to not far from eighty. So that forty cents a
bushel for corn in the ear, as it comes from the field, is as good as
fifty in March. shrinkage only being taken into the account
In the case of potatoes-taking those that rot and are otherwise
lost-together with the shrinkage, there is but little doubt that
between October and June, the loss to the owner who holds them
is not less than thirty-three per cent.
This estimate is taken on the basis of interest at 7 per cent, ar *
takes no account of loss by vermin.

70
A.
174
What a Deed to a Farm
Farm in
Includes.
in many States
Everyone know, it conveys all the fences standing on the farm,
but all might not think it also included the fencing-stuff, posts,
rails, etc., which had once been used in the fence, but had been
taken down and piled up for future use again in the same place.
But new fencing material, just bought, and never attached to the
soil, would not pass. So piles of hop poles stored away, if once
used on the land and intended to be again so used, have been con-
sidered a part of it, but loose boards or scaffold poles merely laid
across the beams of the barn, and never fastened to it, would not
be, and the seller of the farm might take them away. Standing
trees, of course, also pass as part of the land; so do trees blown
down or cut down, and still left in the woods where they fell, but
not if cut, and corded up for sale; the wood has then become
personal property.
If there be any manure in the barnyard, or in the compost heap
on the field, ready for immediate use, the buyer ordinarily, in the
absence of any contrary agreement, takes that also as belonging to
the farm, though it might not be so, if the owner had previously
sold it to some other party, and had collected it together in a heap
by itself, for such an act might be a technical severance from the
oil, and so convert real into personal estate; and even a lessee of
a farm could not take away the manure made on the place while he
was in occupation. Growing crops also pass by the deed of a
farm, unless they are expressly reserved; and when it is not
intended to convey those, it should be so stated in the deed itself;
a mere oral agreement to that effect would not be, in most States,
valid in law. Another mode is to stipulate that possession is not
to be given until some future day, in which case the crops or man-
ures may be removed before that time.
As to the buildings on the farm, though generally mentioned in
the deed, it is not absolutely necessary they should be. A deed of
and ordinarily carries all the buildings on it, belonging to the
grantor, whether mentioned or not; and this rule includes the
Tumber and timber of any old building which has been taken down
or blown down, and packed away for future use on farm.
United States Land Measure and Home-
stead Law.
A section is 640
A township is 36 sections, each a
36 sections, each a mile square.
acres. A quarter section, half a mile square, is 160 acres. An
eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a
mile wide, is 80 acres. A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mila
square, is 40 acreɔ,
71
The sections are all numbered 1 to 36, commencing at northeast
corner, thus:

6
7
18
19
333
30
31
5
8
17
20
29
32
4
9
z6
21
28
33
3
10
IS
22
27
34
2
II
14
23
26
35
NW NE
SW
SE
12
13
24
25
36
The sections are all divided in quarters, which are named by
the cardinal points, as in section 1. The quarters are divided in
the same way. The description of a forty-acre lot would read:
The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section
I in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be;
and sometimes will fall short, and sometimes overrun the number
of acres it is supposed to contain.
HOMESTEAD PRIVILEGE.-The laws give to every citizen, and to
those who bave declared their intention to become citizens, the
right to a homestead on SURVEYED lands, to the extent of one-
quarter section, or 160 acres, or a half-quarter section, or so acres;
the former in cases in the class of lower priced lands held by law at
$1.25 per acre, the latter of high priced lands held at $2.50 per
acre, when disposed of to cash buyers. The pre-emption privilege
is restricted to heads of families, widows, or single persons over
the age of twenty-one.
Every soldier and officer in the army, and every seaman, marine
and officer of the navy, during the recent rebellion, may enter 160
acres from either class, and length of time served in the army or
navy deducted from the time required to perfect title.
BOOK
BOOKS PUBLISHED.-There are published daily, through-
ut the world, about 100 new books, or 30,000 a year,
+
፡
d:..
:
72

Number of Pounds to the Bushel, legal weight, in Different States.
STATES.
Arkansas.....
California..
Connecticut
Georgia.
Illinois.
Indiana.
Iowa..
Kansas..
Kentucky
Maine...
Massachusetts.
..
••
Michigan..
Minnesota..
Missouri
•
…….
Tennessee..
Vermont....
Virginia.
Wisconsin.
•
··
•
Buckwh't.
Corn on
the Cob.
Shelled
..
52
40
48
48
48
48
New Hampshire
New Jersey.... 50
New York.....
North Carolina.
Ohio....
Pennsylvania..
Rhode Island.
48
South Caroliņa 56
42
52
70
52 70
52 წი $6 48
50
63
52
50
55
5C
46
70
Corn.
엉엉​엉엉엉 ​엉엉엉 ​Corn Meal
70 55
56
52
56
56
88:88
56 50
70
56
70 56
70
73
52 70
50 70
55
56
50
54
50 70 56
48
56
56
56
56
56
$6
56
56
50
56
50
52
56
56
49
50
50
57
57
50 57
52
52
54
50
50
Onions.
Sweet
Potatoes.
8 Potatoes.
Turnips.
46
57 50
50
$7 55
57
55
48
*:5:5
57
50
50
50 57
50 56
52
50 57
50
57 54
»
·
46
50 60
55 60 бо
бо
56 бо
56
60
60
60
60
бо
бо
60
50 50 60
·
60
60
60
5:555
56
18:8888
50
55
55
88
55
56
60
50 60
60
50
in ci gun
50
58
Peas
69 42
46 60
60
60
60 60
60
бо
ύο
60
60
60
60 64
60
Beans.
Barley.
Wheat.
gin 8881
50
48
48
48
48
60 60 48
по 60
60
62 48
:8888
18 18.
60
50
48
60
47 το
48
60
43 (-)
48
Co
ถึง
бо
60
48
47
48
47
*
43
60 48
бо бо
48
бо 60 60
55 60 бо 48
48
60 48
Ćo
Co
Go
Oats.
Apples.
Dried
Rye.
60
60
co
60
60
32 56'
30 56 25
32 50
48 ∞ 30 56
60 60 48 60 32 56 22
Go
60
60
бо
60
32
32
60
60
30 50
60 32 56
60
32 50
32 56, 24
32 156 24
24
32
24
3256 24
32 50 24
32 56
32 56 28
32 56 24
32 56
32 56
33 156 26
32 56 26
32 156
3256 25
32 56 28
g|FlaxSeed
Clover
56
00
56
56
54
56
55
55
155
56
•
46
ώ
56
60
44
56
Seed.
56
56
60
3 3 3 3 3
183 .78588
60
62
60
14 Ɛo 4.5
60 14 80 45
14
45
80
14
45
14
80
45
60 14 76 45
8:888
|ss-14)Qn}Y
60
60
Seed.
14 80 45
14
Coal
Anthrac'te
14
14
14
Seed.
Timothy
14 80
·
45
45
44
••
45
45
45
45
45
73
CANALS
THEIR LENGTH AND COST.
The following table comprises the canals of the United
States and Canada
Canada of which the cost has exceeded
$1,000,000 each:
•*
---
Erie
Champlain
Chenango.
Central Division, public.
6
<<
Western
Susquehanna Division, public
<<<
[
N. Branch
N. Branch Extension
NAME.
Delaware Division
*C
Schuylkill
Lehigh
Union
Del, and Hudson..
ik
-

62
•••
St. Lawrence.
Cornwall..
Beauharnois
Lachine..
·
Illinois and Michigan.
Welland
enlarged
Del. and Raritan feeder.
Morris and Essex..
Chesapeake and Delaware.
Chesapeake and Ohio
Ohio and Erie….
Miami
Sandy and Beaver
James River and Kanawha.
Wabash and Erie.
<<
CA
· •
·
(3
·
private..
C
46
•
3
State.
New York.
43
(4
Penna.
LC
LL
CC
着​看
​CC
CL
<<
44
**
N. V. & Pa.
*:
New Jersey
Del. & Md.
Maryland
Ohio
66
•
-
Virginia
Indiana
•6
4.
Illinois
Canada.
"
•
..
•
•
Length
in miles.
363
63
97
173
104
39
73
go
бо
108
85
$2
108
ros
43
IOI
132
191
307
178
76
147
379
go
102
36
TO
12
II
81.
Cost.
$7,143,789
1,257,604
2,419,956
5,307,252
3,096,522
1,039,256
1,096,178
3,528, 302
1,275,715
2,500,176
4,455,099
2,500,000
6,500,000
2,844,103
3,100,000.
2,750,000
10,000,000
4,695,824
3,750,000
1,500,000
5.020,030
3.057.120
8,654,337
7,000,000
1,000,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
The big trees (redwoods) of Calaveras County, Cal.,
are ninety-two in number, ten being thirty feet in diam-
eter. They range in height from 150 to 237 feet. and
are from 1,000 to 3,500 years of age.
THE BIGGEST THINGS.
Interesting Facts Useful When You Get Into an
Argument.
The largest theater in the world is the new Opera-
house in Paris. It covers nearly three acres of ground;
its cubic mass is 4,287,000 feet; it cost about 100,000,000
francs. The largest suspension bridge is the one between
New York City and Brooklyn; the length of the main
span is 1,595 feet 6 inches; the entire length of the
bridge is 5,980 feet. The loftiest active volcano is Popo-
catapetl" smoking mountain "— thirty-five miles south-
west of Puebla, Mexico; it is 17,748 feet above the
sea level, and has a crater three miles in circumference,
and 1,000 feet deep. The longest span of wire in the
world is used for a telegraph in India over the River
Kistnah. It is more than 6,000 feet in length, and is
1,200 feet high. The largest ship in the world is the
Great Eastern. She is 680 feet long, 83 feet broad, and
60 feet deep, being 28,627 tons burden, 18,915 gross, and
13,334 net register.
J
The greatest fortress, from a strategical point of view,
is the famous stronghold of Gibraltar. It occupies a
rocky peninsula jutting out into the sea, about three
miles long and three-quarters of a mlle wide.
One cen-
tral rock rises to a hight of 1,435 feet above the sea level
Its northern face is almost perpendicular, while its east
side is full of tremendous precipices. On the south it
terminates in what is called Europa Point. The west
side is less steep than the east, and between its base and
the sea is the narrow, almost level span on which the
town of Gibraltar is built. The fortress is considered
impregnable to military assault. The regular garrisor
in time of peace numbers about 7,000.
74
75
The biggest cavern is the Mammoth Cave, in Edmon-
son County, Kentucky. It is near Green River, about
six miles from Cave City, and twenty-eight from Bowling
Green. The cave consists of a succession of irregular
chambers, some of which are large, situated on different
levels. Some of these are traversed by the navigable
branches of the subterranean Echo River. Blind fish
are found in its waters.
The longest tunnel in the world is that of the St.
Gothard, on the line of railroad between Lucerne and
Milan. The summit of the tunnel is goo feet below the
surface at Andermatt, and 6,600 feet beneath the peak
of Kastlehorn, of the St. Gothard group. The tunnel
is 26½ feet wide, and is 18 feet 10 inches from the floor
to the crown of the arched roof. It is 9½ miles
long.
The biggest trees in the world are the mammoth trees
of California. One of a grove in Tulare County, accord-
ing to measurements made by members of the State
Geological Survey, was shown to be 276 feet in height,
108 feet in circumference at base, and 76 feet at a point
12 feet above ground. Some of the trees arc 376 feet
high, and 34 feet in diameter. Some of the largest that
have been felled indicate an age of from 2,000 to 2,500
years.
The largest library is the Bibliotheque National, in
Paris, founded by Louis XIV. It contains 1,400,000
volumes, 300,000 pamphlets. 175,000 manuscripts, 300,-
000 maps and charts, and 150,000 coins and medals.
The collection of engravings exceeds 1,300,000, con-
tained in some 10,000 volumes. The portraits number
about 100,000.
The largest desert is that of Sahara, a vast region of
Northern Africa, extending from the Atlantic Ocean on
the west to the valley of the Nile on the east. The
length from east to west is about 3,000 miles, its average
breadth about 900 miles, its area about 2,000,000 square
miles. Rain falls in torrents in the Sahara at intervals
of five, ten and twenty years. In summer the heat
during the day is excessive, but the nights are often cold.
O
76
23738
Years 1801 to 1900.
801|1807|1818 1829 1835 1846 1857 1863 1874 1885 1891 4 7 7 351362472
1802 1813 1819 1830 1841 1847 1858 1869 1875 1886 1897 5 11 4 6 2 47 35
1803 1814 1825 1831 1842 1853 1859 1870 1881 1887 1898 6 2 25735 I 46
1805 1811 1822 1833 1839 1850 1861 1867 1878 1889 1895 25 5136147257
1806 1817 1823 1834 1845 1851 1862 1876 1879 1890
366247251
1809 1815 1826 1837 1843 1854 1865 1871 1882 1893 1899 7 3 3 6 1 6
1810 1821 1827 1838 1849 1855 1866 1877 188318941900 1 4472573 6
LEAP YEARS.
Ketat a
7
ling, under May. is figure 3, which 1824 1852 1880..
directs to column 3, in which it will be;
seen that May 4 falls on Saturday. 1828 1856 1884
29]
3 4 7
N
1 257
67
N
NOTE-To ascertain any day of the 1804 1832 1860 1888 7
week in any year of the present century,
first look in the table of years for the 1808 1836 1864 1892 5
year required, and under the months!
I
are figures which refer to the corre-1812 1840 1868 1896 3
sponding figures at the head of the col-
umns of days below. For Example: 1816 1844 1872
To know what day of the week May 4
I
145
will be on in the year 1872, in the table 1820 1848 1876
of look for and in a
623
614
471 462 47 353
56
"
713 S
S
5735
4 2 57 35
146
t
1
47
6
نیا
3
ม
տ
Q
3 6 I 46
36247
3614725
57
6
I
462
Alabam
3
e !
I on
2 573 5
Magandan
16
+
vapaalam
| 10
ENT CENTURY.
A CALENDAR FOR ASCERTAINING ANY DAY OF THE
WEEK FOR ANY GIVEN TIME WITHIN THE PRES-

77
3
4
Wednesday.
Thursday
3 Friday
4 Saturday
Thursday
Friday
3 Saturday.
4 Sunday.
3
fing
Sunday
2 Monday...
3 Tuesday
Wednesday. 4
5 Thursday
6 Friday
7 Saturday.
8 Sunday,
Saturday.
5 Sunday
5
5 Monday
6 Tuesday
6
Satunday 6 Sunday
Sunday
6 Monday
7 Tuesday
7Monday
7 Wednesday. 7 Thursday
8 Thursday 8 Friday
9 Friday
9 Saturday
10 Saturday... 19 Sunday.
9 Sunday.... 9 Monday.... 9
10 Monday....10 Tuesday
10
10
.
·
.12
13 Monday. .13 Tuesday...13 Wednesday. 13 Thursday ..13 Friday
13
• • ·
·
Monday 8 Tuesday 8 Wednesday.
Tuesday 9 Wednesday. 9 Thursday
Wednesday. 1o Thursday... to Friday.
Thursday... 11 Friday .11 Saturday...11 Sunday. 11 Monday....Tuesday... Wednesday. 11
Friday 12 Saturday 12 Sunday. 12 Monday 12 Tuesday 12Wednesday. 12 Thursday
Saturday 13Sunday
Sunday 14 Monday. 14 Tuesday... 14 Wednesday. 14 Thursday.. 14 Friday 14 Saturday...14
Monday. 15 Tuesday. 15 Wednesday. 15 Thursday..15 Friday .....15 Saturday...15 Sunday....15
Tuesday
16 Wednesday. 16 Thursday ..16 Friday.....16 Saturday...16 Sunday.. 16 Monday....16
Wednesday. 17 Thursday...17 Friday .17 Saturday.
17 Sunday. 17 Monday. .17 Tuesday.. .17
Thursday... 18 Friday 18 Saturday...18 Sunday. 18 Monday....18 Tuesday...18 Wednesday. 18
Friday 19 Saturday 19 Sunday. .19 Monday.. 19 Tuesday .19 Wednesday. 19 Thursday..19
Saturday 20 Sunday. 20 Monday. ...20 Tuesday ...20 Wednesday. 20 Thursday 20 Friday .20
Sunday 21 Monday.. 21 Tuesday ...21 Wednesday.21 Thursday..21 Friday .....21 Saturday...21
Monday. 22 Tuesday...22 Wednesday.22 Thursday..22 Friday. .22 Saturday...22 Sunday.... 22
Tuesday 23 Wednesday.23 Thursday..23 Friday 23 Saturday...23 Sunday....23 Monday...23
Wednesday.24 Thursday ..24 Friday. .24 Saturday...24 Sunday. 24 Monday....24 Tuesday....24
Thursday...25 Friday .....25 Saturday...25 Sunday....25 Monday. .25 Tuesday...25 Wednesday.25
Friday 26 Saturday...26 Sunday. 26 Monday.. 26 Tuesday...26 Wednesday.26 Thursday..26
Saturday...27 Sunday....27 Monday. 27 Tuesday...27 Wednesday.27 Thursday..27 Friday
Sunday.. 28| Monday....28 Tuesday...28 Wednesday. 28 Thursday..28 Friday.....28 Saturday...28
Monday. .29 Tuesday...29 Wednesday. 29 Thursday ..29 Friday. .29 Saturday...29 Sunday....29
Tuesday. 30 Wednesday. 30 Thursday ..30 Friday .....30 Saturday...30 Sunday, 30 Monday....30
Wednesday. 31 Thursday ..31 Friday 31 Saturday...31|Sunday 31|Monday ....31[Tuesday ...31
*
• 1
•
·
• *
•
→
• • ·
·
i
Monday.
Tuesday,
Wednesday.
Thursday
Friday
·
•
•
·
4
.
•
▸
••
·
·
•
2
Tuesday
Wednesday.
Thursday
4 Friday
·
►
▼
·
+
·
·
•
· ..
•
•
··
·
►
5
•
Friday
2 Saturday
3 Sunday.
4 Monday.
5 Tuesday
6 Wednesday. 6Thursday
·
·
• •
C
•
•▼
→ 11
···
6
1 Saturday.
2 Sunday.
Monday.
4 Tuesday
Wednesday.
→
S
7 Friday
8 Saturday.
•
·
►
· •
·
•
•
*
-
•
•
CON QUAW DO W
7
.27
↑
THE LIBERTY BELL.
The Philadelphia News gives some interesting particu-
lars of the history of the Independence Bell:
The order for the bell was given in 1751. The State
House of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, work on which
had been suspended for a number of years, was then
approaching completion. The lower floors were already
occupied by the Supreme Court in the chamber, while in
the other assembled the Freemen of the Province of
Pennsylvania, then consisting of one body. A committee-
was appointed by the Freemen, with Peter Norris as
chairman, and empowered to have a new bell cast for the
building. The commission for the bell was in the same
year awarded to Robert Charles, of London, the specifi-
cation being that the bell should weigh about 2,000
pounds and cost £100 sterling. It was to be made by
the best workmen, to be examined carefully before being
shipped, and to contain, in well-shaped letters around it,
the inscription: "By order of the Province of Pennsyl-
vania, for the State House in the City of Philadelphia,
1752.' An order was given to place underneath this the
fatal and prophetic words from Leviticus xxv. 10:
"Pro-
claim liberty throughout the land and to all the inhab-
itants thereof."
The reason for the selection of this text has been a
subject of much conjecture, but the true reason is appar-
ent when the full text is read. It is as follows:
And
ye shall hallow the fiftieth year and proclaim liberty
throughout the land and to all the inhabitants thereof.
In selecting the text the good Quakers had in memory
the arrival of William Penn and their forefathers more
than half a century before.
In August, 1752, the bell arrived, but though in
apparent good order, it was cracked by a stroke of the
clapper while being tested. It could not be sent back,
78
"
79
as the captain of the vessel who had brought it over
could not take it on board. Two skillful men undertook
to recast the bell, which, on being opened, revealed a
bell which pleased very much. But it was also found to be
defective. The original bell was considered too high, and
a quantity of copper was added to the composition, but
too much copper was added. There were a great many
witticisms on account of the second failure, and the
ingenious workmen undertook to recast the bell, which
they successfully did, and it was placed in condition in
June, 1753.
On Monday, the 8th of July (not the 4th), at noon,
true to its motto, it rang out the memorable message of
Liberty throughout the land and to all the inhabitants
thereof."
46
For fifty years the bell continued to be rung on every
festival and anniversary until it eventually cracked.
An ineffectual attempt was made to cause it to con-
tinue serviceable by enlarging the cause of its dissonance
and chipping the edges. It was removed from its posi
tion in the tower to a lower story, and only used on
occasions of public sorrow, such as the death of ex-Presi
dents and statesmen. Subsequently it was placed on the
original timbers in the vestibule of the State House, and
in 1873 it was suspended in a prominent position imme
diately beneath where a larger bell presented to the city
in 1866 now proclaims the passing hours.
CHOLERA.
CHOLERA.— Known in its native country, India, under
the names Morshi, Mordeshi and Visuchika; first appeared
in Europe in 1831; was first introduced into Canada and
the United States in 1832, spread as an epidemic, and
lasted in some localities until 1835.
Second European epidemic began in 1847; reached New
York and New Orleans in December, 1848; Canada in
April, 1849; continuing epidemically in the United States
until 1852; almost died out in Europe at the close of
1850, but broke out afresh in 1852, and was again im-
ported into this country in 1853, not entirely disappearing
antil 1855.

80
Third epidemic in Europe began in 1865; cases a
Ward's Island, New York, in November, but the conta
gion not fairly introduced into the United States until the
spring of 1866; died out here in 1867, and in most Euro-
pean countries in 1869-70; a fresh outbreak there in 1871
reached this country again in February, 1873, when it
spread from New Orleans and involved nineteen States
in eight months.
Fourth epidemic followed a violent outbreak in Egypt
in 1883 (the "Damietta outbreak "); cases at Marseilles
in October, but existence concealed; declared epidemic
at Toulon in June, 1884; spread throughout Southern
France, thence into Italy; existence suspected in Spain,
but denied during the winter of 1884-85, but during the
spring and summer of 1885 it invaded nearly all parts of
the kingdom, causing over one hundred thousand deaths;
attacked Italy again during the autumn, and at the close
of 1885 was reported in Venice, Trieste and in the prov--
ince of Brittany. Cases were reported in various other
parts of Europe, but no spread resulted, except in the
countries named. So far as known, only one infected
vessel arrived in this country; deaths from cholera had.
ccurred during the voyage, but the vessel was properly
ared for on her arrival in New York Bay, latter part of
September, 1885.
The first European epidemic lasted seven years-from
1831 to 1837, inclusive-dying out during cold weather,
and reappearing in spring in previously infected localities,
and thence spreading to localities which had previously
escaped; in many instances more severely scourging local-
ities in the second or subsequent years than during the
first visitation. The second epidemic lasted seventeen
years-1847 to 1863-with a remarkable intermission in
1851-52, and numerous fluctuations of intensity, the
severest in 1849-50 and in 1853-55. The third lasted
ten years-- 1865 to 1874-with a remission in 1869-70,
and a fresh outbreak in 1871. In all of them the disease
was brought to the United States within two years after
it had become epidemic in countries in close commercial
relation with this conntry, and in each epidemic there
were several distinct importations of the contagion.
DEDUCTION—That whenever, and as long as Asiatic
81
cholera exists on the European continent, this country
is in danger of a cholera epidemic.
Three things are necessary for a cholera epidemic:
First, the cholera poison; second, filthy local condi-
tions of air, soil and water; third, individual predisposi-
tion. If, by quarantine, the poison can be kept out of
the country, the other two factors might be disregarded.
But since the most rigidly enforced quarantines have here.
tofore failed to prevent the introduction of the poison, it
is essential that such measures of local and individual
sanitation be enforced as will secure cleanliness of person,
of habitation and of surroundings-of air, water and
Certain of these conditions the individual can only
indirectly control, but for his own immediate environ
ment, his dwelling and premises and his personal hygiene,
he is himself responsible. And these conditions have
much to do with determining the individual predisposi-
soil.
tion.
Cholera is most surely guarded against by keeping the
body clean and well nourished, and the mind equable and
contented; underfeeding, anxiety, overwork, exposure to
extremes of temperature, intemperance in eating or drink-
ing-all tend to reduce the resistance of the system to
the influence of any morbid poison, and more especially
that of cholera.
If cholera should, unfortunately, make its appearance,
the following most important precaution should be ob-
served:
No diarrhea, or even lax condition of the bowels,
should be disregarded while there is a single case of chol-
era in the country. An attack of cholera is usually pre-
ceded by a loose, painless diarrhea, although less fre-
quently one may pass from apparently perfect health
after a single dejection into the state of cholera collapse.
But, as a rule, there is the premonitory stage above indi-
cated, and which may last from one to five days. Such
attacks, if promptly and properly treated, may almost
invariably be cured, but if neglected, may develop into
malignant cholera.
TREATMENT.-First, absolute rest; second, a teaspoon-
ful of the following mixture every two hours until the
diarrhea is checked:
82
CHOLERA MIXTURE
Aromatic sulphuric acid........One ounce.
Paregoric....
Three ounces.
DOSE.-One teaspoonful in four tablespoonfuls
water.
This is the simplest and most generally useful combina-
tion, and should be kept ready for use in the house, office,
store and workshop during a cholera season.
A good doctor should be called, but the above treat-
ment is to be followed until the doctor arrives. Mean-
time take no food or stimulants of any kind, but allay
thirst with ice.
Preventive.—In addition to ordinary prudence in
diet and drink, especial care should be taken as to the
quality of drinking-water used. If not known to be abso-
lutely pure, add a teaspoonful of aromatic sulphuric acid
(elixir of vitriol) to one quart of water. Epidemics of
cholera have been arrested, when every other means failed,
by using water thus acidulated. It may be flavored with
lemons and sweetened.
There is good reason for believing that the cholera
poison is absolutely destroyed by mineral acids. It would
be well, therefore, to confine the drink exclusively to this
mineral-acid lemonade so long as there is any danger
of cholera. No other single precaution is of so much
importance as this.
POISONS-ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT.
Immediately on discovering that poison has been swal-
lowed, send for a physician with all possible haste. Until
his arrival, the treatment should either be with a view to
removing the poison by an emetic or neutralizing its effects
by an antidote.
EMETICS. Ground mustard, a tablespoonful in a
tumbler of warm water, is an emetic usually quickly pro-
cured Give the patient one-fourth of it at once, and
follow with a cup of warm water. Repeat the dose
every minute or two until vomiting takes place. Give
tepid water freely. Mustard has a special value in most
cases where an emetic is needed, as it is also stimulating
in its effects.
83
T
સ
Common salt is also used as an emetic, a teacup of
water with as much salt as the water will dissolve being
given every few moments until vomiting occurs.
Tickling the throat with a feather, or with the finger,
is a valuable aid to the action of an emetic.
After vomiting takes place, the white of eggs in warm
water, warm milk, gum-arabic water, or flour and
water, may be given to further cleanse the stomach and
to soothe the irritated mucous membrane.
The following table gives the common poisons and
suggestions as to the treatment for each, and, together
with the above, may be of assistance until the arrival of
a physician:
ACIDS-MINERAL.-Chalk, magnesia (plaster off
wall), solution of cooking soda, or saleratus; then
barley-water, linseed-tea, or olive-oil.
ACONITE.-Emetics, stimulants external and internal
ANTIMONY.-Strong tea in large quantities.
AQUA FORTIS.-Same as Acids, Mineral.
ARSENIC.—Give milk in large quantities, or the white
of eggs, or flour and water. Follow with stimu-
lants.
ATROPIA.—Same as Belladonna.
ARGENTI NIT.-Large teaspoonful of salt in cup of
water; repeat in ten minutes; then give castor-oil
and linseed-tea or barley-water.
BAD FISH OR OTHER FOOD.-Emetics; then a
large dose of castor-oil with some warm spice.
Mustard-plaster to pit of stomach if necessary.
BED-BUG POISON.—Same as Corrosive Sublimate.
rate.
BLUE VITRIOL.-Same as Cupri Sulph. and Copper.
CANNABIS INDICA.-Hot brandy and water, lemon-
juice, vegetable acids, vinegar; allow patient to
sleep; blister to nape of neck.
CANTHARIDES.-Emetics, followed by barley-water,
flaxseed-tea, or other soothing drinks.
CARBOLIC ACID.-Castor or olive-oil.
CAUSTIC POTASH.-Same as Potash.
CAUSTIC SODA.—Same as Potash.
CHLORINE WATER.-Albumen (white of egg).
milk, flour.
84
LT
:
ܕ
CHLOROFORM.-Fresh air; incline the body so as to
get the head as low as possible; pull the tongue
forward; dash cold water on the chest at intervals
and excite respiration by any other means.
CHLORIDE OF TIN.-Milk in large quantities with
magnesia, chalk or whiting in it; raw eggs beaten up
with water or milk.
CHLORAL HYDRATE.-Same as Chloroform.
CHLORIDE OF ZINC.-Milk with white of eggs in
it. Large Doses.
COBALT.-Same as Arsenic.
COLCHICUM.-Emetics; then barley water, linseed-
tea, etc.
If stupor (coma) be present, give brandy,
coffee, ammonia.
CONIUM.-Emetics, followed by stimulants externally
and internally.
COPPER.-Milk and whites of eggs; large quantities;
then strong tea. Don't give vinegar.
COPPERAS.-Emetics. Mucilaginous drinks.
CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE.-White of eggs in a
little water. Repeat dose at intervals of two or
three minutes until patient vomits.
Use milk of
flour and water if you can't get eggs.
CROTON OIL.-Emetics; then flaxseed-tea, gum-
arabic water, slippery elm, etc.
CUPRI SULPH.-Whites of eggs.
CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM.-Same
Acid.
Same as Copper.
as Prussic
DIGITALIS.-Emetics. Keep the patient lying down.
Stimulants externally and internally.
FOWLER'S SOLUTION.-Same as Arsenic.
HASCHISCH.-Same as Cannabis Indica.
HEMLOCK.-Same as Conium.
HENBANE.-Same as Hyoscyamus.
HYDROCYANIC ACID.-Fresh air and artificial
respiration, with dashes of cold water.
HYOSCYAMUS.-Emetics; lemon-juice stimulants ex-
ternal and internal.
INDELIBLE INK.-Same as Argenti Nit.
INDIAN HEMP.-Same as Cannabis Indica.
IODINE.-Emetics; starch or flour ih water; barley-
water or other demulcent drinks.
85
1
IVY POISONING.-Apply soft-soap freely to affected
parts; or bathe the poisoned skin frequently with
weak tincture of belladonna.
LAUDANUM.-Same as Opium.
LEAD.—Two ounces of Epsom salts in a pint of water;
wineglassful every ten minutes until it operates
freely. Afterward milk.
LEAD SALTS.-Same as Lead.
LEAD WATER.-Same as Lead.
LOBELIA.-Stimulants externally and internally.
LUNAR CAUSTIC.-Same as Argenti Nit.
LYE.-Same as Potash.
MERCURY.-Same as Corrosive Sublimate.
MINERAL ACID.-Same as Acids, Mineral.
MORPHIA.-Same as Opium.
MURIATIC ACID.-Same as Acids, Mineral.
NITRATE OF SILVER.-Same as Argenti Nit.
NITRE.-Same as Saltpetre.
NITRIC ACID.-Same as Acids, Mineral.
NUX VOMICA.-Emetics, artificial respiration, lin-
seed-tea or barley-water; to an adult 30 drops
laudanum to relieve the spasms.
OIL OF BITTER ALMONDS.-Same as Prussik
Acid.
OIL OF VITRIOL-Same as Acids, Mineral.
OPIUM.—Emetics (10 grains of sulphate of copper if
possible); after vomiting, which must be induced
quickly, give plenty of strong coffee with brandy,
put mustard plasters around calves of legs; keep
patient aroused by walking around, dashing cold
water in face, heating soles of feet, or whipping
body with towls wrung out in cold water. If the
patient is allowed to go to sleep before the effect of
the opium has passed off, death will result.
OXALIC ACID. Same as Acids, Mineral.
PAREGORIC.-Same as Opium.
PARIS GREEN.-Same as Arsenic.
PHOSPHORUS-Emetics, large quantities of tepid.
water, with magnesia, chalk, whiting, or even flour
stirred in it.
POTASH.-Vinegar and water, oranges, lemons, sour
t
86
beer, cider, or sour fruit; then give oil-linseed ar
olive.
PRUSSIC ACID.-Sal-volatile and water; apply smell-
ing-salts to nostrils; dash cold water in face;
stimulants.
RATSBANE.-Same as Arsenic.
RED PRECIPITATE.-Same as Corrosive Sublimate
RED LEAD.-Same as Lead.
"ROUGH ON RATS."-Same as Arsenic.
SALTPETRE.-Flour and water in large doses; lin
seed or sweet oil.
SALTS OF TIN.-Milk in large quantities.
SILVER, NITRATE OF.- Same as Argenti Nit.
SPANISH FLY.-Same as Cantharides.
SPIRITS OF SALTS.-Same as Acids, Mineral.
STRAMONIUM.-Same as Belladonna.
STRYCHNINE.-Same as Nux Vomica.
SUGAR OF LEAD.-Same as Lead Salts.
SULPHURIC ACID.-Same as Acids, Mineral.
SULPHATE OF ZINC.-Same as Zinc Salts.
TARTAR EMETIC.-Same as Antimony.
TARTARIZED ANTIMONY.-Same as Antimony.
TOBACCO.-Emetics; stimulants external and in-
ternal.
VERDIGRIS.-Same as Copper.
VERMILION.-Same as Corrosive Sublimate.
VOLATILE ALKALI.-Same as Potash.
WHITE PRECIPITATE.-Same as Arsenic.
WHITE VITRIOL.-Same as Zinc Salts.
ZINC SALTS.-Give milk with whites of eggs freely;
afterward warm barley-water or linseed-tea.
Fortress Monroe is the largest single fortification in
the world. It has already cost the Government over
$3,000,000. The water battery is considered one of the
finest military works in the world.
Leon P. Fredemeyer is credited with having trundled
wheelbarrow from San Francisco, Cal., to New York
7 months and 16 days. He arrived in New York July
"A 1879
4
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1
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L
CONTAGIOUS AND ERUPTIVE DISEASES.
It will often relieve a mother's anxiety to know how long after a child has been exposed to
a contagious disease that there is danger the disease has been contracted. The following
table gives the period of incubation or anxious period- and other information concerning
the more important diseases.
Disease.
Chicken-Pox.
Diphtheria
Measles.
Mumps.
Rotheln
Scarlet Fever
Small-Pox
Typhoid Fever,
Whooping-Cough.
·
•
•
•
•
Symptoms
usually
appear.
On 14th day 10-18 days.
66
2d day 2-5 days.
14th day 10-14 days.
19th day 16-24 days.
14th day 12-20 days.
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66
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CC
CL
(
<<
Anxious
period
ranges from
4th day
12th day
21st day
1- 7 days.
1-14 days.
1-28 days.
14th day 7-14 days.
Patient is infectious.
Until all scabs have fallen off.
14 days after dissappearance of membrane
*Until scaling and cough have ceased.
14 days from commencement.
10-14 days from commencement.
Until all scaling has ceased.
Until all scabs have fallen off.
Until diarrhea ceases.
†Six weeks from beginning to whoop.
* In measles the patient is infectious three days before the eruption appears.
be
+ In whooping-cough the patient is infectious during the primary cough, which may
three weeks before the whooping begins
I
The following points may help to determine the nature of a suspicious illness:
Rash or Eruption.
Appearance.
Duration
in days.
Small rose pimples 2d day of fever or CHICKEN-POX.
changing to vesi- after 24 hours' ill-
6-7
cles...
ness
Diffuse redness and ad or 3d day of ill- ERYSIPELAS
swelling
ness
Small red dots like 4th day of fever or MEASLES
after 72 hours' ill.
flea bites
ness
Disease.
fied
Bright scarlet, dif. 2d day of fever or SCARLET FEVER,
after 24 hours' ill-
ness
Small red pimples 3d day of fever or SMALL-POX
changing to vesi- after 48 hours' ill-
ness
cles, then pustules
Rose colored spots, 7th to 14th day.
scattered.
TYPHOID FEVER
6-10
Remarks.
Scabs form about
4th day of fever.
14-21
8-19 Rash fades on 5th
day.
Rash fades on 7th 8
day.
Scabs form 9th or
10th day, fall off
about 14th.
22-30 Accompanied by di-
arrhea.
88

89
;
3
DIGESTION.
Average time required for the digestion of various
articles of food:
Apples, sweet (boiled)....
Barley (boiled).
Beans, Lima (boiled).
Beef (roasted)
Beef (fried).
Beef, salt (boiled)
Bread.
Butter
Cheese
Chicken (fricasseed).
Custard (baked).
Duck (roasted).
Eggs (raw).
Eggs (soft-boiled)
Eggs (hard-boiled).
Eggs (fried)..
Fish, various kinds (raw, boiled, fried)..
• •
•
·
Lamb (boiled)
Milk (raw).
Milk (boiled).
Mutton (boiled).
Mutton (roast).
·
• •
Fowl (roast)..
Hashed meat and vegetables (warm).
•
•
• •
Turkey (roast).
Veal (boiled).
Veal (fried).
Oysters (roast).
Oysters (stewed).
Pigs' feet, soused (boiled).
Potatoes (baked).
Pork, salt (stewed).
Pork (roast).
Rice (boiled)
Sago (boiled).
Soup, barley.
Soup, chicken, etc. (average)..
Tripe, soused (boiled).
•
• •
•
• •
•
• •
•
•
•
Hours. Min.
30
30
•
•
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90
2.
THE PULSE.
The natural rate of the pulse varies at different ages
as follow.:
At birth...
One year
Two years.
Three years
Four to seven years.
Seven to fourteen years..
Fourteen to twenty-one years.
Twenty-one to sixty years.
Old age..
• •
Beats per Minute.
.130-140
Dates of First Occurrences.
Postoffices were first established in 1464.
Printed musical notes were first used in 1473.
The first watches were made at Nuremberg in 1477.
··
.115-130
100-115
95-105
85-95
80-90.
75-85
70 75
75-85
America was discovered in 1492.
The first printing press was set up at Copenhagen in 1493.
Durer gave the world a prophecy of future wood-engraving
in 1527.
Jergens set the spinning wheel in motion in 1530.
Modern needles first came into use in 1545.
The first knives were used in England, and the first wheeled
carriages in France, in 1559.
Religious liberty was granted to the Huguenots in France in
1562, and was followed by the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572.
Cervantes wrote Don Quixote in 1573.
The first newspaper was published in England in 1588.
Telescopes were invented in 1590.
The first printing press in the United States was introduced in
1629.
The first air-pump was made in 1650.
The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652.
The first copper cent was coined in New Haven in 1687.
The first steam-engine on this continent came from England in
1753.
The first balloon ascent was made in 1783.
The first society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge was
organized in 1698.
The first attempt to manufacture pins in this country was made
soon after the war of 1812.
The first prayer-book of Edward VI. came into use by authority
of Parliament on Whit-Sunday, 1549.
t
•
1
1
91
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}
;
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Glass windows first introduced into England in the eighth
century.
The first steamboat plied the Hudson in 1807.
The first sawmakers' anvil was brought to America in 1819.
The first use of a locomotive in this country was in 1820.
Kerosene was first used for lighting purposes in 1826.
The Arst horse railroad was built in 1826-7.
The first lucifer match was made in 1829.
The first iron steamship was built in 1830.
The first steel pen was made in 1830.
Omnibuses were introduced in New York in 1830.
Ships were first "copper bottomed" in 1837.
Envelopes were first used in 1839.
Anæsthesia was discovered in 1844.
Coaches were first used in England in 1569.
The first steel-plate was discovered in 1830.
The Franciscans arrived in England in 1224.
The entire Hebrew Bible was printed in 1488.
Gold was first discovered in California in 1848.
The first telescope was used in England in 1608.
Christianity was introduced into Japan in 1549.
First almanac printed by George Von Furbach in 1460.
Percussion arms were used in the United States Army in 1830.
The first glass factory in the United States was built in 1780.
The first complete sewing-machine was patented by Elias Howe,
Jr., in 1846.
The first temperance society in this country was organized in
Saratoga County, N. Y., in March, 1808.
The first coach in Scotland was brought thither in 1501, when
Queen Mary came from France It belonged to Alexander Lord
Seaton.
The first daily newspaper appeared in 1702. The first newspaper
printed in the United States was published in Boston on Septem-
ber 25, 1790.
The first telegraphic instrument was successfully operated by
S. F. B. Morse, the inventor, in 1835, though its utility was not
demonstrated to the world until 1842.
The first Union flag was unfurled on the 1st of January, 1776,
over the camp at Cambridge. It had thirteen stripes of white and
red, and retained the English cross in one corner.
When Captain Cook first visited Tahiti, the natives were using
nails of wood, bone, shell and stone. When they saw iron nails,
they fancied them to be shoots of some very hard wood, and,
desirous of securing such a valuable commodity, they planted
them in their gardens.
In 1750 the shoe-black" came into vogue. The poet Gay, in
his day, refers to the business, describing a mother as instructing
her son in his calling:
"
"Go thrive: at some frequented corner stand;
This brush I give thee, grasp it in thy hand;
Temper the foot within this vase of oil,
And let the little tripod aid thy toil.”
92

Date.
1790
1800
1810
CENTER OF POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES.
1870
1680
N. Lat.
39 16
30
39 16 06
39 II 30
1820
39 05 42
1830
88 57 54
1840 39 02 00
1850
00
38 59
39 00
=
24
39 12 00
3904 08
POSITION OF Center of Population.
W. Long.
"
76 11
12
76 56 30
77 37 12
78 33 oo
79 16 54
80 18
8800
81
19
82 48 48
83 35 42
84 39 40
Approximate location by important towns.
23 miles east of Baltimore, Md.
18 miles west of Baltimore, Md.
40 miles N. W. by west of Washington, D. C.
16 miles north of Woodstock, Va..
19 miles W. S. W. of Moorefield, West Va.
16 miles south of Clarksburg, West Va
23 miles S. E. of Parkersburg, West Va.
20 miles south of Chilicothe, Ohio.
48 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati, Ohio.
8 miles W. by S. of Cincinnati, Ohio, and 1½½ miles
S. E. of Taylorville, Ky.
Total
•
·
Westward
movement
during
preceding
decade.
Miles.
41
36
50
39
55
55
81
42
58
457
The center of population in 1880 was in the State of Kentucky, one mile from the south
bank of the Ohio River, one and a half miles from the village of Taylorsville, Ky., and eight;
miles west by south from the heart of the city of Cincinnati.
A noteworthy feature of the movement of the center of population westward since 1750
is the closeness with which it has clung to the parallel of 39° North Latitude.
93
Legal Holidays in the Various States.
JANUARY I. NEW YEAR'S DAY: in Alabama, Cali-
fornia, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan,
Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada
New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West
Virginia, and Wisconsin.
JANUARY 8. ANNIVERSARY OF THE BATTLE OF
NEW ORLEANS: in Louisiana.
FEBRUARY 22. WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY: in Cali-
fornia, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Ken-
tucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New
Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, West
Virginia, and Wisconsin.
MARCH 2.
ANNIVERSARY OF TEXAN INDEpend-
ENCE: in Texas.
FIREMAN'S ANNIVERSARY: in New Or-
MARCH 4.
leans, La.
MARDI-GRAS: in Louisiana, and the cities of Mobile,
Montgomery and Selma, Ala.
ANNIVERSARY OF THE BATTLE OF SAN
APRIL 21.
JACINTO: in Texas.
GOOD FRIDAY: in Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota,
and Pennsylvania.
APRIL 26.
MEMORIAL DAY: in Georgia.
MAY 30. DECORATION DAY: in California, Colorado,
Connecticut, Iowa, Massachussetts, New Hampshire,
New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
Vermont.
JULY 4.
INDEPENDENCE DAY: in all the States.
GENERAL ELECTION DAY: in California, Florida,
Maryland,__Missouri. New Jersey, New York, South
Carolina, Texas and Wisconsin.
THANKSGIVING DAY: in all the States.
DECEMBER 25. CHRISTMAS DAY: in all the States.
Sundays and Fast Days (whenever appointed) are
legal holidays in all the States.
!
94
3
RAILROAD MILEAGE OF THE WORLD.
(Compiled from the latest Official Reports.)
Algeria....
Argentine Republic.
Austria-Hungary.
Belgium.
Bolivia.
Brazil.
Bulgaria.
Canada.
COUNTRIES.
• •
•
Cape of Good Hope.
Chili.
China
Colombia..
Costa Rica.
Cuba..
Denmark.
Dutch East Indies.
Ecuador.
Egypt.
France.
Germany.
Great Britain and Ireland.
Greece..
Guatemala.
Hawaii..
Honduras.
•
..
India, British.
Italy.
Japan.
Luxemburg.
Mexico..
Netherlands.
New South Wales.
.. •
·
..
·
Year.
1884
1884
1884
1883
1883
1884
1884
1884
1884
1883
1883
1883
1884
1883
1884
1882
1884
1884
1884
1884
1884
1883
1883
1884
1883
1884
1883
ISS4
1883
1885
1884
1884
Miles of
Line.
993
3,151
12,820
2,700
28
5,000
140
9,065
1,213
1,378
40
140
99
1,087
1,106
442
76
1,276
17,000
22,617
18,681
107
26
32
29
10,832
5,651
236
226
3,620
1,320
1,320
1
!
1
}
95
RAILROAD MILEAGE OF THE WORLD.
New Zealand.
Nicaragua.
Norway.
Paraguay
Peru..
Portugal
Queensland
Roumania.
COUNTRIES.
• •
•
• ··
•
..
Russia.
San Salvador...
Servia.
South Australia.
Spain..
Sweden
Switzerland..
Tasmania.
Tunis.
Turkey.
United States.
•
Uruguay.
Victoria.
Western Australia:
Total mileage.
(Continued.)

Year.
1884
1882
The Samaritan Pentateuch.
The Greeks.....
1885
1885
1883
1884
1884
1884
1883
1883
1884
1884
1885
1884
1883
1884
1883
1882
1887
1885
1884
1884
The Date of the Flood.
The Vulgate and Hebrew gives the time and
dute
•
Miles of
Line.
•
1,486
33
971
45
2,030
950
1,038
850
15,274
33
208
991
6,904
4,000
1,810
167
200
1,076
137,986
1,654 B. C.
**
1,307
.2,262 “
64
271
1,562
55
287,557
96
RAILROAD STATISTICS.
MILEAGE, CAPITAL, DEBT AND COST OF RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES.
STATES.
New England
Middle States.
Southern States..
Western States.
Pacific States..
Total U. S., January, 1889
Miles of
Line.
6,437
19,201
21,376
78,948
7,642
CAPITAL ACCOUNT.
Miles of
Line
Worked Capital Stock. Funded Debt.
18,307
18,452
1,064,895,370
467,097,903
1,998,696,761
266,144,997
6,430 $202,673,477 $143,792,350 $ 360,594,016 $335,636,655
1,036,068,287 2,205,352,5341
489,778,278 975,108,593
1,993,681,315 4,125,916,256
219,646, 100 496,177,253
1,706,952,635
916,487,032
1,783,999, 194
478,053,425
75,655
6,339
Facts from the Census.
Total
Investment.
133,606 125,185 $3,999,508,508 $3,882,966,330 $8,163,148,652 $7,254,995,223
The above table and the two following ones are compiled from Poor's Manual of the Railroads of the
United States for 1888.
Number of families in the United States
Number of dwellings in the United States
Number of acres to a family.
Number of persons to a square mile.
Number of persons to a dwelling.
Number of persons to a family.
Number of families to a square mile.
Number of dwellings to a square mile.
Cost of Rail-
road and
Equipment.
•
•9,945,916
.8,955,842
186.62
17.29
5.60
5.04
3.43
3.02
$
:

97
EARNINGS AND INTEREST AND DIVIDEND PAYMENTS OF RAILROADS
IN THE UNITED STATES.
STATES.
New England.
Midle States...
Southern States
rn States.
Wr
Par States...
་་ 1886..
Tod U. S., January, 1885.
"C
་་
1887.
44
CC
Algerine War
American Revolution.
Barbary War.
Dutch War.
Queen Anne's War
King William's War
Indian War.
King Philip's War
.
GROSS EARNINGS.
From
From
From all
Net
Passengers. Freight. Sources. Earnings
$25,678,007 $29,450,680 $ 58,558,913 $ 16,513,814 $ 7,204,380 $9,117,661
151,123,136 222,307,819
37,216,495
54,581,157
21,213,506 43,678,825
03.083,421 257,768,506
77,150,187 50,536,215
69,857,988 23,831,483 18,971,461
377,964,310 135.716,991 80,994,343
34,617,578 13,801,436 9,579,740
3,241,356
39,319,133
4,309, 190
11,344520
20,848,763
77,672,105
$6,790,701 $502,869,910 $763,306,608 $266,513,911 $167,286,139 $93,203,835
200,803,91T 509,600,992 765,310,419 266,488,993 179,681,323
211,929,857
822,191,949 297,311,615 182,884,990 80,094,138
559,359,054
WARS.
First Seminole War
Second Seminole War
Tecumseh War.
AMERICAN
1815
1775
1803
.1673
·
.1744
.1689
Interest Dividend
paid
paid
on Bonds. on Stock.
1790
1675
War of 1812.
The Southern Rebellion
Mexican War
·
French and Indian War.
**
•
.1817
.1835
.1804
.1812
.1861
.1846
1754
·


98
COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES,
1879-1887.
Year
Ending.
1879
1880.
1881
1882.
1883
1884
1885.
1886.
Capital MilesLine Funded
Stock.
Worked.
Debt.
$2,395,657,293
2,708,673,375
79,009 $2,319,489,172 $525,620,577
82,146 2,530,874,943 613,733,610
2,878,423,606 701,780,982
3,235,543,323] 770,209,899
3,500,879,914 823,772,924
3,669,115,772
770,684,908
772,568,833
3,765,727,066
3,882,966,3301 829,940,836
3,177,375, 179
3,511,035,824]
3,708,060,583
3,762,616,686
3,817,697.832|
3,999,508,508 125,185
123,330
93,971
104,971
Net
Gross
Earnings. Earnings.
110,414
115,672
$216,544,999
255,557,555
272,506,787
280,316,696
293,367,285
268,106,258
269,493,931
300,603,564
Interest
Paid.
Dividends
Paid.
77,115,371
$112,237,515 $ 61,681,47
107,866,328
128,587,302
154,295,380
173,139,064
176,694,302
187,426,035
189,036,304
93,344, 190
102,031,534
102,052,584
93,203,852
77,672,105
81,654,138
In the seventh century the imperial palace of China had 80,000 volumes in it. In the
fifteenth century 2,000 royal commissioners condensed the vast mass of Chinese learning and
literature into 23,000 volumes of manuscript, but it still remains unprinted. In 1726 another
condensation was attempted, which was published in 5,000 volumes. A complete copy of this
very comprehensive and valuable work has been secured for the British Museum, whose own
amazing catalogue scarcely eclipses that of the imperial library published at the close of the
eighteenth century, and enumerating upward of 173,000 volumes on all branches of literature,
without including works of fiction, dramas, or any books relating to the Taoust or Buddhist
religions. It is, however, necessary to add that the majority of these books are little more
than mere commentaries, by intellectual pigmies of modern days, on the writings of men
possessed of a far wider range of thought and freer imagination than these their cramped
descendants.
>
99
薯
​}
Locomotive cylinders-One-sixteenth inch in a foot.
Tin-One-fourth inch in a foot.
Thin Brass-One-eighth inch in nine inches.
Thick Brass-One-eighth inch in ten inches.
Zinc-Five-sixteenths inch in a foot.
Copper-Three-sixteenths inch in a foot.
Bismuth-Five-thirty-seconds inch in a foot.
Lead-Five-sixteenths inch in a foot.
Beams, Girders, etc.-One-eighth inch in fifteen inches.
Pipes-One-eighth inch in a foot.
Engine-beams, Connecting-rods, etc.-One-eighth inch in six-
teen inches.
Telegraph Statistics of the World.
of
Miles of Miles of
Lines. Wires.
COUNTRIES.
Algeria..
Bavaria
Belgium.
Bolivia.
Brazil..
Bulgaria
Canada
Austria-Hungary
··
·
•
··
...
...
Shrinkage of Castings.
·
Cape of Good Hope.
Chili.
China
Columbia.
Costa Rica
Cuba..
Denmark
Dutch East Indies.
Egypt
France.
Germany.
...
1883
1883
1883
1883
1884
1885
1883
1883
1882
1882
1882
1885 3,223
5,283
145,282
46,932
1883
1883
47.637 170,960
Great Britain and Ireland.. 1884
27,604 140,498
3,890
Greece.
Guatemala
Hawaй..
Honduras
India, British.
• ·
· •
•
..
•
•
•
··
·
Year.
· •
1882 3,645
32,684
5,215
1883
1883
1884
1881
3,713
182
4,888
1,325
23,330
4,031
6,840
3,089
2,357
1883
1884
1884
450
2,835
2,283
3,682
3,720
2,880
8,678
95,188
22,848
16,830
175
1884 1,800
1883
364
8,533
1,975
13,680
5,482
4,714
726
5,987
6,316
350
21,740 62,830
No. of
Messages.
•
9,974,993
7,039,368
338,053
311,185
679,588
··
1,216,309
412,837
26,174,567
18,377,626
31,843-120
...
223,994
107,730
1,799,179
int
100
· ..
Italy
Japan
Luxemburg.
Mexico...
Montenegro
Netherlands.
TELEGRAPH STATISTICS, ETC.-(Continued).

COUNTRIES.
New South Wales.
New Zealand.
Nicaragua
Norway...
Orange Free State.
Paraguay
Persia..
Peru
Portugal
Queensland
Roumania.
···
ΤΟ
12
18
24
"
น
**
•
•
•
Russia
San Salvador.
Servia
South Australia.
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tasmania
Transvaal
Tunis.
Turkey
United States.
··
C
..
··· •
•
"
• •
..
•••
Uruguay..
Victoria...
Western Australia.
Total miles..
3 per cent..
CC
<<
6
8
น
..
•
•
..
·
• · D
Year.
1883
1883
1883
1884
1884
1884
1883
1884
1882
1884
1883
1883
1880
Miles of Miles of
Lines. Wires.
1883
1883
1882
17,258
4,783
196
19,000
280
2,660
10,000
4,074
800
5,629
276
45
3,647
1878
550
1883 2,920
1883
6,614
1883
3,000
65,726
750
1,405
5,278
10,733
5,347
4,270
1,273
IIO
44
″
(C
44
r
The moral is--lord instead of borrow,
•
12,470
372
58,800
•••
15,714
17,272
10,037
...
♣
10,075
352
90
5,947
1,183
7,084
10,617
6,240
148,532
1,000
2,035
8,824
26,160
1883
1883
1884
1884
1884
1884
1884 2,500
1884
14,617
26,060
1885 215,764 | 638,439
1883
1884
1883
12,945
10,346
1,543
165
1,405
3,600
2,359
673,168
One dollar loaned for 100 years at the following rates of interest
compounded will amount to the figures set opposite the per cent.
at the end of that time:
··
7,271
·
•
No. of
Messages.
6,454,942
2,784,287
2999298
3,228,442
2,107,288
1,299,400
912,634
500,000
1,122,548
917,605
1,244,435
10,222,664
3,019,831
1,209,088
2,977,649
235,697
1,259,133
70,000,000
*
1,474,971
19.25
340.00
2,203.00
13,809.00
85,075.00
15,145,007.00
2,551,750,404.00
101
THE WEstern UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY.
Statement Exhibiting the Mileage of Lines Operated, Number of Offices, Number of Messages Sent,
Receipts, Expenses and Profits for Each Year Since 1866.
1866.
1807.
1868.
- ►
1809..
1870
1871
.872.
·
YEARS.
1873..
1874.
1873.
1570.
1877.
1878.
·
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1833
1884-
¥885-
1886.
.
•
. •
•
· ..
Miles of
Poles and
Cables.
37,380
40,270
50,183
52,099
54.109
56,032
62,033
65,757
71,583
72,833
73,532
70 933
81,002
82,987
85,045
110,340
131,060
144,294
145,037
147,500
151,832
Miles of
Wire.
75,686
85,291
97,594
104,584
112,191
121, 151
137,190
154,472
175.735
179,490
183,832
194323
200, 202
211,566
233,534
327,171
374,308
432,726
450,571
462,283
489,607
Offices.
2,250
2,565
3,219
3,607
3,972
4,606
5,237
5,740
6,188
6,565
7,072
7,500
8,014
8.534
9.077
10,837
12,068
12,917
13,761
14,184
15,142
Messages.
5,879,282
6,404,595
7,934,933
9.157,646
10,646,077
12,444,499
14,456,832
16,329,256
Receipts. Expenses.
$6,468,925 $3,944,006
7,004,500
4,362,849
7,316,918 4,568,117
7,138,738
12,006,583
43,289,807
7,637,449
8,457,096
9,333,019
9,202.654
17,153,710
18,729,567
21,158,941
23,918,894
25,070,106
29,215,509
32,500,00O 14,393,544
38,842,247 17,114,166
9,564,575
10,034,984
9,812,353
9,861,355
10,960,640
12,782,895
6,335,415
6,635.474
Profits.
4.910,772 2.227,960
5,104,787 2.532,662
5,666,863
6,575,956
6,755,73+
6,072,223
6,309,813
6, 160, 200
$2,624,920
2,641,711
2,748,80%
2,790,233
2,757.963
2,506,920
3,229,158
3,399,510
3, 140, 128
3,551,543
4,800,440
5,833,938
5,908,280
6.948,957
8,485,264
9,990,096
41,181,177 19,454.903
11.794,553
42,076,226
13,022,504
19,632,940
17,706,834
12,005,910
5,700,924
16,298,639 12,378,783 3.919,855
7,118,070
7,660,350
6,610,436
102


CURR
CIRCULATION.
Comparative statement showing the changes in circulation from July 1, 1887, to November 1889.
July 1, 1887. Nov. 1, 1888.
Decrease.
Increases
Gold coin
Standard silver dollars
Subsidiary silver
Gold certificates
Silver certificates
United States notes
National bank notes
Totals.
Net increase
•
·
Gold coin.
Standard silver dollars
Subsidiary silver.
·
United States notes
National bank notes.
Gold bullion.....
Silver bullion
Trade-dollars as bullion.
Totals.
Net increase.
+
$376,758,607
55,504,310
48,697,#59
+
91,225,437
142,118,017
326,667,219
276,855,203
$1,317,826,052
Comparative statement showing the changes in money and bullion held in the Treasury from July 1, 1887,
to November 1, 1888.
July 1, 1887.
$192,368,916
211,483,970
26,977,494
$380,016,817
59,801,330
20,013,797
2,362,585
85,732,190
3,982,472
6,934,963
$549,896,387
52,571,712
140,613,658
229,783,152
309,867,696
235,217,283
$1,407,871,668
Nov. 1, 1888.
$16,799,523
41,637,920
$58,437,443
$223,209,020
249,979,440
24,088,769
36,813,320
4,167,954
108,479,213
4,309,972
6,189,149
$687,296, 830
Decrease.
$2,888,725
$3.058,210
4.297,040
3,874,453
49,388,221
87,665, 135
745,8xx
இ 634,846
$148,489,059
$90,045,616
Increase.
$30,840,104
38,495,470
16,799,523
1,805,369
22,747,083
387,500
XXL-274
103
{
GOVERNMENT REVENUES AND EXTENDITURES FOR THE FISCAL
YEAR 1889 ACTUAL AND ESTIMATED.
Source.
Customs..
•
Internal revenue.
Sales of public lands
Profits on coinage, assays, etc.
Tax on national banks... . . .
Fees-consular, letters-patent
and lands....
Customs fees, fines, penalties,
•
etc...
Interest and sinking fund, Pa-
cific railways
Sades of Government property.
Deposits for surveying public
lands...
S

14
•
OBJECT.
4
Civil and miscellaneous expen-
ses, includ'g public build-
ings, light-houses and collect-
ing the revenue
Indians..
Quarter ending Remain'g three-
Sept. 30, 1888. fourths of year.
Actual.
Estimated.
$61,404,839 24
31,242,005 47
2,236,197 58
121,172 66
Revenues of Dist. of Columbia.
Miscellaneous sources...
2,427,650 93
2,979,997 35
$277,037,545 06
Total ordinary receipts....
The expenditures for the same period, actual and estimated, are
as follows:
•
1,429,521 13
780,500 89
637,540 12
218,686 14
557,651 21
134,334 10
28,827 34
322,349 07
970,002 65
$99,962,454 94
$17,778,813 08
1,696,496 37
24,919,467 88
••
Pensions
Military establishm't, including
fortifications, river and harbor
improvements and arsenals..
Naval establishment, including
vessels and machinery, and
improvements at navy yards.
Expenditures for Dist. of Col..
Interest on the public debt
Total ordinary expenditures $71.327.663 19
Quarter ending|Remain'g three-
Sept. 30, 1888. fourths of year.
Actual.
Estimated.
9.253,164 53
4,577,544 08
1,288,519 14
11,813,658 11
$155,595,160 76
93,757,994 53
8,263,802 42
8,070,478 87
719,499 IL
2,612,459 88
681,313 86
1,442,348 79
365,665 90
•
•
$61,471,186 92
4,553,503 63
52,080,532 12
34,746,835 47
Total receipt, actual and estimated..
Total expenditures, actual and estimated.
$377,000,000
273,000,000
Estimated surplus, applicable to purchase of bonds.. $104,000,000
16,422,455 92
3,211,480 86
29,186,341 89
$201,672,336 81
104
WEIGHT OF VARIOUS MATERIALS IN LBS. (AVOIRDUPOIS) PER
CUBIC FOOT.--Pure Gold 1,203.6, Standard Gold 1,102.9, Hammered
Gold 1,210.11, Pure Silver 654.6, Hammered Silver 656.9, Standard
Silver 658.4, Cast Brass 524,8, Brass Wire 534, Bismuth (Cast)
613.9, Antimony 418.9, Bronze 513.4, Cobalt (Cast) 488.2, Copper
(Cast) 459.3, Copper (Sheet) 557.2, Copper (Wire) 554.9, Wrought
Iron 480.75, Iron Plates 481.5, Cast Iron 450.4, Gun Metal 543.75,
Cast Lead 799.5, Rolled do. 711.75, Red Lead 558.75, Tin 455-7,
Platinum (Pure) 1,218, Hammered do. 1,271, Mercury 60 deg.,
Fluid 848, Mercury (Solid) 977, Nickel (Cast) 487.9, Steel (Plates)
480.75, Steel (Soft) 489.6, Type Metal 653.1, Zinc (Cast) 439,
Granite 165.75, Millstone 155.3, Marble (Mean, of nineteen kinds)
180, Grindstones 133.9, Firebrick 137.5, Tile 114.44, Brick (Mean)
102, Clay 102, Limestone (Mean, of seven sorts) 184.1, Loose Earth
or Sand 95, Coarse Sand 112.5, Ordinary Soil 124, Mud 102, Clay
and Stones 160, Slate 167 to 181.25, Plaster Paris 73.5, Plumbago
131.35, Anthracite Coal from 89.75 to 102.5, Cannel Coal from 77.33
to 82.33, Charcoal from Hard Wood 18.5, ditto from Soft Wood 18,
Port Wine 62.31, Fresh Water 62.5, Sea Water 64.3, Dead Sea
Water 77.5, Vinegar 67.5; Alum 107.10, Asbestos (Starry) 192.1, Ice
at 32 degs. 57.5, Sulphur 127.1, Peat 375 to 83.1, Marl (Mean)
109.33, Hydraulic Lime 171.60, Quartz 166.25, Rock Crystal 170.94.
Salt (Common) 133.12, Lard 59.20, Whale Oil 57.70, Olive
Oil 57.19.
WEIGHT OF A CUBIC INCH OF VARIOUS METALS IN POUNDS.-
Hammered Gold .701 lbs., Cast do (purc) .698, 20 Carats Fine do.
.567, Hammered Silver .382, Pure do. .378, Cast Steel .287, Cast
Iron .263, Shect Iron .279, Rolled Platinum .797, Wire do .762,
Hammered do .735, Sheet Copper .323, Sheet Brass .304, Lead
.410, Cast Tin .264, Cast Zinc .245.
C
SUNDRY COMMERCIAL WEIGHTS.-A ton of wood is 2 stones of
14 lbs. each. A pack of wool is 240 lbs. A sack of wool is 22
stones of 14 lbs., or 308 lbs. In Scotland, it is 24 of 16 lbs. A
keel of 8 Newcastle chaldrons is 15½ London chaldrons. 56 or
60 lbs. is a truss of hay, 40 lbs. a truss of straw; 36 trusses a load.
A bushel of rock salt is 65 lbs., of crushed salt 56 lbs., of foreign
salt, 84 lbs. A tierce of beef, in Ireland, is 304 lbs., and of pork
320 lbs. A fodder of lead is 19½ cwt, in London and 21 cwt, in
the North. A man's load is 5 bushels, a market load 40 (or 5 quar-
ters). A last is 10 quarters of corn, or 2 cart loads, 12 sacks of
wool, 24 barrels of gunpowder, 12 barrels of ashes, herring, soap,
&c.. and 18 barrels of salt. A hundred of of salt 126 barrels.
SUNDRY MEASURES OF LENGTH.-The hair's breadth is the
smallest, of which 48 are an inch. Four barley-corns laid breadth-
ways are ¾ of an inch, called a digit, and 3 barley-corns length-
ways are an inch. An inch is divided into 12 lines and by
mechanics into 8ths. A nail used in cloth measure is 24 ins. or
the 16th of a yard. A yalm is 3 ins, and a span 9 ins. An English
Statute mile is 1,760 yds. or 5,280 ft., an Irish mile 2,240 yds., a
Scotch mile 1,984 yds., 80 Scotch niles being equivalent to or
English, and 11 Irish to 14 English.
+

Marriage and Divorce Laws of all the
States and Territories.
Marriage, Licenses.-Required in all the States and
Territories except Dakota, Montana, New Mexico, New
Jersey, and New York. In Maryland legal marriage can
be had only by an ordained minister.
Marriage, Prohibition of.-Marriage between whites
and persons of negro descent are prohibited and punish-
able in California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Florida,
Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska,
North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee,
Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.
Marriages between whites and Indians are prohibited
in Arizona and North Carolina.
Marriages between whites and Chinese are prohibited
in Arizona.
The marriage of first cousins is forbidden in Arkansas,
Dakota, Indiana, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mex-
ico, Ohio, Washington Territory, and Wyoming, and in
some of them is declared incestuous and void.
Marriage, Age to Contract.—In New Jersey and Ohio
males under twenty-one years and females under eighteen
years of age must obtain the consent of parents or
guardians. In Massachusetts a marriage between a male
over fourteen and a female over twelve is legal, even
without the consent of parents.
Marriage, Presumption of.-In Missouri it has been
held that where parties cohabit and represent themselves
as husband and wife, a marriage is presumed, and when
parties capable of contracting agree, in express terms,
with each other, to be husband and wife, and cohabit as
such, the marriage is valid, without any further ceremony
being performed. In California marriage is declared a
105
****
**
2
ľ
106
civil contract; consent, followed by a mutual assumption
of marital rights and obligations, is sufficient.
Divorce, Previous Residence Required.-Dakota,
ninety days; Arizona, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, and
Wyoming, six months; Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas,
Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, Minnesota, Montana,
New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, Vermont (both parties, as husband and wife),
West Virginia, and Wisconsin, one year; Florida, Indi-
ana, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee, two
years; Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Jersey (for
desertion), three years.
Divorce, Causes for.-The violation of the marriage
vow is cause for absolute divorce in all the States, ex-
cepting South Carolina, which has no divorce law.
Willful desertion, one year, in Arizona, Arkansas,
Colorado, Dakota, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky,
Montana, Nevada, Rhode Island, Utah, Wisconsin and
Wyoming.
Willful desertion, two years, in Alabama, Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Pennsyl-
vania, Tennessee.
Willful desertion, three years, in Connecticut, Dela-
ware, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minne-
sota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Ver-
mont, and West Virginia.
Willful desertion, five years, in Virginia.
Habitual drunkenness, in all the States, except Louisi-
ma, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia,
and West Virginia.
"
Imprisonment for felony " or " conviction of felony,"
in all the States, except Florida, Louisiana, Maine,
Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North
Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Wiscon-
sin.
"Cruel and abusive treatment," "intolerable cruelty,"
<< extreme cruelty," or "inhuman treatment," in all the
States, except Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,
Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania,
South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia.
Failure to provide, one year, in California, Nevada,
;
"

107
!
1
and Wyoming; two years in Indiana and Idaho; three
years in Massachusetts; no time specified in Maine, Ne-
braska, Rhode Island, and Vermont. "Gross neglect of
duty," in Kansas; willful neglect for three years, in Dela-
ware.
Fraud and fraudulent contract, in Connecticut, Geor-
gia, Idaho, Kansas, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.
Absence without being heard of, in New Hamp-
shire; absence two years, in Tennessee; seven years, in
Connecticut and Vermont; absence, without reasonable
cause, one year, in Missouri: separation five years, in
Kentucky; voluntary separation, five years, in Wiscon
sin.
Ungovernable temper, in Kentucky; "habitual indul-
gence in violent and ungovernable temper, " in Florida;
"such indignities as make life intolerable," in Missouri
and Wyoming; "indignities as render life burdensome,"
in Oregon and Pennsylvania.
«
Other causes in different States are as follows: "Husband
notoriously immoral before marriage, unknown to wife,"
in West Virginia; "fugitive from justice," in Virginia;
gross misbehavior or wickedness," in Rhode Island;
"attempt on life," in Illinois; "refusal of wife to move
into the State," in Tennessee; "mental incapacity at
time of marriage," in Georgia; "three years with any
religious society that believes the marriage relation un-
lawful," in Massachusetts; "joining any religious sect
that believes marriage unlawful, and refusing to cohabit
six months," in New Hampshire; "parties cannot live
in peace and union," in Utah; "settled aversion, which
tends to permanently destroy all peace and happiness,”
in Kentucky.
In Georgia an absolute aivorce is granted only after
the concurrent verdict of two juries, at different terms of
the court. In New York absolute divorce is granted
for but one cause, adultery. In South Carolina there is
no divorce law.
All of the causes above enumerated are for absolute r
full divorce.
Divorce, Remarriage.-There are no restrictions apon
remarriage, by divorced persons, in Connecticut, Ken-
tucky Illinois, and Minnesota. Either party may
•
J
น
108
remarry, but defendant must wait two years, and obtain
permission from the court, in Massachusetts. The decree
of the court may restrain the guilty party from remarry-
ing in Virginia. Parties cannot remarry until after tvo
years, except by permission of the court, in Maine. In
the State of New York the plaintiff may remarry, but
the defendant cannot do so during the plaintiff's lifetime,
unless the decree be modified or proof that five years
have elapsed, and that complainant has married again,
and defendant's conduct has been uniformly good. Any
violation of this is punished as bigamy, even though the
other party has been married.
The courts of every State, and particularly of New
York, are very jealous of their jurisdiction, and generally
refuse to recognize as valid a divorce against one of the
citizens of the State by the court of another State, unless
both parties to the suit were subject at the time to the
jurisdiction of the court granting the divorce.
Kansas courts grant divorces for the reason that the
applicant's husband or wife has obtained a divorce in an-
other State, and the applicant has been forbidden to
remarry. If a wife in New York obtains a divorce from
her husband, and he is forbidden to remarry, he may go
to Kanaas and obtain a divorce on that ground. If his
wife contests the case, or can be served with the papers
in Kansas, so that she is brought unde, he jurisdiction of
the Kansas court, the courts of New York must recognize
the divorce as valid, and cannot punish the husband for
remarrying in New York.
New York permits polygamy and polyandry in certain.
cases. Desertion for five years, without knowledge
that the deserter is living, permits the one deserted to
marry again; and the second marriage is valid, though
the deserter returns. The second marriage may be de-
clared void, but only from the date of the decree, by a
court of competent jurisdiction, upon proper petition;
but if no such petition is made, and all parties are satis-
fied, one husband may live in lawful wedlock with two
or more wives, or one wife with two or more husbands.
The children will inherit, and both wives will entitled
ta lower.
ì
$t,
}
Air-Line Distances from
Mason and Dixon's Line.
A name given to the southern boundary line of Pennsylvania,
which formerly separated it from the slave States of Maryland
and Virginia. It was run- with the exception of about twenty-
two miles by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two Eng-
lish surveyors, between Nov. 15, 1763, and Dec. 26, 1767. Dur-
ing the excited debate in Congress, in 1820, on the question of
excluding slavery from Missouri, John Randolph of Roanoke
made great use of this phrase, which was caught up and re-
echoed by every newspaper in the land, and thus gained a cel-
ebrity which it still retains.
Alexandria, Egypt...
Amsterdam, Holland.
Athens, Greece.
Aukland, N, Z………….
Algiers, Algerla.
Berlin, Prussia.
Berne, Switzerland..
Brussels, Belgium.
Batavia, Java....
Bombay, Hindostan.
Buenos Ayres, A. C.
Bremen, Pr...
..
Parts of the World.
··
··
……….
•
•
•
•
Miles.
..5.275, Manilla, Phil. Islands....9,360
3,555 Mecca, Arabia……….
5,005 Muscat Arabia.
•
••
·
•
.8,290 | Monrovia, Liberia..
.3,425 | Morocco, Morocco.
.3.847 Mourzouk, Fezzan.
3.730 Mozambique, Mez..
.3,515 Ottawa, Canada……………
11,118 Panama, New Gran.
Parana, A. C...
Port au Prince, Hayti.
Paris, France...
Pekin, China..
Quebec, Canada
.8.548
.5.013
3,500
4,880
4,365
..
..... ··
.1.940
.4,300
.1.740
.1.650
4,970
Constantinople, Turkey
Copenhagen, Denmark...3,895
Calcutta, Hindostan.. .9,348 Quito Ecuador
Canton, China...
.9,000 | Rio Janeiro, Brazil……………..4,280
Cairo, Egypt.
..5,848 Rome, Italy...
Cape Town, Cape Colony..6,684 St. Petersburg, Russia...4,296
Cape of Good Hope... 7,380 Stockholm, Sweden. ..4,055
Caraccas, Venezuela………....1,058 Shanghai, China.. .8,600
Charlotte Town, P, E. I.....820 Singapore, Malay, .11.300
Dublin, Ireland.
3.076 St. John's N. F...
Delhi, Hindostan.
8,368 San Domingo, S. D...
Edinburgh, Scotland. 3,275 San Juan, Nicaragua.
Frederickton, N. B... 670 San Salvador, A. Č.....
Gibralter, Spain... 3,150 Santiago, Chill.
Glasgow, Scotland. 3,215 Spanish Town, Jamaica..1.446
Halifax, N. S………………….
780 Sidney, C. B. I.
Hamburg, Germany. .3,570
Havana, Cuba...
1,139
Honolulu. S. I……….
4.513
Jerusalem, Palestine .5,495
Jamestown, St. Helena...7.150
Lima, Peru………
3.515
Lisbon, Portugal..
3,190
Liverpool, England. .3 228
London, England.. ...3,315
City of Mexico, Mex..... 1.867
Montevideo, Uruguay...5,003
Montreal, Canada.. ..471
Madrid, Spain.......
Moscow, Russia...
•••
Sydney, Australia..
St. Paul de Loanda..
Timbuctoo, Soudan….
Tripoli,_Tripoli..
Tunis, Tunis.....
Toronto, Canada.
Venice, Italy.
Vienna, Austria.
Valparaiso, Chili..
Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Warsaw, Poland...
Yeddo, Japan....
Zanzibar, Zanzibar....
··
3.485
.4.466
4 [
...
•
• ·
109
•
………… ··
••
EN
•
Washington to Various
·
-
..
...
....
...
A
3
···
•
··
*...
Miles.
.6,598
7,600
3,645
.3,305
.5.525
7.348
.462
.1,825
4,733
1,425
3.485
.8,783
...601
2.531
••
·
•
...
...
•
◊

...
•
··
..975
.8,963
.5,578
.3.895
.4,425
4,240
342
.3.835
...
• •
--
•
•
4,115
4,934
1.680
4,010
7,630
.7,678
C
£
110
F
A
A
Fat, Water and Muscle Properties of
Food.
100 parts.
Cucumbers.
Turnips
Cabbage.
Milk
Apples.
Eggs, yolk of.
Potatoes
Veal....
Eggs, white of..
Lamb...
LO
Beef.
Chicken.
Mutton.
Pork...
Beans.
Buckwheat
Barley
Corn.
Peas.
· •
COWS
..
...
D
• •
Wheat....
Oats...
Rice.
Cheese.
Butter.
...
• •
·
•
•
Year. Explorers.
1607-Hudson.
1773-Phipps (Lord Musgrove)
1806-Scoresby
•
B
·
• • D
Water.
97.0
94.4
90.0
86.0
84.0
79.0
75.2
68.5
1827-Parry
1874-Meyer (on land)
1875-Markham (Nare's expedition)
1876-Payer.
53.0
50.5
50.0
46.0
44.0
38.5
14.8
14.2
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
13.6
13.5
10.0
··
Muscle. Pat.
1.5
1.1
4.0
5.0
5.0
15.0
1.4
IO. I
17.0
II.0
15.0
18.0
..
12.5
10.0
24.0
8.6
15.0
12.0
23.4
14.6
17.0
6.5
65.0
1.0
4.0
5.0
8.0
Most Northern Point Reached by Arctic
Explorers.
10.0
27.0
22.5
16.5
.c
35.0
30.0
32.0
40.0
50.0
No. Latitude.
8od 23m OOS
8od 48m ons
81d
1217 425
82d 45m 30S
82d 09m
83d 201 265
83d 07m OOS
83d 24m
OOS
OOS
1884-Lockwood (Greely's party)
The distance from the farthest point of polar discovery to the
pole itselfis 460 miles. But this polar radius, though only 460
mes in extent, is covered by ice gorges and precipices of incred-
ible difficulty; and frost is so severe that no instrument of human
invention can measure its intensity, and it blisters the skin like
extreme heat.
57.7
75.4
68.8
73.0
60.0
69.4
66.4
79.5
19.0
100.C
The greatest progress that has ever been made across these
wildernesses of storm, of fury and desolation, was at the rate of
six miles a day, the explorers often resting as many days as the❤
had before traveled miles in a single day.
↓
1
Apple
Barley
Beans
Beet root.
Buckwheat flour.
Cheese, rich and old
Cocoa bean.
Coffee..
Cornmeal
Egg
Haddock and herring.
Milk
Meat, butcher's.
Pea
ARTICLES.
•
•
••••
Wheat
"
CC
--
Potato.
Riee.
Rye flour.
Tea.
bran.
flour*
<< bread
·
+
ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS ARTICLES OF FOOD.
Water.
Gluten.
Fibrin of
87
10%
14 24 2
81 8
14½ 8½
36
5
12
87
33/4
53 3
·
17
13
14 12 8
74
……….
Sugar
Starch,
& Gum.
Fat.
Ash.
92
25
25
16
18
30/2
56
IO
6
13
300
68
15 24
75
8
14
7/2 3/4
14
5
14
13
16
145
10½
3
25
2
446
I
9
48
26
20
1/2
21
67
63
22
15% 634
66
72
48
J
•••
4/2
2½ 60½ 11½ ½ 4½
2
10
..
冷
​4/2
3/4
½
I
I
Starch.
Wood
Fibers.
Matter.
Mineral
150
•
39
· ...
73
42%
34
1
·
•
·
372
U
•
• D
• ···
I
4
3/2
I
L
.
102
434
U
• ··
17
❤
•
• • ► •
7
U
...
29
42
•
•
•
· •
•
→
•
• •
•
5
• D
·
·
·
•
•
►
►
17
· •
3/4
D
·
·
•
Gum.
4/2
•
..
....
···
• ...
I
100 lbs. flour yields 130 lbs. bread.
* Water absorbed by flour varies from 40 to 60 per cent. of the weight of the flour, the best quality absorbing
the most.
rry
--

A List of 365 Principal Historical Events from
1492 to Date.
JANUARY.
I New Year's Day.
2 Quakers free slaves, 1788.
3 Battle of Princeton, 1777.
4 National Fast, 1861.
Richmond burned, 1781.
Santa Anna president, 1853.
Millard Fillmore born, 1800.
8 Mississippi seceded, 1861.
9 New York founded, 1614.
10 Battle Middle Creek, Ky., 1862.
Arkansas Post surrendered, 1863.
II
12 Vicksburg fortified, 1861.
13 Gen. Taylor ordered to Mexico, 1846.
Peace declared, 1783.
14
15 Edward Everett died, 1865.
16 Napier appointed envoy to United States, 1857.
17 Benjamin Franklin born, 1706.
18 Georgia seceded, 1861.
19 Battle Mill Spring, Ky., 1862.
20 Independence United States recognized, 1783.
Fremont born, 1813.
21
22
23
24
President Johnson's imp. trial, 1868.
25 Louisiana seceded, 1861.
26 Michigan admitted, 1837.
27 Audubon died, 1851.
28 William H. Prescott died, 1859.
29 Kansas admitted, 1861.
30 N. P. Banks born, 1816.
31 Str. Metropolis lost, 1878.
112
Battle Frenchtown, 1813.
Battle Encarnacion, Mex., 1847.
1
1
113
FEBRUARY.
■ Texas seceded, 1861
Peace with Mexico, 1848.
2
3
6
Horace Greeley born, 1811.
4 Confederate Congress met, 1861.
5 Hatcher's Run, Va., 1865.
Fort Henry captured, 1862.
U. S. Bank suspends, 1841.
8 Jeff Davis elected President, 1861
9 Bishop Waugh died, 1858.
10 Treaty of Paris, 1763.
II
12
Charleston evacuated, 1865.
A. Lincoln born, 1809.
13 Fernando Wood died, 1881.
14 St. Valentine's Day.
15 Bishop Vightman died, 1882.
16 Fort Donelson surrendered, 1862.
17 Columbia, S. C., burned, 180 ·
18 Jeff Davis inaugurated, 1861.
19 First National Thanksgiving, 1795.
Battle Olistee, Fla., 1864.
20

21
Battle Valverde, N. M., 1861.
22 Washington born, 1732.
23 Nashville taken, 1862.
24 Peacock captured, 1813.
25 Battle Trenton, 1776.
26 Gen. Sickles acquitted, 1859.
27 Longfellow born, 1807.
28 Black Warrior seized, 1854
MARCH.
Ι
I Nebraska admitted, 1867.
2 Missouri admitted, 1821.
3 Florida admitted, 1845.
4 Vermont admitted, 1791.
5 Boston massacre, 1770.
6 Battle Pea Ridge, 1862.
77
Bible Society founded, 1804.
Wesley started for America, 1738.
9 Monitor destroys Merrimac, 1862.
McClellan crossed Potomac, 1862.
11 Benjamin West died, 1820.
IC
TA
114
12 Chicago flood, 1849.
13 Pocahontas died, 1617.
14 Jackson born, 1767.
15 Battle Guilford C. H., 1781.
16 Expunging Res. ad., 1837.
17 St. Patrick's Day.
18 Calhoun born, 1782.
21
19 Patent of Conn. issued, 1631.
20 Uncle Tom's Cabin pub., 1852.
Nevada admitted, 1864.
22 Stamp Act passed, 1765.
23 Battle Winchester, 1862.
24 Longfellow died, 1882.
25 Port Bill passed, 1774.
26 Gov. Winthrop died, 1640.
27 Vera Cruz taken, 1847.
28 Essex captured, 1814
29 J. J. Astor died, 1848.
30 Crimean war ends, 1856.
31 Calhoun died, 1850.
APRIL
IO
1 Battle Five Forks, 1865.
2 Jefferson born, 1743.
3 Richmond captured, 1865.
4 President Harrison died, 1841.
5 Yorktown besieged, 1862.
Washington elected, 1789.
7 Channing born, 1780.
8 Louisiana admitted, 1812.
9 Lee's surrender, 1865.
Modoc massacre, 1873.
II Mobile evacuated, 1865.
Henry Clay born, 1777.
13 Fall of Sumter, 1862.
14 Lincoln shot, 1865.
15 First call for troops, 1861.
16 Slavery abolished D. C., 1862.
17 Benjamin Franklin died, 1790.
18 Battle Cerro Gordo, 1847.
19 Battle Lexington, 1775.
20 Plymouth, N. C., captured, 1864.
21 Norfolk Navy Yard captured, 1861.
}
115.
!
22 Buchanan born, 1791.
23 Stephen A. Douglas born, 1831.
24 First newspaper published in America, 1704
25 Bishop Ames died, 1879.
26 Johnston surrendered, 1865.
27 U. S. Grant born, 1822.
28 Maryland admiited, 1788.
29 Bishop Morris born, 1794.
30 Washington inaugurated, 1789.
MAY.
2
I Seige of Fort Meigs, 1813.
Battle of Chancellorville, 1863.
3 Columbus discovered Jamaica, 1494
4 Yorktown evacuated, 1862.
Battle of Williamsburg, 1862.
6 Tennessee seceded, 1861.
7 Arkansas seceded, 1861.
Battle of Palo Alto, 1846.
9
Battle Resaca de la Palma, 1846.
10 Jeff Davis captured, 1865.
Minnesota admitted, 1858.
II
12
Crown Point captured, 1775-
13 Jamestown, Va., settled, 1607.
14 Battle Jackson, Miss., 1863.
15 Battle Resaca, Ga., 1864.
16 W. H. Seward born, 1801.
17 Great fire, St. Louis, 1849.
18 Matamoras captured, 1846.
19 Hawthorne died, 1864.
20 Lafayette died, 1834.
21 North Carolina seceded, 1861.
22 Assault on Vicksburg, 1863.
23 South Carolina admitted, 1778
24 Brooklyn bridge opened, 1883.
25 Philadelphia Convention met, 1748
26 Pequod massacre, 1637.
27 Fort Erie evacuated, 1813.
Noah Webster died, 1843.
29 Rhode Island admitted, 1790.
30 Congress met in Washington, 1808.
Battle Seven Pines, 1862.
гIÓ
****
(MAKA
JUNE.
1 Kentucky admitted, 1792.
2 Battle Cold Harbor, Va., 1864
3 Battle Phillippi, Va., 1861.
Fort Pillow captured, 1862.
5 Battle Piedmont, Va., 1864
Memphis taken, 1862.
4
United States Bank founded, 1791.
Jamestown, Va., abandoned, 1610.
9 Georgia chartered, 1732.
10 Battle Big Bethel, 1861.
II
Sherman arrives Kenesaw, 1864.
12 Bryant died, 1878.
21
13 Fugitive slave bill repealed, 1864.
14 Tax on tea ordered, 1767.
15 Arkansas admitted, 1836.
16 Battle Bunker Hill, 1775.
17 Charleston, Mass., burned, 1775.
18 War declared Great Britian, 1812.
19 Alabama sunk by Kearsage, 1864.
20 United States Flag adopted, 1777.
New Hampshire admitted, 1788.
22 Battle Craney Id., 1813.
23 Battle Springfield, N. J., 1780.
24 Labrador discovered, 1497-
25 Gen. Custer killed, 1876.
26 Seven days' fight, Virginia, 1862.
27 Vera Cruz surrendered, 1847.
28 Battle of Charleston, 1776.
29 Henry Clay died, 1852.
30 Guiteau hanged, 1882.
JULY.
T Battle Gettysburg begun, 1863.
President Garfield shot, 1881.
2
3 Massacre of Wyoming, 1778.
4 Independence Day.
5 British captured Ticonderoga, 1777.
6 Battle Carthage, Mo., 1861.
76
Mrs. Surratt hanged, 1865.
Abercrombie defeated, 1758.
Braddock's defent. 1755.
"
1
{
>
1
117
A
10 Columbus born, 1447.
HĮ. Q Adams born, 1767.
12 Hull invades Canada, 1812.
18 Draft riots, New York, 1863.
14 Second Chicago fire, 1874
Stony Point captured, 1779.
18 Battle Point au Play, 1814
17 Fort Mackinaw captured, 1812.
18 Assaults on Fort Wagner, 1863.
19 Great fire in New York, 1845.
20 Confederate Congress met, 1861.
First Battle Bull Run, 1861.
22 McPherson killed, 1864.
23 Battle Caloosahatchie, 1839.
24 Van Buren died, 1862.
25 Battle Lundy's Lane, 1814.
26 Louis Phillippe died, 1850.
27 John Morgan captured, 1863.
28 Fighting ends at Atlanta, 1864.
29 Confederate soldiers paroled, 1865.
30 Chambersburg burned, 1864.
21
31 Battle Montmorenci, 1759.
AUGUST.
■ Columbus discovered mainland, 1498.
2 Battle Sandusky, 1813.
3 Columbus left Spain, 1492.
4 Iowa adopted Constitution, 1846.
Mobile forts attacked, 1864.
Ram Tennessee captured, 1864.
Great fire New York, 1778.
Battle of Mackinaw, 1814.
9 Battle of Cedar Mt., Va., 1862.
10 Missouri admitted, 1821.
7
II
Davis Straits discovered, 1585.
12 New York rioters convicted, 1863.
13 Fort Erie bombarded, 1814.
14 Oswego taken, 1756.
15 Lafayette revisits United States, 1824.
16 Hull's surrender, 1812.
17 N. E. Courant established, 1721.
18 Battle Fishing Creek, 1780.
118
19 Guerriere captured, 1812.
20 Battle Contreras, 1847.
21 Lawrence, Kas., burned, 1863.
22 Yacht America wins, 1851.
23 New Mexico annexed, 1846.
24 Washington taken, 1814.
25 British army in Chesapeake, 1777.
26 Stamp Act riot, 1768.
27 Battle Long Island, 1776.
28 First cable message, 1858.
29 Capture of Hatteras, 1861.
30 William Penn died, 1718.
31 Battle Jonesboro, Ga., 1864.
SEPTEMBER.
I Lopez garroted, 1851.
2 Atlanta evacuated, 1864.
3 Treaty of Paris, 1783.
4 Gen. Morgan killed, 1864.
5 Continental Congress met, 1774
May Flower sailed, 1620.
ΤΟ
II
7 Brazil declared independent, 1822.
8 Montreal surrendered, 1760.
9 California admitted, 1850.
Hudson River discovered, 1609.
Battle Brandywine, 1777.
12 Battle Chapultepec, 1847.
13 Battle Quebec, 1759.
14 Fulton's steamboat starts, 1807.
15 Fenimore Cooper born, 1789.
16 Battle Harlem Plains, 1776.
17 Battle Antietam, 1862.
18 Surrender of Quebec, 1759.
19 Battle Saratoga, 1777.
20 Capture of Lexington, Mo., 1861.
21 Andre captured, 1780.
22
Battle Fisher's Hill, Va., 1864.
23 Serapis captured, 1779.
24 Montery surrendered, 1846.
25 Battle Montreal, 1775.
26 Philadelphia captured by British, 1777.
Steamer Artic lost, 1854.
27
119
1
28 Fort Harrison, Va., captured, 1864.
29 Draft in New York, 1862.
30
Peace treaty with France, 1Soo.
OCTOBER.
I British troops arrived Boston, 1768.
Andre executed, 1780.
2
4
3 Blackhawk died, 1838.
Battle Corinth, 1862.
5 Tecumseh killed, 1813.
6 Peace proclaimed, 1783.
7 E. A. Poe died, 1849.
8 Battle Perryville, Ky., 1862.
9 Great Chicago fire, 1871.
10 B. West born, 1738.
II
Prince of Wales arrived in New York, 1866
R. E. Lee died, 1870.
12
13 Battle of Queenstown, 1812.
William Penn born, 1644.
14
15 Chippewa Plains, 1814.
16 First newspaper in New York, 1725.
17 - Burgoyne surrendered, 1777-
18 Sloop Frolic captured, 1812.
19 Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781.
20 Steamer Florida captured, 1864.
Battle Ball's Bluff, 1861.
21
22
23
Battle Fort Mercer, 1777-
Battle St. Regis, 1812.
24 Daniel Webster died, 1852.
25 Macedonian captured, 1812.
26 Fight of Chatauqua, 1813.
27 Ram Albemarle destroyed, 1864.
28 Harvard College founded, 1636.
29 Battle White Plains, 1776.
30 Old John St. Church died, 1768.
31 Nevada admitted, 1864.
NOVEMBER.
I Battle French Creek, 1813.
Erie Canal finished, 1825.
2
3 Bryant born, 1794.
4 Declaration of rights by Congress, 1774-
Grant's second election, 1872.
120
6 Lincoln elected, 1860.
7 Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811.
8 Mason and Slidell seized, 1861.
10
9 May Flower arrived Cape Cod, 1620.
Dutch seized rule New York, 1674
Battle Shrysler's Field, 1813.
{་
12 Conscription declared unconstitutional, 1863
13 Montreal captured, 1775.
44 Sherman marched to sea, 1864.
15 Great fire in New York, 1835.
16 Fort Washington captured, 1776.
17 Jeff Davis threatens reprisal, 1862.
18 Battle Fish Dam, S. C., 1750.
19 Garfield born, 1831.
20
.21
Battle Belle Isle, 1759.
North Carolina admitted, 1789.
22 Bishop Wiley died, 1884.
23 Bragg defeated, 1863.
24
Battle Lookout Mountain, 1863.
25 Evacuation New York, 1783.
26 Battle Mission Ridge, 1863.
27 Hoosac Tunnel opened, 1873-
28 Irving died, 1859.
29 Wendell Phillips born, 1811.
30 Revolutionary War ends, 1782.
DECEMBER,
Statute Washington unveiled, 1811.
2 John Brown executed, 1859.
3 Illinois admitted, 1818.
4 Alabama admitted, 1818.
Van Buren born, 1782.
6 Carver landed New England, 1620
Delaware admitted, 1787.
7
8 Washington crossing Delaware, 1776.
9
Buffalo burned, 1813.
10 Mississippi admitted, 1817.
II
Pilgrims landed, 1620.
Pennsylvania admitted, 1787.
12
13 Battle Fredericksburg, Va., 1862.
14 Washington died, 1799.
15 Hartford convention, 1814
121
E
16 Boston Tea Party, 1773.
17 General Bolivar died, 1830.
18 New Jersey admitted, 1787.
19 Massacre Narragansetts, 1675.
20 South Carolina seceded, 1860.
Savannah captured, 1864.
21
22 Embargo on American ships, 1807.
23 Washington resigned commission, 1783
24 Fort Fisher stormed, 1864.
25 Christmas.
26 Major Anderson occupied Sumter, 1860
27
Battle Chickasaw Bayou, 1862.
28 Iowa admitted, 1846.

29 Texas admitted, 1845.
30 New Mexico purchased, 1853.
31 Monitor founded, 1862.
MILES OF VARIOUS
The English and American mile is.
The Scotch mile is...
The Irish mile is.
The German mile is
·
The Dutch and Prussian mile is
4 • •
The Italian mile is……..
The Vienna post mile is.
The Swiss mile is..
•
• •
The Swedish and Danish mile is.
The Arabian mile is.
The Roman mile is.
The Werst mile is.
The Tuscan mile is.
The Turkish mile is
The Flemish mile is.
• + •
D
--
NATIONS.
•
•
+
•
•
•
·
-
4
1,760 yards.
"
1,984
2,240
8,106
6,480
1,766
8,296
9,153
7,341-5
2,143
1,628 or 2,025
1,167 or 1,337
1,808
1,826
6,869
LA
kt
**
At
CC
"L
MYN
CC
66
*
34
(
"
"(
CC
ON Oak Orchard creek and the Genesee river, between Roches-
ter and Lake Ontario, are enormous chasms, worn by water, seven
miles long. On the Genesee, south of Rochester, a cut exists
from Mount Morris to Portage, sometimes 400 feet deep. In the
Rocky Mountains, near the source of the Missouri river, there is
a gorge six miles long and 1,200 feet deep. In the Mississippi, at
St. Anthony's Falls, the river has eroded a passage through lime-
stone rock seven miles long, to which distance the cataract has
receded. In the passage of the Connecticut river at Brattleboro
and Bellows Falls, it can be proved that the river was once at least
700 feet above its present level.
122

THE SILVER QUESTION.
In all civilized countries either gold or silver has been adopted as the standard of monetary
value. The following is a list of the most important countries in the world, divided into three
groups, those using (1) a gold standard, (2) a silver standard, (3) a double or variable standard.
Of these last it may be said that the term "variable" is preferable to that of "double," inas-
much as the double standard never exists at one and the same time, gold or silver becoming
alternately the standard, as the state of the exchanges makes the one or the other the more
desirable as the practical medium of exchange.
Gold Standard.
Australia.
Brazil
British Colonies in Liberia.
Great Britain and Austria.
Ireland.
Bolivia.
China.
Cochin China.
Egypt.
German Empire.
Africa.
British N. America. Norway.
Denmark.
Portugal.
Sweden.
Turkey.
New Zealand.
Silver Standard.
Colombia.
Ecuador.
E. Indian Isles.
Hungary.
Double or Variable Standard.
India. Argentine Re- Italy.
Japan.
Mexico. Belgium.
Peru. Chili.
public. Netherlands.
Roumania.
Russia. Cuba.
Tripoli. France.
Greece.
Hayti.
Spain.
Switzerland.
Venezuela.
United States.
123
Relative Hardness of Woops.-Taking shell bark hickory
as the highest standard of our forest trees, and calling that 100,
other trees will compare with it for hardness as follows;
Shell bark Hickory.
Pignut Hickory
White Oak..
White Ash...
Dogwood.
Scrub Oak.
White Hazel.
Apple Tree
Red Oak
White Beech.
Black Walnut.
Black Birch
...
...
··
... •
•
• •
··
•
--- •
•
+
·
-
..
100 Yellow Oak...
96 Hard Maple.
84 White Elm
··
77 Red Cedar.
75 Wild Cherry
Yellow Pine..
Chestnut.....
73
··
·· · ·
--
•
•
•
•
72
70 Yellow Poplar.
Butternut
69
•
•
•
·
65 White Birch
65 White Pine......
62
•
80000
60
56
58
56
55
54
52
51
43
43
30
Timber intended for posts, is rendered almost proof against rot
by thorough seasoning, charring, and immersion in hot coal tar.
The slide of Alpnach, extending from Mount Pilatus to Lake
Lucerne, a distance of 8 miles, is composed of 25,000 trees,
stripped of their bark, and laid at an inclination of 10 to 18
degrees. Trees placed in the slide rush from the mountain into
the lake in 6 minutes.
The Alps comprise about 180 mountains, from 4,000 to 15,732
feet high, the latter being the height of Mont Blanc, the highest
spot in Europe. The summit is a sharp ridge, like the roof of a
house, consisting of nearly vertical granite rocks. The ascent
requires 2 days, 6 or 8 guides are required, and each guide is paid
100 francs ($20.00). It was ascended by 2 natives, Jacques Bel-
mat and Dr. Packard, Aug. 8, 1786, at 6 a. m. They staid up 30
minutes, with the thermometer at 14 degrees below the freezing
point. The provisions froze in their pockets; their faces were
frost-bitten, lips swollen, and their sight much weakened, but they
soon recovered on their descent. De Saussure records in his
ascent August 2, 1760, that the color of the sky was deep blue;
the stars were visible in the shade; the barometer sunk to 16.08
inches (being 27.08 in Geneva); the thermometer was 26½ degrees,
in the sun 29 degrees (being 87 degrees at Geneva). The thin air
works the blood into a high fever, you feel as if you hardly touched
the ground, and you scarcely make yourself heard. Á French
A
woman, Mademoiselle d'Angeville, ascended in September, 1840,
being dragged up the last 1,200 feet by guides, and crying out:
"If I die, carry me to the top." When there, she made them lift
her up, that she might boast she had been higher than any man in
Europe. The ascent of these awful solitudes is most perilous,
owing to the narrow paths, tremendous ravines, cy barriers,
precipices, etc. In many places every step has to be cut in the
ice, the party being tied to each other by ropes, so that if one slips
he may be held up by the rest, and silence is enforced, lest the
noise of talking should dislodge the avalanches of the Aiguille
du Midi. The view from the mountain is inexpressibly grand.
On the Alps, the limit of the vine is an elevation of 1,600 feet;
:
124
+1
below 1,000 feet, figs, oranges and olives are produced. The
limit of the oak is 3,800 ft., of the chestnut 2,800 ft., of the pine
6,500 ft., of heaths and furze to 8,700 and 9,700 ft.; and perpetual
snow exists at an elevation of 8,200 feet.
On the Andes, in lat. 2 degrees, the limit of perpetual snow is
14,760 ft.; in Mexico, lat. 19 degrees, the limit is 13,800 ft.; on
the peak of Teneriffe, 11,454 ft.; on Mount Etna, 9,000 ft.; on
the Caucasus, 9,900 ft.; the Pyrenees, 8,400 ft.; in Lapland,
3,100 ft.; in Iceland, 2.890 ft. The walnut ceases to grow at an
elevation of 3,600 ft.; the yellow pine at 6,200 ft.; the Ash at
4,800 ft., and the Fir at 6,700 ft. The loftiest inhabited spot on
the globe is the Port House of Ancomarca, on the Andes, in Peru,
16,000 feet above the level of the sea. The 14th peak of the Him·
alayas, in Asia, 25,659 feet high, is the loftiest mountain in the
world.
Lauterbrunnen is a deep part of an Alpine pàss, where the sun
hardly shines in winter. It abounds with falls, the most remark-
able of which is the Staubbach, which falls over the Balm preci-
pice in a drizzling spray from a height of 925 feet; best viewed in
the morning sun or by moonlight. In general, it is like a gauze
veil, with rainbows dancing up and down it, and when clouds
hide the top of the mountain, it seems as poured out of the sky.
In Canada, the falls of Montmorenci are 250 feet high, the falls
of Niagara (the Horse Shoe Falls) are 158 feet high and 2,000 feet
wide, the American Falls are 164 feet high and 900 feet wide,
The Yosemite Valley Falls are 2,600 feet high, and the Ribbon
Falls of the Yosemite are 3,300 feet high. The water all of the
Arve, in Bavaria, is 2,000 feet.
THE PERIODs of GestaTION are the same in the horse and ass,
or 11 months each, camel 12 months, elephant 2 years, lion 5 months,
buffalo 12 months, in the human female 9 months, cow 9 months,
sheep 5 months, dog 9 weeks, cat 8 weeks, sow 16 weeks, she wolf
from 90 to 95 days. The goose sits 30 days, swans 42, hens 21,
ducks 30, peahens and turkeys 28, canaries 14, pigeons 14, par-
rots 40.
AGES OF ANIMALS, &C. Elephant 100 years and upward,
Rhinoceros 20, Camel 100, Lion 25 to 70, Tigers, Leopards,
Jaguars and Hyenas (in confinement) about 25 years, Beaver 50
years, Deer 20, Wolf 20, Fox 14 to 16, Llamas 15, Chamois 25,
Monkeys and Baboons 16 to 18 years, Hare 8, Squirrel 7, Rab-
bit 7,
Swine 25, Stag under 50, Horse 30, Ass 30, Sheep under 10,
Cow 20, Ox 30, Swans, Parrots and Ravens 200, Eagle 108,
Geese 80, Hens and Pigeons 10 to 16, Hawks 36 to 40, Cranes 24,
Blackbird 10 to 12, Peacock 20, Pelican 40 to 50, Thrush 8 to 10,
Wren 2 to 3, Nightingale 15, Blackcap 15, Linnet 14 to 23, Gold-
finch 20 to 24, Redbreast 10 to 12, Skylark 10 to 30, Titlark 5 to 6,
Chaffinch 20 to 24, Starling 10 to 12, Carp 70 to 150, Pike 30 to 40,
Salmon 16, Codfish 14 to 17, Eel 10, Crocodile 100, Tortoise 100 to
200, Whale estimated 1,000, Queen Bees live 4 years, Drones 4
months, Working Bees 6 months.
The melody of singing birds ranks as follows: The nightin-
gale first, then the linnet, titlark, sky lark and wood lark. The
125
mocking bird has the greatest powers of imitation, the robin and
goldfinch are superior in vigorous notes.
The condor of Peru has spread wings 40 feet, feathers 20 feet,
quills 8 inches round.
In England, a quarter of wheat, comprising 8 bushels, yield
14 bushels 2½ pecks, divided into seven distinct kinds of flour, as
follows: Fine flour, 5 bushels 3 pecks; bran, 3 bushels; twenty-
penny, 3 bushels; seconds, 2 pecks; pollard, 2 bushels; fine mid
dlings, I peck; coarse ditto, 1 peck.
The ancient Greek phalanx comprised 8,000 men, forming a
square battalion, with spears crossing each other, and shields
united.
The Roman legion was composed of 6,000 men, comprising IC
cohorts of 600 men each, with 300 horsemen,
The ancient battering ram was of massive timber, 60 to 100 feet
long, fitted with an iron head. It was erected under shelter to
protect the 60 or 100 men required to work it. The largest was
equal in force to a 36-lb. shot from a cannon.
PILE DRIVING ON SANDY Sons.-The greatest force will not
effect a penetration exceeding 15 feet.
VARIOUS SIZES or Tyre.-It requires 205 lines of Diamond type
to make 12 inches, of Pearl 178, of Ruby 166, of Nonpareil 143,
of Minion 128, of Brevier 112, of Bourgeois 102, of Long
Primer 89, of Small Pica 83, of Pica 71%, of English 64.
Wire ropes for the transmission of power vary in size from to
7 inch diam. for from 3 to 300 horse power; to promote flexibility,
the rope, made of iron, steel, or copper wire, as may be preferred,
is provided with a core of hemp, and the speed is 1 mile per minute,
more or less, as desired. The rope should run on a well-balanced,
grooved, cast iron wheel, of from 4 to 15 feet diam., according as
the transmitted power ranges from 3 to 300 horse; the groove
should be well cushioned with soft material, as leather or rubber,
for the formation of a durable bed for the rope. With good care
the rope will last from 3 to 5 years.
Cannon balls go furthest at an elevation of 30 degrees, and less
as the balls are less; the range is furthest when fired from west to
east in the direction of the earth's motion, which for the diurnal
rotation on its axis, is at the rate of 1,037 miles per hour, and in
its orbit, 66,092 miles.
The air's resistance is such, that a cannon ball of 3 lbs. weight,
diameter, 2.78 ins. moving with a velocity of 1,800 ft. per second,
is resisted by a force equal to 156 lbs.
Brick-layers ascend ladders with loads of go lbs., 1 foot per
second. There are 484 bricks in a cubic yard, and 4,356 in a rod.
A power of 250 tons is necessary to start a vessel weighing 3,000
tons over greased slides on a marine railway, when in motion, 150
tons only is required.
A modern dredging machine, 123 ft. long, beam 26 ft., breadth
over all, 11 ft., will raise 180 tons of mud and clay per hour, II
feet from water-line.
In tanning, 4 lbs. of oak bark make 1 lb. of leather.
126
Flame is quenched in air containing 3 per cent. of carbonic acid;
the same percentage is fatal to animal life.
100 parts of oak make nearly 23.of charcoal; beech 21, deal 19,
apple 23.7, elm 23, ash 25, birch 24, maple 22.8, willow 18, popular
20, red pine 22.10, white pine 23. The charcoal used in gun-
powder is made from willow, alder, and a few other woods. The
charred timber found in the ruins of Herculaneum has undergone
no change in 1,800 years.
Four volumes of nitrogen, and one of oxygen compose atmos-
pheric air in all localities on the globe.
Air extracted from pure water, under an air pump, contains 34.8
per cent. of oxygen. Fish breathe this air, respiring about 35 times
per minute. The oxyhydrogen lime light may be seen from mount-
ains at the distance of 200 miles round.
Lightning is reflected 150 to 200 miles.
1,000 cubic feet of 13 candle gas is equivalent to over 7 gals. of
sperm oil, 52.9 lbs. of tallow candles, and over 44 lbs. of sperm
candles.
The time occupied by gas in traveling from a gas well (in Penn-
sylvania) through 32 miles of pipe was 22 minutes, pressure at the
well was 55 lbs. per inch, pressure at discharge 49 lbs.
The flight of wild ducks is estimated at 90 miles per hour, that
of the swift at 200 miles, carrier pigeons 38 miles, swallows 60
miles, migratory birds have crossed the Mediterranean at a speed
of 120 miles per hour.
At birth, the beats of the pulse are from 165 to 104, and the in-
spirations of breath from 70 to 23. From 15 to 20, the pulsations
are from 90 to 57, the inspirations, from 24 to 16; from 29 to 50, the
pulsations are 112 to 56, the inspirations, 23 to 11. In usual states
it is 4 to 1.
The action of the heart distributes 2 ozs. of blood from
70 to 80 times in a minute.
The mean heat of the human body is 98 degs. and of the skin
90 degs. Tea and coffee are usually drank at 110 degs.
The deepest coal mine in England is at Killingworth, near
Newcastle, and the mean annual temperature at 400 yards below
the surface is 77 degrees, and at 300 yards 70 degrees, while at the
surface it is but 48 degrees, being 1 degree of increase for every 15
yards. This explains the origin of hot springs, for at 3,300 yards
the heat would be equal to boiling water, taking 20 yards to a
degree. The heat of the Bath waters is 116 degrees, hence they
would appear to rise 1,320 yards.
Peron relates that at the depth of 2,144 feet in the sea the ther-
mometer falls to 45 degrees, when it is 86 degrees at the surface.
Swemberg and Fourier calculate the temperature of the celestial
spaces at 50 degrees centigrade below freezing.
In Northern Siberia the ground is frozen permanently to the
depth of 660 feet, and only thaws to the extent of 3 or 4 feet in
summer. Below 660 feet internal heat begins.
River water contains about 30 grs. of solid matter in every cubl.
foot. Fresh water springs of great size abound under the sea.
Perhaps the most remarkable springs exist in California, where

127
they are noted for producing sulphuric acid, ink, and other
remarkable products.
St. Winifred's Well, in England, evolves 120 tons of water per
minute, furnishing abundant water power to drive 11 mills within
little more than a mile.
The Nile has a fall of 6 ins. in 1,000 miles. The rise of the river
commences in June, continuing until the middle of August, attain-
ing an elevation of from 24 to 26 feet, and flowing the valley of
Egypt 12 miles wide. In 1829 it rose to 26 cubits, by which 30,000
persons were drowned. It is a terrible climate to live in, owing to
the festering heat and detestable exhalations from the mud, etc.,
left on the retiring of the Nile, which adds about 4 inches to the
soil in a century, and encroaches on the sea 16 feet every year.
Bricks have been found at the depth of 60 feet, showing the vast
antiquity of the country. In productiveness of soil it is excelled
by no other in the world.
Belzoni considered the tract between the first and second cata-
ract of the Nile as the hottest on the globe, owing to there being
no rain. The natives do not credit the phenomenon of water fall-
ing from above. Hence it is that all monuments are so nicely pre-
served. Buckingham found a building left unfinished about 4,000
years ago, and the chalk marks on the stones were still perfect.
Pompey's Pillar is 92 feet high, and 27½ round at the base.
The French removed a red granite column 95 feet high, weighing
210 tons, from Thebes, and carried it to Paris. The display of
costly architectural ruins at Thebes is one of the most astonishing
to be seen anywhere in the world. The ruins and costly buildings
in old Eastern countries, are so vast in their proportions and so
many in number that it would require volumes to describe them.
Babel, now called Birs Nimroud; built at Babylon by Belus,
was used as an observatory and as a temple of the Sun.
It was
composed of 8 square towers, one over the other, in all 670 feet
high, and the same dimensions on each side on the ground.
The Coliseum at Rome, built by Vespasian for 100,000 spectators,
was in its longest diameter 615.5 feet, and in the shortest 510.
embraced 5½ acres, and was 120 feet high.
Eight aqueducts supplied ancient Rome with water, delivering
40 millions of cubic feet daily. That of Claudia was 47 miles long
and 100 feet high, so as to furnish the hills. Martia was 41 miles,
of which 37 were on 7,000 aches 70 feet high. These vast erections
would never have been built had the Romans known that water
always ri es to its own level.
The Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, was 425 feet long and 225
feet broad, with 127 columns, 60 feet high, to support the roof. It
was 220 years in building.
Solomon's Temple, built B. C. 1014, was 60 cubits or 107 feet in
length, the breadth 20 cubits or 36 feet, and the height 30 cubits or
54 feet. The porch was 36 feet long and 18 feet wide.
The largest one of the Egyptian pyramids is 543 feet high, 693
feet on the sides, and its base covers 11 acres. The layers of stones
are 208 in number. Many stones are over 30 feet long, 4 broad
and 3 thick.
I
128
***
} The Temple of Ypsambul, in Nubia, is enormously massive and
cut out of the solid rock. Belzoni found in it 4 immense figures,
65 feet high, 25 feet over the shoulders, with a face of 7 feet and
the ears over 3 feet.
Sesostris erected in the temple in Memphis immense statues of
himself and his wife, 50 feet high, and of his children, 28 feet.
In the Temple of the Sun, at Baalbec, are stones more than 60
feet long, 24 feet thick and 16 broad, each embracing 23,000 cubic
feet, cut, squared, sculptured and transported from neighboring
quarries. Six enormous columns are each 72 feet high, composed
of 3 stones 7 feet in diameter. Sesostris is credited with having
transported from the mountains of Arabia a rock 32 feet wide and
240 feet long.
The engineering appliances used by the ancients in the move
ment of these immense masses are but imperfectly understood at
the present day.
During modern times, a block of granite weighing 1,217 tons,
now used as the pedestal of the equestrian statue of Peter the
Great, at St. Petersburg, was transported 4 miles by land over a
railway and 13 miles in a vast caisson by water. The railway con-
sisted of two lines of timber furnished with hard metal grooves;
between these grooves were placed spheres of hard brass about 6
inches in diameter. On these spheres the frame with its massive
load was easily moved by 60 men, working at capstans with treble
purchase blocks.
In 1716 Swedenborg contrived to transport (on rolling machines
of his own invention) over valleys and mountains, 2 galleys, 5
large boats and 1 sloop, from Stromstadt to Iderfjol (which divides
Sweden from Norway on the South), a distance of 14 miles, by
which means Charles XII. was able to carry on his plans, and
under cover of the galleys and boats to transport on pontoons his
heavy artillery to the very walls of Frederickshall.
As an exponent of the laws of friction, it may be stated that a
square stone weighing 1,080 lbs. which required a force of 758 lbs.
to drag it along the floor of a quarry, roughly chiseled, required
only a force of 22 lbs. to move it when mounted on a platform and
rollers over a plank floor.
Water is the absolute master, former and secondary agent of the
power of motion in everything terrestrial. It is the irresistible
power which elaborates everything, and the waters contain more
organized beings than the land.
Rivers hold in suspension 100th of their volume (more or less)
of mud, so that if 36 cubic miles of water (the estimated quantity)
flow daily into the sea, 0.36 cubic miles of soil are daily displaced.
The Rhine carries to the sea every day 145,980 cubic feet of mud.
The Po carries out the land 228 feet per annum, consequently
Adria which 2,500 years ago was on the sea, is now over 20 miles
from it.
The enormous amount of alluvium deposited by the Mississippi
is almost incalculable, and constantly renders necessary extensive
engineering operations in order to remove the impediments to
navigation.
:
! 129
THE MAYFLOWER'S PASSENGERS.
A true list of the male passengers who landed at
Plymouth in the Mayflower :
Mr. Isaac Allerton,
John Alden,
John Allerton,
Mr. William Bradford,
Mr. William Brewster,
John Billington,
Peter Brown,
Richard Britterage,
Mr. John Carver,
Francis Cook,
James Chilton,
John Crackston,
Richard Clarke,
Edward Dotey,
Francis Eaton,
Thomas English,
Mr. Samuel Fuller,
Edward Fuller,
Moses Fletcher,
John Goodman,
Carter,
Coper,
Ely,
Holbeck,
Hooke,
Richard Gardiner,
John Howland,
Mr. Stephen Hopkins,
Edward Leister,
Mr. Christopher Martin,
Mr. William Mullins,
Edmund Margeson,
Degony Priest,
Thomas Rogers,
John Rigdale,
Captain Miles Standish
George Soule,
Edward Tilly,
John Tilly,
Thomas Tinker,
John Turner,
Mr. Edward Winslow,
Mr. William White,
Mr. Richard Warren,
Thomas Williams,
Gilbert Winslow.
AND SERVANTS AS FOLLOWS:
Langemore,
Latham,
Minter,
More,
Prower,
Sampson,
Story,
Thompson,
Trevore,
Wilder.
"'OSTLER JOE."
"'OSTLER JOE."
I stood at eve, as the sun went down, by a grave where a woman
lies,
Who lured men's souls to the shores of sin with the light of her
wanton eyes;
Who sang the song that the siren sang on the treacherous Lurley
height,
Whose face was as fair as a summer day and whose heart was as
black as night.

130
}
AL
Yet a blossom I fain would pluck to-day from the garden above her
dust
Not the languorous lily of soulless sin, nor the blood-red rose of
lust.
But a sweet white blossom of holy love that grew in the one green
spot
In the arid desert of Phryne's life where all was parched and hot.
In the summer, when the meadows were aglow with blue and red,
Joe, the 'ostler of the Magpie, and fair Annie Smith were wed.
Plump was Annie, plump and pretty, with a cheek as white as
snow;
He was anything but handsome, was the Magpie's 'Ostler Joe.
But he won the winsome lassie. They'd a cottage and a cow,
And her matronhood sat lightly on the village beauty's brow,
Sped the months and came a baby-such a blue-eyed baby boy!
Joe was working in the stables when they told him of his joy.
He was rubbing down the horses, and he gave them then and
there
All a special feed of clover, just in honor of the heir.
It had been his great ambition, and he told the horses so,
That the Fates would send a baby who might bear the name of
Joe.
J
Little Joe the child was christened, and, like babies, grew apace;
He'd his mother's eyes of azure, and his father's honest face.
Swift the happy years went over, years of blue and cloudless sky,
Love was lord of that small cottage, and the tempest passed
them by.
Passed them by for years, then swiftly burst in fury o'er their
home.
Down the lane by Annie's cottage chanced a gentleman to roam;
Thrice he came and saw her sitting by the window with her
child,
And he nodded to the baby, and the baby laughed and smiled.
So at last it grew to know him - little Joe was nearly four;
He would call the “ pretty gemplin " as he passed the open door;
And one day he ran and caught him, and in child's play pulled
him in;
And the baby Joe had prayed for brought about the mother's sh.
"Twas the same old wretched story that for ages bards have sung,
'Twas a woman weak and wanton and a villain's tempting
tongue;
'Twas a picture deftly painted for a silly creature's eyes
Of the Babylonian wonders and the joy that in them lies.
Annie listened and was tempted; she was tempted and she fell,
As the angels fell from heaven to the blackest depth of hell;
She was promised wealth and splendor, and a life of guilty sloth,
Yellow gold for child and husband, and the woman left them
both.
!
I
131
**
Home one eve came Joe the 'Ostler with a cheery cry of "Wife !"-
Finding that which blurred forever all the story of his life.
She had left a silly letter-through the cruel scrawl he spelt;
Then he sought the lonely bedroom, joined his hands and knelt.
"Now, O Lord, O God, forgive her, for she ain't to blame," he
cried;
"For I owt t' a seen her trouble, and 'a gone away and died.
Why, a wench like her - God bless her!-'twasn't likely as her'd
rest
With her bonny head forever on a 'ostler's ragged vest.
"It was kind o' her to bear me all this long and happy time;
So, for my sake please to bless her, though you count her deed a
crime.
If so be I don't pray proper, Lord, forgive me; for you see,
I can talk all right to 'osses, but I'm nervous like with Thee.”
Never a line came to the cottage from the woman who had flown.
Joe, the baby, died that winter, and the man was left alone.
Ne'er a bitter word he uttered, but in silence kissed the rod,
Saving what he told the horses, saving what he told his God.
Far away in mighty London rose the woman into fame,
For her beauty won men's homage, and she prospered in her
shame;
Quick from lord to lord she flitted, higher still each prize she won,
And her rival paled beside her as the stars beside the sun.
Next she made the stage her market, and she dragged Art's
temple down
To the level of a show-place for the outcasts of the town.
And the kisses she had given to poor 'Ostler Joe for nought
With their gold and costly jewels rich and titled lovers bought.
Went the years with flying footsteps while the star was at its
height;
Then the darkness came on swiftly, and the gloaming turned to
night.
Shattered strength and faded beauty tore the laurels from her
brow;
Of the thousands who had worshiped never one came near her
now.
"
Broken down in health and fortune, men forgot her very name,
'Till the news that she was dying woke the echoes of her fame;
And the papers in their gossip mentioned how an actress " lay
Sick to death i humble lodgings, growing weaker every day.
One there was who read the story in a far-off country place,
And that night the dying woman woke and looked upon his face;
Once again the strong arms clasped her that had clasped her long
ago,
And the weary head lay pillowed on the breast of 'Ostler Jee.
ཀཱ
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132
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An the past had he forgotten, all the sorrow and the shame;
He had found her sick and lonely, and his wife he now could
claim.
Since the grand folks who had known her one and all had slunk
away,
He could clasp his long-lost darling, and no man could say him
nay.
In his arms death found her laying, in his arms her spirit fled;
And his tears came down in torrents as he knelt beside her dead.
Never once his love had faltered through her base, unhallowed
life;
And the stone above her ashes bears the honored name of wife.
That's the blossom I fain would pluck to-day from the garden
above her dust;
Not the languorous lily of soulless sin or the blood-red rose of
lust;
But a sweet, white blossom of holy love that grew in th`one green
spot
In the arid desert of Phryne's life where all was parched and hot.
GEORGE R. SIMS.
The Eleven Great Wonders in America.
Croton Aqueduct, in New York City.
City Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The largest
park in the world.
Lake Superior.
Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky.
Niagara Falls. A sheet of water three-quarters of a
mile wide, with a fall of 175 feet.
The largest lake in the world.
Natural Bridge, over Cedar Creek, in Virginia.
New State Capitol, at Albany, N. Y.
New York and Brooklyn Bridge.
The Central Park, in New York City.
Washington Monument, Washington, D. C., 555 feet
high.
Yosemite Valley, California; 57 miles from Coulter-
ville. A valley from 8 to 10 miles long, and about one
mile wide. Has very steep slopes about 3,500 feet high;
has a perpendicular precipice 3,089 feet high; a rock
almost perpendicular, 3,270 feet high; and waterfalls from
´700 to 1,000.
1*pi***
+
133
THE MURDERER.
[An Unpublished Poem by Edgar Allen Poe.}
Ye glittering stars! how fair ye shine to-night,
And O, thou beauteous moon! thy fairy light
Is peeping thro' those iron bars so near me.
How silent is the night - how clear and bright!
f nothing hear, nor aught there is to hear me.
Shunned by all, as if the world did fear me;
Alone in chains! Ah, me' the cursed spell
That brought me here. Heaven could not cheer me
Within these walls within this dark, cold cell,
This gloomy, dreary, solitary hell.
Then so
And thou, so slow, O Time! so passing siow:
Keeping my soul in bondage, in this woe
So torturing this uncontrollable pain;
Was I to blame? I was, they say
Be it. Will this deep sanguinary stain
Of my dark crime forever haunt my brain?
Must I live here and never, never hear
The sweetness of a friendly voice again?
Must I this torture feel year after year?
Live, die in hell, and Paradise so near?
1 J
Am I dead to Thee, O Christ? Thou who sought
The prisoner in his lonely cell; taught
Him to feel the enchantment of Thy love -
Am I dead to Thee? Canst Thou not be brought
By prayer from Thy celestial throne above
Into this darkened cell? Dost Thou, too, reprove
My soul? Thou, too, doom it to endless misery?
Am I so hardened that I can not move
The divine, forgiving love in Thee?
Canst Thou be Christ and have no love for me?
What! lost am I? Ne'er will I feel the bliss
Of heaven? Ne'er feel the joys above this
World of sin? What! never? Is my destiny
Hell? Into that dark, fathomless abyss
Of sin and crime? Into that misery
Eternal? Into that unquenchable sea
Of fire? Is there my future - is it there?
Ah! it comes before my eyes. See! see! Ye
Infernal fiends' why come ye here: How dare
Ye come? Away! mnock me not with your stare!
Away, ye fiends! Why at me now? Am I
Not hardened yet? Am I not fit for hell? Why
Test me again? O, horrois, hear the groans
Of tortured victims' Ah! see them lie
Bleeding and in chains! Hear the mocking moans
Of the maddei'd decons. In deep, wild tones!
A
25 d.
!
134
437
:
....
See them hurl their victims into the hot mire!
Now see the devils dance! What! Are they stones?
Have they no hearts, no love, no kind desire?
Fearfully reveling 'midst Jehovah's fire!
Cries, cries! horrible cries assail my ears!
I see her! My murdered victim now appears
Before me! Hear her pleading for mercy:
Ah! see her stare, with eyes swollen with tears;
Horrors! see her white arms outstretched to me,
Begging for life! O woe!
O woe! O misery!
Take me, demons! take me out of this cell;
Satan, I'm thine! Hear, hear, I call on thee;
Torture me-rack me with the pains of hell;
Do what thou wilt, but break this madd'ning spell.
Listen! What's that?
The demons come to
See, see! No, no! O, heavens! What brought this
Pale skeleton here? Speak! speak! What! dumb?
And hast thou naught to say? What is thy office?
Away, fiend! What! move not for me! What is
Thy want? Speak, devil, speak! Come, come, unsheath
Thy tongue. Com'st thou from the dark abyss
Of sin? Hold, hold! I know thee my breath!
Ha! ha! I know thee now
I know thee now- 'tis Death! 'tis Death!
My soul, they come, they come!
take thee to thy home!
Twenty Years Ago.
I've wandered to the village, Tom; I've sat beneath the tree,
Upon the school-house play-ground, that sheltered you and me;
But none were left to greet me, Tom, and few were left to know,
Who played with us upon the green, some twenty years ago.
"
The grass is just as green, Tom; barefooted boys at play
Were sporting, just as we did then, with spirits just as gay.
But the master" sleeps upon the hill, which, coated o'er with
(
snow,
Afforded us a sliding-place, some twenty years ago.
The old school-house is altered now; the benches are replaced
By new ones, very like the same our penknives once defaced;
But the same old bricks are in the wall, the bell swings to and fro
Its music's just the same, dear Tom, 'twas twenty years ago.
The boys were playing some old game, beneath that same old tree;
I have forgot the name just now-you've played the same with me,
On that same spot; 'twas played with knives, by throwing so
and so;
The loser had a task to do-there, twenty years ago.
The river's running just as still; the willows on its side
Are larger than they were, Tom; the stream appears less wide;
$
I
135
?
1
But the grape-vine swing is ruined now, where once we played the
beau,
And swung our sweethearts-pretty girls-just twenty years ago,
The spring that bubbled 'neath the hill, close by the spreading
beach,
Is very low-'twas then so high that we could scarcely reach;
And kneeling down to get a drink, dear Tom, I started so,
To see how sadly I am changed, since twenty years ago.
Near by that spring, upon an elm, you know I cut your name,
Your sweetheart's just beneath it, Tom, and you did mine the
Some heartless wretch has peeled the bark, 'twas dying sure but
slow,
Just as SHE died, whose name you cut some twenty years ago.
same.
My lids have long been dry, Tom, but tears came to my eyes;
I thought of her I loved so well, those early broken ties;
I visited the old church-yard, and took some flowers to strow
Upon the graves of those we loyed, some twenty years ago.
Some are in the church-yard laid, some sleep beneath the sea;
But few are left of our own old class, excepting you and me;
And when our time shall come, Tom, and we are called to go,
I hope they'll lay us where we played, just twenty years ago.
The Law of Finding.
The law of finding is that the finder has a clear title against
everyone but the owner. The proprietor of a hotel or a shop has
no right to demand the property or premises. Such proprietor
may make regulations in regard to lost property which will bind
their employes, but they cannot bind the public. The law of find-
ing was declared by the King's bench over 100 years ago, in a case
in which the facts were these:
A person found a wallet containing a sum of money on a shop
floor. He handed the wallet and contents to the shopkeeper to
be returned to the owner. After three years, during which the
owner did not call for his property, the finder demanded the wallet
and the money from the shopkeeper. The latter refused to deliver
them up on the ground that they were found on the premises.
The former then sued the shopkeeper, and it was held as above
set forth, that against all the world but the owner the title of the
finder is perfect. And the finder has been held to stand in the
place of the owner, so that he was permitted to prevail in an
action against a person who found an article which the plaintiff
had originally found, but subsequently lost. The police have no
special rights in regard to articles lost, unless those rights are con-
ferred by statute. Receivers of articles found are trustees for the
owner or finder. They have no power in the absence of special
statute to keep an article against the finder, any more than the
finder has to retain an article against the owner.
*
3
**
KONÍAS
136

Steamer "Savannah," the First that Crossed the
Atlantic.
The Times (of London, England), in the issue of May
18, 1819, thus announced the expected event:
"GREAT EXPERIMENT.-A new steam-vessel of 300
tons has been built at New York for the express purpose
of carrying passengers across the Atlantic. She is to
come to Liverpool direct."
This steamer, named the Savannah, the first that
crossed the Atlantic, was built at New York by Francis
Ficket. Her engines were made by Stephen Vail, of
Morristown. She was launched on the 22d of August,
1818. She could carry only seventy-five tons of coal and
twenty-five cords of wood. Commanded by Captain
Moses Rogers, of New London, Conn., the Savannah
sailed from Savannah, Ga., on the 25th of May, 1819,
bound for St. Petersburg via Liverpool. She reached
the latter port on the 20th of June, having used steam
eighteen days out of the twenty-six
1
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1
137
This steamer made the
fastest time of any ocean
steamer. She left Queens-
town, Sunday, August
16, 1885, arrived at New
York, Saturday, August 22,
at 3:35 p. m., making the
passage in 6 days, 5 hours
and 44 minutes. Her first
day's running, counting
from 2:26 p. m. on Sunday
until the following noon,
was 424 knots, followed by
464, 450, 465, 464, 464 and
70, from noon to 3:35 p. m
on Saturday. The dis-
tance which she traveled
shows that the Etruria
maintained the unexampled
speed of 21½ miles per hour continuous steaming for
the entire voyage.
The best single day's run was made
by the Etruria on her second westward voyage, on which
occasion she steamed 481 nautical miles, which is equal
to 557 statute miles, and required a speed of more than
23 miles per hour to accomplish.
She is 520 feet long, 57 feet beam, and 41 feet deep to
upper deck (to promenade deck, 49 feet), 8,000 tons, and
14,500 horse-power, built of steel throughout, and is not
classed in any of the books, as her construction far
exceeds the requirements of the book surveyors. She is
divided into ten water-tight compartments, most of the
bulkheads being carried to the upper deck, and has three
steel masts, is bark-rigged, and can spread a large area of
canvas when required.
The Etruria has since beaten the above record, having
made the trip from Queenstown to New York on Sept.
22, 1888, in six days one hour and fifty minutes.

STEAMER ETRURIA.
Fast Passages of Ocean Steamships.
Queenstown to New York-6d. 5h., 44 meantime,
Etruria, Cunard line; sailed 2:26 p. m., August 16,
Distance cov-
arrived 3:25 p. m., August 22, 1885.
1
↓
138
?
ered, 2,801 knots, or about 3,250 statute miles. Com-
puted from Roche's Point to bar off Sandy Hook,
adding 4h. 35m. for difference in time. Fastest
passage.
6d. 15h. 41m., America, National line; sailed 1:50
p. m., May 29, arrived 10:15 p. m., June 4, 1884.
Computed from Fastnet to Sandy Hook, adding
4h. 22m.
6d. 21h. 38m., Alaska, Guion line; sailed 12:10
p. m., September 16, arrived 5:26 a. m., 23, 1883.
Computed from Fastnet to Sandy Hook, adding 4h.
22m.
-7d. 10h. 53m., Britannic, White Star line; sailed
4:35 p. m., August 10, arrived 11:06 p. m., 17, 1877.
Computed from Fastnet to Sandy Hook, adding 4h,
22m.
-7d. 14h. 12m., City of Berlin, Inman line; sailed
7 p. m., October 5, arrived 4:50 a. m., 13, 1877.
Computed from Roche's Point to Sandy Hook, add-
ing 4h. 22m.
New York to Queenstown -6d. 6h. 41m., actual time,
Oregon, Cunard line; sailed 7:44 a. m., December
17, arrived 7 p. m., 23, 1884. Computed from bar
off Sandy Hook to Roche's Point, deducting 4h.
35m. for difference.
-ád. 14h. 18m., America, National line; sailed 9:11
a. m., June 11, arrived 4:25 a. m., June 18, 1884.
Computed from Sandy Hook to Fastnet, deducting
4h. 22m.
-6d. 18h. 37m., Alaska, Guion line; sailed 6:21 p. m.,
September 12, arrived 5:20 p. m., 19, 1882. Com
puted from Sandy Hook to Fastnet, deducting 4h.
22m.
-7d. 12h. 17m., Britannic, White Star line; sailed
12:22 p. m., October 11, arrived 5:01 a. m., October
19, 1884. Time computed from Sandy Hook to
Fastnet, deducting 4h. 22m.
-7d. 15 h. 48m., City of Berlin, Inman line; sailed
9 a. m., October 2, arrived 5:10 a. m., 10, 1875.
Computed from Sandy Hook to Roche's Point,
deducting 4h. 22m.
-New York to Southampton, Eng.— 7d. 16h. 28m,,
139
t
actual time, Eider, North German Lloyd line; sailed
8:32 a. m., June 25, arrived 6 a. m., July 3, 1884.
Computed from Sandy Hook to the Needles, deduct-
ing 5h. for difference. Fastest passage.
Southampton to New York-7d. 18h. 10m., Eider,
N. G. L. line; sailed 7 p. m., April 7, arrived 8:10
a. m., 25, 1884. Computed from the Needles to Sandy
Hook, adding 5h.
New York to Havana, Cuba -3d. 9h. 33m., Newport,
N. Y. & C. M. line; sailed 4:55 p. m., May 20,
arrived 1:45 a. m. 24, 1882. Computed from Sandy
Hook to Harbor, adding 33m. for difierence in
time.
Havana to New York-2d. 23h. 45m., City of Puebla,
N. Y. H. & M. line; sailed 6:58 p. m., June 30
arrived 7:16 p. m., July 3, 1883. Computed from❜
Morro Castle to Sandy Hook, deducting 33m. for
difference in time. Fastest passage.
3d. 56m., Newport, N. Y. & C. M. line; sailed 5:55
p. m., July 23, arrived 7:24 p. m., July 26, 1884.
Computed from Harbor to Sandy Hook, deducting
33m.
Galveston, Texas, to New York—5d. 12h. 10m., Alamo;
sailed 9 a. m., June 25, arrived 3 a. m., July 1, 1884,
exclusive of over 6h. detention at Key West, Fla.
Computed from Galveston bar to Sandy Hook bar
allowing 65m. for difference in time.
New York to Galveston, Texas-5d. 20h. 15m.,
Alamo; sailed 4:30 p. m., August 9, arrived 10 p, m.,
15, 1884, exclusive of 8h. detention at Key West.
An unauthenticated despatch says the Alamo made
the run in 5d. 18h. 30m., arriving December 25,
1885.
Aspinwall to New York-6d. 5h. 30m., Henry Chaun-
cey; sailed 5:55 a. m., November 13, arrived 11:25
p. m., November 19, 1865. Computed from pier to
pier.
New York to Nassua, N. P.—3d. 1h. 45m., Cienfuegos;
sailed 4:45 p. m., February 14, arrived at anchorage
6:30 p. m., February 17, 1883. No time allow uce;
75th meridian standard.
:
FOREIGN CARRYING TRADE.
The following table shows the values of the imports and exports of the United States carried, respect-
ively, in American and foreign vessels for 21 years, with the percentage carried in American vessels:
Year ending June 30.
1868
1809
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1675
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1982
1883
1884
1805
1886
1887
1888
In cars and other
land vehicles.
•
$22,985,510
27,650,770
27,869,978
23,022,540
20,388,235
18,473, 154
17,464,810
20,477,364
19,423,685
20,981,393
25,452,521
34,973,317
48,092,892
46,714,068
45,332.775
43.700,350
48,951,725
54,356,827
In American
vessels.
$297,981,573
289,956,772
352,969,401
353,664,172
345,331, 101
346,306,592
350,451,994
314,257,792
311,076,171
316,660,281
313,050,906
272,015,692
258,346,577
250,586,420
227,229,745
240,420, 500
233,699,035
194,865,743
In foreign
vessels.
$550,546,074
586,492,012
638,927,488
755,822,576
839,346,362
966,723,651
939,206, 106
Total.
k
$848,527,647
876,448,784
991,896,889
1,132,472,258
1,212,328,233
1,340,899,221
1,312,680,640
1,219, 134,544
884,788,517
813,354,987
1,142,904,312
859,920,536 1,194,045,627
876,991,129
91,1,269,232
1,224,265,434
1,269,002,983
1,212,978,709
1,258,506,924
1,127,798, 199
1,079,518,566
1,073,911,113
1,165,194,508
1,174,697,321
1,210,519,399
1,202,708,609
1,503,593,404
1,545,041,974
1,475,181,831
1,547,020,316
1,408,211,302
1,319,717,084
1,314,960,966
1,408,502,979
1,419,911,621
Percentage in
Am. vessels.
35.1
33.1
35.6
31.2
28.5
25.8
26.7
25.8
33.1
26.5
25.9
22.6
17 18
16.22
15.40
15.54
16.60
14.76
15.01
13.80
13.44
197,349,503
194,356,746
190,857,473
-The value of commodities carried in cars and other land vehicles was not separately stated prior
NOTE 1.
to July 1, 1870.
NOTE 2.-The amounts stated prior to 1880 include the value of coin and bullion, those from 1880 to 1888,
inclusive, merchandise only.
140
141
Armies and Navies of the Principal Nations.
Austria-Hungary.-Regular army, 1876, 206.1583
war-footing, 1,043,351. Navy, 68 vessels, of which iz
were iron-clads; officers and men, 6,274-
Belgium.-The army, is composed of 3.214 officers,
40,590 soldiers on pay, and 62,534 without pay; total on
war-footing, 103,124.
Brazil. Regular army, 17,751; war-footing, 32,000.
Navy, II iron-clads, 45 other vessels, and 9 for port ser-
vice; men, over 6,000.
་་
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
Chili.-Regular army, 3,316; war-footing, over 28,000.
Navy, 10 vessels, including two iron-clads.
China.-Regular army, about 700,000; war-footing,
1,260,000. Navy, 38 vessels.
Denmark.-Regular army, 35,657; reserves, 13,279
Navy, 27 steamers, of which 7 were armor-clad.
Egypt.-Regular army, about 63,000; war-footing,
128,090. Navy, 14 vessels.
France. By a law which went into force June 1.
1873, every Frenchman capable of bearing arms is made
liable to twenty years' military service, viz.: four in the
standing army, five in the reserve of the standing army,
five in the territorial army, and six in the reserve of the
territorial army. This gives France a force of about
500,000 in time of peace, and 1,750,000 on a war-footing.
Navy, 1878, 222 vessels, of which 19 were first-rate iron-
clads; sailors and marines, about 65,000.
Germany. -Regular army, 418,842; war-footing,
1,315,634. Navy, 70 vessels, including 17 iron-clads,
men, about 8,000.
Great Britain.-In the British army the term of
service is twelve years, after which a soldier can serve
for nine years more. The strength of the regular
army is 272,602, distributed as follows: 178,641 in
Great Britain, 31,311 in the colonies, and 62,650 in India.
Territorial army, including yeomanry, militia and volun-
teers, 304,202. Imperial army of natives in India, 127,170.
Navy, 64 iron-clads, about 360 steamers and 125 sailing
vessels. Of this number 261 are manned by 46.500
seamen and 14,000 marines. Navy, reserved, 21.420.
Italy.-Standing army, 659,615 (but the strength
of the regular army is given as about 20,000 only); r
142
*
¿
.
2
+
visional militia, 260,325; officers of reserve, 2,167; terri
torial militia, 290,518 — total, 1,212,620. Other figures
place the army on a war-footing at less than 900,000. Navy,
66 vessels, of which 18 a reiron-clads; men, about 12,000.
Japan.-Regular army, 31,680; war-footing, 46,350.
Navý, 16 steam vessels, including three iron-clads; men,
about 4,000.
Mexico.-Regular army, about 22,000.
Netherlands.-Regular army in Europe, 62,900; war-
footing, 160,000. East Indian army, 39,413. Navy, 99
steamers and 16 sailing vessels.
Norway. Regular army, about 13,000. Navy, 119
vessels, manned by about 4,300 men.
Persia. Army, peacc-footing, usually about 25,000;
war-footing, about 100,000.
Peru.-Regular army, about 13,000. Navy, 18 ves-
sels.
Portugal.-Regular army, 35,496; war-footing,
about 75,000. Navy, 22 steamers and 12 sailing vessels.
Roumania.-Regular army, 17,169; war-footing,
42,449. Territorial army, 54,473.
Russia. The nominal strength of the army is
768,467; war-footing, 1,213,259. Other figures esti-
mate the war-footing at nearly 1,700,000. Navy, 221
vessels, of which 27 are armor-clad; men, about 30,000.
Spain.-According to a new plan of the Minister of
War, the army is to consist of 100,000 men, but in 1878
it was about 300,000. Navy, 123 vessels, including six
iron-clads.
Sweden.-Regular army, 36,495; war-footing,156,970.
Navy, 42 steamers and 97 other vessels.
Switzerland.-In the Federal army consisted of 119,982
in the Bundesanug, and 91,728 in the landwehr.
Turkey.-Army on peace-footing, about 150,000; war-
footing, estimated, 611,100. Navy, 20 iron-clads and 70
steamers, manned by 30,000 sailorsand 4,0co marines.
United States.-Regular army, according to the official
returns for 1879, 2,127 officers, 24,262 men, and 385
officers retired. Recent estimates place the war-forces
of the United States, viz.: the militia and the regular
army, at over 3,750,000. Navy, 142 ships, of which only
93 are effective; officers. 2,380; men, 7,850.
1
Men Called by President Lincoln During the Late
War.
The total number called for, under all calls made by
the President, from April 15, 1861, to April 14, 1865, was
2,759,049.
Thei: terms of service under the calls were from three
months three years.
United States Soldiers in the Late Civil War.
New York
Pennsylvania.
Ohio..
Illinois.
Indiana.
Massachusetts.
•
Missouri.
Wisconsin.
Michigan.
New Jersey
Kentucky.
Iowa..
Maine.
Connecticut.
Maryland.
Vermont.
•
•
•
• •
New Hampshire.
West Virginia.
Minnesota..
Rhode Island.
Kansas..
District of Columbia.
Delaware..
Total
•
•
143
•
Aggregate,
455,568
366,326
317,133
258,217
195, 147
151,785
107,773
96,118
90,119
79,511
78,540
75,860
71,745
52,270
49,730
35,256
34,605
30,003
25,034
23,711
20,097
16,872
13,651
2,653,062
144
Colored Troops in U. S. Army During the War.
"ouisiana.
Lentucky.
Tennessee.
Mississippi.
Maryland.
Pennsylvania.
Missouri.
Virginia.
Arkansas.
•
·
•
South Carolina.
Ohio..
North Carolina.
Alabama.
New York.
Massachusetts.
Georgia,
District of Columbia.
Kansas.
Rhode Island.
•
•
• •
..
Illinois...
Connecticut.
•
Indiana.
Michigan.
New Jersey.
Florida..
Delaware
•
•
• ·
•
•
•
• ·
At large.
Iowa.
West Virginia.
Wisconsin.
New Hampshire.
Vermont.
Maine...
Minnesota.
Colorado Territory
Texas.
Officers.
Not accounted for.
·
•
Total....
•
•
·
· •
·
•
·
24,052
23,703
•
20, 133
17,869
8,718
8,612
8,344
5,723
5,526
5,462
5,092
5,035
4,969
4,125
3,966
3,486
3,269
2,080
1,837
1,811
1,764
1,597
1,387
1,185
1,044
954
733
440
196
155
125
120
104
104
95
47
7,122
5,083
186.017
145
The Nation's Dead.
A recent report shows that the nation's dead are buried
in seventy-nine national cemeteries, of which twelve are
in the Northern States. Among the principal ones in
the North are Cyprus Hill, Brooklyn, N. Y., with its
3,786 dead; Finn's Point, N. J., which contains the
remains of 2,644 unknown dead; Gettysburg, Pa., with
its 1,967 known and 1,608 unknown dead; Mound City,
IIL, with 2,505 known and 2,721 unknown graves; Phila
delphia, with 1,909 dead, and Woodlawn, Elmira, N. Y.,
with its 3,090 dead. In the South, near the scenes of
terrible conflicts, are located the largest depositories of
the nation's heroic dead:
Arlington, Va., 16,264, of whom 4,349 are unknown.
Beaufort, S. C., 9,241, of whom 4,493 are unknown.
Chalmette, La., 12,511, of whom 5,674 are unknown.
Chattanooga, Tenn., 12,962, of whom 4,963 are
unknown.
Fredericksburg, Va., 15,257, of whom 12,770 are
unknown.
Jefferson Barracks, Mo., 11,490, of whom 2,906 are
nknown.
Little Rock, Ark., 5,602, of whom 2,337 are unknown
City Point, Va., 5,122, of whom 1,374 are unknown
Marietta, Ga., 10,151, of whom 2,963 are unknown.
Memphis, Tenn., 13,997, of whom 8,817 are unknown
Nashville, Tenn., 16,526, of whom 4,701 are unknown
Poplar Grove, Va, 6, 199, of whom 4,001 are unknown.
Richmond, Va., 6,542, of whom 5,700 are unknown.
Salisbury, N. C., 12, 126, of whom 12,032 are unknown
Stone River, Tenn., 5,602, of whom 288 are unknown.
Vicksburg, Miss., 16,600, of whom 12,704 are unknown
Antietam, Va., 4,671, of whom 1,818 are unknown.
Winchester, Va., 4,559, of whom 2,365 are unknown
In all, the remains of 300,000 men who fought for the
Stars and Stripes find guarded graves in our national
meteries Two cemeteries are mainly devoted to the
brave men who perished in the loathsome prisons of the
same name Andersonville, Ga., which contains 1.714
graves, and Salisbury, with its 12,126 dead, of whom
12,033 are unknown.
"
-
M
*
146
UNITED STATES PENSION STATISTICS.
NUMBER OF PENSION CLAIMS, PENSIONERS
AND DISBURSEMENTS, 1861-1885.

Fiscal Year ending
June 30.
1861.
1862.
1863..
1864.
1865.
1866..
1867.
1868..
1869..
1870..
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875
1876..
1877
1878..
1879.
1880..
•
•
•
•
•
• •
•
•
1881.
1882..
1883.
1884.
1885...
Army and Navy.
Claims Allowed.
Invalids.
413
4,121
Widows,
Etc.
49
3,763
22,446
17,041
15,212 24,959
22,883 27,294
16,598 19,893
9,460 19,461
27,414
27,580
7,292
5,721
7,934
6,468 7,244
6,551
4,073
15,904
12,500
8,399
Total No. Total No.
of Appli-
cations
Filed.
2,437
49,332
53,599
72,684
65,256
36,753
20,768
26,066
24,851
43,969
26,391
18,303
of
Claims
Allowed.
462
7,884
39,487
40,171
50,177
36,482
28,921
23,196
18,221
16,562
34,333
16,052
10,462
11,152
5,937
3,152 16,734
5,760
4,736
18,704
4,376 23,523
9,977
5,360
7,282 3,861 22,715 11,326
7,414 3,550 44,587 11,962
7,242 3,379 57,118.31,346
10,176 4,455 141,466 19,545
21,394 3,920 31,116
22,946 3,999 40,939
27,394
27.664
32,014 5,303
48,776
38,162
6,366 41,785
7,743 40,918
34, 192
35,767
Total
300,204 | 220,825 | 968,840 | 580,897
NOTE. In the number of pensioners on the roll under the
heads of " Invalids" and "Widows," etc., are included survivors
and widows of the war of 1812, respectively, commencing with
the year 1871.
!
S
1
147
;
U. S. PENSION STATISTICS-(Continued),
Number of Pensioners on the Roll and the
Amount Paid for Pensions, with Cost of
Disbursements.
Fiscal Year
ending June 30.

1861.
1862.
1863.
1864
1865.
1866..
1867
1868
•
·
•
1869.
1870.
1871
1872.
1873
1874.
1875
1876.
1877
1878.
1879.
1880
1381
1882
..
·
•
•·
· ..
•
•
·
•
• ·
1883..
1884.
1885..
❤
•
··
•
Invalids.
4,337
4,341
7,821
*
Widows,
Etc.
225,470
247,146
Total.
8,636
8,159
4,299
3,818
6,970 14,791
27,656
51,135
85,986
23,479
35,880
55,652
69,565
75:957
82,859 105, 104 187,963
87,521 111,165 | 198,686
50, 106
71,070 126,722
83,678 | 153,183
93,686 169,643
93,394 114, 101 207,495
113,954 118,275 | 232,229
119.500 118,911 | 238,411
121,628 || 114,613 | 236,241
122,989 111,832 234,821
124,239 107,898 232,137
128,723 103,381 | 222,104
131,649 92,349 223,998
138,615 104, 140 242,755
145,410 105,392 250,802
164,110 104,720 268,830
|
182,633 103,064 285,697
206,042 97.616 303,638
97,286 322,756
97,979 | 345,125
Disbursements.
$1,072,462
790,385
1,025,140
4,564,617
8,525,153
13,459,996
18,619,916
24,010,982
28,422,884
27,780,812
33,077,384
30,169,341
29,185,290
30,593,750
29,683,117
28,351,600
28,580,157
6,844,415
33,780,526
57,240,540
50.626,539
54,296,281
60,431,973
Total.
$744.040,541
The number of pensions allowed by the United States to
soldiers who served in wars previous to the civil war of 1861-65
and to their widows have been as follows: War of the Revo-
lution, 62,069: war of 1812 with Great Britain, 67.048; war
with Mexico, 7,619: Indian and all other wars, 1,389; Navy
163.
57,273,537
65,693,707
-
5
BT.
-$
148
#
Wars of the United States.
STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF UNITED STATES TROOPS ENGAGED.
WARS.
War of the Revolution..
Estimated additional..
Northwestern Indian wars
War with France.
War with Tripoli.
Northwestern Indian
General Harrison.
Creek Indian war
War of 1812 with Great
·
Britain
Seminole Indian war
Black Hawk Indian war
Cherokee disturbance or
removal
→
war;
•
From-
Date.
To-
Sept. 11, 1811 Nov.
July 27, 1813|Aug.
April 19, 1775 April 11, 1783 130,711
Sept. 19, 1790 Aug. 3, 1795
July 9, 1798 Sept. 30, 1800
une 10, 1801 June
4, 1805
11, 1811
9, 1814
June 18, 1812 Feb. 17, 1815
Nov. 20, 1817 Oct. 21, 1818
April 21, 1831 Sept. 31, 1832
1836
1837
TROOPS ENGAGED.
1
Regulars.
250
600
85,000
1,000
1,339
Militia
and
Volunteers.
58,750
105,330
660
13, 181
471,622
6,911
5,126
* 9,494
Total.
309,791
8,983
*4,593
*3,339
910
13,781
576,622
7,911
6,465
9,494
2

149
*
WARS
WARS OF THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED.
Creek Indian war or
disturbance
Florida Indian war
Aroostook disturbance.
War with Mexico..
Apache, Navajo, and
war
Comanche Indian war
Seminole Indian war
Civil war
*Naval forces engaged.
War was about 600,000.
·
!
Utah
From-
DATE.
May 5, 1836 Sept. 30, 1837
Dec. 23, 1835 Aug. 14, 1843
1839
1838
April 24, 1846 July
1849
1854
1856
1861
To-
4, 1848
1855
1854
TROOPS ENGAGED.
Regulars.
935
11,169
30.954
1,500
Militia
and
Volunteers.
12,483
29,953
1,500
73,776
1,061
503
2,687
Total.
13,483
41,000
1,500
112,230
2,561
503
2,687
2,859,132
1858
1865
The number of troops on the Confederate side during the Civil
The number of casualties in the volunteer and regular armies of the United States, during
the war of 1861-65, was reported by the Provost-Marshal General in 1866:

150
*
".
t
Gi
WARS OF THE UNITED STATES-CON-
TINUED.
Killed in battle, 61,362; died of wounds, 34,727; died
of disease, 183,287; total died, 279,376; total deserted,
199,105.
Number of soldiers in the Confederate service, who
died of wounds or disease (partial statement), 133,821.
Deserted (partial statement), 104,428.
Number of United States troops captured during the
war, 212,608; Confederate troops captured, 476,169.
Number of United States troops paroled on the field,
16,431; Confederate troops paroled on the field, 248,599.
Number of United States troops who died while prison-
ers, 29,725; Confederate troops who died while prisoners,
26,774.
The casualties on the American side in the last war
with Great Britain, 1812-15, were: Killed, 1,877;
wounded, 3,737; total, 5,614.
The casualties on the American side in the war with
Mexico, 1846-48, were: Killed, 1,049; died of wounds,
904; wounded, 3,420.
The estimated cost to the United States of the Revo-
lutionary War was $135,193,703; of the war of 1812 with
Great Britain, $107,159,003; of the Mexican War,
$100,000,000; of the Civil War (including all expenses
growing out of the war), $6,189,929,909.
The height of the railway bridge at Niagara river,
above the river, is 250 feet.
The largest diamond-cutting house is the Amsterdam,
where they employ 400 men. The famous Kohinoor
diamond was cut there. The cutters make from $7 to $12
and even $14 a day.
Trinity Church, New York, is 283 feet in height.
Myriads of ages have elapsed while the rushing waters have
been cutting out those tremendous ravines in the hard rock, known
as the Canyons of Mexico, Texas, Colorado, and the Rocky
Mountains. The great Canyon of the Colorado river is 298 miles
long, and the sides rise perpendicularly above the water to a height
•f
5,000 or 6,000 feet.

151
There is a good deal of amusement in the following magical table
of figures. It will enable you to tell how old the young ladies are.
Just hand this table to a young lady, and request her to tell you in
which column or columns her age is contained, and add together
the figures at the top of the columns in which her age is found,
and you have the great secret. Thus, suppose her age to be 17,
you will find that number in the first and fifth columns; add the
first figures of these two columns.
Here is me magic table;
I
3
5
7
9
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
50
53
$5
17
A
55
63
30
7
10
11
14
15
18
19
22
wwwwww~~~
23
26
27
30
31
34
35
38
39
42
43
46
47
50
98ཤྩཿth ཝཱ ཡཉྩ
51
54
55
58
59
62
63
OVER 4
7
13
13
14
15
20
21
22
23
28
29
30
www ww.
31
36
37
38
39
44
45
46
47
52
53
54
55
60
61
Sgagumu.
62
63
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
35
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
40
4I
42
43
44
45
46
7050985
47
56
60
61
62
63
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
no no ao mogok.m*no mo
25
$6
27
28
31
49
51
53
54
5$
56
57
58
ད་
bc
61
62
53
mmmmmon
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
43
44
mo no domAMKHANDA85**
45
46
47
48
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
60
61
63
63
Another MetHOD.-Girls of a marriageable age do not like to
tell how old they are, but you can find out by following the sub-
joined instructions, the young lady doing the figuring. Tell her
to put down the number of the month in which she was born; then
to multiply it by two; then to add five; then to multiply it by 50;
then to add her age; then to subtract 365; then to add 115; then
tell her to tell you the amount she has left. The two figures to the
right will denote her age, and the remainder the month of her birth.
For example, the amount is 822, she is twenty-two years old, and
was born in the eighth ath (August). Try it.

152
STEEL AND BRASS PLATES.
Weight of steel and brass plates per sq. foot by American gauge.
No. of Steel,
gauge. pounds.
= 2 ( +SO DOO OO
I
-St
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
IO
II
12
13
14
10.993
9-789
8.718
7-763
15
16
17
6.913
6.156
5.482
4.882
4.348
3.871
3.448
3-070
2.734
2.435
2.168
Brass,
pounds.
1.931
1.719
12.382
11.027
9.819
8.744
7-787
6.934
6.175
5.499
4.897
4.360
3.883
3.458
3.079
2.742
2.442
2.175
1.937
No. of
gauge.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
N N N N
700
26
27
28
Steel,
pounds.
1.531
1.363
">
1.214
1.081
.9631
.857
.763
.680
.605
.539
.480
.427
.380
.339
.302
.269
.239
Brass,
pounds.
29
30
31
32
33
34
RAILWAY SIGNALS.
One whistle signifies "down brakes.
Two whistles signify " off brakes.”
Three whistles signify "back up.
Continued whistles signify" danger."
Rapid short whistles "a cattle alarm."
>>
A sweeping parting of the hands on a level with the
eyes, signifies "go ahead."
Downward motion of the hands with extended arms,
signifies "stop.
""
Beckoning motion of one hand, signifies "back."
Red flag waved up the track, signifies "danger.
Red flag stuck up by the roadside, signifies "danger
ahead."
1.725
1.536
1-367
1.218
1.084
.966
.860
.766
.682
.607
>>
-54T
.481
.429
- 382
.340
- 303
.260
Red flag carried on a locomotive, signifies "an engin
following.
""
Red flag hoisted at a station is a signal to “stop.”
Lanterns at night raised and lowered vertically, is a sig
nal "to start."
Lanterns swung at right angles across the track, mean
stop."
Lanterns swung in a circle, signifies "back the train.'
:

153
COST OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF HAY.
PRICE PER 25 lbs.
Tox.
worth.
100 lbs.
worth.
200 lbs.
worth,
300 lbs.
worth.
$400.
5 00
00.. 6
600.
700.
800. 10
9.00.
II
•
•
❤
•
Articles.
Beans.
56 28
10 00..12½
II 00..13½
12 00..15
13 00..16
14 00..17/2
15.00.. 182
7½
8/2
cts.
·
•
པ
re
(C
·
tr
r
((
9
(C
(C
3
<<
Kind of Seed.
Bitter Almond.
Barley
Clover hay.
Hemp seed.
Indian corn.
CC
Linseed
Meadow hay...
Oat-straw
<C
•
Beets
Clover, red, green.
Carrots
Corn.
Clover, red, dry.
Lucerne.
Mangolds.
Oat-straw
• •
10 cts.
((
12
15
17
•
222 223
20
40 lbs.
worth.
25
27
30
32
35
37
·
257
·
•
•
•
•
..
•
•
<<
(C
•
(C
•
35
tr
tr
(C
*
((
CC
.55
CC
2½
5
20 cts.
(C
25
30
35
40
AMOUNT OF OIL IN SEEDS.
Per cent. Oil. | Kind of Seed.
45
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
<<
k
<<
(6
<<
<<
CC
k
(C
CC
•
.669
373
371
62
88
89
.368½ Wheat
317
$ 40
.19
7
17
32 Wheat-straw
Wheat flour.
4
•
Rye
Turnips.
U05888* quia
I 00
50
60
70
I 19
I 20
Oats.
Rapeseed..
Sweet Almond.
Turnip seed.
White mustard.
Wheat bran.
I 30
I 40
I 50
RELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT FOODS
FOR STOCK.
One hundred pounds of good hay for stock are equal to:
Pounds. | Articles.
28 Oats.
Oil-cake, linseed.. 43
Pounds
59
Peas, dry.
Potatoes
37,1
Rye-straw
·
•
•
$ 60
75
90
I 05
I 20
Per cent. Oil
6/
•
I 35
I 50
I 65
I
So
•
I 95
2 10
225
❤
•
.55
47
45
37
·
•
•
++ (3
4
3
.350
429
53.
.469
44

154
"L
20
Quantity of Seed Required to Plant an Acre.
16 quarts Asparagus in 12 inch drills.
Beans, pole, Lima, 4 by 4 feet.
Beans, Carolina, prolific, etc., 4 by 3 feet.
Corn, sugar.
Corn, field.
Cucumber, in hills.
10
10
8
Flax, broadcast,
Grass, timothy with clover.
Grass, timothy without clover.
Grass, orchard.
3
20
6
10
25
20
28
20
2
134
1
1½
14
Pumpkin, in hills 8 by 8 feet.
8,000 Asparagus plants, 4 by 1½ feet.
25,000 Celery plants, 4 by 2 feet.
17,500 Pepper plants, 2½ by 1 foot.
3,800 Tomato plants.
4
22 bushels Barley.
(6
1½
2
I to 1½
38
+∞ moo
(
(C
((
(6
(C
8
(6
(C
<<
((
* S
ã Ba õða Ñ
(C
12
16
(C
2
12 ounces Cabbage, outside, for transplanting.
Cabbage, sown in frames.
(C
Celery, seed.
(<
CC
((
(C
Grass, red top or heads.
Grass, blue.
Grass, rye.
"C
(C
แ
<<
،،
(6
(C
(C
12
(C
4
«С
13
<<
10
***
Tomatoes, in frames.
Tomatoes, seed in hills 3 by 3 feet.
9 pounds Beets and mangold, drills, 22 feet.
Broom corn in drills.
Beans, bush, in drills 2½ feet.
Peas, in drills, short varieties
Peas, in drills, tall varieties.
Peas, broadcast.
Potatoes.
Rye, broadcast.
Rye, drilled.
Wheat, in drills.
Wheat, broadcast.
Carrot, in drills, 2½ feet.
Clover, white Dutch.
Clover, Lucerne.
Clover, Alsike.
Clover, large red with timothy.
Clover, large red without timothy.
155
1
1
öwww wa
25
50
7
5
4
10
3
3
3
Corn, salad, drill 10 inches.
Lettuce, in rows 2½ feet.
« Lawn grass.
CC
((
܀
(
(C
(C
CC
((
"6
น
"
66
Miles.
Melons, water, in hills 8 by 8 feet.
Melons, citrons, in hills 4 by 4 feet.
Onions, in beds for sets.
Onions, in rows for large bulbs.
Parsnip, in drills 2½ feet.
Parsley, in drills 2 feet.
Radish, in drills 2 feet.
Squash, bush, in hills 4 by 4 feet.
Turnips, in drills 2 feet.
Turnips, broadcast.
The Longest Rivers in the World.
233-Thames.
300-Kenebec.
350-Hudson.
400-Delaware.
450-Connecticut.
500-James.
500-Potomac.
500-Susquehanna.
600-Alabama.
600-Cumberland.
700-Red River of the North.
800-Tennessee.
900-Kansas.
950-Rhine.
950 Ohio.
1,000-Yellowstone.
1,100-Colorada, in California.
1,200-Red River.
1,200-Nebraska.
!,200-Columbia.
1,300-San Francisco.
1,600 Danube.
1,800-Rio Grande.
1,000—-Volga.
1000-Arkansas.
1
3
3
<
+
156
Em
1
4,000-Madeira.
2,200 St. Lawrence.
2,500-Obe.
2,600-Niger, or Jobila.
2,600-Lena.
2,800-Mississippi, proper.
4,100-Missouri, to the sea, forming longest in the world,
2,900-Missouri, to its junction with the Mississippi.
3,600-Amazon.
3,000-Nile.
GOVERNORS' SALARIES, TERMS OF OFFICE
AND STATE CAPITALS.
States and
Territories.
Massachusetts.
Rhode Island..
Alabama.
Terms of
Office.
One year.
One year.
Two years..
Two years... Arkansas.
Colorado
Two years...
Two years...
Two years... Georgia
Connecticut
Two years.
Iowa.
Kansas.
Maine
•
• •
•
•
*
•
•
•
•
·
··
Two years.
Two years.
Two years.
Michigan.
Two years... Minnesota
Nebraska.
Two years.
Two years.
Two years... Ohio.
Lincoln
Concord
Columbus
Two years.
South Carolina
Two years.
Tennessee..
Two years..
Texas
Two years... Vermont.
Two years... Wisconsin
Three years.. New Jersey.
Three years.. New York.
Four years.. Arizona Territory Prescott..
Four years. California....... Sacramento....
Columbia
Nashville.
Austin.
Montpelier.
Madison.
Trenton,
Albany..
Four years.. Dakota Territory. Yankton.
Four years.. Delaware... Dover.
• •
• •
U •
J
• •
•
·
•
• •
•
•
•
•
New Hampshire..
Capitals.
Boston.
Newport
Montgomery...
Little Rock..
Denver..
Hartford.
Atlanta.
Des Moines.
Topeka.
Augusta.
Lansing
St. Paul.
•
•
·
..
•
•
•
Yearly
Salaries.
$ 4,000
1,000
·
3,000
3,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
3,300
2,500
1,000
4,000
3,500
4,000
4,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
10,000
2,600
6,000
42,600
2,000
157
Four years.. Florida.
Tallahassee...
Four years.. Idaho Territory.. Boise City.
Four years.. Illinois...
Four years.. Indiana.
Springfield.
Indianapolis.
Frankfort.
Baton Rouge..
Annapolis.
Jackson.
Jefferson City.
Helena
•
Carson City.
•
Four years.. Indian Territory. Tahlequah.
Four years.. Kentucky
Four years.. Louisiana..
Four years.. Maryland.
Four years.. Mississippi...
Four years.. Missouri.
Four years.. Montana Ter.
Four years.. Nevada.
Four years.. New Mexico Ter. Santa Fe."
Four years.. North Carolina...
Four years.. Oregon...
Four years.. Pennsylvania..... Harrisburg.
Four years.. Utah Territory.. Salt Lake City
Four years.. Virginia..
Richmond.
Four years.. Washington Ter. Olympia.
Four years.. West Virginia... Wheeling
Four years.. Wyoming Ter..... Cheyenne.
•
• •
•
•
•
•
•
Raleigh
Salem.
• •
•
··
·
·
3,500
2,600
6,000
5,000
2,600
5,000
4,000
4,500
4,000
5,000
2,600
5,000
2,600
3,000
1,500
10,000
2,600
5,000
2,600
2,700
2,600
VALUE OF A TON OF GOLD OR SILVER.
A ton of pure gold is worth $602,799.21.
$1,000,000 gold coin weighs 3,685.8 pounds.
A ton of silver is worth $37,704.84.
$1,000,000 silver coin weighs 58,929.9 pounds.
CURIOSITIES OF THE BIBLE.
The Bible contains 3,566,480 letters, 773,746 words,
31,173 verses, 1,189 chapters and 66 books. The word
AND occurs 46,277 times. The word LORD occurs 1,855
times. The word REVEREND occurs but once, which is
in the 9th verse of the 11th Psalm. The middle verse
is the 8th verse of the 118th Psalm. The 21st verse of
the 7th chapter of Ezra contains all the letters of the
alphabet, except the letter J. The longest verse is the
9th verse of the 8th chapter of Esther. The shortest
verse is the 35th verse of the 11th chapter of St. John.
There are no words or names of more than six syllables.
:
=
C
An
FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES,
Wisconsin-Badger State.
Massachusetts-Bay State.
Mississippi-Bayou State.
Arkansas- Bear State.
Louisiana-Creole State.
Delaware Diamond State.
New York-Empire State.
New York-Excelsior State.
Connecticut-Freestone State.
New Hampshire-Granite State.
Vermont-Green-Mountain State.
Iowa Hawkeye State.
Indiana-Hoosier State.
Pennsylvania-Keystone State.
Michigan--Lake State.
Texas-Lone-Star State.
Maine-Lumber State.
Virginia-Mother of Presidents
Virginia-Mother of States.
Connecticut-Nutmeg State.
Massachussetts-Old Colony.
Virginia-Old Dominion.
North Carolina-Old North State.
South Carolina-Palmetto State.
—
Florida-Peninsular State.
Maine-Pine-Tree State.
Illinois-Prairie State.
North Carolina-Turpentine State.
FICTITIOUS NAMES OF CITIES.
Hannibal, Missouri-Bluff City.
Philadelphia--City of Brotherly Love.
Brooklyn, N. Y.-City of Churches.
158
1
159
New Haven, Conn.-City of Elms.
Washington-City of Magnificent Distances
Boston, Mass.-City of Notions.
Nashville, Tenn.-City of Rocks.
Lowell, Mass.-City of Spindles.
Detroit-City of the Straits.
New Orleans-Crescent City.
New York-Empire City.
Louisville, Ky.-Falls City.
Rochester, N. Y.-Flour City.
Springfield, Ill.-Flower City.
Cleveland, Ohio-Forest City.
Portland, Me.-Forest City.
Chicago, Ill.-Garden City.
Keokuk, Iowa-Gate City.
New York-Gotham.
Boston, Mass.-Hub of the Universe.
Pittsburg, Pa.-Iron City.
Baltimore-Monumental City.
St. Louis, Mo.-Mound City.
Philadelphia, Pa.-Quaker City.
Cincinnati, Ohio-Queen City.
Buffalo, N. Y.-Queen City of the Lakes.
Indianapolis, Ind.-Railroad City.
Pittsburg-Smoky City.
NUMBER OF CUBIC FEET IN A TON (AVOIRDUPOIs) of Dif-
FERENT MATERIALS.-Cast Iron 4.98, Wrought Iron 4.59, Bar
Iron 4.69, Steel (soft) 4-57, Steel (hard) 4.59, Copper (sheet) 4.62,
Copper (cast) 4.04, Brass 4.17, Lead 3.15, Tin (cast) 4-91, Zinc
(cast) 4.98, Granite 13.514, Marble 13.343, Paving Stone 14.83,
Millstone 14.42, Grindstone 17, Common Stone 14.22, Fire Brick
16.284, Brick (mean) 21.961. Anthracite Coal 21.284 and 24.958,
Cannel Coal 23.609, Cotton Bale (mean) 154.48, Pressed (ditto)
from 89.6 to 1.14, Hay (bale) 23.517, Bale (mean) 154-48, Hay
ルビー
​sed) 89.6, Clay 158.69, Common Soil 16.335, Mud 21.987,
Loose.
23.893, Earth with Gravel 16.742, India Rubber 39.69,
Plaster of . 21.3, Glass 12.44, Ice 38.58, Chalk (British) 17.92,
་
Tallow 38, Oil 39. sh Water 35.84. Salt Water 34-931.

160
No.
OHN MENO Z∞
2
3
•
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
Gold...
Silver.
Antimony
Zinc.
Lead
Tin
•
Platinum
Wrought iron..
- Steel
Cast iron (Gray).
• • •
4
FORMULÆ FOR WOOD SCREWS,
N number.
D= diameter.
•
DIAMETER AND NUMBER OF WOOD Screws.
•
D) = (NÁ.01325) + .056.
D
.056.
V=
Diameter.
.056
.обо
.082
.096
.109
.122
.135
.149
.162
- 175
.188
.201
.215
.228
.241
.255
·
.01325.

··
•
2192
1832
842
No.
782
620
475
16
879
17
18
IQ
20
21
22
MELTING POINT OF METALS.
3080° Fahr. (Pouillet).
CC
46
2822
2462
2210
W N N N N N N N
30
(4
10
CL
(4
*
(6
14
((
"
*C
I
44
Diameter.
.268
.281
<C
.293
308
.321
- 334
· 347
•
-361
-374
.387
.401
-414
.427
440
.453
60
-
(I. Lowthian Bell).
*
WEIGHT OF GRINDSTONES.
RULE.-Square the diameter (in inches); multiply by thickness
(in inches); then by the decimal .06363: the product will be the
weight of the stone in pounds.
}
:
1
i
161
Brass, engine bearings.
Tough brass, engine work.
"
for heavy bearings.
Yellow brass, for turning.
Flanges to stand brazing.
Bell-metal.…………
For lead.
44
tin.
*
Babbitt's metal..
Brass, locomotive bearings.
for straps and glands.
AC
Muntz's sheathing..
Metal to expand in cooling.
Pewter
Spelter..
Statuary bronze.
Type-metal, from
A
to...
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​看看
​"
•••
+4
་
ALLOYS.
+5
·
AL
pewter
brazing (hardest)
温情
​(hard)..
(soft).
SOLDERS.
#
* or.
ALLOYS.
•
Tin.
13
3 10 10
15
51
25 160
เท 。
10
7
16
100
Copper.
2
112
4
ICO 15
5
2
32
16
I
64)
130
6
I
go
درا ~
Zinc.
3
5
I
I
WH
4 3
-
Antimony.
I
2
17
·
Lead.
I
•
9
3
7
1½½
2
I
Bismuth.
SURE CURE FOR SMALL-POX AND SCARLET FEVER.
The following small-pox remedy was given to the public by a
correspondent of the Stockton (Cal.) Herald, who says: "I here-
with append a recipe which has been used, to my knowledge, in
hundreds of cases. It will prevent or cure small-pox, though the
pittings are filling. It will also cure scarlet fever. Here is the
recipe as I have used it to cure small-pox. When learned physi-
cians said the patient must die, it cured: Sulphate of zinc, one
grain; foxglove (digitalis), one grain; half a teaspoonful of sugar.
Mix with two tablespoonfuls of water. When thoroughly mixed,
add four ounces of water. Take a teaspoonful every hour. Either
disease will disappear in twelve hours. For a child, smaller dose
according to its age. If countries would compel physicians to
use this, there would be no need of pest-houses. If you value
advice and experience, use this for that terrible disease."
162
DIFFERENT COLORS OF IRON CAUSED BY HEAT.
ORS
Deg. Deg.
Cen.
Fah.
261
370
500
525
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
14CO
1500
1600
Diam.
of
Screw.
Lif
5-16
3/3
a
7-16
1/½
953A
3/18
3/4
7/8
I
18
I
1%
I-
1%
16
502
680
932
977
1292
1472
1657
1832
2012
2192
2372
2552
2732
2912
Violet, Purple and Dull Blue. Between 261°
C to 370° C it passes to Bright Blue, Sea
Green, and then disappears.
Commences to be covered with a light coating
of oxide; becomes a deal more impressible
to the hammer, and can be twisted with ease.
Becomes Nascent Red.
Somber Red.
Nascent Cherry.
Cherry.
Bright Cherry.
Dull Orange.
Bright Orange.
White.
Brilliant White-welding heat.
Dazzling white.
STANDARD SCREW THREADS.
Thread Diam.
per
Inch.
20
18
16
I 4
13
IC
11
9 000 7NOO55
10
6
6
5
at root of
Thread.
.185
.2.40
.294
- 344
.400
454
.597
.620
.731
.837
.940
1.065
1.160
1.284
5% 1.389
1.490
1.615
Dia m.
of
Screw.
Angle of Thread 50°.
Flat at top and bottom % of pitch.
2
10 10 N N
2
2
3
34
3%
A
*✰✰ +55 IN INLO
4.
54
5%
KON
Thread |
per
Inch.
4/2
2 3 W W W W W fin du får ♣
4
3
3
: 6. A
MLS
201
MODONT
100,00
Diam.
at root of
Thread.
1.712
1.062
2
175
2.425
2.628
2.878
3.100
•
3-317
3.566
3.825
4.027
4.255
4.480
4.730
5.953
5.203
5.423
163
萝
​I
COPARTNERSHIPS,
Partnerships may be either general or special. In general
partnerships, money invested ceases to be individual property.
Each member is made personally liable for the whole amount of
debts incurred by the company. The company is liable for all
contracts or obligations made by individual members.
Special partners are not liable beyond the amount contributed.
A person may become a partner by allowing people generally to
presume that he is one, as, by having his name on the sign or par-
cel, or in the bills used in the business.
A share or specific interest in the profits or loss of a business,
as remuneration for labor, may involve one in the liability of a
partner.
In case of Bankruptcy, the joint estate is first applied to the
payment of partnership debts, the surplus only going to the credit-
ors of the individual estate.
A dissolution of partnership may take place under express stipu-
lations in the articles of agreement, by mutual consent, by the
death or insanity of one of the firm, by award of arbitrators, or by
court of equity in cases of misconduct of some member of the
firm.
A partner signing his individual name to negotiable paper,
which is for the use of the partnership firm, binds all the partners
thereby. Negotiable paper of the firm, even though given ou
private account by one of the partners, will hold all the partners
of the firm, when it passes into the hands of the holders, who are
ignorant of the fact attending its creation.
Partnership effects may be bought and sold by a partner; he
may make contracts; may receive money; indorse, draw and
accept bills and notes, and, while this may be for his own private
account, if it apparently be for the use of the firm, his partners
will be bound by his action, provided the parties dealing with him
were ignorant of the transaction being on his private account; and
thus representation or misrepresentation of a partner, having
relation to business of the firm, will bind the members in the
partnership,
In case of death, the surviving partner must account to the
representatives of the deceased.
1
164
Rule to Calculate the Horse-Power in an Engine.
This rule will p.ove correct for all ordinary engines; but there
may be a very slight variation in the case of an extra long or extra
short stroke.
RULE. Multiply the diameter of the cylinder in inches by itself
--in other words, square the diameter in inches, and divide by
four.
A
Size of Lakes, Seas and Oceans.
Miles Miles
Long. Wide.
LAKES.
Cayuga.
George.
Constance
Geneva..
• ··
• O
• •
Flour
Lime.
Salt..
Whisky
Flour
··
Lake of the Woods..
Champlain.
Ladoga..
Maracaybo
Great Bear.
Ontario..
Athabasca
Winnipeg.
Huron.
Erie.
Great Slave
Michigan
Baikal.
Superior.
...
• •
·
•
•
Eggs.
Wood..
Sheep
Hogs
Cattle..
••
••
•
··
•
•
+
•
..
•
•
• •
•
....
··
*
•
• •
· •
•
•
•
•
•
...
•
·
4
་
•
•
36
36
45
50
70
►
123
125
150
·
150
180
200
240
250
270
300
330
360
380
.50 to 60
.18 to 20
C
SEAS.
(C
4
Aral
3 Baltic.
10 Black.
10 Caribbean.
.90 barrels. Butter
4
.70
.70
CC
.6o
200 sacks.
130 to 160 barrels.
...6 cords.
.80 to 100 head.
«
+
-
- ·
25
|China ..
12 Caspian
75 Japan
...
60 Mediterranean
40 Okhotsk..
40 Red
20 White
40
90
50 Arctic.
45 Southern.
60 Indian
■•
·
35 Atlantic.
120 Pacific
•
OCEANS.
·
Carrying Capacity of a Ten Ton Freight
Car.
Wheat
Barley
Apples.
Corn
•
•
+
•
•
Lumber..
...
·
•
· •
·
·
•
•
Potatoes.
Bran.
• •
Oats.
Flax Seed
· L
•
•
-
•
+ • •
•
•
•
•
•
·
·
•
•
• 300
-370
400
430
1,000
.680
360
·
+ ·
·
·
Miles
Long.
20,000 pounds.
6,000 feet.
..340 bushels.
C
932
1,800
1,700
640
1,000
2,000
600
1,400
450
Miles
Square.
5,000,000
10,000,000
20,000,000
40,000,000
80,000,000
250
600
CL
44
44
(C
"
(8
+
4
1
165
!
The Greatest Battles in History.
The Battle of Actium, B. C. 31, in which the com-
bined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by
Octavius, and imperialism established in the person of
Octavius.
The Battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, in which the Persians,
under Tarius, were defeated by the Macedonians and
Greeks under Alexander the Great.
The Battle of Marathon, B. C. 490, in which the
Athenians, under Mietiades, defeated the Persians, under
Datis.
The Battle of Syracuse, B. C. 413, in which the
Athenians were defeated by the Syracusans and their
allies.
The Battle of Metaurus, B. C. 207, in which the Car-
thagenians, under Hasdrubul, were defeated by the
Romans, under the Consuls, Caius, Claudius, Nero and
Marcus Livius.
The battle of Philippi, B. C. 42, in which Brutus and
Cassius were defeated by Octavius and Antony. The fate
of the Republic was decided.
The Battle of Blenheim, A. D. 1704, in which the
French and Bavarians, under Marshal Tallard, were
defeated by the English and their allies, under Marlbor-
ough.
The Battle of Chalons, A. D. 451, in which the Huns,
under Attila, called the "Scourge of God," were de-
feated by the confederate armies of Romans and Visi-
goths.
Battle of Hastings, A. D. 1066, in which Harold,
commanding the English army, was defeated by William
the Conquerer of Normandy.
The Battle of Lutzen, 1632, which decided the
religious liberties of Germany. Gustavus Adolphus was
killed.
The Battle of Pultowa, A. D. 1709, in which Charles
XII. of Sweden, was defeated by the Russians, under
Peter the Great.
The Battle of Tours, A. D. 732, in which the Saracens
were defeated by Charles Martel. Christendom was res-
cued from Islam.
On the 21st of October, 1805, the Great Naval Battle
166
#
:
of Trafalgar was fought. The English defeated the
French and destroyed the hopes of Napoleon as to a suc-
cessful invasion of England.
The Battle of Valmy, A. D. 1792, in which an invading
army of Prussians, Austrians and Hessians, under the
command of the Duke of Brunswick, were defeated by
the French, under Dumouriez.
The Battle of Waterloo, 1815, in which the French,
under Napoleon, were defeated by the allied armies of
Russia, Austria, Prussia and England, under the Duke of
Wellington.
A Woman's Chance to Marry.
4 of 1 per cent., from 50 to 56 years of age.
3 of 1 per cent., from 45 to 50 years of age.
22 per cent., from 40 to 45 years of age.
334 per cent., from 35 to 40 years of age.
152 per cent., from 30 to 35 years of age.
18 per cent., from 25 to 30 years of age.
52 per cent., from 20 to 25 years of age.
14½ per cent., from 15 to 20 years of age.
SOME GOOD MAXIMS.
There is nothing better in heaven than religion.
Our actions of to-day are the thoughts of yesterday.
A truthful woman is the greatest adornment of a home.
If you live in impure thoughts you will be impure in
your lives.
Profanity is more or less a profession of your loyalty
to the devil.
Nobody ever went to sleep indifferent to religion and
waked up in heaven.
A child is loved by God because it has no opinions
and wants to learn something.
Don't get into anybody's way with your naturalness,
but try to be yourself wherever you go.
Run into heaven barefooted and bareheaded rather
than miss it on account of anything in the world.
.
167
How to Preserve Eggs.
To each pailful of water, add two pints of fresh slacked lim
nd one pint of common salt; mix well Fill your barrel half ful
with this fluid, put your eggs down in it any time after June, and
hey will keep two years if desired
Facts Worth Knowing.
There are 2,754 languages.
America was discovered in 1492.
A square mile contains 640 acres.
Envelopes were first used in 1839.
Telescopes were invented in 1590.
A barrel of rice weighs 600 pounds.
A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds.
A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds.
A firkin of butter weighs 56 pounds.
The first steel pen was made in 1830.
A span
is ten and seven-eighth inches.
A hand (horse measure) is four inches.
Watches were first constructed in 1476.
The first iron steamship was built in 1830.
The first lucifer match was made in 1829.
Gold was discovered in California in 1848.
The first horse railroad was built in 1826–7.
The average human life is thirty-one years.
Coaches were first used in England in 1569.
Modern needles first came into use in 1545.
Space has a temperature of 200 degrees below zero.
Kerosene was first used for lighting purposes in 1826.
The first newspaper was published in England in 1588.
The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652.
Robert Bonner refused $100,000.00 for the famous trotter Maud S.
Until 1776 cotton-spinning was performed by the hand-spinning
wheel.
Measure 209 feet on each side and you will have a square acre
within an inch.
The first sewing machine was patented by Elias Howe, Jr., in
1846.
The first steam engine on this continent was brought from Eng-
land in 1753.
The first knives were used in England, and the first wheeled
carriages in France in 1559.
The national colors of the United States were adopted by Con-
gress in 1777.
The cost of coal burned by an ocean steamer on a trip will
Average $13,000.
The sun is 92,500,000 miles from the earth. The latter receives
only one two-billionth of the solar heat.
The nearest fixed star is 16,000,000,000 miles distant, and takes
ree years for light to reach the earth.
►
▼
*
+
÷
*OL
▾
States and Territories.
Alabama..
Arizona.
Arkansas
California.
Colorado..
Connecticut.
Dakota
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia.
Idaho...
Illinois..
Indiana.
Occupation of the Inhabitants of the United States.
(Census of 1880.)
•
•
·
·
►
→
Iowa.
Kansas
Kentucky.
Louisiana.
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
•
Total
Population. All kinds of
10 years and occupations. Agriculture.
over.
851,780
32.922
531,876
681,062
158,220
497,303
99,849
110,856
136,907
184,650
1,043,840
25,005
2,269,315
1,468,095
1,181,641
704,297
1,163,498
649,070
519,669
695,364
1,432,183
492,790
22,271
260,692
376,505
101,251
241,333
57,844
54,580
66,624
91,536
597,862
15,578
999,780
635,08
528,302
322,285
519,854
363,228
331,993
324,432
720,774
380,630
3,435
216,655
79,396
13,539
44,026
28,508
17,849
1,464
58,731
432,204
3,858
436,371
331,240
303,557
206,080
320,571
205,306
82,130
90,927
64,973
Professional
and
Personal
Services.
72,211
8,210
23,466
121,435
24,813
51,296
14,016
17,016
39,975
17,923
104,269
3,861
229,467
137,281
103,932
53,507
104,239
98,111
47,4II
98,934
170,160
Trade and
Transporta-
tion.
16,953
3,251
9,233
57,392
15,491
29,920
6,219
4,967
9,848
6,446
25,222
1,327
128,372
56,432
50,872
26,379
33,563
29,130
29,790
49,234
115,376
Manufactur
ing, Me-
chanical
Trades and
Mining.
22,996
7,374
11,338
118,282
47,408
116,091
9,101
14,148
15,337
8,436
36,197
6,532
205,570
110,127
69,941
36,319
61,481
30,681
72,662
85,337
370,265
•
168

169
Michigan.
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada.
New Hampshire
New Jersey.
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio..
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island.
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas.
Utah..
O
Vermont.
Virginia
Washington Territory
•
•
.
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
•
•
Total, 1880.
Total, 1870.
•
J
•
• • ·
•
1,236,686
559,977
753,693
1,557,631
31,989
318,271
50,666
286,188
865,591
87,966
3,981,428
959,951
2,399,307
130,565
3,203,215
220,461
667,456
1,062,130
1,064, 196
97,194
264,052
1,059,034
55,720
428,587
965,712
16,479
36,761,607
28,228,945
569,204
255,125
415,506
692,959
22,255
152,614
32,233
142,468
396,879
40,822
:,884,645
480,187
994,475
67,343
1,456,067
116,979
392, 102
447,970
522,133
40,055
118,584
494,240
30, 122
176,199
417,455
8,884
17,392,099
12:505,923
240,319
131,535
339,938
355,297
4,513
90,507
4,180
44,490
59,214
14,139
377,460
360,937
397,495
27,091
301,112
10,945
294,602
294,153
359,317
14,550
55,251
254,099
12,781
107,578
195,901
1,639
143,249
59,452
49,448
148,588
6,954
28,746
4
10,373
28,206
10,722
19,042
537,897
69,321
250,371
16,645
446,713
24,657
64,246
94,107
97,561
11, 144
28,174
146,664
6,640
31,680
97,494
4,011
54,000
24,349
12,975
79,300
2,766
15,106
4,449
11,735
66,382
3,264
339,419
15,966
104,315
6,149
179,965
15,217
13,550
23,628
34,909
4,149
8,945
39,418
3,405
10,653
37,550
. 1,545
7,670,463
1,810,256
4,074,238
5,922,471 2,684,793 1,191,238
£30,91;',
39,789
13,145
109,774
8,022
18,255
18,231
58,037
160,561
4,377
629,869
33,963
242,294
17,458
528,277
66,160
19,698
36,082
30,346
10,212
26,214
63,059
7,296
26,288
86,510
1,689
3,837,112
2,707,421
+

170

STATES
AND
TERRITORIES.
Alabama.
Arizona
Arkansas
California.
Colorado
Connecticut.
·
•
Dakota
Delaware
District of Columbia.
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana.
•
•
•
Iowa.....
Kansas.
Kentucky.
··
Population of the United States.
Census of 1880.)
Total Popu-
lation 1880.
POPULATION BY RACES.
1,262,505
40,440
802,525
864,694
194,327
622,700
White, 1880.
135, 177
146,608
177,624
269,493
662,185
35,160
591,531
767,181
191,126
610,769
32,610 29,013
3,077,871 3,031,151
1,978,301| 1,958,798
1,624,615| 1,614,600
Colored,
1880.
996,096 952, 155
1,648,690 1,377,179
133,147
401
120,160 26,442
118,006 59,596
143,605 126,690
1,542,180 816,906 725,133|
600, 103
Chinese,
188a*
4
213
155 1,632 3,493
53
46,368
39,228
9,516
43, 107
271,451)
Ind'ns civ.or
taxed, 1880.
210,666|
133 195
6,018 75,218 16,277
2,435] 612
11,547
136,058
9,799
129,675
165,209
154 65,215
255 116,747
129
238 1,391
5,476
II
17
18
17
3,379
212
29
33
19
10
VOTING Population,
Males of 21 years and over.
White.
Native.
Foreign
Born.
5
27,447
5
23,764
180 30,351
5,403
8,256
6,475
127,374
26,873
55,012
25,486
4,455]
8, 191
124
3,859
172,044 5,923
165
7,331 4,338
140 505,272 277,889
246 414,252| 73,446
466 287,530 126,103
815 201,354 53,595
50 287,362 30,2171
Total.
Colored.t
141,461
118,423
18,046 2,352
46,827
136,150
262,583 $66,80g
92,088
173,756
50,962
31,902
1,520
3,532
641
6,396
13,918
27,489
143,47º
31,955
34,210
177,967
11,669
783,161
3,126
13,686
487,698 10,739
413,633
254,949
317,5791
3,025
10,765
58,643

171
Louisiana.
Maine
Maryland.
Massachusetts
••
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
•
·
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York..
North Carolina
Ohio
Oregon.
Pennsylvania
·
Rhode Lland
South Carolina.
Fennessce.
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington Territory
West Virginia
Wit onsin
Wyoming
•
Total United States
+
Je
939,946 454,954) 483,655
648,936 646,852
1,451
934,943 724,693 210,230
1,783,085 1,763,782 18,697
1,636,937 1,614,560|
15,100
1,504
650,291
145,350
780,773 776,884
1,131,597 479,398
2,168,380 2,022,826
39, 1591
452,402
62,266
35,385
449,764
53,556
346,991 346,229
1,131,116 1,092,017
119,565 108,721
5,082,871 5,016,022)
346
2,385
488
685
38,853
1,015
65,104
1,309,750 867,242
3,198,062 3,117,920
174.768 163,075
531,277
79,900
487
4,282,891 4,197,016 85.535
276,531 269,939 6,488
995.577 391,105 604.332
1.542,359 1,138,831 403,151
1,591,749 1,197,237 393,384
2321
1,057
143,963 142,423
332,286 331,218
1,512,565 880,858
75,116
67,199
618.457 592,537 25,886
1,315.497 1,309,618 2,702
20,789 19,437
631,616,
325
2981
At A Takatuak
489 848
8
625
5
15
237 369
28 7,249
25 2,300
51 1,857
91 113
1,765 1,663
18 235
5,419 2,803
14 63
172 74
57 9,772
926 819
1 1,230
I 12
130
9,512 1,694
184
156
27
77
9 131
25 3.52
136
501
81,777
164,173
144,586
6, 85
3,187 4,405|
5 29
16 3,161
914 140
Kjo v Nem
326,002|
285,469
88,622
102,580
396,322
396,322
12,162
83,334
II,442
88,790
190,656
240,939
992 246,018
307 13.795
47,904
82,910
27,033
22,486
38,936
I 1 77.774
198,277
15,858
123,569
149,463
170,690|
176,088
123,777
5,674
111,843
7,474
44,864
14,191
16,111
99,309
4,558
26,423
852,094 536,598 1,388,69z|
187,637
613.485
38,006
797,532
=
3,990
9,116
55,719
18,283
17,533
7,971
8,393
9,208
189,469
6,042 .3,199
108,810) 107,977
186,659
664
183,522
48,584
496,692
5,956
461,557
6,130
1,086
212,399
108,254
508,165
19,636
128,198
25,633
104,901
289,965
30,981
2,095
191,386
13,630
272,860 1,070,502
27, 108
189,732
804,871
51,636
75,012
86,900
250,055
301,737
32,078
95,307
206,248
24,251
132,777
338,932
9,241
130,278
33,641
1,908
844
5,622
237
10,670
3,095
20,059
105,018
21,706
7:993
23,892
1,886
118,883
80,250
78,639
695
314
128,257
3,419
6,384
1,550
939
50,155,783|43,402,970 6,580,793 105,613 66,407 8,270,518 3,072,487 11,242,005 1,487,344
172
*(*
:
NOTES TO TABLE ON PRECEDING PAGES.
* Includes 148 Japanese.
+ Colored includes also Indians taxed (or civilized),
Chinese and Japanese. In California most of the popu
lation classified as colored are Chinese, and are not
voters.
NOTE.-Alaska and the Indian Territory are not
included in the above, not having been organized when
the census of 1880 was taken. The population of Alaska
(1880) was 30,178, mostly natives. The population of
the Indian Territory was estimated at 70,000. Indians
not taxed are excluded by law from the census. The
estimated number in 1881 was about 245,000, excluding
Alaska. The whole population of the United States in
1880 was estimated by Spofford at 50,500,000. The
estimated population of the United States at the begin-
ning of 1886 is 57,500,000.
I
The total male population of the United States in
1880 was 25,518,820; female, 24,636,963. The total
native population was 43,475,840; foreign bom,
6,679,943.
POINTS OF LAW.
(By a Supreme Court Lawyer.)
The advice on matters in the following pages has been
acquired at a great expense, and is absolutely correct.
can be relied upon as such.
It
Lawyers fees can be saved and much annoyance and
expense avoided by acting on the advice given here.*
NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS.
Introduction. -The laws governing mercantile transac-
tions, and particularly such as relate to negotiable instru-
ments, are, in the main, of very ancient origin, and are
derived for the most part from the well established
usages of merchants, which have been adopted, sanctioned
and confirmed by the courts, and in many instances
(
*Copyright 1887—All rights reserved
173
',
redeclared by statute. These usages and customs consti-
tute what is called, in the language of the books, the law-
merchant.
Promissory Notes.-A note of hand, as it is called, is
a written promise to pay to a person certain, his order,
or bearer, at a specified time, a given sum of money. To
render it negotiable, that is, so that it may be transferred
by indorsement or delivery, it must be payable to “order”
or "bearer," and unless these words appear it will not be
negotiable. Further, the promise must be absolute and
uncoupled with any condition, and the time of payment
must be certain and not dependent upon any contingency,
Again, the promise must be for a definite sum and must
be payable in money. These are all of the essence of
negotiability. Failing in any of the foregoing particu-
lars, the note may still be good as a contract, but it will
not be a negotiable instrument.
1
It may be written upon anything capable of receiving
written characters, in any language susceptible of trans-
lation, and with any substance that will leave a perma
nent mark; hence a note written in pencil is just as valid
as one written with ink. It need not be dated, for deliv-
ery gives it effect, although a date is customary and
proper, and when no time is specified it is payable on
demand. It need not be signed at the bottom, provided
the name of the maker elsewhere appears and was written
with intent to bind, as: "I, John Smith, promise," etc.,
but the better way is to subscribe the note.
The payee must be named or designated, unless the
note is drawn to bearer, and if drawn to the maker's own
order possesses no validity until he has indorsed it. A
note payable to bearer is transferable by simple delivery
and passes from hand to hand without anything
further, and the same is true of a note payable to the
payee's order after he has indorsed it.
In such a case
any holder may write over such indorsement an order to
pay to himself.
But if indorsed in full, that is to pay to
some person certain, it can only be transferred by the
subsequent indorsement of such designated person.
It is customary to write notes for "value received,"
but this is not necessary, for a negotiable note imports a
consideration, and, except as between the parties, want
↓
174
of consideration cannot be shown if the note was negoti
ated in good faith and before maturity, while as between
the parties consideration may always be disproved, even
though expressed. The better practice, however, is to
write them as expressing consideration.
One who places his name on the back of a note as an
indorser thereby enters into an undertaking with his
assignee, as well as others into whose hands the note may
come, that he will pay it if the maker does not; but he
may protect himself against the claims of subsequent
indorsers by making his indorsement " without recourse.
On the other hand, a party, by simply receiving and pass-
ing a note while under a blank indorsement, and without
putting his name to it, assumes no responsibility in rela-
tion to it.
1
The holder or indorsee of a note has a right of action
against every one whose name appears on the same,
whether as maker or indorser, but it is his duty to present
the note promptly at maturity and demand payment; if
payment is refused, he should immediately notify the
indorsers, and a failure so to do will, in most cases, dis-
charge the indorser from liability. He should further use-
all reasonable means to compel payment by the maker
before resorting to the indorsers, and the law only excuses
him from this duty where at the time of maturity the
maker is hopelessly insolvent and a suit against him would
be unavailing.
Prior to maturity, any person who takes a note with-
out notice of any defect, and pays therefor a valuable
consideration, will be protected against any equities
existing in favor of the maker; but one who takes it as a
mere volunteer, paying no value therefor, or one who
receives it after it has become due, even though in good
faith, and for value, will take it subject to all its infirm-
ities, and any defense that would have been availing as
against the payee may be interposed as to them.
Due Bills are not distinguishable in general effect
from promissory notes, and are governed by the same
rules and assignable in the same manner.
Certificates of Deposit are, in effect, promissory
otes, and subject to the same rules and principles
pplicable to that class of paper.
1.
1
1
{-
+
i
175
Warehouse Receipts are not technically negotiable, but
stand in the place of the property itself; the delivery of the
receipts has the same effect, in transferring the title to the
property, as the delivery of the property itself. They are,
however, frequently declared negotiable paper by statute.
Drafts. The draft, or bill of exchange, is the oldest
form of negotiable paper, and is said to have existed as
early as the first century. Drafts are governed by the
same general rules as notes, and all the remarks of the
foregoing paragraphs concerning negotiability are equally
applicable here.
It is the duty of the holder of a bill to present it for
acceptance without delay, and if it is payable at sight, or
at a certain time after sight, no right of action will
accrue against any person until it has been so presented.
If it be not accepted, when properly presented, or, if
accepted, be not paid when due, the further duty devolves
on the holder to have it regularly protested by a notary
public. This is essential, however, only in case of for
eign bills, and is not required for inland exchange or.
notes. Simple notice in the latter case is sufficient.
Checks.—A check on bank is a species of bill of ex-
change, but is governed by somewhat different rules from
the ordinary bill. It need not be presented for acceptance,
for a bank is bound to pay at any time if it have funds of
the drawer on deposit; nor is it material that the holder
delay presentment for payment. A check should, how-
ever, be presented immediately; this the drawer has a
right to expect, and the delay is at the holder's risk, for
if the bank fails in the meantime, the loss falls on him, if
the drawer had funds on deposit sufficient to have paid
the check had it been timely presented.
Certifying a check practically amounts to an acceptance
and binds the bank as an acceptor.
Checks should be drawn to order to guard against loss
and theft, and at the same time it acts as a receipt of the
payee. A check is not a payment until it has been cashed.
In paying a forged check the loss falls on the bank,
which is bound to know the signature of its own deposit-
ors, and, in like manner, if the check has been fraudu
lently raised, the drawer is chargeable only with the
original amount.
•
176
INNS AND INN-KEEPERS.
An Inn is a public house for the lodging and enter-
tainment of travelers for compensation, and the person
who conducts such house is called an inn-keeper. To
enable him to obtain his compensation the law invests an
inn-keeper with peculiar privileges, giving him a lien upon
the personal property brought into the inn by the guest,
and on the other hand holds him to a strict degree of
responsibility to the guest if the goods are lost or stolen.
The essential character of an inn is, that it is open for
all who may desire to visit it; hence, a mere private
boarding-house, or lodging-house, cannot, in any proper
sense, be regarded as an inn; nor will a coffee-house or
restaurant come within the term. A person who enter-
tains travelers occasionally, although he may receive com-
pensation, is not an inn-keeper, nor liable as such, pro-
vided he does not hold himself out in that character.
An Inn-keeper is bound to receive all travelers and way-
faring persons who may apply to him, and to provide en-
tertainment for them, if he can accommodate them, unless
they are drunk, or disorderly, or afflicted with contagious
diseases. If a person be disorderly he may not only refuse
to receive him, but even after he has received him may
éject him from the house.
He is further bound to exercise a high degree ci care
over the person and property of his guests, and is held to
a strict responsibility for all loss or damage which may
occur through his negligence. This responsibility extends
not only to his own acts, and the acts of his servants, but
also to the acts of his other guests. The liability of an
inn-keeper commences from the time the goods are
brought into the inn or delivered to any of the inn-keep-
er's servants; and a delivery into the personal custody of
the inn-keeper is not necessary in order to make him re-
sponsible. He is not liable for what are termed the acts
of God, or the public enemy; nor for property destroyed
without his negligence by accidental fire; and, generally,
the inn-keeper will be exonorated if the negligence of the
guest occasion the loss in such a way that the loss would
not have happened if the guest had used the ordinary care
that a prudent man may he reasonably expected to have
taken under the circumstances,
177
4
1
The strict liability of an inn-keeper has been much
modified by statute, particularly in regard to money and
valuables, and where the inn-keeper provides, in the office
or some other convenient place in the hotel, an iron safe
for the keeping of money, jewels, etc., and notifies his
guests of that fact, and the guest neglects to avail himself
of the opportunity thus afforded, the inn-keeper will not
be liable for the losses sustained by the guest by theft or
otherwise.
A guest, in the restricted and legal sense of that term,
is the only person who is entitled to the privileges of
protection, and to entitle him to this he must have the
character of a traveler, a mere sojourner or temporary
lodger, in distinction from one who engages for a fixed
period, and at a certain agreed rate; but if a party is in
fact a wayfarer, and his visit is only transient, it matters
not how long he remains, provided he retains this charac-
Thus, regular boarders by the week or month are
not guests, nor are they entitled to the privileges of guests;
and on the other hand, in the absence of an enabling
statute, the landlord is not, as to them, an inn-keeper,
and as such entitled to a lien on their effects for his com-
pensation.
ter
COMMON CARRIERS.
Generally.-A common carrier is one who undertakes
for hire to transport the persons or goods of such as
choose to employ him, from one point to another, and
who does this as a business. The law compels him to
take the goods or persons of all who may apply and to
make due transport of them; it gives him a lien on such
goods or on the baggage of passengers for his compensa-
tion, but at the same time holds him liable for all loss or
injury, even though occurring without any fault or neg
lect on his part.
Included under this head are dray and
truckmen, hackmen, stage coach, railway and steamboat
companies, and indeed all who hold themselves out as
transporters, either of persons or goods, whether by land
O water.
Carriers of Passengers.-A carrier of passengers is
bound to receive all who apply; to treat all alike; to
provide proper carriages and not to overload them; 1
INLY.
7
178
*
:
stop at proper intervals for rest or food; to carry his
passengers over the whole route contracted for, and to
exercise the utmost care in protecting them from peril
while on the journey. Failing in any of these particulars
he is responsible, not only to the extent of the actual
damage caused thereby, but frequently for pain and
injury to the feelings.
In the sale of a ticket for transportation the foregoing
is the implied agreement on the part of the carrier, and
the passenger on the other hand accepts such ticket and
contracts for passage subject to the reasonable regulations
of the company.
A carrier of passengers is liable for any loss or damage
to the baggage of his passengers, but only to the extent
of what may reasonably and naturally be carried as bag-
gage. This would not include large sums of money, nor
merchandise, and, as a rule, damages in this respect are
limited to such articles of necessity and personal conve-
nience as are usually carried by travelers. Nor will the
carrier be liable for any baggage not delivered to him or
his servants; and hence, if the passenger keeps his bag-
gage about his person, or in his own hands, or within his
sight and immediate control, he assumes the risk of loss,
and the carrier will not be held liable unless himself in
fault.
Carriers of Coods. -A common carrier is an insurer
of the safe transportation and delivery of all property in-
trusted to him for carriage, except as against such losses
as are caused by the immediate act of God or the public
enemy, and this liability continues until the goods have
arrived at their destination and for a reasonable time after
they are unloaded. But after safe delivery in the freight
depot of the carrier and a reasonable time has elapsed for
their removal, and particularly if notice of their arrival
has been given to the consignee, the liability of the carrier
as such ceases, and he will hold the property as a ware-
houseman only. In this latter event he will be bound to
no more than ordinary care.
The acts of God are held to extend only to such inevit-
able accidents as occur without the intervention of man's
agency. Hence, the carrier is not responsible for losses
occurring from natural causes, such as frost. fermenta-
}
179
ܕ܂
}
|
}
tion, evaporation or natural decay of perishable articles,
nor for the natural and necessary wear in the course of
transportation, provided he exercises all reasonable care
to have the loss or deterioration as little as practicable.
Carriers, both by land and water, are bound to take
the goods of all who offer, and if they refuse, without
just excuse, are liable to an action; yet they may restrict
their business within such limits as they may deem expe-
dient, and are not bound to accept goods out of the usual
line of their business. They may also qualify their
responsibility by notice brought to the knowledge of the
shipper and assented to by him, but cannot even then
excuse gross negligence on their part.
Warehousemen are persons who receive goods and
merchandise to be stored for hire, and is the character
sustained by a carrier after the goods have reached their
destination. A warehouseman is bound to use ordinary
care in preserving such goods and merchandise, and his
neglect so to do will render him liable for any damage
that may accrue. His liability commences as soon as the
goods arrive at the warehouse.
Sleeping Cars.-Though sleeping cars are, compara-
tively, a modern invention, their wide use and general
adoption by the public has already created quite a vol-
uminous mass of law upon the subject, and the rights,
both of the companies and the public, have become tol-
erably well defined. The service of the railway com-
panies and of the sleeping car companies, though
rendered in connection, are entirely separate and distinct.
The business of the former is to furnish transportation,
of the latter to provide accommodations that travelers
may sleep, and in so doing they deal only with persons
who are provided with tickets entitling them to trans-
portation by the railway company over whose lines they
operate
The sleeping car companies are not common carriers,
like the railway companies, nor are they subject to the
duties or responsibilities of carriers, nor can they be con-
sidered as inn-keepers, though performing many of their
offices. They are not, therefore, insurers of the safety
of all property taken into the car by one who has pur-
chased the use of a berth. They are, however, bound to
22
180
だ
​A
:
-
afford protection to a sleeping passenger, and to exercise
a reasonable care that he does not suffer loss. The
faithful performance of this undertaking is the limit of
their duty in this respect. They must keep a watch dur-
ing the night to see that no unauthorized persons intrude
themselves into the car, and take reasonable care to
prevent thefts by the occupants; failing in this, they are
liable for neglect.
The measure of their liability is limited to the value of
such articles as are usually and ordinarily carried for
comfort and convenience: the small articles usually
carried in the hand, the clothing and personal ornaments
of the passenger, and a reasonable sum of money for
traveling expenses.
The nature of the employment of the sleeping car
companies is public, and in this respect is the same as a
common carrier or inn-keeper. They must treat all
persons with fairness, and without unjust discrimination.
Where there are berths not engaged, it is their duty to
furnish them to unobjectionable applicants on tender of
the customary price.
The passenger, when he is assigned a berth, impliedly
agrees to conduct himself in a quiet and orderly manner,
to take good care of the berth while in his possession,
and surrender the same at the end of his journey in as
good condition as when assigned to him, necessary wear
excepted. The company, on the other hand, impliedly
agrees that it will use ordinary and proper means to pre-
serve order in the car during the journey, and especially
during the sleeping hours; that it will furnish such con-
veniences as are necessary to the health and comfort of
the passenger and permit him to quietly and peaceably
occupy the berth engaged by him during the journey.
THE LAW OF THE ROAD.
General Principles. -To prevent collisions, and to se-
cure the safety and convenience of travelers meeting and
passing each other upon the highway, a code of rules has
been adored which constitutes what is called the law of
the road. These rules, originally established by custom,
have, in many instances, been re-enacted and declared by
statute, and are of general and uniform observance in ai}
}
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}
1
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181
}
parts of the United States. In general, they apply to
private ways, as well as public roads, and, indeed, extend
to all places appropriated, either by law or in fact, for
the purposes of travel.
The fundamental rule, applicable alike to all who use a
traveled way, is, that every person must exercise reason-
able care, adapted to the place and circumstances, to
prevent collision and avoid accidents, and to this all other
rules are subsidiary. No one will be entitled to redress for an
injury sustained on the highway where his own negligence
contributed to such injury, nor will the fact that a fellow-
traveler fails to observe the law in the use of the road
absolve another who is in the right from the duty of ex-
ercising ordinary care to avoid injury to himself or to
prevent injury to the party who is in the wrong. At the
same time, a person lawfully using a public highway has a
right to assume that a fellow-traveler will observe the law
and exercise ordinary care and prudence, and to govern
his own conduct in determining his use of the road
accordingly. This assumption he may rely on, not to
justify carelessness on his own part, but to warrant him in
pursuing his business in a convenient manner.
Vehicles. It is a primary rule that vehicles meeting on
a highway must bear or keep to the right. This, how-
ever, applies only to passing vehicles, for a person having
before him the entire road free from carriages or other
obstructions, and having no notice of any carriage behind
him, is at liberty to travel upon any part of the way as
suits his convenience or pleasure, and no blame can be
imputed to him. But while a traveler may well occupy
any part of the road if no other is using any portion of it,
he must, upon all occasions of the meeting of another,
reasonably turn to the right; and in all cases of a crowded
condition of a thoroughfare must keep to the right of the
center or traveled part of the way. A driver may, indeed,
pass on the left side of the road, or across it, for the pur-
pose of stopping at a house, a store, or other object on
that side; but he inust not interfere or obstruct another
lawfully passing on that side; and if he does, he acts at
his peril, and must answer for the consequences of his
violation of duty In such case he must pass before or
vait until the person on that side of the way has passed on
-
:82
****
:
pe
*.
Where two drivers are moving in the same direction,
the one in advance is entitled to the road, provided he
does not obstruct it, and is not bound to turn out for the
other if there is room for the latter to pass on either
side; if, however, there is not sufficient room to pass, the
foremost traveler should yield an equal share of the road,
on request made, if that is practicable. If it is not prac-
ticable, then they must defer passing until they reach
more favorable grounds. If the leading traveler then
refuses to comply with the request to permit the other to
pass him, he will be answerable for such refusal. Ordi-
narily, when a driver attempts to pass another on a
public road, he does so at his peril, and will be held
responsible for all damages which he causes to the one
whom he attempts to pass, and whose right to the proper
use of the road is as great as his, unless the latter is
guilty of such recklessness, or even gross carelessness, as
would bring disaster upon himself.
The rule requiring persons meeting upon the highway
to keep to the right is not imperative, however, and where
a driver cannot safely turn to the right on n. eting another
vehicle, the law will absolve him from neg. igence in not
attempting impossibilities; but where it is not practica-
ble to pass to the right, either of the trave 'ers should
stop a reasonable time until the other passes; nor will
the rule apply in the winter season, when the 'epth of
snow renders it difficult or impossible to ascertain where
the center of the road is. In such cases the center of the
road is the beaten or traveled track, without reference ‘o
the worked part of the road. Again, the rule does not
apply when one vehicle is passing along one street and
another is passing into said street from a cross street.
A traveler is bound to keep his harness and carriage in
good condition, and is liable for any damage that may
result from a failure to do so; he must not drive at an
immoderate rate of speed, and must yield the road to a
heavier or loaded vehicle.
Equestrians are not governed by the same stringent rules
that apply to drivers of vehicles, and usually all that is
required of them is to exercise prudent care under the
existing circumstances. They need not turn out in any
particular direction on meeting another horseman or a
3
}
1
+
183
}
་་་་
vehicle, but in crowded thoroughfares must keep to the
proper side in passing, and must yield the traveled part
of the road to a wagon.
Pedestrians have a right to use the carriage-way as
well as the sidewalk, and drivers must exercise reasonable
care to avoid injuring them, but a foot-passenger in
crossing the street of a city has no prior right of way
over a passing vehicle; both are bound to act with
prudence to avoid an accident, and it is as much the
duty of the pedestrian to look out for passing vehicles as
it is for the driver to see that he does not run over
any one; nor does the rule requiring vehicles to keep to
the right apply to carriages and foot-passengers, for, as
regards a foot-passenger, a carriage may go on either
side.
LANDLORD AND TENANT.
The relation of landlord and tenant exists by virtue of
a contract for the use or occupation of lands or tene-
ments, either for a definite period, for life, or at will. It
is usually created by express contract, but its existence
will be implied by law whenever there is an ownership
of land on the one hand and an occupation of it by per-
mission on the other. In every such case it will be pre-
sumed that the occupant intends to compensate the owner
for such use. While the relation may be inferred from a
variety of circumstances, the most obvious acknowledg-
ment is the payment of rent. If a tenant under an express
contract hold over after the termination of his term, the
landlord may consider him as a tenant, and, indeed, is so
anderstood, unless he takes some steps to eject him. If
the landlord receives rent from him, or by any other act
admits the tenancy, a new leasing begins, and can only
be terminated by a proper notice to quit.
The rights and obligations of the parties are usually
considered as having commenced from -the date of the
lease, if there be one, and no other time has been desig-
nared as the commencement of the tenancy, or, if there
be no date from the delivery of the papers, and if there
be no writings, from the time the tenant entered into
possession.
The Landlord is bound to protect the possessior f
184
2.
Y
嚕
​ܐܐܘ ܟ
us tenant, and to defend himn against every one asserting
a paramount right. Nor can the landlord do any act
himself calculated to disturb the enjoyment of the tenant.
He must, unless otherwise agreed, pay all taxes and assess-
ments on the property, and all other charges of his own
creation; and if the tenant, in order to protect himself in the
enjoyment of the land, is compelled to make a payment
which should have been made by the landlord, he may
call upon his landlord to reimburse him, or deduct the
amount from the rent.
The landlord has no right of possession during the con-
tinuance of the lease, nor indeed any substantial rights
in the property further than such as may be necessary to
protect his reversionary interests. He may go upon the
premises peaceably and during reasonable hours, for the
purpose of viewing same and ascertaining whether any
waste or injury has been committed, and may make such
repairs as are necessary to prevent waste; but he is under
no obligation to make any repairs, nor does he guarantee
that the premises are reasonably fit for the purposes for
which they were taken. Nor can the tenant make any
repairs at the expense of the landlord in the absence of a
special agreement.
The tenant is entitled to all the rights incident to
possession, and to the use of all the privileges appendant
to the land, and, on the other hand, is personally liable
for any misuse of same, or any nuisance or obstruction
he may erect. He must use the premises in such a man-
ner that no substantial injury shall be done them, and
that they may revert to the landlord at the end of the
term unimpaired by any negligent or willful conduct on
his part. He must keep the premises in fair repair at his
own expense, but is not bound to rebuild structures which
have accidentally become ruinous during his occupation;
nor is he answerable for incidental wear and tear, nor
accidental fire, or flood.
He must further punctually pay the rent reserved, or
if none have been specifically reserved, then such reason-
able compensation as the premises are fairly worth. In
the absence of special agreement he must pay only for the
lime he has had the Jeneficial enjoyment, but if he has
greed to pay for an entire term, as a rule nothing short
Į
¿
{
I
185
of an eviction will excuse him from such payment. If
he is evicted by a third person, or if the landlord annoys
him by the erection of a nuisance, or renders the prem-
ises untenantable, or makes his occupation so uncomfort-
able as to justify his removal, he will be discharged from
-the payment of rent.
The rights and liabilities of the relation are not con-
fined to the immediate parties, but attach to all persons
to whom the estate is transferred, or who may succeed to
the possession of the premises. A landlord may not
violate his tenant's rights by a sale of the property, nor
can the tenant avoid his responsibility by assigning his
term. The purchaser of the property becomes, in one
case, the landlord, with all his rights and remedies, while
in the other the assignee of the tenant assumes all the
responsibilities of the latter, but the original lessee is not
thereby discharged from his obligations.
The tenancy may be terminated in a variety of ways.
If for a definite time, or conditioned on the happening of
a certain event, it expires by its own limitation, and
usually, when depending upon the express conditions of a
lease, no notice to quit is necessary. If from year to
year, or at will, a notice is always necessary. This must
be in writing, and explicitly require the tenant to surren-
der up the premises. It must be served upon the tenant
and afford the statutory notice in regard to time. A
breach of any of the covenants of the lease will forfeit
the tenant's rights, and when a tenancy has been termi-
nated, by whatever cause, the landlord's right to re-enter
becomes absolute.
The largest bell in the world is the great bell of Mos-
cow, at the foot of the Kremlin. Its circumference at
the bottom is nearly 68 feet, and its height more than 21
feet. 'In its stoutest part it is 23 inches thick, and its
weight has been computed to be 443,772 lbs. It has
never been hung, and was probably cast on the spot
where it now stands. A piece of the bell is broken off.
The fracture is supposed to have been occasioned by
water having been thrown upon it when heated by the
building erected over it being on fire.

186
WEATHER WISDOM.
HEF.SCHEL'S WEATHER TABLE.
for foretelling the weather, throughoUT ALL THE LUNATIONS OF EACH year, foREVER.
This table, and the accompanying remarks, are the result of many years' actual observa-
tion, the whole being constructed on a due consideration of the attraction of the Sun and
Moon, in their several positions respecting the Earth, and will, by simple inspection, show the
observer what kind of weather will most probably follow the entrance of the Moon into any
of its quarters, and that so near the truth as to seldom or never be found to fail.
If New Moon, First Quarter,
Full Moon or Last Quarte
happens
Between midnight and 2 o'clock..
4 morning.
CE 2 and
(C
and 6
8
20
<<
"C
<<
"
=
"C
15
"
R
*
CL
ek
4
6 and
8 and 10
10 and 12
(C
12 and 2 afternoon
2 and
4 and 6
4
6 and 8
(C
!
<<
(C
K
،،
(6
8 and 10
10 and midnight
In Summer.
Fair
Cold and showers
Rain.
Wind and rain
Changeable.
Frequent showers
Very rainy
Changeable.
Fair
Fair if wind N. W
Rainy if S. or S. W.
Fair
•
W
•
In Winter.
Frost unless wind Southwest.
Snow and stormy.
Rain.
Stormy.
Cold rain if wind W., snow if E.
Cold and high wind.
Snow or rain.
Fair and mild.
Fair.
Fair and frosty if wind N. or N. E.
Rain or snow if South or S. W.
Fair and frosty.

187
SUNSET COLORS.—A gray, lowering sunset, or
one where the sky is green or yellowish green, indicates
rain. A red sunrise, with clouds lowering later in the
morning, also indicates rain.
HALO (SUN DOGS).- Ey halo we mean the large
circles, or parts of circles, about the sun or incon,
halo occurring after fine weather indicates a storm.
A
A
CORONA.—By this term we mean the small colored
circles frequently seen around the sun or noon.
corona growing smaller indicates rain; growing larger,
fair weather
RAINBOWS.
A morning rainbow is regarded as a
sign of rain; an evening rainbow of fair weather.
SKY COLOR. A deep blue color of the sky, cven
when seen through clouds, indicates fair weather; a grow-
ing whiteness, an approaching storm.
A morning
FOG. Fogs indicate settled weather.
fog usually breaks away before noon.
VISIBILITY Unusual clearness of the atmosphere
musnal brightness or twinkling of the stars, indicate rain
LOUDS.—In observing clouds, we observe thei
kids, motions and outlines. The clouds frequent
called "mare's tails we term Cirri. They are marked
by their light texture, fibrous and sundered as in the
"mare's tail," or interlacing as in the far-spreading white
cloud, which produces the halo. Small, regularly formed
groups of these clouds are frequently seen in fair and set-
led weather. The Cirri are also the clouds on the fore-
part of the storin. In this case they are usually more
abundant, their outline is very ragged, and they generally
blend mto a white, far-reaching cloud-bank. The cloud
weli known as "cotton bales, or Lunder heads,” we
term cumulus. When they appear during the heat of the
day and pass away in the evening, continned fair weather
may be expected. When they increase with rapidity,
sink into he lower part of the atmosphere, und remain
as the evening approaches, rain is at hand. If loose
natches appear thrown out from their surfaces, showers
may be expected. The clouds usually seen after night-
fall, lying in one horizontal plane, and not of great extent,
are attendant on fine weather. Small, black, inky clouds
and dark scud indicate rain
AL
-
>>
11
188
75
BAROMETER. In using the barometer, we should
notice whether it be greatly above or below the mean
height and the rapidity of its rise or fall. If it be higher
and steady, continued fair, though not cloudless weather
may be expected. If it be lower and falling, rain, or at
least damp, cloudy weather, is at hand. A rapid rise or
fall (greater than 0.01 inch per hour) indicates continued
unsettled weather and much wind.
M
FROST.-The first frost and last frost are usually
preceded by a temperature very much above the mean.
HEIGHTS OF WATERFALLS.
Cerosola Cascade, Alps, Switzerland....
Falls of Arve, Savoy.
Falls of St. Anthony, Upper Mississippi
Falls of Terni, near Rome..
Fryer's, near Lochness, Scotland.
Genesee Falls, Rochester, N. Y..
Lanterbaum, Lake Theen, Switzerland.
Lidford Cascade, Devonshire, England.
Missouri Falls, North America.
Natchikin Falls, Kamschatka.
Niagara Falls, North America.
..
Mont Morency Falls, Canada, Quebec.
Nile Cataracts, Upper Egypt.
Passaic Falls, New Jersey.
Tivoli Cascade, near Rome..
Waterfall Mountain Cascade, South Africa...
··
• •
❤
J
•
KRET.
.2,400
I, HO
do
•
300
200
96
goo
JOO
90
300
104
250
40
71
**
Great fire at Washington, broke out December 15,
1883. Great fire in New York occurred in December,
1885. Over 500 buildings and $20,000,000 worth of
property was destroyed. The second great fire occurred
on September 6, 1839. Over $10,000,000 worth of prop-
erty was destroyed. Great fire at Chicago, IL, was in
October, 1871.
James Fisk was shot in the Grand Central Hotel om
Broadway, N. Y., on January 6, 1872.
3
189

QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING IN EACH STATE OF THE UNION.
Previous residence required.
STATES.
Alabama
Arkansas.
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
•
D
U
·
Kansas.
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine..
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan...
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
•
•
A
·
•
·
·
Voters must be males, 21 years old,
and
Citizens or have declared intentions
Citizens or have declared intentions
Actual citizens.....
Citizens or have declared intentions
Actual citizens
Actual county tax-payers
United States citizens or have declared intention
Actual citizens.
·
Actual citizens.
Citizens or have declared intentions
Actual citizens
Citizens or have declared intentions
Free white male citizens.
·
....
·
Citizens or have declared intentions
Actual citizens....
Actual citizens..
Citizens
Citizens or have declared intentions
Citizens or have declared intentions
Actual citizens......
Citizens or have declared intentions.
Citizens or have declared intentions
Citizens or have declared intentions
·
%
·
•
•
•
▸
State.
County.
Precinct.
1 year....3 months. 1 month..
1 year.
6 months.1 month
•
1 year....90 days 30 days..
6 months.
·
·
..
I year....I month
1 year....6 months.
I year....6 months.
1 year.. 90 days
6 months. 60 days
6 months. 60 days
6 months.
•
·· ••
1 year....6 months. 6 months.
I year...
3 months.
1 year....
1 year.
3 months
+
30 days
·
2 years... years...60 days
6 months. 30 days
..
•
4 months
6 months. month
1 year....do days
6 months.
6 months 30 days
04 •
I
··
6 months.
··
·
30 days
30 days
•
..
•
.. ...
..
...
··
6 months
..10 days
10 days
··
1
..
•
*
..
**


190
States.
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New York..
North Carolina
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
•
……
QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING, ETC.--(Continued).
•
•
·
•
•
·
•
Voters must be males, 21 years old,
and
Actual citizens
Actual citizens
Actual citizens
Actual citizens.
Actual citizens..
Citizens or have declared intentions
• •
U
Actual citizens
Actual tax-paying citizens
Actual citizens.
Actual citizens.
Citizens or have declared intentions
Actual citizens..
Actual citizens.
Actual citizens
Citizens or have declared intentions
L
·
Previous residence required.
+
State.
1 year
6 months.)
County.
I year.
1 year.
12 months go days
Rhode Island
South Carolina.
Tennessee.
Texas
Vermont
Virginia.
West Virginia
Wisconsin..
Women are entitled to full suffrage in Utah, Washington, and Wyoming Territories. They can vote at
school clections in Massachussets and a few other States.
5 months.
4 months. 30 days
I year.
1 year.
12 months
I year...
1 year...
1 year....jóo days
12 months 6 months
•
Precinct.
Town 6 m.
I year....60 days
1 year.
..
2 months.
Town 6 m.
6 months. 6 months.
Town 3 m
REGISTRATION.-In California, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,
Nebraska, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and Wisconsin registration is required by
law. In Colorado, Florida, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and South Caro-
lina registration is a constitutional requirement. In Kansas and Missouri registration is required in cities
only, in Ohio in the cities of Cincinnati and Cleveland only, and in New York and New Jersey in cities of 10,
ooo inhabitants and upward. In Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana and Tennessee
no registration is required; and in Arkansas, Texas and West Virginia it is prohibited by the State Constitution.
191
INTEREST LAWS AND STATUTES OF
LIMITATIONS.
STATES AND TERRI-
TORIES.
Alabama
Arkansas
Arizona
California.
Colorado.
Connecticut
Dakota
Delaware
District of Columbia)
Florida
Georgia.
Idaho.
Illinois..
Indiana
Iowa...
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland...
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana.
Nebraska.
Nevada
•
••••
• • *
•
•••
• •
………♥
...
……….
→
*
••
• •
..
+
❤ .
..
New Hampshire.
New Jersey.
New Mexico
New York*
North Carolina.
Ohio....
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
··
··
•
•
•
INTEREST LAWS.
Legal
Rate.
per ct
8
6
IO
7
·00 70000 70000 70 nooo
IO
6
8
IO
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
IO
7
10
6
8
6
Rate Al-
lowed by
Contract.
per ct.
8
IO
Any rate.
Any rate.
Any rate.
6
12
6
10
Any rate.
8
18
8
8
10
12
IO
8
Any rate.
6
Any rate.
10
IO
10
IO
Any rate.
10
Any rate.
6
6
12
6
8
8
10
6
Any rate.
STATUTES
OF LIMITATIONS.

Judg- Notes,
ments, Years.
Years.
20
10
2
56
5
6
17
20
21
12
20
7
6
7
20
20
5
15
10
20
12
20
ó
10
7500 100
6
20
20
15
20
10
5
IO
5
20
6434656
en en er e
17
6
minanooonn
3
vio mio 101010
6 mmm to US M N COO MO NO CO IN N N TOO 40 M
17606
10 3
5
7
5
10
10
10
5
15
6
IO
Open
Ac-
counts,
Years.
15
6
€
6
3
3
3
3
6
5
3
6
2
6
3
5
2
5
I
10 10

192
STATES AND TER-
RITORIES.
June 30.
1870
1871
1872
873
1874
1875
1876
+877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
··
·
•
· O *
•
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Utah.
Vermont.
Virginia
Washington Ter.
West Virginia..
Wisconsin
Wyoming
10
20
6
Any rate.
5
5
4
*New York has by a recent law legalized any rate of interest on
call loans of $5,000 or upward, on collateral security.
Year
Total
ending exports.
•
·
··
•
•
• •
·
...
…….
•
• ·
• ·
•
· •
• •
•
• • ▸
···
• ❤
•
••••
:
...
INTEREST LAWS, ETC.-(Continued.)
•
•
··
………
·
INTEREST LAWS. STATUTES LIMITATIONS.
Legal
Rate.
$450,927,434
541,262,166
perct
7
6
8
Value of merchandise and of gold and silver coin and bullion im-
ported into and exported from the United States from 1870 to
1888, inclusive; also annual excess of imports or of exports
specie values.
IO
6
6
10
6
7
12
Rate Al-
lowed by
Contract.
per ct.
Any rate.
10
12
Any rate.
6
8
Any rate.
6
IO
Imports.
$462,377,587
541,493,708
640,338,766
663,617,147
595,861,2.48
Judg-
ments,
Years.
524,055, 120
607,088,490
652,913,445
605,574,853
596,890.973
658,637,457 492,097,540
728,605,891 466,872,846
735,436,882 466,073,775
852,781,577 760,989,056
921,784,193 753,240,125
799,959,736 767,111,964
855,659,735 751,670,305
807,646,992 705,123,955
784,421,280 620,769,652
751,988,240 674,029,792
752,180,902 752.490,560
742,368,822 783,217,799
553,906,153
476,677,871
ΤΟ
10
0 57 5500
15
ΤΟ
6
Notes, Ac-
Years.
Excess of
exports
over
imports.
57.052, 197
91,668,700
120,213,102
166,539,917
261,733,045
269,363, 107
91,792,521
168,544,068
32,847,772
103,989,430
102,523,037
163,651,628
77,958,448
6
6
46 56
662 NO NO mio
4
10
6
Open
counts,
Years.
•
•
• • •
2
6
2
3
Excess of
imports
over
exports.
$ 11,450,153
231,542
116,283,646
56,528,651
3

•
•
309,658
40,848,977

193
;
1
UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.
Books, charts, new.
(4
"
Animals for breeding purposes
"" otherwise
Ale, Porter, and Beer, in bottles
"C in casks
#
CC
(4
44
*
€4
"
64
Boots, Shoes, Leather.
Boze, manufactures of ..
Jarpets, Audersson, Axminster, and
woven whole for room.
all
Brussels, Tapestry, printed
the warp, or otherwise.
on
Į
Brussels, wrought by the Jac-
quard machine.
Saxony, Wilton & Tornay Vel-
vet, wrought by the Jacquard ma-
oline...
46
""
•
Treble Ingrain, three ply, and
three ply, and
Worsted China Venetian.
Velvet, Patent or Tapestry,print-
ed on the warp or otherwise.
Carriages.
China-Porcelain and Parian Ware, plain
Gilded, ornamented or decorated
Cigars, Cheroots, and Cigarettes..
Clocks.
·
Engravings..
Furniture..
(ABRIDGED.)
for Colleges, Libraries, or
printed more than 20 years, or in
use abroad more than 1 year and
not for sale...
• -
• ↓ •
··
•
•
•
Clothing, wholly or in part of wool.
#6
Linen..
Silk component..
All other descriptions.
Coal and Coke, bituminous.
Coral, cut or manufactured.
Cutlery, Table, etc…….
Co
Pen, Jack and Pocket Knives……
Diamonds and other precious stones, set
Unset..
**
Effect, personal, old.
•
..
•••
•
•
•
l
free on Consular cer-
tificate.
20 per cent.
35 cts per gallon
20 cts per gallon
23 per cent
free
35 per cent
45 per cent
45 cts per sq yd and 30
per cent
j
30 cts per sq yd and 30
per cent
44 cts per sq yd and 35
1 per cent
།
45 cts per sq yd and 30
per cent
12 cts per sq yd and 30
7
per cent
25 cts per sq yd and 30
per cent
55 per cent
35 per cent
60 per cent
$2.50 per lb and 25 per
cent
35 per cent
{
40 cts per lb and 35 per
cent
40 per cent
50 per cent
35 per cent
75 cts per ton
25 per cent
35 per cent
50 per cent
25 per cent
10 per cent
free on oath
25 per cent
35 per cent
|
*
IF
ป
&
+
194
€.
Furs, manufactured.
Gilt and plated ware, etc.
Glass ware..
Gloves, Kid.
Gold and silver ware, etc.
Guns..
Hats (ladies), chip, straw, or other vege-
table substance, hair, whalebone...
Trimmed with silk and artificial
flowers exceeding the value of the
hat...
54 With feathers and artificial flowers
Hay...
Household effects, in use abroad one year
and not for sale
་་
""
Instruments, professional, in use.
Iron, Pig and Scrap..
Jewelry-Gold, Silver or imitation
Jet and Imitation of...
Laces, Silk……..
" Silk and Cotton
66 Thread ...
Leather, manufactures of.
Linen-Table, Toweling, etc.
<4
CC
64
66
<<
Machinery, brass or iron.
Copper or Stee!.
(6
Musical Instruments.
Oils-Animal...
Castor..
Olive
Paintings.
4
C
<<
(6
- P
44
•
•
- L
·
• ·
...
·
·
· ·
•
Silk-Dress and Piece..
Smokers' Articles
Snuff...
Soap-Castile ..
•
if work of an American artist.
Frames for ditto
•
"
Silk, Cotton, Worsted or Leather.
Saddles and Harness.
Shawls--Silk….
·
---
Photographs...
Pipes Meerschaum, Wood, and of all
other material, except common clay 70 per cent
Prints or Engravings..
25 per cent
Rubber Boots, Shoes, and other articles
wholly of rubber (not fabrics)...
Braces, Suspenders, Webbing,
etc., unless in part silk...
25 per cent
30 per cent
50 per cent
35 per cent
50 per cent
35 cts per lb and 40 por
cent
50 per cent
70 per cent
50 cts per lb
20 cts per lb
15 cts per lb
Camel's Hair or other wool..
..
20 per cent
35 per cent
45 per cent
50 per cent
45 per cent
25 per cent
20 per cent
50 per cent
50 per cent
$2 per ton
Fancy, Perfumed, Toilet, and
Windsor..
free
free
$6.72 per ton
25 per cent
25 per cent
50 per cent
50 per cent
35 per cent
35 per cent
30 per cent
35 per cent
45 per cent
45 per cent
25 per cent
25 per cent
80 cts per gallon
25 per cent
30 per cent
free
35 per cent
25 per cent
↓
1
1

195
j
Statuary, Marble.
Stereoscopic Views, on glass or paper.
Spirits Brandy, Whisky, Gin, etc..
Umbrellas-Silk or Alpaca.
Velvet-Silk..
(
Cocoa.
Coffee.
Cotton or mostly cotton.
Watches...
Wines-All still Wines, such as Sherry,
Claret, or Hock, in casks..
Ditto, in bottles of 1 pint and less..
Ditto, in bottles of over 1 pint and less
than I quart...
•
All Champagnes and Sparkling Wines
in bottles of ½ pints or less...
Ditto, in bottles of over ½ pint and not
more than 1 pint..
Ditto, in bottles of over 1 pint and not
more than one quart...
Ditto, in bottles of over 1 quart (extra)
…………..
•
J
Fruits and nuts.
Furs, undressed.
lides, raw.
..
·
•
50 per cent
{40 and 25 per cent re-
spectively
$2 per proof gallon
50 per cent
50 per cent
40 per cent
25 per cent
50 cts per gallon
$1.60 per case
$1.60 per case
1.60 per doz
1.75 per doz
$3.50 per doz
ARTICLES FREE OF
DUTY.
Actors' costumes and effects intended for personai use.
Animals for breeding purposes.
Antiquities not for sale.
Articles and tools of trade.
Art works of American artists.
Bed feathers.
Birds, land and water fowl.
Books printed over twenty years.
Coal-anthracite.
7.00 per doz
2.25 per gallon
and
3
cts per bottle.
Collections of antiquities, etc., for use in colleges, mu-
seums, incorporated societies, etc.
Diamonds, rough.
Effects of American citizens dying abroad, if accompanied
by Consular certificate.
Engravings (engraved over 20 years).
Farina.
Fertilizers.
Household effects in use abroad over one year and not for
sale.
3
196
India rubber.
Mineral waters, natural.
Mother of pearl, unmanufactured.
Natural history specimens (not for sale).
Newspapers.
Periodicals.
Personal effects when old and in use over one year.
Plants, trees and shrubs.
Rags, other than wool
Rubber-crude.
Scientific instruments.
Skins-raw.
Tapioca.
Tea.
United States manufactures forwarded to foreign coun-
tries and returned.
Wax, Vegetable and Mineral.
Largest Cities of the Earth.
POPULATION ACCORDING TO LATEST CENSUS.
London, England..
Paris, France..
Canton, China (est.).
New York, United States.
Berlin, Prussia.
Vienna, Austria.
Tschantshau-fu, China (est.).
Singau-fu, China (est.).
Siangtau, China (est.)..
Tientsing, China (est.).
St. Petersburg, Russia.
Philadelphia, United States.
Tschingtu-fu, China (est.)
Moscow, Russia..
Calcutta, India.
Bombay, India.
Constantinople, Turkey (est.)
Bangkok, ndia (est.).
Tschungking-fu, China (est.).
·
•
•
• ►
•
•
...
• •
• • •
•
• J ♥
• •
•
•
•
•
•
·
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
3,832,442
2,269,023
1,500,000
1,206,577
1,122,330
1,103,857
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
950,000
927,467
847,170
800,000
748,000
683,329
644,405
600,000
600,000
600,000
$
197
Į
Hankow, China (est.)
Foochow, China (est.).
Tokio, Japan.
Brooklyn, United States
Glasgow, Scotland.
Liverpool, England.
Chicago, United States.
Sutchau, China (est.).
Schaohing, China (est.)..
Peking, China (est.).
Naples, Italy.
Nangkin, China (est.)
Birmingham, England.
Hangtseheu-fu, China, (est.).
Fatschau, China (est.).
Madrid, Spain
Madras, India.
Manchester, England.
Boston, United States,
Warsaw, Poland.
Brussels, Belgium.
Lyons, France
Buda-Pesth, Hungary.
Marseilles, France.
Jangtschau, China.
St. Louis, United States.
Baltimore, United States.
Amsterdam, Holland.
Cairo, Egypt.
Milan, Italy.
Leeds, England.
Rome, Italy
Hamburg, Germany.
Lucknow, India.
Sheffield, England..
Osaka, Japan.
Breslau, Prussia.
Shanghai, China.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Copenhagen, Denmark.
Cincinnati, United States.
Turin, Italy.
•
•
•
·
•
·
•
•
• ·
•
..
4
•
•
•
· •
•
•
·
•
·
+
•
-
•
•●
•
•
·
600,000
600,000
594,283
566,689
555,289
552,423
503,185
500,000
500,000
500,000
494,314
450,000
400,757
400,000
400,000
397,690
397,552
393,676
390,406
383,973
377,084
376,613
365,051
360,099
360,000
350,518
332,313
328,047
327,462
321,839
309,126
300,467
289,849
284,779
284,410
284,105
279,212
278,000
274,972
273,727
255,809
252,832
*

198
..
Melbourne, Australia.
Weihein, China (est.).
Taijuen-fu, China (est.). .
Leinkhong, China (est.). .
Dublin, Ireland.
Barcelona, Spain.
Lisbon, Portugal.
Palermo, Italy
Mexico, Mexico.
Taiwau-fu, China (est.).
San Francisco, United States.
Munich, Bavaria..
•
•
•
Tengtschau-fu, China (est.)
Kioto, Japan.
Edinburgh, Scotland.
Bordeaux, France.
Bucharest, Roumania.
Dresden, Saxony.
•
·
•
New Orleans, United States.
Belfast, Ireland.
Bristol, England..
Kagoshima, Japan (est.)
Hyderabad, India (est.)
Gwelior, India (est.).
Tsinau-fu, China (est.).
Jongping, China (est.)
Hutscheu, China (est.).
Teheran, Persia (est.)
Odessa, Russia..
Sydney, Australia
Nottingham, England.
Bradford, England.
Genoa, Italy.
Lisle, France...
Buenos Ayres, Argentine Kepublic.
Stockholm, Sweden.
Salford, England.
·
•
a
•
·
·
·
•
•
•
•
252,000
250,000
250,000
250,000
249,486
249,106
246,343
244,991
236,500
235,000
233,959
230,023
230,000
229,810
228,075
221,305
221,000
220,818
216,690
207,671
206,503
200,000
200,000
200,000
200,000
200,000
200,000
200,000
193,513
187,381
186,656
183,032
179.515
178,144
177,787
176,745
176,233
1

Population of Cities in the United States.
In response to a personal letter sent to the mayor of each of the
following cities, their estimate of the present population is under
the heading 1887. Where no 1887 estimate is given, no replies were
received, and it is therefore to be supposed no change of any im-
portance has taken place.
•
New York City
Philadelphia, Pa
Brooklyn, N. Y
Chicago, Ill
Boston, Mass.
St. Louis, Mo
Baltimore, Md..
Cincinnati, Ohio.
San Francisco, Cal.
New Orleans, La.
Cleveland, Ohio.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Buffalo, N. Y
Washington, D. C..
Newark, N. Į
Louisville, Ky
Jersey City, N. J
•
Detroit, Mich.
Milwaukee, Wis.
Providence, R. I
Albany, N. Y.
Rochester, N. Y
Allegheny, Pa
Indianapolis, Ind.
Richmond, Va.
New Haven, Conn.
Lowell, Mass
Worcester, Mass.
Troy, N. Y.
•
Kansas City, Mo.
Cambridge, Mass.
Syracuse, N. Y
Columbus, Ohio..
Paterson, N. J..
Toledo, Ohio..
•
• •
•
•
+
·
•
·
•
•
•
•
•
•
·
..
+
1887.
I, 500,000
1,125,000
750.000
750,000
362,000
450,000
460,000
300,000
310,000
230,000
240,000
203,459
160,000
185,000
220,000
175.677
122,050
105,000
125,000
90,000
S0.000
$0.000
70,000
68.389
65,000
80,000
62,000
S0,000
74,215
62,000
73,500
199
1880.
1,206,299
$47.170
566,663
503.185
395,099
298,977
302,839 250,526
350,518
310,864
267,354
332,313
255,139
216,239
233,959
216,090
160,146
156,3 8 9
155-134
147,293
136,508
123,758
120.722
116,340
115,587
104.857
90,758
89,366
78,682
75,056
63.600
62,882
59-475
53,291
56,747
55.785
52,669
51,792
51.617
51,031
50,137
1870.
942,292
674,022
#
149,473
191,418
72,829-
$6,076
117,714
109,199
105,059
100,752
82,546
79,577
71,440
68,904
69,422
62.386
53,180
48.244
51,038
50,840
40,928
41,105
46,464
32,260
39,634
43,051
31,274
33,579
31,584
200

22.
Charleston, S. C………….
Fall River, Mass
Minneapolis, Minn.
Scranton, Pa...
Nashville, Tenn.
Reading, Pa.
Wilmington, Del.
Hartford, Conn
Camden, N. J..
St. Paul, Minn.
Lawrence, Mass.
Dayton, Ohio..
Lynn, Mass..
Atlanta, Ga
Denver, Col..
Oakland, Cal.
Utica, N. Y.
Portland, Me.
Memphis, Tenn.
Springfield, Mass.
Manchester, N. H……
St. Joseph, Mo.
Grand Rapids, Mich...
Hoboken, N. J .
Harrisburg, Pa..
Wheeling, W. Va...
Savannah, Ga...
Omaha, Neb.
•
• · •
Trenton, N. J.
Covington, Ky.
Evanston, Ind
Peoria, Ill.
Mobile, Ala
Elizabeth, N. J
Erie, Pa
Bridgeport, Conn
Salem, Mass... ..
Quincy, Ill
Fort Wayne, Ind.
New Bedford, Mass
Terre Haute, Ind
Lancaster, Pa.
•
·
•
.
•
··
..
86,666
56,300
56,000
145,000
60,846
70,000
45,000
40,000
75,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
45,492
85,000
47,000
40,000
45,000
42,000
28,500
35,000
30,000
49,984
48,961
46,887
45,850
43,350
43,278
42,478
37,409
35,629
34,555
33,914
33,810
33,592
33,340
32,630
42,015
41,659
41,473
39,151
38,678 30,473
38,274
28,233
27,789
32,431
32,016
30,999
30,762
30,737
30,709
30,518
29,910
29,720
29,280
29,259
29,132
28,289
27,737
27,643
27,563
27,268
26,888
45.976
26,706
13,066
26,845
26,042
25,769
35,oge
25,805
33,930
30,841
37,180
20,045
20,030
28,921
4.759
10,500
28,804
31,413
40,226
26,703
23,536
10,565
16,507
20,297
23,104
19,280
28,235
16,093
22,874
24,505
21,830
22,849
32,034
20,832
19,646
18,969
24,187
24,052
17,718
21,320
16,103
20,233
1
!
1
201
Somerville, Mass.
Davenport, Iowa.
Wilkesbarre, Pa
Des Moines, Iowa.
Dubuque, Iowa
Galveston, Tex
Norfolk, Va.
Auburn, N. Y
Holyoke, Mass
Augusta, Ga..
Chelsea, Mass
Petersburg, Va
Sacramento, Cal.
Taunton, Mass..
Oswego, N. Y.
Salt Lake, Utah.
Springfield, Ohio..
Bay City, Mich.
San Antonio, Tex..
Elmira, N. Ý.
Newport, Ky..
Poughkeepsie, N. Y……
Springfield, Ill..
Altoona, Pa.
Burlington, Iowa.
Cohoes, N. Y….
Gloucester, Mass.
Lewiston, Me
Pawtucket, R. I..
East Saginaw, Mich.
Williamsport, Pa
Yonkers, N. Y.
Haverhill, Mass.
Zanesville, Ohio.
Newburgh, N. V……
Council Bluffs, Iowa..
Allentown, Pa.
Waterbury, Conn.
Portland, Oregon
Wilmington, N. C...
Binghamton, N. Y
Bloomington, Ill……….
••••
•
•
0.
..
• .
•
•
• •
··
•
·
• ·
.32,000
26,000
..40,000
.35,000
.40,000
..26,000
•
•
.28,000
.23,000
•33,481
.32,000
.42,500
··
20,400
.28,584
.27,000
.25,000
22,000
.16,000
·
.25,000
.21,500
.27,000
•35,000
20,000
.23,500
..
24,933
24,831
23,339
22,408
22,254
22,248
21,966
21,924
21,915
21,891
21,782
21,656
21,420
21,213
21,116
20,768
20,730
20,693
20,550
20,541
20,430
20,207
19,743
19,710
19,450
19,416
19,329
19,083
19,030
19,016
18,934
18,892
18,472
18,113
18,049
18,063
12,063
X7,806
17,577
17,350
17,317
F7,180
14,685
20,038
10,174
12,025
18,434
13,818
19,229
17,225
10,738
15,389
18,547
18,950
16,283
18,629
20,910
12,854
12,652
7,004
12,256
15,863
15,087
20,080
17,364
10,610
14,930
15,357
15,389
13,600
6,619
11,350
16,030
12,733
13,052
10,01-1
17,014
10,020
13,884
10,826
8,293
13,446
12,692
14,590
--



202
4- 6
New Brunswick, N. J ...25.000
Newton, Mass
Bangor, Me...
Montgomery, Ala..
Lexington, Kansas
Leavenworth, Kansas.
Houston, Tex...
Akron, Ohio.
•
New Albany, Ind
Jackson, Mich.
Woonsocket, R. I
Racine, Wis...
Lynchburg, Va.
Sandusky, Ohio..
Oshkosh, Wis..
Newport, R. I
Topeka, Kan..
Youngstown, Ohio
Norwich, Conn
Atchison, Kan.
Chester, Pa.
-
·
•
·
•
La Fayette, Ind.
•
La Crosse, Wis
Norwalk, Conn
York, Pa.
Concord, N. H.
Lincoln, R. I.
Alexandria, Va
Schenectady, N. Y.
Brockton, Mass.
Newburyport, Mass .
Lockport, N. Y
Nashua, N. H.
Pittsfield, Mass
South Bend, Ind.
Pottsville, Pa.
Orange, N. J…...
Little Rock, Ark..
Rockford, Ill.
► •
•
•
·
•
•
• •
•
J
•
·
•
•
•
.29,150
•
•
.22,210
·
•
•
·
•
*
30.000
25,000
19.500
30,000
21.000
25.000
31,000
20.000
000
19.000
.18,000
.15.000
.22,000
16,000
29,000
..20,000
..16,000
.17,000
Fond du Lac, Wis.
Norristown, Pa.
Chattanooga, Tenn....36,000
17,166
16,995
16,856
16,713
16,656
16.546
16,513
16.512
10.4-3
16.105
16.059
16,031
15.959
15,838
15,748
15,093
15,452
15,435
15,112
15,105
14,997
14,860
14,505
13,956
13,940
13,843
13.765
13,659
13,655
13,608
13,538
13,522
13,397
13,364
13,280
13,253
13,207
13,138
13,129
13,094
13,063
12,892
15,058
12,825
18,289
10,588
14,801
17,873
9,382
10,066
14,396
[1,447
11.527
9.880
6,825
13,000
12,663
12,251
5,790
8,075
16,653
7,054
9,485
13.506
7,785
12,119
11,003
12,241
7,889
13,570
11,026
$,007
12,595
12,426
10.543
II, 112
7,206
12,384
9,348
12,380
11,049
12,764
10,753
6,093
1
"


203
)
.
Macon, Ga..
Richmond, Ind..
Biddeford, Me..
Georgetown, D. C..
San Jose, Cal..
Fitchburg, Mass
Canton, Ohio.
Rome, N. Y
Northampton, Mass
Warwick, R. I
Rutland, Vt..
Hamilton, Ohio.
Keokuk, Iowa.
Steubenville, Ohio
Malden, Mass.
Easton, Po
Aurora, Ill.
•
•
·
Vicksburg, Miss.
Waltham, Mass.
Dover, N. H
Danbury, Conn
Rock Island, Ill.
Joliet, Ill
Derby, Conn.
Galesburg. I.
Portsmouth, Va.
Burlington, Vt.
Portsmouth, Oli.
Stamford, Conn
Chicopee, Mass
Muskegon, Mich
Logansport, Ind.
Los Angelos, Cal.
Attleborough, Mass..
Hannibal, Mo.
Austin, Tex
·
*
•
Chillicothe, Onio…….
Woburn, Mass.
Jacksonville, Ill.
Virginia City, Nev.
Watertown, N. Y.
Cumberland, Md..
•
**
•
*
•
•
•
•
•
+
·
•
12,000
11,298
. 11,528
+
35,000
17,000
14,000
▼
20,000
16,500
17.000
IS,000
10,000
12.017
13,000
20,000
18.105
15,000
13.000
IS.000
15.283
55,000
14,000
24,000
12.500
12,749
12.742
12,651
12.578
12.567
12.
12.258
12,104
12.172
12.164
12.149
12.122
12,117
12.00}
12,017
11.924
11,873
11,814
11,712
11.687
11.666
11,659
11,657
11,650
11,437
11,390
11,365
11,321
11,297
11.286
11,262
11,198
11.183
II. II
11.074
11,013
10.938
10,931
10,929
10.917
14,000 10.697
12,000
10,693
10,810
9,445
10,282
11,384
9,089
11,260
8,660
11,000
10,100
10,458
9.834
11,081
12,765
8,107
7.367
10,987
11,152
12:443
9,065
0,204
8.753
7,890
7,263
8,020
10.158
10.590
14,387
10.592
9,744
0.007
6.002
8,950
5,728
6,769
10,125
4,428
$.920
8,560
0.202
7,058
9,336
8,056

204


•
Belleville, Ill
Quincy, Mass.
Weymouth, Mass
New London, Conn..
Saginaw, Mich...
Ogdensburgh, N. Y..
Madison, Wis..
Stockton, Cal.
Winona, Minn.
Shenandoah, Pa..
Marlborough, Mass.
Columbus, Ga.
Eau Claire, Wis..
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Columbia, S. C
Key West, Fla..
Mansfield, Ohio.
Knoxville, Tenn..
Portsmouth, N. H
Newark, Ohio
Sedalia, Mo.
Auburn, Me.
Decatur, Ill.
Amsterdam, N. Y
Jeffersonville, Ind.
Jamestown, N. Y
Milford, Mass..
Raleigh, N. C
East St. Louis, Ill.
Ithaca, N. Y..
Stillwater, Minn
Clinton, Iowa..
Titusville, Pa..
Peabody, Mass.
Janesville, Wis.
Cairo, Ill...
Ottumwa, Iowa.
Alton, Ill.
Madison, Ind....
•
•
·
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
·
•
•
•
-
• •
•
14,000
11,659
13,500
16,000
20,000
15,000
14,000
...
14,000
17,343
10,000
14,000
10,688
10,570
10,570
10,537
10,525
10,341
10,324
10,282
10,208
10,147
10,127
10,123
10,119
10,104
10,036
9,890
9,859
9,693
9,690
9,600
9,561
9,555
9,547
9,466
9,357
9,357
9,310
9,265
9,185
9,105
9,055
9,052
9,046
9,028
9,019
9,011
9,004
8,975
8,945
Egyezés
7.442
9,0rd
9,576
7,400
10,076
9,176
10,056
7,192
2,951
8,474
7,401
2,298
5,940
9,298
5,015
8,029
8,682
9,211
6,698
4,500
6,169
7,167
5,426
7,254
5,336
9,890
7,790
5,644
8,462
4,124
6,129
8,039
7,343
8,798
6,267
5,2L4
8,665
10,709
11
3
205
Places of Nativity of the Foreign-Born
Inhabitants of the United States.
Germany..
Ireland...
England..
Sweden.
Norway.
Scotland.
France...
China..
British America.. 717,084 Luxemburg.
662,676 Hungary
194,337 West Indies.
181,729 Portugal..
170,136 Cuba..
106,971 Spain ..
104,467 Australia...
•
•
Switzerland.
Bohemia.
Wales.
Mexico
Denmark.
Holland.
Poland..
Italy.
Austria..
·
(Census of 1880.)
1,966,742 | Russia.
1,854,571 | Belgium
•
88,621 South America
85,361 India.
83,302 Turkey.
68,399 Sandwich Islands..
64,196 Greece.
•
58,090 Central America..
48,557 Japan
44,230 Malta.
39,663 Greenland.
•
•
35,722
15,535
12,836
11,526
9,484
8,138
6,91
5,121
4,906
4,566
1,707
1,205
1,147
776
707
401
305
129
The great fire in London commenced on September 2,
1866, burned three days and three nights, destroyed
eighty-nine churches, including St. Paul, the City Gates,
the Royal Exchange, Custom House, Guildhall, and
13,200 houses, laying waste 400 streets.
The High Bridge and Obelisk which spans the river
Witham, at Lincoln, England, was erected in 1763, occu-
pies the site of the ancient chapel of St. Thomas the
Martyr, in which the corporation founded a chantry in
the reign of Edward I., probably that the priests might
pray for the redemption of souls of ancient officials; for,
as the reader will by this time know, they were no smal
sinners, whatever may be said of their reformed successors
of the nineteenth century. In 1863 it underwent great
alterations, and a fountain was erected and opened on the
Prince of Wales' wedding-day, and called the "Albert
Fountain," by Charles Doughty, Esq., Mayor.
- 1

206
Foreign Nations and their Rulers,
WITH POPULATION, AREA IN SQUARE MILES, CAPITAL, FORMS OF GOVERNMENT,
RULERS, ETC.
COUNTRIES.
China
British Empire.
Russian Empire.
France and Colonies
United States
German Empire.
Austro-Hung. Empire
Japan...
Holland and Colonies
Turkish Empire
Italy
Spain and Colonies
Sokoto
Corea ..
Brazil.
Mexico
Congo State.
'Persia
+
ļ
Capitals.
371,180,000 4.419, 150 Peking.
315,885,000 8,991,254 London.
Abs. Desp Kuang Su.
Lim. Mon Victoria ....
Emp
Queen
Emp.
202, (83,124) 8,459.229|St. Petersburg Abs. Mon Mexander III.
03,072,048 979.477 Paris.. Republic. F. P. Jules Greyy Pres
57,500,000 3,602.990 Washington.. 'Repubhe. Grover Cleveland. Pres
45.234,061
39,206,052)
30.700,118
33,042,238
Lim. Mon William
205,683 Berlin.
261,591, Vienna
147,60g Tokio
Emp
Lim Mon Francis Joseph I „Emp
Lim. Mon Mutsulito
im. Mon William III
Fup
king.
778, 187 The Hague.
32,000,000 1,731,280 Constantin'pleAbs.
Mon'Abdul Hamid 11..Sultan
Lim. Mon Humbert
King..
28.459.451
24,872,021
12,000,000!
Sultan
Lim Mon Marie Mercedes..Queen
Abs. Desp
Abs. Desp
Lim. Mon Pedro II
Republic
I
111,410 Rome
301.953 Madrid.
178,000 Sokoto
91,430'Suel
Present Head.
10.519.000|
10,007,000)
10,200,000 3,219,000 Rio de Janeiro
751,177 Mexico.
Sol
€36,000 Teheran.
8,000,000
7,653,600
Porfirio Diaz
Fr. State. Leopold
Abs. Desp Nasser ed Deen
Title.
}
Emp
Pres
Accessor.
••
| Present Age.
1875 5
07
1881;12
187974
183550
186199
84857
1867 35
183162
1884..
Sovereign 876 51
Shah
848.58
1849,70
187639
1878 43
1885 6
207

COUNTRIES.
Portugal and Colonies
Egypt t
Sweden and Norway
Morocco.
Belgium.
Siam.
Roumania t
Colombia.
•
Afghanistan
Argentine Republic.
Madagascar.
Abyssima
Saxony .
Peru
Switzerland.
Bolivia
Bokhara.
Venezuela.
► •
Chili
U
Denmark.
Bulgaria
Greece..
•
FOREIGN NATIONS AND THEIR RULERS, ETC.--(Continued).
·
A
T
Population.
7,249,950
6,806,381
6,554,448
6,500,000
5,720,807
5,700,000
5,376,000
4,000,000
4,000,000
3,026,000
3,000,000|
3,000,000
2,972,805
2,970,000
2,846,102
2,325,000
2,130,000
2,121,988
2,115,340
2,045,179
2,000,000
1,979,453)
Sq. Miles.
Capitals.
5,789 Dresden.
805,040 Lima...
15,981 Berne
481,600 La Paz.
92,300 Samarcand
566, 159 Caracas
307,525 Santiago
14,842 Copenhagen.
24,700 Sofia
24,977|Athens
+ ••
•
**
240,691 Lisbon
494,000 Cairo...
295,714 Stockholm
314,000 Fez..
11,373 Brussels.
280,550 Bangkok
Prince.
46,314 Bucharest
331,420 Bogato
279,000 Cabul
Republic.Rafael Nunez.
Pres
Pres
Abs. Desp Abdur'hm'n Kahn Amir
109,513 Buenos Ayres. Republic. Julio A. Roca.
228,570 Antananarivo. [Abs. Desp¦Ranavalo TH
120,000
Abs. Desp Johannes 11.
Lim. Mon Albert
Republic
Republic. Adolph Duecher.
Republic. Narciso Campero.
Abs. Desp
..
Form of
Government.
·
Present Head.
·
Abs. Desp Mulai Hassan
Lim. Mon Leopold II.
King
Lim. Mon Louis.
1861 49
Abs. Mon Mohammed Teyfik Khedive .187934
Lim. Mon Oscar II.
187258
•
•
Abs. Desp Khulalonkorn 1...King.
Lim. Mon Charles I...
Republic. Joaquin Crespo.
Republic. Dom. Santa Maria
Lim. Mon Christian IX
Lim. Mon Alexander.
Lim. Mon/George I.
Title.
•
·
•
King
Sultan
King.
..
Queen
Sultan
King
Pres
·
Pres
Pres
Khan
Pres
Pres
.
•
O ·
King
Prince
King
.
• ··
·
·
·
•
Accessor.
1873
[1865'51
11868:34
1866,48
1884.
1880
1880
...
Present Age.
•
1883
1872
·
" •
1873 59
1885
1885
1880
1885
1884
1881
1 D
·
U
..
··
··
1863 6
1879 29
1864/41


་་
1:1
COUNTRIES.
Wurtemburg .
•
Servia.
Oman..
Guatemala
Ecuador.
Tripoli t.
..
Transvaal
Salvador
Uruguay
Paraguay
Honduras
Nicaragua.
Dominica.
Montenegro
Costa Rica.
Orange Free State.
Hayti
Hawaii.
•
•
D
FOREIGN NATIONS AND THEIR RULERS, ETC.-(ConcluDED).
•
•
Population.
1,971,118
1,820,000
1,600,000
1,278,311
1,146,000
1,010,000
So0,000
554,000
520,536
476,000
458,000!
400,000,
300,000
245.380
180,000
133,518
93,000
66,097
Sq. Miles.
Capitals.
7,531 Stuttgart
18,757 Belgrave
81,000 Muscat.
t
· ...
Form of
Government.
f
ab
Present Head.
King
Lim. Mon Charles
Lim. Mon Milan
1864'64
1868 33
King
1871
1885
Abs. Mon Seyyed Torrkee. Sultan
46,774 N'wGuat'mala Republic. M. L. Barillas.... Pres
248,312 Quito
Republic. J. M. P. Caamano Pres
399,000 Tripoli
110,193 Pretoria
1883
Pres
...
Pres
► •
Pres
Pres
Abs Mon Ahmed Rassim. Gov. Gen. 1881
Republic. Kruger
7,228, San Salvador. Republic. Fr. Menendez.
72,112 Montevideo...(Republic. Maximo Santos...Pres
92,000 Asuncion Republic. Gen. Caballero
42,658 Tegucigalpa.. Republic. Louiz Rogran...
51,660 Managua. Republic. Aden Cardenas,
20,596 San Domingo. Republic. Gen. Bellini.
3,486 Cetigno
Abs. Mon Nicholas
19,985 Jan Jose.....Republic. Bernado Soto.
41.484 Bloemfontein. Republic.I. II. Brand
Pres
Pres
Prince..
Pres
Pres
Pres
49,830 Port-au-Prince Republic. Gen. Salomon..
6,587 Honolulu ..Lim. Mon David Kalakaua.. King.
•
..
...
*
•
Title.
•
J ·
·
•
U •
•
·
●
•
O
Accessor.
Present Age.
1883
1885
1882
1880
1883
1883
1884
1860
15
1885
6.4
……
··
•
1879
1874'51
·
* Estimated population, 1886. Also enumerated with the Turkish Empire. Also enumerated with the
German Empire,


209
་
THE Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are aged,
respectively, as follows, with the dates of their appointments:
Chief Justice M. W. Fuller.
Justice Samuel F. Miller.
Justice Stephen J. Field.
Justice Joseph P. Bradley
Justice John M. Harlan
Justice Stanley Matthews..
Justice Horace Gray
Justice Samuel Blatchford.
Justice L. Q. C. Lamar
•
4
J
Age. Appointed.
57
72
72
75
53
64
56
68
63 (?)
1838
1862
1863
1870
1877
1881
First tax laid on coal in England in 1379.
Tax was repealed in 1831, having been taxed 400 years.
1881
1882
1838
Justice Lamai was reputed to be 67, but admits to only 63 or 64.
Fuller, Field and Lamar are Dems. The other six are Reps.
CONCERNING COAL AND IRON.- First notice of stone coal is
B. C. 371.
The coal fields of England were the first practically developed.
First record of stone coal used in England was A. D. 820.
Records of regular mining in England first made in 1180.
Coal first used in London in 1240.
First patent for making iron with pit coal was granted to Simeon
Sturtevant, in 1612, but was not successful.
Iron first made in a blast furnace with pit coal with success by a
Mr. Darby, of Colebrook Dale, England, in 1713.
In
ON COAL, STEAM HEATING, ETC.- In 1747 iron was made in
England with pit coal, suitable for the manufacture of cannon.
1788 the production of iron with pit coal in England was 48,306,
tons; with charcoal, 13,000 tons. In 1864 the production of iron in
Great Britain was 5,000,000 tons. Wooden rails in mines were
used in 1777. Cast-iron rails in mines were used in 1790. Wrought-
iron rails in mines were used in 1815. Coal gas first made use of
practically in 1798.
in 1790.
AMERICAN COAL FIELDS.- First coal fields worked in America
were the bituminous fields at Richmond, Va., discovered in 1750..
This coal was used at Westham, on the James river, to make shot
and shell during the War of Independence. The first use of
anthracite coal was in 1768-69. First used for smithing purposes
First used to burn in a common grate in 1808.
First suc-
eessful use of anthracite coal for the smelting of iron was in 1839,
at the Pioneer Furnace, at Pottsville, Pa. It had been tried on
the Lehigh in 1826, but was unsuccessful. The great shaft of the
Philadelphia and Reading Iron Company has been sunk to a
depth of 1,569 feet from the surface to the great mammoth coal vein
which attains a thickness of 25 feet, in that distance passing
through no less than 15 coal seams, of which 6 are workable and
have an average thickness together of 64 feet. Even then there.
are a number of coal seams underlying these.
HOW TO REMOVE RUST.—If you immerse the articles in kero-
sene oil and let them remain for some time, the rust will become so
much loosened as to come off very easy.
Plumbers' solder.-
How To MAK 32 KINDS OF SOLDER.-I.
Lead a parts, tin 1 part 2. Tinmen's solder.- Lead 1 part, tin
210
---
* part.
3. Zinc solder.-Tin 1 part, lead 1 to 2 parts. 4. Pew-
ter solder. Lead 1 part, bismuth 1 to 2 parts. 5. Spelter solder,
*5.
17.
Equal parts copper and zinc. 6. Pewterers' soft solder.- Bis-
muth 2, lead 4, tin 3 parts. 7. Another. Bismuth 1, lead 1, tin
2 parts. 8. Another pewter solder.-Tin 2 parts, lead I part. 9.
Glazier's solder.-Tin 3 parts, lead part.
I
10. Solder for cop-
per Copper 10 parts, zinc 9 parts. II. Yellow solder for brass
or copper. - Copper 32 lbs., zinc 29 lbs., tin 1 lb. 12. Brass sol-
der. Copper 61.25 parts, zinc 38.75 parts. 13. Brass solder, yel-
low and easily fusible.-Copper 45, zinc 55 parts. 14. Brass
solder, white.-Copper 57.41 parts, tin 14.60 parts, zinc 27.99 parts.
Another solder for copper.-Tin 2 parts, lead part. When
the copper is thick heat it by a naked fire, if thin use a tinned cop-
per tool.
Use muriate or chloride of zinc as a flux. The same
solder will do for iron, cast iron, or steel; if the pieces are thick,
beat by a naked fire or immerse in the solder. 16. Black solder.
Copper 2, zinc 3, tin 2 parts.
Another. Sheet brass 20
lbs., tin 6 lbs., zinc 1 lb. 18. Cold brazing without fire or lamp.
Fluoric acid 1 oz., oxy muriatic acid 1 oz., mix in a lead bottle.
Put a chalk mark each side where you want to braze. This mix-
ture will keep about 6 months in one bottle. 19. Cold soldering
without fire or lamp. Bismuth 4 oz., quicksilver 4 oz., block
in filings 1 oz., spirits salts 1 oz., all mixed together. 20. Το
older iron to steel or either to brass.-Tin 3 parts, copper 39%
parts, zinc 7½ parts. When applied in a molten state it will firinly
unite metals first named to each other. 21. Plumbers' solder.
Bismuth 1, lead 5, tin 3 parts, is a first-class composition
White solder for raised Britannia ware.--Tin 100 lbs., hardening
8 lbs antimony 8 lbs. 23.
23. Hardening for Britannia.- (To be
mixed separately from the other ingredients). Copper 2 lbs., tiu
1 ib. 24.
Best soft solder for cast Britannia ware.- Tin 8 lbs.,
bead 5 lbs. Bismuth solder.-Tin 1, lead 3. bismuth 3 parts.
20. Solder for brass that will stand hammering. Brass 78.26
parts, zine 17.41 parts, silver 4.33 parts, add a little chloride of
potassium to your borax for a flux. 27. Solder for steel joints.-
Silver 19 parts, copper 1 part, brass 2 parts. Melt all together.
28. Hard solder.-Copper 2 parts, zinc part.
1
Melt together.
29. Solder for brass.- Copper 3 parts, zinc 1 part, with borax.
Solder for copper.- Brass 6 parts, zinc 1 part, in part,
melt all together well and pour out to cool. 31- Solder for pla-
tina.- Gold with borax. 32. Solder for iron. The best solder
for iron is good tough brass with a little borax.
25.
1
30.
N. D. In soldering, the surfaces to be joined are made per-
fectly clean and smooth, and then covered with sal. ammoniac,
resin cr other flux, the solder is then applied, being melted on and
smoothed over by a tinned soldering iron.
SOLDERING FLUID.-Take 2 oz. muriatic acid, add zinc till
bubbles cease to rise, add ½ teaspoonful of sal-ammoniac.
J
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT TEMPERING SECRET.-The
follov ing process and mixtures, patented by Garman an Sieg-
fried, and owned by the Steel Refining and Tempering ., of
Boston, Mass., cost the U. S Government $10,000 for the fright
J
P
Ma
22.
211
using in their shops, and is said to impart extraordinary wardness
and durability to the poorest kinds of steel. Siegfried's specifica-
tion reads as follows: "I first heat the steel to a cherry red in a
clean smith's fire, and then cover the steel with chloride of sodium
(common salt), purifying the fire also by throwing in salt. I work
the steel in this condition, and while subjected to this treatment,
until it is brought into nearly its finished form. I then substitute
for the salt a compound composed of the following ingredients,
and in about the following proportions: One part by weight of
each of the following substances; chloride of sodium (salt), sul-
phate of copper, sal-ammoniac, and sal-soda, together with ½ part
by weight of pure nitrate of potassa (saltpetre), said ingredients
being pulverized and mixed; I alternately heat the steel and treat
it by covering with this mixture and hammering it until it is
thoroughly refined and brought into its finished form. I then
return it to the fire and heat it slowly to a cherry red, and then
plunge it into a bath composed of the following ingredients, in
substantially the following proportions for the required quantity:
of rain water, 1 gal.; alum, sal-soda, sulphate of copper, of each
1½ ozs.; of nitrate of potassa (saltpetre), 1 oz., and of chloride of
sodium (salt), 6 ozs. These quantities and proportions are stated
as being what I regard as practically the best, but it is manifest
that they may be slightly changed without departing from the
principles of my invention."
HOW TO PETRIFY WOOD.-Gum salt, rock alum, white vine-
gar, chalk and pebbles powder, of each an equal quantity. Mix
well together. If, after the ebullition is over, you throw into this
liquid any wood or porus substance, it will petrify it.
How To CONSTRUCT AN EOLIAN HARP. Make a box with
the top, bottom and sides of thin wood, and the ends 1½ inch
beech, form it the same length as the width of the window in which
it is to be placed. The box should be 3 or 4 inches deep, and 6 or
7 inches wide. In the top of the box, which acts as a sounding
board, make 3 circular holes about two inches in diameter, and an
equal distance apart. Glue across the sounding board, about 2%
inches from each end, 2 pieces of hard wood 4 inch thick and
½ inch high, to serve as bridges. You must now procure from
any musical instrument maker twelve steel pegs, similiar to those of
a piano-forte, and 12 small brass pins. Insert them in the follow-
ing manner into the beech; first commence with a brass pin, then
insert a steel peg, and so on, placing them alternately ½ in. apart
to the number of twelve. Now for the other end, which you must
commence with a steel peg, exactly opposite the brass pin at the
other end, then a brass pin, and so on, alternately, to the number
of 12; by this arrangement you have a steel peg and a brass pin
always opposite each other, which is done so that the pressure of
the strings on the instrument shall be uniform. Now string the
instrument with 12 first violin strings, making a loop at one end of
each string, which put over the brass pins, and wind the other ends
round the opposite steel pegs. Tune them in unison, but do not
draw them tight. To increase the current of air, a thin board may
be placed about two inches above the strings, supported at each
15
212
ead by 2 pieces of wood. Place the instrument in a partly opened
window, and to increase the draft open the opposite door.
HOW SOUND TRAVELS.-In dry air at 82 deg. 1,142 ft. per
second, or about 775 miles per hour; in water, 4,900 ft. per second;
in iron, 17,500 ft.; in copper, 10,378 feet; and in wood from 12 to
16,000 ft. per second. In water, a bell heard at 45,000 ft., could be
heard in the air out of the water but 656 ft. In a balloon the barking
of dogs can be heard on the ground at an elevation of 4 miles.
Divers on the wreck of the Hussar frigate, 100 ft. under water, at
Hell Gate, near New York, heard the paddle wheels of distant
steamers hours before they hove in sight. The report of a rifle on
a still day may be heard at 5,300 yds.; a military band at 5,200 yds.
The fire of the English on landing in Egypt was distinctly heard
130 miles. Dr. Jamieson says he heard, during calm weather,
every word of a sermon at a distance of 2 miles.
"
&C
WEIGHTS OF FAMOUS BELLS.-The bell of Notre Dame, Mont-
real, Que., weighs 28,560 lbs.; that of the City Hall, New York,
22,300 lbs.; of St. Paul's, London, 11,470; Big Ben," West-
minster, 30,350; Great Tom," of Oxford, 18,000; St. Peter's,
Rome, 18,607; Rouen, France, 40,000;
France, 40,000; St. Ivan's, Moscow,
127,830; one unhung at Moscow, 440,000, and one in China weighs
120,000 lbs.
HOW TO REPAIR CRACKED BELLS. The discordant tones of a
cracked bell being due to the jarring of the rugged, uneven edges
of the crack against each other, the best remedy that can be
applied is to cut a thin slit with a toothless saw driven at a very
high velocity, say 3 or 4,000 revolutions per minute, in such a man-
ner as to cut away the opposing edges of the fracture wherever
they come in contact. This will restore the original tone of the
bell.
HOW TO TEST QUALITY OF STEEL. Good tool steel, with a
white heat, will fall to pieces; with bright red heat will crumble
under the hammer; with middling heat may be drawn to a needle-
point.
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
To test hardening qualities, draw under a low heat to a grad-
ually tapered square point and plunge into cold water; if broken
point will scratch glass, the quality is good.
To test tenacity, a hardened piece will be driven into cast-iron
by a hardened hammer-if poor, will be crumbled Excellence
will be in proportion to tenacity in hard state. Soft steel of good
quality gives a curved line fracture and uniform gray texture.
Tool steel should be dull silver color, uniform, entirely free from
sparkling qualities.
Aquafortis, applied to the surface of steel, produces a black
spot; on iron the metal remains clean. The slightest vein of iron
or steel can be readily detected by this method.
HOW TO DESTROY THE EFFECTS OF ACID ON CLOTHES.-Dampen
as soon as possible, after exposure to the acid, with spirits am-
monia. It will destroy the effect immediately.
HOW TO WASH SILVERWARE.-Never use a particle of soap on
your silverware, as it dulls the lustre, giving the article more the
appearance of pewter than silver. When it wants cleaning, rub it
213
}
with a piece of soft leather and prepared chaik, the latter made
into a kind of paste with pure water, for the reason that water not.
pure might contain gritty particles.
HOW TO CLEANSE BRUSHES.-The best method of cleansing
watchmakers' and jewelers' brushes is to wash them out in a
strong soda water. When the backs are wood, you must favor that
part as much as possible; for being glued, the water may injure
them.
How To KEEP FRESH MEAT A WEEK OR Two in SUMMER.-
Farmers or others living at a distance from butchers can keep
fresh meat very nicely for a week or two, by putting it into sour
milk, or buttermilk, placing it in a cool cellar. The bone or fat
need not be removed. Rinse well when used.
HOW TO WRITE INSCRIPTIONS ON METALS.-Take ½ lb. of nitric
acid and I cz. of muriatic acid. Mix, shake well together, and it.
is ready for usc. Cover the place you wish to mark with melted
beeswax; when cold, write your inscription plainly in the wax clear
to the metal with a sharp instrument; then apply the mixed acids
with a feather, carefully filling each letter. Let it remain from 1 to
10 minutes, according to appearance desired; then throw on water,
which stops the process and removes the wax.
RULES FOR ACCIDENTS ON WATER.-When upset in a boat or
thrown into the water and unable to swim, draw the breath in well;
keep the mouth tight shut; do not struggle and throw the arms up,
but yield quietly to the water; hold the head well up, and stretch.
out the hands only below the water; to throw the hands or feet up-
will pitch the body below the water, hands or feet up will pitch the
body head down, and cause the whole person to go immediately
under water. Keep the head above, and everything else under
water. '
Every one should learn to swim; no animal, aquatic, fowl, or
reptile, requires to be taught this, for they do it naturally. Few
persons exist who have not some time or other seen a bullfrog per-
form his masterly movements in the water, and it would detract
from no one's dignity to take a few lessons from him. In learn-
ing, the beginner might sustain himself by a plank, a block of
wood, an attachment composed of cork, an inflated bladder, a
fying kite, or a stout cord attached to a long rod held by an
assistant on the land. Learn to swim, cost what it will.
TRICHINA is the term applied to a minute, slender and transpar-
ent worm, scarcely 1-20th of an inch in length, which has recently
been discovered to exist naturally in the muscles of swine, and is
frequently transferred to the human stomach when pork is used as
food. Enough of these filthy parasites have been detected in half
a pound of pork to engender 30,000,000 more, the females being
very prolific, each giving birth to from Co to 100 young, and dying
soon after. The young thread-like worm at first ranges freely
through the stomach and intestines, remaining for a short time
within the lining nembrane of the intestines, causing irritation,
diarrhea, and sometimes death, if present in sufficien, numbers,
As they become stronger, they begin to penetrate the walls of the
intestines in order to effect a lodgment in the voluntary muscles.
~
214
*
-3
M
causing intense muscular pain and severe enduring cramps, and
sometimes tetanic symptoms. After 4 weeks migration they encyst
themselves permanently on the muscular fibre, and begin to secrete
a delicate sac which gradually becomes calcareous. In this torpid
state they remain during the person's lifetime.
THE VITALITY OF SEEDS may be tested by placing almost any of
the larger seeds or grains on a hot pan or griddle; when the
vitality is perfect the grain will pop, or crack open with more or
less noise. When the vitality is defective, or lost, it remains
immovable in the vessel. A botanist's recipe for improving and
fertilizing all kinds of seed, consists in the preparation of a solu-
tion of lime, nitre, and pigeon's dung in water, and therein steeping
the seed. Tested on wheat, the produce of some of these grains
was reported at 60, 70 and 80 stems, many of the ears 5 inches
long, and 50 corns each, and none less than 45. The same botanist
produced 500 plants from 1 grain, and 576,840 grains, weighing
47 lbs. Grains of wheat in different countries yield from 6, 10, 16,
and even 30 to 1: Cape wheat 80 to 1. Barley yields from 50 to
120. Oats increase from 100 to 1,000. Wheat and millet seed
germinate in one day, barley in 7, cabbage in 10, almond and
chestnut and peaches require 12 months, and rose and filbert 24.
A field of wheat buried under an avalanche for 25 years, proceeded
A bulbous
on its growth, etc., as soon as the snow had melted.
root found in the hand of a mummy, above 2,000 years old, lately
produced a plant, Potatoes planted below 3 feet do not vegetate;
at ½ foot they grow quickest, and at 2 are retarded 2 or 3 months.
COMPARATIVE VALUE OF FOOD FOR HORSES.-100 lbs. of good
hay is equivalent in value to 59 lbs. of oats, 57 lbs. of corn, 275
of carrots, 54 lbs. of rye or barley, 105 lbs. of wheat bran, 400 lbs.
of green clover, 275 lbs. of green corn, 374 lbs. of wheat straw,
442 lbs. of rye straw, 400 lbs. of dried corn stalks, 45 lbs. of wheat,
59 lbs. of corn, 62 lbs. of sun-flower seeds, 69 lbs. of linseed cake,
195 lbs. of oat straw, 105 lbs. of wheat bran; 1 lb. of oil cake is
qual to 14 lbs. cabbage.
TABLE SHOWING THE AVERAGE VELOCITIES OF VARIOUS BODIES.
Per hour.
Per sec.
4 feet.
44
4
10
10
10
14
26
A man walks..
Slow rivers flow.
Rapid rivers flow.
A horse trots
A moderate wind blow:
•
Sailing vessels run.
Steamboats run.
A horse runs..
A storm moves.
A hurricane moves.
Sound moves.
A rifle ball moves.
Light moves..
Electricity moves.
• ■
..
+
·
3 miles, or
44
or
or
or
or
or
or
от
29
ΟΙ
52
or 117
or 1142
or 1466
3
7
7
7
10
18
20
35
&
743
1000
"
44
44
44
4
C
看着
​46
.
45
"&
"
48
44
"
"
•
192,000 miles.
288,000 miles.
↓
Į
215
COPYRIGHT LAWS OF THE UNITED
STATES.
Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein,
who is the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of
any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition,
engraving, cut, print, or photograph or negative thereof,
or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, and
of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of
the fine arts, and the executors, administrators or assigns
of any such person, may secure to himself the sole liberty
of printing, publishing, completing, copying, executing
and vending the same, and, if a dramatic composition, of
publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be
performed or represented by others.
Every applicant for a copyright must state distinctly
the name and residence of the claimant, and whether
right is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. No
affidavit or formal application is required.
****
A printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart,
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print or
photograph, or a description of the painting, drawing,
chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a work
of the fine arts, for which copyright is desired, must be
sent by mail or otherwise, prepaid, addressed: "Librarian
of Congress, Washington, D. C." This must be done
before publication of the book or other article.
A fee of 50 cents, for recording the tide of each book
or other article, must be inclosed with the title as above,
and 50 cents in addition (or one dollar in all) for each
certificate of copyright under seal of the Librarian of
Congress, which will be transmitted by early mail.
Within ten days after publication of each book or
other article, two complete copies must be sent prepaid,
or under free labels, furnished by the Librarian, to per-
fect the copyright, with the address, "Librarian of Con-
gress, Washington, D. C."
Without the deposit of copies above required the copy-
right is void, and a penalty of $25 is incurred.
216
No copyright to valid unless notice is given by inserting
in every copy put fished:
?
"Entered according to act of Congress, in the year
by in the office of the Librarian of Con-
gress at Washington," or, at the option of the person
entering the copyright, the words: Copyright, 18—,
"
"
by
The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon any person
who has not obtained a copyright who shall insert the
notice, "Entered according to act of Congress," or
“ Copyright,” or words of the same import, in or upon
any book or other article.
Each copyright secures the exclusive right of publishing
the book or article copyrighted for the term of twenty-
eight years. Six months before the end of that time, the
author or designer, or his widow or children, may secure
a renewal for the further term of fourteen years, making
forty-two years in all.
Any copyright is assignable in law by an instrument
of writing, but such assignment must be recorded in the
office of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days from
its date. The fee for this record and certificate is one
dollar.
Any author may reserve the right to translate or to
dramatize his own work. In this case notice should be
given by printing the words “ Right of Translation
Reserved," or "All Rights Reserved, below the notice of
copyright entry, and notifying the Librarian of Congres
of such reservation, to be entered upon the record.
In the case of books published in more than one vol-
ume, or of periodicals published in numbers, or 0.
engravings, photographs, or other articles published with
variations, a copyright is to be entered for each volume
or part of a book, or number of a periodical, or variety,
as to style, title, or inscription, of any other article.
Copyrights cannot be granted upon trade-marks, nor
upon labels intended to be used with any article of manu-
facture. If protection for such prints or labels is desired,
application must be made to the Patent Office, where
they are registered at a fee of $6 for labels, and $25 for
trade-marks.
་་
NOTES OF INTEREST,
Barnum's Museum, at the corner of Broadway and Ana
street, was destroyed by fire, July 13, 1865. Barnum's
second museum, Broadway and Spring street, was
destroyed by fire, March 13, 1868.
Baseball. The distance from the home plate to the
pitcher's position is 50 feet, so that must be the distance
the ball is pitched. The distance from the home plate to
the first base is 90 feet, and 127 feet 4 inches to second
base.
Blondin walked a tight rope over the Falls of Niagara,
June 30, 1859.
Brooklyn Bridge was first proposed by Col. Julies
W. Adams in 1865. The act of incorporation was
passed in 1866. Survey began by John Roebling in
1869. Construction began January 2, 1870. The first
rope thrown across the river August 14, 1866.
The largest empire in the world is that of Great
Britain, comprising 8,557,658 square miles-- more than
a sixth part of the land of the globe, and embracing under
its rule nearly a sixth part of the population of the
world.
The largest gun in the United States, mounted, is the
20-inch Rodman smooth-bore at Fort Hamilton, N. Y. H.
Its dimensions are as follows: Extreme length, 243.5
inches; maximum diameter, 64 inches; minimum diame-
ter, 34 inches; length of bore in calibers, 10.50 inches.
The service charge is 200 pounds of powder, and the
weight of the projectile is 1,000 pounds. There is also a
124-inch rifle (wrought-iron lined) at Sandy Hook.
Weight, 89,350 pounds; extreme length, 262.8 inches;
maximum diameter, 55 inches; minimum diameter, 27.55
inches; length of bore in calibers, 18.53. This gun is
used for experimental purposes, principally in testing
powder. Charges from 70 to 200 pounds are used.
Weight of projectile, from 700 to 800 pounds.
Jumbo, the famous elephant, was bought from a wan
A

218
dering band of Arabs
according to Sir Samuel Baker-
when four years of age. Then was brought to the Jardin
des Plantes, Paris from there he was transferred to the
London Zoological Gardens, in 1866, and remained there
until purchased by Barnum, Bailey & Hutchinson, in
1882. Was killed by a locomotive at Ontario, Canada,
in 1885.
Maud S. was sold to Robert Bonner for $40,000, by
William II. Vanderbilt, 1885.
HENTA
New York, during the Rebellion, furnished more sol-
diers than any other State. The following is the number
of men furnished by the six States that furnished the
largest quota: First, New York State, 445,568; Penn-
sylvania, 366,326; Ohio, 317.133: Illinois, 258,217;
Indiana, 195, 147; Massachusetts, 151,785.
The largest stake ever rowed for was $6,000, in the
four-oared race for the championship between the Samuel
Collyer and the Floyd T. Field, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.,
July 18, 1865, and won by the Samuel Collyer. The crew
of the latter were Denny Leary and the Biglin brothers,
while Stevens, Wooden, Burger and Benway rowed the
Floyd T. Field.
The greatest billiard match ever played in America
was 2,000 points up, four caroms, for $10,000, between
Phelan and Sweereiter, at Detroit, Mich., on April 12,
1859. Phelan was the winner, scoring 2,001 points t`
his opponent's 1,994.
The fastest time made by a steamer from New York to
New Orleans was made by the Louisiana. On March 7,
1885, at 4:45 p. m. she left Pier 9, passing Sandy Hook
at 5:50, and arrived at New Orleans, La., on March 13,
1885, at 2 p. m. She made the trip from wharf to wharf
in 5 days, 9 hours and 15 minutes, and from bar to bar
in a little less than five days. This is a little faster than
the former rapid passage of this steamer, and is the
quickest ever made between New York and New Or-
leans.
The Great Kepublic is the largest wooden sailing vessel
ever built in this country. The largest iron sailing vessel
ever built in this country was the Clarence S. Bennett.
built by Henry W. Gorringe.
1
}

219
+
Koman money mentioned in the New Testament reduced to
English and American standard:
£ s. d. far.
•
A Mite..
A Farthing, about..
A Penny, or Denarius
7 2.
... 13 75.
A Pound, or Mina.... 3 2 6 0.
NOTE,- The above determinations of Scripture measures,
weights, &c., are principally by the Rt. Rev. Richard, Bishop of
Peterborough.
GUNTER'S CHAIN, LAND MEASUREMENT, &c.-7.92 inches con-
stitute 1 link; 100 links 1 chain, 4 rods or poles, or 66 feet, and 80-
chains 1 mile. A square chain is 16 square poles, and 10 square
chains are 1 acre. Four roods are an acre, each containing 1,210
square yards, or 34,785 yards, or 94 yards 28 inches each side.
I
Forty poles of 30.25 square yards each is a rood, and a pole is
5½ yards cach way.
An acre is 4,840 square yards, or 69 yards 1 foot 8½ inches each
way; and 2 acres, or 9,680 square yds. are 98 yds. 1 ft. 2 ins, each
way; and 3 acres are 120 yards each way. A square mile, or a
U. S. section of land, is 640 acres, being 1,060 yards each way;
half a mile, or 880 yds. each way, is 160 acres; a quarter of a mile,
or 440 yds. each way, is a park or farm of 40 acres; and a furlong
or 220 yds, each way, is 10 acres.
Any length or breadth in yards which multiplied make 4,840 is.
an acre; any which makes 12.10 is a rood, and 30.25 is a pole.
An English acre is a square of nearly 70 yds. each way; a Scotch
of 77½½ yds., and an Irish of 88½ yds.
DYNAMIC POWER OF VARIOUS KINDS OF FOOD.-One lb. of oat--
meal will furnish as much power as 2 lbs. of bread and more than
3 lbs. of lean veal. One lb. butter gives a working force equal to
that of 9 lbs. of potatoes, 12 lbs. of milk and more than 5 lbs. of
lean beef. One lb. of lump sugar is equal in force to 2 lbs, of ham,
or 8 lbs. of cabbage. The habitual use of spirituous liquors is inimi-
cal to health, and inevitably tends to shorten life. A mechanic or
laboring man of average size requires, according to Moleschott,
23 ozs. of dry, solid matter daily, one-fifth nitrogenous. Food, as
usually prepared, contains 50 per cent. of water, which would
increase the quantity to 46 ozs., or 3 lbs. 14 ozs., with at least an
equal weight of water in addition daily. The same authority indi-
cates as healthy proportions. of albuminous matter 4.587 ozs.,
fatty matter 2.064, carbo-hydrate 14.250, salts 1.058, total 22.859
ozs., for daily use. This quantity of food will vary greatly in the
requirements of individuals engaged in sedentary employments,
or of persons with weak constitutions or impaired digestion, as
also whether employed in the open air or within doors, much also
depending on the temperature. Preference should be given to the
food which most readily yields the materials required by nature
in the formation of the human frame. Beef contains about 4 lbs.
of such minerals in every 100 lbs. Dried extract of beef contains
21 lbs. in each 100 lbs. Bread made from unbolted wheat flour is
also very rich in such elements, much more so than superfine flours
..
$ cts.
o 00.343
o 00.687
O 13.75
0.75
1.50
+2
220
hence the common use of Graham bread for dyspepsia and other
ailments. The analysis of Liebig, Johnston, and others give in
100 parts, the following proportions of nutritious elements, viz.!
Indian corn 12.30, barley 14.00, wheat 14.06, oats 19.91. A fish
diet is well adapted to sustain intellectual, or brain labor. What
is required may be best known from the fact that a human body
weighing 154 lbs. contains, on a rough estimate, of water 14 gals.
(consisting of oxygen 111 lbs., of hydrogen 14 lbs.), carbon 21 lbs.,
nitrogen 3 lbs., 8 ozs., calcicum 2 lbs., sodium 24 ozs., phosphorus
134 lbs., potassium oz., sulphur 2 ozs. 219 grs., fluorine 2 ozs.,
chlorine 2 oz. 47 grs., iron 100 grs., magnesium 12 grs., silicon 2 grs.
After death, the human body is by gradual decay slowly resolved
Into these its coinponent parts, which elements are again used in
the complex and wonderful laboratory of nature, to vivify the
countless forms of vegetable life. These in their turn fulfill their
appointed law by yielding up their substance for the formation of
other bodies. What a suggestive comment on mortal ambition to
witness the present inhabitants of Egypt engaged in what they
consider the lucrative commerce of quarrying out the bones of the
ancient inhabitants from the catacombs where they have been
entombed for thousands of years and transporting them by the
ship-load to England in order to fertilize the crops which are
destined to assist in forming the bone and sinew of the British
nation!
PRACTICAL DIETETIC ECONOMIES.-The following table, com-
piled from various authorities, is eminently and practically useful,
presenting as it does at a glance the available percentage of nutri-
tive elements contained in the leading staples used as human
food.
Raw Cucumbers..
t Melons
•
Boiled Turnips.
Milk..
Cabbage.
Currants.
Whipped Eggs.
Beets..
•
••
•
•
•
•
• •
•
·
•
.
·
3
46
7
7%
IO
13
I f
16
20
21
22
22
24
24
26
4.
Raw Beef..
12
Apples
Peaches
Boiled Codfish.
Broiled Venison.
Potatoes..
Fried Veal...
Roast Pork.
Roast Poultry.
The figures present a diversity, but the general results are fixed
and invariable, presenting to the economist the relative amount of
nutriment supplied by each kind of food. It will be seen that the most
wholesome and nutritious articles, as oatmeal, flour, peas, beans,
rice, crushed wheat, corn bread, etc., are vastly superior to beef in
supplying effective ability to labor, besides being obtainable at about
one-third the price of the latter. It will be seen that the nutriment
Grapes.
Plums.
• • •
•
Broiled Mutton.
Oatmeal Porridge.
Rye Bread....
Boiled Beans..
Boiled Rice..
Barley Bread
Wheat Bread..
·
Baked Corn Bread.
Boiled Barley..
Butter..
Boiled Peas..
Raw Oils..
• ·
•
·
-
26
27
29
30
•
Ka8888¦¦äak
90
221
J
1
supplied by beef is 26 per cent., while the cereals yield from 75 18
95 per cent.; while there is no room for dispute as to the compara-
tive healthiness of the different kinds of diet. The bounding cir-
culation, good digestion and mental activity enjoyed by day,
together with the sound sleep accorded by night, to the man whe
prefers plain to luxurious living, and vegetable to animal food, are
certainly well worth striving for. If a fair percentage of whole-
some ripe fruit be used with the above noted diet, its value and the
enjoyment of using it will be greatly enhanced. After all that can
be said, pro and con, touching a vegetable diet, certain are we that
the average man who limits himself to a well-selected regimen of
vegetable food will, accidents aside, go through life with a clear
mind in a healthy body, will sleep sounder, and come nearer the
alloted age of three-score and ten, have a better digestion, and
have fewer headaches than the man who indulges in roast beef with
the usual variations.
AGE AND GRowth of TreES.-An oak tree in 3 years grows
2 ft. 101½ ins. A larch 3 ft. 7½ ins., at 70 years it is full grown,
and a tree of 79 years was 102 ft. high and 12 ft. girth, containing
253 cubic ft. Another of So years was go ft and 17 ft. and 300
cubic feet. An elm tree in 3 years grows 8 ft. 3 in. A beech, 1 ft.
8 in. A poplar, 6 ft. A willow, 9 ft. 3 in. An elm is full grown
In 150 years and it lives 500 or 6oo. Ash is full grown in rco and
oak in 200. The mahogany is full grown in 200 years to a vast
size A Polish oak 40 ft. round had too circles An oak in
Dorsetshire in 1755 was 63 ft. round, 2 near Cranborne Lodge are
38 ft. and 36 it. There are yews from 10 to 20 ft diam., whose age
Is from 1,000 to 2,000 years. A lime in the Crisons is 51 ft. round
and about 500 years old. An elm in the Pays de Vaud is 18 ft.
diam, and sóc years old. The African baobab is the patriarch of
living organizations, one specimen by its circles is estimated at
5,700 years old by Adamson and Humboldt. The trunk is but 12
or 15 ft to the branches, and often 75 ft. round. A cypress in
Mexico is 120 ft. round and is estimated by De Candolle to be
older than Adamson's baobab. The cypress of Montezuma is 41
feet round. Strabo wrote of a cypress in Pursia as being 2,500
years old. The largest tree in Mexico is 127 ft. round and 120
high, with branches of 30 ft A chestnut tree on Mount Etna is
100 ft. round close to the ground and 5 of its branches resemble
great trees. De Candolle says there are oaks in France 1,500
years old. The Waltace oak near Paisley is nearly 20 years old.
The yew trees at Fountain's Abbey are about 1,200 years old.
That at Crowrurst, 1,500. That at Fortingal, above 2,000. That
at Braourn, 2,500 to 3.0co. Ivys reach 500 or 600 years. The
larch the same. The lime 600 or 700 years. The trunk of a wal-
nut tree 12 ft. in diam., hollowed out, and furnished as a sitting-
room, was imported from America and exhibited in London The
trunk was 80 ft. high, without a branch, and the entire height 150
ft., the bark 12 ins. thick and the branches from 3 to 4 ft. in diam.
The California pine is from 150 to 200 ft. high and from 20 to 60 ft.
in diam. The forests in watered, tropical countries are formed of
trees from 100 to 200 ft. high, which grow to the water's edge of
****
222
rivers, presenting a solid and impenetrable barrier of trunks 10 or
12 ft. in diam. The dragon tree is in girth from 40 to 100 ft. and
50 or 60 feet high, and a misosa in South America is described
whose head is 600 ft. round.
The duration of well seasoned wood, when kept dry, is very
great, as beams still exist which are known to be nearly 1,100
years old.
Piles driven by the Romans, and used in the formation
of bridges prior to the Christian era, have been examined of late,
and found to be perfectly sound after an immersion of nearly 2,000
years.
RUSSIAN WAy of StoppiNG HOLES IN SHIPS.-In that country
there has lately been invented and successfully applied, a ready
means for stopping holes made in ships by collision or otherwise.
It consists of a plaster made of two rectangular sheets of canvas
sewed together, bordered with a rope, and containing a water-
proof material. A sounding-line has to be passed under the keel,
and brought up on the other side, then the plaster can be lowered
to the hole and made fast. Several cases are cited in which this
invention has been employed with advantage, and a large number
of Russian ships are now furnished with such plasters. It is pro-
posed that men be specially trained and ready for the maneuvring
of the apparatus.
HOW TO RAISE THE BODY OF A DROWNED PERSON.- In a recent
failure to recover the body of a drowned person in New Jersey, a
French-Canadian undertook the job, and proceeded as follows:
Having supplied himself with some glass gallon-jars and a quan-
tity of unslaked lime he went in a boat to the place where the man
was seen to go down. One of the jars was filled half full of lime,
then filled up with water and tightly corked. It was then dropped
into the water and soon after exploded at the bottom of the river
with a loud report. After the third trial, each time at a different
place, the body rose to the surface and was secured.
HOW TO GET Rid of Rats.—Get a piece of lead pipe and use it
as a funnel to introduce about-1½ ozs. of sulphide of potassium
into any outside holes tenanted by rats, not to be used in dwell-
ings. To get rid of mice use tartar emetic mingled with any favor-
ite food, they will eat, sicken, and take their leave.
VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS TO CLERKS AND WORKINGMEN.-Never
consider time wasted that is spent in learning rudiments. In
acquiring a knowledge of any art or handicraft the greatest dif-
ficulty is experienced at the beginning, because our work then
possesses little or nothing of interest. Our first lessons in drawing
or music, or with tools, are very simple; indeed so simple are they
that we are disposed to undervalue their importance. The tempta-
tion is to skip a few pages and begin further on in the book. But
such a course is fatal to success. To learn principles thoroughly
is to succeed. Be content to learn one thing at a time, whether it
be to push a plane square and true, or draw a straight line What-
ever yor learn, learn it absolutely, without possible question.
This will enable you to advance steadily, step by step, year after
year, and some day you will wonder why you have been enabled
1
}
223
to distance the geniuses who once seemed so far in advance of
you.
Set your heart upon what you
what you have in hand. Valuable knowl-
edge is acquired only by intense devotion. You must give your
entire mind to whatever you undertake, otherwise you fail, or suc-
ceed indifferently, which is but little better than failure.
Learn, therefore, to estimate properly the value of what is called
leisure time. There is entirely too much of this in the world. Do
not mistake our meaning. Rest is necessary and play is well in
its place, but young men who hope to do something in life must
not expect to play one-third of their time.
While you resolve to acquire a thorough knowledge of your art,
be equally as anxious to know something beyond it. A craftsman
ought to be ashamed of himself who knows nothing but the use of
his tools. Having the time to acquire it, be careful to properly
estimate the value of knowledge. Remember of what use it will
be to you in ten thousand instances as you go along in life, and be
as conscientious in learning rudiments here as elsewhere. Learn
to spell correctly, to write a good plain hand, and to punctuate
your sentences.
Do not dress beyond your means; never spend your last dollar,
unless for food to keep yourself or some one else from starving.
You will always feel better to keep a little money in your pocket.
At the carliest possible opportunity save up a few dollars and
place the amount in a savings bank. It will serve as a magnet to
attract other money that might be foolishly spent.
Just as soon as you can command the means, buy a piece of
ground. Do not wait until you have saved enough to pay all
down, but begin by paying one-third or one-quarter. Do not be
afraid to go in debt for land, for it increases in value.
SAVE A LITTLE.-Every man who is obliged to work for his liv-
ing should make a point to lay up a little money for that "rainy
day" which we are all liable to encounter when least expected.
The best way to do this is to open an account with a savings bank.
Accumulated money is always safe; it is always ready to use when
needed. Scrape together five dollars, make your deposit, receive
your bank book, and then resolve to deposit a given sum, small
though it be, once a month, or once a week, according to circum-
stances. Nobody knows without trying it, how easy a thing it is
co save money when an account with a bank has been opened.
With such an account a man feels a desire to enlarge his deposit.
It gives him lessons in frugality and economy, weans him from
habits of extravagance, and is the very best guard in the world
against intemperance. dissipation and vice. Refer to page 277 for
a table showing the time required by money to double itself when
Joaned at interest.
SYMBOLIC MEANING OF COLORS.-White was the emblem of
ight, religious purity, innocence, faith, joy and life.
In the judge,
it indicates integrity; in the sick, humility; in the woman, chastity.
Red, the ruby, signifies fire, divine love, heat of the creative
power, and royalty. White and red roses express love and wis-
dom. The red color of the blood has its origin in the action of the
heart, which corresponds to, or symbolizes Jove.
In a bad sense,
red corresponds to the infernal love of evil, hatred, etc.
A
224
Blue, or the sapphire, expresses heaven, the firmament, truth
from a celestial origin, constancy and fidelity.
Yellow, or gold, is the symbol of the sun, of the goodness of
God, of marriage and faithfulness. In a bad sense yellow signi-
fies inconstancy, jealousy and deceit.
Green, the emerald, is the color the spring, of hope, particu-
larly of the hope of immortality and of victory, as the color of the
laurel and palm.
· de
Violet, the amethyst, signifies love and truth, or passion and
suffering. Purple and scarlet signify things good and true from a
celestial origin.
Black corresponds to despair, darkness, earthliness, mourning,
negation, wickedness and death.
I
}
DURABILITY OFf a Horse.-A horse will travel 400 yards in 4%
minutes at a walk, 400 yds. in 2 minutes at a trot, and 400 yds. in
1 minute at a gallop. The usual work of a horse is taken at
22,500 lbs. raised 1 foot per minute, for 8 hours per day. A horse
will carry 250 lbs. 25 miles per day of 8 hours. An average
draught-horse ill draw 1,600 lbs. 23 miles per day on a level road,
weight of wagon included. The average weight of a horse is
1,000 lbs.; his suongth is equal to that of 5 men. In a horse mill
moving at 3 feet per second, track 25 feet diameter, he exerts with
the machine the power of 42 horses. The greatest amount a horse
can pull in a horizontal line is 900 lbs. ; but he can only do this
momentarily, in continued exertion, probably half of this is the
limit. He attains his growth in 5 years, will live 25, average 16
years. A horse will live 25 days on water, without solid food, 17
days without eating or drinking, but only 5 days on solid food,
without drinking.
A cart drawn by horses over an ordinary road will travel 1.1 miles
per hour of trip. A 4-horse team will haul from 25 to 36 cubic feet
of lime stone at each load. The time expended in loading, unload-
ing, etc., including delays, averages 35 minutes per trip. The cost
of loading and unloading a cart, using a horse cram at the quarry,
and unloading by hand, when labor is $1.25 per day, and a horse
75 cents, is 25 cents per perch=24.75 cubic feet. The work done
by an animal is greatest when the velocity with which he moves is
% of the greatest with which he can move when not impeded, and
the force then exerted .45 of the utmost force the animal can exert
at a dead pull.
COMPARATIVE COST OF FREIGHT BY WATER AND RAIL. It
has been proved by actual test that a single tow-boat can trans-
port at one trip from the Ohio to New Orleans 29,000 tons of coal,
loaded in barges. Estimating in this way the boat and its tow,
worked by a few men, carries as much freight to its destination as
3,000 cars and 100 locomotives, manned by 600 men, could trans-
port.
COST OF A PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD PASSENGER CAR. De-
tailed cost of constructing one first-class Standard Passenger Car,
at the Altoona shops of the Pennsylvania R. R., the total cost
being $4,423.75. The principal items are as follows;
T
225
J
Labor..
Proportion of Fuel and
Stores
2,480 feet Poplar
3,434 feet Ash.
1,100 feet Pine
2,350 feet Yellow Pine.
500 feet Oak ...
450 feet Hickory.
700 feet Mich. Pine.
400 feet Cherry.
439 feet Maple vencer
4 pairs Wheels and
Axles...
3,925 lbs. Iron
...
2 pairs Passenger
Car Trucks.
13 gallons Varnish
45 lbs. Glue
792 lbs. Castings
Screws....
Gas
FROM
January.
February.
March...
D
Regulator
and Guage….....
Two-Light Chan-
deliers..
Gas Tanks
· •
April
May
June
July..
August.
September.
October.
November
December
• •
•
...
•
•••••
·
·
... •
1 •
•
$1,263 94
28 61
86 80
127 08
20 90
70 50
IO CO
13 50
49.00
16.00
24 14
Το
•
·
$33 62
52 34
14 33
$7 75
Ib 09
51 88
25 25
50 72
84 co
1 Air Brake, complete 131 7
44 61
65 83
77 56
50 50
61 Window Fasteners.
332 85 238 Sheets Tin ...
273 lbs. Galvanized Iron
96 yards Scarlet Plush
44 yards Green Plush.
61 yards Sheeting
243 lbs. Hair.
57
Sash Balances.
61 Lights Glasses
2 Stoves..
1
..
$4.423-75
-ABLE, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DAYS FROM ANY DAY IN ONE
MONTH TO THE SAME DAY IN ANOTHER.
1
25 Sets Seat Fixtures.
3 Bronze Lamps....
2 Bronze Door Locks
Butts and Hinges..
13 Basket Racks..
12 Sash Levers.
61 Bronze Window
Lifts.
•••
•
4.
• ··
·
12 Springs.
12 Spiral Elliptic
Springs
[
•
1 Head Lining..
2 packets Gold Leaf.
Various small items
13.50
15 20
15 58
77 35
4.2 00
184 215 243 274|304|335|365 31 62 92123 153
153 184 212 243 273 304 334365 31 61 92,122
h
Mag na na nakain kn
122 153 181 212 242 273 303 334 365 30 ΟΙ 91
92123151 182 212 243 273 304 335 305 31 6x
61 92 120 151 181 212 242 273 304 334 365 30
31 62 90 121151182212 243 274 304 335 365
EXPLANATION.-To find the number of days from January 20 to
Dec. 20, follow the horizontal line opposite January until you reach
the column headed by December, when you will find 334, repre-
senting the required number of days, and so on with the other
months. During leap year, if February enters into the calculation,
add one day to the result.
24 40
16 47
4I 44
25 31
228 87
109 99
10.30
72 95
22 96
20 29
80 63
14 58
261 44
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
305 31 59 90 120 151 181 212 243 273 304 334
334 365 28 59 89 120 150 181 212,242 273303
306 337 365 31 61 92122 153 184 214,245 275
275 306 334 365 30 61 91 122 153 183 214 244
245 276,304 335 305 31 61 92123|153|184214
214,245 273 304 334 365 30 61 92 122 153 183
1
1
t
226
MC
Cost of Articles by the Piece, from 1 to 1 Dozen.
12 cost | $1 00
II Cost
ro cost
9 cost
8 cost
7 cost
6 cost
5 cost
4 cost
3 cost
2 cost
I cost
7 cost
6 cost
5 cost
4 cost
3 cost
2 cost
I Cost
98 76
92
83
75
3 Cost
2 cost
I cost
67
58
50
42
33
25
17
12 cost $2 75
II Cost
IO Cost
9 cost
8 cost
8%
2 52
2 29
2 06
1 83
I бо
I 38
1 15
92
69
46
23
12 cost $4 50
II Cost 4 13
IO Cost
9 cost
8 cest
7 cost
6 cost 2 25
5 cost I 88
3.00
2 63
4 cost
3 Cost
2 cost
I cost
3 75
338
I 50
I 13
75
37%
12 cost $6 25
II Cost
5 73
EO Cost 5 25
9 cost
4 69
8 cost 4 17
365
7 cost
6 cost
3
5 cost 2 60
4 cost 2 08
I 56
I 94
52%
$1 25
I 15
I 04
94
83
73
63
52
42
31
21
102
$3.00
2 75
2 50
225
2.00
I 75
I 50
I 25
I ∞0
75
50
25
$475
423
3 96
356
3 17
2 77
2.34
I 98
I 58
I 19
79
3953
$6 50
5 96
5 42
4 88
4 33
3.79
3 25
2 71
2 17
1 63
I 08
544
$1 50
1 38
1 25
1 13
I 00
88
75
63
50
38
25
122
$325
2 98
2 73
2 44
2 17
1 90
1 63
I 36
I 09
82
52
1300
55
28
$500
458
4 17
3 75
3 33
2 92
250
2 08
I 67
I 25
83
412/3
$675
6 19
5 63
5 06
4 50
3.94
338
2 81
2 25
I 69
1 13
50%
$175
I 60
•
I 46
I 29
I 17
I 02
88
73
56
44
29
145/8
$350
3 21
2 92
263
2 33
2 04
I 75
I 46
I 17
88
58
294
$525
4 81
4 38
3 94
3 50
3 06
2 63
2 19
I 75
I 31
88
433
$700
6 42
583
5 25
4 67
4 08
3 50
2 92
2 33
1 75
I 17
58%
$2 00 $2 25
1 83
206
1 67
I 88
I 50
I 69
I 50
I 31
1 13
94
75
56
38
1834
I 33
1 17
I 00
805030
67
33
1631
$375
3 44
3 13
281
2 56
2 19
I 88
I 56
1 25
94
63
31/4
$550
5 04
4 58
4 500
4 13
3 67
3 21
275
2 29
1 83
I 38
26
92
46
$725
665
604
5 44
4 93
423
3 63
3 02
2 42
1 81
1 21
60/2
$4.00
3 67
3 33
3.00
2 67
2 33
2.00
1 67
I 33
I 00
67
333
$575
5 27
4.79
4 31
383
3 35
287
2 40
I 92
I 44
96
48
$750
6 88
625
563
5.00
4 38
3 75
3 13
2 50
1 88
1 25
62
$250
2 29
2 08
1 88
1 67
I 46
I 25
104
83
63
42
21%
$4 25
3 89
3 54
3 19
283
2 48
2 13
I 77
I 42
1 06
71
354

$6.00
5 50
5 00
4 50
4.00
3 50
3.00
2 50
2.00
I 50
I 00
50
$7.76
7 II
6 46
58x
5 17
4 52
3 88
3 23
2 58
I 94
€ 29
645%
1
227
Country.
Argentine Repub. Peso
Austria
Florin
Belgium
Franc
Bolivia.
Brazil.
Canada
Chili
Cuba.
•
Denmark
Ecuador
Peso
Peso
'Crown
Peso
Piaster.
Franc
German Empire.. Mark
Great Britain
Egypt
France.
Greece
Hayti
India
Italy.
Japan
·
•
•
Liberia
Mexico
Value of Foreign Coins in United States Money.
Values in
U. S.
Money.
• •
Monetary Unit.
•
Boliviano
Milreis of 1,000 reis
Dollar
•
•
•
■
Dollar
Dollar
•
Pound sterling.
Drachma.
Gourde
Rupee of 16 annas.
Lira...
Yen.
•
•
•
•
·
Standard.
Gold and silver. |$ 96.5
Silver.
·
Gold and silver.
Silver.
Gold
Gold.
Gold and silver.
Gold and silver,
Gold.
Silver.
'Gold.
Gold and silver.
Gold.
Gold.
Gold and silver.
Gold and silver.
Silver
Gold and silver.
Silver
↓
•
Gold
Silver
•
37.I
19.3
75.I
54.6
1 00
91.2
93.2
26.8
Standard Coin.
19.3
81.9
I-20, 1-10, I-5, 1-2 and 1 peso, 1-2 ar-
gentine and argentine.
5, 10 and 20 francs.
Boliviano.
Je privatim Valli vam disabled, manegg
Condor, doubloon and escudo,
1-16, 1-8, 1-4, 1-2 and 1 doubloon.
10 and 20 crowns.
Peso.
5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 piasters
5, 10 and 20 francs
75.I
04.9
19.3
23.8 5, 10 and 20 marks.
4 86.6½ 1-2 Sovereign and sovereign.
19.3 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 drachmas.
96.5 1, 2, 5 and 10 gourdes.
35.7
5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 lire.
1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 yen, goid, and sil-
ver yen.
1 00
81.6 Peso or dollar, 5, 10, 25 and 50 cen-
tavo,



228
1
1
•
<
VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS IN UNITED STATES MONEY-(Continued).
Value in
U. S.
Money.
Country.
Netherlands.
Norway
Peru.
Portugal
Russia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tripoli
Turkey
U. S. Colombia.
Venezuela.
+
•
•
Monetary Unit.
Florin.
Crown
Sol
Standard.
•
Gold and silver.
Gold..
Silver
Gold.
Milreis of 1,000 reis.
Rouble of 100 copecks. Silver
Peseta of 100 centimes. Gold and silver.
Crown
Gold.
Franc.
Mahbub of 20 piasters. Silver
Piaster
Gold.
Silver
Peso
Bolivar
Gold and silver
Gold and silver.
·
40.2
26.8
75.I
1 08
60. I
19.3
26.8
19.3
67.7
04.4
75.1
19.3
Standard Coin.
10 and 20 crowns.
Sol.
2, 5 and 10 milreis
1-4, 1-2 and 1 rouble.
5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesetas.
10 and 20 crowns.
5, 10 and 20 francs.
25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 piasters.
Peso.
5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 bolivar.
Treasury DePARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C.,
January 1, 1886.
}
The foregoing estimation, made by the Director of the Mint, of the value of the foreign
coins above mentioned, I hereby proclaim to be the values of such coins expressed in the
money of account of the United States, and to be taken in estimating the values of all for-
eign merchandise, made out in any of said currencies, imported on or after January 1, 1886.
DANIEL MANNING,
Secretary of the Treasury,

229
I
Gold and Silver Produced in the United
States.
The following estimate of the gold and silver produced
in the United States, since the discovery of gold in
California, is compiled from the official reports of the
Director of the United States Mint :

Year.
1849.
1850.
1851.
1852.
1853
1854.
1855
1856.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861
· •
1862.
1863.
1864.
· •
1865
1866.
1867
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871
1872
1873
1874
·
•
•
=
1875
1876.
1877
·
·
·
· •
·
•
·
• •
•
•
• •
Gold.
$40,000,000
50,000,000
55,000,000
60,000,000
65,000,000
60,000,000
Silver.
55.000.000
55.000.000
55,000,000
50,000.000
50,000,000
46,000,000
$50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
500,000
100,000
150,000
43,000,000
2.000,000
39,200.000 4.500,000
40.000.000 $,500,000
46,100,000 11,000,000
53.225,000 11,250,000
53.500.000 10,000,000
51,725,000 13,500,000
48.000.000 12,000,000
49.500,000 12,000,000
50,000,000
16,000,000
43,500,000 23,000,000
36,000,000 28,750,000
36,000,000 35:750,000
33,490.902 37,324,594
33,467,856 31,727,560
39,429,166
38,783,016
46.897.390 39:793-573
Total

$40,050,000
50,050,000
55,050,000
60,050,000
65,050,000
60,050,000
55,050,000
55,050,000
55,050,000
50,500,000
50,100,000
46,150,000
45,000,000

43,700,000
48,500,000
57,100,000
64,475,000
63,500,000
65,225,000
60,000,000
61,500,000
66,000,000
66,500,000
64,750,000
71,750,000
o,SI5,496
65,195,416
78,712,182
Sé.690,963
i
$

230
GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCED-(Continued)
Year.
1878..
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884
1885
1886..
1887...
· •
•
Gold.
•
Silver.
Total.
51,206,360 45,281,385 96,487,745
38,899,858 40,812,132 79,711,990
36,000,000 38,450,000 74,450,000
34,700,000 43,000,000 77,700,000
32,500,000 46,800,000 79,300,000
46,200,000 76,200,000
48,800,000
79,600,000
51,600,000
30,000,000
30,800,000
31,800,000
Total to 1888. 1,696,244,946 680,338,774
Grand Total..
35,000,000
51,000,000
57,703,414 34,366,484 92,069,898
$3,400,000
$6,000,000
2,376,583,720
Force Exerted by Dynamite.
Nitro-glycerine and dynamite do not, when exploded,
exert as much force as is popularly believed. To speak
precisely, the power developed by the explosion of a ton
of dynamite is equal to 45,675 foot-tons. One ton of
nitro-glycerine similarly exploded will exert a power of
54,452 foot-tons; and one ton of blasting gelatine, simi-
larly exploded, 71,050 foot-tons. These figures, although
large, are not enormous, and need not excite terror.
Seventy-one thousand tons of ordinary building stone, if
arranged in the form of a cube, would measure only
ninety feet on the side, and if it were possible to con-
centrate the whole force of a ton of blasting gelatine at
the moment of explosion on such a mass, the only effect
would be to lift it to a height of a foot. The foregoing
figures are derived from experiments made at Ardeer
with an instrument that gives accurate results in measur-
ing the force of explosives.
•
It would seem that with age people outgrow the ten-
dency to commit crime. Of 18,000 prisoners in New York
State 10,000 of them are not more than 30 years of age,
while probably 8,000 are under 25 years.
}
to the othe
231
Lumber and Log Measurement at Sight
Showing net proceeds (fractions of feet omitted) of
logs in 1 inch boards, deducting saw kerf and slabs. If
the required dimension is not in the table, unite two
or three suitable numbers together. The length will be
found in the left hand column and the diameter in inches
on the head of the other columns.
Length,
Feet.
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
679
17
18
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
.
19
20.
21
22
23
24
35
36
•
•
•
·
·
•
·
•
•
·
*
•
•
·
·
Diam.
ΟΙ
Sunnuntaˆ AWWWW~~~~
23
38
4I
Diam.
I I
་་
31
34
37
40
52
56
43
46 60
49
52
55
2 1000 I
58
6
46
4864
Diam.
12
64
67
704N
75 91 108 126
81 98 117 137
SS 106 126 148
76 94 113 135 158
SI 100 121 144 169
86 106 128 153 179
91 112 136 162 190
76 96 119 143 171 201
So 101 125 151 180 211
84 106 131 158 189 222
S8 111 137166 198 232
92 116 144 174 207 243
96 122 150 ISI 216 254
77 100 127 156 189 225 264
So 104 132 163 196 234 274
234 274
83 108 137 169 204 243 285
63 S6 112 142 175 212 252 296
S9 116 147 152 219 261
92 120 152 188 226 270 316
70 95 124 157 193 234 279 327
72 98 128 162 200 242 288 338 | 392
74 101 132 169 206 249 297 348 404
77 104 136 172 212 256 306 358
116
79 107 140 177 219 265 315 369 428
81 110 144 |182 224 272 1324 1380 | 440
|
306
|
70
40
44
48
74
64
68
72
Diam.
13
Diam.
50
62
55 69
OLEOFREY
14
Diam.
15
Diam.
66
71
91
Diam.
17
Diam.
18

75
90 105
83 99 116
122
135
147
159
171
184
196
208
220
232
244
257
269
281
294
308
318
330
342
355
368
380
I
232
LUMBER AND LOG MEASUREMENT-(Cont'ed

Length,
Feet.
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
•
·
•
• •
·
•
·
•
•
+
•
❤
Diam.
19
Diam.
20
Diam.
21
Diam.
22
Diam.
23
Diam.
24
Diam.
25
Diam.
26
Diam.
27
140 160 180 202 225 250 275 302 330
154 176 198 223 248 275 302 333 363
169 192 217 243 271 300 331 363 397
183 208 235 263 293 325 358 393 430
197 224 253 283 313 350 386 433 463
211 240 271 303 336 375 413 453 496
225 256 289 324 359 400 441 44 530
239 272 307 344 383 425 458 514 563
253 288 325 364 406 450 496 544 596
267 304 343 384 429 475 523 574 630
280 320 361 404 452 500 550 605! 561
293 336 379 425 473 525 579 635 693
309 352 397 445 496 550 605 605 726
323 368 415 465 519 575 632 695 760
338 384 433 486 541 600 662 726 794
351 400 451 506 562 625 689 756 S27
366 416 370 526 580 650 716 786 $60
380 432 488 546 606 675 744 826 893
394 448 506 566 626 700 772 866 926
408 464 524 586 649 725 799 856 959
422 480 542 606 672 750 826 900 992
436 496 560 627 695 775 $54 937 1026
450 512 578 648 718 800 SS2 968 1060
Sool
404 528 596 668 742 825 909 998 1003
478 544 614 688| 766| $50 936 1028 1126
492 560 632 703 789 875 964 1058 1159
506 576 650 728 812 900 99210881192
A volcano, now extinct, near Mount D'Orr, in the interior of
France, emitted a flow of lava at a comparatively recent period,
which filled up the channel of a river in its course. The water
rose, passing over the impediment in its course, and has, up to
this time, cut a channel 50 feet deep through the lava bed. From
the remains of an old Roman bridge known to have been constructed
about 2,000 years ago, it appears that the erosion of the water into
the lava has been considerably less than six inches during that
period, which would indicate that it has required over 200,000
years to cut the channel to is present depth of 50 feet.
233
LUMBER AND LOG MEASUREMENT (Cont'ed).

IO
II
12
13
PA
2nd to boy
Length,
Feet.
15
16
IN N
\O WY Oier for Chi
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23 03 2017 01
23
24
ine
25
20
27
25
20
30
31
32
MAPA AL LOLO
33
34
35
36
*
·
+
•
•
•
•
•
•
Diam.
2S
Diam.
29
Diam.
1
1
30
Diam.
31
Diam.
32
Diam.
>
360 391 422 456 490 526 562 601 640
396 430 465 502 539 578 619 661 704
432 469 507 547 588 631 675 721 768
468 508 549 592 627 684 731 781 832
504 547 561 638 686 736 781 841 896
549 586 633 683 735 789 844 901 960
576 625 676 729 784 842 900 961 1024
612 661
774 833 895 956 1021 1088
648 703 761 S20 SS2 946 1012 1081 1152
68 742 803; 865 931 99 1069 1141 1216
720 782 845 912 980 1052 1125 1202 1280
756 820 857 957 1029 11031181 12611344
792 860 930 IC04 1078 1156 1238 13221408
825 898 972 104911271209 1295 13S1 1472
864 935 1014 1094 1176 1262 13501442 1536
900 977 1056 11391225 1315 140615011600
930 1010 1098 1184 12741368 1462 1562 1664
9721055 1140 1230 1323 1420 1518 1622 1728
1008 1094 1182 1276 1372 1472 1574 1682 1792
1044 1133 1224 13211421|1525|1631 1742 1856
10S0 11721266 1366|14701578168818021920
1116 1211 130914121519 1631 1744 1562 1984
1152 1250 1352 1458 1568 1684 1800 1922 2048
1188 1289 13941503 1617 1737 1856 1982 2112
1224 1328 1436 1548 1666 17901912 2042 2176
1260 1367 1479 1594 1715 1841 1968 2102 2240
1296, 1406 15221640 1764 1892 2024 2162.2304
I
¡
}
I
J
¡
33
Diam.
+
34
Diam.
35
Diam.
36
¦

1
No doubt exists that the Falls of Niagara were at one time
precitated into an ocean over Queenston Heights, and Sir
Charles Lyell computes that a period of at least 30,000 to 35,000
years have elapsed while the falls have been cutting their way
through seven miles of rock to their present position; the retro-
grade movement is still going on, slowly but surely, every day. ¿
234
LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE.
Square timber and scantling brought down to 1 inch
board measure. Example: To find the number of feet
in a beam 6x10 and 24 feet in length, consult the table,
and opposite 24 and under 6x10 you will find 120, the
correct number of fect.

6
78
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Fect.
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
34
40
42
44
•
•
•
•
-
2X4
2x52x6
4. 5. 6.
4.8 5.10 7.
5 4 6.8 8
6. 7.6 9.
6.8 8.4 10.
DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES.

Pastel Palm
217 |
8.
5.6 6.
9.4
9.4 10 8
7.6 9.
5.3 7. 8.910.6
6 8. 10. 12.
10.6 12. 6.9 9.11.313.6
11.8 13.5 7.610. 12.6,15.
12.10 14.8 8.311. 13.916.6
8. 10. 12. 14 16. 9. 12. 15. 18.
7.4 9.2 II.
8.810.1013
15.2 17.4 9.913. 16.319.6
9.4II.8 I4. |16,4 IS.SIO.6 14. 17.021.
10. 12.6 15 17.6 20. 11.315. 18.922.6
10.813.4 16. 18.8 21.4 12. 16. 20. 24.
11.414.2 17. 19.10 22.812.917. 21.325.6
12. 15. 18. 21. 24. 13.618. 22.627.
12.815.10 19. 22.2 25.4 14.319. 23.928.6
13.416.8 20. 23.4 26.815. 20. 25. 30.
14. 17.6 21. 24.6 28. 15.921. 26.331.6
14.818.4 22. 25.8 29.416.622. 27.633.
15.419.2 23. 26.10 30.8 17.323. 28.934.6
16. 20. 24. 28. 32. 18. 24. 30. 36.
16.820.1025. 29.2 33.418.925. 31.3 37.6
20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 22.630. 37.645.
22.828.4 34. 39.3 45.425.634. 42.51.
26.833.4 40. 46.8 53.430. 40. 50. 60.
28. 35. 42. 49. 56. 31.642. 52.663.
29.436 8 44. 51.4 58.133. 44. 55. 65.
133.
2x8 3:3 34 3x5 3x6
7.
8.2
235
LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE-(Continued).

Feet.
1 OOVI
6....10.6 12. 8. IO. 12.
9.411.814.
8.
•
7. 12.3 14.
9.
14. 16.
16. 10. 13.416.
15.918
12. 15. 18.
17.620. 13.4 16.820.
19.322. 14.SIS.422.
12... 21. 24.16. |20. |24.
22.926. 17.421.826.
24.628. 18.823.428.
10...
II
· •
• ·· •
• •
•
• •
18.
19.
20..
21..
•
•
•
•
13.
14.
•
15. 26.3 30. 20.025. 30.
16. 28. 32. 21.426. 8
32.
17....29.9 34. 22.828.434.
31.636. 24. 30. 136.
33.338. 24.431.838.
35. 40. 26.833.440.
36.942. 28.
28. 35. 42.
38.644. 29.436.844.
40.346. 30 838.446.
24.. 42. 48. 32. 40. 48.
43.950. 33 441.850.
52.660. 40.50. 160.
34....59.668. 45.458.868.
40.. 70. So. 53. 66.880.
73.684. 56. 70. 84.
22.
23.
25..
30.
42..
44. 77. 88. 58.873.688. 102.8117.4132. 90.8
•
•
• ·
•
•
•
·
•
•
• •
• •
•
•
•
•
DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES.

•
3x73x8 4x4 4x5 | 4x6 | 4x7 | 4x8
❤
4x9 5x5
14. 16. 18. 12.6
16.4 18.S 21. 14.7
18.8 21.4 24. 16.8
21. 24. 27.
18.9
20.10
23.4 26.8 30.
25.8 29.4 33. 22.11
28.
32. 36. 25.
30.4 34.8 39. 27.1
32.8 37.4 42. 29.2
35. 40. 45. 31.3
37.4 42.8 48. 33.4
39 8 45.4 51. 35.5
42. 48. 54. 37.6
44.4 50.8 57. 39.7
46.8 53.4 60. 41.8
49. 56. 63. 43.9
51.4 58.8 66. 45.10
53.8 61.4 69. 47.11
56. 64. 72. 50.
58.4 66.8 75. 52.1
70. So.
90. 62.6
79.4 90.8102. 70.10
93.4106.8120. 83.4
98. 112. 126. 87.6
{
During the glacial period, in which the climate of Greenland
extended as far south as New York, the world was covered with
immense moving masses of ice, which in their progress from north
to south moved rocks hundred of miles, and remodeled the
topography of various countries. The effects of these glacial
movements were the pulverization of the various rocks, thus form-
ing sand from sandstone, calcareous soil from limestone, and clay
from granite and gneiss, transforming barren rock into fertile soil.
"
•

236
LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE-(Continued).
Feet.
6...
678
༢་་་
8.
1 Pl kot junk feat
9
10.
II.
12.
13.
3 til Noo
14
··
•
15.
•
17.
16..
18.
• •
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
44
•
•
•
•
•
•
25..
30.
34.
40.
42
··
•
•
•
• · •
• • •
• 2 ·
0
•
•
·
•
*
DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES,


5x8 6x6 6x7 6x8 6x9 6x10
5x6
5x7
15.
17.6 20.5
20. 23.4
31.6
36.
40.6
17.6 20. 18. 21. 24. 27.
23.4 21. 24.6| 28.
26.8 24. 28. 32.
22.6 26.3 30. 27. 31.6 36.
25. 29.2
33.4 30. 35. 40. 45.
27.6 32.1 66.8 33.38.6) 44. 49.6
30. 35. 40. 36. 42. $48. 54.
32.6 37.11 43.4 39. 45.6 52. 58.6
35. 40.10 46.8 42. 49. 56.63.
37.6 43.9 50. 45. 52.6 60. 67.6
40. 46.8
53.4 48. 56.
64.72.
42.0 49.7 56.8 51. 59.6 68. 76.6
60. 54. 63. 72. 81.
63.4 57
63.4 57. 66.6 76. 85.6
66.8 60. 70.
So. 90.
Oh, dearest of my heart,
Of life itself you form a part
30.
35.
I think, I dream, I pray for thee,
Just as I hope you do for me.
40.
45.
50.
55.
60.
65.
45. 52.6
47.6 55.5
50.
58.4
52.6 61.3
55.
70. 63. 73.6 84. 94.6 105
|
64.2
$8.99.
73.4 60. 77.
57.6 67.1 76.8 69. 80.6 92 103.6
70. So.
72. 84. 96.108.
62.6 72.11 83.4 75. 87.6 100. 112.6
75. 87.6 100. 00.105. 120. |135.
60.
85. 99.2 113.4102. 119.
100. 116.8 133.4120. 140.
105. 122.6 140. 126. 147.
128.4 146.8132. 154.
136. 153.
160. 180.
168. 189.
176.198.
IIO.
70
75
So
85
90.
95
100
IIO
115
120
125
150
170.
200
210.
220

237
LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT.
ONE INCH BOARD MEASURE.
For Plank, double or treble the product, as may be
required. If a board or plank is longer or wider than
the dimensions here given, add two suitable numbers
together. The left-hand column contains the length in
feet; the width in inches heads each column.
6 in W 7 in W 8 in W9 in W 10 in W, 11 in W 12 in W
ft. in. ft. in.
ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in.
6 8

FEET
LONG.
Go Go
8.
9.
10..
O K~ OV A WN M
II
* .
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
•
• •
27.
28.
•
19.
20.
21..
22.
23.
24.
•
•
•
•
•
•
12 O
25. 12 6
26..
•
•
•
o ao
6 6
Somet
1610
+45 5OO NN00.00
4556 2 700 00
10000 O
N el ego tinto
400 40∞ O∞ $400 400 400 0∞ +0∞ +O
ONVOCŏw co
I
8
3
4
II O
11 6 13
13 5
5560
9 6 II I 12
IO O
IO 6
29.
30.
31..
32. 16 O 18
9 4
9 II II
IO
10 8
II S 13
12 3
10 6 12 0 13
12 10 14
6 16 11
14
14 O 16
14 7
13
3 0 15 2 17 4
16
15 918 O
16 4 IS S
19
017 6 20
$21
6
33.. 16 619 322
O
10 6
II
12 O
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14
15
1
IS
о от руку о о
17
IS O
421
19
20 3
21 O
QU OO OW OWO OW O
424
024
7 4
3
9 2
IO I
II O
II II
12 10
IO IO
II 8
12 6139
13 4 14 8
11 2 15 7
4
9 2
IO O
34.
35.
17 0 19 10 22
17 6 20 523 4
36... 021 01 24 01 27 0
27 0
Jea
10100 1-30
15 I
16 S
17
IS
1
19 2
20 O
20 I IO
21
+2
25 6 28
∞o a
8
9
IO O
II O
anting to
12
13
14
IS I 20 8 23 3 25 10 | 28
28
020
29
32
27 6 30 333
431 234
16 6 18
9124 2
22 625 O 27 630
531
17 5 19
19 0
IS 4 20 0
19 3
21
20 2 22
21 I 23
22 0 24
01
22 II
25 0
23 10 26
24
27
25 8 28
29
3 29 2 32 I
30 033 036
238
ཨི་
*"
FEET
LONG.
8..
18
9.
10...
•
56 78 a
·
LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT.
(Continued.)
13 in W 14 in W 15 in W 16 in W 17 in W 18 in W 19 in W
ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. im.


17.
•
II
12. 13 014 015
14 1 15 2 16
I
18.
..
13.
1'..
15.
16. 17 4 18 8
..
•
··
•
•
•
...
•
88
9 9
IO IO
II II
•
9 4 IO O
10 6
18 5 19 10
19 6 621 0 22
21
6 24
19... 20 7 22 223 925
25
0 26
20... 21 8 23
4 25
27
28
21... 22 9 24 6 26
22... 23 10 25 8
23... 24 II
24. 26 0
25... 27 I 29 2 31
26... 28 2 30 4 32
27. 29 3 31 633
26 10
28 0
30
28...
•
...
II 8
II 8
12 10
••
•
II 3
12 6
13 9 14
016
3 17
6
18
9
15 2 16 4 17
16 3 17 6
31
29.
30. 32
31. 33 7
32. 34
33. 35 9
34.
35.
36... 39 042 0 45
18
20
30 4 32 8
II 4
10 8
12
O 12 9
13 414 2
7
20
20 O
o 21
3
6
9
0
3
322 824
35
33 10 36
35 37
o
36 2 238 9
37 4 40
440 0
38 6 41 3
36 10 39 8 42 6
37 11 40 10 43 9
0
8 15
0 17
0
4
18
5
8
19 10
21
3
4 22
33
34
936
I
0 25 6
426 II
26 11
8 28 4
28 0
29
29 4
30
41
42
44
4
37 4
38 8
40 O
30
29 9 31
31 233
33
32 734
32 0 34 0 36 0 38 o
3333 +
хо со ан
36
38
39
12
13
45 6 48
46 6
O
6
15 0
16
16 6
6
49
48 0 51
18 o
18 0
19
6
6
35 537 39 7
21 O 22 2
22 6 23 9
824 0 25 4
25
25 626 11
528
28 6
12 &
14 3
15 10
17
17 5
41
42 6
6 44 4.6
6
45 6
0 46
46 6
0
19 o
20 7
27
28
28 6 30 I
031 8
I 43 6
6 33 3
034 10
636
36 5
10 390 41 2
40 6
42 9
42 044 4
45 11
45 0 47 6
49 @
6
48 0 50
49
051 0
52 55 6
54 0 57
o
Value of Alaska to the United States.
Alaska cost the United States $7,000,000, and the fur seal com-
pany has already paid our government over $8,000,000 for the
privileges it enjoys of taking seals from the territorial waters.

239
J
1>
FEET LONG.
8
JJ Jod Jef
• •
9
10.
• •
I I
12.
13.
14.
•
15.
17.
18.
19.
20
21
22
16..
•
•
23
24.
25
20
•
▼
27
28.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
29.
30.
31
32
33
34
35
36..
• ►
• •
• 4
•
LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT.
(Continued.)
•
•
•
•
·
•
•
*
•
20 in W 21 in W 22 in W 23 in W 24 in W 25 in W
ft. in. ft. in.
ft. in. ft. in. ft. in.
ft. in
16 8
18 9
20 10
22 II

4 14 0
15 9
17
6
19
3
20 O 21 O
13
15 O
16 8
18 4
O 15
28
4 | 29
30 031 6
31 8 33 3
33 4 35 o
35
21
822
22 9
23 4 24 6 25
25 0 26
327
26 8 28 029
48 4
50 0
51
38 4 40
40 O
4.
41
8
43 4
45 O 0147
55
56
58 6
60 O
دی در
29 9 31
43
45
++
49
50
DISIS in
51
14 S
16 6
18
4
59
6
63
15 4
17
3
19
2
20 2 21 I
20
22 023
23 024
6
23 10 24 II
8 26 10
036
938
6
40
42
0:44
4
47
| 49
0:51
++C
ܝ
628 9
4 30
232
034
so nghe no
4
なまな
​16 o
18 0
20 O
22 O
90 26 in traci
59
661
26
28
30
32
268979
34
36
36
38
6 10
44
42
44
I 46 O 47 11
046 048 050 0
38
40
42
025 0
0 27 I
029 2
031 3
33 4
35 5
37
39
1 8
47 11
49 10 52 0
9.54
856
50 0 52
ン
​43 9
45 10
24
60
6
60
662 0 64
O-~~ + SO 6
I
2
62 6
6 64 66 6
O
66 O
068
68 070 6
6:60 6
6 62 6
0164 0
70 073
0 066 0 69 072 075 O
The Highest Railroad in the United States.
The highest railroad in the United States is the Denver & Rio
Grande, Marshall Pass, 10,853 feet.
+
Le
240
LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE.
Square Timber and Scantling - Measurement at Sight.
Dimensions in inches head each column, and the length
will be found in the left-hand column. If the required
dimensions cannot be found in the table, add two lengths
or breadths together, or take part of some length or
breadth, as the case may require.

FEET.
DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES.


6.116.12 7.7 7.8
6 33.
36. 24. 6 28.
7 38.6 42.28. 7 32.8
7.9 7.10. 7.11 7.12 8.8
31.6 35.
38. 6 42. 32.
36.9 40.10 41.11 49. 37-4
48.32. 8 37.4 42. 46. 8 55. 4 56. 42.8
47.3 52. 6 57. 9 63. 48.
844.
9 49.6 54.36. 9 42.
ㅍ어 ​55. 60.40.10 46.8 52.6 58. 4 64. 2 70. 53.4
11 60.6 66.40.11 51.4 57.9 64. 2 70. 7 77. 58.8
12 66. 72.49. 56. 63. 70. 77. 84.164.
13 71.6 78.53. 1 60.8 68.3 75.10 83. 5 91. 69.4
14 77. 84.57. 2 65.4 73.6 81. 8 89.10 98. 74.8
15 82.6 90.61. 3 70. 78.9 87. 6 96. 3105. 80.
16 88. 96.64. 4 74.8 84. 93. 4102. 8112. 85.4
17 93.6102.69. 5 79.4 89.3 99. 2109. 1119. 90.8
18 99. 108.73. 6 84. 94.6105. 115. 6126. 96.
19104.6114.77. 7 88.8 99.9110.10 121.11133. 101.4
20110. 120.81. 8 93.4105. 116. 8128. 4140. 106.8
21 115.6126. 85. 9 98. 110.3122. 6134. 9147.112.
22 121. 132. 89.10 102.8115.6128. 5141. 2154.117.4
23 126.6138.93.11107.4 120.9134. 2147. 7161.122.8
24132. 144.98. 112. 126. 140. 154.
168.128.
26143. 156. 106.2121.4136.6151. 8166.10 182. 138.8
28154. 168.114.4130.8 147. 163. 179. 8196. 148. &
30 165. 180.122.6 140. 157.6175. 192. 6210.160.
32176. 192.128.8 149.4168. 186. 8205. 4224.170.8
32176. 192. 128.8149.4
241
"
6.
7
8
jok kat jat
FEET.
•
9.
10..
II.
•
12.
13.
15
14.
•
16.
་ • •
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24
26.
28.
• ·
•
30.
32.
•
·
17.
18..
•
• ·
-
0
•
►
•
→
•
•
LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE.
(Continued.)
•
DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES.
8.9 8.10 8.118.12 9.9
I
9.10 9.119.12
36. 40. 44. 48. 40.6 45. 49.6 54.
42. 46.8 51.4 56. 47.3 52.6 57.9 63.
48. 53.4 58.8 64. 54. 60. 66. 72.
54. 60. 66. 72. 60.9 67.6 74.3 81.
60. 66.8 73.4 80. 67.6 75.
82.6 90.
66. 73.4 80.8 88. 74.3 82.6 90.9 99.
72. 80. 88. 96. S1. 90.
99. 108.
78. 86.8 95.4104. 87.9 97.6 107.3117.
84. 93.4102.8112. 94.6105. 115.6126.
90.100. IIO. 120.101.3112.6123.9135.
96.106.8117.4 128. 108. 120. 132. 144.
102. 113.4124.8136.114.9127.6 140:3153.
108. 120. 132. 144.121.6135. 148.6162.
114.126.8139.4152.128.3142.6156.9171.
I2O. I33.4146.Sr6o. 135. I5o. 165. ro.
126. 140. 154. 168.141.9157.6173.3189.
132. 146.8161.4176. 148.6 165. 181.6198.
138.153.4168.8184.155.3172.6189.9207.
144. 160. 176. 192. 162. 180. 198. 216.
156. 173.4190.8208. 175.6195.2214.6234.
168 186.8205.4224. 189. 210. 231.252.
180. 200. 220. 240.202.6225. 247.6270.
192.213.8234.8256. 216. 240. 264. 288.
8234.8256.

Strength of Ice of Various Thicknesses.
Ice two inches thick will bear men to walk on.
Ice four inches thick will bear horses and riders.
Ice six inches thick will bear teams with moderate
loads.
Ice eight inches thick will bear teams with very heavy
loads
Ice ten inches thick will sustain a pressure of 1,000
pounds per square foot.

242
FEET
7.
8.
6. 50. 55.
58.4 64. 2
66.8 73. 4
23456
13.
·
14.
23.
24.
12... 100. IIQ.
9.
99.
10.. 83.4
120.121.
91. 8 100.100.10 110. 120. 130. 140.
II... 91.8100.10 110.110.11 121. 132 143. 154.
132. 144. 156. 168.
143. 156. 169. 182.
154. 168. 182.
165. 180. 195.
176. 192. 208.
196.
108.4119. 2 130.131.1
116.8128. 4 140.141.2
15. 125. 137. 6 150.151.3
16... 133.4 146. 8 160.161.4
17... 141.8155.10 170.171.5 | 187
187 204. 221
10...150. 165. 180.181.6| 198 | 216. 234.
247
228. 247.
252.
266.
209. 228.
19. 158.4174. 2 190. 191.7
20... 166.8183. 4 200. 201. 8 220. 240. 260. 280.
175. 192. 6 210.211.9 231. 252. 273. 294.
22. 183.4201. 8 220. 221.10 242. 264. 286. 308.
191.8210.10 230.231.11 253. 276. 299. 322.
21.
264. 288. 312. 336.
286. 312. 338. 364.
308. 336. 364. 392.
330. 370. 390. 420.
352. 384.| 416.| 448.
· •
•
..
..
►
LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE.
(Continued.)

•
DIMENSIONs Each Way in Inches.

•
10.10 10.11 10.12 11.111.12 12.12 12.13|12.14
dic
•
60.
60.6
70. 70.7
80. 80.8
75. 86. 6 90. 90.9
D •
200. 220. 240.242.
26...216 8238. 4 260.262.2
233.8256. 8 280. 282.4
28...
30. 1250. 275. 6 300. 302.6
266.8293. 4 320.322.8
·1266.
32.
66. 72. 78. 84.
34. 91. 98.
96. 104. 112.
108. 117. 126.
77
88.
210.
224.
238.
The Savannah was the first steam-propelled vessel that
crossed the Atlantic. She was American built, 380 tons
burden, and in 1819 sailed first to Savannah from New
York, thence direct to Liverpool, where she arrived in
From
eighteen days, seven of which she used steam.
Liverpool she proceeded to Copenhagen, and to St. Peters-
burg

243
Showing the cubical contents (fractions of feet omitted)
of round logs, masts, spars, etc. Length of log is
shown in left-hand column. Diameter is shown at
the head of column. If the desired dimensions are
not shown, double some numbers.
L. ft.
8...
9.
10.
II.
12.
34 N∞ a
13.
14.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
15..
27.
28.
29.
wwwwwwww
*
..
▸
..
33.
•
• •
··
··
25.
26..
··
•
• •
•
•
• •
•
• •
•
• •
34
35
კნ..
..
•
•
•
Timber Measurement Table,

M
10
4556
78 9
67880
56778 99
10
II
I I
9
IO 12
IO
II
I I
12
12
~ ~ ~ 4
13
14
II 12
17
Jana Jan
13
coco +
HH
66
16
14 17
15
15
16
17
18
19
16 20
18
13
14
15 17
16
IS
20
9
17 21
18
IO
II
7NS CO
bad N N N N N N N N
19 22
19 23
20
24
13
ON OVEN ACJ
14
16
16
12 14
19
20
20
21
دا در دل
12 14 16
22
13
23
24
24
1 2 3
22 26
II
12
13
70
~ ~ ~ ~ și ~ ~~~~
IO 12
44
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
4W N
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
14 15
29
81 10
9
ao
27 31
28
IO
32
28 33
23+ in 200
78 ao
2 2 2 2 2 ~ ~ ~ ~
2 46 13
1222 2 2 2 2 2 3MMMMMM3+
·000 = 2 ML6 7∞
for free
13
14
15
17
IS
21
21
22
23
24
26
27
1│
Jak jonų pad
2 4
II
28
12
19 22
15
16
13 16
17
18
20
21
23
356 78 0
1 2
100 σ 1
1 2 2 2~~~ MM
∞0 0 =
25
26
271
28
30
31
32
16
29 33
35
II
30
31
32 37
33
12
36
14
17
18
19
21
22
24
2 2 2
25
27
28
34
35
www
36
39
1 2 SOLO)
41
25 29 34 40 45
42
38 43
30 35 41 46
36
37
39
17
31
29 33
31 35
32
36
12
42
43 49
44
14
38
39
41
38 42
~ +
1 2
16
50
17
19
20
22
28
30
دی در درد
25
26
23
28
25
++
1x
IS
48
50
·
ON
48 53
55
57
14
52
16
18
27 30
32
35
33 37
35
39
37
41
39
4I
42
21
19
20
19 22
23
16
18
24
26
44
49
461 51
48 53
44 49 55
45
51 57
2 2
28
47 53 59
61
30
32
33
www.g
43
45
47
55
57
63
58 65
60 67
62
69
64
7E

244
TIMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE- (Continued).
L. Ft.
8
9
IO
* Just jack
H2M+In
II
12
13
14
15
16
pod
N∞
kont
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
+
J
·
•
•
•
•
+
•
#
•
•
•
•
•
4
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
#
• D
•
•
• •
• •
· •
20
-
-22 N
17
20
22
24
26
28
44
46
48
систе
54
21
57
12 22
19
3I
33
35
37 41
39
43
41 45
48
22
63
65
68
24
26
29
31
34
36
38
1550
63
65
22 23
2 2
21
72
24
50
52 58 63
75
26
70 77
32
34
37
40
42
45
48
0315Ɔ H
53
55
58
6I
56
29 32
59
61 67 74
257O
713800 00
70 77
23
222
79
36
9 2 407
26
82
29
85
92
60 66 72
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
2 1000 =
69 75
55
58
61
71 78
66
69
ON LOGO H
24
1000 = 1000
81
25
28
31
35
38
7
44
64 69
47
50
53
57
63
66
72
75
79
25
82
27
31
34
44
$
455506
∞ = LO00 = 1000 = 1000 2 LO ON
777O CO CO
48
37 41
4I
51
55
58
61
68
71
75
78
85 92
88
84 91
86
26
89
27
29 32
36 38
40
937
2334
33
37
44
48
60 65 70 75
52
{
99 107 115 124
94 102
110 119 128
89 98 106 114 123 132
92 100 109 Ir8 127 137
95 104 112 121 130 141
98 107 116 125 135 145
110 119 129, 139| 149
95 104 113 123 133 143 154
72 79
87
74
82
90
76 84 93 IOI
79 86
Greatest Known Depth of the Ocean.
551
59
63
43
44
31
47
5I
55
59
a roso N 10
66 72
1
28
741 79 85
77 83 90
81 87
831
88
Home O 17HK&JA
94.
98
95 102
92 99 107
96 103 111
95 103 11I
99 107 115
120
The average
The greatest depth which has been ascertained by
sounding is 25,720 feet, or 4,620 fathoms.
depth between 60 degrees north and 60 degrees south is
almost three miles.
245
རྩ་
TIMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE (Continued).


8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
L. Ft.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
2 2
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
•
•
··
•
•
••
• •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
29
30
37 39 42 45
44 47
50
561
61
4I
46
50
60
64
69
IN OCE O
73
78
82
87
91
49
52
53 57
200 2000
5566 77∞ ∞
200 1300
63
73
78
78 84
83 89 95 101 107 113 114
89 95 101 107 114
107 114 121 127
94 100 106 114 120 128 134
99 106 112 120 127 135 142
93
III
98 105 112 118 126 134 142 149
96 103 111 117 124 132 140 149 157
101 109 116| 123| 130 139
123 130 139 147 156 164
105 113 121 128 136 145 154 163 172
III 118 127 134 143
134 143 151 160 170 179
116 123 131 139 149 158
139 149 158 167 178 187
120 128 137 145 154 164 174 185 194
125 133 142 151 202
160 170 180 192
129 136 147 156 166 177 187 198 209
134 143 153 162 172 183 194 206 217
138 148 158 168 177 189 200 213, 224
143 152 163 173 182 195 207 220 232
148 157 169 17S ISS 202 214 227 239
152 162 174 184 194 208 220, 234 247
157 167 179 190 200 214 227 241 254
161 172 182 196 205 220 234 248 261
166 177 190 201 212 227 250 255 269
78
83
31 32 33 34 35 36 37
48
50
60
53
57
64 67
59
63
65
69
77
71
76
85
90
92 97
77
82
83
88
94 99 105
89 95 100 106 112
88
ON ON
choQ
62 67
68
73
53 57
67
73
80
87
8500
71 75
82
.
The following shows weight required to tear asunder
bars one inch square of the following material:
Oak, 5% tons; Fir, 54 tons; Cast Iron, 734 tons;
Wrought Iron, 10 tons; Wrought Copper, 15 tons; Eng-
Hish Bar Iron, 25 tons; American Iron, 37½ tons; Blis
tered Steel, 59½ tons.
t
***
****
246
Logs Reduced to Running Board Measure, Logs
Reduced to One Inch Board Measure.
If the log is longer than is contained in the table, take any two
lengths.
The first column on the left gives the length of the log in feet,
The figures under D denote the diameters of the logs in inches.
Fractional parts of inches are not given.
The diameter of timber is usually taken 20 feet from the butt.
All logs short of 20 feet, take the diameter at the top or small end.
To find the number of feet of boards which a log will produce
when sawed, take the length of feet in the first column on the left
hand, and the diameter at the top of the page in inches.
Suppose a log 12 feet long and 24 inches in diameter. In the
left hand column is the length, and opposite 12 under 24 is 300,
the number of feet of boards in a log of that length and diameter.

Feet
Long.
D.
14 15 16
•
D. D. D.
12 13
•
D. D.
D.
17 18 19
D. D.
D. D. D
IO..
54 66 76
II.. 59 72
64
12..
78
13..
14..
74
15
93 104 107 137 154 179 194 210| 237| 256
83 102 114 131 151 169 196 213 231 261 270
90 111 124 143 164 184 213 232 252 285 300
69 84 97 120 134 154 177 199 231 251 273 308 327
90 104 129 144 166 191 214 249 270 293| 332 359
79 96 111 138 154 177 204 229 266 289 314 355 376
16.. 84 102 118 146 164 189 217 244 284 308 335 379 401
17.. 89 108 126 155 173 200 231 259 301 327 356 402 426
18.. 94 114 133 164 183 212 244 274 319 346 377 426 451
19.. 99 121
140 173 193 223 257 289 336 365 398 449 477
20.. 104 127 147 182 203 236 271 304 354 384 419 473 501
D. D. D.
20 21 22 23 24
440|| 497 527
21. 109 133 154 191 213 247 284 319 371 403
22.. 114 139 161 200 223 259 297 334 389 422 461 520 552
23.. 119 145 168 209 233 270 311 349 407 441 481| 542 568
24.. 124 151 176 218 243 282 325 364 424 460 502| 568 613
25
129 157 183 227 253 293 337 379 442 479 523| 591| 628
26.. 134 163 190 236 263 305 350 394 459 498 544 615 653
139 169 197 245 273 316 363 409 477 517 565 639 678
-28.. 144 175 204 254 283 328 376 424 494 536 586 663 703
29.. 149 181 211 263 293 339 389 439 512 555 607 687 728
30..
154 187 218 272 303 351 402 454 529 574 628 711 753
31.. 159 193 225 281 313 362 415 469 547 593 649 735 778
27..
If we're right we can't be hurt by the truth, and if we ain't right
we ought to be hurt righteously.
You show me a man who keeps the Sabbath day holy and I'll
how you a man that's a Christian all the week.
J
J
}

247
1
LOGS REDUCED TO RUNNING BOARD MEASURE, ETC.—Continued.
| D.
D.
34 | 35 36

Feet
Long.
D.
D. I D. D. D.
31 32 33
456 486 496
502 535 546
548 584 596
594 633 646
640 682 696
686| 731| 746|
732 780 796
778 829 846
824 878 896
870 927 946
10... 283 309 339 359 377 407 440
11... 311 340 374 396 415 447 484
12... 340 371 408 432 453 489 528
13.. 369 404 442 469 491 530 572
14.. 397 435 476 505 529 571 618
15... 426 465 511 541 567 612| 662
16... 455 496 545 578 605 653)
653 706
17... 483 527 579 614 643 694 751
18... 512 558 613 650 681 735 795
19... 541 590|
541 590 647 688 719 776 839
20... 569 621 681 724 757 817 884 916 976 996
21.. 598 652 716 760 796 859 928 902 1025 1046
22... 627 684 750 796 834 900 972 1008 1074 1096
23... 655 715 784 833 872 941 1017 1054 1123 1146
24. 684 746 818 889 910 982 1061 1100 1172,1196
713 777 853 906 948 10231105 1146 1221 2246|
26... 742 808 887 942 986 1064 1149 1192 1270 1296
27... 771 839
771 839 921 979 1024 1105 1193 1238 1319 1346
28... 800 870 955 1015 1062 1146 1237 1284 1368 1396
29... 829 901
829 901 989 1052 1100 1187 1281 1330 1417 1446
30... 858 932 1023 1088 1138 1228 1325 1376 1466 1496
31... 887 963 1057 1125 1176 1269 1369:422 1515 1546
25...
.
•
D. D.
25
26
D.
D. D. D. D.
27 28
29 30
!
Stock Brokers' Technicalities.
543
598
653
708
762
817
872
927
981
1036
1091
1146
1200
1255
1310
1365
1420
573
630
688
746
803
361
919
976
1034
1092
1148
1206
1264.
1318
1376
1434
1492
1475
1530
1585
1640
1724
1695 1782
1550
1608
1666
A BULL is one who operates to depress the value of stocks, that
he may buy for a rise.
A BEAR is one who sells stocks for future delivery, which he does
not own at the time of sale.
A CORNER is when the Bears cannot buy or borrow the stock to
deliver in fulfillment of their contracts.
Overloaded is when the Bulls cannot take and pay for the stock
they have purchased.
SHORT is when a person or party sells stocks when they have
none, and expect to buy or borrow in time to deliver.
LONG is when a person or party has a plentiful supply of stocks.
A POOL OF RING is a combination formed to control prices.
A broker is said to CARRY stocks for his customer when he has
bought and is holding it for his account.
A WASH is a pretended sale by special agreement between buyer
and seller, for the purpose of getting a quotation reported.
A PUT AND CALL is when a person gives so much per cent, for the
option of buying or selling so much stock on a certain day, at a
price fixed the day the option is given.
*

248
Board and Plank Measurement at Sight.
This table gives the Sq. Ft. and In. in Board from 6 to 25 inches
wide, and from 8 to 36 feet long. If a board be longer than 36 ft.
anite two numbers. Thus, if a board is 40 ft. long and 16 in. wide,
add 30 and 10 and
have 53 ft.
39
in. For 2 in. plank double
the product.
you
4
7
Feet
Long.
8.....
9....
10.
11..
12
Z3....
34.
15.....
16.....
...
27.
18.
..
29.
20...
11
32
❤ ··
• ··
23
34.
25
26
+
··
17..
28..
29.
30.
31
32.
33.
34.
35
36.
•
+4
• ·
• •
••
··
•
•
··
•
··
16 in.17 in.8 in.9 in. 1ofin. 11 in. 12 in. (13 in. 14 in. 15 in.
W.
W.
W. W. W. W.
V..
W. W. W.

ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in.
445566 77∞∞
4556 7 7∞ ∞ a
5072 ať
566 7∞ ∞ ao OH N
04 8
6 5
3
7 0
8
8
68
o 9
9'10
4/10
6 9 1111
6.12
9
O10
9 611 112
IO
8,13
OII
612
IO
II
II
5 15
12
0 16
12
716
13 015 2,17
13 615 918
14
012 10 14
613
014
614
400
8
14
15 017 6 20
15 613 I 20
16
0 13
821
16 610
17
17
18
→ O Co
89
66 78
678
4/10
OII
812
412
013 6,15
814
415
314 015
816
6 8 7 4 8
68 39
49 210
210 III
IO OII 0.12
{
910 1011 11:13
611 812 10 14
613
417
018
818
30
3'12
013 414
914 215
016
315 10 17
016
818
917
618
3.19
T
020
6.21
4:19
020
016 418 821
6,16 11 19
4
022
6,25 0,27
823 325 10 28
424 0,26 829
3'22 624
023 425
9,24 226
3,22
019 10 23
Į
6'20
523 4 26 329
o
이 ​024 027 030
I
915
816
024 927
825 628
7 17
G18
I
519
I
4 20
321
2,23
21 823 425
619
022
420
2,22
2 21
1
924 626
023 10 25
123 024 11 26
022 024
9,20 10.22 11 25
8 23 10 26
026 023
0.30
1
27
2.31
129
2 30
#
4.32
3'31 6
29
4,32
633 9
835
533 10,36
635
9'27
828
o 8 8 9
09 910
O'TO IOII
729
6.30
531
4
630 3'33
43
2,34
1 35
2.32
33
0.36
I
0,13
0 14
015
3
016
011 1112 10 12 9
014
115
216
017
0 18
i
0,19
4/10
611
812
020
0130
03 31
015
216
4 17
317 618
418 8,20
5.19 10 21
621 0.22
+
722
o mo ao MO Qo mo ao mu ao mo ao mo ao m aA
8,27
10 28
33 736
34 8,37 440
035 9'38 641
8
36 10 39
42
037 11 40 10 43 9
039 042 045
The infidelity that hurts is the infidelity of the man who makes
out that he's on God's side, and then won't live up.
Find me a man preparing himself to hear the gospel and I can
how you a man that is going to be benefited by the gospel
S

249
Feet
Long.
8....
9....
10.
II....
£2.
*3..
Z4
15
x6..
··
• ·
17..
18..
19..
20
21
22
•
27
28.
•
...
•
23..
24.
25.
··
··
...
**
....
•
29.
30..
• ..
•
•
BOARD AND PLANK MEASUrement.—Continued.
[16 in.|17 in.|18 in. |19 in. 20 in. 21 in. 22 in. (23 in. 24 in. 25 in.
W. W. | W. W. W. W. W.
W. W. W.
ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in.
416 016 8
31
3:18
018 9
220
020 70
I.22
022 I
IO 811 412 012 813 414 014
338
12
012
414
14 815 716
13
заснував виставу
16
|17
118
22222222
24
25
26
23
29
30
33
34
35
36
017 018
418
519
8 19 10 21
+
0,21
913 614 315
215 0.13 10.16
16 6,17
518
40 0 400
8 32
4.22
824
025 627 028 630
4'26 11 28
6,30
8,28 430 031
0 29
931
4 31 233 034 10 30
37
4 39
38 841
40 0,42
019 020
6,20
721
322
O 22 2,23
623 925
8,24 0'25 426
125 626 11 28
34
35 5 37
6'36
7.34
036 038
6,39
131
8,33
6.33 335
10 39 04
3:40 6,42
842
7.4
815
015 916 617
6.18 419
419
817
419
419 320 221
O'21
8,22
I'43
645 047 650
I
424 625 826 10 28
026
6'28
4:30
30
8 28
4.
031
43
45
044 446 8'
645 11 48
35
ca
CO
0.22 023 0,24 025 0
I
923 1924 1126
027
029
031 3
033
133 4
135
047
327
то оно по сто п
29
31
633
4NO
7 34
636
5 38
40
342
42
244
146
2'34
44
46
448
45 10 47 1150
47 & 19 10.52
3.49
1
6
34
3 34
34 10
036 8/38
6.40
3.42
9'30
8 32
Min t
137
2 H
041
I
56 200
39 7
3
43 9
0.43 10
47 II
50
52
WN H
I
2
9:54
453 856 058
953 255 7'58 o'to
6'55 057 6,60 062 6
Famous Destructive Fires.
New York, Dec., 1835-over five hundred buildings
and $20,000,000 worth of property destroyed; Sept. 6,
1839-$10,000,000 worth of property destroyed. Pitts-
burg, April 10, 1845- one thousand buildings burnt; loss,
$6,000,000. St. Louis, May 4, 1851 -a large portion of
the city burned; loss, $11,000,000. Portland, Me., July
4, 1866- almost entirely destroyed; loss, $15,000,000.
Chicago, Ill., Oct. 8-9, 1871- over 2,000 acres burnt
over; estimated loss, $195,000,000; July 14, 1874, another
great fire destroyed $4,000,000 worth of property.
property. Bos
ton, Mass., Nov. 9, 1872-nearly 450 buildings destroyed;
loss, over $73,000,000. St. John, N. B.. June 21, 1877
loss, $12,500,000.
Ac.

250
WOOD AND BARK MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT.
The Cord of Wood or Bark is 8 feet long, 4 feet high,
and 4 feet wide. as established by law in most of the
States and the Dominion of Canada. If the Wood is
8 feet long, double the product. Fractions of feet
are omitted in the Table. Price will be found heading
the columns, number of feet in the left-hand column.

Ft. $150 $175 $200 $225 $250 $275 $300 $325 $350
1
2345O 78
16
456 7∞ ∞ ∞
56
24
28
38
32
40 47
48
56
20 400 2
ΟΙ
02
72
80
88
84
64 75
23
07
09
09
I I
10
II
12
II
12
14
19 22 25 28
ΟΙ
02
04
07
08
84
44
61 77
ΟΙ
03
55
66
33 37 42
356 NO
31900
50
63
$8
02
88 1 00
56
70
$4
++00
02
04
об
08
IO
12
14
16
13467
1 2 300 +
31
47
94
02
04
09
I I
13
15
18
35
52
69
86
02
05
07
09
I2
14
16
19
37
56
02
02
05 05
07
IO| 10
13
13
15
16
17
¥2
20
40
61
81
OOOOOO
08
ON MLADO
1 09 I 20 I 13 I 421 53
I I I 25 I 38 I 50 I 62 I 75
98 1 13 1 27 I 41 I 55 I 69 1 83 1 96
94 I 09 I 25 I 41 I 56 I 72 1 88 2 03 2 18
98 1 15 1 31 1 48 1 64 1 811 97 2 13 2 29
88 1 03 20 1 38 1 55 1 72 1 89 2 06 2 232 40-
92 I 08 I 26 I 44 I 62 1 80 1 98 2 15 2 33 2 51
96 1 13 1 31 1 50 1 691 88 2 06 2 25 2 442 62
104 I 22 I 42 1 631 832 03 2 23 2 44 2 64 2 84.
112 1 31 1 531 751 97 2 19 2 41 2 62 2 84 3 06
120 I 411 64 1 88 2 112 34 2 582 81 305 3, 28
128 1 50 1 75 2 00 2 25 2 50 2
75 3 00
3 25 3 50
19
21
43
65
75
94 1 02 I O
1 03 I 12 1 22 31
w
251
WOOD AND BARK MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT.
(Continued.)

Ft. $400 $450 $500 $550 $600 $6 50$7 00 $750 $8 00
05 об
II
୫
16
03
8882
12
£700
15
18
21
24
24 28
03 03 04 04 05 05
07 07 08
09
IO
10 II
14
17
21
•
•
15
69
19
Fifth year.
Tenth year.
Fifteenth year.
Twentieth year.
Twenty-fifth year.
Thirtieth year
Fortieth year. ...
Fiftieth year
Seventy-fifth year..
•
231
27
31
62
12
17
21
2 2
>
$38
14
18
23
32
37
15
20
26
25
30
5 400 N
5OH 2
35
40
81
IO
16
21
49
56
74
93.
93 103 I
I I
4 50
24 75 84
12 1 22 1 31 1 411 50
321 00 1 12 1 251 37 I 50 I 62 1 75 1 87 2 00
40 I 25 I 40 I 56 I 72 1 87 2 03 2 19 2 34 2 50
48 1 501 68 1 87 2 06 2 25 2 44 2 62 2 81 3 00
56 1 751 96 2 18 2 40 2 62 2 84 063 283 50
64 2002 25 2 50 2 753 003 25 3 50 3 75 4
72 2 25 2 53 2 81 3 09 3 37 3 65 3 934
802 50 2 81 3 13 3 43 3 74
842 622 95 3 28 3 603 94 4 26 4 59
88 2 75 3 09 3 43 3 78 4 12 4 47
922 873 233 593 954 30 4 67
96 3 00 3 37 3 75
3 75 4 12 4 49 4
104 3 25 3 65 4 05 4 47 4 87
112 3 50 3 93 4 38
120 3 75 4 21 4 68 5
5 15
2 COM 00 ct
27
69 6
32
38
87
4 37
128 4 00 4 50 5 00 5 50 6 00
00 6 507 00' 7
The Wedding Anniversary.
441 INLO LO
Coin
4 10 10 LAIO
4
69
17
23
20
35
68
12
18
25
37
43
40 5
92 25 25
5 50
50
567 00
6 567 031 7 50
50 7 00' 7 50 8 00
Wooden Wedding
Tin Wedding
Crystal Wedding
China Wedding
Silver Wedding
Pearl Wedding
Ruby Wedding
.Golden Wedding
Diamond Wedding
12
A
252
5.
Table for Engineers and Machinists.
SIZE AND STRENGTH OF CAST IRON COLUMNS. IRON I IN. TRICK

2
2½
3
3/2
4
4%½
56 200
9
IO
II
12
Diameter in
•
*૩૨૫૦ī!
(l
((
(C
(:
(4
·
CL
(C
(4
44
•
D
▲
•
One cord of Hickory
(C
•
4
6
| · | - | - | - |
10
12
HEIGHT IN FEET
Hard Maple.
Beech.
•
WEIGHTS OF CORDWOOD.
Ash.
Birch.
Pitch Pine.
18
49
40
72
32
15
13
40
341
29
III
97
84
73
64 56
60
26 22
119 105 91 77 65 55 47
178 143 145 128
247 232 214 191 172 156 135 119 106| 94
326 318 288| 266| 242 220 198 178 160 144 1
418 400 379 354 327 301 275 251 229 208 189
522 501 479 452 427 394 365 337 310 285 262
607 592 573 550 525 497 469 449 413 386 360
1032 1013 989 959 924 887 848 808 765 725 686
1333 1315 1289 1259 1224 1185 1142 1097 10521005 959
1716 2697 1672 1640 1603 1561 1515 1461 1461 1364 131x
2119 2100 2077 2045 2007 1964 1916 1865 1811 1755 1697
2570 2550 2520 2490 2450 2410 2358 2305 2248 2189 2127
3050 3010 3020 2970 2030 2900 2830 2780 2730 2670/2600
2670/2600
•
•
LOAD IN CWT.
Canada Pine.
Yellow Oak.
White Oak
Lombardy Poplar
Red Oak...
*
16
..
18
·
1 | 22 |
20
3,234
3,449
2,30%
Lbs. Carbon
4,468
2,864
1,993
1,870
24
2.920
1,870
£,775
3,255
II
25
49
83
100
58
64
79
As)
43
4.2
6x
&x
45
70
253
For computing Wages, Rent, Board, etc. The sum will be
found heading the columns, and the days and weeks on the en
treme left-hand column. If the desired sum is not in the t
double or treble two or three suitable numbers.
}
TIME $2.50 $2.75 $3.00 $3.25 $3.50 $3.75 $4.00 $4.25 $4.50 $4.75
I .36 .39 .43 .44 .50 .53 .571 .61 .64 .68
.72 .78 .86 .93 1.00 1.07 1.14 1.21
1.14 1.21 1.28 1.36
1.08 1.17 1.29 1.39 1.50 1.61 1.71 1.82 1.93 2.03
1.44 1.56 1.71 1.86 2.00 2.14 2.28 2.43 2.57 2.71
1.80 1.95 2.14 2.3 2.50 2.68 2.86 3.03 3.21 3.39
2.15 2.34 2.57 2.78 3.00 3.21 3.43 3.64 3.86 4.07
2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75
5.09 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50
7.50 8.25 9.00 9.75 10.50 11.25 12.00 12.75 13.50 14.25
10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00
Weeks.
Weck.
J & C 45.
* NZ regla 203
Days.
123456
51 12.50 13.75 15.00 16.2517.50 18.75'20.00′21.25 22.50 23.75
•
TIME, $5.00 $5.25 $5.50 $5.75 $6.00 $0.25 $6.50 $6.75 $7.00 $8.00
.71 -75 .791 .82 .86 .80 .93 .96 1.00 1.14
1.43 1.50 1.58 1.64 1.72 1.78 1.56 1.92 2.00 2.28
2.14 2.25 2.37 2.46 2.23 2.07 2.79 2.88 3.00 3.52
2.86 3.00 3.15 3.28 3.44 3-593-72 3.84 4.00 4.26
3-57 3.75 3.94 4.10 4.30 4.45 4.65 4.80 5.00 5.72
4.28 4.50 4.73 4.92 5.10 5.34 5.58 5.76 6.00 6.86
5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 0.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 8 00
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 16.00
Days.
I
1%
1X
2
HOM→ VO
I
B
foot
Caliber.
A11
Weight
per
In.b.
3/
READY RECKONER TABLE.

15.00 15.75 16.50 17.25 18.00 18.75 19.50 20.23 21.00 24.00
20.00 21.00 20.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 32.00
./25.00 26.25 27.50 28.75|30.00 31.25 32-50133-5035.00,40.00
WEIGHT OF LEAD PIPE-DIFFERENT SIZES.
I
3466
0 0 со со о
}
I
VV
9
IO 12
8 I
2
8 2
foot.
Weight
per
V COST £WN
oz. lb. oz. b. oz. lb. oz. lb.
O
4
50
12
9
CO R
8
412
I
5 12
V
Weight
per foot.
hank
I
N
1 12
8
com ud af ☺ 7
O O
2
3
B
Weight
per foot.
2 I
48
H 2 O
I
C3 W Wat
12
I

•
C
Weight
per lout
cz.Ib. ez. ib, oz. lb. oz. Ib. oz.
O 10
0 8
0 13
O II
O
9
I 12 I 8
I 0 I 12
0 13
I 0
N N
M LA
8
D
Weight
per foot.
Weight
per foot
ED Light
4 4
5 4
2
◊ oo oo o
8
8
ht
400
E
Weight
per foot.
E Light
Weight
per foot.
8
HHA M
co Q
1
3
8
4
254
E:ze.
2 dl dat
I
1%
ROUND.
1/2
C
∞\A\B\{NGÈN
7/8
16
1/4
NNN DI
178
GÀN
3
♡ M.
NONANGO
2%
21%
23%
2/2
Weight.
.163
.368
.654
1.02
I.47
2.00
2.61
3.31
4.09
4.95
5.89
6.91
8.01
9.20
10.47
11.82
13.25
14.76
16.36
19.79
23.56
25.56
27.65
Size.
H
(م ۲۱
SQUARE.
P
\\\\&\\&\\&& \+\ŒÐ
VOUSHAN
100
~~~
WEIGHT OF IRON PER FOOT.
O
Weight.
.208
.468
.833
1.30
1.87
3.55
3.33
4.21
5.20
6.30
7.50
8.80
20.20
11.71
13.33
15.05
16.87
20.80
25.20
30.00
32.55
35.20
37.96
Size.
I X
18X1/4
1/4x4
1/2x/4
1/2x4
1¾4x4
2 x74
24x4
2/2x/2
2¾/4x4
3 x/4
3/4x1/4
3/2 x 1/4
3¾4x4
4 x
4/2½ x 1/4
FLAT.
5 X4
6
1
X4
x36
18x78
114x38
13/8×3/8
1/2x36
Weight.
.833
- 937
1.04
1.14
1.25
1.45
1.66
1.87
2.08
2.29
2.50
2.70
2.91
3.12
3.33
3.75
4.17
5.00
1.25
1.40
1.56
1.71
1.87
3/2x/½
x/2
x2
x/2
x8
Size. Weight,
13/4x2
2 x½
24x2
2/2x/2
23/4x/½
x16
FLAT.
1/8x8
11/4x8
138x5%
1/2X%
134x58
2 x8
ና።
254x48
2/2X8
234x6
3 x%
3/2x/%
4 x A
2.91
3.33
3.74
4.16
4.58
5.00
5.83
6.66
8.33
JO.00
2.08
2.34
2.60
2.86
3.12
3.64
4.16
4.68
5.20
5.72
6.25
7.29
8.33
Size. Weight.
42X4
5_x34
5/2x34
6 x¾4
I X%
18x/%
1/4x78
FLAT.
138x/%
1/2x7%
134x%
x%
2 X8
24X%
2/2x/8
234x8
3 x7%
32x8
4 x8
472x8
5 X%
5/%x%
6 x%
18x1
1/4x1
11.25
12.50
13.75
15.00
2.91
3.28
3.6
4.01
4.37
5.10
5.83
6.56
7.29
8.02
8.75
10.20
11.66
13x12
14.58
16.04
17.50
3.75
4-16


255

i
1
T
3*%
3%2
29.82
32.07
34 36.81
41.88
en m m
10 10 10 ino
5
5/2
54
6
$8
44.54
47.28
6½ 112.02
50.11
53.01
59.06
65.45
73.02
80.03
87.08
95.06
Copp
Test!
I
.852
Bar Iron equal.
Steel
Brass
1%
.958
1.27
1.70
2.13 2.39
T.43
1.91
D
Cast Iron being 1,
33%
20 cr
**\*
14
1.06
1.59
2 13
2.66
•
·
•
40.80
45.87
•
53.33
60.20
67.30
75-20
83.33
93-20
102.20
112.20
1¾×9
x33
2
24>
1.07
1.08 Steel
1.16 Copper
1.21
Brass
Lead
34x9
→ 50
5x35
X38
I X½
18x2
14x¼/4
133x/%
1½ x ½
Cast Iron equal...
KC
2 18
2.50
2.81
3.12
3.43
3.75
4.37
5.00
6.25
4.50
1.66
WEIGHT OF FLAT STEEL PER FOOT.
14
1½
134
24 2/2
234
1.17
2
1.70
2.55
1.27 1.49
1.75 1.91 2.23
2.34 2.55
2.34
3.51
4.68
1.91 2.13
2.87 3.20
2.98 3.40 3.83
4.26
2.92 3.19 3.72 4.26 4.79 5.32 5.85
MOULDERS AND PATTERN MAKERS' TABLE.
α
1.89
2.08
2.29
2.50
Bar Iron being 1,
סייר
x8
x3/4
1/8x3/4
14x¾
18x34
1/2x34
1/4 x 3/4
2 x34
24x34
X
2/2x34
23/4x3/4
3 x34
37/2x3/4
4 X¾
10.48
12.50
2.50
2.81
3.12
3.43
3 75
4.37
5.00
5.02
6.25
6.87
8.50
8.75
10.00
Jixt
12x1
13/4x1
2 ΚΙ
24x1
22X1
234x1
3 XI
31/2x1
XI
42x1
5 xx
52x1
6 x1
6½x1
3
2.55
3.83
5.11
6.39
•I+90/C
.95 Cast Iron equal..
..1.03 | Brass
.1.16 | Copper
.48 | Zinc
34
2.77
4 15
5.53
6.92
White Pine being 1,
8.33
9.
10.00
11.66
13.33
15.00
16.66
18.33
20.00
21.66
3½
2.97
4.47
5.98
7.45
•
13.
12.7
11.5

***
Tin
Copper
Yellow Brass
•
Depth in
Inches.
934
1214
14
15 1/2
16/2
171½
I
1812
19½
2014
21
21/2
22
RELATIVE STRENGTH OF BODIES TO RESIST TORSION.
LEAD BEING 1.
22½
334-
¡Gallons.
NOTE IS C.
5.0 English Iron.
9.0 Blistered Steel.
Shear Steel.
9.5
CAPACITIES, SIZE AND WEIGHT OF
2
10
II
12
13
IĄ
Weight in Depth in
pounds. inches.
I
.4 Gun Metal
4.3 Cast Iron.
4.6 Swedish Iron.
12
Co
6
9
10½
12
132
15
1612
18
19/2
21
24
24%
25/2
26
2612
2634
27
27
NX
27
28
28/2
29
Gallons.
∞N QUST
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
•
Weight in
pounds.
22½
24
25/2
27
2812
30
3112
1333
34/2
36
3712
39
40½
42
COPPERS.
Depth in
inches.
29/2
30
wtf wwwwwwww
38
39
40
45
50
Gallons.
Novgout to www
Cow
104
146
10. I
16.6
17.0
Weight in
pounds.
43%
45
54
64½
72
79%
87
742
100/2
106
156
219
256

انی +
whi
Size.
Inches
square.
W
7\0
I
+\x¢
I
I!
14
I
13/8
ce
1½
158
3
4
17%
2 } %
24
238
2½
WEIGHT OF SQUARE AND ROUND CAST IRON.
Square per Foot.
Round per Foot.
Weight.
Size.
Inches
square.
4
4/8
Pounds.
.78
1.22
1.75
2.39
3.12
3.95
4.88
5.90
7.03
8.25
9.57
10.98
12.50
14.11
15.81
17.62
19.53
:
28
FASAD 15 DNS1010
SOLANGE LAYLAG
$
5
Weight.
Pounds.
50.
53.14
56.44
59.81
63.28
66.84
70.50
74.26
78.12
82.08
86.13
90.28
94.53
98.87
103.32
107.86
112.50
Size. Weight.
Inches
Diam.
1/2
I
IV
1 3/8
17%
2
21%
2/14
238
2/2
Pounds.
.61
.95
1.38
1.87
2.45
3.10
3.83
4.64
5.52
6.48
7.51
8.62
9.81
11.08
12.42
13.84
15.33
Size.
Inches
Diam.
4/8
4/4
436%
4/2½
48
5%
54
53%
5%½
5/%
534
53
64
Weight.
Pounds.
41.66
44.27
46.97
49.70
52.50
55.37
58.32
61.35
64.46
67.64
70.09
74.24
77.65
91.14
84.71
88.35
95.87
'257

{gb
258
WEIGHT OF SQUARE AND ROUND CAST IRON, ETC.-(CONTINUED).
Square per Foot.
Round per
Foot.
Weight.
Size.
Inches
square.
614
Size.
Inches
square.
256
234
2%
2 3 M
3%
34
338
3/2
358
334
3%
Pounds.
21.53
23.63
25.83
28.12
30.51
33.
35.59
38.28
41.06
43.94
46.92
130 30 30 %
さい​た
​++
834
Weight.
Pounds.
122.08
132.03
142.38
153.12
164.25
175.78
187.68
200.12
212.56
225.78
239.25
253.12
Size.
Inches
Diam.
25%
234
27/8
3/8
33%
3/2
Weight.
Pounds.
16.91
18.56
20.28
22.18
23.96
25.92
27.95
30. 16
32.25
34.51
36.85
30.27
Size.
Inches
Diam.
6½
634
714
**
7770 00 00 00
****
7½
734
8
84
8/½
83/4
ᏍᎩ
Weight.
Pounds.
103.69
111.82
120.26
129.
138.05
147.4I
157.08
167.05
177.19
187.91
198.79
210.

259
1
SPORTING MATTERS.
BASE-BALL RECORD FOR THIRTEEN
YEARS.
Summary for 1888-National League.
¡Played. Won. Lost.

New York..
Chicago.
Philadelphia..
Boston.
Detroit..
Pittsburg.
Indianapolis.
Washington
………
1876 Chicago.
1877 Boston.
1878 Boston.
1879 Providence.
1880 Chicago.
1881 Chicago.
1882 Chicago.
1883 Boston..
1884 Providence.
1885 Chicago.
1886 Chicago.
1887 Detroit..
1888 New York.
St. Louis..
Brooklyn
Athletic
Cincinnati.
Baltimore
Cleveland
Louisville
Kansas City.
· *
• ·
+
•
Lost...
• •
·· +
··
Winners of the National League Gaines for Thirteen
Years.
Won. Lost
.. • •
•
St. Louis.
Brook-
lyn.
acou 3
10
00 10 00
American Association for 1888.
Athletic
43 53
TO
12
IO
131
135
130
134
133
134
135
134
nati..
Cincin
If
10
4好​4
череди участие самите
in this en
риска рамку часова
Diore.
5+
84
77
69
Balti
70
68
66
50
48
0.0100
In 1+ IÓ
12
land
Cleve-
CO
IU
ville.
00 0
Louis-
47
58
61
64
63
85
36
City..
16
88
13
3 | 15 14 82
I
I
17
10
λ
52
31
41
Kansas
Won
16
85SKOGS & Rico
Per ct
50
48
43
31 8: S 89 1540
.641
.570
.530
.522
.519
-485
.370
-353
14
17
19
25
17
28
29
35
M 2
28
25
34
45
47

of Vic.
Per Cent.
.68r
15 So -597
II 57
IO
12
.629
.612
-413
.380
.356
1.326
200
**
BEST TURF RECORDS FOR THE SEASON OF
1886.
Trotting mile-Harry Wilkes, 2:1434, at Cleveland,
July 29.
Pacing mile-Little Mac, 2:1334, Detroit, July 23.
Running mile-Burch, 1:41, at Coney Island, Septem-
ber 11.

BEST TROTTING RECORDS.
One mile-Maud S., Cleveland, Ohio, July 30, 1885,
2:0834.
Two miles-Fanny Witherspoon, Chicago, Illinois,
September 25, 1885, 4:43.
Three miles-Huntress, Prospect Park, Long Island,
September 23, 1872, 7:21¼.
Four miles-Trustee, Union Course, Long Island,
June 13, 1849, 11:06.
~
Five miles-Lady Mack, San Francisco, California,
April 2, 1874, 13:00.
Ten miles -Controller, San Francisco, California,
November 23, 1878, 27:23¼4.
Twelve miles-Topgallant, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
1830, 38:00.
Fifteen miles-Girder, San Francisco, California,
August 6, 1874, 47:20.
Twenty miles-Capt. McGowan, Boston, Massachu-
setts, October 31, 1865, 58:25.
Fifty miles--Ariel, Albany, New York, 1846, 3:55:40½-
Hundred miles-Conquerer, Long Island, November
12, 1853, 8:55:53.
**
17
Fastest by Stallion-Maxy Cobb, 2:13, Providence,
Rhode Island, September 30, 1884.
Fastest by Mare-Maud S., Cleveland, Ohio, July
30, 1885.
Fastest by Gelding-Jay-Eye-See, 2:10, Philadelphia,
August 15, 1884
261
Big Winners on the Running Track.
The following is a list of the big winners on the run-
ring turf

NAME AND AGE.
The Bard (3)
Tremont (2).
Inspector B. (3)
Dew Drop (3)
Miss Woodford (6)
Volante (4)....
Ben Ali (3).
King Fox (2).
Barnum (a).
Jim Gray (3).
Hanover (2).
Blue Wing (3)
Connemara (2)
Lucky B. (6)....
Firenzi (2)
Silver Cloud (3).
Montana Regent (3).
•
Millie (3).
Elkwood (3).
Kingston (2)
Grisette (2).
Kaloolah (3)….
Jennie T. (2).
Rupert (4)
..
•
..
Starts.
First.
Second,
Third.
737222222
17
13
17
12
18
12
5 4
3
19
I?
43 24
21
8
16
15
23
16
II 5
13
9
13
76
II
12
16
9
9
27
210 mm
3+0AWN7O UNO DO –
N
439422 In
NMN N
10
5
POINTHAW:
7
3
4
4
2
4
:
7232
2 m
I
:~~
2
52
best
I
··
دی
∞ 26 +
4
2
3
2
2
Speedy Bicycle Records.
Amount
won.
$41,895
40,045
38,375
27,785
21,680
21,535
19,348
17,948
17,185
15,625
14,535
I 3,470
13,338
13,070
13,015
12,870
12,455
12,443
12,020
I 1,500
11, 115
10,320
10,120
10,093
These records have been made up to the close of the
reason of 1886. A bicycle race closed at Minneapolis on
December 25, 1886, in which Shock beat all previous
records by making 1.405 miles in 142 hours.
Piders who have made a mile on the whed in
262
less than three minutes are: N. H. Van Sicklen,
Chicago, 2:46 1-2; W. A. Rowe, 2:29 1-2; George
rge
M. Hendee, 2:31 1-5; E. P. Burnham, 2:32 1-2; W. A.
Rhodes, 2:34 3-5; W. F. Knapp, 2:40; A. B. Rich
2:40 1-2; Asa Dolph, 2:41; C. E. Kluge, 2:41; F. R.
Cook, 2:42 1-5; Cola Stone, 2:44 1-2; W. E. Crist,
2:46 2-5. Among the others who have made a mile
within three minutes, but whose exact records are not
readily accessible, are: F. F. Ives, Elliott Norton, C. P.
Adams, George Weber, L. B. Hamilton, John Brooks,
H. S. Kavanaugh, A. L. Jennen, J. W. Lord, Henry
Schwartz, C. D. Heath, C. R. Hoag, C. S. Stevens, V
C. Place, and L. A. Howell.
I
S. G. Whittaker, of Chicago, has made a wondertu
record for himself on the wheel this year, and has demon
strated the great possibilities of the bicycle for practical
every day use. He holds all the road records from 1 to 300
miles inclusive. He has made a mile in 2:54; 20 miles,
3:46; 50 miles, 2:56:00; 100 miles, 6:01:00; 200 miles,
15:30:00, and 300 miles, 23:46:00. This riding represents
20 miles at the rate of a mile in a trifle less than three
minutes; 50 miles at 3:30; 100 miles at 3:36; 200 miles at
4:39; and 300 miles at 4:45. It is a marvelous exhibition
of speed and endurance. F. F. Ives, of Boston, holds
the 24-hour road record with 305 miles. An English lad
of seventeen rods from Laud's End at the south end of
Scotland to John o' Groat's at the north tip of England,
distance of 896 miles, in five days and one hour, a
feat that has never been equaled.
W. A. Rowe, of Lynn, Mass., holds the racing records
from one mile to 22 miles, 150 yards. He has made a
mile in 2:29 1-2; 5 miles in 13:10; 20 miles, 58:20 1.2; 22
miles, 150 yards, 1:00:00. In 1880, George Waller,
twenty-one years old. covered 1,404 miles in six days, in
Agricultural Hall, London, Eng., and 1,404 miles is stok
the six-day record.
GLASS BALL SHOOTING,
OT
The following are the best records at glass ball shoot
ing: 300 glass balls broken in succession by A. H
Bogardus, at Lincolu, Ill., on July 4, 1877; 500 glass
balls broken in 24 minutes and 2 seconds by J. C. Haskell,
263
I
Lynn, Mass., May 30, 1881. He shot at 514, thrown
from two traps, 14 yards rise, 12 feet apart. 900 glass
balls broken by A. H. Bogardus, at Bradford, Pa., No-
vember 20, 1879. He shot at 1,000, from three traps, 14
yards apart. 1,000 glass balls were broken in 1 hour,
i minute, 54 seconds, by A. H. Bogardus, at New York
City, December 20, 1879. The two traps were placed
15 yards apart, 15 yards rise, and he loaded his own gun,
and changed the barrels at the end of every hundred
1,500 glass balls in 1 hour, 37 minutes and 20 seconds;
2,000 in 2 hours, 14 minutes, 43 seconds; 3,000 in 3 hours,
34 minutes, 40 seconds; 4,000 in 4 hours, 48 minutes, 43
seconds; 4,500 in 5 hours, 32 minutes, 45 seconds; 5,000
in 6 hours, 22 minutes, 30 seconds; 5,500 in 7 hours, 19
minutes, 2 seconds, out of 5,854 shot at, by A. H. Bogar-
dus, New York City, December 20, 1879. The above
records from 1,500 were shot at 15 yards rise, two traps,
12 feet apart. 5,000 out of 6,222 glass balls were broken
by Dr. W. E. Carver, at Brooklyn, N. Y., July 13, 1878.
He used Winchester rifles and was assisted in loading.
SWIMMING.
80 yards, 5334 seconds. E. T. Jones, Lambeth Baths,
London, England, October 21, 1878.
100 yards, 1:08½. E. T. Jones, two turns, Lambeth
Baths, London, England, October 21, 1878.
160 yards, 2:02. W. Beckwith, with three turns, Lam-
beth Baths, London, England, August 20, 1881.
200 yards, 2:40. W. Beckwith, 9 turns, Lambeth Baths,
London, England, December 17, 1883.
220 yards, 2:54. J. J. Collier, straightaway, London,
July 7, 1883.
300 yards, 4:08.
W. Beckwith, 14 turns, Westminster
Aquarium, London, England, December 17, 1883.
400 yards, 5:36. J. Finney, IS turns. Westminster
Aquarium, London, England, December 19, 1883.
440 yards, 6:12. J. Finney, 21 turns, Westminster
Aquarium, London, England. December 19, 1SS3.
500 yards, 7:07. J. Finney, 24 turns, Westminster
Aquarium, London, England, December 19, 1883.
foo yards, 8:40. J. Finney, Westminster Aquarii,
London, England, December 19, 1883.
264
}
700 yards, 10:12. J. Finney, Westminster Aquarium,
London, England, December 19, 1883.
800 yards, 11:45. W. Beckwith, 39 turns, Westminster
Aquarium, London, England, December 19, 1883.
880 yards, 13:464. J. J. Collier, open still water, 5
turns, Hollingworth Lake, July 7, 1883.
1,000 yards, 15:08. W. Beckwith, Lambeth Baths,
London, England, September 10, 1881.
1,000 yards, 15:44 J. J. Collier, open still water,
Hollingworth Lake, England, August 23, 1884.
1,100 yards, 17:254. J. J. Collier, still wat, Holling-
worth Lake, England, August 23, 1884.
1,320 yards, 21:05%. J. J. Collier, still water, Holling-
worth Lake, England, August 23, 1884.
1,540 yards, 24:34. J. J. Collier, still water, Holling-
worth Lake, England, August 23, 1884.
I mile, 28:1934. J. J. Collier, open still water, Holling-
worth Lake, England, August 23, 1884.
3 miles 1,480 yards, 1:44:44. J. Finncy, 175 turns,
Westminster Aquarium, London, England, Decem
her 22, 1883.
5 miles, 1:04:23.
C. Whyte, with tide, Thames River,
England, July 18, 1870.
20% miles (about) 5:51.
England, July 6, 1876.
F. Cavill, Thames River,
35 miles (about)21:45. Captain Matthew Webb, Dover,
England to Calais, France, August 24 and 25, 1875.
40 miles (about) 9:57. Captain Matthew Webb, wille
tide, Thames River, England, July 12, 1873.
74 miles, 84 hours, restricted to 14 hours per day
Captain Matthew Webb, Lambeth Baths, London,
England, May 19 to 24, 1879.
74 hours, including 4 minutes rest. Captain Mat
thew Webb, Scarborough, England, August 9 to 12,
18
94 mil
32 laps, 60 hours, restricted to 10 hours per day.
W. Beckwith, London, England, June 20 to 25,
1881.
Captain Matthew Webb kept afloat without touching
anything 60 consecutive hours. Scarborough, England
June 29 to July 1, 110.
Ernest Von Shoening swara from pier 1, New Yorl
265
city, to pier at Norton's Point, Coney Island, and returned
unassisted; about 20 miles, in 8 hours, 45 minutes,
August 22, 1880.
N. T. Collinge swam a half mile every hour for 48
consecutive hours. Rochdale Baths, England, February
15 and 16, 1878.
Best Lady Swimming Records.
I mile, 35:34- Miss Theresa Johnson, Devonshire Baths,
London, England, October 31, 1883.
2 miles, 1:21:27. Miss Laura Seigeman, Hasting's Baths,
London, England, September 12, 1879.
3 miles, 2:09:484. Miss Laura Seigeman, Hasting's
Baths, London, England, September 22, 1879.
5 miles, 1:09. Miss Agnes Beckwith, age 14, with tide,
Thames River, England, September 1, 1875.
9 miles, 3½ furlongs, 2:24:30. Miss Emily Parker, age
14, tide water, Thames River, England, September
18, 1875.
10 miles, 2:43.
น
2
Miss Agnes Beckwith, with tide, Thames
River, England, July 5, 1876.
20 miles, 6:25. Miss Agnes Beckwith, without assistance,
Thames River, England, July 17, 1878.
31 consecutive hours without assistance, by Miss Edith
Johnson, Blackpool Baths, England, May, 1880.
100 hours (not consecutive) out of 137, by Miss Agnes
Beckwith, Westminster Aquarium, London, Eng
land, September 13 to 18, 1830.
Best Record for Staying Under Water.
4 minutes 234 seconds. Peter Johnson, professional,
tank, Royal Music Hall, London, England, April 6,
1882.
2 minutes 514 seconds. Lurline, the Water Queen,"
Oxford Music Hall, London, England, December
29, 1881.
(C
Best Record for Swimming on Back.
100 yards, 1:24. J. M. Taylor, professional, Rochdale
Baths, London, England, November 4, 1879.
880 yards, 16:29. Harry Gurr, Serpentine, London,
England, June 1, 1865.

✔
260
Best Plunging Record.
To feet 1 inch. J. Strickland, professional, measurement
taken from edge of diving board, which was five feet
above water, City Baths, Melbourne, Australia,
March 15, 1880.
70 feet 7 inches.
inches. Horace Davenport, amateur, Lambeth
Baths, October 2, 1882.
65 feet.
T. Ingram, professional, Floating Baths, Char
ing Cross, London, July 31, 1879.
Best Records for Swimming Under Water.
113 yards I foot. James Finney, professional, Black
pool, England, October 20, 1882.
87 yards 2 feet. J. G. Rushforth, amateur, Rochdale
Baths, England, October 13, 1883.
Diameters, Circumferences and Areas of Circles.
Example.-Required the circumference of a circle
hoop, or ring, the diameter being 3 ft. 4 in. In the col
umn of circumferences, opposite the indicated diameter,
stands 10 ft. 5% in., the circumference required.
Example.-Ifa wheel is ordered to be made to contain
60 teeth, the pitch of the teeth to be 37% inches, the di-
mensions of the wheel may be known simply as follows,
Multiply the pitch of the tooth by the number of teeth
the wheel is to contain, and the product will be the cir
cumference of the wheel, thus-
10 × 6
L
3% inches pitch of the tooth.
60 the number of teeth.
Feet 19 4½ inches, the circumference of the
wheel. The diameter answering to this circumference is
6 ft. 2 in.; consequently with one half of this number as
a radius, the circumference of the wheel will be described
207
WEIGHT OF BRASS, COPPER, STEEL, PLATE
IRON, WROUGHT IRON PIPE, ETC.

Diameter
and Side
of Square.
Inches.
PANORA
1
1%
14
13%
1½
15%
134
1%
2
21%
214
238
2/2
258
234
2%
3
{
Lbs.
Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of
Round. Square. Round. Square.
.17
.39
.70
1.10
1.59
2.16
2.83
3.58
4.42
5.35
6.36
7.47
8.66
9.95
11.32
12.78
14 32
15.96
17 68
19.50
21.40
BRASS.
23.39
35.47
Lbs.
.22
.50
.90
1.40
2.02
2.75
3.60
4.56
5.63
681
8.10
9.51
11.03
12.66
14.41
16.27
18.24
20.32
22.53
24.83
27.25
29.78
32.43
1-
COPPER.
Lbs.
.19
.42
.75
1.17
1.69
2.31
3.02
3.82
4.71
5.71
6.79
7.94
9.31
10.61
12.08
13.64
15.29
17.03
18.87
20.SI
22 84
24.92
27.38
STA
LO
Lbs.
.24
54
.96
1
1.50
2.16
2.94
3.84
4.86
6.
7.27
8.65
10 15
11.77
13.53
15.38
17.36
19.47
21.69
24.03
26.50
29.08
31.79

268
WEIGHT OF BRASS, COPPER, STEEL, PLATE
IRON, WROUGHT IRON PIPE, ETC.
(Continued).

Diameter
and Side
of Square.
Inches.
1/4
3/8
5/8
I
12
14
138
IC
1½
158
1¾4
INN
1%
2
2%
344
238
21/2
STEEL.
Lbs
Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of
Round. Square. Round. Square.
.17
.38
67
1.04
1.50
2.05
267
3.38
4 18
5.06
6.02
7.07
8.20
9 41
10.71
12 05
13.51
15 05
16.68
18.39
20.18
22.06
24 23
Lbs.
.21
.48
.85
8.33
1.91
2,61
3.40
4.34
532
6.44
7.67
9.
10.14
II 98
1363
15.80
17.20
19 17
21.21
23.41
25.70
28 10
30 60
Lbs,
3.Er
I
528
6
7 33
8.72
10 24
II 87
13.63
15.51
17.51
19 63
21.80
24 24.
26 72
LEAD
29.33
32.05
34.90
Lia
4.95
6.23
7.70
9.3.
BE TR
13.04
15 Iz
17 36
19.75
22.29
25.
27 80
30.86
34.02
37.34
40.81
44.44
269
WEIGHT OF BRASS, COPPER, STEEL, PLATE
IRON, WROUGHT IRON PIPE, ETC.
PLATE IRONI
Thickness
in parts of
an inch
IRON.
10.0.
FLAT
}
Ins.
7.5
--16 25 44
1-8 5.0
3-16
1-4 IO
5-6 12.5
3-8 15
7-16 17.5
1-2
20
5-8 25
3-4
7-8
I
CAST IRON.
Size.
(Continued.)

NOYANGONNINGI NJANGO
Weight.
Lbs.
9 37
14 06
18.75
23 43
28 12
32 18
VO HO Cino LI
60
37.50
42 18 2
46
65
70
WR'T IRON
PIPE.
75.
No. and Dis
Int. Weight tance of Plants
Diam. per
Inchs. Foot.
per acre.
1
14
IX
/s
14
87 21/2
56
25
93
93
62
31
3
3½
3%
(92) OVU fà fis
4
4/2
24
.421
85
1 13
1.67
2 25
t
•
2.69
3 66
5.77
7.55
9 05
10 73
2400 100
12 49
14. 56
IS
PLANTING
TABLE.
NOTE
Feet No. of
Distance. Hills.
I 43,550
1/2
19,369
10.So
2
2½
3
3%
4
1/2
1½
6/2
119 00 ON
V SO
9%
10%
12
15
Nua &&&
6.959
4,840
3,556
2,722
2,154
11,743
1,449
1,210
1,030
$59
775
630
502
538
436
367

302
196
135
108

PS
270
FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY.
;
The weight of the male infant at birth is 7 lbs. avoir
dupois; that of the female is not quite 6½ lbs. The max-
imum weight (140½ lbs.) of the male is attained at the
age of 40; that of the female (nearly 124 lbs.) is not at-
tained until 50; from which ages they decline afterwards;
the male to 1274 lbs., the female to 100 lbs., nearly a
stope The full-grown adult is 20 times as heavy as a
new-born infant. In the first year he triples his weight,
afterwards the growth proceeds in geometrical progres-
sion, so that if 50 infants in their first year weigh 1,000
lbs., they will in the second weigh 1210 lbs.; in the third
1331; in the fourth 1464 lbs.; the term remaining very
constant up to the ages of 11-12 in females, and 12-13 in
males, where it must be nearly doubled; afterwards it
may be continued, and will be found very nearly correct
up to the age of 18 or 19, when the growth proceeds very
slowly. At an equality of age the male is generally
heavier than the female. Towards the age of 12 years
only an individual of each sex has the same weight. The
male attains the maximum weight at about the age of 40,
and he begins to lose it very sensibly towards 60. At 80
he loses about 13.2328 lbs., and the stature is diminished
2.756 inches.
Females attain their maximum weight at
about 50.
The mean weight of a mature man is 104 lbs.,
and of an average woman 94 lbs. In old age they lose
about 12 or 14 lbs. Men weigh most at 40, women at 50,
and begin to lose weight at 60. The mean weight of
both sexes in old age is that which they had at 19.
When the male and female have assumed their coin-
plete development they weigh almost exactly 20 times as
much as at birth, while the stature is about 3½ times
greater.
Children lose weight during the first three days after
birth; at the age of a week they sensibly increase; after
271
One year they triple their weight; then they require six
years to double their weight, and 13 to quadruple it.
It has been computed that nearly two years sickness is
experienced by every person before he is 70 years old, and
therefore that 10 days per annum is the average sickness
of human life. Till 40 it is but half, and after 50 it rap-
idly increases. The mixed and fanciful diet of man is con-
sidered the cause of numerous diseases from which ani-
mals are exempt. Many diseases have abated with changes
of diet, and others are virulent in particular countries,
arising from peculiarities.
Human Longevity.-Of 100,000 male and female chil-
dren, in the first month they are reduced to 90,396, or
nearly a tenth. In the second, to 87,936. In the third,
to 86,175. In the fourth, to 84,720. In the fifth, to
83,571. In the sixth, to 82,526, and by the end of the
first year to 77,528, the deaths being 2 to 9. The next
four years reduces the 77,528 to 62,448, indicating 37,552
deaths before the completion of the fifth year.
At 25 years the 100,000 are half, or 49.995; at 52, one-
third. At 58½ a fourth, or 25,000; at 67, a fifth; at 76,
a tenth; at 81, a twentieth, or 5,000; and ten attain 100.
Children die in large proportions because their diseases
cannot be explained, and because the organs are not
habituated to the functions of life. The mean of life
varies in different countries from 40 to 45. A generation
from father to son is about 30 years; of men in general
5-6ths die before 70, and 15-16ths before 80. After So it
is rather endurance than enjoyment. The nerves are
blunted, the senses fail, the muscles are rigid, the softer
tubes become hard, the memory fails, the brain ossifies,
the affections are buried, and hope ceases. The 16th die
The remainder die from ina-
at So; except a 133d, at 90.
bility to live, at or before 100.
About the age of 36 the lean man usually becomes fatter
and the fat man leaner. Again, between the years 43 and
50 his appetite fails, his complexion fades, and his tongue
is apt to be furred on the least exertion of body or mind.
At this period his muscles become flabby, his joints weak;
his spirits droop, and his sleep is imperfect and unrefresh-
ing. After suffering under these complaints a year, or
perhaps two, he starts afresh with renewed vigor, and

272
24040
goes on to 61 or 62, when a similar change takes place,
but with aggravated symptoms. When these grand
periods have been successively passed, the gravity of in-
cumbent years is more strongly marked, and he begins to
boast of his age.
In Russia, much more than in any other country, in-
stances of longevity are numerous, if true.
In the report
of the Holy Synod, in 1827, during the year 1825, and
only among the Greek religion, 848 men had reached up-
wards of 100 years of age; 32 had passed their 120th year;
4 from 130 to 135. Out of 606,818 men who died in iS26,
2,765 were above 90; 1432 above 95; and 848 above 100
years of age. Among this last number 88 were above 115;
24 more than 120; 7 above 125; and one 130. Riley
asserts that Arabs in the Desert live 200 years.
On the average, men have their first-born at 30 and
women at 28. The greatest number of deliveries take
place between 25 and 35. The greatest number of deliv-
eries take place in the winter months, and in February,
and the smallest in July, i. e., to February, as 4 to 5 in
towns and 3 to 4 in the country. The night births are to
the day as 5 to 4.
Human Strength.-In Schulze's experiments on human
strength, he found that men of five feet, weighing 126 lbs.,
could lift vertically 156 lbs. 8 inches; 217 lbs. 1.2 inches.
Others, 6.1 feet, weighing 183 lbs., 156 lbs. 13 inches,
and 217 lbs. 6 inches; others 6 feet 3 inches, weighing 158
lbs., 156 lbs. 16 inches, and 217 lbs. 9 inches. By a great
variety of experiments he determined the mean human
strength at 30 lbs., with a velocity of 2.5 feet per second;
or it is equal to the raising half a hogshead 10 feet in a
minute.
A good authority reckoned 1 horse equal to 5 men.
Porters carry from 150 to 250 pounds. A man draws
horizontally 70 to 80 lbs., and thrusts at the height of his
chest 28 or 30 lbs. In hot climates men cannot perform
half the continued labor. A man's mean labor is suffi-
cient to raise 10 lbs. 10 feet in a second, for ro hours per
day, or 100 lbs. I foot in a second, or 36,000 feet in 10
hours; that is, 100 pounds per day would be 3,600,000
feet in a day, which he calls a dynamic unit. The force
of a man in turning a winch is taken at 116 lbs.; or 29
273
much as would raise 256 lbs. 3,281 feet in a day; his force
in pumping is as 190, or equal to 410 lbs. in 3,281 feet; in
ringing, 259, or 572 lbs. in 3,281 feet; and in rowing 273,
or 608 lbs. in 3,281 feet. In working a pump, a winch,
a bell, and rowing, the effects are as 100, 167, 227 and
248. A man with an augur exerts a force of 100 lbs.,
with a screw-driver of 84 lbs., with a windlass 60 lbs., a
hand-plane 50 lbs., a hand-saw 36 lbs.
What the White House Costs.
$50,000
75,000
A total of......
$125,000
The President has the following corps of assistants:
Private Secretary.
Assistant Private Secretary
Stenographer
Salary of President...
Additional appropriations are about.
Five Messengers, $1,200 each..
Steward..
Two Doorkeepers, $1,200 each.
Two Ushers, $1,200, $1,400.
Night Usher..
Fuel
•
Watchman.
And a few other minor clerks and telegraph operators.
SUNDRIES.
Incidental expenses.
White House repairs-Carpets and refurn-
ishing..
•
•
•
$3,250
2,250
1,800
^,000
•
2,400
2,600
1,200
900
$8,000
Green-house..
Gas, matches and stable
15,000
These amounts, with others of minor importance con-
sume the entire appropriations.
12,500
2,500
4,000
274
COST OF ROYALTY IN ENGLAND.
Pounds reduced to dollars.
The Queen-Privy purse.
Sundries
•
•
Prince of Wales.
Princess...
Prince Albert Victor.
Crown Princess of Russia.
Duke of Edinburgh
Princess Christian..
Marchioness of Lorne
Duke of Connaught.
Duke of Albany
Duke of Cambridge.
•
• •
Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz..
Duke of Cambridge.
Duchess of Teck..
Total...
•
•
$300,000
1,629,000
$1,929,000
200,000
50,000
50,000
40,000
125,000
30,000
30,000
125,000
125,000
30,000
15,000
60,000
25,000
$2,834,000
Rules for Spelling.
Words ending in e drop that letter before the termina-
tion able, as in move, movable; unless ending in ce or ge,
when it is retained, as in change, changeable, etc.
Words of one syllable, ending in a consonant, with a
single vowel before it, double the consonants in deriva-
tives; as, ship, shipping, etc. But if ending in a conso-
nant with a double vowel before it, they do not double
the consonant in derivatives; as troop, trooper, etc.
Words of more than one syllable, ending in a conso-
nant preceded by a single vowel, and accented on the last
syllable, double that consonant in derivatives; as commit,
committed; but except chagrin, chagrined.
All words of one syllable ending in, with a single
vowel before it, have double 7 at the close; as mill, sell
All words of one syllable ending in 7, with a double
vowel before it, have only one at the close; as mail, sail
$ The words foretell, distill, instill and fulfill, retain the
double of their primitives. Derivatives of dull, skill,
will and full also retain the // when the accent falls or
these words; as dullness, skillful, willful, fullness
/
"
275
Words of more than one syllable ending in / have only
one at the close; as delightful, faithful; unless the
accent falls on the last syllable; as befall, etc.
Words ending in 1, double the letter in the termina-
tion ly.
Participles ending in ing, from verbs ending in e, lose
the final e; as have, having; make, making, etc.; but
verbs ending in ce retain both; as see, seeing. The
word dye, to color, however, must retain the e before ing.
All verbs ending in ly, and nouns ending in ment, retain
the e final of the primitives; as brave, bravely; refine,
refinement; except words ending in dge; as acknowledge,
acknowledgment.
Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their
plural by adding s; as money, moneys; but if y is pre-
ceded by a consonant, it is changed to ies in the plural;
as bounty, bounties.
Compound words whose primitives end in y, change the
into i; as beauty, beautiful.
L
THE USE OF CAPITALS
1. Every entire sentence should begin with a capital
2. I'roper names, and adjectives derived from these,
should begin with a capital.
3. All appellations of the Deity should begin with a
capital.
4. Official and honorary titles begin with a capital.
5. Every line of poetry should begin with a capital.
6. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and
divisions are printed in capitals.
7. The pronoun I and the exclamation O are always
Capita
capital
8. The days of the week and the months of the year
begin with capitals.
9. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter
IO. Names of religious denominations begin with
capitals.
II. In preparing accounts, each item should begin
with a capital.
12 Any word of very special importance may begin
with a capital

276
Savings Bank Compound Interest rable.
Showing the amount of $1, from 1 year to 15 years, with
Compound Interest added semi-annually, at different rates

15
14
13
12
II
10
9/2
16 7 AN ~ 80.0060 LC
9
8/2
7/2
7
63/2
6
5/2
*/½
8/½
3
®¼%
1½
I
1/2
❤
15
12
44
3
*
L
น
u
ES
years. $4.32 $3.74 $3.24 $2.80 $2.42 $2.09 $1.80 $1.56
3.42 2.99 2.62 2.28
#
3.62
I.99
1.51
3.55
I.47
3.22
1.42
1.38
સ
14
ง 3
1
* *
66
44
A
น
K
44
❤
44
* 3
"
24 per cent.
18
441
46
"
#
Ten
Per cent.
·
2.92
2.65
2.52
2.40
2.29
2.18
2.07
1.97
1.88
1.79
1.71
1.62
1.55
I.47
1.40
1.34
1.27
1.21
1.15
1.10
1.05
Nine
Per cent.
• • ·
3.14
2.77
2.87
2.56
2.63 2.36
2.41
2.30
2.20
1.77
1.69
1.62
Eight
Per cent.
1.55
1.48
2.11 1.94
2.02
1.87
1.93
1.80
1.85
-
2.13
2.19 1.98
• C
Seven
Per cent.
1.53
1.48
2.44
2.28
1.42
1.36
2.10 I.92 1.75
2.02
1.85
1.79
1.73
1.67
1.73
1.61
1.66
1.56
1.60 1.51
1.45
1.41
1.36
1.31
Six
Per cent.
.1, 174,405.00
84,675.00
2.15
2.03
1.91
1.80
1.14
1.10
1.42
1.36
1.31 1.27 1.22
1.30
1.22
1.19
1.26
1.24 1.21 1.18 1.15
1.12
1.19 1.16
1.14
1.08
1.09
1.12
1.04
1.04
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.55
I.
1.51
1.46
1.09
1.06
1.07
1.03 1.03
Five
Per cent.
น
1.90
1.80
1.34
1.31
I.37 1.29
1.42 1.34 1.26
1.38
1.34
1.30 1.24
1.26
H
1.72
1.63
1.59
1.55
1.52
1.48
"
I.44
1.41
1.31
1.28
1.21
1.18
1.15
1.13
I. IO
10 per cent………
6
3
Four
Per cent,
1.07
1.05
1.0%
1.73
1.67
1.60
1.54
1.48
ONE DOLLAR LOANED 100 YEARS at Compound Interest
would amount to the following sum:
.$2,351,799,404.00
.15,145,207.00
1.45
1.42
1.39
1.37
1.24
1.21
I.10
1.08
1.06
1.04
1.02
Three
Per cent.
# ..
1.19 1.14
1.17
1.12
I.14
1.10
1.12
1.09
1.07
1.06
1.34
1.32
•
1.30
1.28
1.26
•
I.24
1.23
1.21
1.19
1.17
1.16
1.04
1.03
1.01
..$13,809.00
340.00
19.25
.....2.75
•
Safe Business Rules.
Business men, in business hours, attend only to busi-
ness matters. Social calls are best adapted to the social
circle. Make your business known in few words, without
loss of time. Let your dealings with a stranger be most

277
carefully considered, and tried friendship duly appreciated.
A mean act will soon recoil, and a man of honor will be
esteemed. Leave "tricks of trade" to those whose edu-
cation was never completed. Treat all with respect,
confide in few, wrong no man. Be never afraid to say no,
and always prompt to acknowledge and rectify a wrong.
Leave nothing for to-morrow that should be done to-day.
Because a friend is polite, do not think that his time is
valueless. Have a place for every thing, and every thing
in its place. To preserve long friendship, keep a short
credit; the way to get credit is to be punctual; the way to
preserve it is not to use it much. Settle often; have short
accounts. Trust no man's appearances; they are often
deceptive, and assumed for the purpose of obtaining
credit. Rogues generally dress well. The rich are gen-
ally plain men. Be well satisfied before you give à credit
that those to whom you give it are safe men to be trusted.
Rate per cent.
10..
9.
8.
7
6
•
5..
4½½
4
36
3.
2½
2
-
Time at which Money Doubles at
Interest.
·
• ·
=
·
•
Simple Interest.
10 years.
.11 years 40 days.
12 years.
*
·
•
14 years 104 days.
16 years 8 months.
.20 years.
-22 years 81 days.
25 years
.28 years 208 days.
33 years.
months.
40 years.
50 years.
•
Compound Interest.
7 years 100 days.
8 years 16 days.
9 years 2 days.
10 years 89 days.
11 years 327 days.
15 years 75 days.
15 years 273 days.
17 years 246 days.
20 years 54 days.
23 years 164 days.
28 years 26 days.
35 years 1 day.
Legal Brevities.
A note dated on Sunday is void.
fraud, or from one intoxicated, is void.
or stolen, it does not release the maker, he must pay it.
An endorser of a note is exempt from liability, if not
served with notice of its dishonor within 24 hours of its
non-payment. A note by a minor is void. Notes bear
interest only when so stated. Principals are responsible
for their agents. Each individual in partnership is re-
sponsible for the whole amount of the debts of the firm
A note obtained by
If a note be lost
7
ปี
278
Ignorance of the law excuses no one. It is a fraud to
conceal a fraud. It is illegal to compound a felony. The
law compels no one to do impossibilities. An agreement.
without consideration is void. Signatures in lead pencil
are good in law. A receipt for money is not legally con
clusive. The acts of one partner bind all the others.
Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. A con
tract with a minor is void. A contract made with a
lunatic is void. Written contracts concerning land must
be under seal.

Occupations of Legislators.

OCCUPATIONS.
Lawyers.
Soldiers.
Merchants.
Journalists
Bankers.
Brewers and Distillers..
Shipowners
Railroad Presidents and
·
•
Agents
Farmers and Planters.
Physicians...
Manufacturers
Professors.
Engineers.
Professional Politicans.
Miners....
Clergymen.
Surveyor
Mechanic.
Builder and Contractor
•
· •
•
•
·
ENGLISH. FRENCH. AMERIC'N
New
House of
Comm'ns. Deputies. Congress.
Chamber
of
Forty-
ninth
134
54
42
34
25
24
21
16
916
· N
133
13
: un to acc
18
42
در
14
18
. در
: :
302
22
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1A
LAN∞∞
21
8
18
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4
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H
279
TAX ON COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS.
The following is a list of places and amount of taxation
on commercial travelers: Alabama, $15.50 per year;
Arizona, $200 per year; Beaufort, S. C., $10 per visit;
Bennettsville, S. C., $1 per visit; Batesburg, S. C., 75
cents per day; Charleston, S. C., $10 per month; Cum-
berland, Md., $1 per day; Delaware, $25 per year; Dead-
wood, D. T., $5 per week; Darlington, S. C., $1; East
St. Louis, $2 per day; Elkton, Md., per cent. on stock
carried; Florida, $25 per year; Hartwell, Ga., $5 per
trip; Johnston, S. C., 50 cents per day; Lewistown,
Idaho, $5 per trip; Montana, $100 per year for each
county; Memphis, Tenn., $10 per week or $25 per month;
Mobile, Ala., $3 per day or $7 a week; Natchez, Miss.,
25 cents per day; New Orleans, La., $50 per year; New-
port, Ky., $1 per month; North Carolina, $100 per year;
Nevada, $100 per year; Orangeburg, S. C., $2 per day;
St. Matthews, S. C., $1 per day; San Francisco, Cal,
$25 per quarter; Texas, $35 a year; Tucson, Arizona,
$50 per quarter; Tombstone, Arizona, $10 per day; Vir
ginia, $75 per year; Wilmington, N. C., $3 per day;
Washington, D. C., $200 per year; Walhalla, S. C., $i
per day.
-
Durability of Different Woods.
Experiments have been made by driving sticks, made
of different woods, each two feet long and one and one-
half inches square, into the ground, only one-half an inch
projecting outward. It was found that in five years, all
those made of oak, elm, ash, fir, soft mahogany, and
nearly every variety of pine, were totally rotten Larch,
hard pine and teak wood were decayed on the outside
only; while acacia, with the exception of being also
slightly attacked on the exterior, was otherwise sound.
Hard mahogany and cedar of Lebanon were in tolerably
good condition; but only Virginia cedar was found as
good as when put in the ground. This is of some im-
portance to builders, showing what wood should be
avoided, and what others used by preference in under-
ground work.
The duration of wood, when kept dry, is very great, as
280
beaus still exist which are known to be nearly 1,500
years old. Píles driven by the Romans prior to the
Christian era, have been examined of late, and found to
be perfectly sound, after an immersion of nearly 2,000
years.
The wood of some tools will last longer than the met-
als; as in spades, hoes and plows. In other tools the
wood is first gone; as in wagons, wheel-barrows and ma-
chines. Such wood should be painted or oiled; the paint
not only looks well, but preserves the wood; petroleum
oil is as good as any other.
Hard wood stumps decay in five or six years; spruce
stumps decay in about the same time; hemlock stumps
in eight to nine years; cedar, eight to nine years; pin-
stumps, never.
Cedar, oak, yellow pine and chestnut are the most
durable woods in dry places.
FASTEST RAILROAD TIME.
I mile-50s., 3 miles in 2m. 3648., and 5 miles in
4m. 50s,; train which left West Philadelphia for Jersey
City (P. R. R.) at 7:35 a. m. (Edward Osmond, engineer)
September 4, 1879.
to miles-8 min., Hamburg to Buffalo, N. Y., Lake
Shore and Michigan Southern R. R.; in 9 min., Hudson
River road, locomotive and platform car, with steam
fire-engine, Peekskill to Sing Sing, N, Y., February 17,
1874.
14 miles-11 min., locomotive Hamilton Davis and six
cars, New York Central R. R., 1855.
18 miles 15 min., special train conveying the Duke
of Wellington, Paddington to Slough, England.
111 miles-98 min., no stop, new Fontaine engine and
two coaches, carrying W. H. Vanderbilt and party-
Amherstburg to St. Thomas, Canada Southern Railway,
May 5, 1881....109 min., special train, consisting of
locomotive, baggage-car, one coach and one Pullman
palace-car, Engineer McComber, carrying Bishop of
Detroit and a number of the clergy; the time includes 4
min, stoppage at Charing Cross-St. Thomas to Am-
herstburg, September 13, 1877.
mad A
284
RATES OF POSTAGE.
Letters.-Prepaid by stamps, 2 cents each ounce or
fraction thereof to all parts of the United States and Can-
ada; forwarded to another postoffice without charge on
request of the person addressed; if not called for, returned
to the writer free, if indorsed with that request. If the
stamp is omitted, the letter is forwarded to the Dead
Letter Office, and returned to the writer.
For Regis
tering letters the charge is 10 cents additional. Drop
letters at letter-carrier offices, 2 cents per ounce or frac-
tion thereof; at other offices, I cent per ounce or fraction
thereof. On insufficiently prepaid matter mailed in Can-
ada, 3 cents per ½ ounce or fraction thereof. Stamped
Postal Cards, furnished only by Government, I cent each.
If anything except a printed address slip is pasted on a
Postal Card, or anything but the address written on the
face, letter postage is charged. Postage on all newspapers
and periodicals sent from newspaper offices to any part
of the United States, to regular subscribers, must be paid
in advance at the office of mailing.
Second-Class Matter.-Periodicals issued at regular
intervals at least four times a year and having a
regular list of subscribers, with supplement, sample cop-
ies, I cent a pound; periodicals, other than weekly, if
delivered by letter-carrier, 1 cent each; if over 2 ounces,
2 cents each. When sent by other than publishers, for 4
ounces or less, I cent.
Third-Class Matter (not exceeding 4 pounds). -Printed
matter, books, proof-sheets, corrected or uncorrected,
unsealed circulars, inclosed so as to admit of easy inspec
tion without cutting cords or wrapper, I cent for each 2
ounces.
Fourth-Class Matter.-Not exceeding 4 pounds, em-
bracing merchandise and samples, excluding liquids,
poisons, greasy, inflammable or explosive articles, live
animals, insects, etc., I cent an ounce. Postage to Can-
ada and British North American States, 2 cents per
ounce; must be prepaid; otherwise, 6 cents.

282
Number of Years Seeds Retain Their Vitality.
Vegetables.
Artichoke.
Asparagus
Beans.
Beets
Broccoli.
Cucumber
Cauliflower
Cress
Carrots
Celery
Corn (on cob).
Endive.
Egg Plant.
Leek..
Lettuce
Melon
Mustard
Okra
Onion
•
Pea.
Pumpkin.
Parsley
Parsnip
Pepper.
Rhubarb
Squash.
Spinach
Turnip.
Tomato
•
,
•
• •
•
•
•
•
•
•
·
⇓
•· •
•
•
•
•
Red and Black makes.
Lake and White makes.
White and Brown makes.
White, Blue and Lake makes.
Blue and Lead Color makes.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
·
•
.
•
•
Years
5 to 6
2 to 3
·
.2 to 3
3 to
+
·
..2 to
.5 to
..I to
·
8 to 10
.5 to 6
3 to 4
.2 to 3
.2 to
3
3
•
5 to
2
2 to 3
•
3 to 4
.8 to IO
•
.3 to 4
•
·
3 to 4
.2 to 3
5 to 6
8 to 10
.2 to 3
.2 to
4
.2 to 3
.3 to 4
8 to 10
•
.3 to 4
3 to 6
^
HOW TO MIX PAINTS FOR TINTS
.2 to
Brown
...Rose
.Chestnut
.Purple
Pearl
ܝܕܝ1
283
•
White and Carmine makes..
Indigo and Lamp-Black makes.
White and Lamp-Black makes.
Black and Venetian Red makes.
White and Green makes.
Cast Iron.
Glass.
Copper
Gold
Brass.
Silver.
Antimony.
Purple and White makes.
Light Green and Black makes.
White and Green makes..
White and Emerald Green makes.
Red and Yellow makes.
White and Yellow makes.
··
•
White, Blue and Black makes.
White, Lake and Vermillion makes.
Umber, White and Venetian Red makes.
White, Yellow and Venetian Red makes.
Red, Blue, Black and Red makes.
Yellow, White and a little Venetian Red makes....Buff
•
•
• •
DEGREES OF HEAT AND COLD REQUIRED
TO FREEZE, MELT AND BOIL THE FOL-
LOWING SUBSTANCES.
•
Zinc
Lead..
Bismuth
Degrees of Heat ABOVE ZERO at which the follow-
ing articles Melt.
..
•
•
Tin..
Gutta Percha.
Lard...
Ice..
•
.Pink
Silver Gray
.Lead Color
Chocolate
•
.Bright Green
.French White-
Dark Green.
.Pea Green
Brilliant Green
Orange
Straw Color
Pearl Gray
.Flesh Color
.Drab.
.Cream
.Olive
•
•
•
·
3,500
2,400
2,160
1,983
1,900
1,850
950
780
590
476
420
150
96
35-
284
་་
D
Degrees of Cold ABOVE ZERO at which the following
articles Freeze.
Turpentine (Spirits)
Strong Wine..
Milk.
Water
Blood Heat.
Alcohol.
Water
Petroleum.
Linseed Oil.
Quicksilver
·
•
•
•
·
Degrees of Heat ABOVE ZERO at which the following
articles Boil.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
15
20
29
32
98
175
210
305
600
630
Tables of Weights and Measures.
CUBIC MEASURE.
1,728 cubic inches I cubic foot, 27 cubic feet I cubic yard,
128 cubic feet I cord (wood), 40 cubic feet I ton
(shipping), 2,150.42 cubic inches I standard bushel,
268.8 cubic inches I standard gallon, I cubic foot
four-fifths of a bushel.
SURVEYOR'S MEASURE.
7.92 inches I link, 25 links I rod, 4 rods I chain, 10
square chains or 160 square rods I acre, 640 acres I
square mile.
LONG MEASURE-DISTANCE.
3 barleycorns 1 inch, 12 inches I foot, 3 feet I yard, 5½
yards I rod, 40 rods 1 furlong, 8 furlongs 1 mile.
DRY MEASURE.
2 pints make I quart, 8 quarts make 1 peck, 4 pecks
make I bushel, 36 bushels make I chaldron.
LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE.
4 gills make I pint, 2 pints make I quart, 4 quarts make
I gallon, 31½ gallons make 1 barrel, 2 barrels make
I hogshead,
285
APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.
20 grains make 1 scruple, 3 scruples make I drachm, 8
drachms make 1 ounce, 12 ounces make 1 pound.
TROY WEIGHT.
24 grains make I pennyweight, 20 pennyweight make I
ounce. By this weight, gold, silver and jewels only
are weighed. The ounce and pound in this are
same as in Apothecaries' weight.
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
6 drachms inake 1 ounce, 16 ounces make 1 pound, 25
pounds make I quarter, 4 quarters make 100 weight,
2,000 pounds make 1 ton.
CIRCULAR MEASURE.
60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 1 degree, 30
degrees make 1 sign, 90 degrees make 1 quadrant, 4
quadrants or 360 degrees make 1 circle.
TIME MEASURE.
60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 1 hour, 24
hours make 1 day, 7 days make 1 week, 4 weeks
make i lunar month, 28, 29, 30, or 31 days make 1
calendar month (30 days make 1 month in computing
interest), 52 weeks and 1 day, or 12 calendar months
make 1 year, 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 49
seconds make i solar year.
I
1
SQUARE MEASURE.
144 square inches 1 square foot, 9 square feet I square
yard, 304 square yards I square rod, 40 square rods I
rood, 4 roods 1 acre.
CLOTH MEASURE.
24 inches I nail, 4 nails 1 quarter, 4 quarters I yard.
MISCELLANEOUS.
3 inches I palm, 4 inches 1 hand, 6 inches I span, 18
inches I cubit, 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit, 2½ feet I
military pace.
286
::
Choice Selections for Autograph Albums,
In leisure moments cast a look
Upor. the pages of this book;
When absent friends thy thoughts engage,
Think of the one who fills this page.
Go forth, thou little volume,
I leave thee to thy fate;
To love and friendship truly
Thy leaves I dedicate.
Go, little book, thy destined course pursue,
Collect meinorials of the just and true,
And beg of every friend so near
Some token of remembrance dear.
In this fair garden plants shall grow,
And in their freshness bud and blow-
Plants to which love has beauty lent,
And blossoms sweet of sentiment.
What's the use of always fretting
At the trials we shall find
Ever strewn along our pathway-
Travel on, and never mind.
When the golden sun is setting,
And your mind from care is free,
When of others you are thinking,
Will you sometimes think of me?
I can but add one little pearl
To all the gems about thee scattered;
And say again, sweet, artless girl,
That all the poets have not flattered.
Think not, though distant that thou art,
Thou canst forgotten be;
While memory lives within my heart.
I will remember thee.
May happiness ever be thy lot,
Wherever thou shalt be;
And joy and pleasure light the spo
That may be home to thee,
287
1
POLITICAL INFORMATION.
Result of the Electoral College proceedings by States from 1789 to
and including 1885.
1789, WASHINGTON AND ADAMS-Washington had the vote of
all the states, viz., New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, South
Carolina and Georgia; total 69 votes.
Adams had all of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 5 of the 7
of Connecticut, 1 of the 6 of New Jersey, 8 of the 10 of Pennsyl-
vania, 5 of the 10 of Virginia; total 34.
1793, WASHINGTON AND ADAMS-Washington had the wotes
of all the states, viz.: New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, North
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia; total 132.
Adams carried all these states with the exception of New
York, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina and Georgia; total 77
votes.
1797, ADAMS AND JEFFERSON-Adams had the votes of New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont,
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, 1 of the 15 of Pennsylvania, 1
of the 20 of Virginia, 1 of the 12 of North Carolina, and 7 of the 11
of Maryland; total 71.
Thomas Jefferson had 14 of the 15 votes of Pennsylvania, 4 of
the 11 of Maryland, 20 of the 21 of Virginia, Kentucky, 11 of the
12 of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia and South Carolina
total 68.
1801, JEFFERSon and Burr-Had the votes of the states of
New York, 8 of the 15 of Pennsylvania, 5 of the 10 of Maryland,
Virginia, Kentucky, 8 of the 12 of North Carolina, Tennessee,
South Carolina and Georgia; total 73. House decided Jefferson
President, and Burr Vice-President.
ADAMS AND PINCKNEY-Had the votes of states of New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont,
New Jersey, 7 of the 15 of Pennsylvania, Delaware, 5 of the ΙΟ
Maryland, and 4 of the 12 of North Carolina; total 65.
of
1805, JEFFERSON AND CLINTON-Had the votes of states of
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky and
Ohio; total 162.
PINCKNEY AND KING-Had the votes of states of Connecticut,
Delaware and 2 of the 11 of Maryland; total 14.
1809, Madison and ClinTON-Had the votes of the states of
Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 9 of the 11 of
Maryland, Virginia, 11 of the 14 of North Carolina, South Caro-
lina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio; total 122.
PINCKNEY AND KING-Had the votes of the states of New
York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, 2 of
the 11 of Maryland, and 3 of the 14 of North Carolina: total 47.
1813, MADISON AND GERRY-Carried Vermont, Pennsylvania,
*
288
6 of the 11 of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio and Louisiana; total 128.
CLINTON AND INGERSOLL-Had the votes of the states of New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
York, New Jersey, Delaware and 5 of the II of Maryland; total 89.
1817, MONROE AND TOMPKINS-Had the votes of the states
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro-
lina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana and Indi-
ana; total 183.
KING AND HOWARD-Had the votes of the states of Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut and Delaware; total 34.
1821, MONROE AND TOMPKINS-Had the votes of every state
In the Union; total 231.
ADAMS AND STOCKTON-Adams had 1 vote of the 8 of New
Hampshire, and Stockton 8 of the 15 of Massachusetts.
f
1825, ADAMS AND CALHOUN-Had the votes of the states o
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti-
cut, Vermont, 26 of the 36 of New York, 1 of the 3 of Delaware, 3
of the 11 of Maryland, 2 of the 5 of Louisiana, and 1 of the 3 of
Illinois; total 84 for Adams. Calhoun for Vice-President carried
several states that Adams did not carry, and had a total of 182
votes.
CRAWFORD-Had 5 of the 36 votes of New York, 2 of the 3 of
Delaware, and 1 of the 11 of Maryland, Virginia and Georgia;
total 41.
JACKSON-Had 1 of the 36 votes of New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, 7 of the 11 of Maryland, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee, 3 of the 5 of Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana,
Illinois and Alabama; total 99.
CLAY-Had 4 of the 36 votes of New York, Kentucky, Ohio
and Missouri; total 37.
No choice by the electoral college, it devolving upon House of
Representatives. A choice was reached on first ballot as follows:
Adams-Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine,
Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York,
Ohio, Rhode Island and Vermont; 13 states. Jackson-Alabama,
Indiana, Missouri, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and
Tennessee; 7 states. Crawford-Delaware, Georgia, North Caro-
lina and Virginia; 4 states.
1829-JACKSON and CalhOUN-Had I of the votes of the 9 of
Maine, 20 of the 36 of New York, Pennsylvania, 5 of the 11 of
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Ala-
bama and Missouri; total 178.
ADAMS AND RUSH-Had 8 of the 9 votes of Maine, New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont,
16 of the 36 of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and ó of the 11
of Maryland; total 83.
1833, JACKSON AND VAN BUREN-Had the votes of Maine,
New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 3 of the
8 of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee,
289
Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama and Mis-
souri; total 219.
CLAY AND Sergeant-Had the votes of the states of Massa-
chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, 5 of the 8 of
Maryland, and Kentucky; total 49.
1837, VAN BUREN AND JOHNSON-Had the votes of the states
of Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Louisiana. Missis-
sippi, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas and Michigan; total
170.
HARRISON AND GRANGER-Had the votes of the states of Ver-
mont, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio and
Indiana; total 73.
1841, HARRISON AND TYLER-Had the votes of the states of
Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont,
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary-
land, North Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana and Michigan; total 234.
VAN BUREN-Had the votes of the states of New Hampshire,
Virginia, South Carolina, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri and Arkan-
sas; total 60.
1845, POLK AND DALLAS-Had the votes of the states of
Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, South
Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Ala-
bama, Missouri, Arkansas and Michigan; total 170.
CLAY AND FRELINGHUYSEN-Had the votes of the states of
Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New Jersey, Delaware,
Maryland, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio; total
105.
1849, TAYLOR AND FILLMORE-Had the votes of the states of
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina,
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Florida: total 163.
CASS AND BUTLER-Had the votes of the states of Maine, New
Hampshire, Virginia, South Carolina, Ohio, Mississippi, Indiana,
Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Texas, Iowa
and Wisconsin; total 127.
1853, PIERCE AND KING-Had the votes of the states of Maine,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro-
lina, South Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indi-
ana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Florida,
Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin and California; total 254.
SCOTT AND GRAHAM-Had the votes of the states of Massa-
chusetts, Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee; total 42.
1857, BUCHANAN AND Breckinridge-Had the votes of the
states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Lou-
isiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Ark-
ansas, Florida, Texas and California; total 174.
FREMONT AND DAYTON-Had the votes of the states of Maine,
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut
290
1
Vermont, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa and Wisconsin; total
114.
FILLMORE and DonelSON-Had the votes of the state of
Maryland; total 8.
1861, LINCOLN AND HAMLIN-Had the votes of the states of
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti-
cut, Vermont, New York, 4 of the 7 of New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, California,
Minnesota and Oregon; total 180.
BRECKINRIDGE and LaNE-Had the votes of the states of
Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida and Texas;
total 72.
DOUGLAS AND JOHNSON-Had the votes of the states of Mis-
souri, and 3 of the 7 of New Jersey; total 12.
BELL AND EVERETT-Had the votes of the states of Virginia,
Kentucky and Tennessee; total 39.
1865, LINCOLN AND JOHNSON-Had the votes of the states of
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti-
cut, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Indi-
ana, Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, California,
Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia and Nebraska; total
212.
MCCLELLAN AND PENDLETON-Had the votes of the states of
New Jersey, Delaware and Kentucky; total 21.
Eleven states did not vote, viz.: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.
1869, Grant AND COLFAX-Had the votes of the states of
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ala-
bama, Ohio, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas,
Michigan, Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota,
Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada and Nebraska; total 214.
SEYMOUR AND BLAIR-Had the votes of the states of New
York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, Louisiana,
Kentucky and Oregon; total 80.
Three states did not vote, viz.: Mississippi, Texas and Vir-
ginia.
1873, Grant AND WILSON-Had the votes of the states of
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Ohio, Indi-
ana, Illinois, Mississippi, Michigan, Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin,
California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nebraska
and Nevada; total 286.
GREELEY AND BROWN-Had the votes of the states of Mary-
land, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri and Texas;
total 63.
Three electoral votes of Georgia cast for Greeley, and the
votes of Arkansas, 6, and Louisiana, 8, cast for Grant, were re
jected.
1877, Hayes and Wheeler-Had the votes of the states of
291
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Illinois, Michigan,
Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas,
Nevada, Nebraska and Colorado; total 185.
TILDEN AND HENDRICKS-Had votes of Connecticut, New York,
New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina,
Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Missouri,
Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas and West Virginia; total 184.
1881. GARFIELD AND ARTHUR-Had votes of Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa,
Wisconsin, 1 of the 6 of California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas,
Nebraska and Colorado; total 214.
HANCOCK AND ENGLISH-Had votes of New Jersey, Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
Alabama, Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas,
Mississippi, Florida, Texas, 5 of the 6 of California, West Virginia
and Nebraska; total 155.
1884. CLEVELAND AND HENDRICKS-Had votes of Alabama,
Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Ken-
tucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey,
New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
Virginia, West Virginia; total 203.
BLAINE AND LOGAN-Had votes of California, Colorado, Illinois,
Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,
Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin; total 166.
1888. HARRISON AND MORTON-Had votes of California, Colo-
rado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New
York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wis-
consin; total 233.
CLEVELAND AND THURMAN-Had votes of Alabama, Arkansas,
Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, W. Va.; total 168.
VOTE BY STATES.
ALABAMA-1824, Dem. maj. 5,280; 1828, Dem. maj. 15,200; 1836,
Dem. maj. 3,431; 1840, Dem. maj. 5,520; 1844, Dem. maj. 11,656;
1848, Dem. maj. 881; 1852, Dem. maj. 11,843: 1856, Dem. maj.
18,187; 1860, Dem. maj, 7,355; 1868, Rep. maj. 4,278; 1872, Rep.
maj. 10,828; 1876, Dem. maj. 33,772; 1880, Dem. maj. 29,867; 1884,
Dem. plur. 33,529; 1888, Dem. plur. 60,113.
ARKANSAS-1836, Dem. maj. 1,162; 1840, Dem. maj. 889; 1844,
Dem. maj. 4,042; 1848, Dem. maj. 1,712; 1852, Dem. maj. 4,769;
1856, Dem. maj. 11,123: 1860, Dem. maj. 3,411: 1868, Rep. maj.
3.934: 1872, Rep. maj. 3,446; 1876, Dem. maj. 19,113; 1880, Dem.
maj. 14,749; 1884, Dem. plur. 22,208; 1888, Dem. plur. 27,210.
CALIFORNIA-1852, Dem. maj. 5,119: 1856, Dem. plur. 17,200:
1870, Rep. plur. 657: 1864, Rep. maj. 18,293; 1868, Rep. maj. 506;
1872, Rep. maj. 12,234; 1876, Rep. maj. 2,738; 1880, Dem. plur.
78; 1884, Rep. plur. 13,128; 1888, Rep. plur. 7,080.
▾
1
1
292
COLORADO-1880, Rep maj. 1,368; 1884, Rep maj. 8,567; 1888,
Rep plur. 13,224.
CONNECTICUT-1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority
5,609; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 9,381: 1832,
Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 6,486; 1836, Dem. majority
768; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 6,131: 1844, Whig (Rep.) major-
lty 1,048; 1848, Whig (Rep.) plurality 3,268; 1852, Dem. plurality
2,892; 1856, Rep. majority 5,105; 1860, Rep. majority 10,238; 1864,
Rep. majority 2,406; 1868, Rep. majority 3,043; 1872, Rep. major-
ity 4,348; 1876, Dem majority 1,712; 1880, Rep. majority 1,788;
1884, Dem plurality 1,274; 1888, Dem plurality 336.
DELAWARE-1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 420;
1832, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 166; 1836, Whig (Rep.)
majority 583; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 1,083; 1844, Whig (Rep.)
majority 282; 1848, Whig (Rep.) majority 443; 1852, Dem, plural-
ity 25; 1856, Dem. majority 1,521; 1860, Dem. plurality 3,483;
1864, Dem. majority 612; 1868, Dem. majority 3,357: 1872, Rep.
majority 422; 1876, Dem. majority 2,629; 1880, Dem. majority
1,023; 1884, Dem plurality 423: 1888, Dem plurality 3,441.
FLORIDA-1848, Whig (Rep.) majority 1,269; 1852, Dem.
majority 1,443: 1856, Dem majority 1,525; 1860, Dem. majority
3.739; 1872, Rep. majority 2,336; 1876, Rep. majority 926; 188,
De maj. 4.310; 1884. Dem plur. 3.738; 1888. Dem plur. 12.002.
GEORGIA-1836, Whig (Rep.) majority 2,804; 1840, Whig
(Rep.) majority 8,328; 1844, Dem majority 2,071; 1848, Whig
(Rep) majority 2,742: 1852, Dem majority 18,045; 1856, Dem
majority 14,350: 1860, Dem plurality 9,003: 1868, Dem majority
45,588; 1872, Dem maj. 9,806; 1876, Dem maj. 79,642; 1880, Dem
maj. 4,199; 1884, Dem plur. 46,961; 1888, Dem plur. 60,020.
ILLINOIS-1824, Dem plurality 359: 1828, Dem majority 5.182;
1832, Dem majority 8,718; 1836, Dem majority 3,114; 1849, Dem
majority 1,790; 1844, Dem majority 8,822; 1848, Dem plurality
3,253; 1852, Dem majority 5,697; 1856, Dem plurality 9,159: 1860,
Rep majority 5.629; 1864, Rep majority 39,766; 1868, Rep major-
ity 51,160: 1872, Rep majority 53.948: 1876, Rep majority 1,971;
1880, R. maj. 14.358; 1884, R. plur. 25, 122; 1888, R. plur. 22,042.
INDIANA-1824, Dem plurality 2,028: 1828, Dem majority
5,185; 1832, Dem majority 16,080; 1836, Whig (Rep) majority
8,801; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 13,607; 1844, Dem majority
208; 1848, Dem plurality 4,838; 1852, Dem majority_7,510; 1856,
Dem majority 1,909; 1860, Rep majority 5,923: 1864, Rep majority
20, 189; 1868, Rep majority 9,568; 1872, Rep majority 21,098; 1876,
Dem plurality 5,515; 1880, Rep plurality 6,641; 1884, Dem plural-
ity 6,527; 1888, Rep plurality 2,348.
Iowa-1848, Dem plurality 1,009; 1852, Dem majority 303;
1856, Rep plurality 7,784: 1860, Rep majority 12,487; 1864, Rep
majority 39,479; 1868, Rep majority 46.359; 1872, Rep majority
58,149; 1876, Rep majority 50,191; 1880, Rep majority 45,72
1884, Rep plurality 19.796; 1888, Rep plurality 31.721.
KANSAS-1964, Rep majority 12,750; 1868. Rep majority
293
17,058; 1872, Rep. maj. 33,482; 1876, Rep. maj. 32,511; 1880, Rep.
maj. 42,021; 1884, Rep. plur. 64,274; 1888, Rep. plur. 79,961.
Kentucky-1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority
10,329; 1828, Dem majority 7,912; 1832, Loose Constructionist
(Rep) majority 7,149; 1836, Whig (Rep) majority 5,520; 1840,
Whig (Rep) majority 25,873; 1844, Whig (Rep) majority 9,267;
1848, Whig (Rep) majority 17,421; 1852, Whig (Rep) majority
2,997; 1856; Dem majority 6,912; 1860, Constitutional Union
plurality 12,915; 1864, Dem majority 36,515; 1868, Dem majority
76,324; 1872, Dem maj. 8,855; 1876, Dem maj. 59,772; 1880, Dem
maj. 31,951; 1884, Dem plur. 34,839; 1888, Dem plur. 38,666.
LOUISIANA-1828, Dem. majority 508; 1832, Dem. majority
1,521; 1836, Dem. majority 270; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 3,680;
1844, Dem. majority 699; 1848, Whig (Rep.) majority 2,847; 1852,
Dem. majority 1,392; 1856, Dem. majority 1,455; 1860, Dem.
plurality 2,477; 1868, Dem. majority 46,962; 1872, Rep. majority
14,634; 1876, Rep. majority 4,499; 1880, Dem. majority 33,419;
1884, Dem plur. 16,250; 1888, Dem plur. 54,760.
MAINE-1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep./ majority 4.540:
1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 6,848: 1840, Whig
(Rep.) majority 217: 1844, Dem. majority 6,505; 1848, Dem. plu-
rality 4,755; 1852, Dem. majority 1,036; 1856, Rep. majority 24.974;
1860, Rep. majority 27,704; 1864, Rep. majority 17.592; 1868,
Rep. majority 28,033; 1872, Rep. majority 32,355: 1876. Rep. ma-
jority 15,814 1880, Rep. majority 4,460; 1884, Rep. plurality
20,069: 1888, Rep plur. 23,252.
MARYLAND 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) plurality 109;
1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 1,181; 1832, Loose
Constructionist (Rep.) majority 4; 1836, Whig (Rep. majority
3,685; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 4.776; 1844, Whig (Rep.) ma-
jority 3,308; 1848, Whig (Rep.) majority 3,049; 1852, Dem. major-
ity 4,900; 1856, Know-Nothing majority 8,064; 1860, Dem. plurality
722; 1864, Rep. majority 7,414: 1868, Dem. majority 31.010: 1872,
Dem. majority 908; 1876, Dem. majority 19,756; 1880, Dem. ma-
jority 15,191; 1884, Dem plur. 11,305; 1888, Dem. plur. 6,182.
MASSACHUSETTS-1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep. majority
24,071; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 22,817: 1832,
Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 18.458; 1836, Whig (Rep.)
majority 7,592; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 19.305; 1844, Whig
(Rep.) majority 2,712; 1848, Whig (Rep.) plurality 23 014; 1852,
Whig (Rep.) plurality 8,114: 1856, Rep. majority 9.324: 1860,
Rep. majority 43,981: 1864, Rep. majority 77.997; 1858, Rep. ma-
jority 77,069: 1872, Rep. majority 74,212; 1876, Rep. majority
40,423; 1880, Rep maj. 49,097; 1984, Rep plur. 24.372; 1888, Rep
plur., 31,457.
MICHIGAN 1836, Dem. majority 3,360: 1840, Whig (Rep.)
majority 1,514; 1844, Dem. plurality 3,423; 1848, Dem. plurality
6,747; 1852, Dem. majority 746; 1856, Rep. majority 17,966;
1860, Rep. majority 22,213: 1864, Rep. majority 16,017: 1868,
Rep majority 31,481; 1872, Rep. majority 55,968; 1876, Rep.
——
*
~3
?
...
す
​294
majority 15,542; 1880, Rep. majority 19,095; 1884, Rep. plurality
3,308; 1888, Rep plurality 22,903;
MINNESOTA-1860, Rep. majority 9,339: 1864, Rep. majority
7,685; 1868, Rep. majority 15,470; 1872, Rep. majority 20,694;
1876, Rep. majority 21,780; 1880, Rep. majority 40,588; 1884, Rep.
plurality 38,738; 1888, Rep plurality 36,695.
MISSISSIPPI-1824, Dem. majority 1,421; 1828, Dem. major-
ity 5,182: 1832, Dem majority 5,919; 1836, Dem majority 291; 1840,
Whig (Rep) majority 2,523; 1844, Dem majority 5,920; 1848, Dem
majority 615; 1852, Dem majority 9,328; 1856, Dem majority
11,251; 1860, Dem majority 12,474: 1872, Rep majority 34,887;
1876, Dem majority 59,568; 1880, Dem majority 35,099; 1884, Dem
plurality 33,001; 1888, Dem plurality 55,375.
MISSOURI-1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 103:
1828, Dem majority 4,810; 1832, Dem majority 5,192; 1836, Dem
majority 2,658; 1840, Dem majority 6,788; 1844, Dem majority
10,118; 1848, Dem majority 7,406; 1852, Dem majority 8,369; 1856,
Dem majority 9,640; 1860, Dem plurality 429; 1864, Rep majority
41,072; 1868, Rep majority 21,232; 1872, Dem majority 29,809:
1876, Dem majority 54,389: 1880, Dem majority 19,997; 1884, Dem
plurality 33,059; 1888, Dem plurality 25,701.
NEBRASKA-1868, Rep majority 4,290; 1872, Rep majority
10,517; 1876, Rep majority 10,326; 1880, Rep majority 22,603:
1884, Rep plurality 22,512; 1888, Rep plurality 27,873.
NEVADA-1864, Rep majority 3,232: 1868, Rep majority 1,262;
1882, Rep majority 2,177; 1876, Rep majority 1,075; 1880, Dem
majority 879; 1884, Rep plurality 1,615; 1888, Rep plurality 1,939.
NEW HAMPSHIRE-1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority
3,464: 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 3,384; 1832,
Dem majority 6,476; 1836, Dem plurality 12,494; 1840, Dem ma-
jority 6,386; 1844, Dem majority 5,133: 1848, Dem majority 5,422;
1852, Dem majority 7,155; 1856, Rep majority 5,134; 1860, Rep
majority 9,085; 1864, Rep majority 3.529; 1868, Rep majority
6,967; 1872, Rep majority 5,444: 1876, Rep majority 2,954; 1880,
Rep maj. 3,530; 1884, Rep plur. 4,059; 1888, Rep plur. 2,370.
NEW JERSEY-1824, Dem majority 679; 1820, Loose Construc-
tionist (Rep) majority 1,808; 1832, Dem majority 463; 1836, Whig
(Rep) majority 545: 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 2,248; 1844, Whig
(Rep) majority 692; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 2,285; 1852, Dem
majority 5,399; 1856, Dem plurality 18,605; 1860, Dem majority
4,477: 1864, Dem majority 7,301; 1868, Dem majority 2,870; 1872,
Rep majority 14,570; 1876, Dem majority 11,690; 1880, Dem plu-
rality 2,010; 1884, Dem plurality 4,412; 1888, Dem plurality 7,149.
NEW YORK-1828, Dem majority 4,350: 1832, Dem majority
13,601; 1836, Dem majority 28,272; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority
10,500; 1844, Dem plurality 5,106; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority
98,093: 1852, Dem majority 1,872; 1856, Rep plurality 80,129;
1860, Rep majority 50,136; 1864, Rep majority 6,749: 1868, Dem
majority 10,000; 1872, Rep majority 51,800; 1876, Dem majority
26,568; 1880, Rep majority 8,660; 1884, Dem plurality 1,148; 1888,
Rep plurality 14,379.
NORTH CAROLINA-1824, Dem majority 4,794: 1828, Dem
majority 23,939: 1832, Dem majority 20,299; 1836, Dem majority
295
3,284: 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 12,158; 1844, Whig (Rep
majority 3,945; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 8,681: 1852, Dem
majority 627: 1856, Dem majority 11,360; 1860, Dem majority
648; 1868, Rep. majority 12,168; 1872, Rep majority 24,675; 1876,
Dem majority 17,010; 1880, Dem. majority 8,326; 1884, Dem
plurality 17,884; 1888, Dem plurality 13,118.
OHIO-1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) plurality 798; 1828,
Dem majority 4,201; 1832, Dem majority 4,707; 1836, Whig (Rep)
majority 8,457; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 22,472: 1844, Whig
(Rep) plurality 5,940; 1848, Dem plurality 16,415; 1852, Dem
plurality 16,694; 1856, Rep plurality 16,623; 1860, Rep majority
20,779: 1864, Rep majority 59,586; 1868, Rep majority 41,617;
1872, Rep majority 34,268; 1876, Rep majority 2,747: 1880, Rep
majority 27,771; 1884, Rep plur., 31,802; 1888, Rep plur. 19,599.
OREGON 1860, Rep plurality 1,318; 1864, Rep majority 1,431;
1868, Dem majority 164; 1872, Rep majority 3,517: 1876, Rep
majority 547; 1880, Rep majority 422; 1884, Rep plurality 2,256.
1888, Rep plurality 6,769.
PENNSYLVANIA-1824, Dem majority 24,845: 1828, Dem
majority 50,804; 1832, Dem majority 34,267: 1836, Dem majority
4,364; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 2; 1844, Dem. majority 3,194;
1848, Whig (Rep) majority 3,074: 1852, Dem majority 10,869;
1856, Dem majority 1,025; 1860, Rep majority 59,618; 1864, Rep
majority 20,075; 1868, Rep majority 28,898; 1872, Rep majority
135,918; 1876, Rep majority 9,375: 1880, Rep majority 16,608;
1884, Rep plurality 81,019: 1888, Rep plurality 79,458.
M
RHODE ISLAND-1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority
1,945; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 1,933; 1832,
Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 684: 1836, Dem majority
254; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 1,935: 1844, Whig (Rep) majority
2,348; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 2,403; 1852, Dem majority 465;
1856, Rep majority 3,112; 1860, Rep majority 4,537: 1864, Rep.
majority 5,222; 1868, Rep majority 6,445: 1872, Rep majority
8,336; 1876, Rep majority 4,947; 1880, Rep majority 7,180; 1884,
Rep plurality 6,639; 1888, Rep plurality 4,427.
SOUTH CAROLINA-1868, Rep majority 17,064; 1872, Rep ma-
jority 49,400; 1876, Rep majority 964; 1880, Dem majority
54,241; 1884, Dem plurality 48,112; 1888, Dem plurality 52,085.
Tennessee-1824, Dem majority 19,669; 1828, Dem majority
41,850; 1832, Dem majority 27,304: 1836, Whig (Rep) majority
9,842; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 12,102; 1844, Whig (Rep)_ma-
jority 113: 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 6,286; 1852, Whig (Rep)
majority 1,880; 1856, Dem majority 7,460; 1860, Constitutional
Union plurality 4,565; 1868, Rep majority 30.499: 1882, Dem
majority 8,736; 1876, Dem majority 43,600; 1880, Dem majority
14,598; 1884, Dem plurality 8,275: 1888, Dem plurality 18,798.
TEXAS-1848, Dem majority 6,150; 1852, Dem majority 8,557;
1856, Dem majority 15,530; 1860, Dem majority 32,110; 1872,
Dem majority 16,595; 1876, Dem majority 59,955; 1880, Dem ma-
jority 70,878; 1884, Dem plur. 132,168; 1888, Dem plur. 146,603.
..
1
V
296
+
:
Vermont-1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 16,579;
1832, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 3,282; 1836, Whig
(Kep) majority 6,954; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 14,117; 1844,
Whig (Rep) majority 4,775; 1848, Whig (Rep) plurality 9,285; 1852,
Whig (Rep) majority 508; 1856, Rep majority 28,447; 1860, Rep
majority 24,772; 1864, Rep majority 29,098; 1868, Rep majority
32, 122; 1872, Rep. inaj. 29,961; 1876, Rep maj. 23,838; 1880,
Rep maj. 26,036; 1884, Rep plur. 22, 183; 1888, Rep plur. 28,404.
VIRGINIA-1824, Dem majority 2,023; 1828, Dem majority
14,651; 1832, Dem majority 22,158; 1836, Dem majority 6,893;
1840, Dem majority 1,392; 1844, Dem majority 5.893; 1848, Dem
majority 1,453: 1852, Dem majority 15,286; 1856, Dem majority
29,105; 1860, Constitutional Union plurality 358; 1872, Rep majori-
ty 1,772; 1876, Dem majority 44,112; 1880, Regular Dem ma-
jority 12,810; Dem plur. 6,315; 1888, Dem plur. 1,539.
WEST VIRGINIA-1864, Rep majority 12,714; 1868, Rep ma-
jority 8,869; 1872, Rep majority 2,264; 1876, Dem majority 12,384;
1880, Dem maj. 2,069; 1884, Dem plur. 4,221; 1888, Dem plur. 839.
WISCONSIN 1848, Dem plurality 1,254: 1852, Dem majority
2.604; 1856, Rep majority 12,668; 1860, Rep majority 20,040; 1864,
Rep majority 17,574; 1868, Rep majority 24,150; 1872, Rep ma-
jority 17,686: 1876, Rep majority 5,205; 1880, Rep majority 21,783;
1884, Rep plur. 14.693: 1888, Rep plur. 21,271.
-
POPULAR VOTE.
OPULA
For Presidential candidates from 1824 to and including 1885.
Prior to 1824 electors were chosen by the legislatures of the differ-
ent states.
1824, J. Q. ADAMS-Had 105,321 to 155.872 for Jackson,
44,282 for Crawford, and 46,587 for Clay. Jackson over Adams,
50,551. Adams less than combined vote of others, 140,869. Of the
whole vote Adams had 29.92 per cent., Jackson 44.27. Clay 1373,
Crawford 13.23.
Adams elected by House of Representatives.
1828, JACKSON-Had 647,231 to 509,097 for Adams. Jackson's
majority, 138, 134.
Of the whole vote Jackson had 55.97 per cent.,
Adams 44.03.
1832, JACKSON-Had 687,502 to 530.189 for Clay, and 33,108
for Floyd and Wirt combined. Jackson's majority, 124,205. Of
the whole vote Jackson had 54.96 per cent., Clay 42.39, and the
others combined 2.65.
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
1836, VAN BUREN-Had 761,549 to 736,656, the combined vote
for Harrison, White, Webster and Maguin. Van Buren's majority,
24,893. Of the whole vote Van Buren had 50.83 per cent., and the
others combined 49.17.
1840, HARRISON Had 1,275,017 to 1,128,702 for Van Buren,
and 7,059 for Birney, Harrison's majority, 139,256. Of the
whole vote Harrison had 52.89 per cent., Van Buren 46.82, and
Birney .29.
297
[
1844, POLK-Had 1,337,243 to 1,299,068 for Clay, and 62,300
for Birney. Polk over Clay, 38,175. Polk less than others com-
bined, 24,125.
Of the whole vote Polk had 49.55 per cent., Clay
48.14, and Birney 2.21.
1848, TAYLOR- Had 1,360,101 to 1,220,544 for Cass, and
291,263 for Van Buren. Taylor over Cass, 139,557. Taylor less
than others combined, 151,706. Of the whole vote Taylor had
47.36 per cent., Cass 42.50, and Van Buren 10.14.
1852, PIERCE-Had 1,601,474 to 1,386,578 for Scott, and 156,149
for Hale. Pierce over all, 58,747. Of the whole vote Pierce had
50.90 per cent., Scott 44.10, and Hale 4.97.
1856, BUCHANAN Had 1,838,169 to 1,341,264 for Fremont,
and 874,534 for Fillmore. Buchanan over Fremont 496,905.
Buchanan less than combined vote of others, 377,629. Of the
whole vote Buchanan had 45.34 per cent., Fremont 33.09, and Fill-
more 21.57.
1860, LINCOLN -Had 1,866,352 to 1,375, 157 for Douglas, 845,763
for Breckinridge, and 589,581 for Bell. Lincoln over Breckinridge,
491,195. Lincoln less than Douglas and Breckinridge combined,
354,568. Lincoln less than combined vote of all others, 944,149.
Of the whole vote Lincoln had 39.91 per cent., Douglas 29.40,
Breckinridge 18.08, and Bell 12.61.
1364, LINCOLN-Had 2,216,067 to 1,808,725 for McClellan,
(Eleven states not voting, viz.: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.) Lincoln's majority, 498,342.
Of the whole vote Lincoln had 55.06 per cent., and McClellan
44.94.
1868, Grant-Had 3,015,071 to 2,709,613 for Seymour. (Three
states not voting, viz.: Mississippi, Texas and Virginia.) Grant's
majority, 305,458. Of the whole vote Grant had 52.67 per cent,
and McClellan 47.33.
1872, GRANT-Had 3.597.070 to 2,834,079 for Greeley, 29,408
for O'Connor, and 5,608 for Black. Grant's majority, 729,975. Of
the whole vote Grant had 55.53 per cent., Greeley 43.83, O'Connor
.15, Black .09.
1876, HAVES --Had 4,033,950 to 4,284,885 for Tilden, 81,740
for Cooper, 9,522 for Smith, and 2,636 scattering. Tilden's majority
over Hayes, 950,935. Tilden's majority of the entire vote cast,
157,037. Hayes less than the combined vote of others, 344,833.
Of the whole vo cast Hayes had 47.95 per cent., Tilden 50.94 per
cent., Cooper .97 Per cent., Smith .11 per cent., scattering .03.
1880, GARFIELP Had 4,449,053 to 4,442,035 for Hancock,
307,306 for Weaver, and 12,576 scattering. Garfield over Han-
cock, 7,018. Garfield less than the combined vote for others,
313,864. Of the popular vote Garfield had 48.26 per cent., Han-
cock 48.25, Weaver 3.33, scattering .13.
A
1884, CLEVELAND -Had 4,913,248 to 4,848,150 for Blaine,
151,062 for St. John, 133,728 for Butler. Cleveland over Blaine,
65,098. Cleveland less than entire vote of opponents, 219,712.
298
1888.-Harrison had 5,430,607 to 5,538,045 for Cleveland,
257,243 to Fisk, and 114,623 to the Labor issue. Cleveland over
Harrison, 107,438. Harrison less than entire vote of opponents,
479,604.
SUMMARY - Of the Presidents, Adams, Federalist; Polk,
Democrat; Taylor, Whig; Buchanan, Democrat; Lincoln, Re-
publican; Garfield, Republican, and Cleveland, Democrat, did
not, when elected, receive a majority of the popular vote. The
highest percentage of popular vote received by any President was
55.97 for Jackson, Democrat, in 1828, and the lowest 39.91 for
Lincoln, Republican, in 1860; Hayes, Republican, next lowest,
with 47.95. Hayes, with the exception of John Quincy Adams,
who was chosen by House of Representatives, was the only Presi-
dent ever elected who did not have a majority over his principal
competitor, and Tilden the only defeated candidate who had a
majority over the President-elect, and a majority of all the votes
cast.
WHAT A HORSE CAN DRAW-On metal rails a horse can draw:
One and two-thirds times as much as on asphalt pavement.
Three and one-third times as much as on good Belgian blocks.
Five times as much as on ordinary Belgian blocks.
Seven times as much as on good cobble-stone.
Thirteen times as much as on ordinary cobble-stone.
Twenty times as much as on an earth road.
Forty times as much as on sand.
A modern compilation of engineering maxims states that a horse
can drag, as compared with what he can carry on his back, in the
following proportions: On the worst earthen road, three times
more; on a good macadamized road, nine; on plank, twenty-five;
on a stone trackway, thirty-three, and on a good railway, fifty-four
times as much.
Excessive HEAT IN THE PAST.-In 1303.and 1304 the Rhine,
Loire, and Seine ran dry. The heat in several French provinces
during the summer of 1705 was equal to that of a glass furnace.
Not a
Meat could be cooked by merely exposing it to the sun.
In 1718 many
soul dare venture out between noon and 4 p. m.
shops had to close. The theaters never opened their doors for
In
three months. Not a drop of water fell during six months.
1773 the thermometer rose to 118 degrees. In 1778 the heat of
Bologna was so great that a great number of people were stifled.
There was not sufficient air for the breath, and people had to take
refuge under the ground. In July, 1793, the heat again became
intolerable, Vegetables were burned up, and fruit dried on the
trees. The furniture and wood-work in dwelling-houses cracked
and split up; meat went bad in an hour.
299
LIST OF APPROPRIATIONS BY CONGRESS, 1875-1888.
The following have been the annual appropriations made by the United States Congress for the expenses
of the Government for each fiscal year ending June 30, from 1875 to 1888, inclusive:
Deficiencies
Legislative, Exec-
utive & Judicial 29,758,255
Sundry Civil.
Support of the
....
26,924,747
Army
Naval Service.
Indian Service
Rivers & Harbors
Forts and Fortifi-
cations
Military Academy
Post-Office Dept.
Pensions
Consular & Dip-
lomatic.
Agricult'l D'pt.
Dis. of Col'mbiat
Miscellaneous
Totals.
•
簧
​1875.
1876.
1878.
1879.
| |
$4,053,812 $ 2,387,372 $ 834,696 $2,547,186 $15,213,259 $ 4,633,824
16,038,699 16,057,021
29,459,853
15,895,065
27,788,500
20,813,947
5,538,275
$,228,000
904,000
339,835
7,175,542
29,980,000
3,404,804
►
27,933,830
17,001,307
5,425,627
6,648,518
1877.
27,621,868
12,741,791
4,567,018
5,015,000
850,000
315,000
364,740
8,376,205
290,065
5,927,498
30,000,000
29,533,500
1,374,985 1,188,797
2,103,041
155,017,758 | 147,714,941
1,853,805 4,134,692
124,122,011
$6,118,085
19,724,869
15,756,774 15,868,694 16,136,230 16,532,009
17,079,256 24,968,590
22,503,508
None.
51,279,679 26,797,300
13,589,933 14,153,432 14,028,469
4,827,666
4,734,876 4,713,479
None.
8,322,700
9,577,495
275,000
286,604
275,000
292,804
2,939,725 4,222,275
28,533,000
29,371,574
1,146,748
1,087,535
1880.
•
D
275,000
319,547
5,872,376
56,233,200
1,097,735
1881.
• ❤
1,180,335
253,300.
3,425,247
1,425,092
2,226,390
2,995,124
4,959,332
88,356,983 | 172,016,809 | 162,404,648 155,830,841
20,425,800
14,405,798
4,657,263
8,976,500
550,000
316,234
3,883,420
41,644,000


300
•
Deficiencies
Legislative, Exec-
utive & Judicial 17,797,398
Sundry Civil...
Support of the
...
Army
Naval Service.
Indian Service.
Rivers & Harbors
Forts and Fortifi-|
cations
••
Military Acad'my
Post-Office Dept.
·
Pensions
Consular & Dip-
lomatic
Agricult'l Dept.
Dis. of Col'mbiał
Miscellaneous
Totals.
LIST OF APPROPRIATIONS BY CONGRESS
*
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1887.
$5,110,862 $9,853,869 $ 2,832,680 $4,385,836 $3,332,717 $13,572,882 $ 137,000
29,322,908
20,763,843 21,556,902 21,495,661 20,809,781
20,772,720
22,369,840
22,011,223 25,425,479
23,713,404 22,346,750
25,961,904 22,650,658
26,687,800
14,566,038
27,032,099
14,903,559
4,587,869 5,219,604
11,451,300
18.988,875
575,000
322,435
1,152,258
68,282,307
375,000
335,557
1,902,178
116,000,000
24,681,250
15,954,247
5,388,656
None.
670,000
318,657
Indefinite.
86,575,000
1,256,655 1,296,255
405,640
|
24,454,450
8,931,856
5,933,151
14,940,300
700,000
314,563
Indefinite.
20,810,000
1,191,435
335,500 427,280
3.379,571 3,496,050
1,128,006 |
1,225,140
480,190
3,594,256
7,800,004
3,505,495
5.888,994
1,806,439
179,579,000 | 251,428.117 187,911,566 137,451,398
CONTINUED.
1886.
24,014,052 23,753,057
21,280,767
16,489,556
5,561,262
5,773,329
None.
14,464,900
735,000
309,902
Indefinite.
60,000,000
59,876
297,805
Indefinite.
76,075,200
•
1,242,925
580,790
3,622,683
2,268,383
170,608,114 209,659,382
1,364,065
654.715
3,721,050
10, 184,570
1888.
23,724,718
25,786,847
5,234,397
419,936
Indefinite.
83,152.500
1,429,942
1,028,730
4,284,590
4,694,635
193,035,861
*Previous to 1881 appropriations for the agricultural department were included in the legislative, executive
and judicial appropriations. + Previous to 1881 appropriations for the District of Columbia were included in
the sundry civil expenses appropriations.



301
Rate of Annual Income on Investments,
PAR VALUE BEING $100, BEARING INTEREST AT

Price Paid.
$50
A53852
73
80
82%
85
871½
8998888;
92/½
96
97%
99
100
ΤΟΥ
102
103
104
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
160
Five Six
Ten
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
Seven Eight
10.00
9.09
8.33
7.69
7.14
6.66
6.25
6.06
5.88
5.71
5.55
5.40
5.26
5.20
5.15
5.12
5.10
5.05
5.00
4.95
4.90
4.85
4.80
4.76
4.54
4.34
4.16
4.00
3.84
3.70
3.57
3.44
3.33
3.20
12.00
10.90
10.00
9.23
8.57
8.00
C
7.50
7.27
7.05
6.85
6.66
6.48
6.31
6.25
6.18
6.15
6.12
6.06
6.00
5.94
5.88
5.82
5.76
5.71
5.45
5.21
5.00
4.90
4.61
4.44
4.28
4.13
4.00
3.75
14.00
12.72
11.66
10.76
10.00
9.33
8.75
8.48
8.23
8.00
7.77
7.56
7.36
7.29
7.21
7.17
7.14
7.07
7.00
6.93
6.86
6.79
6.73
6.66
6.36
6.08
5.83
5.60
5.38
5.18
5.00
4.82
4.66
4.40
16.00
14.55
13.33
12.30
II.42
10.66
10.00
9.69
9.41
9.14
8.88
8.64
8.42
8.33
8.24
8.20
8.16
8.08
8.00
7.92
7.84
7.76
7.69
7.61
7.27
6.95
6.66
6.40
6.15
5.92
5.71
5.51
5.33
5.00
20.00
18.18
16.66
15.38
14.28
13.35
12.50
II. 12
11.76
II.42
II. II
10.80
10.52
10.41
10.30
10.25
10.20
10.10
10.00
9.90
9.80
9.70
9.61
9.52
9.09
8.69
8.33
8.00
7.69
7.40
7.14
6.39
6.66
6.40
Greatest Tunnels in the World.
Mount St. Gothard, 49, 170 feet long (the longest in the world);
Mount Cenis, 40, 620 feet long: Hoosac, 23,700 feet long; Thames,
1,680 feet long: Harecastle, 8,778 feet long; Kilsby, 6,210 feet long:
Baltimore, 32,400 feet long.
PLAYING-CARDS.
In 1882 there were manufactured, in
Germany Von 4,500,000 packs of playing-cards.
~
302
NATURALIZATION LAWS OF THE UNITED
STATES.
The conditions under and the manner in which an
alien may be admitted to become a citizen of the United
States are prescribed by Sections 2165-74 of the Revised
Statutes of the United States.
DECLARATION OF INTENTION.
The alien must declare upon oath, before a circuit or
district court of the United States, or a district or
upreme court of the Territories, or a court of record of
any of the States having common law jurisdiction, and a
seal and clerk, two years at least prior to his admission,
that it is, bona fide, his intention to become a citizen of
the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance
and fidelity to any foreign prince or State, and particu-
larly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen
or subject.
OATH ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION.
He must, at the time of his application to be admitted,
declare on oath, before some one of the courts above
specified, "that he will support the Constitution of the
United States, and that he absolutely and entirely
renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every
foreign prince, potentate, State or sovereignty, and par-
ticularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, State or
Sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject,'
which proceedings must be recorded by the clerk of the
court.
CONDITIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP.
If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court to-
which the alien has applied that he has resided continu-
busly within the United States for at least five years, and
within the State or Territory where such court is at the
ime held one year at least; and that during that time
'he has behaved as a man of good moral character,
ttached to the principles of the Constitution of the United
States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness
of the same," he will be admitted to citizenship.
TITLES OF NOBILITY.
If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order
303
of nobility, he must make an express renunciation of the
same at the time of his application.
SOLDIERS.
Any alien of the age of twenty-one years and upward,
who has been in the armies of the United States and has
been honorably discharged therefrom, may become a
citizen on his petition, without any previous declaration
of intention, provided that he has resided in the United
States at least one year previous to his application, and is
of good moral character.
MINORS.
Any alien under the age of twenty-one years who has
resided in the United States three years next preceding
his arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside
therein to the time he may make application to be admit-
ted a citizen thereof, may. after he arrives at the age of
twenty-one years, and after he has resided five years
within the United States, including the three years of his
minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a
declaration on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the.
court that for two years next preceding it has been his
bona-fide intention to become a citizen.
CHILDREN OF NATURALIZED CITIZENS.
The children of persons who have been duly natural-
ized, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time
of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling
in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof.
CITIZENS' CHILDREN WHO ARE BORN ABROAD.
The children of persons who now are or have been
citizens of the United States are, though born out of the
limits and jurisdiction of the United States, considered as
citizens thereof.
PROTECTION ABROAD TO NATURALIZED CITIZENS.
Section 2000 of the Revised Statutes of the United
States declares that "all naturalized citizens of the United
States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall
receive from this Government the same protection of
persons and property which is accorded to native-born
citizens."
WO
304
PRINCIPAL OF THE PUBLIC DEBT.
Statement of Outstanding Principal of the Public Debt of the United States on January 1 of each year
from 1791 to 1842, inclusive, and on July 1 of each year from 1843 to 1885, inclusive.
Jan. 1.
1791. .$
1792.
1793.
1794
1795
1796.
1797
1798.
1803.
1804.
•
1799.
1800..
1805.
1806.
••
·
1801...
1802...
1813.
1814.
1807.
1808..
•
··
1809.
1810...
1811...
1812.....
•
75,463,476 52
77,217,924 66
80,352,634 04
78,427,404 77
80,747,587 39
83,762,172 07
82,064.479 33
79,228,529 12
78,408,669 77
82,976,294 35
£3,038,050 80
86.712,632 25
77,054,686 30
Só,427,120 88
82,312,150 50
75,723,270 66
69,218,398 64
65,196,317 97
57.023.192 09
45.209,737 90
55,962,827 57
81,487,846 24
Jan. 1.
1815....$ 99,833,660 15
1816..
127,334,933 74
123,491,965 16
103,466,633 83
95,529,648 28
91,015,566 15
89,987,427 66
93,546,676 98
90,875,877 28
90,269,777 77
$3,788,432 71
1817.
1818.
181).
1820..
1821
1822.
1823.
1824.
• ·
1825
1826.
1827.
1828.
1829
1830.
1831.
1832.
1833.
53.173,217 52
1834.
48,005,587 76 | 1835
1836.
12
1837.
1838.
24,322,235 18
7,001,698 83
4,769,082 08
Jan. 1.
1839....$
1840...
1845.
1846..
1847.
1848.
81,054,059 99 1849.
73.987,357 20
67,475,043 87
1850.
1851.
58,421,413 67
1852..
48,565,406 50 1853.
39,123,191 63
37,513 05
336,957 83
3,308,124 07
10,434,221 14
1841.
1842...
July 1.
1843.
1844.
1854.
1855.
1856.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860..
ιδύι
3,573,343 82
5,250,875 54
13,594,480 73
20,601,226 28
32,742,922 00
23,461,652 50
15,925,303 01
15,550,202 97
38,826,534 77
47,044,862 23
63,061,858 69
63,452,773 55
68,304,796 02
66,199,341 71
59,803,117 70
July 1.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1866.
1867.
1868..
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875
1876.
+ ·
1877..
42,242,222 42
1878.
35,586,858 56 | 1879.
1880.
1881
1882.
31.972,537 90
28,699,831 85
44,911,881 03
58,496,837 88
64.842,287 88 1884.
1883.
90,580,873 72
·
·
1885
Dec. 1, 1886.
→
•
•
.$
•
··
524,176,412 13
1,119,772,138 63
1,815,784,370 57
2,680,647,869 74
2,773,236,173 69
2,678,126,103 87
2,611,687,851 19
2,588,452,213 94
2,480,672,427 81
2,353,211,332 32
2,253,251,328 78
2,234,482,993 20
2,251,690,468 43
2,232,284,531 95
2,180,395,067 15
2,205,301,392 10
2,256,203,892 53
2,245,495,072 04
2,120,415,370 63
2,069,013,569 58
1,918,312,994 03
1,884,171,728 07
1,830,528,923 57
1,876,424,275 14
1,715,507,808 00
305
How the price of Southern Confederate
Money Dropped.
When the first issue of the Confederate money was scattered
among the people, it commanded a slight premium. It then
scaled down as follows: June, 1861, 90c: December 1, 1861, 80c.;
December 15, 1861, 75c.; February 1, 1862, 6oc.; February 1, 1863,
20c.; June, 1863, 8c.; January, 1864, 2c.; November, 1864, 4½C.;
January, 1865, 212c.; April 1, 1865, 12c. After that date, it took
from $800 to $1,000 in Confederate money to buy a one-dollar
greenback.
Length of Navigation of the Mississippi
River.
The length of navigation of the Mississippi river itself for ordi-
nary large steamboats is about 2,161 miles, but small steamers can
ascend about 650 miles further. The following are its principal
navigable tributaries, with the miles open to navigation.
Minnesota.
Chippewa
Iowa..
Missouri.
Big Horn.
Allegheny.
Muskingum
Kentucky
Wabash.
Tennessee.
Osage.
White.
Little White.
Big Hatchie.
Sunßower.
Tallahatchie..
•
·
+
•
+
• • •
··
•
Red...
Cypress
Black
Bartholomew
Macon .
Atchafalya
Lafourche.
·
•
•
Miles.
295 Wisconsin.
90
8o
Rock.
Illinois..
Yellowstone
50 Ohio...
325 Monongahela.
94 Kenawha….
2,900
•
105 Green...
365 Cumberland.
270 Clinch...
302 St. Francis
779 Black
48 Arkansas
75 Issaquena
271 | Yazoo
···
175 Big Black.
986! Cane.
44
Ouachita.
Breut.
6
100 Tensas.
60 Teche..
218
168
D'Arbonne
-
Miles.
160
64
350
474
950
110
94
200
600
30
180
147
884
151
228
35
54
Und in 20
384
53
112
The other navigable tributaries have less than fifty miles each of
navigation. The total miles of navigation of these fifty-five
streams is about 16,500 miles, or about two-thirds the distance
around the world. The Mississippi and us CA arts may be
estimated to possess 15,550 miles navigate to stramboats, sad
20,221 miles navigable in harges.
306
FLOWERS.
Acacia
Almond
Apple-Blossom.
Arbutus, Trailing
Bell Flower.
Box..
Calla Lily.
Cedar.
China Aster.
Chrysanthemum, Rose
Clover, Red
Corn..
Cowslip, American
Daffodil..
Dahlia.
Daisy, Garden
Daisy, White...
Daisy, Wild.
Elm, American.
Forget-me-not..
Fuschia, Scarlet
Geranium, Apple
Geranium, Ivy.
Geranium, Rose.
Gillyflower..
...
...
··
•
...
•
...
•
...
··
• ·
..
•
• *
Language of Flowers.
·
··
Golden Rod…….
Hawthorn
Heliotrope, Peruvian
honeysuckle …….
Horse-Chestnut.
Hyacinth.
Mint..
Morning Glory.....
Myrtle
Oats
Orange.
Pansy.
Pink.
Pink, Rea...
Rose, Moss
Rose, Tea..
Rose, White.
Snowball
Tuberose
Verbena ..
Violet, Blue
Violet, White.
• ·
...
•
... •
· D
•
...
• ·
• •
•
• • ·
..
•
•
•
•
•
-
••
Concealed love.
Hope.
.Preference.
.Welcome.
.. Gratitude.
.Constancy.
.Feminine beauty.
..I live for thee.
.I will think of it.
.I love.
•
•
•
•
•
►
··
•
•
•
..Industry.
Riches.
•
.I will think of it.
Patriotism.
.True love.
Taste.
·
•
.. Present preference.
Your hand for the next dance,
•
a
• ·
.Preference.
Lasting beauty.
Encouragement.
.Hope.
I love you; Devotion.
· •
Bond of love.
•
•
·
•
You are my divinity.
Chivalry.
.Forever thine.
..
I partake your sentiments.
·
Innocence.
•
•
•
SENTIMENTS,
•
.Luxury.
Jealousy.
Virtue.
Coquetry.
•
Love.
Music.
Generosity.
.Think of me.
Pure affection.
Pure, ardent love.
..
.Superior merit.
Always lovely.
.I am worthy of you.
.Winter.
.Dangerous pleasures.
.Sensibility.
.Love.
Modesty.
Glass windows were first introduced into England in the eighth
century.
307
EXPECTATION OF LIFE.
The mortality tables governing life insurance, and in
use in the United States, have been the "Combined Ex-
perience or Actuaries' Table," based on the experience
of seventeen English life insurance companies, deduced
from 32,537 policies, and the "American Experience
Table," arranged by Mr. Sheppard Homans in 1868, from
the experience of the Mutual Life Insurance Company
of New York, and other companies. These not being a
fair expression of the mortality of American assured lives,
the American Chamber of Life Insurance, in 1873, began
the collection of statistics of mortality experience. After
ten years the work was completed, and it embraces the
experience of thirty life insurance companies, covering
over a million policies. The following table was made
from it, and shows, on the average, the number of addi-
tional years any person may expect to live, at a given
age:
10.
II.
12.
13.
14.
•• •
15.
16
..
•
•
17.
18.
•
19.
20.
•
•
21..
22.
23..
24.
··
AGE.
EXPECTATION OF LIFE.
YEARS.
Males.
49.99
49.32
48.64
47.95
47.26
46.57
45.88
45.18
44.48
43.78
43.07
42 36
41.65
40.93
40.21
Females.
48.05
47.21
46.40
45.64
44.91
44.19
43.48
42.79
42.12
41.46
40.82
40.19
39.56
38.96
38.38
308
C
25.
26.
•
27.
28..
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
·
•
·
•
►
•
•
37..
38.
39..
40.
41.
42.
43.
14.
45..
46..
•
•
47..
48...
•
49..
50...
5I..
52..
·
•
.
53..
54..
55...
56...
57..
EXPECTATION OF LIFE.- CONTINUED.
EXPECTATION OF LIFE.
•
·
+
• •
AGE.
······
-
Males.
39.49
38.77
38.04
37.31
36.58
35.85
35.12
34.38
33.65
32.91
32.17
31.43
30.70
29.96
29.22
28.48
27.75
27.01
26.28
25.55
24.82
24.09
23.38
22.66
21.95
21.24
20.54
19.84
19.15
18.47
17.80
17.13
16.47
YEARS.
Females.
37.80
37.23
36.66
36.08
35.49
34.89
34.29
33.69
33.06
32.42
31.78
31.13
30.47
29.81
29.16
28.48
27.82
27.15
26.45
25.74
25.02
24.30
23.57
22.83
22.08
21.33
20.59
19.87
19.15
18.41
17.73
17.03
16.35
$
58...
59.
бо.
61.
62.
63..
64..
65..
66.
67
68..
69..
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75
76.
74
70
77
-
78.
79
80..
81..
82..
83..
84.
85.
86.
•
87..
88..
89.
8
go..
309
EXPECTATION OF LIFE.-CONTINUED.

•
AGE.
·
*
•
•
•
•
•
•
·
*
•
•
•
EXPECTATION OF LIFE.
Males.
15.83
15.19
14.56
13.94
13.34
12.74
12.16
11.60
11.04
10.50
9.97
9.46
8.97
8.49
8.02
7.57
"
Oinin
#22
5.93
5.57
5.21
4.87
4.55
4.24
3.95
3.67
3.40
3.14
2.89
2.64
2.39
2.17
YEARS.
Females.
15.67
15.02
14.37
13.73
13.10
12.49
11.90
11.31
10.74
10.19
9.65
9.13
8.12
8.63
7.25
7.70
6.36
6.94
5.53
5.15
5.88
4.42
4.19
4.87
3.58
3.39
3.03
3.88
2.64
2.42
2.22
2.03
2.85
310
EXPECTATION OF LIFE.-CONTINUED.

91......
92.
93.
94
95
96.
97
98
99..
AGL
EXPECTATION OF LIFE.
YEARS.
N
w-|
Male.
S
1.98
1.81
1.64
1.49
1.34
1.18
1.03
.83
.50
Female.
The word "news ""
was not, as many suppose, derived
from the adjective new, but from the fact that many
years ago it was customary to put at the head of the
periodical publications of the day the initial letters of the
compass, thus:
-E
1.79
1.53
1.49
1.36
1.24
1.23
1.09
.93
.50
Signifying that the matter contained therein was from
the four quarters of the globe. From the letters came
the word "news.
""
To supply the demand for milk and its products in this
country 15,000,000 cows are required. To furnish food
for them the cultivation of over 60,000,000 acres of land
is required. In caring for the cows and their milk
700,000 men find employment and 1,000,000 horses are
needed. Cows and horses consume annually 30,000,000
tons of hay, 90,000,000 bushels of cornmeal and the same
amount of oatmeal, 275,000,000 of oats, 2,000,000-bushels
of bran, and 30,000,000 bushels of corn, to say nothing
of the brewery grains and questionable feed of various
kinds that is used all over the country. It costs
$400,000.000 to feed these cows and horses.

311
Workshop Rules and Receipts.
MOISTURE-PROOF GLUE.-One pound glue melted in two quarts
skim-milk.
TO REMOVE RUST From Steel.-Brush the rusted steel with
a paste composed of ½ oz. cyanide potassium, ½ oz. castile soap,
I oz. whiting, and enough water to make a paste. Then wash the
steel in a solution of ½ oz. cyanide potassium in 2 ozs. water.
TO TEST QUALITY OF IRON.-A soft, tough iron is indicated'
by the fracture giving long, silky fibers of a grayish hue, the fibers
cohering and twisting together before breaking. Badly refined
iron is indicated by short, blackish fiber. Good iron is indicated ·
by a medium, even grain mixed with fibers. Brittle Iron is
indicated by coarse grain with brilliant crystallized fracture,
brown or yellow spots. It works easily when heated, and welds
easily.
HOT SHOT IRON is indicated by cracks on the edge of bars.
Good iron heats readily, throws few sparks, and is soft when ham-
mered.
MARINE GLUE.-One part India rubber, twelve parts mineral
naphtha. Mix, heat gently and add twenty parts of shellac, pow-
dered fine. Cool on a slab. Heat to 250 degrees when wanted for
use.
PARTING SAND.-
castings.
LOAM. Mixture of brick, clay and old foundry sand.
BLACKENING FOR MOLDS. - Charcoal powder; or, in some
instances, fine coal-dust.
A
Burnt sand scraped from the surface of
BLACK WASH.- Charcoal, plumbago and size.
Steel.
MIXTURE FOR WELDING STEEL.-1 sal-ammoniac, 10 borax,
pounded together, and fused until clear, when it is poured out,
and, after cooling, reduced to powder.
312
Notes on Working of Steel.
I.
Good, soft heat is safe to use if steel be immediately and
thoroughly worked.
It is a fact that good steel will endure more pounding than any
iron.
2
If steel be left long in the fire, it will lose its steely nature and
grain, and partake of the nature of cast iron.
Steel should never be kept hot any longer than is necessary to
the work to be done.
3. Steel is entirely mercurial under the action of heat, and a
careful study of the tables will show that there must, of necessity,
be an injurious internal strain created whenever two or more parts
of the same piece are subjected to different temperatures.
4. It follows, that when steel has been subjected to heat not
bsolutely uniform over the whole mass, careful annealing should
be resorted to.
5. As the change of volume due to a degree of heat increases.
directly and rapidly with the quantity of carbon present, there-
fore high steel is more liable to dangerous internal strains than low
steel, and great care should be exercised in the use of high steel.
6. Hot steel should always be put in a perfectly dry place, of
even temperature, while cooling. A wet place in the floor might
be sufficient to cause serious injury.
7. Never let any one fool you with the statement that his steel
possesses a peculiar property which enables it to be "restored "
after being "burned;" no more should you waste any money on
nostroms for restoring burnt steel.
We have shown how to restore" overheated" steel.
For "burned" steel, which is oxidized steel, there is only one
way of restoration, and that is, through the knobbling fire or the
blast furnace.
46
Overheating" and "restoring" should only be allowable for
purposes of experiment. The process is one of disintegration, and
is always injurious.
8. Be careful not to overdo the annealing process; if carried
too far it does great harm, and it is one of the commonest modes
of destruction which the steel-maker meets in his daily troubles.
313
;
It is hard to induce the average worker in steel to believe that
very little annealing is necessary, and that very little is really more
efficacious than a great deal.
The mean strength of American wrought iron is 45,900 lbs.;
English 43,900.
Ultimate extension of wrought iron is 600th part
of its length. The working strain is from 1-6 to the mean
strength.
Resistance to flexure, acting evenly over the surface, equals
one-half the tensile strength. Bars of wrought iron will expand
or contract 151200th of their length for each degree of heat. With
range of temperature of this country (=20 to + 120°)=140°, will
expand or contract 1080th part of its length, equal to a force of
20,740 lbs., or 94 tons per square inch of section. Tensile strength
increases, in from 1 to 6 reheatings and rollings, from 43,904 lbs.
to 60,824 lbs.: in from 6 to 12, is reduced again to 43,904.
Capacity of Cisterns.
For each ten inches in depth.
Twenty-five feet in diameter holds.
Twenty feet in diameter holds..
Fifteen feet in diameter holds....
Fourteen feet in diameter holds.
Thirteen feet in diameter holds..
Twelve feet in diameter holds.
Eleven feet in diameter holds.
Ten feet in diameter holds..
Nine feet in diameter holds..
Eight feet in diameter holds.
Seven feet in diameter holds..
Six and one-half feet in diameter holds..
Six feet in diameter holds..
·
...
·
··
•
[
·
Two and one-half feet in diameter holds...
Two feet in diameter holds......
•
•
•
Five feet in diameter holds...
Four and one half feet in diameter holds...........
Four feet in diameter holds.
Three feet in diameter holds..
3,959 gallons
1,958 gallons
1,101 gallons
959 gallons
827 gallons
705 gallons
592 gallons
489 gallons
396 gallons
313 gallons
<
239 gallons
206 gallons
176 gallons
122 gallons
99 gallons
78 gallons
44 gallons
30 gallons
19 gallons
!
7
1850
1860
YEAR.
1870
1880
....
··
.England
Germany..
France
Russia
Austria
Denmark
··
•
...
Greece
Italy
China...
Japan...
··
...
...
ALL CLASSES.
128
II
82
STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN PRESS.
131
14
12
Number. Circulation. Number. Circulation. Number. Circulation. | Number. | Circulat❜m
2,536 5,142,177
4,051
$,871
11,403
1,439,094.
4,603,044
7,646,285
8,081,393
37
53
3
THE TORPEDO SERVICE OF THE WORLD.
The Secretary of the Navy has published the following table to illustrate the importance attached else-
where than in the United States to the torpedo boat as a branch of naval warfare. The table gives a list of
these boats possessed and in process of construction by other countries. The United States has NONE.
REMARKS.
NATION. In service 1884 Ord'red for 1885]
..
254
13,663,409 387
20,842,475 574
31,177,924 980
DAILIES.
55
61
77
14
2
18
IQ
WEEKLIES.
758,454 1,902
3,173
1,478,435
2,601,547
3,637,424
4,295
8,718
2,944,629
7,581,930
10,594,643
19,459,107
All Others.
Does not include those in colonies.
Fleet to be increased to 150 of first-class.
Fleet to number 283 in all.
Fleet to number 180 in all.
Fleet to number 70 in all.
To build 21 more.
370
491
1,002
1,705
To build 100 more.
One of these is to be 164 feet long.
The largest boat under construction, 166 feet long, is now building
for Japan by Yarrow & Co. Others are building in Germany.
314


315
PITHY FACTS.
NEWSPAPERS.-The number of daily newspapers in the
United States is over 1,300, with an aggregate circulation of
4,800,000.
NERVOUS DEATHS.-About eleven per cent. of the deaths
in the United States are the result of some form of nervous
disease; a cause which does not find mention in mortality statistics
of other countries.
VIOLENT DEATHS.--Out of a thousand deaths, forty-one
are violent in the United States, and sixteen throughout Europe.
The lowest number is seven, in Russia, and the greatest European
is thirty-eight in Switzerland.
THE LARGEST LIBRARY in the world is the Imperial at
Paris, which contains over 2,000,000 volumes.
MILES OF BOOKS.—In the library at the British Museum:
there are over thirty-two miles of shelves filled with books.
DIVORCES.—The number of divorces per 1,000 marriages is
4 in London, 10 in Berlin. 15 in Munich, 23 in Vienna, 25 in Paris,
73 in Boston, and 223 in San Francisco.
OUR ANCESTORS' ILLITERACY.-Out of the twenty- six
Barons who signed the Magna Charta, only three could write
their names.
The remainder made their mark.
YOU CANNOT COUNT A TRILLION. It is impossible
to count a trillion. Had Adam counted continuously from his
creation to the present day, he would not have reached that num-
ber, for it would take him over 9,512 years. At the rate of 200 a
minute, there could be counted 12,000 an hour, 288,000 a day, and
105, 120,00o a year.
<<
WHAT SMOKING COSTS.-The expsuse of smoking three
ave-cent cigars a day, principal and interes, for ten years, is
$745,74; for twenty-five years, $3,110.74. The expense of three
ten-cent cigars, at the end of ten years, is $1.471.50: for twenty-
five years, $6,382.47. At the end of fifty years, it is $54,162.14.
IMMIGRATION.—The total number of immigrants to the
United States, from 1821 to the close of 1083, was 12,337,100.
COLD can be beaten 1,200 times thinner than printing paper.
One ounce will cover 146 square feet. A cubic inch, at $13 per
ounce, is worth $210.
PASSENGERS
TRANSPORTED.
Steamers between
Europe and America carry about 70,000 passengers per month.
Railways throughout the world transport about 145,000,000 passen-
gers per math.
AUTHORS'
SUCCESS. -- It
It is said that Judge Tourgee
received over $po,con for his Fool's Errand. Disrach, $5,000 for
·316
his Endymion; Moore, $15,500 for his Lalla Rookh, and Victor
Hago $12,000 for Ernani.
LARGEST ELECTRIC LIGHTS. - The rapidity with which
modern improvements are adopted, is shown by the fact that in
1883 the largest electric light in the world was at the Sidney
Lighthouse, Australia, which has a power of 180,000 candles, and
that the fourth largest is at San Jose, Cal., 24,000 candle power
(the light at Paris, in Palais d' Industrie, equal to 150,000 candle
power, and the Marseilles light of 40,000 candles, being greater).
The Sidney light is visible fifty miles; that of San Jose sheds
light two miles around.
C
DERIVATION OF OUR LANGUAGE. Over three-eighths
of the words in the English language are derived from the Latin,
over one-fourth from the French, about one-tenth from the Saxon,
and a little less from the Greek. The indebtedness to other lan--
guages is small.
CHURCH MEMBERSHIP.-The Baptist Church has the
largest membership in the United States of any Evangelical
denomination, having about 2,250,000 members. The Methodist
has about 1,700,000; Lutheran, 950,000; Presbyterian, 600,000;
Christian, 591,coo: Congregational, 385,000: Protestant-Episcopal,
345,000; Universalist, 27,000; Unitarian, 18,000, and Roman
Catholic (claim adherents), 6,800,000.
J
THE ATTENDANCE at the International Exhibition at New
Vork, in 1853, was 600,000; Paris, 1855, 4,533.469; London, 1862,
6,211,100; Paris, 1867, 9,300,000; Vienna, 1873, 7,254,867; Phđa-
delphia, 1876, 10,200,000; Paris, 1878, 16,100,000.
BIG TREES. Of ninety-two redwood trees in Calaveras
Grove, Cal., ten are over thirty feet in diameter, and eighty-two
have a diameter of from fifteen to thirty feet. Their ages are esti-
mated at from 1,000 to 3,500 years. Their height ranges from 150
to 237 feet.
——
FINENESS OF UNITED STATES COIN. The gold
coins are nine-tenths fine; the silver coins, nine-tenths fine: the
copper-nickel coins, such as the 5-cent piece and 3-cent piece, are
one-fourth nickel and three-fourths copper; the bronze coins are 95
per cent. copper and 5 per cent. tin and zinc. The alloy in the
gold coins is silver and copper; in the silver coins, copper.
S
A GOOD Disinfectant.-Dissolve half a dram of nitrate of lead
in a pint of boiling water, then dissolve two drams of common salt
in eight or ten quarts of water; when both are thoroughly dis-
solved, pour the two mixtures together, and, when the sediment
has settled, you have a pail of clear fluid, which is the saturated
solution of the chloride of lead. A cloth saturated with the quid
and hung up in a room will at once sweeten a fetid atmosphere.
Poured down a sink, water-closet or drain, or on any decaying or
offensive object, it will produce the same result
317
EUROPE.
Easope is a peninsula, projecting from Ama. It is situated in
he same latitude as the United States and the Dominion of Canada.
The extreme length of Europe from northeast to southwest is
about 3,500 miles. The population is about six times that of the
United States.
Its water boundary, if a continuous line, would reach four-fifths
of the way around the world.
The British Isles are separated from the continent by the North
Sea, which has an average depth of about 600 feet. There is
much evidence to show that they were formerly a part of the main-
land.
In relative extent of coast Europe surpasses all other countries.
It is partly to the great number of indentations of the coast that
Europe owes its commercial supremacy.
The islands of Europe constitute about one-twentieth of its
area.
The greater part of the continent is low and level. Russia and
all the territory bordering on the North and Baltic seas constitute
a vast plain, called Low Europe. The basin of the Caspian Sea
and much of the Netherlands are below the sea-level.
A high plateau, extending along the southern part of the conti-
nent, is known as High Europe. This plateau is surrounded by
the irregular and broken mountain ranges which constitute the
Alpine System, the main axis of the continent.
The Alps are the highest range. The other principal ranges are
the Pyrenees, Apennines, Balkan, Carpathian and Caucasus
mountains.
The Alps have long been celebrated for the number and extent
of their glaciers, among which are the sources of the Rhine, Rhone,
Po and several tributaries of the Danube.
The chief lake region of Europe is in Northwestern Russia
Lake Ladoga is the largest lake.
The lakes in Switzerland, especially Geneva and Constance, are
celebrate for their beautiful scenery. There are many salt
lakes in Russia, most of which are situated in the basin of the
Caspian Sea.
Most of the rivers of Western Europe are connected with ons
another by canals, and are navigable.
CLIMATE.-Europe enjoys a more equable climate than any other
country situated in corresponding latitudes. Its mildness is due,
chiefly, to the southwesterly winds, which are warmed by the water
of the Gulf Stream.
Rain is most abundant on the western coasts.
The tundras, or frozen marshes of the Arctic Slope, are covered
with mosses and willows. South of this region is a belt of dense
forest, chiefly of pine, oak, elm and ash.
Grains, hemp, flax and tobacco are cultivated in the central
regions. The cultivation of the grape, olive, orange, lemon, fig,
malberry and cotton is confined, chiefly, to the Mediterranean
Coast
318
Most of the wild animals have disappeared. The reindeer,
white bear and other animals valuable for their furs are, however,
found in the more thinly settled regions; the wolf and wild boar
are common in the forests, and the chamois and ibex inhabit the
Alpine heights.
Water-fowl are numerous. The sardine, herring, pilchard,
anchovy and other fish suitable for food abound in the surrounding
waters.
MINERALS.-Coal, iron and copper are very widely distributed.
Silver, zinc and lead are plentiful in the central highlands.
Quicksilver, niter, sulphur and salt in volcanic regions. Coral of
great beauty and value is obtained in the Mediterranean Sea.
PEOPLE. The inhabitants of Europe, numbering about 330,000,-
ooo, belong to the Caucasian and Mongolian races.
ASIA.
Asia, the largest country in the world, occupies the castern part
of the Eastern Continent.
is
It contains about one-third of the land surface of the earth
twice as large as North America, and nearly five times the size of
the United States. Its greatest length is 7,500 miles, nearly one-
third the circumference of the earth.
The islands of Asia are a partly submerged mountain chain. All
of them velcanic.
The northwestern Asia is a continuous plain; the southeastern,
an elevated plateau traversed by high mountains. The line of
greatest length is also the line which separates the highlands from
the lowlands. From the Hindoo Koosh, the mountain ranges of
Asia radiate toward the east.
The Himalaya Mountains are the highest in the world. The
summit of Mt. Everest is over 29,000 feet above the sea-level, being
more than 6,000 feet higher than the highest peak of the American
continent.
The Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral are thought to have been
formerly arms of the ocean. Both are salt lakes. The former is
below the sea-level.
Lake Baikal is the largest body of fresh water in Asia and is
about as large as Lake Erie.
The rivers of Asia, though of great length, are distinguished by
narrow valleys, rather than large basins. Most of them rise in the
central highlands, from which they radiate in three directions,
-north, east, and south, and mingle their waters with those of
three oceans.
The Yang-tse and Hoang rivers are subject to great changes,
brought about by the shifting of their channels. In 1851, the
Hoang Ho burst through its banks and poured its waters into the
Gulf of Pecheelee, and within two years its lower course had so
changed that the mouth of the river had shifted 250 miles from l
former position.
Central Hindoostan is often called the Plateau of the Deccan.
The Obi is the only river navigable to any considerable distance.
1
319
The river valleys and the plains which are well watered are
extremely fertile. The high, central region and the western pla-
teaus are dry, sandy, and barren.
Every degree of temperature and moisture may be found in Asia,
from that of the frozen tundras of Siberia, to that of the hot, pesti-
lentiai jungles of India. The deserts of Arabia, Pérsia, Turkestan
and Gobi receive little or no rain, while the southern slope of the
Himalaya is annually inundated.
Siberia is swept by icy winds from the Arctic Ocean: Arabia, by
the hot and fatal simoom. India is traversed by winds which
scorch the entire surface for half the year, and flood it with rain the
remaining part.
Destructive cyclones often visit the coast, frequently piling up
the waters of the Bay of Bengal until the lowlands of the Ganges
are submerged.
Southern Asia is covered with a dense tropical vegetation. The
palm, bamboo, and banyan tree are abundant Rice, cotton,
sugar-cane, flax, jute, hemp, poppy, and the spices, are the prin-
cipal plants cultivated in the plains and valleys of Southern Asia.
Central Asia produces the plants which thrive best in the tem-
perate zones. Vast forests of pine, larch, teak, maple and birch
are on the upland terraces of Siberia. The chief cultivated
plants of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Asia are wheat, tea
and rice.
Fathe
Western Asia produces the famous Mocha coffee, tobacco, the
fig, date and olive.
Nearly all the domestic animals of the earth are found in Asia,
and most of them are native to it. The camel and elephant are
used as beasts of burden.
Southern Asia abounds in fierce animals and dangerous reptiles.
The largest animals are the elephant, rhinoceros, tapir, lion, tiger,
hyena, and jackal. The reptiles include the crocodile, python
and cobra de capello. Monkeys and beautiful birds are numerous.
In the colder regions the bear, wolf, fox, buffalo and several
species of wild cattle are common. Also many kinds of deer.
Gold and platinum are widely diffused throughout the Ural
Mountains and the central plateaus.
Silver is mined in Siberia. Copper and iron are abundant and
widely distributed.
Tin is abundant in the Malay Peninsula and the Island of
Banca, near Sumatra.
Petroleum is found in the basin of the Caspian Sea.
Asia has always been famous for precious stones. Most of the
large and valuable diamonds, sapphires, rubies, and emeralds are
from the mines of India.
The finest pearls are obtained in the Persian Gulf and in the
water along the coasts of Ceylon.
Asia is probably the birthplace of the human race. The strong-
est evidences of history and science point to the highlands of
Asia as the birthplace of man. Somewhere in the valleys of
Persia, the old name of which was Arya, there lived a people who
built houses, cultivated the soil and had forms of government,
320
They believed in an Omipotent Being and also a spirit of evil.
Fully one-half the inhabitants of the earth live in China and
India.
Siberia, Russian Turkestan and Trancaucasia are sub-
ject to Russia, whose capital is St. Petersburgh.
Siberia may be divided into three belts; agricultural and grazing
land in the South; forests in the middle; and frozen marshes in
the North.
Gold, silver, copper and other metals are mined in the moun
tains; and numerous wild animals are hunted for their furs.
Trade is carried on by means of caravans and camel trains. In
summer boats navigate the rivers, and in winter sledges are
drawn on the ice and snow by dogs, horses and reindeer.
The chief cities are Tiflis in Transcaucasia, west of the Caspian
Sea; Tashkend, in Russian Turkestan; Omsk, in Western
Siberia; and Irkootsk, in Eastern Siberia. Yakootsk, on the
Lena River is said to be the coldest city in the world.
The Chinese Empire is larger by one-half than the United
States and contains about six times as many inhabitants.
China contains the greater part of the population. The land is
fertile and well cultivated, agriculture being the chief occupation
of the people. Rivers and canals are numerous; much traveling is
done in boats. Thousands of the inhabitants of China have their
houses and gardens'on rafts and boats which float on the rivers.
These people live by gardening and fishing. In their floating
houses their children are born, are married and die. A young
child falling overboard there is kept from drowning by means of
an empty gourd which its mother had tied between its shoulders.
The food of the Chinese consists, principally, of rice and fish.
The leading exports from China are tea, silk, porcelain and
pottery.
Its trade is carried on, mainly, with Great Britain, ustralia
and the United States, by means of ships, and with Kussia by
means of caravans.
Many of the inhabitants of the other divisions of the empire are
wandering tribes, whose occupation is the raising of horses, sheep
and goats.
Pekin, the capital of the Chinese Empire, is noted for its sur-
rounding walls, magnificent gates and heathen temples. Its
houses are only one or two stories high. Its population is greater
than that of New York City.
Thibet is situated on a high plateau, surrounded by the highest
mountains in the world.
Corca is a kingdom. It was, until recently, under the control of
the Chinese government.
The Empire of Japan consists of islands, which contain
mountains, streams, forests, and a well cultivated soil. Japan
contains beautiful lakes, rivers, water-falls, trees, and flowers of
great variety; bears, deer, wolves, and foxes; pheasants and other
birds. The celebrated mountain in Japan is Fujiyama, whose
summit is covered with snow nearly all the year. In summer
321
bands of pilgrims dressed in white travel to its summit to worship
idols there.
The principal occupations of the Japanese are agriculture, manu-
facturing and mining.
Its exports comprise tea, rice, silks, porcelain, fans and lac-
quered ware.
Tokio, the capital, is the residence of the emperor, called the
mikado. Its chief port is Yokahama.
India is larger than all the Pacific States and Territories, and
contains about four times as many inbabitants as the United
States.
The Empire of India is ruled by the Governor-General, who is
appointed by Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and
Empress of India. Next to the Chinese Empire it is the most
populous in the world, India was settled by the Aryans, about
1400 B. C. They were Brahmins, but unlike the Brahmins of the
present time in their religious teaching and practices. Their lan-
guage was the Sanskrit. The people are divided into castes. They
believe in the transmigration of souls. Gautama or Buddha, about
500 B. C., introduced a form of religion which, after a long struggle
with Brahmanism, was overcome in India and transplanted in
China, where it has degenerated into a debasing form of idolatry.
Queen Elizabeth chartered the East India Company in 1600 A. Ď.
The vast empire, which had grown by its conquests, was trans-
ferred to the British Crown in 1858.
Nearly the whole of India is subject to Great Britain, either
absolutely or as tributary states.
India is remarkable for its high, snow-covered peaks, hot
climate and large population.
Its low plains in the north are the most fertile in the world. The
west and south contain desert tracts.
Agriculture and stock-raising are the principal industries.
The exports are cotton, opium, rice, wheat and jute. Cattle,
camels, buffalos, sheep and goats are numerous. The inhabitants
subsist, principally, upon rice, fish and tea.
Calcutta is the capital and the largest city in India, and the
most important city in Asia. Bombay, on the western coast, and
Madras, on the eastern, are important cities.
Ceylon is a mountainous island, belonging to Great Britain. It
is famous for coffee and spices. Pearl oysters abound on the
southern coast, and the fishery is often very profitable.
Farther India or Indo-China, forming the southeastern
peninsula of Asia, comprises the kingdoms of Burmah, Siam and
Anam, Lower Cochin China, Cambodia and the Malay Peninsula.
This division of Asia is remarkable for its long mountain
ranges and fertile valleys, its hot, moist climate and its dense
forests and jungles.
፣
It contains large, savage animals, and many tribes of people
scarcely removed from barbarism,
The chief occupation of the inhabitants is the cultivation of rice,
which is their principal article of food.
322
#
Bangkok, the capital of Siam, is the largest city in Farther
India. It contains royal palaces and many pagodas. These are
surrounded by bamboo houses built on piles.
Mandalay is the capital of Burmah.
Saigon is a sea-port of French Cochin China.
Singapore, on the Island of Singapore, is a sea-port belonging
to Great Britain.
Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan and Bokhara are
remarkable for their desert tracts, forest-covered mountains and
fertile river valleys.
The principal products are grain, fruits, sugar, indigo and
dates.
Many of the inhabitants owu large flocks of goats and sheep,
while others are engaged in the manufacture of silk goods, shawls,
rugs and perfumery, or in the caravan trade. There are, also,
many roving, warlike tribes. Nearly all are Mohammedans.
Persia is remarkable for extensive salt deserts. Near the Cas-
pian Sea, however, vegetation is luxuriant. Here, as in other
Mohammedan countries, education is confined to learning portions
of the Koran and scraps of poetry. The Persians are a slow, easy-
going people, hospitable, generous, but procrastinating.
These countries are important because of their situation between
Russia and the Indian Ocean. Afghanistan has been called the
gateway to India.
11
Teheran, the capital of Persia, and Tabriz, are the chief cities.
Cabul, Herat and Candahar are the principal cities in Afghan-
istan.
**
Arabia is chiefly a hot, desert plateau, with oases of different
rizes, in which dates, grapes, tamarinds and other fruits grow.
It has no general government, the inhabitants being ruled by
sheiks or chiefs. The rulers are called Sultans.
Arabia is celebrated for fine dromedaries and horses, and excel-
lent coffec.
Muscat, the capital of Oman, is the largest city in Arabia, and
the chief sea-port.
Aden is a fortified sea-port belonging to Great Britain.
Mecca, the birthplace of Mohammed, is visited by many Mo-
Lammedan pilgrims every year. It is said to be the hottest city in
the world.
Turkey in Asia is a part of the Ottoman, or Turkish Empire,
whose capital is Constantinople.
Its northern part is remarkable for forests, mountains and fertile
valleys. Its eastern part for the fertile plains of the Tigris and
Euphrates, and its southern for a desert region.
Tropical fruits, cotton, grain and tobacco grow abundantly.
The people are chiefly Turks and Arabs, professing the Moham
medan religion.
Smyrna, an important commercial port and steamer station, is
the largest city.
}
Damascus is the oldest city in the world. It contains grand old
323
mosques, and is the center of the caravan trade. Its manufactures
comprise saddles and silk goods.
Palestine, or the Holy Land, is mentioned in Scripture as the
Promised Land of the Ancient Hebrews, and the birthplace of
Chetanity. It contains the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem,
the Valley of the Jordan, the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee.
AFRICA.
Africa, the south-western continent of the Old World, is the only
country stretching entirely across the Torrid Zone.
It is a peninsula, joined to Asia by the Isthmus of Suez. The
ship-canal, constructed across the isthmus, makes it, artificially,
an island. The shortest distance across the Isthmus of Suez is
about seventy-two miles; the line of the canal is one hundred
miles. The average height of the isthmus above sea-level is
scarcely ten feet.
The Suez Canal was completed in 1869. It has a depth of twenty-
four feet, and a clear channel seventy-two feet in width. By con-
necting the Red sea with the Mediterranean, this canal furnishes a
shorter route between European ports and India, than that around
the Cape of Good Hope. It extends from Port Said, on th~ Medi-
terranean, to Suez, a sea-port town near the head of the Gulf of
Suez.
Its length and breadth are
Africa is the second country in size.
each about 5,000 miles.
The coast is unbroken by bays and inlets such as make secure
harbors for vessels.
In proportion to its size, it has the shortest
coast-line.
There are many continental islands lying along the coast of
Africa. Madagascar, the largest, is separated from the continent
by a very shallow channel.
The interior of Africa is a plateau, which is highest in the south
and south cast. This, in most parts, is bordered by mountains,
between which and the sea is a low and narrow strip of coast.
The average elevation of the high plateau is about 5,000 feet;
and of the northern region, about 1,500 feet.
The principal mountain system extends along the eastern side of
the continent. Mount Kenia, the highest peak, is about 20,000 feet
above the level of the sca.
The Great Sahara Desert has an undulating surface, and is
covered mostly with shifting sand and gravel. A small portion,
south of Barca, is below the sea-level.
Oases, watered by springs and covered with groves of date-palm-
trees, are met with in different parts of the desert.
Soudan, situated south of the Great Desert, is a region remark-
able for its extreme heat and excessive rains and droughts.
An
Central Africa, or the region crossed by the Equator, is
remarkable for its fertility; and, owing to its great height above
the sea-level, its climate is mild and healthful. This region is
drained by many large rivers.
324
Southern Africa is mountainous, but it contains many fertile
valleys and plains well adapted to agriculture and stock-raising.
The Kalahari Desert, though destitute of streams, is covered
during a great part of the year with grass. The lakes of Africa
are confined chiefly to the high, equatorial region, and are remark-
able for their number and size. Lake Victoria is the largest lake
in the worid. Its outlet is the Nile river.
The River Nile flows through the most important part of Africa.
Its lower course is in a region almost rainless, and for more than
1,500 miles it does not receive a single tributary. It is fed by the
annual rains and the inelting snows of the high mountains.
The water of the Nile is highest from May till September, when
the lower valley is covered with a fine, rich soil, brought down by
the flood; and the seeds which are scattered over the water, as it
subsides, bring forth abundant crops of grain. Cotton, also, is an
important product of the Nile Valley.
The Congo, first explored by Livingstone, and afterward by
Stanley, drains the most fertile part of the continent. Its source is
in the region of heavy rains.
The region of greatest heat is in the Egyptian Soudan. There
the midday temperature during the summer months is often 140
deg. Fahr., while the nights are sometimes so cold that ice forms.
In the desert, hot winds, known as simooms, are prevalent, and
sand storms are often destructive. The coast, generally, is very
unhealthy.
Southern Africa possesses a mild and genial climate. Here
are the principal settlements formed by European in Africa,
This is the home of the Caffre.
Northern Africa yields grain, cotton, dates, almonds, and olive-
The date-
oil. Rice is a leading product of the Guinea Coast
palm flourishes along the shores of the Mediterranean and in the
oases of the desert. The famous baobab-tree is found in Central
Africa. It is famous for its great size and age. Groves of teak,
mangrove, ebony, and India rubber abound on the western coast.
Gum arabic, myrrh, cotton, coffee, sugar-cans, and spices are
products of Eastern Africa. The islands produce tropical fruits,
wine and amber.
Africa is noted for large and ferocious animals, and venomous
serpents. The lion is found in all parts of the continent. The
hippopotamus inhabits the upper Nile, while the marshes and
streams of the low coast contain many crocodiles, lizards, and other
reptiles.
.nany
The gorilla, the largest and hercest of apes, and the chimpan-
zee, are met with in the west. The elephant, girafic, and the two-
There
horned rhinoceros, belong in Central and Southern Africa.
are many species of deer and antelope. The zebra and the gnu or
horned horse, are numerous in the grassy plains of Southern
Africa. The ostrich is hunted in various parts of the continent;
but in Southern Africa, the rearing of those birds for their plumes
is an important occupation.
The most useful arimal in crossing desert regions is the camel.
Travelers and merchants, with their camels carrying merchandise,
325
rross the desert in companies, called caravans. For more than four
thousand years camels have been almost the sole means employed
to carry merchandise across the deserts. The camel will carry a
load of four or five hundred pounds weight fifty miles a day for five
or six days, although he may not be supplied with food or water
during that time.
The coasts of Guinea and Senegambia have long been cele-
brated for gold. Copper, lead, salt, and saltpeter are obtained in
some places.
Important diamond fields are in South Africa,
Africans comprise three races - the Caucasian, Negro, and
Malay.
The Moors, Arabs, Berbers, Egyptians, and various tribes of
the north are Caucasians; the tribes of Central and Southern Africa,
and the east and west coasts, Negroes; and those of Madagascar,
Malays.
Excepting the European colonists who have settled along the
coast, nearly all the Caucasian inhabitants are Mohammedans, and
are in a low state of civilization.
Most of the Negro tribes of Africa are savages, in a degraded
condition. There are, however, several tribes which cultivate the
soil, raise cattle, and observe laws.
The Barbary States, situated on the Mediterranean `oast,
extend from the Atlantic Ocean to Egypt.
The climate is mild and healthful. South of the Atlas Moun-
tains, it is extremely hot and arid. There are two seasons, a rainy
and a dry.
The highlands are covered with forests of cedar, pine, cork-trees
and other valuable timber. The lowlands are finely adapted to
agriculture.
The most important productions are dates, oranges, bananas,
pomegranates and figs.
The natives consist of Moors, Arabs, and Berbers. Although
descended from a very enlightened people, they are extremely
ignorant, degraded and treacherous. The foreigners are mainly
French and Jewish colonists. Wherever they settled, agriculture,
manufactures and commerce quickly followed.
Morocco is under the absolute government of a sultan, who is
subject to Turkey. The country is sparsely settled. Cattle, sheep,
and goats are reared extensively.
In tanning and dyeing leather the people exhibit great skill,
and the leather manufactured there is exported to all parts of the
world.
Morocco and Fez are the most important cines. The sultan
holds court at one and the other, alternately.
Algeria is a French possession, and contains a large European
population. It is one of the most prosperous of the Barbary
States.
Several lines of railway are in operation, and caravans, trading
in ivory, gums and ostrich feathers, penetrate the interior of
Soudan.
326
Algus is the capital and commercial center. It is connected
with Marseilles by a submarine telegraph cable.
Tunis, also, is a French possession. It was formerly subject to
Turkey. It is noted for its olive groves, date plantations, coral
fisheries, and the manufacture of red caps, soap and leather.
Tunis, near the site of ancient Carthage, is the capital and sea-
port. It is a very old city.
Tripoli, though nominally a Turkish province, is a despotic
monarchy, governed by a bey.
It contains no rivers, and rain seldom falls; yet, on account of
heavy dews, the soil is productive.
The leading exports are wool, hides, and ivory.
Tripoli is the capital and sea-port.
Fezzan, is the center of a large caravan trade,
Mourzouk, the capital of
The Nile Countries comprise Egypt proper, Nubia, and the
Egyptian Soudan, or Kingdom of the Mahdi. They are governed
by a hereditary monarch called the khedive, and are subject to
Turkey.
The greater part of Egypt is a desert. Along the lower course
of the Nile, only the narrow valley, which is annually inundated,
is capable of producing crops.
Since the completion of the Suez canal rapid progress has been
made in developing the agricultural and commercial interests of
Egypt.
Railways have been built, and by means of irrigating canals
extensive tracts of desert land have been made productive.
Most of the wealthier classes have been educated in Europe, and
foreign customs are being introduced throughout the country.
The laboring classes are greatly oppressed, and are practically in
a state of slavery.
The principal products of Egypt are cotton, grain, sugar and
rice. Gum arabic, ivory, indigo, and ostrich feathers are obtained
in the Soudan. Manufactories have been established in the larger
cities and towns.
Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is the largest city in Africa. Alex-
andria is the principal sea-port. Railways connect both cities with
Suez, the southern sea-port of the Suez Canal. The northern, or
Mediterranean, seaport of the canal is Port Said.
The other seaports of Egypt are Rosetta and Damietta,
Nubia and the Egyptian Soudan are inhabited by warlike tribes
of Arab and Negro descent.
Khartoum, at the junction of the Blue and the White Nile, is
the center of a large caravan trade.
Abyssinia is a high and rugged plateau, containing a number
of fertile valleys. The climate, owing to the
The climate, owing to the high altitude of the
surface, is mild and healthful. The people, though of a dark, or
swarthy complexion, belong to the Caucasian race, and consist,
chiefly, of Copts and Berbers, who are ignorant and degraded.
Abyssinta consists of several independent states, having ng
general government.
327°
Gondar is the capital. Massowah, an Egyptian possession, is
the only sea-port.
South Africa comprises several prosperous colonies. Some
of these belong to Great Britain, others are independent states
founded by Dutch settlers, while others still are the homes of
native tribes.
Cape Colony and Natal are British colonies. The surface of the
land is high, undulating and well adapted to grazing.
The leading occupations are the raising of cattle and sheep, and
the rearing of ostriches. Wool and ostrich feathers are among the
most valuable exports.
Cape Town, the capital of Cape Colony, is the chief sea-port of
South Africa.
Pietermaritzburg is the capital of Natal.
West Griqualand, also a possession of Great Britain, contains
the most productive diamond mines in the world.
Kimberly, its capital, is situated in the diamond fields, and is
the chief market for rough diamonds.
Caffraria and Zululand are inhabited by natives who are noted
for their intelligence, fiue physical appearance and great bravery.
Both countries are governed by native chiefs, although subject to
Great Britain.
The Orange Free State and the South African Republic (for-
merly Transvaal) are inhabited by Dutch farmers, called Boers.
The Boers are noted for their bravery and love of independence.
Bloemfontein is the capital of the Orange Free State, and Pre-
toria of the South African Republic. Wool, cattle and grain are
the exports.
Central Africa includes the regions comprised in Sahara, or
the Great Desert, Soudan, the Congo Free State and the territory
southward to the Boer republics.
Sahara contains about twenty oases, inhabited by wandering
tribes, who live chiefly by plundering the caravans.
Soudan is inhabited by semi-barbarous tribes, each of which is
governed by a chief, whose will is law.
Their occupation is herding cattle, but they are constantly at war
with one another.
Timbuctoo, Sackatoo and Konka are centers of a large caravan
trade.
The Congo Free State embraces the basin of the Congo
River. It is subject to the King of Belgium.
Zanzibar is a strip of coast nearly 1,000 miles long, including a
number of small islands. It is an absolute monarchy, governed
by a sultan.
Zanzibar, on an island of the same name, is the capital. It is
the center of a large trade in ivory, gum copal and spices.
Trade is almost exclusively in the hands of Hindoo and Arab.
merchants.
Mozambique includes a number of Portuguese colonies;extending
338
from Zululand to Zanzibar. The city of Mozambique, the chief
center of trade, is the residence of the Governor-General,
The West Coast is covered with forests of valuable timber.
The highlands contain gold and silver.
Senegambia includes most of the basins of the Senegal and
Gambia rivers. English and French traders have settled along
the coast.
Sierra Leone is a prosperous English colony. It is inhabited
by Negroes, many of whom were rescued from slave-ships. Free-
town is the capital.
Liberia is a small republic, originally established as a colony
for freed slaves from the United States. Monrovia is the capital.
Dahomey and Ashantee are absolute despotisms.
The natives are superstitious, warlike and ferocious. In Daho-
mey wholesale murders, or human sacrifices, form part of certain
celebrations. Here the king has an army of women whose weapons
are muskets, swords and clubs. Aslantee, also, is ruled by a
native king, who is independent.
Madagascar, a kingdom, contains a civilized population, whose
principal industries are agriculture and herding.
St. Helena belongs to Great Britain; the Canary Islands to
Spain; the Madeira, the Azores and the Cape Verd Islands to
Portugal.
NORTH AMERICA.
North America is the northern division of the western contineat.
It extends almost from the North Pole to the Equator.
The shape of North America is nearly that of a triangle, broad
at the north and tapering almost to a point at the south. Its
length is nearly 5,000 miles. Its area is equal to one-half that of
Asia, or two and one-half times that of Europe. Its northern and
eastern coasts are remarkable for numerous indentations and good
harbors, while the western coast has but few.
The western part of the continent is a high plateau, on which
are many nearly parallel ranges of mountains. The direction of
these ranges is from north-west to south-east. They constitute
the Rocky Mountain system, and form the main axis of the con-
tinent. The culminating ranges of this system inclose a large,
oval-shaped plateau, called the Great Basin.
The Appalachian system, in the eastern part, is composed of
several parallel ranges, extending from north-east to south-west.
Their average height is about 3,000 feet, or about one-third that
of the Western Highlands,
Volcanoes are numerous in the Western Highlands, and several
of them are constantly active.
The highest peak of the Rocky Mountain system is Mt. St. Elias,
19,500 feet; and of the Appalachian system, Mt. Mitchell, 6,707
feet
The great central plain, extending from Hudson Bay to the Gulf
of Mexico, lies between the two mountain systems. The Height
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of Land, an almost imperceptible divide, crosses the plain, sep-
arating the Arctic Slope from the Gulf Slope.
The lakes of North America are remarkable for their number
and size. If a straight line were drawn from Chesapeake Bay to
the mouth of the Mackenzie River, it would pass through nearly
every large lake in North America.
The great lakes contain about one-half the fresh water on the
globe. Lake Superior, the largest, however, is exceeded in size
by Lake Victoria, in Africa.
Salt and alkaline lakes are numerous in the Pacific highlands.
Great Salt Lake, in Utah, has an area twice that of Rhode Island.
With the exception of the Caspian Sea, it is the largest salt lake
on the globe.
The Mississippi basin is the largest basin in the world, except-
ing that of the Amazon river. Its chief stream, the Mississippi
and Missouri, exceeds every other river in length.
The Yukon river, second in size, is, in many respects, unlike
any other river on the continent. Its upper course is remarkable
for falls and rapids. Its lower part contains many islands, and is
often five and six miles wide.
The Columbia, Colorado, and many of their tributaries which
rise in the interior of the continent, flow, in some places, through
deep canons.
The soil is very productive. The Mississippi basin and the
slopes of the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico contain soil
of great fertility. On the Pacific coast the climate is much milder
than in corresponding latitudes on the Atlantic coast. The north-
ern part of the continent is extremely cold, the central portion is
characterized by hot summers and cold winters; the southern part,
has a tropical climate. The rain-fall is greatest in the north-west
and south-east. The rains of the Pacific Coast fall mostly in
winter. In northern regions, vegetation is limited to mosses,
lichens, and a few shrubs. A belt of cone-bearing and deciduous
trees extends through the middle of the Temperate Zone. In the
south, these are replaced by palms, tree-ferns, bananas, and
agaves. Grasses are abundant throughout the Temperate Zone.
Indian corn and tobacco are native to North America.
The fur seal, whale, walrus, polar bear, and musk-ox are the
most important animals of the northern regions. The bison, deer,
bear, wolf, and panther are common in the north central part. The
grizzly bear is found in North America only. The monkey in the
tropical regions.
Reptiles are numerous in the south. Nearly 500 species of birds
are known. Fish are abundant; the cod, salmon, herring and
mackerel are valuable as food.
༽
The mineral resources of North America surpass those of any
other continent. Iron and coal, minerals on which civilization and
commerce so greatly depend, are abundant and widely distributed.
Petroleum and natural illuminating gas are found in the Alleghany
Mountains and the Coast Kange. Gold, silver, and quick-silver
are found chiefly in the Western Highlands; copper and lead, in
331
the vicinity of the Great Lakes; and zinc, in the Eastern High-
jands.
American Indians inhabited North America at the time of the
explorations in the 15th and 16th centuries. A civilized people
preceding these had disappeared from the region which now con-
stitutes the United States, as the ruins of their habitations bear
witness.
Civilized people were found by the Spanish explorers of Mexico.
They were conquered by the Spaniards, and gradually disap-
peared.
The Esquimaux, who are found in the Arctic regions only, are
thought by many to be of Mongolian origin. The Indians, also,
are said to be of Mongolian descent, and to have come, originally,
from Asia.
The white race, the ruling element of the population, are the
descendants of Europeans. The inhabitants of Mexico and Central
America are the descendants, in part, of Spaniards and native
Indians.
The Negroes, originally brought to America as slaves, are fast
becoming educated.
Industries. The geographical distribution of the various indus-
tries is more noticeable in North America than in the other con-
tinents. Foreign commerce, manufactures, and fisheries are
confinea chiefly to the coasts and navigable streams.
་
Agriculture is carried on, principally, throughout the fertile
prairies and river-valleys of the interior. Stock-raising is most
profitable where there are mild winters and an abundance of
grass.
Mining is a leading industry in the highlands.
North America includes Danish America, British America, the
United States of America, Mexico, Central America and the West
Indies.
Danish America belongs to the Kingdom of Denmark.
prises Greenland, Iceland, and a few smaller islands.
Greenland extends farther north than any other country, or to
within about 400 miles of the North Pole. Its area is nearly one
third that of the United States.
It com-
The surface of Greenland is covered with ice and snow. The
coasts are scored by enormous glaciers. The products are fish,
oil, and reindeer skins.
The people comprise a few Danes and a number of Esquimau
tribes.
Icelanù, which is about half the size of Kansas, is noted for
volcanoes, geysers, glaciers, and lava fields.
Its southern part
bas a milder climate than its northern, and contains all the settle-
ment
The Icelanders are generally educated. Their trade is carried
on with Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. Their capital,
Reikiavik, contains a college,
332
THE UNITED STATES.
A Republic, it is the middle division of North America. Alaska,
a territory occupying the northwestern part of North America, is
partly in the North Temperate Zone and partly in the North Frigid
Zone. It was purchased from Russia by the United States. Ex-
terrds from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on
the west, from the Dominion of Canada on the north to the repub-
lic of Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. The distance
across the United States from east to west through the center, is
about 2,600 miles, and from north to south about 1,600 miles.
The shortest distance between the Dominion of Canada and the
Gulf of Mexico is about 800 miles.
4
The high mountains and plateaus of the United States are in
the western part. There the mining of gold and silver, and the
raising of cattle and sheep, constitute the leading occupations of
the people.
The plains, prairies, slopes and lowlands extending from the
great highland region eastward to the Atlantic Ocean, are remark
able for their fertile soil, which produces immense crops of grain,
ootton, fruits and vegetables.
The valleys of the Pacific Slope are noted for their mild, genial
climate and their great yield of wheat, fruits and vegetables.
Coal and iron are mined extensively in various parts of the
United States.
F
The variety and importance of the products and industries of
this country are due principally to its vast extent of territory and
its great diversity of soil, elevation and climate.
Its increase in population, wealth and power is unsurpassed.
A century ago there were but thirteen states, containing less than
4,000,000 inhabitants. Now there are thirty-cight states, ten ter-
ritories, and the District of Columbia, with a total population of
more than 60,000,000. A territory is under the control of the Gea-
eral Government of the United States, until it is admitted into the
Union as a state by Congress. The original thirteen states were
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,
North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The first states
admitted after them were Kentucky, Vermont, Tennessee, Ohio,
Louisiana, Indiana and Mississippi.
The first colonies in the region now called the United States
were established by the English, in Virginia, in 1607; by the
Dutch, in New-York, in 613; and by the Pilgrims, in Massachu-
setts, in 1620.
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All were subject to Great Britain from 1664 to 1776, when the
thirteen colonies declared themselves free and independent states.
Each state has its own constitution, laws, legislature, and gov.
ernor, while all the states are united under the constitution and
laws of the United States. A state is entitled to be represented
in the United States Senate by two senators, and in the House of
Representatives by one member for every 154,325 inhabitants.
·383
Every state is entitled to, at least, one member. A territory may
send a delegate to the House but he has no vote, There are
present 76 senators and 325 members of the House of Representa
tives. The states which have the largest representation in the
House are New York 34 members, Pennsylvania 28, Ohio e1, and
Illinois 20.
The states and territories of the United States have
legislatures consisting of two houses similar to those of Congress,
elected by the people. They are divided into counties, which are,
in some cases, subdivided into townships. The divisions of Louis-
ana corresponding to counties are called parishes. The highest
officials in a state are the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary
of State, Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Schools.
Towns and villages are collections of houses and inhabitants.
Cities have certain rights and privileges not possessed by towns
and villages. The affairs of a city are usually controlled by its
mayor and aldermen. A county seat is the chief town in which
the official business of the county is conducted.
The general government comprises three departments, the legis
lative, the judicial and the executive. It has control of all matters
pertaining to commerce and treaties with foreign countries, the
army and navy, the declaration of war, the post-offices, and the
coining of money.
The legislative power is vested in Congress, which consists of
the Senate, (composed of two senators from each state, chosen by
the state legislature, for six years. The Vice-president of the
United States is the president of the Senate) and House of Repre
sentatives. Congress holds its sessions in Washington. The
session of Congress begins on the first Monday in December of
each year.
A law cannot take effect unless passed by both the
Senate and the House of Representatives, and approved by the
President. If, however, he disapprove a measure which has been
passed by both houses of Congress, it may become a law on being
repassed by two-thirds of each house.
The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, which
interprets the laws. The Supreme Court consists of a chief-justice
and eight associate justices, all appointed for life by the president
with the consent of the Senate.
The executive power is vested in the President, whose duty is to
execute or enforce the laws. He is elected for four years. The
President and Vice-President are elected by a number of electors,
called the electoral college, chosen by the people of the states, or
their legislatures, Each state is entitled to a number of electors,
equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which
it is entitled in Congress. In case of a vacancy in the office of
President, it shall be filled by the Vice-President. If there be no
Vice-President, the law of 1886 vests the succession in those mem-
bers of the cabinet who are constitutionally eligible, in the following
order: Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of
War, Attorney-General, Postmaster-General, Secretary of the
Navy, and Secretary of the Interior,
ر
334
MEXICO.
Mexico is a republic, composed of twenty-seven states, a federal
district and the Territory of Lower California. It is situated in
the North Temperate and the Torrid Zone, and is about one-fourth
the size of the United States.
The surface is a high plateau, fringed by a belt of low, narrow
coast. Several ranges of the Rocky Mountain System, of which
the Sierra Madre is the highest, extend through the country from
north-west to south-east.
A chain of volcanoes crosses the highest part of the plateau.
The summits of several of these are above the limit of perpetual
snow. Vol. Popocatepetl is the highest mountain in Mexico, and,
next to Mt. St. Elias, the highest in North America.
The lakes are small and unimportant. Most of them are situ-
ated in the Valley of Mexico.
The rivers are short, and, excepting the Rio Colorado and.
Rio Grande, not navigable above tide-water.
The climate is hot and pestilential along the narrow coast, but
wild and healthful in the high interior. In going from Vera Cruz
to the city of Mexico, one may, within a few hours, experience
nearly every gradation of climate, and find the productions pecul-
iar to each zone.
each
There are but two seasons; the rainy, and the
dry.
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The vegetable productions comprise mahogany, rose-wood, mes-
quite, various dye-woods, the agave, and cactus.
Oranges,
lemons, pine-apples, olives, and bananas are extensively culti
vated. Tobacco, corn, sugar-cane, cocoa, beans, coffee, vanilla,
and the indigo-plant are also grown.
The wild animals of Mexico comprise the grizzly bear, puma or
Mexican lion, and coyote. Venomous reptiles and insects are
numerous. Cattle, horses, and donkeys, in vast numbers, are the
principal domestic animals.
The minerals include gold, silver, tin, quicksilver and marble.
The leading industries are agriculture, stock-raising, and mid-
ing. Coffee, sugar, cotton, cochineal, vanilla, metals, hides, and
ornamental woods are exported. Great progress has been recently
made in the building of railroads; but the unsettled condition of
the government depresses every kind of industry.
The people consist chiefly of mixed races. About one-tenth are
Creoles, or descendants of Spanish colonists. Spanish is the
language of the country.
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Mexico, the federal capital, is the metropolis. It is in the
Valley of Mexico, elevation about 7,400 feet above sea-level.
Guadalaxara and Puebla are manufacturing centers.
Vera Cruz is the chief Atlantic sea-port.
Acapulco and Guaymas are the principal ports on the Pacific
Coast of Mexico.
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336
CENTRAL AMERICA.
Central America forms the most southern part of North
America. It comprises five republics, and the British colony of
Balize.
The surface resembles that of Mexico, being a high platean
situated between low coasts. The climate, however, is hotter and
more moist, and its vegetation more luxuriant.
It contains several volcanoes. Destructive earthquakes are of
frequent occurrence.
Gold,
The principal products are coffee, dye-woods and sugar.
silver, and coal are found in the highlands.
The inhabitants are chiefly meztizos and Indians. The white
people are mainly of Spanish descent. There are many European
merchants and planters in Balize and Costa Rica. The language
of the country is Spanish.
Guatemala, the largest city of Central America, is the chief com-
mercial port.
The West Indies comprise two chains of islands, extending
southeast from the coast of North America.
The Bahama Islands, about 600 in number, are low, coral
formations. Their climate is warm and healthful.
The sponge fisheries constitute the chief industry.
Oranges, lemons and pine-apples are the principal fruits. Salt
is obtained from the lagoons of Turk's Island, by evaporation.
Nassau, the capital and commercial port, is situated on Provi-
dence Island.
The Greater Antilles comprise the islands of Cuba, Hayti,
Jamaica, and Porto Rico. Their surface is mountainous; their
climate and productions are those of tropical regions. The popu-
lation is made up of Spaniards, Creoles and Negroes.
Cuba exports sugar, molasses, coffee, fruits, tobacco and cigars.
Its forests contain ebony, mahogany and rosewood.
It is an
Havana, the capital, is the center of a vast commerce.
important sugar market.
Matanzas also is an important city in Cuba.
The Island of Hayti comprises two independent republics,
Hayti and Santo Domingo. The people and their rulers are
Negroes.
Port au Prince is the capital of Hayti; and Santo Domingo of
Santo Domingo.
Jamaica yields allspice, in addition to the products which are
similar to those of the other islands. Rum is the principal export.
Turtle-fishing is important.
Kingston is the capital.
Porto Rico contains many large and fertile plains,
The Lesser Antilles extend from Porto Rico to the mouth of
the Orinoco River.
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338
SOUTH AMERICA.
South America was discovered by Columbus in 1498, near the
mouth of the Orinoco. The early Spanish discoverers found an
Indian village near Lake Maracaybo, built over the water on piles.
As it reminded them of Venice, they called it Venezuela, which
means Little Venice.
Balboa, in 1513, crossed the Isthmus, and was the first man who
saw the Pacific Ocean from the coast of the Western Continent;
but, long years before this, the ancient Peruvians had lived there.
They had built strong cities, fine temples, great aqueducts, and
splendid roads and bridges, ruins of which still remain. Peru was
invaded by the Spaniards, under Pizarro, who cruelly treated the
natives, destroying their cities and plundering their temples.
South America was thus conquered and settled by Spaniards,
except Brazil, which was settled by Portugese, and Guiana, which
was settled by British, Dutch and French.
About 300 years afterward the people of the countries of South
America (except Guiana) declared themselves independent of
Spain and Portugal.
Simon Bolivar was the most distinguished general and patriot
of South America. He was called the "Liberator,
Liberator," also the
"Washington of South America."
South America is the Southern part of the Western Continent.
Its area is nearly twice that of the United States. In shape it
is a triangle, which tapers to a point toward the south. The coast
line has but few indentations.
:
Like North America it has mountain ranges in the west and
east and a vast plain in the center.
The Andean Plateau, the main axis of the continent, extends
along the entire western coast. It supports parallel ranges, which
constitute the Andean System. Its high peaks are always cov-
ered with snow. The highest measured peak is Mount Aconca-
gua, which is about 24,000 feet in height. The most celebrated
volcano is Cotapaxi.
-
The plains of South America cover about one-half its area. The
llanos of the Orinoco are treeless plains. During the rainy season
they become a vast inland sea With the disappearance of the
water comes a profusion of tropical vegetation, which quickly
withers under the intense heat of the sun.
The largest lakes in South America are Maracaybo and Titicaca.
The latter is 12,000 feet above the sea-level.
The Amazon is the largest and one of the longest rivers in the
world. Its course is nearly along the Equator. Its highest source
is within 70 miles of the Pacific Ocean. At its mouth the river is
nearly 200 miles wide. Its current and the freshness of its water
are perceptible 200 miles out at sea.
The soil is fertile in nearly all parts of the continent. The south-
ern part, however, is barren, rocky and desolate.
The climate along the sea-coast is generally warm, except in the
south In the interior of the lowland plains, the heat is almost
intolerable.
ܝ
339
The banks of the Amazon produce a wonderful variety of orna-
mental woods, such as mahogany, rosewood, vegetable-ivory, and
tortoise-shell wood. The India rubber, cacao, and cocoa-palm
trees are abundant.
The lowlands abound in wild grasses, and on the mountain
slopes are found the cinchona-tree and many kinds of medicinal
plants.
The chief cultivated plants are coffee, sugar-cane, cotton,
tobacco, indigo, manioc, and spices.
Minerals.-South America is rich in minerals. A large part of
the silver now in use in the world was obtained from the Andes
Mountains. Gold is mined in Colombia and Brazil.
Industries.-The chief industries of the inhabitants of South
America are herding, agriculture, and mining.
BRAZIL,
The Empire of Brazil, the largest country of South America,
Is the only monarchy in the New World.
It comprises the eastern plateau and the basins of the Amazon
and the La Plata. The northern and western parts_are_low,
swampy, and, during the rainy season, completely inundated.
Near the coast, the valleys are rich and well cultivated.
The greater part of the country has a tropical climate.
Coffee, cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice, grain, tropical fruits, nuts,
and spices are raised in abundance.
The leading industries are cattle-raising and agriculture.
The natives live in the interior. The ruling people are the
Portuguese, or their descendants.
Rio Janeiro, the capital, is the largest city in South America.
ts chief exports are coffee and India rubber.
Bahia is the center of the diamond trade.
The Andes Republics comprise the United States of Colom-
bia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chili occupy the mountainous
region along the coast of the Pacific Ocean.
The coast is very steep, affording few harbors.
The surface is rugged. The high plateaus are barren, but the
mountain sides and the valleys afford pasturage, and yield grain
and other products.
This region is subject to earthquakes, and it contains some of
the most celebrated volcanoes in the world.
The governments are republican in form, modeled after our own;
but they are subject to frequent revolutions.
Bogota, although within four and a half degrees of the
Equator, has a climate of perpetual spring, due to its altitude of
nearly co feet. his wet seasons are our spring and autumn; its
dry seasons, our summer and winter. It is warmest in February,
and cridest in December. Grain is sown twice a year. Most of
the houses are built but one story high, owing to the frequency of
earthquakes. There are, however, many large, splendid buildings.
Panama, on the isthmus, is the largest and most important city.
340
It is connected by railroad with Colon, or Aspinwall 116 climate
is tropical and unhealthy.
Quito, the capital of Ecuador, is situated on a very high plateau,
surrounded by volcanoes.
Guayaquil is the chief commercial city.
Lima, a few miles from the coast, is the capital of Peru. Its
port is Callao.
Arequipa was several times destroyed by earthquakes.
La Paz is the capital and largest city of Bolivia.
CHILI.
Chili is the most powerful and enterprising of the Spanish-
American republics.
It is the same in extent from north to south as the United States
from east to west about 2,600 miles.
It is situated on the western slope of the Andes and extends
from the Bay of Arica to Cape Horn.
Along the coast are numerous islands, which are rich in guano
and niter.
Its climate is temperate and moist.
The people are chiefly of Spanish origin. They are active,
industrious and intelligent.
Santiago is the capital. Valparaiso is the largest commercial
city on the west coast of South America.
The Argentine Republic is a broad and level country, com-
prising most of the pampas.
The people are engaged in herding and in preparing dried beef,
hides, tallow and horns, for export.
Buenos Ayres, the capital and largest city, has an extensive
commerce.
Paraguay and Uruguay resemble the Argentine Republic in
surface, products and the occupations of the people.
Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay, is an important commercial
city.
Asuncion is the capital of Paraguay.
Venezuela lies almost entirely within the basin of the Orinoco.
its climate is tropical.
The people are engaged in cattle-raising and agriculture.
Hides, meat, tallow, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugar and dye-woods
are exported.
Caracas is the capital. It has frequently suffered from earth-
quakes.
Guana en braces three colonies-British, French and Dutch.
Its products are like those of Venezuela.
Cayenne is the capital of French Guiana, Georgetown of British
Guiana, and Paramaribo of Butch Guiana.
+
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342
DOMINION OF CANADA.
The Dominion of Canada embraces the provinces of Britisa
Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia and Prince Edward Island, besides several territories and
districts. Its area is about equal to that of the United States.
The surface is mostly a vast plain, bordered by a high plateau in
the west, on which stand the Rocky mountains and the Cascade
range.
A chain of lakes extends from the mouth of the Mackenzie river
to the Great Lakes. The St. Lawrence, Nelson and Mackenzie
rivers drain the principal basins.
The climate of the Pacific Slope is mild, but elsewhere the
winters are of great severity. The summers are short and in the
southern provinces hot.
A belt of timber, mostly pine, extends from the Rocky mountains
"to the Atlantic ocean. The Pacific Slope is covered with forests of
fir, the valley of the St. Lawrence contains growths of maple, oak
and elm.
The central prairie regions are covered with luxuriant crops of
wild grasses, and, where cultivated, yield large crops of grain.
The wild animals comprise the bison, bear, moose, wolf, beaver,
otter, ermine, mink and marten, most of which are hunted for their
skins. The coast waters abound in scal, cod and salmon.
The minerals comprise gold, silver and coal, which are mined in
the west. Copper and iron are found near Lake Superior. Coal
is mined in Nova Scotia also.
The chief industries in the eastern provinces are lumbering and
fishing. The central regions are agricultural. The uninhabited
regions of the north yield valuable furs in great quantities.
Most of the inhabitants are of English descent. In the eastern
provinces, however, there are many descendants of the early
French settlers.
The government of the dominion is vested in the Governor-
General and Parliament. The Governor-General is appointed by
the sovereign of Great Britain. Parliament consists of a Senate
and a House of Commons. The members of the Senate are
appointed by the Governor-General. The members of the House
are elected by the people. Each province has a Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor and a legislature.
Ottawa is the capital of the Dominion of Canada. It contains
magnificent public buildings.
British Columbia, including Vancouver and other islands, is
the largest and most mountainous province of the dominion. Its
mines of gold and coal are valuable. Lumber, fish, an, wool are
exported.
Victoria, on Vancouver Island, is the capital and metropolis.
Manitoba is noted for wheat and furs. Steamers ply on the
Red River of the North, and on Manitoba and Winnipeg lakes.
Winnipeg, the capital, is the agricultural and commerical center
Ontario, the most important province, contains nearly one-
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344
third the population of the dominion. Grain, fruit, and Lumber
are the principal products. Petroleum, copper, and iron are ab-
tained near Lake Superior.
Toronto, the capital of the province, is noted for its manu-
factures and educational institutions. It is an important railway
center and lake-port.
Hamilton, situated near the western extremity of Lake Ontario,
is an important lake-port and manufacturing center.
Quebec is hilly. Its winters are extremely cold; its summers,
warm, short, and foggy.
Its agricultural region is south of the St. Lawrence, and pro-
duces good crops of oats, potatoes, and hay. The most valuable
export is lumber.
The people of this province are, chiefly, descendants of cariy
French settlers.
Quebec, the capital, is the oldest city in the dominion. The
heights, on which the upper portion of the city is built, are strongly
fortified. The fortress of Quebec, next to that of Gibraltar, is eon-
sidered the strongest in the world. It was, however, captured by
General Wolfe during the French and Indian War. The principal
business part of the city occupies the low ground.
Montreal, the metropolis, is noted for its magnificent cathedrals,
and the tubular bridge across the St. Lawrence River.
New Brunswick is noted for lumber and ship-building.
Fredericton is the capital of New Brunswick.
St. John is the metropolis and largest port.
G
Nova Scotia has more sea-coast than any other province,
Ship-building and the fisheries constitute the chief industries.
coal-fields are extensive. Gold and gypsum are also mined.
Its
Halifax, the capital, has an excellent harbor, and is the chief
British naval station in North America.
Prince Edward Island, the smallest province, is the most
densely populated. Agriculture and fishing are the chief ecoupa-
tions. Fish and eggs the principal exports.
Charlottetown is the capital.
Newfoundland is noted for its barren soil, cold climate and
dense fogs.
The dense fogs which prevail in this latitude are due to the
meeting of the cold Arctic Current with the warm waters of the
Gulf Stream. During the spring and summer, icebergs and pack-
Ice are brought down by the Arctic Current, and drift about until
melted. It is for this reason that the steam-ship route between
America and Great Britain is one of the most dangerous in the
world.
Its cod, salmon and seal fisheries give employment to about
nine-tenths of the inhabitants.
St. John's, the capital, is the most easterly city in North America,
south of Greenland.
The Territories were formerly owned by the Hudson Bay Co-
pany.

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346
NEW HAMPSHIRE,
One of the thirteen original states. Named for Hampshi
County, England, called the "Granite State." Ratified United
States Constitution June 21, 1788. Union soldiers 33,937.
Num-
ber counties 10. Miles railroad 660. All elections Tuesday after
first Monday in Nov., number senators 24, representatives 321, ses-
sions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first
Wednesday in June. Terms of senators and representatives 2
years each.
Number electoral votes 4, congressmen 2, number
voters 105,138. Paupers excluded from voting. Dartmouth Col-
lege, at Hanover, founded 1769. Compulsory education law, com-
mon schools excellent, school age 5-15. Legal interest 6 per cent.,
usury forteits 3 times the excess. Population 1880 346,991, male
178,526, female 176,465, native 300,697, white 346,229, colored 685,
Indians 63. Extreme length N. and S. 181 miles, extreme width
92 miles, area 9,co5 sq. miles-5,763,200 acres. Coast line 18
miles. Highest peak Mt. Washington. Largest lake, Winnipi-
seogee, 74 sq. miles. General elevation 1,200 feet. Isles of Shoals
form part of state. The White Mountains occupy the northern
portion of the state with unsurpassed scenery. Soil rocky, with
small fertile districts. Hay best crop; corn, wheat, oats and or
dinary vegetables do fairly with close cultivation. Forests largely
exhausted, except at the north. Cleared lands average $163 and
woodland $25 per acre. Mica quarried at Grafton, soapstone
at Haverhill, Keene and Francestown, granite at Plymouth, Troy,
Roxbury, Concord. State ranks high in cotton manufacturing
CLIMATE.-Winter average 24, sammer 69 deg. Extremes great
In White Mountains. Summer short and hot, with violent storms.
Rainfall 41 inches. Frost late in spring and early in fall Winter
begins in Nov., cold till May. Snow lies two-thirds of
year in
mountains, elsewhere 70 to 130 days. Health good.
Health good. PRINCIPAL
INDUSTRIES.-Agriculture, manufacture of cotton, woolens, lum
ber, leather, boots and shoes, etc. Quarrying mica, granite and
soapstone. PRINCIPAL CITIES.-Manchester, pop. 32,630, Nashua
13,397, Concord (the capital) 13,843, Dover 11,687, Portsmouth
(chief barbor) 969. The harbor of the latter place, Great Bay,
never freezes over,
Governor.
Secretary of State
Treasurer.
Attorney General
Salaries of State Officers.
Superintendent Public Fostitutions
Three Railroad Commissioners.
Adjutant General
Secretary Board of Agriculture
Librarian..
Chief Justice..
Six Associate Justices.
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Population
Area
New Hampshire 346.991 9,008
Vermont 332,286 936
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348
VERMONT.
First State to join original 13. Called the "Green Mountain
State." Active in war of 1812. Union soldiers furnished, 33,288.
Number counties 14. Miles railroad 944. First railroad built
from Bellows Falls to Burlington 1849. State elections biennial,
first Tuesday in Sept.; number senators 30, representatives 240.
Sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting
first Wednesday in Oct, Terms of senators and representatives,
2 years each. Number electoral votes 4, congressmen 2. Num-
ber voters 95,651. Bribers excluded from voting. Colleges 2.
School age 5-20. Legal interest rate 6%, usury forfeits excessive.
interest. Population, 1883, 332,286; male 166,888, female 165,399,
native 291,327, foreign 40,959, white 331,218, colored 1,057. Length
N. and S. 149 miles, width 34 to 52 miles, area 9,136 sq. miles,
5,847,040 acres. Highest Point (Green Mountains) about 4,600 ft.
Green Mountains run N, and S. through the state and are 3,000
to 4,600 feet high. The surface is generally hilly. All east of
mountains drained by the Connecticut, the only navigable river.
Small streams abundant. Soil rocky but good in narrow strips on
streams Potatoes best crop. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, hops and
bbckwheat yield moderately if well attended. Forests remain to
considerable extent, but are cut over or culled. Cleared land
averages $17.50 and forest land $18 per acre. Dairying profitable.
Manganese, copper, iron, gold, black, white, red and variegated
marble and slate are found, the marbles in great abundance.
State ranks 1st in quarries, 4th in copper. Temperature ranges
from 15 deg. below to 95 deg. above, but changes not sudden;
winter averages 18 deg. to 33 deg. Summer averages 66 deg. to
75 deg. Summers short. Rainfall greatest at south and east
where it averages 43 inches; in other sections the average is 35
inches. Snows heavy. Frosts early in fall and late in spring.
Snow lies 80 to 140 days. Health excellent. Death rate very
low, less than 134 in the 100. Industries very varied, numbering
2,900, Principal ones, agriculture, dairying, manufacture of flour,
furniture, leather, tin, iron and copper ware, and lumber, mining,
quarrying and finishing marbles and stones, and maple sugar
making.
PRINCIPAL CITIES.-Burlington, pop., 1880, 11,365; Montpelier
(capital), pop., 1880, 4,000; Rutland, pop., 1880, 12,149: Brattle-
boro and Bellows Falls are important and thriving towns and seats
of large industries.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor, $1,000: Lieutenart Governor, $6 a day; Secretary of
State, $1,700; Treasurer, $1,700; Auditor, $2,000; Inspector of
Finances, $500; Railroad Commissioner, $500; Adjutant General,
$750: Superintendent of Public Instruction, $1,400; Chief Justice.
$2,500: Six Associate Justices, $2,500; Senators and Representa-
tives p3 a day; District Judge, $3.500; Collector of Internal
Revenue, $2,650; Colierer of Customs, $1,000 and fees,
349
KENTUCKY.
44
Name Indian. Signifies dark and bloody ground, because the
state was the hunting and battle ground of the tribes. Called
"Corn Cracker State." Louisville founded 1780. Admitted as a
State June 1, 1792. State furnished 7,000 troops in war of 1812,
and 13,700
in Mexican war. Won great credit in latter. Neutral
at beginning of civil war. State the scene of continuous cavalry
raids during the war, and some sharp battles at Perryville, Rich-
mond, etc. Put under martial law 1864. Civil government
restored 1865. Union soldiers furnished, 75,760. Number coun-
ties 118. State elections biennial, first Monday in August, in
odd-numbered years. Number senators 38, representatives 100,
sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting
last day of December, holds 60 days. Term of senators 4 years,
of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 13, number
congressmen 11, number voters 376,221. Bribers, robbers and
forgers excluded from voting. Number colleges 15, public school
system framed 1838, good schools, school age 6-20 years, Legal
interest 6%, by contract 10%, usury forfeits excess over 10%. Miles
of railroad 1,887. Population, 1880, 1,648,690, male 832,590,
female 816, 100, native 1,589,173, foreign 59,517, white 1.377,179,
colored 271,451, Chinese 10, Indians 50, slaves, 1860, 225,483.
Extreme length E. and W. 350, width 179 miles, area 40,000 sq.
miles, 25,600,000 acres. River frontage 832 miles, navigable water
ways 4,120 miles. Soil fair, except in the famous Bluegrass
region," extending for 40 or 50 miles around Lexington, and one
of the most beautiful sections on the globe. Natural wonder
Mammoth Cave, greatest in the world. Kentucky ranks high as
an agricultural and stock state. Staple crops, corn, wheat,
tobacco, oats, barley, hemp, rye and vegetables, fruits do fairly.
Famous for thoroughbred horses and cattle. Mules and hogs
largely raised. At the east in the mountains are immense forests
of virgin oak, poplar, ash, chestnut, elm, walnut, cucumber and
other valuable timber trees Coal, marbles, minerals, oil, stone,
etc., also abound. Iron deposits of immense magnitude are
known to exist. Cleared land averages $20 and woodland $5 per
acre. The average of the former is raised materially by the high
prices, often $100 or more per acre in the bluegrass section. Moun-
tain lands rich in timber and minerals and not without agricultural
value rate $2 to $5 per acre. The state ranks first in tobacco, and
fourth in malt and distilled liquors. Climate variable, favorable to
health and agriculture, healthfulness not surpassed. Thermometer
ranges from 3 deg. beloa zero to 98 above, rarely greater extremes
are kno
emperature averages, summer 75 deg.. winter 38
deg., rainfall go.oches. Snows fall but disappear in a few days.
Sleighing only for a day or so. Winters moderately long. Malaria
very rare, except on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers! CHIEF
CITIES.-Louisville, pop. 125.738. Frankfort (capital), pop. 0,958.
Covington 9.720. Lexington, former capit 1, founded 1776,
pop. 16,65:
Newport, connected with Covington by bridge, pop.
20,433 [Salaries of State Officers page 499.l

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KENTUCKY & TENNESSEE
Area Population
Kentucky 40,000 1,648,690
Tennessee 41,750 1,542,180
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351
TENNESSEE.
Area 41,-
"Big Bend State." First settled 1754.
First settled 1754. Became a part of North
Carolina 1777. Organized as the State of Franklin 1785, but again
became part of North Carolina 1788. Ceded to United States by
North Carolina 1789. Admitted as state June 1, 1796. Capital,
Nashville. First railroad part of N. & C., 1853, Nashville to
Bridgeport. Seceded June 8, 1861. Re-entered Union 1866.
Number counties 96. State, congressional and presidential elec-
tions, Tuesday after first Monday in November, number senators
33, representatives 99, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years,
meeting first Monday in January; holds 75 days. Terms of sena-
tors and representatives 2 years each. Number electoral votes 12,
number congressmen 10, number voters 571,244, native white 240,-
939, foreign white 250,055, colored 80,250, non-payers of poll-tax
excluded from voting. Legal interest 6 per cent., by contract any
rate, usury forfeits excess of interest and $100 fine. Schools fair.
Miles railroad 2,166. Population 1880 1,542.359, male 769,277,
female 773,082, native 1,525,657, foreign 16,702, white 1,138,831,
colored 403,151, Chinese 25, Indians 352. Slaves 1860 275,519.
Extreme length E. and W. 430 miles, width 110 miles.
750 sq. miles, 26,720,000 2cres. Mountainous at E. where Apala-
chians separate state from North Carolina. Soil fair, except in
central basin, where it is very productive. State abounds in coal,
iron, fine marbles and building stones, copper and other minerals.
Possesses one of the finest areas of forest in the Union. Principal
timbers, walnut, oak, poplar, ash, hickory, etc. Staple products,
mules, hogs, peanuts, corn, wheat, cotton, vegetables of all kinds,
potatoes, tobacco, hemp, flax, broomcorn, iron, copper, coal,
marbles, etc. Ranks second in peanuts and third in mules.
Resources but little developed, 5,000 sq. miles of coal field, with
3 to 7 workable veins. Cleared land everages $12.50, forest $5 per
acre. Grape growing pays. Climate one of healthiest in world.
Mild and pleasant, and owing to varying elevation very diverse.
Snow light and lays briefly Ice rarely more than a mere film in
thickness. Average temperature winter 38 deg., summer 75 deg.
Extremes seldom occur. Rainfall 45 to 47 inches. Air bracing.
CHIEF CITIES.- Nashville capital, pop. 43,350. Memphis pop.
33,592, Chattanooga pop. 12,892, Jackson pop. 8.377, Knoxville
pop. 9,693. Industries chiefly agricultural, mining, lumbering and
iron making.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor.
Secretary of State
Treasurer.
Comptroller..
Attorney General..
Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Adjutant General……..
Commissioner of Agriculture….
• •
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.$4,000
$1,800 and fees
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2,750
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1,800
1,200
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NORTH CAROLINA.
One of the thirteen original states. Called "Old North State,'
"Fur State," and "State of Turpentine." Discovered by Lord
Raleigh, 1584. Settled by English, 1650. State seceded May 21,
1861. Forts, etc., seized by state troops. Coast section scene of
sharp fighting during civil war. State re-entered Union June,
1868. Number of counties, 96, miles of railroad, 1,366. All elec
tions Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number of senators 56,
representatives 120, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years,
meeting Wednesday after first Monday in January, hold 60 days.
Terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. Number
electoral votes 11, number congressmen 9. Convicts are excluded
from voting. Public school system adopted, 1840, at present over
2,000 public schools in operation; school age 6--21; separate schools
for whites and blacks. Legal interest rate 6 per cent., by con-
tract 8, usury forfeits interest. Rate of tax less than 50c. on $100.
POPULATION.- 1880, 1,399,750, male 687,908, female 711,842,
native 1,396,008, colored 531,277, Indians, 1,230, slaves, 1860,
331,059. Greatest length E. and W. 453 miles; greatest width,
185 miles, area, 52,240 square miles, or 33,433,600 acres, less area
water surface. Coast line 423 miles with many harbors Much
forest yet remains. Swamps extensive, most noted of them, the
Great Dismal, north of Albemarle sound, contains 148,000 acres.
Small streams abundant, water powers numerous; corn best crop,
tobacco largest product, other staples are orchard products, sweet
potatoes, rice, wheat, oats, peanuts, cotton, hay and vegetables in
the order named. North Carolina ranks first in tar and turpentine,
second in copper, third in peanuts and tobacco and fourth in rice.
Has rich deposits of gold and the baser minerals. Stone, slate,
coal, marble, mica. Excellent fisheries. Natural resources but
slightly developed. Ample opportunities for homes, enterprise and
capital. Cleared land averages $10 and woodland $5 per acre,
and much of excellent quality in the market below this average.
Stock thrives. Scenery varied, ordinary, picturesque and grand.
Wheat harvested June. Corn ripe in Sept. Climate is varied,
warm and moist in low sections; cool and dry in mountains, with
all intermediate conditions. Average winter temperature, 49 deg.,
summer 78 deg. to 79 deg. Frosts light and seldom come till the
end of fall. Rainfall, including some snow in mountains, 45 deg.
Health good. CHIEF CITIES.-Wilmington, pop. 13,446; Raleigh,
(capital), pop. 7,790; Charlotte contains assay office, pop. 4,473,
New Berne, pop. 5,849. INDUSTRIES.-
INDUSTRIES.-Agriculture principal occu-
pation. Fishing, manufacture of turpentine and lumber, mining,
etc. Number of diffrent industries, 3,800. Number boats
engaged in fisheries, about 3,000. Copper mined, 1,640,000 lbs.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $3,000, Secretary of State $2,000, Treasurer $3,000,
Auditor 1,500, Attorney General $2,000, Superintendent of Public
Instruction $1,500, Adjutant General $600, Commissioner of Agri-
oulture $1,200, State Librarian $750, Chief Justice $2,500.

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354
SOUTH CAROLINA.
One of the thirteen original states, "Palmetto state.
Revoiu-
tionary record, brilliant. English seized the territory, but were
thrashed at Cowpens and Eutah Springs and penned up in Char-
leston. First railroad in United States using American locomotive,
1830. First state to secede, Nov., 1860. Sumter bombarded
April 12-13, 1861. Ordinance of secession repealed Sept., 1865,
and slavery abolished. Re-entered the Union June, 1868. Num-
ber counties 34, miles of railroad 1,570. State, congressional and
presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November.
State senators 35, representatives 124, sessions annual, meeting
fourth Tuesday in November. Term of senators 4 years, of rep-
resentatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 9, number congress-
men 7. Insane, inmates of asylums, alms-houses and prisons,
United States army and duelists excluded from voting. Number
colleges 9, school age 6-16, school system fair. Legal interest 7%,
by contract, any rate. Population, 1880, 995,577, male 490,408,
female 505,169, native 987,891, white 391, 105, Indians 131, slaves,
1860, 402,406. Greatest length 280 miles, greatest width 210 miles,
area 30,170 square miles, or 19,308,800 acres, coast line 212 miles.
Principal river Savannah, navigable 130 miles. Magnificent water
power, undeveloped. Soil from medium to very rich Forests
extensive and valuable. Land, cleared or uncleared, averages $7
per acre Rice and cotton, best crops. All other cereals as well
as vegetables, fruits, grasses and fiber crops grow well. Phosphate
beds enormous, gold, mica, marbles of all colors, building stones
found in large quantities. Turpentine, tar, lumber and oysters
largely produced. Stock thrives. Gold mines in Abbeville,
Edgefield and Union counties, first mint deposits, $3,500, in 1827.
White and variegated marbles found in Spartanburgh and Laurens
counties. CLIMATE.-Temperature ranges 15 to 96 degrees F.
Averages, summer 82 degrees, winter 51 degrees. Average rain-
fall 48 inches, decreasing to the south. Health good. Epidemics
rare and confined to seaports. Resort for consumptives. Changes
slight and infrequent, frosts rare. CHIEF CITIES.-Charleston,
pop. 1880, 49,984, port of entry, seat of a Catholic bishop. United
States customs districts at Beaufort, Charleston and Georgetown.
Capital, Columbia. PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.-Agriculture, mining,
fishing, quarrying, lumbering, turpentine and tar making, and
phosphate digging.
Salaries of State Officors.
Governor $3,500, Lieutenant Governor $1,000, Secretary of State
$2,100, Treasurer $2,100, Comptroller General $2,100, Attorney
General $2,100, Superintendent of Public Instruction $2,100,
Commissioner of Agriculture $2,100, Adjutant and Inspector Gen.
eral $1,500, Chief Justice $4,000, Associate Justices $3,500, Clerk
of Supreme Court $1,000, Senators and Representatives $5 pet
day, mileage to cents; District Judge $3,500, Collector of Internal
Revenue $3,250.
355
VIRGINIA.
One of the thirteen original states. Called the "Old Dominion,"
and "The Mother of Presidents." First English settlement in
America, 1607. Active in Revolution and subsequent steps
toward founding the Union, Virginia won the title of "First of the
States. British burnt Norfolk 1779, and Richmond 1781. York-
town surrendered Oct., 1781, practically vanquishing England.
State seceded May 7, 1861, and capital of Confederacy moved to
Richmond. Scene of gigantic energies of the war. Bull Run,
the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Fredericksburg, Port Republic and
many other famous battles were fought on Virginia soil. Lee sur-
rendered at Appomattox April 9, 1865, ending the war. State
returned to the Union Jan. 26, 1870. Number of counties, roo.
Sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting
first Wednesday in December; holds go days. Term of senators
go days, representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 12, Con-
gressmen 10. Lunatics, idiots, convicts, duelists, United States
army and non-taxpayers of capitation tax excluded from voting.
Number colleges 7, schools 4,502, school age 5-21, school system
fair. Legal interest 6 per cent, by contract 3 per cent, usury for-
feits all over 6 per cent. Miles of railroad, 2,894. POPULATION-
1880, 1,512,555; male 745,589, female 766,976, native 1,497,869,
white, 880,858, colored 631,616, Indians 85, slaves, 1860, 490,855
Greatest length east and west, 445 miles, greatest width, 190 miles,
area 40, 125 square miles, 25,680,000 acres. Coast line, 130 miles,
tidal frontage, 1.556 miles. The state is rich in iron, gold, salt,
coal, marble, slate, zinc, lead, stone, timber and other natural
resources as yet little developed. Much good farming land is
untilled. Cleared land averages $10 and woodland $6 to $7 per
acre. The opportunities for homes and enterprise are inviting.
All cereals, tobacco, peanuts (state ranks first in this crop and
second in tobacco), fruits, grapes, and vegetables are extensively
raised. Stock thrives. Climate varies, is genial and healthful,
cool in mountains and warm in lowlands in summer. Winters are
seldom severe. Winter averages 44, summer 78 degrees. Rain-
fall, including snow, averages 44 inches, being heaviest on the
CHIEF CITIES- Richmond (capital), pop. 63,600; pop. of
Norfolk, 21,965, Petersburg, 21,656. Hampton Roads one of best
harbors on coast. Seven ports of entry. INDUSTRIES-Half
lation engaged in agriculture, balance in quarrying, ship-building,
popu
lumbering, the trades, iron working, meat packing, tanning
coast.
Salaries of State Officers.
"
Governor $5,000, Lieutenant Governor $900, Secretary of State
$2,000, Treasurer $2,000, Auditor $3,000, Secretary Auditor $2,000,
Attorney General $2,500, Superintendent of Public Instruction
$2,500, Adjutant General $600, Commissioner of Agriculture
$1,500, Superintendent of Land Office $1,300, President of Supreme
Court $3,250, four Judges of Supreme Court $3,000, two District
Judges $3,300, Senators and Representatives $540 per year.
356
WEST VIRGINIA.
Originally part of Virginia. Called "Pan Handle State." His-
zory up to 1861 same as that of Virginia. Refused to secede
April 22, 1861. F. H. Pierrepont elected governer June 20, 1861.
Admitted as state June 20, 1863, and Wheeling made the capital.
Capital changed to Charleston, 1870. Moved again to Wheeling,
1875, and to Charleston again in 1884. Union soldiers furnished,
32,068. State advanced rapidly in wealth. Number counties 54,
miles railroad 1,026. Governor and state officers elected quadri-
ennially, and legislature every two years, on second Tuesday in
October, number senators 26, representatives, 65. Sessions bien-
nial, in odd-numbered years, holding 45 days. Terms of senators.
4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 6,
congressmen 4, number voters, 169, 161, native white 123,569, col-
ored 6,384. Insane, paupers, and convicts not voting. Flourish-
ing free school system, school age 6-21. Legal interest 6 per cent,
by contract 6, usury forfeits excess of interest. POPULATION.-
1880, 618,457, male 314,495, female 303,962, native 600, 192, white
592,537, colored 25,886, Indians, 29, increase in population 1870 to
1880, 38 per cent, number slaves, 1860, 18,37 TOPOGRAPHY,
AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-Length N. and S., 241 miles,
greatest width 153 miles, area 24,645 sq. miles, 15,772,800 acres.
Surface mountainous with fertile valleys, the Alleghenys principal
range. Some high peaks. Scenery fine and much visited by
tourists. Western part hilly, but gradually descends from 2,500
feet abov the sea toward the Ohio river, where the elevation is
800 to goo feet. Much of the state is virgin forest densely clothed
with oak, walnut, poplar, ash, and other timber trees. Mineral
springs abound. The soil, where not mountainous, is excellent.
Mineral wealth, including coal, oil, iron, salt, is prodigal, Staple
products include the minerals named, sheep, hogs, tobacco, wheat,
corn, dairy products, fruit, wine, lumber. Petroleum extensively
produced. The state ranks fifth in salt and coal, seventh in buck-
wheat, iron and steel. Cleared land averages $22.50. CLIMATE
moderate, average temperature, winter 30 deg., summer, 70 deg.
Elevation reduces heat which in the valleys averages 76 to 78 deg.
Average rainfall 42 to 45 inches. Health is excellent. CHIEF
CITIES.-Charleston, capital, Wheeling, pop. 30,727, Parkersburg,
pop. 6,582, Martinsburg, pop. 6,335. CHIEF INDUSTRIES.-Sixty
per cent. of laborers engaged in agriculture, balance in mining.
Iron making, lumbering, manufacturing, etc.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $2,700, Secretary of State $1,000 and fees, Treasurer
$1,400, Auditor $2,000 ances, Superintendent of Free Schools
$1,500, Attorney General $1,000, Presiding Judge of Supreme
Court $2,250, Associate Judges $2,250, Senators and Representa-
tives $4 per day, mileage 10 cents; District Judge $3,500, two
Collectors of Internal Revenue $2,875.
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MAP OF
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Population 1,512,565 618,457
Area Sq. miles 40,125 24,645 IN.Martly
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ALASKA.
Discovered by Vitus Behring 1741, and became Russian territory
by right of discovery. Purchased by United States for $7,000,000,
1867, as a deed of gratitude to Russia for her course in civil war.
Has paid five per cent. on investment ever since, and promises to
become the source of enormous mineral, fur, agricultural and
timber wealth. Governor appointed by the president of the United
States.
POPULATION.-Whites, 2,000; Indians, estimated, Innuits
18,000, Aleutian 2,200, Ninneh 4,000, Thlinket 7,000, Hyda 800.
Extreme length north and south 1,200 miles, width 800 miles,
area (estimated) 531,409 sq. miles. Yukon, chief river, 80 miles
wide at mouth, navigable 840 miles, length about 1,300 miles; coast
line 5,000 miles. Fertile land. Good oats, barley and root crops
are raised without difficulty. Rich grass land in the valley of
Yukon. Timber abundant. Yellow cedar best, being of great
value for boat-building. Berries plentiful. Fine quality of white
marble is on Lynn Channel. Coal, amber and lignite on Aleutian
Islands, the best coal being on Cook's Inlet. Gold, silver, copper,
cinnabar and iron are found; sulphur abundant. Noted for fur-
bearing animals, the chief of which are beaver, ermine, fox, marten,
otter, squirrel and wolf. The main revenue is the fur seal, taking
of which is regulated by law. The walrus is of value in furnishing
Ivory and oil. Whales, cod, herring and halibut and salmon are
abundant.
CLIMATE.-Pacific coast modified by Pacific Gulf Stream and
long summer days. Temperature at Sitka averages, winter about
that of Washington, D. C. Rainfall copious and foggy weather
common on coasts and islands. Sitka, one of the rainiest places
in the world outside the tropics: annual precipitation 65 to 90
inches; rainy days 200 to 285 in year.
CHIEF CITIES.-Sitka, seat of Bishop of Greek church, and
headquarters of governor, pop. 995, white 163, creole 219.
Thlinket 613. Fort St. Nicholas, Cook's Inlet, Fort St. Michael
and Norton's Sound are other main settlements. Harbors at
Port Clarence, Michaelooski and Captain's Harbor.
INDUSTRIES.-Fishing, canning, trapping and mining.
Salaries of Territorial Officers.
.
Governor.
District Judge.
Clerk of District Court and ex-officio Secretary and Treas-
urer..
...
District Attorney
Marshal and Surveyor General.
Collector of Customs..
Three Deputy Collectors.
One Deputy Collector.
Two Inspectors, per day.
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Name Indian, means
<< We rest here." Mobile founded by
French 1702.
Admitted to Union Dec. 14, 1819. Seceded Jan.
11, 1861. Montgomery made capital of Confederacy Feb. 4, 1861.
Subsequently removed to Richmond, Va. State re-entered Union
July 14. Number counties 66, miles of railroad 2,191. State elec-
tions biennial first Monday in Aug., number senators 33, represen-
tatives 100, sessions of legislature biennial in even-numbered years,
meeting Tuesday after second Monday in Nov., and holding 50
days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. Num-
ber of electoral votes ro, congressmen 8. Indians, idiots, convicts
of crime excluded from voting Number colleges 4, school age
7-21, schools good. Legal interest 8 per cent, usury forfeits
entire interest. POPULATION.-1880 1,262, 505, male 622,629,
female 639,876, native 1,252,774 white 662, 185, colored 600, 103,
Indians 213, slaves, 1860, 435,080, estimated increase, 1885, 8 per
cent. Length N. and S. 332 miles, width averages 155 miles,
area 51,540 sq. miles, 32,985,600 acres. Surface at N. E. rugged,
extending into Allegheny mountains, gradually descends, forming
rolling prairies at center of state and flat low stretches at the south.
Sea coast 68 miles. Mobile bay best harbor on the gulf, 1,600 miles
of navigable waterways. Has fair soil and is enormously rich in
coal, iron, lime and sandstone, timber and variou ninerals.
Middle section soil fertile and varied. Coast region sandy, but by
proper cultivation prolific. Vegetable farming near Mobile very
successful. Cotton, mules, iron, coal, sugar, rice, tobacco, hay,
oats, corn, staple products. Fruits are a good crop.
Much
forest remains. Cleared land averages $7, and woodland $4 per
acre. State ranks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and molasses,
sixth in iron ore and sugar, seventh in rice. CLIMATE.—Tem-
perature mild, cold at north, warm at south, average winter 47 deg.,
summer 81 deg., July hottest month, range of thermometer 20 to
95 deg., sometimes for a day reaching 102 deg. Rainfall 50 inches.
Snow or ice very rare. Trees bloom in Feb. CHIEF CITIES.
Montgomery (capital) pop. 16,712, Huntsville pop. 4.977, Selma
pop. 7,529, Mobile pop. 29,132. LEADING INDUSTRIES. Agricul-
ture and kindred pursuits, mining, iron making, lumbering, etc
Number industries 2,970.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor.
·
Secretary of State..
Treasurer..
Auditor...
Attorney General.
ALABAMA.
• •
Superintendent of Public Instruction
Librarian
Three Railroad Commissioners..
Chief Justice.
& Associate fustices.
• *
W
·
Sp
·
•
$3,000
1.83
2,150
1,300
1,500
2,250
1,300
.$2,000 to 3,500
3,000
3.004

2
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Gainesville
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Waterloo
Florence
Tuscambia
Artesia Carroliton
Bel Green
Ezzell
Bt.Elmo
Eutar
antley Cr./
Butler
Sweet Water
Courtland
Livingston
Demopolists
Falkville
Thorn Hill.
D
~Hall's Ma.c{ Houston
o Pikeville
Blount Spring!
Pine Springs Jaspe
Vernon Ballard York Springville
Fayette C.. Springs Morried
Boley
Trussville
• Garfield
Olmstead Sta
Northport
Tuscaloosa
Carthage
→
Elkmond"
thens
• Pebble
Marion Je
niontown
Tork Sta. Martin's Sta,
Dayton
Decatur
Moulton
N E
Millport Birmingham Orenor
Woodstock
Baylor
Citronelle Perdido Sta.g
Canoe Sta.
Mobile
• Linden Gulf,
Rembert
Shiloh
Cappaeno
Lenora Rural: Fatama o
o
Aquilla Grove Hill Turnbull
O
Benton
St.Stephens Mouroille o
Lumberton Jacks
Deer Par
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Liona
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River Bend
Centreville
Cincinnati Jo Canton
Greensborough
Minette
Bay
F
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Buntaviile
Somerville
Hartsells
Mer
River Ridge
ME
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Cullman
-6
S
Stevenson
Menlo
A talla
Blountsville
Whitney
Guntersville
Collinsville
Scottsburg
Line Rock
Paint Rock
Maplesville
Marion Plantersville
Elmore
Selma
Prattville?
MONTGOME
Myoun
HOM
Pintials Mathews
Larnevilles
Oak Ridge
Woods Sta
inter Morganville Ada
Fort Deposits
Ashville
Jacksonville?
unistond
Montevallo
Cleaf Creek
Oxford
Talladega
ilderburgh Alpine Wedowee
Columbiana
Rockford
4
Pine
Apple Greenvil
nville
Commerce
S
Gadsden
A
Goodwater
Fort
Payne
(Centre
Blovag
} Ashland
Alexander Buffalo
Thomas Sta
Warerly
Loaclapoka
PoWetumpka/
Tuskeegee
Union Spr's)
Ghesaw
Hurtsboro
Cross Plains
Edwardsville
Elba
Dadeville
Linwood
Troy
Rutledge
Garland Shirley Reeder's Mills
5
Auburn
layton
Carrollton
La Fayette
Curseta
Opelika
James
E
E
Lively
Seale
Eufaula
Abbeville, FL.Gaines C
© Ozark
Hilton
。 Belleville
Evergreen
•
Opine
Hammocks Andalusia
Brewton Lewis Sta.
Pollard
Cowarts
of
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Elkton
Lake View Geneva Warwick Lynne
Baterrills
-
Cox's Mill
Columbiso
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MAP OF
ALABAMA
Population 1,262,505
Area sq.miles 51,540
B
Engr's..Clicago
8
E
Le
H
$
$
**
362
ARKANSAS.
"Bear State.", Settled 1685. Arkansas territory organized, 1819.
Admitted as a state June 15, 1836. Slavery acknowledged. Se-
ceded May 6. 1861. Considerable fighting during war, but no
great battles.
Re-entered Union 1868. Number counties 75.
Miles railroad, 1,764. State elections biennial, in even-numbered
years first Monday in Sept.; number senators 31, representatives
94, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meet-
ing second Monday in Jan., holding 60 days, term of senators 4
years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 7, con-
gressmen 5, voters 182,977, native white, 129,675, foreign white
6,475, colored 46,827. Idiots, Indians, convicts not voting. Num-
ber colleges 5, school system progressive; school age 6-21. Legal
interest rate 6 per cent, by contract 10 per cent, asury forfeits
principal and interest.
POPULATION -1880, 802,525, male 416,729, female 386,246, na-
tive 792,175, foreign 10,350, white 591,531, colored 215,606.
Length N. and S. 240 mies, average breadth 212 miles, area 53,-
845 sq. miles, 44,460,800 acres. The scenery varied and charming.
Hot Springs (temperature 140 deg.) great natural wonder and
famous for medicinal properties. Soil varies, but greater portion
exceptionally rich_and suited to all crops, especially fruits, berries
and gardening. State especially favorable to agriculture. Mag-
aificently timbered. Pine, oak, cypress, cedar, hickory, walnut,
linn. locust chief growths. Cleared land averages $10 and wood-
land, $3 per acre. Coal exists on the Ash river, iron in the Ozarks,
salt near Ouachita. Oilstone near Hot Springs, kaolin in Pulaski
county. Staple products, corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco, oats, sweet
potatoes, mules, tar, tnrpentine, lumber, etc.
CLIMATE.-Genial. Temperature ranges 15 deg. to 95 deg., on
rare occasions going to 100 deg. Averages winter, 45 deg.; sum-
mer 80 deg. Rainfall 44 inches, heaviest in S. E., lightest in
N. W. Health unsurpassed, especially in N. W.
Hot Springs.
CHIEF CITIES.-Little Rock (cap.) pop., 13,138.
INDUSTRIES.—2,100 in number. Chiefly agricultural.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor...
Secretary of State.
Treasurer...
Auditor.....
Attorney General.
• •
Superintendent of Public Inst.
• •
Land Commissioner.
Chief Justice...
Two Associate Justices.
Senators and Representatives.
Two District Judges.
District Attorney.
Two Assistant District Attorneys.
**
•►
* •
•
• •
*
* • •
··
+
+
••
·
•
.$3,500
1,800
A
•
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2,250
2,250
1,500
1,600
2,800
3,000
3,000
$6 a day.
3,500
$200 and fees
$1,200, 1,000
#

11
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Red R.
Clarksville
Bontonville
Cincinnati Fayetteville
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West Fork
Winslow White
Rock
Buren Watalula
Eureka Spr.
Berryville
Goshen
。 Huntsville
Fayetteville Aurora Jasper
Grant
Eubank's
Mills
Witcherville
Waldron
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"Greenwood Dardanello
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Danville
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Mountain Fork
Richigond
Texarkana Je.
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TEX
Blomgron Bro's, Engr's Chicago,
2
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Harrison
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Ozark Clarksville Scotland
• Dover
Russellville
Mountain Home
Texarkana
Yellville
Fairlaúd
Perryville •
Mount Ida
Red Land
Malvern Jo
Cany Fork Donaldsop
ldsop
Now Hope Cany Fork
Murfreesborough Arkulelphi
Luckenburgh Centre Pt. Curtia Princeton
Cooper
o
Nashville
Prescott
Hope Lester
Fulton
Marshall
owisville
O
Rushing
Clinton o
Natural Steps of
Gura
Walnut Hill
Washita LITTLE ROCKO
Blands
Hot Springs
We now shaped
Camden
Magnolia
Mountain
View o
Millville
Washita
Quitman
Lewisburgh
O
Rol Lawn!
MAS
Tole
Buena
Visve
Champagnolles
Salem o
Conway
Austin
Melburne
O
El Dorado
Three Crooks
Batesville
Benton
Hensley'
Sheridan
O
Pine Bluf
。 Heber
Trust
Searcy
Kensett
Argent
Evening
Shade
Warren
Hampton
Powhatan
White R.
Bradford
Lonoke
Clear Point
Des Aroc
Pocahontas
West
22
Toronto
Arkansas
Olarodon
Jonesborgurgl
Swifton/
Jacksonport
Typeld
R.
Hoxle
Ayguaja
Wittsburgh
Forrest
Cy
Brinkley
Marianna
Lexington
Reedville
Star City Dumas
Winchester
Tullar
Monticello
Mt.Adams Fagi
Do Witt
Wester
Trippo
Collins
Moro Bayke Village o
Island
Harwood Island
Homburgh Sterling
Knobel
Lississippi
Grings
Nettleton
You
Boydavillo
Harrisburgh
Francis
Baffold
Arkansas City
Greenville
Osceola
Marion
Hopefield Memphis
• Pickney
Helen Dow's Landjug
Clarkedalo
Stoneville
Sharkey
Little R.
River
N.18
Ripley
༤
10
Holly Spr's
Oxford
MISSISSIPPIE
Grenada
MAP OF
ARKANSAS
B
Population 802,525
Area sq.miles 53,845
8
10
→
D
364
ARIZONA.
Explored 1526. Mineral wealth found, no important settlements
effected because of hostile natives. Organized as territory, Feb.
24, 1863. Number counties, 11. Miles railroad, 906. All elec-
tions Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number senators, 12;
representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-
numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., holds 60 days;
terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each; voters, 20,-
398; native white, 9,790; foreign white, 8,256; colored, 2,352.
School age, 6-21 years. Legal interest rate, 10 per cent., by con-
tract, any rate; no penalty for usury. School endowment in lands
reserved very large.
Population, 1880, 40,440; male, 28,202; female, 12,238; native,
24,391; foreign, 16,049; white, 35, 160; colored, 155: Chinese,
1,630, Indians, 3,493. Estimated increase, 21 per cent. Extreme
length north and south, 378 miles, width 339 miles, area, 113,929
sq. miles, 72,914,560 acres. Volcanic peaks reach an altitude of
10,500 feet. Southern portion a plain, dipping occasionally below
sea level, and rising only to a very moderate elevation (200 to 600
feet usually), mountains numerous, highest point San Francisco,
11,056 feet. Colorado river navigable 620 miles Flows between
perpendicular walls cut in solid rock in places 7,000 feet high.
Agriculture possible only in the valleys or where irrigation is
practicable. Soil in valleys and bottoms very rich and prolific.
Wheat, barley, potatoes, hay, corn, onions are staple field crops,
corn follows wheat or barley, giving two crops yearly. Oranges
and all semi-tropical fruits do well where water is obtainable.
Cattle-raising extremely profitable. Desert tracts of considerable
area are found. Timber grows on the mountains, foot-hills, and
along the streams. The varieties include pine and cedar on
mountains, cotton-wood, walnut and cherry on streams. Size of
trees fair, and quantity large. Abundant mineral wealth exists,
which can be developed with profit, owing to completion of rail-
ways. Nearly all mountain ranges contain gold, silver, copper and
lead. Superior quality of lime found near Prescott and Tucson,
beds of gypsum in San Pedro valley, remarkable deposits of pure,
transparent salt near Callville. Territory ranks second in pro-
duction of silver.
Climate exceptionally healthful, and generally mild, except in
mountains, temperature averages 38 deg. winter, 73 deg. summer,
much warmer at south, the thermometer reaching occasionally 115,
and rarely falling below 35 deg. in winter. In central portion heat
seldom exceeds 88 deg. to 90 deg., snow in mountains, but melts
Soon, Rainfall on Gila 6 inches, in foot-hills 28 inches. Heaviest
in July and August.
CHIEF CITIES.-Tucson, pop. 7,007. Prescott, the capital, nop.
3,000,
LEADING INDUSTRIES.-Mining, grazing, agriculture, lumbering,
smelting, etc.
[Salaries of State Officers page 439.]
}

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Eldorado MUI
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• Beaverdam
Beaver
Cottonwood
Planetow
Parker Centennial
Proñosa
M
Yuma
Toftawk Summit
Parowan
U
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St.George
Sent
Mineral City
brevis Spring
My
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Mineral Park
Hackberry
Mohave City
Needle
Willi Spring uniper
Smith
Liverpool (PRESCOUT
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Indian
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Witch's Hool
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Jacobs Pop!
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Willow Spring,
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Tinajos Altos
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P
Mesqui
Fainview
Pamela
Ficopa
Alexandfla
burgh
Overton
Mc Dowell
P
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Hayden
Painted Rock
Gila Bend
Sacelir
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CampLiucely
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El Paso
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INDIAN
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RESERVATION
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White Rock Spring
•Glob
Pioneer
Stanton
Voodruff
(r's Orbag)
Willow Spring
Denison Allantown,
Sander
Holbrook
NAVAJOE
INDIAN
•
BESERVATION
Agency
4
Ft. Defiance
LA
INDIAN
San Carlos
DRA.H
Trence Di
RESERVE
Mingvill
Salford
6
CH
Taylorso
gerville
Springerville
prale Spripe
Reno CARLOS!
Black Ri
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Spring
St.John°
lavajo
FLApache
A potato
Piacho
Grant
tajina
Redington
Rillito Tuesom Teviston
Wilcox
M
Jabi Benson
Cienego
FL. Bowie
LL
COCHISE
Saburito St.David Tombstone
Ochaill
Charleston
Tubac
Calabazas
Sand Springs
brari
* Eureka Spring
Rucker
MAP OF
ARIZONA
Population--- 40,440
Area sq.in¹les__113,929
E
M
E
6
C
1
366
CALIFORNIA.
52.
"Golden State." First settled at San Diego, 1768. Gold dis-
covered 1848. Rush of immigration set in 1849. State constitu-
tion, without the preliminary of a territorial organization, framed
Sept. 1849. Admitted as a state Sept. 9, 1850. Number counties
Miles railroad 2,911
Governor and state officers elected
quadrennially, and legislature every two years, number senators
40, representatives 80, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-
numbered years, meeting first Monday after Jan. 1, holds 60 days,
term of senators 4 years, of representatives a years. Number
electoral votes 8, congressmen 6, white voters 262,583 Idiots,
Indians, convicts and Chinese excluded from voting. School
system very fair, school age 5-17. Legal interest 7 per cent, by
contract any rate.
Population 1880 864,694, male 518,176, female 346,518, native
371,820, foreign 292,874, white 767,181, colored 6,018, Chinese 75,-
132, Indians 16,277. Estimated increase 18 per cent.
Extreme length N. and S., 725 miles, width 330 miles, area 155,-
980 sq. miles, 99,827,200 acres. Coast line over 800 miles. San
Francisco Bay (40 miles long, 9 wide) magnificent harbor. Yosem-
ite in the Sierras, one of the greatest natural wonders of the world
and the greatest marvel of the state, where scenery is always
grand Mt. Whitney 15,000, highest peak. Very rich agricultur
ally and in minerals. Soil warm, genial and rich. Two crops
may be raised in season. Irrigation necessary in parts and
almost always desirable. Wheat most valuable crop, all cereals,
root crops and grasses do well, corn, barley, grapes, fruit, nuts,
silk, hops and oats staples. Mineral deposits include gold, silver,
iron, copper, mercury, coal, stones, salt, soda, etc. Ranks high
as a fruit-growing state, fruits of temperate climates, sub-tropical
fruits and nuts, grapes, north to 41 deg., olives, etc., grow to great
perfection. Fine sheep-raising country. Ranks first in barley,
grape culture, sheep, gold and quicksilver, third in hops, fifth m
wheat and salt. Noble forests of redwood and other valuable
growths, Land runs from $1.25 to several hundred dollars per
acre. Improved land averages $30, unimproved $7.50 per acre.
It is the paradise of the small farmer. Plenty of room for men
with a little something to begin on.
Climate varies with elevation and latitude. Mild and pleasant
on coast Average temperature at San Francisco in summer 62
deg., winter 50 deg. Warmer in interior, reaching at times 100
deg. Rainfall variable, from 7 to 50 inches at San Francisco.
Average at S. 10 inches. Melting snow from mountains replaces
rainfall. Frosts rare.
CHIEF CITIES -San Francisco port of entry, regular line of
steamers to Australia, Panama, Mexico, China and Japan, pop.
233.959, Sacramento (capital) pop. 21,420, pop. Oakland 34,555,
San Jose 12,567, Stockton 10,282, Los Angeles 11, 183, U. S. navy
yard at San Pablo Bay.
LEADING INDUSTRIES.-Agriculture, stock raising, fruit culture,
mining, lumbering, etc. [Salaries of State Officers page 439.]
J
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Murgby
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RL Bluff Edgewood
Cesville & Boryvale
Weaverville Baird le Madefine
din Eagleville
Eureka Shasta Redding Merville,
GRAFPoints
Cottonwood Red
PT
Bluffy Bucke S
Paskel Bestia Orovill
Corelo Germantown
ville
2
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Goose Lakes
Newville
Robinson
Potter Norman Luar Downieville
Downieville
Alley Lersville plus ads Deb
CUklab
Rerlin birkille Tanor
Burdons FLA
Tophand reade
"Madison
hato
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Fenevis
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Linkville
ofinch
MAP OF
CALIFORNIA
Cruz
2
organ
it.
3
Susahvill
Soledad
Denzo
Placerville
SACRAMENTULANuklee
airfield Wacksonvill
Brid
Salions
Population 864,694
Area sq. miles 155,980
Blomgren Bros., Engr's, Chicago,
Petera Sonoha.
Hyper-Dakdale
Jolon, Hurono
Hollist
Tres
Pino White Bridge
Rinas, & Frame
Plateau Hautor
3
4
Lanes
Paris' Tul
Paso-de
Robles
arita Talanza
Shepherds Mohave City
Camp Cady
Spanish Rapch
Cottonwood
Colton
dg port
foozi San Andrea Dedic
Milton
Indian Wells
D
San Jo Mileste Mariposa Indian Village
Taho
Hayreton
Merced Toll House Oasis
Sanders
Baniug
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Goshen
Los Alamos,
El Cojo
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Las
Las Vegas
4
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Talasah
Chuckanalla
Lone Palm
Mammoth Tank
5
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Santa Beafe"
Marja Greenwich Mojave
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368
CONNECTICUT.
"Wooden Nutmeg State." One of the original 13 states ex-
plored by the Dutch settlers of Manhattan Island, 1615, by whom
settlement was made, 1633, at Hartford. The state furnished a very
large quota of men to the Revolutionary armies. Yale College
founded 1701. Union soldiers fu.nished, 55,864. Number coun-
ties, 8. Miles railroad 994. State elections yearly on same date
as presidential election. Elects 24 senators, 249 representatives,
4 congressmen and 6 presidential electors. State senators hold 2
and representatives 1 year. Legislature meets yearly on Wednes-
day after first Monday in January. Convicts and persons unable
to read not permitted to vote. School system superior, includes
3 colleges with 160,000 books in libraries. School age 4 to 16
years. Legal interest 6 per cent. No penalty for usury. Popu-
lation, 1880, 622,700, male 395,782, female 316,918, native 492,708,
colored 11,547, Chinese 123, Indians 255. Area, 4,845 sq. miles,
average length 86 miles, average breadth 55 miles; seacoast 110
miles. Surface less rugged than the other New England states.
Mountain range terminates in this state in a series of hills. ~The
coast is indented by numerous bays and harbors. Soil, except in
valley, light and stony. Corn, oats, hay, wheat, tobacco and
vegetables are the staple crops. Cleared land averages $40 and
woodland $30 per acre. No valuable timber remains. Stone ex-
Jensively quarried. Valuable iron mines exist. Climate moderate
and healthy, average temperature, summer 72 deg, and winter 28
deg. Occasionally the thermometer sinks below zero, considerable
snow falls, summers warm. Rain fall, including snow, about 47
inches. CHIEF INDUSTRIES,-Manufacture of hardware, clocks,
silks, cotton, rubber, carpets, woolens, arms, sewing machines and
attachments, dairying, quarrying, agriculture, etc. Total number
of different industries, 4,488. PRINCIPAL CITIES.-Hartford, cap-
ital and noted for banking and insurance business, pop., 1880,
42,015. New Haven, "City of Elms," seat of Yale College, pop.
62,882. Bridgeport, noted for manufacture of fire-arms and sew-
ing machines, pop. 27,643. Waterbury, important manufacturing
city, pop. 17,806. Fairfield, Middletown, New Haven, New Lon-
don and Stonington are ports of entry.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor..
Lieutenant Governor.
Secretary of State.
Treasurer
·
► ·
.. •
Comptroller.
Secretary State Board of Education
Adjutant General....
Insurance Commissioner...
Three Railroad Commissioners.
Chief Justice..
Four Associate Justices.
· D •
·
·
$2,000
500
1,500
1,500
1,500
3,000
1,200
3,500
3,000
14,500
4,000
•
·
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Be
MAP OF
CONNECTICUT
Population - 629,700
Area sq.miles 4.845
E
T
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Shaker Star Ellithrope Quinnebaug
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WINDHAM
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COLORADO.
"Centennial S.ate." John C. Fremont, "The Pathfinder,"
crossed Rockies 1842-44. First American settlement near Denver,
1859. Mining begun. Organized as territory Feb. 1861. Indian
troubles 1863-4. Union soldiers furnished 4,903. Admitted as a
state Aug. 1, 1876. Number counties 39. No railroad in 1870.
Mileage, 1885, 2,842. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in
Nov., number senators 26, representatives 49, sessions biennial in
odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., limit of ses-
sion 40 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years.
Number electoral votes 3, congressmen 1, voters 93,608, native
white 65,215, foreign white 26,873, colored 1,520. Convicts
excluded from voting. Number colleges 3, school system fair
endowment, school age 6-21 years.
years. Legal interest 10 per cent., by
contract any rate.
POPULATION, 1880, 194,327; male 129,131, female 65,196, native
154,537, foreign 39,790, white 191,126, colored 2,435, Chinese 612,
Indians 154. Estimated increase 12 per cent.
Length E. and W. 380 miles, width 280 miles, area 103,845 sq.
miles, 66,460,800 acres, three-fifths unsurveyed. Rocky moun-
tains traverse state N. and S. with 3 ranges having many peaks
more than 13,000 feet high. Fine, grazing grounds. Scenery
grand beyond words. Much rich soil along streams and wherever
irrigation is possible. Cereals do very well. Corn, wheat, oats,
hay staple crops. Cattle, sheep and hog raising safe and profit-
able. Dairying pays, as does gardening. Timber resources mod-
erate. Mountains fairly clothed with pine and other trees.
Mineral wealth inexhaustible. State ranks first in silver, fourth in
gold. Iron, soda, coal, copper, lead, stone, mica, etc., exist in
large deposits.
CLIMATE.- Dry and range of temperature comparatively small.
Winters mild, summers cool. Average temperature winter 31
deg., summer 73 deg. Rainfall, mainly in May, June and July,
averages 18 inches. On mountains winters severe, accompanied
by heavy snowfall; violent winds common; fogs unknown. Health
unsurpassed.
CHIEF CITIES.- Denver, capital and metropolis, and contains
assay office; pop. 35,650; Leadville, 14,820; Silver Cliffs, 5,040;
Colorado Springs, 4,226. State University at Boulder; Agricul-
tural College at Fort Collins; School of Mines at Golden City.
LEADING INDUSTRIES. Mining, smelting ores, agriculture,
grazing, e
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor.
Lieutenant Governor.
Secretary of State..
Treasurer.
Auditor...
Attorney General.
Chief Justice..
•
• •
• •
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-$5,000
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DENVER
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MAP OF
Sterling COLORADO A
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Benner
Deer Trail
Agate
Buttes El Pazo
Y
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heblo.
Booneville
FIL S.Pileblo Oxford
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Trinidad El Moro
Coke Ovens
newall
Starkville
Thatcher
Denver Je,
Akron
River Bond
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Hugo
Population.
_194,327
Area sq miles — 103,&15
HOE
R T
Aroya
andy
Kit Carson
Higbee
E N
.Ft.Lyon
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beg to do a ma
Bent Canyon
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372
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護法
​DAKOTA.
Named for Dakota Indians. First settled at Pembina 1812.
Organized as territory March, 1861. First legislature met, 1862,
at Yankton. Immigration became active 1866. Railroad building
active and systems mammoth in their scale. Application for
admission made. Number counties 129. All elections Tuesday
after first Monday in Nov. Number senators 12, representatives
24, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second
Tuesday in Jan. and holding 60 days. Terms of senators and
representatives 2 years each. Legal interest rate 7%, by contract
12%, usury forfeits excess. School endowments, when the terri-
tory shall become a state, magnificent. Miles railroad 2,759.
Population, 1880, 135, 177, male 82,296, native 83,382, white
133,147, Indians 27,550 (2,300 Sioux). Population, 1885, 413,759.
Average length N. and S. 451 miles, width 348 miles, area 149,112
sq. miles, 95,431,680 acres. Indian reservations principally west
of Missouri river, 42,000,000 acres, one-seventh good farming
land, Surface high, level plain, 950 to 2,600 feet above the sea,
traversed by ranges of lofty hills, which at the S. W. reach an ele
vation of 7,000 feet in the Black Hills. The Missouri river trav-
erses the territory diagonally from N. W. to S. E., and is navigable.
Lakes are numerous, especially in the north and east. Devil's
Lake is semi-salt. Other large lakes. Soil is very rich and pecul-
iarly suited to wheat, which is the staple crop Corn, oats,
grasses and potatoes do well. Fruit not a good crop. Cattle, and
especially sheep-raising, favored and growing industries. Timber
scarce, except along the streams and in some of the hills. Gold
and silver extensively mined. Black Hills very rich in precious
minerals. Ranks fourth in gold output. Good coal west of the
Missouri. Not much developed as yet. Deposits of tin said to be
of great value exist. Price of land $1.25 to $20 per acre (latter
improved).
CLIMATE.-Temperature ranges from 32 deg. below zero to 100
deg. above. Averages, winter 4 to 20 deg., summer 65 to 75 deg.
Winters at north severe, with heavy snow. Moderate at the south.
Air clear, dry and free from malaria. Cold not so penetrating as
in moister climates. Springs late and summers of medium length.
Rainfall 19 in., chiefly in spring and summer.
CHIEF CITIES.-Fargo, northern metropolis; Bismarck (capital),
Yankton and Sioux Falls important centers.
INDUSTRIES.-Almost entire laboring population engaged in
agriculture and mining.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $2,600, Secretary of Territory $1,800, Treasurer $2,000,
Auditor $1,000, Superintendent of Public Inst. $1,500, Chief Jus-
tice $3,000, five Associate Justices $3,000, Senators and Represen-
tatives $4 a day, mileage 20 cents; ten Indian Agents $1,000 to
$2,200, Surveyor General $2,500, Chief Clerk $.,800, Chief Drafts-
man $1,500, Assistant $1,200, Collector of Internal Revenue $2,750,
four Deputy Collectors $1,600.
B
1---FOT
SOO SOON. AN mutagende straattor
1
2
MAP OF
DAKOTA
MEM
12/0
MILITARY
--RESERVATION
Mastroia
Fort Buford
Population 1,591,750
Rapids City o
Ares sq.miles-262,200 City of Brandon
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Pine Ridge
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River
Glenora
Turtle Crystal City
Mts
Brule
Fort Yales
Villard
Little Bend
Fort Bennett
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Blomgren Bros. Engr's.. Chicago
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BISHARGES
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PLATEAU DUN COTEAU DU MISSOUR
Sterling
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A
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Fairview
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Fort Totten
Georgetown ◊
Fort Sully
Blunt
WINNIPEG
High Bluf
T
Boyne
albalt
Garfield
A
4
Eckleson
Otterburne
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Pembina
Joliet
31a valley
La Moured
Ellendale
Frederick
Stella Westport
St. Lawrence
Highmore
Mollette
Redfield
Minto?
Grand Forks
Jerusalem Crookston,
Newburgh
Portlan
Caledonia
6
Ripon
Lisbon
5
Selkirk
Rcsseau
Crow Creek
River Chamberlain Kimball"
Plankington
Bijou Hills
BA
Bristol
Penza
Saint
Vincent
Grafton
Deland
Walshville
Madvel
Durbin
Hudson
Fort
Sisseton, INDIAN
Columbia REST
|
Aberdeen Groton Big Story
Casaleton
Kurg
Wahpeto
Wessington
Kordland
De Smet
Iroquois
Brookings
Waterlan
Henry
C
D
Milbank
Gary
A
Huron
Corvallis
Flandresu
Stoux Falls Jeal
Forestburgh Howard
Mitchell Salem
Sioux F
Alexandria
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Grand View Marion
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Fort Randall Yankto
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6
374
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a
One of the thirteen original states. "The Diamond State.'
Settled by Swedes 1658, who bought from Indians. Took vigorous
part in the revolution. Was a slave state. Slaves 1860, 2,000.
Union soldiers furnished 12,284, the biggest percentage of any
state. Contains three counties. Miles of railroad, 306. All elec-
tions Tuesday after first Monday in November, number senators 9,
representatives 21, legislature meets in odd-numbered years first
Tuesday in January, holds 21 days, term of senators 4 years, of
representatives 2 years, number electoral votes 3, number congress-
men 1, idiots, insane, paupers and criminals excluded from voting.
Colleges at Newark and Wilmington, school age 6-21, schools fair,
legal interest rate 6, usury forfeits the principal. Population 1880
146,608, male. 74, 108, female 72,500, native 137,140, white 120,160,
colored 26,442. Length north and south nearly 100 miles, width
10 miles at north, 36 at south. Area 1,950 square miles, or 1,248,-
ooo acres. Available area large. Northern portion rolling, but
free from large hills. Scenery beautiful. Southern portion level
and sandy, with frequent cypress marshes. Coast low and swampy
with lagoons separated from sea by sand-beaches. Streams flow
into Chesapeake and Delaware bays and are small. Tide reaches
to Wilmingtor The soil is good and the state of cultivation
superior. Cleared land averages $45 per acre, and wood-land $40.
Staple crops, corn, wheat, peaches, berries, garden vegetables,
sweet potatoes. Iron is found, but is no longer worked, Climate
mild. Tempered by sea breezes. Average temperature, winter,
32 deg. to 38 deg.; summer, 72 deg. to 78 deg. Rainfall 8 to 50
inches. At north health excellent. Some malaria on the low lands
bordering the swamps at the south. CHIEF CITIES.-Wilmington,
pop. 42,478. Dover, capital. Newcastle, 6,000. Breakwater
protecting Delaware Bay at Cape Henlopen, greatest work of its
kind in America, cost the United States $2,127,400, and was over
40 years in course of construction. INDUSTRIES.- Agriculture and
kindred pursuits, manufacture of flour, lumber, cotton, iron, steel,
leather, etc., shipbuilding, fishing, canning and preserving. Total
number different industries, 750.
**
Salaries of State Officers.
..
Governor.
Secretary of State..
Treasurer..
Auditor.
Adjutant General.
Attorney General.
...
•• •
DELAWARE.
•
[ • ……….
Superintendent of Public Instruction
•
State Librarian.
Chief Justice...
Chancellor...
Three Associate Justices.
Senators and Representatives
J
• 1
$2,000
1,000
1,450
700
200
2,000
1,500
450
2,500
2,500
2,200
$3 per day and mileage.

2
5
3
4
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Astrand
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Hollandville o
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Clayton Brenford
DOVER
Wyoming
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Bridgeville
Williamsburg
Penns Grove
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Moorton Little Creek
Slaughter
Denton Greenwood
Petersburgh
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Canterbury
Laurel
Bomugs Hook,
Leland
MAP OF
Woodbury DELAWARE
Swedesboro
NE W Population-146,608
Grassborough
Whiting
ton
Bridge Bay-Side
Houston
Harrington
Vernon Farmington
Adajaville Lincoln Ellendale
Felton Frederice
Seaford Concord
E
Bridgeton
Cannon Georgetown
olia
Milford
Milton,
Robbins
Bedger Haberson
Elmer
Cool Spring
Millsborough
Dagsborough
&
Barren Cr.
Whaleyville
Blomgren Brus[Erigr's. Chicago
I
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Stockley Holleyville
Nassau
Hammonton
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Millville
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May's Ed'g.
war
Blackater
Gumborough Frankford-Williamsill
Delmar
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Rehoboth Beach
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376
FLORIDA.
Named for its flowers, "Peninsula State." Pensacola taken
from England by Gen. Jackson during war of 1812. Entire
province ceded to United States 1819. Organized as a territory
1822. Admitted as a state March 3, 1845. State seceded Jan. 10,
1861, re-entered Union July 4, 1868. Number counties 39, miles
of railroad 1,324. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in
November. Number senators 32, representatives 76. Sessions
of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday
after first Monday in January, holds 60 days. Term of senators 4,
of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 4, congress-
men 2. Idiots, insane, criminals, betters on elections and duelists
excluded from voting. Schools fair, school age 4-21. Legal
interest 8%, by contract any rate. Population, 1880, 269,493,
male 136,444, female 133,039, native 259,584, white 142,005, Indians
180, slaves, 1860, 61,745. Estimated increase, 1885, 50%. Four-
fifths of Florida is in the peninsula, which is about 350 miles N.
and S. and 105 miles E. and W. Remainder is the narrow strip
along the Gulf, 342 miles E. and W. and 10 to 50 miles N. and S.
Area 59,268 sq. miles, 37,931,520 acres. 21st state in size State
surrounded by sea except on north. Coast line over 1,200 miles.
Good harbors rare, mostly on Gulf. The northern section is a
limestone formation, affording a fair soil. In the middle section
are found tracts of great richness. At the south the soil, when dry
or reclaimed, is inexhaustible. Shores very low, frequently not two
feet above tide water. Coral growth at south continues. Surface
dotted with lakes. l'he staple products are corn (most valuable
crop), sugar, molasses, rice, cotton, oats, tobacco, vegetables of all
kinds, peaches, oranges, and all tropical and semi-tropical fruits,
cocoanuts, lumber, fish, oysters, etc. Poultry and stock raising
are successful, Cleared land averages $12, woodland $3, swamp
$1, and school land $1.25 per acre. Much forest remains. Timber
chiefly pine, of moderate size, free from undergrowth. Game
abounds. Climate superb. No snow. Frosts rare at north,
unknown at south. Temperature ranges 30 deg. to 100 deg., rarely
above go.
Winter averages 59 deg., summer 81 deg. Breezes
blow across from gulf to Atlantic and vice versa, temper the heat
and keep air dry and clear. "Average rainfall 55 inches, chiefly
in summer, Chief Cities.-Key West, good harbor and naval
station, pop. 9,890. Jacksonville, pop. 7,650. St. Augustine,
oldest town in United States. Tallahassee, pop. 3,000, capital.
Pensacola, pop. 6,845. PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.-Almost the
entire laboring population is engaged in agriculture and fruit
growing Fishing for fish and oysters and lumbering largely
followed
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $3,500, Lieutenant Governor $500, Secretary of State
$2,000, Treasurer $2,000, Comptroller $2,000, Attorney General
$2,000, Superintendent of Public Instruction $2,000, Adjutant
General $2,000, Land Commissioner $1,200, Chief Justice $, seo.

I
8
3
2
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TALLAHASSEE
Monticelle
Ellavile
Madison
Live Qa
St. Mark! Wellborn
Crawfordsville
Perry Padlock City
B Carabelle Appalachee New Troy City
Rowland Mikeeville Lawley
Bay
Starte
Waldo
Wait's
0
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C
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Chattahoochee
Quincy Midway
Bristol
Belair Chairs
Waulla
Driftop
chicola
Corgesist. Stephenville
Milton
Deadmans Bay
300
Pines
GULF
Chaffu
MAP OF
FLORIDA
Population - 269,498
Area sq.miles - - 59,268
Cerro Gordo
nsacola
ive Rocas
Cedar Kora O
North western
Portion of
FLORIDA
Clear Water?
Cabbaye
Euchee
Anns
Newnansville,
Gainesville
Bay
Palm
Casey
Homosass
Tan
Jasper Baldwind
Sanderson
"Onisteo
Casey
ruelle.
Micanopy
Bronson
Creek Millwood, Drunge 20 George
Ocala Lake Bermond
Volusiap
Mateo
ike
Jacksonville
Marville
Lake Mount Farrie (|° Mhodann
201
Lake Butler Green Cove
Blomgren Brus,, Enge's Chicago
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Brookville,
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3
Campa
Pindelas
1
Charlotte
*Gasparilla
Val
Captive
Marianna
Chattahoochee
Vernon
Abes Spring
Tisob
Crystal River
Leesburgh
Sumtersille
Wille Loke Apopka
Jessup,
Laka
e
Empire o
Kissimmee Tokopekalig
Johorskaliga
Orlando
Lake
Spring Hill
St. Andrew's
Bay
Apalachicola
Palmetto Ft.Green
Manatee
"Sarazúca
Fernandia
WIT
Hard Road
Cape Ro
Crossima
Palatka
4
New Smyrna
Ft Mason
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Augustine
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Lake
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St.Lucia?
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Flor
Big Cypress
Garfield
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Popashoknaga
Lake
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378
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1
GEORGIA.
One of the thirteen original states, named for King George II.
of England, called the "Empire State of the South.' Originaliy
a part of South Carolina and claimed by Spain. Active in the
Revolution, suffering badly from devastation by English. Severe
wars with Creeks and Cherokees settled by treaties 1790
and 1791.
State seceded January 19, 1861. Many hard fought battles during
civil war, including Atlanta, etc. Re-entered Union 1870. Number
counties 137, miles of railroad 2,687, state elections first Wednes-
day in October, number senators 44, representatives 175, sessions
biennial in even-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in
November, hold forty days. Terms of senators and representa-
tives two years each. Number electoral votes 12, number con-
gressmen 10. Idiots, insane, criminals and non-taxpayers
excluded from voting. Number colleges 7, State University at
Athens organized 1801, public schools excellent, school age 6-18.
No state license law governing commercial travelers, but Atlanta,
Athens, Augusta and Savannah exact a tax. Legal interest 7%,
by contract 8%, usury forfeits excess of interest. Population, 1880,
1,542,180, male 762,981, female 779, 199, native 1,531,616, white
816,906, Indians 124. Greatest length N. and S. 321 miles, great-
est width 255 miles, area 58,980 square miles or 37,747,200 acres,
exclusive of water area. Surface diversified. At the north are
the Blue Ridge, Etowah and other mountains. In the southeast
is the Okefinokee swamp, 150 miles in circumference. Coast
irregular and indented, shore line about 500 miles, three sea-ports.
Mountain streams are rapid with picturesque cataracts and im-
mense basins. The chief falls are the Tallulah, in Habersham
county, Toccoa, in the Tugale, 180 feet high, Towaliga, in Monroe
county, and the Amicorah, which descend 400 feet in a quarter
mile. Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, rice, sweet potatoes, tobacco,
sugar and melons, chief agricultural staples. Fruit, both temper-
ate and semi-tropical, thrives. Stock flourishes. Wool-growing
Important. Gold is extensively mined. Coal, iron, marble exist.
Cleared land averages $8 and woodland $5.50 per acre. One-fourth
area heavily timbered with yellow pine of great value for lumber,
turpentine, etc. CLIMATE. At the north mild and extremely
healthy, hot in the lowlands, Range of temperature 30 deg. to
105 deg.
Average, winter 49 deg., summer 2 deg. Rainfall
averages 55 inches. CHIEF CITIES.-Savannah, pop. 21,890,
Brunswick, pop. 2,900, and St. Mary's, pop. 600, ports of entry.
Columbus contains the largest cotton mill in the South, pop.
20,123. Atlanta, capital, pop. 37,409. PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.-
Three-fourths population engaged in agriculture. Remainder in
various pursuits. Manufacturing important. Raw materials
becoming more abundant and cheap.
[Salaries State Officers, page 439.1

2
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3
5
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Ringgold
Trenton
La Fayette
Calbou
Stark's
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ATLANTA
Newman
Dawsonville
Jasper o
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Kingston Canton
Cumining Jefferson
Homer
Alpharetta
Cartersville alph
Pedar. Marictia Suwanee Lawrence
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fretting
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Roswell Joh
Decatur
Conyer
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Corington
Preston
Blakely
Grifin Montyello
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Hamilton Talbotten
Bostick
Columbus
Cuskera Oglethorpe Perry
Buena Vista
Lumpkin
Georgetown
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Fayetteville Jackson Eatontom
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Clarkesville
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ORTH
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Bagbridge Whigham
Americus
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Mawkins
Macon Gordon
Irwinton
Fort Valler
Sumper
Camilla
Monroe Lexington
Watkinsville
Social Circle Washington
COD Crawfordsvill
Smithville • Vicans Lumber
Abbeville
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Athens
Baconton.Enigma
Milledge Sandersville
elinton
Thomas V.
Lebeburgh Irwin V.
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Sparts Waynesboro
Douglas
Lincolnton
Baxley
MAF OF
GEORGIA
Swainsborough Statesboro Oliver
。publia
Population 1,542,359
Ares sq.miles--58,980
MLY
Thompson
Staten V.
ugusta
O
Louisville
Padley
Elcelsior
Verga
Reidsville
Blackshear
Lake D
Cy.
Racepond
Du Pont
Tradera-Hill.
Jesup
Millen
Baldwin
I
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Blomgren Bros) Engr's, Clucgo.
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Savannah
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L
',
Gold discovered, 1880, in Oro Fino creek. Organized as terri-
tory March, 1863. Number counties, 14. All elections, Tuesday
after first Monday in Nov., number senators, 12, representatives,
24, sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meet-
ing second Monday in Dec., holds 60 days, terms of senators and
representatives, 2 years each. Voters, 14,795, native white, 7,332,
foreign white, 4,338, colored, 3,126. School age, 5-21 years.
Legal interest rate 10 per cent., by contract, 18 per cent; usury
forfeits three times excess of interest; miles railroad, 811.
Population, 188, 32,610. Males, 21,818, females, 10,792, natives,
22,636, foreiga, 9,974, white, 29,013, Indians, 165. Estimated
Increase, 16 per cent.
Topography, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC -Length, 140 40
490 miles, width 45 to 286 miles. Area, 84,290 sq. miles, 53,944-
600 acres Surface table land and mountains. About one-twelfth
is arable and one-tenth more grazing land. One-third barren, but
may be reclaimed by irrigation. Many lakes are found, as well as
numerous water powers. Forests estimated at 9,000,000 acres.
The soil, where water can be had, is fertile. Wheat, oats, rye,
barley, potatoes and hay are good crops, and dairying and stock-
raising profitable. Gold is found in quartz veins in Idaho, Boise
and Alturas counties, silver in Owyhee county. Some of the mines
very rich. Wood river district on southern slope of Salmon River
mountains, at headwaters of Wood or Malad river, gives promise
of valuable mining operations, chiefly placers. Coal in vicinity of
Boise City. Territory ranks sixth in gold and silver.
Climate severe, with heavy snows in mountains, on plains less
severe, but cold and bracing. In the valleys it is milder, with
moderate snowfall, Summers cool and pleasant. Temperature
averages 20 deg. in winter, 70 deg. in summer. Rainfall small in
the Rocky and Bitter Root mountains, and very light at the N.
and W.
CHIEF CITES. --Boise City (capital), Florence, Silver City,
LEADING INDUSTRIES. -Mining, grazing, agriculture, smelting
and lumbering.
IDAHO.
Governor.
Secretary.
Treasurer.
Anditor........
Librarian.
Chief Justice...
Two Associate Justices.
..
Salaries of Territorial Officers.
•
1,000
1,800
250
3,000
Senators and Representatives…………..$4 a day and 20 cents mileage
3,000
-$250 and res
Two District Attorneys.
Collector of Internal Revenue.
Three Deputy Collectors..
Assayer
+
•
.$2,600
1,800
•
•
•
•
·
2,256
$1,400 to 1,600
2,000
2
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3
4
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Mountain
Cordo
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Pend di Oreille
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PERCES
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Brownlee W
Council.
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BOISE
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reedom
LABY fille
Shearers F
0100
Pierce
Beynolds Ch
Indian Valley
Midilo Salubria
Valley Squar
Welser
Cro BOIS E
Garden Valley
Fayette Stofe Quartepurg
River Squaw Placerville Atlante
Cr
aide
Middleton
F.
Idaho.Cy
W
Clea
Castle Cr
South
Mountain
lorence
Washington
H
Rocky Bar
LAT
Ethelso Bonapart
Mountain Home
Cold Spring
Bruneau
Valley1
"Hirrant
Leesburg
Suster
Bonanza
St
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Sever
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Mountain Cy.
NEVADA
Blomgren Bros. "Engr's Chicago,
2
Robinson
Ket
Ploneer
Salmon Falls
Gienna, Falls
halli
israile
Bradford
3
Goose Creek
Marsh
CASSIA Basin
I
City
IJ
Ple
Valley
Dry Cr.
Jordan Creek Camas Crỉ
Oakleye
Raft River Bridgs! O
Sun. River
VIELEN
Great
Salt
MAP OF
IDAHO
Population 32,610
84,290
Area
Gallatin
Dillon
enoy
unction
Harket Lake?
Port
Neuf Sta
At
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Blackfoot!
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Oxfords
Clifton? Charle:
George T
Montpelier
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382
ILLINOIS.
1
·
Name derived from Illini tribe of Indians, meaning Superior
Men. Called
Called "Prairie State" and "Sucker State." Fort Dear-
born (Chicago) massacre, 1812, by Pottawatomies. Admitted as
State, 1818. Capital moved to Springfield, 1836. Soldiers in
Mexican war, 5,000. Union soldiers, 259,092. Number counties,
TO?. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number
senators, 51; representatives, 153; sessions biennial, in odd-
numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., term of senators,
4 years; representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 22;
congressmen, 20; number voters, 796,847; convicts excluded from
voting. School system excellent; number colleges, 28; school
age, 6-21. Legal interest, 6%; by contract, 8%; usury forfeits
entire interest. Miles of railroad, 8,909. Population, 1880, 3,077,-
871; male, 1,586,523; female, 1,491,348; native, 2,494,295; foreign,
583,576; white, 3,031,151; colored, 46,368; Indians, 140. Esti-
mated increase 9%. Extreme length N. and S., 386 miles;
extreme width, 218 miles. Average elevation, 482 feet; elevation
at Cairo, 340 feet; highest point, 1,140 feet in northwest portion.
Area, 56,000 sq. miles, 35,840,000 acres; miles of navigable water-
ways, 4, 100 Frontage on Lake Michigan 110 miles. Among first
agricultural states of Union. Staple crops, corn, wheat, oats, rye,
barley, broomcorn, vegetables, hay, potatoes, etc. Fruits and
grapes do well at south. Yield of all crops cultivated, large.
Coal area, two-thirds state. First coal mined in America at
Ottawa; quality moderately fair. Considerable forest of hard-
woods at south on hills and in bottoms. Superior quality lime-
stone on Fox and Desplaines rivers; lead, most important mineral;
Galena in center of richest diggings in N. W. Rich salt wells in
Saline and Gallatin counties, 75 gallons brine making 50 lbs. salt.
State ranks first in corn, wheat, oats, meat packing, lumber traffic,
malt and distilled liquors and miles railway; second in rye, coal,
agricultural implements, soap and hogs; fourth in hay, potatoes,
iron and steel, mules, milch cows and other cattle. Cleared and
averages $28, and woodland or raw prairie, $18 per acre. Climate
healthful as a rule; subject to sudden and violent changes at
north. Temperature ranges from 30 deg. below zero to 101 deg.
above. Average temperature at Springfield, 30 deg. winter;
78 deg, summer. At Chicago, 25 deg. winter: 72 deg. summer.
At Cairo, 38 deg. winter; 80 deg. summer. Frost comes last of
September. Vegetation begins in April. Rainfall 37 inches.
CHIEF CITIES.-Chicago, pop. 503,185. Peoria, pop. 29,259.
Quincy, pop. 27,268. Springfield (capital), pop. 19,743- IN-
DUSTRIES.-Agriculture, mining, stock-raising, and manufactur-
Ing of all kinds.

Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $6,000, Secretary of State $3,500, Treasurer $3,500,
Auditor $3,500, Attorney General $3,500, Chief Justice $5,000,
Senators and Representatives $5 per day, mileage 10 cents and $50.

1
6
2
4
3
B
C
B
142
E
U.
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MAP OF
ILLINOIS
I O
屋
​Population 3,077,871
Area sq.miles 56,000
Monro
Cy
Des
Keokuk
Alexandria
Plaines
WA
Now Boston
Keithburgh
Montrose
Willow
Spr.
Davenport
Rock Id
W.Quincy Quincy
Hannibal
Kinderho
Monmouth
Chicago
PART OF COOK CO.
Mila
Cable
Je.
Lousiana
Bowling
Green
Burlington Gladstone
London Mills
La Harper
Far
Bushnel Lor
ug
Savannah
Versailles
Spr's Bluff
Flock Yad
Hyde Park
WISC ON S, IN
Harvard Genos
Farfard
Jubuque
Clinton
Palmaan
Calimer
Freeport
Lanark Jo..
Lewistow
Menden Vermont
Rushville
Wabash Jo
Capappi Clayton
Beardek
T
Blomgren Bros., Engr's, Chienge.
1
2
Galesburg
Forreston
Fulton
Geneva
Shabbónia
Dearock
Paw Pay
FarTville
Colona Mendota Serena Morris
Ottawa Seneca
Orion
Alpha
arren
Walnut
Abingdon
St.Louls.
3
Daria Jc.
Rochelle
Dizon
R.L.JC. Amboy
Lida
Galvs
Peori
Carthage Party
Cuba tgá Miller
Pekin
Delavan
Rockton
Bockford
Wyanet
Wyoming Lacop
Bureau
Yales C. Minonk
Elmo Nebrask
Leo
Havana
Mason C
PetersMarg MC
Virginia
Alton Greenville
Streptor
Winona
Valon
Bellev
Waterloo
Chester,
La Salle
Pickbey
Percy
Cal Jo.
Belvidere
Sycamore Elgin
Turne
Aurora
Kensing
ton
Blooming
Pulaska
Ashland Decatur
aokзor
SPRING
Bates FLD Lion
Pittsfield Finchester Woerly Sullivan Oakland
Boot Ho.Fla Rood He. Virard wylor V. Matteon
Carrollwpite Hall Nokomis
Windsor
Pand
Noge
Cordery
Medora Litchfield Raase Stewp Greenup
ton
Hillsboro
Jerse ville
Graffión,
Staunton
mune Sorrento
Purska
ontiac
Morton El Paso
MackayStrawn
Dabrers
Gibson Cy
Laɑrcula
4
Dwight
Buckingh
Edwards V.
ALLouis Patokaj Salem
Woodstock
Nanda
O'Fallon Mt. Vernon,
Sandoval
Aly Odin.
Centralia
Nashville
Ess
Smithsborough
andala
Ashley Radom
Tamparoa McLeansbor
Duquain
Benton
Murphysbord Carbondale
Grand Towerb
Jollet
LeRoy
Farmer Cy
Rantoal
"Alvin.
Mansfield Bismark
Clinton
Champaign
Monticello Pchite Heath Daný
Sidney
Pement
Tolono
Haminond Tascola
Loving)
Arcola
to
Sham Effingham
Altamont
Newtond
Edgewood
9
orest Gilman
Papa Welling
Payton Boopesto HD
Fairfield
Ohio
Mound Cr.
airo
5
Otto
Kempton Jo
Watseks
Matter
Beecher
Moment
Olney
Flora
Enfeld
Dorado
EI
Chafle
Campbell
(830), Marghan
Brown
R
8+*
Bridgeport
Lawrencev
Metropolis
Kark
Robinson
Cami
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Cy
Cypress Jo.
Marion/Harris- Shawnee
Makanda D's
T.
Vienna Elizabeth T.
Bonesboro Golconda
Cy. K
6
F
H
I
384
INDIANA.
"Hoosier State." Settled at Fort St. Vincents, now Vincennes,
1702, by French-Canadian voyagers. Admitted as a a state
Dec. 11, 1816. Sixth state admitted. Soldiers furnished in
Mexican war 5,000. Union soldiers 196,363. Number counties, 92.
All elections Tuesday after first Monday in November; number
senators, 50; representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial,
in odd-numbered years, meet Thursday after first Monday, holds
60 days; term of senators 4 years, of representatives, 2 years;
number electoral votes, 15; number congressman, 13; number
voters 498,437. Fraudulent voters and bribers excluded from
voting. Number colleges 15, State University at Bloomington;
medical school at Indianapolis, university at Notre Dame, four-
ishing common-school system: school age, 6-21. Legal interest
rate, 6 per cent, by contract 8 per cent, usury forfeits excess of
interest Miles of railroad, 5,534 POPULATION—1880, 1,978,301;
male 1.978,301, female 967,940, native 1,834, 123, foreign 144,178,
white 1,938,798, colored 39,228, Chinese 29, Indians 246. Esti-
mated increase 8 per cent. Extreme length N. and S. 275 miles,
width averages 150 miles, area 35,910 sq. miles, 22,982,400 acres.
Surface sometimes hilly. No mountains.
No mountains. Hills 200 to 400 feet
above the surrounding country. Frontage on Lake Michigan 43
miles. River bottoms wide and unsurpassed in fertility, highlands
when level, rich, black or sandy soil. All crops and fruits of the
temperate zone do well both in yield and quality. State highly
favored for agriculture and manufacturing,
Ranks second in
wheat, fourth in corn, hogs and agricultural implements, fifth in
coal. Cattle, hogs, sheep, horses, etc., are most successfully
raised. Corn, wheat, oats, staple crops. Timber still abundant at
south, but in scattered tracts Coal fields in southwestern portion
of state over 7,000 sq. miles, on much of which are 3 workable
veins. Kinds of coal, block, cannel and ordinary bituminous,
cokes well, superior for gas. Building stones varied and of unsur-
passed quality, including the famous Bedford stone. Supply un-
limited. Land is cheap, cleared averaging $18, and woodland $14
per acre. In rich section to southwest cleared land $15, woodland
$10 to $12. Chances for making homes, comfort and advantages
considered, not excelled elsewhere. Iron ore is found.
CLIMATE changeable in winter, but seldom severe; winds from
north and west; summers moderately long, and sometimes hot;
temperature averages, winter, 34 deg., summer 78 deg. Trees
blossom in March. Rainfall 40 inches. Health excellent. Ma-
laria rapidly disappearing from bottoms before proper drainage.
CHIEF CITIES.-Indianapolis (capital), contains deaf and dumb,
blind and insane asylums, pop. 5,056, Terre Haute 26,042, Evans-
ville 29,280, Fort Wayne 26,880. Michigan City lake port. INdus-
TRIES.-Agriculture, mining and manufacturing.
[Salaries of State Officers, page ▲20.1


· Sturels
A
B
C
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Crofy
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Shelby
Gilman
Hoopstod
Danville
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Kaikkee Worth Judson
St Anne
Goodland
Fugene
Hensselaer
W
Hilladas
Kuts S
CHICA
paraiso
Hanna
VIPEDA
Paris
tseks
Monticell
Oxford Templeton
Otterbein
Attica
Suivan
Kenland
Reynolds
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Somerset
Clay City
Robinson
Hawfordsville}
Ladyga
Waveland
LawrenceVEIL
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Terrellaute
Switz City
Ebrnyry
Covington Frankfort
Linden
Gion
Rockvill
Stacers
Tichig
Vincennes
Princeton
Nerudonville
Rochester
Winamac Worth Manchester
Monon Denver
Wellsboro
Washington
Evansville
ORIO
La Porte buth Bend
Swell
Walkerton
Knox
Logansporte
Soka
Lafayette
Lebanon
Delphi
Augusta Jasper
Oakland City
Linctin
New Ross
Roachdale
Danville
Flora
Shoals
Montgomery
Rockport
Milford Jc.
Tymouth
Argus WATE&W
Claypool
Greencastle
Maxiasville Franklin
Ashboro
Spencer Gosport Flat Rock
Elleville
Columbus
"iptun
Colfa Arcadia
Noblesville
Worthing Guthrie
Bloomfield
Bedford Medora
Tell
City
Elkhart
Goshen
Collanty
Milltown
Kokomo
K
Bloomington
Fairland
Mitchell
Kendallville
untington
eru
Bunker Hil
Seymou
Salem
Hartford City
Alexandria
Elwood
Albion
Ewing
Jeffersonv
Leavenworth New Albany
Avilla
La fito
Wabash
INDIANAPOLIS
Rushville
Westbewcastle
Haightstown
Greenfeld
Marion
Adam's Sta
O'zstan
Muncr
Scottsburgh
Lagrange
Waterlod
Charlestown
Colomoney.
Fort Way
Red Key
Anderson
Jonesville
Shelbyville
Ridgeville
Angola
Madison
Baller
Auburn A
Porband
Decatur
Buffton
Vernon
Westport
thest
CJD
Union
Hagerstown
Richm
Cambrid
City
Connersvill
Laure Brookville
Greensburg
Lawrence
Mian
Liberty
Rising Sun
Very
CK Y
MAP OF
CorydooINDIANA
Population…1,978,31
Area sq.miles.85,910
Blangren Bros, Engr’sa
5
6
Co
B
*:
INDIAN TERRITOR..
Set apart for peaceful tribes. Organized 1834, no territorial
government. Government in hands of tribes. Also contains
Oklahoma and public land strip. Each tribe elects officers, legis-
latures and courts, and criminals are punished as in the states.
No laws for collections of debt. All land held in common, and any
Indian may cultivate as much as he wants, but one-quarter mile
must intervene between farms. Whites can hold land only by
marrying an Indian. Miles of railroad, 353. School system ex-
cellent, pupils educated and supported by the tribes, half entire
revenue being set aside for the purpose. Three colleges, 200
schools.
Population, 80,000. Cherokees, 20,000, Choctaws, 16,500, Creeks,
14,500, Chickasaws, 7,000, Seminoles, 2,500, Osages, 2,400, Chey-
ennes, 3,298, Arapahoes, 2,676, Kiowas, 1,120, Pawnees, 1,438,
Comanches, 1,475. Two-fifths of entire population can read. Ex-
treme length east and west, 470 miles, average length, 320 miles,
width, 210 miles, area, 69,991 miles, 44,154,240 acres. Surface
vast rolling plain sloping eastward. Valleys timbered heavily
with hard woods. South of Canadian river prairies very fertile,
valleys rich and productive throughout territory, grass rich and
heavy almost everywhere. Corn, cotton, rice, wheat, rye, potatoes
are staples. Grazing interests large. Coal is found, but extent
unknown. Fur-bearing animals numerous.
CLIMATE.-Mild in winter, warm in summer. Temperature
averages 41 deg. winter, 80 deg. summer. Rainfall, at east, 50
inches, center, 36, far west, 22. IIealth as good as anywhere in
Union.
CHIEF CITIES.-Tahlequah, capital of Cherokees, Tishomingo,
capital of Chickasaws, Tushkahoma, of Choctaws, Muscogee, of
Creeks, Pawhuska, of Osages, Seminole Agency, of Seminoles,
Pawnee Agency, of Pawnees, Kiowa and Comanche Agency, of
Kiowas and Comanches.
LEADING INDUSTRIES.-Agriculture and grazing.
INDIAN AGENCIES.
Agent..
Agent
Physician.
ARAPAHOE.
CHEYENNE.
Agent
Physician
Superintendent
Physician..
••
KAW.
KIOWA AND COMANCHE.
OAKLAND.
386
Supt... $1,000
3 Teachers.. 600
→
• • ..
• D
$ 900 Agent.
Physician
•
2,200 Agent.
1,200 Physician
1,600 Clerk……
1,200 Physician
Agent... .$1,500
Physician. 1,200
•
OSAGE.
•
•••
OTOR.
PAWNEE,
1,000 Superintendent..
1,000 Clerk…….
QUAPAW.
.. • + •
PONCA.
.$1,600
1,200
• 7
•
Agent..
•
1,500
1,000
1,200
1,000
SAC AND FOX.
-
1,200
720
..$1,200
2 Physicians.. 1,000
124

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Elm
Red
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Population
Area aq. miles
Blomgren Broe, Engr's, Chicago.
2
River
3
ER
E
бак
Osage Spring
• Sherida
River
MAP OF
INDIAN TERRITORY
58,122
68,991
Cheyenne
River
3
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Wichita Agents
X OW, A8
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Fort Sill Agency
Agency Pauls Valley
MANCHE 8
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Hbgldtona
OTTJES
MISSOUNICS
Council Grov
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WICHITAS kohoma City
Kickapoo Town
Silver City Shawneel Towno
Negro
Settlements WATUMIES
Settlement Dehiwe Lo
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Baldwin
KANSAS
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Gainesville,
FOX
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Arkansas
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CHEROK
Blue Jacket?
Chelsea
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Watkins A Levasion
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Clafemore Mills i
Chouteap/
Ft. Gibson
Catoosa
Fairview
Coucharty
Tulsa
CREEK
Muscogee
Okmulgee Dak-la-by
BRINATION Briartown
male Agency
Red Oak
Hilk tee
Fil.
Holmes
McAllister
White Bead HIIL C/HOCTAW
Cherokee-Town Kiowa Spring Station-
Stonewall Limestone Gap
Lehigh
Atoka
Wadeville
• Tashkuhoma
Wishomingo
River
exman
Eufa
S.Canadian
Caney
7
Caddo
River
hitewater
TALEQUAH
Webber's Falls
Armstrong Goodland
Aoademy
Cache
Oklahoma
TON
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388
IOWA.
"Hawkeye State." Settled first by Dubuque, 1788, a French
Canadian, for whom that city is named. First settlers miners of
lead. Active immigration began 1833. Iowa territory organized
July 4, 1838. Admitted as state 1846. Union soldiers furnished
76,242. Number counties 99, miles of railroad 7,510. State elec-
tions annual, Tuesday after second Monday in October, excepting
years of presidential elections, when all elections occur together.
Number senators 50, representatives 100, sessions of legislature
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in
January. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years.
Number electoral votes 13, congressmen 11, number voters 416,658.
Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting. Number col
leges 19, school age 5-21. School system admirable, endowment
liberal. Legal interest rate 6 per cent., by contract 10 per cent,
usury
forfeits 10 per cent. per year on amount.
State has adopted
prohibition.
Population, 1880, 1,624,615, male 848,136, female 776,479, native
1,362,965, foreign 261,650, white 1,614,600, colored 9,516, Chinese
33, Indians 466. Estimated increase, 15 per cent.
Extreme length E. and W. 208 miles, width 208 miles, area
55,470 sq. miles, 35,500,800 acres. Surface almost an unbroken
prairie, without mountains and with very few low hills. Natural
meadows everywhere and water abundant. Many small lakes at
north. Highest point, Spirit Lake, 1,600 feet above the sea. Soil
superior. Corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, barley, sorghum, rye,
staples. Apples unsurpassed in United States: pears, plums,
cherries, grapes and berries are excellent crops. Cattle and other
stock interests large and thrifty. Dairying attractive. Forest
area small-scarcely equal to home requirements. Coal area fair.
Other minerals unimportant. Manufacturing active. Improved
land averages $20; unimproved, including railroad and govern-
ment domains, $12.50. State ranks first in hogs, second in milch
cows, oxen and other cattle, corn, hay and oats; third in horses:
fifth in barley and miles of railway.
Climate subject to extremes. Winter severe, with sharp north
and west winds; summers pleasant. Temperature averages,
summer 72 deg., winter 23 deg.; ranges from 10 deg. below to 99
deg. above zero. Rainfall 42 inches. Wheat harvest in August.
CHIEF CITIES.-Des Moines, metropolis and capital, pop. 22,408.
Pop. of Dubuque 22,254; of Davenport 21,831; of Burlington
19,450; of Council Bluffs 18,063. Keokuk, Burlington and Dubuque
are United States ports of delivery.
LEADING INDUSTRIES.-Agriculture, stock-raising and manu-
facturings
Salaries of State Officers, page 439.】

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390
KANSAS.
Name Indian, means "Smoky water." Called the "Garden
State." Kansas Territory organized May, 1854. Law known as
"Missouri Compromise," forbidding slavery in states formed out
of Louisiana purchase north of latitude 36 deg. 30 min. repealed,
and question of slavery left to the territory. At first it was decided
for slavery. Constitution prohibiting slavery adopted July,
1859. Admitted as a state, 1861. Union soldiers furnished,
20,149, number counties 95, miles railroad 4,205, first railroad
built 1864 40 miles long. All elections Tuesday after first Monday
in Nov.; senators 40, representatives 125, sessions biennial, meet-
ing second Tuesday in Jan. in odd-numbered years, limit of ses-
sion 50 days; term of senators 4 years, of representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes 9, congressmen 7, voters 295,714. Idiots,
insane, convicts and rebels excluded from voting. Number col-
leges, 8, number schoolhouses over 8,000, school age 5-21 years;
school system magnificent. Endowment immense. Legal interest 7
per cent, by contract 12 per cent, usury forfeits excess of interest.
POPULATION.-1880, 996,096, male 536,667, female 450 429,
native 886,010, foreign 110,086, white 952, 155, colored 43, IC
Chi-
ese 19, Indians 815. Estimated increase 16 per cent.
Extreme length E. and W., 410 miles, breadth 210 miles, area
81,700 sq. miles, 52,288,000 acres. No mountains. There is little
navigable water. Water powers of fair proportion, irrigation
necessary in large sections. Coal area of moderate extent; veins
usually thin; quality fair. Soil fine. Corn, wheat, oats, hemp,
flax and rye, staples. Castor beans and cotton grown successfully.
Soil of prairies deep loam of dark color; bottoms sandy loam.
Peculiarly favorable to stock-raising. Prairie rich in grasses.
Dairying favored. Fruits successful. Forests small. Limestone
and colored chalk furnish building materials. Value improved
land averages $12 per acre, woodland $15. Manufacturing grow-
ing. State ranks fifth in cattle, corn and rye. CLIMATE.-Salu-
brious; winters mild, summers warm, air pure and clear. Tem-
perature averages winter 31 deg., summer 78 deg., ranges 8 deg.
below to 101 deg. above zero; such extremes exceptional. Rainfall
averages 45 inches at east, 33 inches at west.
CHIEF CITIES.-Leavenworth, pop. 15,546, Topeka (capital),
pop. 15,542: State University at Lawrence, state asylums for
Insane and feeble-minded at Topeka and Ossawattomie: institution
for education of the blind at Wyandotte; for deaf mutes, Olathe.
INDUSTRIES.-Agriculture, stock-raising, manufacturing, etc.
Salaries of State Officers.

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Governor $3,000, Secretary of State $2,000, Treasurer $2,500,
Auditor $2,000, Attorney General $1,500, Superintendent of Public
Inst. $2,000, Secretary Board of Agriculture $2,000, Insurance
Commissioner $2,500, three Railroad Commissioners $3,000, State
Librarian $1,500, Chief Justice $3,000, two Associate Justices
$3,000, Senators and Representatives $3 per day, mileage 15 cents;
District Judge $3,500, Pension Agent $4,000.
B
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MAP OF
KANSAS
Population 996,096
Area sq. miles 81,700
Atwoods
Wano
Bray
Wallace
Monotony
Coolidge
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LOUISIANA.
7
Named for Louis XIV of France Called the "Pelican State"
and the "Creole State." First sugar cane cultivated in United
States near New Orleans 1751. First sugar mill 1758. First ship-
ment of cotton abroad 1784. Purchased by United States, 1803,
for $15,000,000. Louisiana admitted as a state under present name
April 8, 1812. In the war with England immediately following,
the state made a glorious record, and at the battle of New Orleans,
Jan. 8, 1815, humiliated the British and ended the war. Seceded
Jan. 26, 1861. Some fighting on the river between boats and forts.
New Orleans captured May 1, 1862, 1868, in June, state re-
entered Union. Capital, Baton Rouge. Number of parishes or
counties 58, miles railroad 1,316. Legislature and state officers
elected quadrennially, members congress biennially, state elec-
tions Tuesday after third Monday in April, number senators 36,
representatives 98, sessions biennial, in even-numbered years,
meeting second Monday in May, holds 60 days, terms of senators
and representatives 4 years each. Number electoral votes 8, con-
gressmen 6, voters 216,787, colored 107,977, native white 81,777,
foreign white 27,033. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from
voting. Legal interest 5 per cent., by contract 8 per cent., usury
forfeits entire interest. Educational facilities average, POPULA-
TION, 1880, 939,946, male 468,754, female 471,192, native 885,800,
foreign 54,146, white 454,954, colored 483,655, Chinese 489, Indians
848, slaves, 1860, 331,726. Extreme length E. and W. 294 miles,
breadth 248 miles, area 45,420 sq. miles, 29,068,800 acres. Coast
line 1,276 miles, very irregular navigable rivers 2,700 miles. Mis-
sissippi flows in or on the borders of the state. Bays numerous on
coast but harbors indifferent. Many small islands in Gulf. Staple
products, sweet potatoes, sugar, molasses, rice, corn, cotton,
grasses, oats, etc. All fruits of the semi-tropical climate thrive.
State ranks first in sugar and molasses and third in rice. Forests
almost inexhaustible. Timber superior in kind and quality, lum-
bering important industry. Salt produced on a large scale. Iron
discovered. Cleared land averages $12.50, woodland $3 to $4 per
acre. Reclamation of marshes very profitable and beginning to be
done on a large scale. Moss-gathering profitable and invites more
attention. CLIMATE.-Temperature ranges from 44 to 100 deg.,
Rainfall 57 inches,
average summer 81 deg., winter 55 deg.
chiefly in spring and summer. Summers long and occasionally
hot. Health average. Actual death rate lower than in many
northern sections. Occasional yellow fever in the cities. CHIEF
CITIES. New Orleans port of entry and largest cotton market in
the world pop. 216,090, Baton Rouge (capital) pop. 7,197, Shreve
port pop. 8,009, Morgan City port of entry. State institution for
insane at Jackson, for deaf mutes and blind Baton Rouge. INDUS
TRIES.-Three-fifths of laboring population engaged in agriculture.
Average income of rural population among highest in Union.
Number industries 1,600.
[Salaries of State Officers, page 439)

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MAP OF
LOUISIANA
Population 939,946
45,420
Area
Vidalia
Topleys Natchez
Big Grock
Alexandria
Rayne
Harrisonburg
Hams
Abbeville
Harrys Bridge
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MAINE.
Called the "Pine Tree State," or "Lumber State"; originally
Included New Hampshire; settled by English 1607, by French in
1613. Number counties, 16; Union soldiers, 70, 107; miles of rail-
road, 1,142. State elections second Monday in Sept.: number
senators, 31; representatives, 151; sessions biennial în odd-num-
bered years, meeting first Wednesday in Jan.; terms of senators
and representatives, two years each. Number electoral votes, 6;
congressmen, 4; number voters, 187,323; paupers and Indians not
taxed excluded from voting. Number colleges, 3; system of com-
mon, high and normal schools excellent; school age, 4-21 years.
legal rate interest 6, by contract, any rate. POPULATion, 1880,
648,936, male 324,058, female 324,878, native 599,053, foreign
58,883, white 646,852, colored 1,451, Chinese 8, Indians-Penob-
scots 625, Passamaquoddies 502. Extreme length north and south
298 miles, width 210 miles, shore line about 2,480 miles, area
33,056 sq. miles, land 29,885 sq. miles, 21,155,840 acres, 37th of
states and territories in size. Surface hilly, mountainous toward
center. Highest point, Katahdin 5,400 feet; largest island, Mount
Desert, 92 square miles. Area of lakes and streams, one-thirteenth
entire state. The soil is medium only, except on some of the
streams, where it is rich. Hay the best crop. Wheat, oats, corn,
hops, potatoes, buckwheat and the ordinary vegetables grow. Cat-
tle do fairly, dairying pays. Half the state is forest of excellent
timber. Cleared land averages $15 and forest land $14 per acre.
Slate, copper, granite are found in large quantities. Winter aver-
age 29 deg., summer 67 deg., rainfall 45 inches; snow lies 80 to 130
days. Climate excellent, except for pulmonary troubles. Death
rate low. Chief industries-Agriculture and kindred pursuits,
lumbering, fisheries, $3,620,000 yearly, quarrying, ship-building
(380 establishments). Principal cities-Portland (seaport) popu-
lation 31,413, Lewiston 19,083, Bangor, port of entry, 16,856, Bid-
deford 12,651, and Augusta, the capital, 8,665.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor.
Secretary of State
Treasurer.
Attorney General.
Adjutant General..
:
...
•
✩
Superintendent Common Schools
Secretary Board of Agriculture.
State Librarian
Chief Justice.
Seven Associate Justices.
Senators and representatives.
District Judge...
Collector Internal Revenue.
Collector Customs..
Surveyor Customs.....
Pension Agent...
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OCEAN
MAP OF
MAINE
Population__648,936
Area sq.miles—————— 29,885.
Blomgren Broe. Engr's., Chicago
5
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396
MARYLAND.
One of the thirteen original states. Baltimore laid 1730. Fed-
eral congress met at Annapolis 1783, when Washingion resigned
command of army. Federal constitution ratified April 28, 1778.
Fredericktown and other places burned in war of 1812, and Fort
McHenry bombarded. First blood of civil war shed at Baltimore
April 19, 1861. Legislature opposed war April 26, 1861, but passed
resolutions favoring the South. Battle of Antietam Sept. 16 and
17, 1862. Slavery abolished 1864. Union soldiers furnished, 46,-
638. No. counties, 23. Miles railroad, 1,082. All elections
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., number senators 26, repre-
sentatives 91?
sessions biennial in even-numbered years, meet first
Wednesday in Jan, and hold 90 days, term of senators 4 years, of
representatives 2 years. Number of electoral votes 8, congressmen
6. Insane, convicts and bribers excluded from voting. Number
colleges 11, school age 5-20, school system fair. Legal interest 6
per cent, usury forfeits excess of interest. POPULATION. — 1880
939,943, male 462, 187, female 472,756, native 852,137, colored 200,-
230. Slaves, 1860, 87, 189. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS,
ETC.-Length east and west 196 miles, width 8 to 122 miles. Area,
9,860 sq. miles. Acreage of state 6,310,400, water surface large.
Western and northern sections mountainous and broken, Chesa-
peake bay almost divides the state. Tide-water coast nearly 500
miles Chief navigable rivers, Potomac, Susquehanna, Patuxent,
Patapsco, empty into the bay. At the west is the Youghiogheny.
Soil varies from very poor to very good. Cleared land averages
$22.50, and woodland $14 per acre. The average value of latter
lowered by mountain sections. Considerable good timber remains.
Enormous coal fields west Copper is found in Frederick and
Carroll counties, iron ore in Allegany, Anne Arundel, Carroll,
Baltimore, Frederick and Prince George's counties. Great oyster,
fish, fruit and vegetable producing state. Oyster beds most valu-
able in Union. Wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat and tobacco staple
crops. Opportunities for capital are yet excellent. CLIMATE-
Mild, agreeable and healthful, some little malaria in lowlands.
Temperature softened by ocean. Winter averages 37 deg., sum-
mer 78 deg. Rainfall, 42 inches. CHIEF CITIES.- Baltimore,
port of entry, pop. 332.313. Annapolis, capital, contains United
States Naval Academy, pop. 5,744. Cumberland, pop., 10,693.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES.-Agriculture and fruit growing, oyster and
other fishing, canning, coal, iron and copper mining, manufactur-
ers of cotton goods, etc.
Salaries of State Officers.
J
Governo- $4,500, Secretary of State $2,000, Treasurer Se,500#
Comptroller $2,500, Attorney General $3,000, Chief Justice $3,500
Seven Associate Justices $3,500, District Judge $4,000, Senators
and Representatives $5 per day and mileage, Two Collectors
Internal Revenue $2,625 to $4,500, Collector of Customs $7,000,
Two Collectors $250 and $1,200 fos, Auditor $2,500, Naval Officer
$5,000, Surveyor $4,500.
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Population--939,943
Area sq.miles ---
9,860
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MASSACHUSETTS.
Old Bay State." One of the 13 original states. First settle-
ment 1602, abandoned the same year. Explored 1614 by Captain
John Smith. First permanent settlement 1620. Pilgrims landed
on Plymonth Rock Dec. 22. Boston settled 1630. First Ameri-
can newspaper Boston, 1690. Massachusetts was active in bring-
ing on Revolution. Boston massacre March 5, 1770. Destruction
of tea Dec. 16, 1773. Boston port bill passed March, 1774. Battle
of Lexington first blood of Revolution. Ratified U. S. constitu-
tfon Feb. 6, 1788. Union soldiers, 146,730, besides sailors. Num-
ber counties 14. Miles railroad, 2,399. All elections Tuesday
after first Monday in Nov. Number senators, 40; representatives,
240; meeting first Wednesday in Jan.; yearly terms of senators
and representatives, 1 year, Number electoral votes, 14; congress-
men, 12. Number voters, 502,648. Paupers, persons under
guardians, non-taxpayers, and men unable to read and write,
excluded from voting. School system excellent; attendance com-
pulsory; age 5-15 years. Seven colleges, including Harvard.
Legal interest, 6 per cent.; by contract, any rate. POPULATION-
1880, 1,783,085. Females outnumber males. Indians 369.
Length, N. E. to S. W., 162 miles; breadth, 47 miles in western
and 100 in eastern part; area of 8,040 square miles, 5,145,600 acres.
Coast extensive and irregular, with numerous good harbors. The
Merrimac only large stream entering sea within the state. The
Taconic and Hoosac ridges traverse the state at the west. Saddle
mountain, 3,600 feet, the highest peak. The east and northeast
divisions are hilly and broken, and the southeast low and sandy.
Scenery very beautiful, especially in Berkshire hills; soil generally
fight; hay best crop; wheat, oats, corn and vegetables grown.
Forests practically exhausted. Cleared land averages $80 and
woodland $45 per acre. Stone is found. No minerals mined.
Elizabeth Islands, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and smaller
islands to the south belong to the state. Winters severe and pro-
tracted, summers short and warm, thermometer ranges from 10
deg. below to 100 deg.; averages summer, 73 deg., winter 24 deg.
Snow falls October to April. Rainfall, including snow, 44 inches.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES.- Agriculture and kindred callings. Fishing
for cod and mackerel (half the fishing vessels of the Union owned
here.) Manufacture of cotton, woolen, worsted, silk, iron and
steel goods, soap and implements, quarrying. PRINCIPAL Cities.-
Boston, 362,830. Lowell, pop. 59,475. Lawrence and Fall River,
famous for cotton manufactures, pop. 39,151 and 48,961. Worces-
ter, railroad and manufacturing center, pop. 58,201. Cambridge,
seat of Harvard Coliege, pop. 52,669. Lynn, famous for manu-
facture of boots and shoes, pop. 38,274. New Bedford, greatest
whaling port in the world, pop. 26,845. Springfield contains
greatest arsenal in the United States, pop. 33,340. Ports of
entry, 9.
[Salaries State Officers, page 439.]
#
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MAP OF
MASSACHUSETTS
Population 1,783,085
Ares Sq.miles 8,040
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400
7
MICHIGAN.
Called "Wolverine State.' First settlement sy Father Mar-
quette, 1668, at Sault Ste. Marie. Admitted as state Jan. 26,
1837. Thirteenth state to enter Union. Received upper peninsula
as compensation for disputed territory same year. Capital, Lan-
sing. Union soldiers furnished 87,364. Number counties 79.
Miles railroad 5,233. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in
November. Number senators 32, representatives 100, sessions of
legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednes-
day in January; terms of senators and representatives 2 years
each, number electoral votes 13, number congressmen 11.
Num-
ber voters 467,687. Duelists excluded from voting. Number col-
leges 9, efficient public schools, school-age 5-20 years. Legal
interest 7 per cent., by contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits excess of
interest. POPULATION, 1880, 1,636,937; male 862,355, female
774,582, native 1,248,429, foreign 388,508, white 1,614,560, colored
15, 100, Indians 7,249. Estimated increase 11 per cent.
Extreme
length lower peninsula north and south 278 miles, breadth 260
miles. Extreme length upper peninsula east and west 320 miles,
width 24 to 165 miles, area 57,430 sq. miles, or 36,755,200 acres.
Length shore line 2,000 miles. Lower peninsula consists of plains.
and table lands, heavily timbered with pine and hardwoods and
small prairies. Soil generally good, but patches of sand occur.
Fruit raising, especially apples, peaches and grapes, very success-
ful. All cereals make good crops, except corn at north. Staples,
wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, barley, etc. Upper penin-
sula broken, rocky and almost mountainous, rising at west to 2,000
feet above sea. Western portion mining region, eastern portion
favorable to agriculture. Rivers, inlets and small lakes numerous.
Water good and well distributed. Copper, valuable iron, coal and
salt abundant. Timber yet in immense tracts of virgin pine and
hardwoods. State ranks first in copper, lumber and salt, second
in iron ore, third in buckwheat, fifth in sheep, hops and potatoes.
Cleared land averages $20 per acre, forest $10. CLIMATE.-Tem-
perature averages at Detroit winter 30 deg., summer 70 deg., at
Sault Ste. Marie, winter 23 deg., summer 65 deg. Rainfall at
Detroit 30 inches, at Sault Ste. Marie 24 inches. Health excel-
lent. Temperature at Marquette averages about 3 deg. lower
than at Sault Ste. Marie.

Chief Cities.-Detroit, pop. 116,340; Grand Rapids, pop.
32,016; Lansing (capital) pop. 8,310; Bay City, pop. 20,693: East
Saginaw, 19,016; Jackson, 16, 105; Muskegon, 11,262; Saginaw,
10,525. Detroit, Marquette, Port Huron, Grand Haven ports of
entry.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES.- Lumbering, mining, farming, fruit raising,
manufacturing, fishing, etc.
[Salaries State Officers, page 439.]

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MAP OF
MICHIGAN
Population 1,636,937
Area 89.miles 57,430
BEAVER
KEN DY Isolha
ISLANDS
Ty
Sherman
Bondi Mills
Haring
Rarbons
Baldwin Reed
Bart
White
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Benzonia
Wilsonville
leyoito
Muskegon
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Bellair
3
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Hersey
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Stanton
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Lakeview
rand Rapids
Monteith
Lake City
West Branch
Harrison Gladwin
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Edmore
4
Angola
Rivers
Albion
Homer
ree Rivers
Wasen Jones
ville
Sturgis
Stanton Je.
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Charlotte
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Gaylord
Grayling
4
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HiHman
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3.
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gan
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Roscommon
Tawas (3,66
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Eaton Rapin
5
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Manchester
Adrian
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Durand
0
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Piltsfeld
Taylor Mine
Pontiac
Hano
Toled
Carleton
Oxford,
Grove
Crystal Fallss
Iron Mtn.
Harrisville
Cafro
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Champion
Republic
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Blomgren Bibi., Engr's, Chicago
.6
8
402
MINNESOTA.
"Gopher state." Explored by Fathers Hennepin and LaSalle,
1680, via Mississippi river to Falls St. Anthony. Admitted as state,
1898. Foreign immigration immense. Number Union soldiers fur-
nished, 25,952.
Number counties, 80. Miles railroad, 4,193. All
elections Tuesday after first Monday in November; number sen-
ators, 47; representatives, 103; sessions of legislature, biennial, in
odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in Jan-
uary; holding 60 days; term of senators, 4 years; representatives,
2 years. Number electoral votes, 7; congressmen, 5; voters,
213,485; idiots, insane and convicts not voting. Number colleges,
5: school age, 5-21, school system, first-class. Legal interest
rate, 70; by contract, 10%; usury forfeits excess over 10%.
Population, 1880, 780,773; male, 419,149; female, 361,624: native,
513,097; foreign, 267,676; white, 776,884; colored, 1,564; Indians,
2,300. Estimated increase, 20%. Length N. and S., 378 miles, aver-
age width, 261 miles, area 79,205 sq. miles, 50,691,200 acres. Surface
rolling plain 1,000 feet above sea level, except at N. E., where are a
series of sand hills called "Heights of Land," 1,600 feet high It is
the state of small lakes, including over 7,000, varying from a few rods
to 32 miles across. In one of these, Itasca, the Mississippi rises
and flows 800 miles through the state. The other principal rivers
are the Minnesota, Red River of the North, and the St. Louis.
Small streams and lakes make water plentiful. The scenery is
picturesque and beautiful. The soil is splendid, as a rule, and the
accessibility to market and general attractions render the state
especially favored by agriculturists. The forests of the state are
small (2,000,000 acres), but in parts are rich in fine timbers. Two-
thirds of the state is unoccupied. Cleared land averages $12.50
per acre and woodland $8. Wheat is the great crop. Corn, oats,
barley, hay and dairy products are also staples. State ranks
fourth in wheat.
Climate, -Healthful. Air pure and dry, summers warm,
averaging 68-70 deg.; winters cold, averaging 9-24 deg. Rainfall
36 inches, chiefly in summer. Snowfall medium. The dryness
mitigates the cold in winter.
CHIEF CITIES.-Pembina, port of entry on Red river. St. Paul,
capital, pop. 41,473. Minneapolis, pop. 46,887.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES.-Agriculture, dairying, milling, etc.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor..
Lieutenant Governor.
Secretary of State.
Treasurer,
Auditor...
Attorney General.
Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Adjutant General
Public Examiner.
Insurance Commissioner.
-
▸
•
•
-
·
-$3,800
600
1,800
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,500
1,500
3,000
2,000
•
•
·
·
·

1
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2
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MANITO JA
St.Vinecht
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ARZUS
H
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Middle River,
Warren
Fanny
DStanley
Blad River
Crookston
Kiltson
Edna
Moorhead
Glyndon
Manston
SAN
Adao Wild Rice
Felton
Hawley
Barneville
DIE TOE SAD
Lake Park
Audubon
Detroit City
Perbam
Breckinridge
FFergus Falls
Comptoir
dempty
→ Lake
Haverse Herman
Browns Valley
•
Parkdale
Tintab
Stone eville
Ortonville
Wadeas
Elizabeth Towa
Marshfeld
Red Lake
REO LAKE
UNCEDED INDIAN L
Appleton
Milbank Milan
Qui Parle
New York Mills
Motley
Wykeman Ft-Ripley
Evansville
Morris
Red
Lyke
Leech
Laki
Leech Lakes Pokegarma
Lake
Park Rapids
Alexandria
Sauk Centre Melrose
Canby
Dalston Réagille
-Beaver Falls
Minnesota
Marshall Redwood
"Utto`
wood
Verde Lamberton
Woodstock
Benson
Murdock
Atwater
Grove
Pine River
CA
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Blomgren Bros Engr's Chicago
2
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3
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Brainerd
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Litchfield
F
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Island
Grand Rapila
Aitkin
Wilmar
Delan
Montevideo Howard
Granite Falls Heart
Sacred Henryville Minneapol
"Oliva Norwood
Chask
Hector
Vermillion
Lake
Little Falls
Brunswick
Lake Mills g
NA
Baraum
Sauk Rapids
Princeton
Kettle
River
INDIAN
RESERVATION
4.
Rush City
Cambridg
Becker Centre Cy
Wyoming
Fik River
Anoka
Mission Creek
Pipe City
} W
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Duluth
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Wabash
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materville
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Avoca Mountain
Lake Crystal Mankato
Currie St. James dificila Wasca
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Luverne Ba ster
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C
Jackson
Worthington Blue Earthbert Lea
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Owatonga
Easton
Rochester
Eyota
Fairmount
Lágran
Austib
Thompson
Lake Shore
Shore
Stillwater
Vermillion Laka
Beaver Bay
P
CL
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Mink
MAP OF
MINNESOTA
Population - -780,733)
Area sq.miles~~19, 205)
5
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Grand
A
perior City
A
Lewiston
Vise Charles
Eau Claire
Durand
SWhitehall
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Ridgeway
6
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#
↓
404
MISSISSIPPI.
Indian name meaning Father of Waters. "Bayou State."
Visited by De Soto 1542, by LaSalle 1682. Seɩded Biloxi, 1699, by
M. de Iberville. Formed a part of the territory of Louisiana, and
belonged to France. Admitted as a state Dec. 10, 1817. Seventh
state admitted. Capital fixed at Jackson, 1822. State active in
war of 1814 and with Mexico. Seceded 1861. Shoh the most
notable battle of the rebellion in the state. State re-entered Union
1870. Number counties 74, number miles of railroad 1,844. State
officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years, all
elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., sessions of legisla-
ture biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first
Monday in Jan., number senators 37, representatives 120, term of
senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years, number electoral
vetes 9, congressmen 7, voters 238,532, colored 130,278, foreign
white 5,674 Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting.
Number colleges 3, school age 5-21, school system fair. Legal
interest 6 per cent., by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits excess of
interest. Miles railroad 1844, 26. Population 1880 1,131,597, male
567,177, female 564,420, native 1,122,388, foreign 9,209, white 479,-
398, colored 650,291, Chinese 51, Indians 1,857, slaves 1860, 436,631.
Estimated increase 1885, 9 per cent. Greatest length N. and S.
364 miles, average width 143 miles, area 46,340 sq. miles, 29,657,600
acres. Coast line, including islands, 512 miles. Harbors, Biloxi,
Mississippi City, Pascagoula and Shieldsburg. Surface undula-
ting with a gradual slope from elevation of 700 feet at N. E., W.
and S. to the Mississippi and Gulf. Some hills reach 200 feet
above surrounding country. From Tenn. line S. to Vicksburg,
Mississippi bottoms wide, flat, with more or less swamp, and
covered with cypress and oak. Soil an inexhaustible alluvium.
Soil light but productive, at south sandy with pine growth. Cotton
prolific. Staple crops, cotton, rice, sugar, molasses, tobacco, corn,
sweet potatoes, grapes for wine. Fruits and vegetables are splen-
did crops, but are neglected. Forest area large, pine, oak, chest-
nut walnut and magnolia grow on uplands and bluffs, long-leafed
pine on islands and in sand. Lumbering important industry,
mules raised with great success. State ranks second in cotton,
fifth in rice. Oyster and other fisheries valuable. Cleared land
averages $7.50 per acre, woodland $3. Climate mild, snow and
ice unknown. Summers long and warm, July and August hottest
months. Temperature averages summer 80 deg., winter 50 deg.
Rainfall 46 in. at north, 58 in. at south. Highlands very healthy.
Malaria in bottoms. CHIEF CITIES.-Jackson (capital), pop.
5,204. Natchez, pop. 7,058. Vicksburg, pop., 11,814. LEADING
INDUSTRIES.- Agriculture, lumbering, fishing and canning.
Salaries of State Officers,
Governor $4,000, Lieutenant Governor $800, Secretary of State
$2,500, Treasurer $2,500, Auditor $2,500, Attorney General $2,500,
Superintendent of Public Education $2,000, Commissioner of
Agriculture $1,000, Land Commissioner $1,000.
"
2

B
E
H
1
Juzr
L
Brinkley
h
Claredon
Mississippi
Grand Gul
2
dar's Point
Woodville
?.-.H.
Rosedale
Greenville
Natchez
Belen
Mayersville Bolling Fork
Fayette
Liberty
Charleston o
Black
Delta Vicksburg
3
Pt. Gibson
"Hazlehurst.
Brockbaven
Woad
sadville
Hernando
Austin Senatobia
my
Fazoo
Johnsonville
MAP OF
MISSISSIPPI
1,131,597
46,340
Blomgren Bro'a Engr's Chiango.
Population
Area sq. miles
1
2
Sardis
4
Memphis T
"Lexington
Yazoo
City
Carrollton
1Oakland
Junc.
Pearl
Durant
Summit
1
Magnolia
Canton
ACKSON
KSON
Brandon
Raleigh
Georgetown
Gronada
Vaiden Chester
Duck
Bill. Winona Starkville
Ashland
Holly Springs
Oxford
Coffeeville
Pittsborough Houston
Muldon
Walthall West Point
Monticello
Kosciusko Jc.
Carthage
• Westville
8
Paristoc
Kosciusko
Oak Vale
Harpera
5
New Albapy
Baldwin Fulton
Columbia
Forest
Conlyville
Ripley
Bay St Louis
Philadelphia
De Kalb
Mill Dale { Narkeeta
Launderdale Sta.
Artesia
Louisville
Filliamsburgh Waynesborough
"Ellisville
Augusta
Steepbill
Decatur
V.
Montrose
Paulding
Poplarvilla
Mitchells Lake
Appleton .
Mississippi-City
exolóna
Carinth
Juk
Boonevil
Fairley
Lakeville
5
ber
Mac
Meridian
Enterprise
Quitman
State Life
Scranton
Shubuta
6
ALE
York
M
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exc
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Mobile
Ho
6
406
XX
MISSOURI.
Name Indian, means "Muddy River, Settled first at St. Gene.
vieve, Organized as territory under present name 1812, included
Arkansas, Indian Territory, etc. Admitted March, 1821. Eleventh
state admitted. Admission aroused much discussion. "Missour
Compromise" effected and state permitted to retain slavery. State
divided on secession and was scene of perpetual internal warfare.
Martial law declared Aug. 1862. Union soldiers furnished, 109,111.
Number counties, 115. Miles railroad, 4,710. State officers
elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years. All elec-
tions Tuesday after first Monday in November, number senators
34, representatives 141, sessions of legislature biennial in odd-
numbered years, meeting Wednesday after January 1, holds 70
days, term of senators 4 years, representatives 2 years. Number
electoral votes 16, congressmen 14, number voters 541,207.
United States army and inmates of asylums, poorhouses and
prisons excluded from voting. Number colleges 17, school age
6-20, school system good, endowments large. Legal interest rate
6 per cent., by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits entire interest.
Population 1880, 2,168,380, male 1,127,187, female 1,041,193,
native 1,956,802, foreign 211,578, white 2,022,826, colored r15,350,
Chinese 91, Indians 113. Estimated increase 122 per cent.
Length N. and S. 575 miles. Average width 246 miles. Area
68,735 sq. miles, 43,990,400 acres. Soil generally good. South
the surface is broken with hills, sometimes 1,000 feet high. The
most noted, Iron Mountain and the Ozarks. West of Ozarks
is a prairie region with wide, deep, fertile valleys. Entire area
well watered by small streams, springs, etc. Chief crops, corn,
wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco. Fruits do splendidly. Peaches
especially fine. Vegetable gardening successful. Improved land
averages $12, unimproved, $7 per acre. Coal, iron, marble, gran-
ite, limestone, lead and copper found in enormous deposits. Lead
area 5,000 sq. miles. Forests magnificent. Growth walnut, pop-
lar, oak and the hardwoods, grazing a leading business both in
extent and profit. Stock of all kinds raised with success. State
ranks first in mules, third in oxen, hogs, corn and copper, fifth in
iron ore.
4
Climate variable, with sudden changes, but generally pleasant
and healthy. Summers are long and warm, but not enervating.
Winters moderate, with occasional severe days. Average tem-
perature, summer 76 deg., winter 39 deg. Rainfall greatest in
May, averages 34 inches.
CHIEF CITIES,-St. Louis, largest city west of the Mississippi,
port of entry and great commercial and manufacturing point, pop.
350,518. Capital, Jefferson City, pop. 55,785. Pop. St. Joseph
32,431, Kansas City 55,787.
LEADING INDUSTRIES.- Agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
quarying, grazing, fruit and vegetable growing, lumbering, etc.
[Salaries of State Officers, page 439.1
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Burlington
Grant
Fat City Cottonwood Glenwood Ja Lancaster
Maryville Pickering Princeton Unionvili. Dowjanya
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Bethany Pollocks Subleft.
Edina Alexandria
Darlington Milan
Trentody
Albany
Corning
Maitland
Bigelow Bolckom
Oregon Savannah
odaway Gallatin
Joseph
Faston Hamilton
Barding
Valley Falls
Burlingame
Atchison
En poria
Burlington
Lawrence
Beyerly,
TOPEKA
Ottawa
Jala
Rushville
Atchisona
Kirksville
Jamesport ↑ Browning
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lattsburgh Cunningham Keytesville
Platte City Richmond"
Lathrop Brunswich
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Lexington Marshall
Boonville Wellsville
Fayette Mexico
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Brownsville
KANSAS CITY Warxonaburgh)
Pafsond
S>E.cor.uf Mo.
No Madrid
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Beverly Palmyra,
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Higbee Dalton Vandalia,
Contralia
Ballbury Bowling Green
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Chicago
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Bolivar Bufalo
Greenville Niangua o Conyay
Ash Grove Marshfield
Houston
Junction City Springfield Hartville Big Crook Annapolis
Ozark
Gravel Pt-
Piedmont
Cedar Bluff • Emfitence
Van Buren
Ottymor f
Cobalt
West Plains
Bouth Fork • Alton
Warm Forks
Prairieville
Bentoh Elsberry
Cy. Winfield
Troy St
Wenteville
St.Charles
Missouri
Pacific
R.ST. LOUIS
Eurek
ST.LOWS
Kirkwood
Doniphany
Riv
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Bismarck
Stoutland Avery
• Cooksville Salom Ironton
Phillpburgb Montauk Hogan Mount
Centreville
Kirkwood MAP OF
Carondele MISSOURI
Jefferson
Sullivan Horine Sta.
Vienna Crystal City
FiOdnok
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E.
Fenton
Grimdey
Jefferson
Keener
Poplar Bluf
Cuba
Potosia Mineral Pt.
Btoolville
Farmington
Knob Lick
Fredericktown
Marble Hill
Forgy
Population - 2,168,380
Arca sq.miles..68,785
(Russell's
Mills
Des Are Dolta
Blu Sta.
St.Francisville
Poplin
Charleston
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408
Gold discovered 1860. Formed part of Idaho, organized 1863.
Organized as territory May, 1864. Custer massacre June 25, 1876,
340 men of the 7th United States Cavalry annihilated by Sioux
ander Sitting Bull, on the Little Big Horn river. Number coun-
tes 14. Miles of railroad 1,046. All elections Tuesday after first
Monday in Nov. Number senators 12, representatives 24. Ses-
sions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting sec-
and Monday in Jan., holds 60 days, terms of senators and repre-
sentatives 2 years each. Voters 21,544, native white 12,162, for-
cign white_7,474, colored 1,908. School age 4-21 years, graded
schools in Deer Lodge City, Virginia City and Helena, School
lands reserved for sale when territory becomes state valuable and
extensive. Legal interest 10 per cent, by contract any rate.
POPULATION.-1880, 39,136, male 28,177, female 10,982, native
27,638, foreign 11,521, white 35,385, colored 346, Chinese 1,765,
Endians 1,663, Indians on reservations 19,791. Estimated increase,
24 per cent. Extreme length E. and W. 540 miles, average width
274 miles, area 145,310 sq. miles, 92,998,400 acres, two-fifths good
farm land, of which about 4,000 acres is cultivated. Three-fifths
of territory rolling plains, rest mountainous. Surface fairly sup-
plied with small streams. Timber supply ample. Soil good.
Immense area of arable land. Wheat best crop, oats, potatoes,
kay, also staples. Too cold for corn. Area grazing land, over
wo-thirds territory. Grazing interests great. Splendid grazing
grounds yet untaken. Mineral wealth great. Ranks fifth in sil-
wer and in gold. Climate dry. Rainfall about 12 inches. Warmer
han same latitude farther east Snows heavy in mountains, light
valleys and on plains. Temperature averages summer 62 deg.,
winter 18 deg. Colder in mountains. Health excellent.
CHIEF CITIES.-Three United States districts, court held twice
a year at Helena, twice at Virginia City, pop. 2,000, and three
aimes at Deer Lodge, pop. 1,500. Helena pop. 4,000, capital and
most important town.
MONTANA.
LEADING INDUSTRIES.—Mining, lumbering, grazing, agriculture,
smelting, etc.
...
Salaries of Territorial Officers,
Governor.
Secretary.
Treasurer...
Auditor...
Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Chief Justice..
3,000
3,000
Two Associate Justices..
Senators and Representatives....$4 per day and 20 cents mileage
Surveyor General..
...
Chief Clerk....
Chief Draftsman..
Collector of Internal Revenue..
•
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1,800
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3,500
1,200
2,500
1,800
1,600
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Population 39,159
Area sq.miles 145,310
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NEBRASKA.
""
Name Inuian, means “Shallow Water,' Nebraska Territory
organized May, 1854. Few settlements till 1864. Idaho cut off
March, 1863, and present boundaries fixed. Bill to admit July,
1866, unsigned by President Johnson, and another Jan. 1867,
vetoed. Bill passed over veto Feb. 1867. Admitted that year.
Lincoln capital. Union soldiers furnished, 3,157. Number
counties 74.
Miles of railroad 1865 122, 1885 2,794. All elections
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., number senators 33, repre-
sentatives 100, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting
first Tuesday in Jan., holding 40 days, terms of senators and
representatives 2 years each, number electoral votes 5, number
congressmen 3, number voters 129,042. U. S. army, idiots and
convicts excluded from voting. Number colleges 9, school age
5-21, school system superior, school endowments liberal. Legal
interest 7 per cent., by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits interest
and cost.
Population 1880 452,402, male 249,241, female 203,161, native
854,988, foreign, 97,414, white 499,764, colored 2,385, Chinese 18,
Indians 235. Estimated increase 25 per cent.
TOPOGRAPY, Area, Soil, Products, Etc.-Extreme length E.
2nd W. 424 miles, width 210 miles, area 76,185 sq. miles, 48,755,-
300 acres. Surface a vast plain, undulating gently, and principally
rairie with a few low hills. At extreme northwest are spurs of
the Rocky mountains, and Black Hill country begins, general
slope from W. to E., Missouri, Platte, Niobrara, Republican and
Blue, principal rivers, and are fed by numerous smaller streams.
Southern portion of state peculiarly favorable to all kinds of crops,
western half magnificent series of pastures and best suited to graz-
ing. Whole eastern two-fifths a great natural garden. Corn the
great crop; wheat, oats, hay, rye, buckwheat, barley, flax, hemp,
apples, plums, grapes, berries, staples and flourish. Cattle rais-
ing of vast importance and magnitude. Good herd laws. No
important minerals. Manufacturing growing wonderfully. Im-
proved land averages $9, unimproved $5, and woodland $18 per
acre.
Climate dry, salubrious and free from malaria. Temperature
averages, summer, 73 deg., winter 20 deg. Rainfall east of 100th
meridian, including snow, 25 inches, heaviest in May. At west,
precipitation falls to 17 inches, Rainfall gradually increasing.
CHIEF CITIES.- Omaha, U. S. port of delivery, commercial
center, pop. 30,518, Lincoln contains State University, pop. 13,003,
Plattsmouth, pop. 4, 175, Nebraska City 4,183.
LEADING INDUSTRIES.-Agriculture, cattle-raising, dairying,
manufacturing, etc.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $2,500, Lieutenant Governor $6 a day, Secretary of
State $2,000, Treasurer $2,500, Auditor of Public Accounts $2,500,
Attorney General $2,000, Superintendent of Public Ins. $2,000,
B
E
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Warbonnet
North
Antelopeville
Riverside
2
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Niobrara R.
Camp Clarke
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gidnoy
Platte
COLORADO
Ogalalloo
Denver Jo.
3
Belling-Spring
R.
MAP OF
NEBRASKA
Area sq. miles 76,185
Population 452,452
2
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Fort Niobrara,
co Valentins
Benklemon
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St. Helena
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NEVADA.
"Sage Hen State." First settlements in Washoe and Carson
valleys 1848. Gold discovered 1849, silve. 859. Territory orga-
nized March, 1861. Admitted as state Oct., 1864. Number coun-
ties 15.
Miles railroad 948. Governor and state officials elected
quadrennially, and legislature every 2 years, on Tuesday after
first Monday in Nov.; number senators 20, representatives 40,
sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting
first Monday in Jan., holding 60 days. Term of senators 4 years,
of representatives 2 years. Voting population 31,255, native white
11,442, foreign white 14,191, colored 5,622. Idiots, insane and
convicts excluded from voting. School age 6-18 years. Legal
interest rate 10 per cent., by contract any rate.
Population, 1880, 62,266, male 42,019, female 20,247, native
36,613, foreign 25,653, white 53,556, colored 488, Chinese 5,416,
Indians 2,803.
Extreme length N. and S. 485 miles, width 320 miles, area 109,-
740 sq. miles, 70,223,000 acres. Lake Tahoe, 1,500 feet deep, 10x22
miles in area and 9,000 feet above sea, temperature year round 57
deg. Many mineral springs, warm and cold. Great part of
surface unavailable for cultivation. Considerable areas of grazing
land; many valleys, rich, easily worked and prolific soil. Corn,
wheat, potatoes, oats and barley, staple crops; horses, mules,
cattle, hogs and sheep do well. Forests valuable. Mineral
resources enormous. Comstock lode supposed to be richest silver
mine in the world; Eureka one of the most productive. Rich in
lead and copper; zinc, platinum, tin and nickel, plumbago, man-
ganese, cobalt, cinnebar, etc., found. Extensive deposits of borax.
Coal and iron. Ranks second in gold, fourth in silver. Kaolin,
building stones, slate, soda and salt are obtained. Little land
Improved.
Climate mild in valleys; little snow except on mountains. At
north mercury sometimes falls to 15 deg. below zero; air bracing,
health good. Extremes of cold unknown. Summer heat occa-
sionally reaches above 100 deg. Temperature averages, summer
71 deg., winter 36 deg. Rainfall slight, chiefly in spring.
CHIEF CITIES.-Virginia City, chief commercial center, pop.
10,917. Carson City (capital), and contains a branch mint, pop.
LEADING INDUSTRIES.-Mining, reducing ores, lumbering, agri-
cultu.c, etc.
4,229.
Governor.
Lieutenant Governor
Secretary of State
Treasurer...
Comptroller..
Attorney General..
Superintendent of Public Inst.
...
Salaries of State Officers.
---
· •
·
.$5,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,400
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MAP OF
NEVADA
Population 62,266
Area Sq.miles 109,740
Wildes
Wynants
Volcano
Walter:
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Salt Spr.
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NEW JERSEY.
One of the thirteen original states. Battles of Trenton, Prince-
ton, Monmouth and others fought within its borders during the
Revolution. State Constitution adopted 1776, revised 1844, and
amended in the present decade. United States Constitution
unanimously adopted Dec., 1787. Capital established at Trenton
1790. A slave state till 1860, when but eighteen slaves remained,
and it was counted a free state, Union soldiers furnished, 75,814
State contains 21 counties, and has 1,890 miles railroad. State
elections annual, same date as congressional and presiden-
tial. Number of senators 21, 1epresentatives 60, meeting of legis-
lature 2d Tuesday in January. Term of senators 3 years, repre-
sentatives 1 year. Number of electoral votes 9, congressmen 7.
Paupers, idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting. Num-
ber colleges 4, schools good, school age 5-18. Legal interest 6%,
usury forfeits entire interest. Population, 1880, 1,131,116, male
559,922, female 571,194, native 909,416, foreign 221,700, white
1,092,017, colored 38,853, Chinese 170, Indians 74. Length north
and south 158 miles. width 38 to 70 miles, area 7,455 square miles,
or 4,771,200 acres Forty-third state in size. Atlantic coast 128
miles, Delaware Bay coast 118 miles. The famous Palisades of
the Hudson at the northeast are 600 feet high. Toward center
state slopes to a rolling plain, and at south becomes flat and low.
Hudson river forms the eastern border. Delaware Water Gap
and Falls of Passaic are the natural wonders of the state. Cleared
land averages $80 and woodland $60 per acre. Hay the best crop.
Other staple crops are potatoes, wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat,
cranberries, fruit and garden produce. Little woodland valuable
for timber remains. Iron and fertilizing marls are abundant.
Climate variable; temperature averages, summer 68 deg. to 75
deg., winter 31 deg. to 38 deg. Range of temperature from about
zero to 100 deg. Rainfall, including snow, 46 inches, reaching 50
inches in the highlands, and falling to 40 inches at the south.
Highlands and seashore healthy. Ague and malarial fevers in
the lowlands. PRINCIPAL CITIES.-Newark, Perth, Amboy,
Great Egg Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton and Lumberton are
ports of entry. Newark pop. 136,508, Jersey City 120,722, Trenton
(capital) 29,910, Paterson 51,031, Elizabeth 28,229, Hoboken 30,999,
Camden 41,659. CHIEF INDUSTRIES.-Manufacture of fabrics,
jewelry, clay wares and brick, flour, crystals, fishing, oyster fish-
Ing, gardening, agriculture, marl and iron ore digging, etc.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $5,000, Secretary of State $6,000, Treasurer $4,000,
Comptroller $4,000, Attorney General $7,000, Superintendent of
Public Instruction $3,000, Adjutant General $1,200, Librarian
1,500, Chief Justice 7,500, Eight Associate Justices $7,000, Chan-
cellor $10,000, Senators and Representatives $500 a year, District
Judge $3,500, Superintendent of Life Saving Service $1,800,
Thirty-nine Keepers $700.

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Catasauqua
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Lehigh
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Hawley
Bethlehen
Emaus
Bethlehem
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Hendricks
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Lansdale
Philadelpla
Harrington
Doyles T.
Potte
Penu Grove
Branchville
Pompton J.
Paterno
Branchville Le
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Blairstown Nekton Ogden
Columbia Andover Mine
Hopatcong Mt Hibernia
Hope Rorkanayi
Buttz. Waterloo Denville Hadrasack
Belvidere Hackettstown
Morristown Carlstadt,
Washington Val
Mt. Clair
Junction Bernardsville
Sumbyt Jersey
hillipsburg
Newark
Elizabeth
Rahway/Eliza chy
Staple
Metucher
High Bridge
TRENTON
Camden
oodbury
Vineland
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Newfield
Bay Side
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Williamstown Jel
Glassboro Williams
Oakland, Elmer Hammonton
Salem
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Somerville Boundbrook
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Lambertville Rocky Hill Amber Port Sandy Hook
Princeton Monmouth Freehold
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Renaldston
Red Bank
THERE ARE
Mount
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Middleton
Pine Taland Newburg
Greenwood Lake
Janeburg
flightstown
Lewiston
Pemberton Whiting
Ringwood Suffern
Oglensburgh
Stockholm
Bordentown Farmingdale
Kinkora Lakewood
Burlington
Manchester
New
Lisbon
May's Landing,
3
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Long Branch
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MAP OF
NEW JERSEY
Population 1,131,116
Area Sq miles7,455
Blomgren Bros, Engra, Clacago
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NEW MEXICO.
Name supposed to be of Aztec god. Settled earlier than any
other part U. S. Permanent settlement, 1596. Santa Fe, then
an Indian town, chosen as a seat of Spanish government. The
natives were enslaved and forced to work in the fields and mines.
Organized as Territory, 1850. Santa Fe captured by Confed-
eratęs, 1862, but soon abandoned Number counties, 13. All
elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number senators
12, representatives 24, sessions of legislature biennial, in even
numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., hold 60 days.
Terms of senators and representatives, 2 years.
Voters 34,076,
native white 26,423, foreign white 4,558, colored, 3,095. School
age, 7-18 years. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent,, by contract 12
per cent.
Miles railroad, 1878 to 1885, 1,191.
Population, 1880, 119,565. Male 64,496, native 111,514, white
108,721, Indians 9,772. Estimated increase, 1885, 21 per cent.
Average length N. and S., 368 miles, width 335 miles.
Area 122,-
ooo sq. miles, 78,400,200 acres. Elevation, 3,000 to 4,000 feet.
Mountain peaks, 12,000 feet. The Staked Plain, an elevated
region, unwatered and without wood, extends into the south-
eastern part of the territory. No streams are navigable in the
territory. Timber scarce, except in few sections The mountains
are clothed with pine, spruce and fir. Cedar grows in foot-hills,
and cottonwood and sycamore in valleys. Soil rich where water
can be had for irrigation or on streams. Corn, wheat, oats,
alfalfa, grapes, vegetables, especially onions and root crops and
semi-tropical fruits are prolific. Sheep raising very profitable.
Grazing interests extensive. Gold found in Grant, Lincoln, Col-
fax and Bernalillo counties, rich copper mines in Bernalillo county,
and in the Pinos Altos region. Zinc, quicksilver, lead, manganese
and large deposits of coal have been found. Irrigable surface,
7,000 sq. miles.
Climate varies with different elevations. Temperature averages,
summer, 70 deg., winter, 33 deg. Range of temperature, 4 deg.
below zero to 90 deg. above. It is much warmer than the average
in the lower altitudes, and colder in the higher. Air dry, rarefied
and pure. Rainfall, 9 to 11 inches.
CHIEF CITIES.-Santa Fe, capital, pop. 6,635. Las Vegas,
Silver City and Albuquerque.
LEADING INDUSTRIES.-Mining, stock-raising and agriculture.
Salaries of Territorial Officers.
Governor.
Secretary.
Treasurer.
Auditor.
..
·
Commissioner of Immigration.
Librarian..
..
Chief Justice..
Two Associate Justices..
·
·
.$2,600
1,800
1,000
1,000
900
600
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8
MAP OF
NEW MEXICO
Area square miles 122,460
Population 119,565
B
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142
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---
418
NEW YORK.
One of the thirteen original states, "Empire State." Explored by
Henry Hudson, Sept., 1609. Samuel de Champlain discovered
and named Lake Champlain. olland owned the territory. The
Dutch settled on Manhattan Island, 1614. Country called "New
Netherlands." Manhattan Island purchased from Indians for $24,
1626. Indian troubles 1640-45. Swedish settlements on the
Delaware incorporated with the New Netherlands, 1655. England
claimed the country as part of Virginia, captured Manhattan)
New Amsterdam) Aug., 1664, and
Aug., 1664, and named it New York.
New Yrok the battle-field of the French-English war
1754, was prominent in the Revolution. West Point fortified
1777-78. New York city capital 1784 to 1797. Slavery
abolished 1817. Union soldiers furnished, 448,850; num-
ber counties 60, custom districts 10, first railroad Albany to Sche-
nectady 1831, miles of railroad 7,812, miles canal 900. State
officers elected every 4 and senators (32 in number) every 2 years,
representatives (125 in number) yearly, on same day as presiden-
tial election.Legislature meets first Tuesday in Feb. yearly,
congressmen 34, presidential electors 36. Election betters and
bribers and convicts excluded from voting. School system
superior, includes 28 colleges. School age 5 to 21 years. Legal
interest 6 per cent, usury forfeits principal and interest. Popula-
tion 1880, 5,082,871, male 2,505,322, female 2,577,549, native 3,871,-
493, ndians 819, white 5,016,042, Chinese 907. Extreme length E.
and W. 410 miles, extreme width 311 miles, area 47,620 sq. miles,
30,476,800 acres, water frontage 900 miles, surface varied. The
Hudson, rising in the Adirondacks, and flowing south over 300
miffes to New York bay, is the chief stream. The Allegheny and
Its tributaries drain the S. W., and the Susquehanna the southern
central division. The Mohawk is the chief affluent of the Hudson.
The state is noted for the beauty of its lakes. Long, Manhattan
and Staten Islands form important divisions of the state. The
soil is also varied, and agriculturally the state is very rich. Cleared
land averages $60 and wooded $40 per acre. Considerable forests
yet remain. The production of corn, wheat and dairy products is
very large. The state ranks first in value of manufactures, soap,
printing and publishing, hops, hay, potatoes, buckwheat and milch
cows, second in salt, silk goods, malt and distilled liquors, miles
railway and barley, third in agricultural implements, iron ore, iron
and steel, oats and rye. Climate diverse, mean annual tempera-
ture for the state 47 deg. In the Adirondacks the annual mean is
39 deg., in the extreme south it is 50 deg., average rainfall 43 in.
including snow, the fall being greatest in the lower Hudson valley,
and smallest (32 in.) in the St. Lawrence valley. Range of tem-
perature 10 deg. below to 100 above zero. PRINCIPAL CITIES.-
New York City pop. 1,206,299, Brooklyn pop. 566,633, Buffalo
"Queen City of the Lakes" pop. 155,134, Rochester pop. 89,366,
Syracuse pop. 51,792, Albany (capital) pop. 90,758. LEADING
INDUSTRIES.-Manufacturing of all kinds, agriculture, dairying,
the trades, etc.
[Salaries State Officers, page 439.]

**
"
Lad
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2
Map of
NEW YORK
Population 5,082,871
Ares sq milea 47,620
1
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420
OHIO.
"Buckeye State." Explored by LaSalle 1679.
Explored by LaSalle 1679. Ohio Territory
organized May 7, 1800. Admitted as a state April 30, 1802. Num-
ber Union soldiers furnished 313,180. Number counties 88. State
and congressional elections second Tuesday in October. Number
senators 33, representatives 105, sessions biennial, but " adjourned
sessions" practically amount to annual meetings; assembles first
Monday in January. Terms of senators and representatives 2
years each. Number electoral votes 23. Number congressmen 21.
Number voter 826,577. Insane and idiots excluded from voting.
Number colleges 35, school age 6-21, school system first-class.
Legal interest rate 6%, by contract 8%, usury forfeits excess.
Miles of railroad 7,276. Population, 1880, 3,198,062, male 1,613,-
931, female 1,584, 126, native 2,803, 119, foreign 394,943, white 3,117,
920, colored 79,900,
Chinese 109, Indians 130. Extreme length E.
and W. 225 miles, breadth 200 miles, area 40,760 sq. miles, 25,686,-
400 acres. Includes Kelley's and Bass islands in Lake Erie.
Lake frontage 230 miles, Ohio River frontage 432 miles. Entire
state well watered. Valleys extremely productive. Uplands fer-
tile as a rule. Ohio ranks first in agricultural implements and
wool, second in dairy products, petroleum, iron and steel, third in
wheat, sheep, coal, malt and distilled liquors, fourth in printing
and publishing, salt, miles railway and soap, fifth in milch cows,
hogs, horses, hay, tobacco and iron ore. Coal, building stones,
iron ore and salt are found in vast quantities. Staple crops, wheat,
corn, oats, potatoes, tobacco, buckwheat, etc., vegetables, apples,
and the hardier fruits. Cleared land averages $45, woodland $40
per acre. Little forest valuable for lumber remains, except in
small reserves. Climate as healthful as any in the United States.
Warmest on Ohio River. Temperature for state averages, winter
35 deg., summer 77 deg., range of temperature 16 deg. below zero
to 101 deg. above. Snowfall considerable. Average rainfall,
including snow, 42 inches; decreases to 37 inches at north and
increases to 47 inches at south. CHIEF CITIES.-Cincinnati,
"Queen City of the West," pop. 255,139. Cleveland, pop. 160,146,
Columbus, capital, pop. 51,647. Chillicothe, Zanesville, Toledo,
Sandusky, Cleveland and Cincinnati ports of entry. LEADING
INDUSTRIES.-Agriculture, dairying, mining, quarrying, iron
making, pork packing, manufacturing.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor.
Secretary of State.
Treasurer
Auditor
Attorney General.
School Commissioner
...
...
• · +
Superintendent of Ins. Department.
Railroad Commissioner
Secretary Board of Agriculture...
.$4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
•
··
•
2,000
1,800
2,000
1,800

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pencer
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Van Findlay Care
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Walton
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Green adford
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Dundea
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London Lancaster
Portsmouth
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Wellington
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Chicago Crestone
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COLUMBES
Sciotov:le
Calton
Samson
Hadley He
Ironton
Catuits
Centroburg
Polk
Mansfeld
Somerset
Louisa
Chillicothe Athens
Ray
Newark
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Gallipolis
R
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New
Lexington
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Comerstown Portlan E
Steuben
Cambridge
Barton
Bellaire
Zanesville Dyson's Wheeling
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Latiner
Tyrrell Hill
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Langs
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Leetonia
Bayard
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Parkersburgh
Cairo
WE ST
INIA
Map of
OHIO
F
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Population 3,198,062 |
Area sq.miles 40,760
Blomgren Bros..Engr's, Chicago
4
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422
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OREGON.
Name means "Wild Thyme." Oregon territory organized
August, 1848. Indian troubles, 1844. '47 and '54. Oregon admit-
ted as a state 1859. Number counties 25, miles railroad 1,165,
State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two
years; number of senators 30, representatives 6o, sessions of legis-
lature biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in
Jan., holds 40 days, term of senators 4 years, representatives 2
years. Number electoral votes 3, congressmen 1, voters 59,629,
including women. United States army, idiots, insane, convicts
and Chinese not voting. Number of colleges 7, school age 4-20,
school system good. Legal interest rate 8 per cent, by contract 10
per cent, usury forfeits principal and interest.
POPULATION, 1880, 174,768; male 103,381, native 144,265, white
163,075, Chinese 9,510, Indians 1,694. Estimated increase 11 per
cent. {
Average length E. and W. 362 miles, average width 260 miles,
area 94,560 sq miles, 60,518,400 acres. Two-thirds entire state
mountainous, with wide rich valleys. Columbia river 1,300 miles
long, navigable 175 miles, full of cascades and runs through en-
trancing scenery. Soil generally superior. Wheat the best crop,
superior in yield and quality; other crops do well, as do also fruits
and vegetables, etc. Extremely favorable to cattle and sheep.
Rich in minerals, gold in Jackson, Josephine, Baker and Grant
counties, copper in Josephine, Douglas and Jackson, iron ore
throughout the state, coal along coast range. Timber resources
enormous, and but little touched. Salmon fisheries among best in
world Improved land averages $17.50, unimproved $4. Area
arable two-fifths state, forest one-sixth state.
¡
CLIMATE.-In western Oregon moist, equable, rainfall 59 inches.
In eastern Oregon dry. Both pleasant and healthful, though
subject to occasional extremes at east. Crops in east do not suffer,
however, from drouth. At west snow and ice unknown, except on
peaks, where it is perpetual. Frosts on high lands. Average
temperature summer 65 deg., winter 45 deg.
CHIEF CITIES.- Portland, Astoria and Coos Bay ports of entry,
Rosenburgh, Portland pop. 17,577, Salem capital.
LEADING INDUSTRIES.- Agriculture, grazing, mining, fishing,
lambering, fruit growing, canning, etc.
Salaries of State Officers.
·
Governor.
Secretary of State, Auditor and Comptroller
Treasurer....
Superintendent of Public Instruction.
State Librarian..
Chief Justice.
Two Associate Justices
Senators and Representatives.
District Judge...
•
•
*
•
·
.$1,500
1,500
800
·
1,500
500
2,000
2,000
$3 a day and 15 cents per mile
3,500
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MAP OF
ris Reinier Kalams OREGON
St.Helens
Populatation--174,678
Area sq.intles
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424
PENNSYLVANIA.
One of the thirteen original states, named for Wm. Penn, the
"Keystone State." State invaded three times by confederates,
1862, 1863, when battle of Gettysburgh was fought, and 1864, when
Chambersburg was destroyed. Union soldiers furnished, 337,930.
Number counties 67, miles railroad 7,546. State elections annual,
same date as presidential. Number senators 50, representatives
201, sessions biennial, meeting first Tuesday in Jan., hold 150
days, term of senators 4 years, representatives 2 years, number
electoral votes 30, congressmen 28. Non-taxpayers and bribers
excluded from voting. Number colleges 26, school age 6-21,
school system good. Legal interest 6%. Usury forfeits excess of
interest. POPULATION.-1880, 4,282,891, male, 2,136,655 female,
2,146,236, native 3,695,062, colored 85,535, Chinese 464, Indians
184. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-Length east
and west 300 miles, width 176 miles, area 44,985 sq. miles, 28,790,400
acres. Surface very diverse. Level at the southeast, hilly and
mountainous toward the center, and rolling and broken at the
west and southwest. Soil varies from barren hills to sections of
great fertility. Many superb farms. Cleared land averages $45,
woodland $30 per acre. Much good timber remains. Farms
average 100 acres. Oil, coal (anthracite at east, bituminous at
west), iron, copper, kaolin, building stones, salt abound. Rye,
corn, wheat, buckwheat, potatoes, vegetables, hay, oats, tobacco
are staple crops. Dairying and stock flourish. Climate in moun-
tains severe in winter, with much snow, summers pleasant.
Summers hot on the Delaware, reaching 100 deg. Summers long
in Susquehanna valley. West of mountains summers hot and of
moderate length, winters cold. Average winter temperature 34
deg., summer 74 deg., rainfall, including snow, averages 42 inches.
Climate healthy. CHIEF CITIES.-Philadelphia, second city in
United States, contains mint and navy yard, pop. 846,984.
Pittsburg, extensive manufacturing city, pop. 156,389. Harris-
burg, capital, pop. 30,762. Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Erie are
ports of entry. INDUSTRIES -Pennsylvania is the great iron, oil
and coal state. The other industries include agriculture and
kindred pursuits, lumbering, manufacture of paper, woolens,
liquors, implements, machinery, etc.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor.
Lieutenant Governor.
Secretary of State...
Treasurer..
Auditor General.
Attorney General.
... 4
...
•
Chief Justice..
Six Associate Justices.
•
.$10,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
3,500
8,500
J,000
Senators and Representatives, $1,000 for 100 days; $10 per day;
mileage 5 cents.
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New Castle
Leetonia
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Foxburgh
Jamestown N
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Union T.
I
Warren
Beaver
Von J
Pittsburg
lansfield
Finley Madison
Irvine
Sheffield
3
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Bradford
Kinzua
Titusville Safgent
Alleghany
Jc.
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Brookville
PEarle
Ridgeway Earley
Clarion Brockway Y.
Cool Blajraville
Works
Olean
Greensburg
Scotdale
Indian Head
Rockwood
Curwens
I
Big Run
Karis City
Butler Kittanning Osceola Mills)
Whitmer
Iw
Waynesburg
Fairchance Fairhope
Blomgren Braakram's, thiopyp
$217
W
Clermany Alleghany
Du Bois
Ehens
burg Summit
Kane Emporium
Cambria
Eldred
.Indiana Tyrone
Bellwood
Ore Hill/S
4
Belmont
الاد
Snow Shoe.
Dude
Wistar
Harlson Val
Condersport
report
Gaines
Driftwood
Rauly
Karthau
Karthaus
Robertsdale
Everet
5
Scot
Hdman Five Fò
orning
Agona Huntingdon
Hill
Maitland
ock Haven
Ms Att
JAS
lesburgh
Wellsboro
Intrim
Fall Brook
Fall Brook Mompeten
Morris Carbon Dunkhannoch
Dushore
(Germania
antih
Elmira
Lawrence V.
Lewisburgh
Millersburg
McConnellstown Dauphi
Mt. Union Bet
Girhale
Girls
Nogie
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Villainsport
Sunbury
-Selin's Grove
Herndon
5
Tonawanda
8
Map of
R K PENNSYLVANIA
Waverly
Willamstown
Pine Grove
onesta
Chambersburg
Gettra Hanover
burg
State Line
7
(92%
étrañon
MHolly Spr. Ne
6
Hughsville
Beach
Muncy
Haven
Milton Mountain
Lansford
Shamokla Ahland
Potte
Cressons
Milford
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Population 4,282.891
Ares sq.miles
44,986
Montros
THE IN
Olyphant
Berie
Pittston
Fritz
HARRISBURG Potts T
Blug
Elizabeth T. Rock
Wilkesbarre
White Haven
Freeland Stroudsburg
Rockport,
(auchgn Manun
Carbondale
Hawley
Scranton Lacka
waxen
Stevensville
Bethlehem
burn Troyle Flemington
Bangar
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Lancaster
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426
RHODE ISLAND.
One of the 13 original states. Called "Little Rhody." First
settled at Providence, 1636, by Roger Williams. Island of Aquid-
neck (Rhode Island) bought from Indians, 1638, and Newport and
Portsmouth founded. Lands of Narragansett Indians acquired
by purchase, 1709. R. I. seamen distinguish themselves in the
Anglo-French wars, 1750 to 1763, and in the Revolution. Union
soldiers finished, 23,236. Number counties, 5. Miles railroad,
147. State elections first Wednesday in April. Elects 72 repre-
sentatives, 34 senators, 3 congressmen and 4 presidential electors.
Legislature meets annually on last Tuesday in May, at Newport,
and holds adjourned session annually at Providence. Terms of
senators and representatives one year. Persons without property
to the value of $134 excluded from voting. Brown's University at
Providence founded 1764. Common school system excellent.
School age 5-15. Legal interest rate 6 per cent., by contract any
rate. Population, 1885, 297,531, three-fourths native, females pre-
dominate, Indians 74. Area 1,088 sq. miles, or 696,320 acres.
Length N. and S. 46 miles, width 40 miles. Narragansett bay
divides the state unequally, the western and larger part extending
N. from the ocean some 27 miles. The bay is 3 to 12 miles wide,
and contains several islands, of which Acquidneck, Canonicut and
Prudence are largest. Block Island, at the western entrance of
the bay, also belongs to this state. Surface of state broken and
hilly. Small rivers unfit for navigation are numerous, and afford
valuable water powers.
Chief rivers: Pawtucket and Pawtuxet,
entering Narragansett Bay, and Pawcatuck, falling into Long Isl-
and Sound. The state contains numerous small lakes, some of
great beauty. Scenery varied and pretty. Soil middling quality.
Hay best crop.
Potatoes, corn and oats are the next most impor-
tant prodncts. No forests. Dairying profitable. Land high-
priced. No minerals mined. Climate, owing to nearness to sea,
moderate. Average temperature-winter 24 to 42 deg., summer
44 to 74 deg. Rainfall 43 inches. Snow lies 60 to 100 days, Health
good. CHIEF INDUSTRIES.- Manufacture of fabrics of cotton,
fax, linen, wool, boots and shoes, rubber goods, metals, jewelry,
etc., agriculture, dairying. Rhode Island, in proportion to size, is
the largest manufacturing state in Union, PRINCIPAL CITIES.-
Providence, capital and scaport, pop., 1880, 104,857. Newport,
capital, seaport finest in the world, and great pleasure resort, pop.
15,693. Bristol, seaport. Warren, seaport. Lincoln, pop. 13,765,
Pawtucket, pop, 19,030. Woonsocket, pop. 16,050.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor, $1,000; Lieutenant Governor, $500; Secretary of
State, $2,500; General Treasurer, $2,500; State Auditor, Insurance
Commissioner, $2,500; Railroad Commissioner, $500; Attorney
General, $2,500; Adjutant General, $600; Commissioner Public
Schools, $2,500; Chief Justice, 4,500; Four Associate Justices,
$4,000; Senators and Representatives, $1 per day, mileage 8 cents;
District Judge, $3,500; Appraiser of Customs, $3,000.


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Little
Jompto
MAP OF
RHODE ISLAND
Population 276,631
Area sq.miles 1,088
O
Blomgren Bros.,Engr's,
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4
5
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428
TEXAS.
*Lone Star State." Settled first by French under LaSalle 1685,
was a part of Old Mexico. Independence declared Dec. 20, 1835.
Houston inaugurated as president Oct., 1836. Independence of
the republic recognized by United States March, 1837, by
European powers 1839 and '40. Continued wars with Mexico,
embarrassed finances. Proposition for union with United States
1845, and admitted as a state Dec. 29. State paid $10,000,000 by
United States for all lands outside present limits 1850. Seceded
Feb. 1861. Houston, who refused to secede, deposed. Military
operations small. Last battle of the war near Rio Grande May 13,
1865. Re-entered Union 1870. Number counties 228, miles of
railroad 6,198. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.,
number senators 31, representatives 106, sessions of legislature
biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting second Tuesday in Jan.,
holds 60 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 yeas.r
Number electoral votes 13, congressmen 11, voters 380,376. Unitde
States army, lunatics, idiots, paupers and convicts excluded from
voting. Number colleges 10, school age 8-14.
School endow-
ment enormous, includes 23,470,377 acres yet unsold. Legal
interest 8 per cent., by contract 12 per cent, usury forfeits entire
interest SOPULATION, 1880, 1,591,749, male 837,840, female 753,909,
native 1,477,133, foreign 114,616, white 1,197,237, colored 393,384,
Chinese 136, Indians 992. Estimated increase 25 per cent.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Extreme length
E. and W. 830 miles, extreme width 750 miles, area 167,865,600
acres, largest of the states and ritories. Coast line 412 miles,
Galveston bay largest, ..as 13 feet of water, 35 miles inland. Rio
Grande (navigable 440 miles). Lands extremely fertile, except in
the N. W., where water is scarce. Lands on Rio Grande and at
south require irrigation for good results, although crops will grow
to some extent without. Entire state covered with rich grasses,
afiording pasture the year round. All cereals, root crops, vege,
tables, fruit and stocks flourish. Cotton best crop. Other staples-
sugar, molasses, sweet potatoes, corn, wheat, grapes and fruits.
Dairying extensive. Cattle, sheep, goat and hog raising on mam-
moth scale. Cotton picking July to Dec., corn planting middle of
Feb., grain harvest May, corn harvest July. Ranks first in cattle
and cotton, second in sugar, sheep, mules and horses.
Coal arca
6,000 sq. miles, quality good. Iron ore and salt deposits extensive.
Other minerals found, but extent unknown. Improved land
averages $8, and unimproved $3 to $4 per acre. Uncultivated and
timber land seven-eighths of area, timber area one-fourth. CLI-
MATE varies, temperate at North, semi-tropical at south. Health
everywhere most excellent. Thermometer ranges from 35 to 98
deg., but seldom rises to the latter temperature. At Austin avera
ges winter 56 deg., summer 80 deg. Rainfall averages at Austiz
35 inches, increases on coast and to the south, decreases to 13
Jaches in N. W.
[Salaries State Officers, page 439.]

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Brady
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Henriett
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Stephenville
Ranger
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Ga
Milburn
San Saba
Bandora
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Kerrville Blanco
Decatur
Ft.Worth
Weatherford
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Eagle Pass
Carrizo Spr'a.
Valenzuela
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Gamesville
hligsburgh
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Lland
Alvarad
Cleburne
atesville
Laredo
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AUSTIN
CITY
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Marcos Bastro
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San Diego,
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Willsboro Whitney Villo
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San Augustin
Groesbook
Marlin Jeyet Homer
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Branend
Juno, Boon's Ferry
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Woodville
Milano
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Pakville
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La Salle
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UN
OF MEXICO
MAP OF
TEXAS
Population.-1,591,749
Area,sq;milen 269,290
430
UTAH.
Settled 1848 at Salt Lake by Mormons from Illinois. March,
1849, state of "Deseret" organized. Congress refused to receive
constitution adopted. Utah territory organized Sept., 1850.
Troubles with government till 1858. Federal officers driven from
territory 1856. Number counties 24, miles railroad 1,134. Terri-
torial elections annual, first Monday in Aug. Number senators
12, representatives 24, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-
numbered years, meeting second Monday in Jan., holds 60 days.
Terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. Voting pop.
32,773, native white 15,795, foreign white 18,283, colored 695.
School system fair, school age 6-18 years, number colleges 1. Legal
interest io per cent., by contract any rate,
Population, 1880, 143,963, male 74,509, female 69,454, native
99,969, foreign_43,994, white 142,423,
colored 232, Chinese 501,
Indians 807. Estimated increase 10 per cent.
Average length 350 miles, width 260 miles, area 82,190 miles,
52,601,600 acres. Surface rugged and broken, with some rich
valleys. Traversed by Wahsatch, Uintah, Roan, Little, Sierra
Lasal, Sierra Abajo, San Juan, Sierra Panoches and Tushar
mountains. Southeast portion elevated plateaux, western portion
disconnected ridges. Great Salt Lake is 130 sq. miles in area.
In N. W. a large area of desert land. Soil in valleys very pro-
ductive. Yield fine crops of cereals and vegetables. Wheat best
crop. Fruits successful. Grazing important interest. Dairying
profitable and interest is growing rapidly. Forests sufficient for
home purposes. Gold, copper and silver in Wahsatch mountains.
Silver predominates. Coal in valley of Weber river. Salt found
in large deposits and the lake supply inexhaustible. Territory
ranks third in silver.
Climate mild and healthy. Warmer W. of Wahsatch mountains.
Summers dry and hot in S. W. Rainfall averages 16 inches at S.
and 17 at N., chiefly in Oct. and April. Spring opens in April.
Cold weather begins late in Nov. In mountains winters severe and
snows heavy. Temperature at Salt Lake averages, winter 35 deg.,
summer 75 deg.
CHIEP CITIES.-Salt Lake City, capital, pop. 20,768. Ogden,
pop. 6,069.
LEADING INDUSTRIES.-Mining, stock-raising and agriculture.
Salaries of Territorial Officers.
Governor.
Secretary.
Treasurer.
Auditor...
Superintendent of Public Ins
·
Librarian
Chief Justice..
Two Associate Justices.
Senators and Reprostate dias
&
··
.$2,600
1,800
600
1,500
1,500
250
3,000
• •
3,000
$4 a day, mileage 20 cents

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Population - 143,963
Area sq.miles- - 82,190
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MAVALIS
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MAP OF
UTAH
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WASHINGTON
pur-
Named for George Washington. First settlement 1845, pre-
aded, however, by Hudson Bay Co.'s trading posts. Organized
as territory 1853. First legislature assembled at Olympia Feb-
ruary, 1854. Indian wars 1855 and 1858. Gold discovered 1855.
Island San Juan in dispute between United States and England
1859. Rights of the Hudson Bay and Puget Sound Co.'s
chased. Number counties 33. Miles railroad 675. All elections
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number senators 12, repre-
sentatives 24, sessions of legislature biennial in odd-numbered
years, meeting first Monday in October. Terms of senators and
representatives 2 years each Voting population 27,670, native
white 15,858, foreign white 8,393, colored 3,419. Number colleges 2,
school age 4-21 years, school endowment reserved large. Legal
interest 10 per cent., by contract any rate.
POPULATION, 1880, 75,116; male 45,973, female 29,143, native
59,313, foreign 15,803, white 67, 199, Chinese 3,186, Indians 4,405.
Estimated increase 14 per cent.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Extreme length
E. and W. 341 miles, width 242 miles, area 66,880 square miles,
42,803,000 acres. Coast line 200 miles. Columbia river navigable
175 miles. Excellent harbors in Puget Sound, Admiralty Inlet
and Hood's canal. Scenery, especially on Columbia, grand.
Columbia river current overcomes tide at the mouth, and water in
the bar drinkable. Cereals flourish but corn not successful,
Wheat, oats, hops, fruit of temperate climates, except peaches,
are staple. Grazing region entire section east of Cascades, cov-
eren with inexhaustible supply of bunch grass. Stock raising and
dairying growing industries. Lumber resources unsurpassed.
Coal on Bellingham bay and at Seattle, area of coal-bearing strata
20,000 sq. miles. Gold-bearing quartz and silver lodes in Cascade
and Coast ranges. Copper, cinnabar, lead and other minerals
are found.
CLIMATE.-On coast dry season April to November, rest of
year rainy. Rainfall averages at north 96 inches, for entire section
54 inches. Winters mild, little snow or ice. Summers cool with
sea breezes. Temperature averages winter 39 deg., summer 61
deg., ranges 30 deg. to 90 deg. Eastern section dry, rainfall 10
inches.
CHIEF CITIES.-Olympia capital, Walla Walla, pop. 4,000;
Seattle, pop. 4,000.
LEADING INDUSTRIES.
Agriculture, lumbering, grazing,
mining, etc.
Salaries of Territorial Officers.
Governor $2,600, Secretary $1,800, Treasurer $1,200, Auditor
$1,200, Superintendent of Public Instruction $1,000, Librarian
$400, Chief Justice $3,000, three Associate Justices $3,000, Sena-
tors and Representatives $4 a day and 20 cents mileage, Surveyor
General $2,500, Chief Clerk $1,800, Chief Draftsman $1,700.
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COLEVILLE
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5
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MAP OF
WASHINGTON TY.
75.116
Population --
Area sq.miles - 66,880
3/11
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1
434
WISCONSIN.
"Badger State." Settled first by French at Green Bay, 1669.
Formed part of Northwest territory. Included in Indiana terri-
tory, 1800.
Became part of Michigan territory, 1805. Wisconsin
territory organized 1836. Present boundaries fixed, 1838. Madi-
son made capital, 1838. Admitted as state, May, 1848. Seven-
teenth state to join Union. Number Union soldiers furnished,
91,327. Number counties, 66; miles railroad, 4,289. All elections
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number senators 33, repre-
sentatives 100, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting
second Wednesday in Jan., term of senators 4 years, of represen-
tatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 11, number congressmen 9,
number voters 340,482; insane, idiots, convicts, bribers, betters
and duellists excluded from voting. Number colleges 7, number
public schools 6,588, school age 4-20 years. Legal interest 7 per
cent., by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits entire interest.
POPULATION, 1880, 1,315,497; male 680,069, female 635,428, native
910,072, foreign 405,425, white 1,309,618, colored 2,702, Chinese 16,
Indians 3,161. Estimated increase 12 per cent.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-Extreme length
N. and S. 298 miles, width 260 miles, area 54,450 sq. miles,
34,848,000 acres. Besides the great lakes Michigan and. Superior
the state contains Green Bay, Winnebago, Geneva, Devil's lake
and innumerable other lakes in the central and northern sections
of the state, of unsurpassed beauty, making the state a favorite
place of summer resort. Much of state prairie, but enormous
stretches of magnificent pine and hardwood timbers remain un-
touched. Soil excellent and adapted to farming, dairying_and
stock raising. Fruits grow and berries are a fine crop. Cran-
berries largely raised. Wheat the best crop, flax, buckwheat, hay,
corn, oats staples. Extensive lead mines in Grant, Lafayette
and Iowa counties, native copper in the north, in Crawford and
Iowa counties. Iron ores in Dodge, Sauk, Jackson and Ashland
counties. Ranks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes,
fourth in rye and buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricultural imple-
ments. Improved land averages $18 and unimproved $10 per
acre. Much government and railroad land yet untaken.
CLIMATE.-Temperature averages winter 20 deg., summer 71
deg., ranges from 32 deg. below zero to 95 deg. Rainfall 31
inches,
including snow. Snows heavy, especially at north; spring late,
summers short, falls pleasant. Milwaukee river frozen over an
average of 105 days in year.
CHIEF CITIES. Milwaukee, port of entry, great pork-packing
and beer-brewing center, grain and wheat market; pop. 125,000
Madison (capital), pop. 12,063. Eau Claire, pop. 21,653; Fond du
Lac, pop. 13,094; Oshkosh, 21,947; La Crosse, 21,212.
LEADING INDUSTRIES.- Lumbering, farming, mining, manufac
turing, brewing, pork-packing, dairying, etc.
[For salaries of state officers. see page 439.]

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MAP OF
WISCONSIN
Population.1,315,501
Area sq.miles__54,450
❤
Duluth
Middle River
Grantsburgh
Cumberland
Hadson
Wabasha
Eyota
River Falls
Superior
Ashland Jc.
Barron
Osceola Mills Prajje Farm
Bloomer
Eau Claire
La
Winona
Preston
Jackson
Waterloo
Amick
Vinton
Chandler
Shell Lake
Hayward
Tyrone
Fairchild
Durand Merrillon
Crescent
Decorah
Pest ville
Phillips
gabad
Independence
压
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Winneboaho
Butternut
Wauboo
arshfield
Lancaster
Union
Turkey River Jc. Leslie
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Apostle
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Flambeau Medford Merrill
Chippewa Falls
Withee
Whiteliall
Im Black Rise Elm Lake
Remington
Falls
Rudd's Mills
Tomah Valley Jo.
Sparta
La Crosse
Viroq/us
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Richland Cen. Sauk City
Pittsville
Centrali
oodman
Conford
Monticello
Stetsonville
Colby
Wausau
Unity
Rhinelander
Rhine
Călamine
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Cedar Rapids
Ceda Blomgren Bros Engr's.. Chicago
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SUPERIOR
Amberst
Waupac
Hancock
Dartfo
Nocedah
New Lisbon
Wilton
Princeton
Elroy Mabaon Marquette,
"Wongwoo Palinnesota |
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Houghton
Albany
Monroe
Eagle
Junction
Stevens Pt
Commonwealth
Fulton
Monica
Kitsons Trading Post
H r
Iron River.
Antigo
Hanover
Eland
Iron Mount
Beloit
Rockford
Amboy
Black Creek
L'ABSC
Darbo
Oshkosh
Shawano
Bunting
Northpor
Brandon Plymo
Waldod
Burnett
Lunesu Tron Brid
Poydette
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Lone Rock Watertown Granville
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Dodgeville Veffersch
DIADISUN
Mineral PL. ÇÖragon-ſton.
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436
First settlement Ft. Laramie, 1867. Organized as a territory
from 1868. Number counties 9, all elections Tuesday after first
Monday in Nov., number senators 12, representatives 24, sessions
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Tuesday in
Jan., hold 60 days, terms of senators and representatives 2 years
each; voters 10, 180, native white 6,042, foreign white 3, 199, colored
939. Good school system started, school age 7-21. Legal interest
rate 12 per cent., by contract any rate. Miles of railroad 616.
POPULATION.-1880, 20,789, male 14,152, female 6,637, native
14,939, foreign 5,850, white 19,437, colored 298, Chinese 914,
Indians 2,400.
Estimated increase 29 per cent.
Length 350 miles, width 275 miles, area 97,575 sq. miles, 62,438,-
000 acres. Surface traversed by Rocky Mountains, forming the
continental divide, and is high and mountainous, varying in eleva-
tion from 4,800 to 12,000 feet. At the N. W. is the Yellowstone
National Park, 3,600 sq. miles in area, and one of the greatest
natural wonders of the continent. It varies from 6,000 to over
12,000 feet in elevation, and its scenery is one vast panorama.
Along the streams and in the valleys are tracts of arable lands
which may be made to produce prolifically with irrigation. Moun-
tains, covered with forests of considerable extent, contain precious
and base minerals in great deposits. Soil, where water can be
had, is good, soil chiefly suited to grazing. Half the territory
grazing land. Wheat, rye, oats and barley flourish, frost too fre-
quent for corn. Water plentiful, game and fur-bearing animals
numerous, iron ore abundant, mainly red hematite. Copper, lead,
plumbago and petroleum found, gold in the Sweetwater country
and near Laramie City, valuable deposits of soda in valley of the
Sweetwater. Coal abundant and of good quality at Evanston,
Carbon, Rock Springs and other points. Climate cold, severe in
mountains, milder in valleys. Healthful, air pure, dry and brac-
ing. Rainfall, 15 inches. Temperature averages, summer 66 deg.,
winter 18 deg., ranges from 31 deg. below to 80 deg. above. July
warmest month, January coldest, latter averages 10 deg.
CHIEF CITIES.-Cheyenne (capital), pop. 4,500, Laramie City,
pop. 3,800.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES.-Grazing, mining and agriculture, but little
Is done in manufacturing.
Salaries of Territorial Officers.
Governor.
Secretary.
Treasurer.
Auditor...
--
WYOMING.
·
Superintendent of Public Inst.
Librarian......
Chief Justice....
Two Associate Justes.
Senators and Representatives.
·
•
.$2,600
1,800
.$800 and com.
1,000
..
•
400
400
3,000
3,000
-$4 a day and 20 cents mileage
..

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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Named for Columbus. Fixed as seat of U. S. government 1790
by act of Congress. Formed out of Washington Co., Md. (64 sq.
miles). Government removed to District 1800. Captured by
British 1814, and capitol, executive mansion and congressional
library burned. Governed by Congress till 1871, when a legislative
body of 33 (11 appointed by the president and 22 elected) was
'created. Executive officers still appointed by president. Officers
appointed are paid by the United States, those elected by the Dis-
trict. Citizens of District have no vote for national officers.
Schools superior. Legal interest 6 per cent., by contract 10, more
forfeits entire interest Population, 1880, 177,638. Miles railroad,
18. Surface made up of flats and hills. Similar in all features and
products to Southern Maryland. Cities.- Washington (capital
U.S.), pop. 147,307, Georgetown, pop. 12,57∞

THE WHITE HOUSE AT WASHINGTON, D. c.
The White House, at Washington, D. C., is 170 feet long by 86
feet wide. The largest apartment, known as the east room, is
80 by 40 feet in dimension and 22 feet high. The adjoining blue
room, finished in blue and gold, is devoted to receptions, diplo-
matic and social. The green and red rooms, so called from their
finishing, are each 30 by 20 feet. The rooms on the second floor
are occupied by the executive office and the apartments of the
President's family.
THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT,
The corner-stone was laid by President Polk, July 4th, 1848,
and December 6, 1884, the cap-stone was set in position. The
foundations are 126½ feet square and 36 feet 8 inches deep. The
base of the monument is 55 feet 1½ inches square, and the walls
15 feet 4 inch thick. At the 500 foot mark, where the pyramidal
top begins, the shaft is 34 feet 5½ inches square and the walls are
18 inches thick. The monument is made of blocks of marble
2 feet thick, and it is said there are over 18,000 of them. The
height above the ground is 555 feet. The pyramidal top termin-
ates in an aluminum tip, which is 9 inches high and weighs roo
ounces. The mean pressure of the monument is 5 tons per square
foot, and the total weight, foundation and all, is nearly 81,000
tons. The door at the base, facing the capitol, is 8 feet wide and
16 feet high, and enters a room 25 feet square. An immense iron
framework supports the machinery of the elevator which is
hoisted with steel wire ropes two inches thick. At one side begin
the stairs, of which there are fifty flights, containing eighteen steps
each. Five hundred and twenty feet from the base there are eight
windows, 18x24 inches, two on each face. The area at the base of
the pyramidal top is 1,1874 feet, space enough for a six-room
house, each room to be 12x16 feet. The Cologne Cathedral is
525 feet high; the pyramid of Cheops, 486; Strasburg Cathedral,
474; St. Peter's, at Rome, 448; the capitol at Washington. 306,
and Bunker Hill monument, 221 feet The Washington, monu-
ment is the highest structure in the world; total cost, $1,500,000.

73
439
Additional List Salaries of State Officers.
[For States not given in this list see Atlas Descriptive Matter.]
Arizona.—Governor $2,600, Secretary $1,800, Treasurer $1,000,
Auditor $1,000, Superintendent of Public Instruction $2,000, Li-
brarian $600, Chief Justice $3,000, Two Associate Justices $3,000,
Senators and Representatives $4 per day and 20 cents mileage,
Three District Judges $3,000, Collector of Internal Revenue $2,250,
Two Deputy Collectors $1,600 to $1,700, Clerk $1,100, Surveyor
General $2,500, Chief Clerk $2,400, Land Clerk $1,600, Land
Copyist $1,200, Spanish Translator $2,500.
California. -Governor $6,000, Secretary of State $3,000,
Treasurer $3,000, Comptroller $3,000, Superintendent of Public
Instruction $3,000, Attorney General $3,000, Surveyor Gen. $3,000,
State Librarian $3,000, District Judge $5,000, Senators and Rep-
resentatives $8 per day, mileage roc., and $25, Two Collectors
Internal Revenue $3,125 to $4,500, Collector of Customs, San
Francisco, $7,000, Pension Agent $4,000, Superintendent of
Mint $4,500, Assayer $3,000, Melter and Refiner $3,000.

Georgia.-Governor $3,000, Secretary of State $2,000, Treas-
urer $2,000, Comptroller General $2,000, Attorney General $2,000,
Commissioner Agriculture $2,500, Chief Justice $2,500, Associate
Justices $2,500, Senators and Representatives $4 a day and
mileage, 3 District Judges $3,500, District Superintendent Rail-
way Service $2,500, Collector of Internal Revenue $2,500 to
$3,125, 24 Deputy Collectors $300 to $1,700, Customs Surveyor
1,000 and fees.
Indiana.-Governor $5,000, Lieutenant Governor $8 a day,
Secretary of State $2,000, Treasurer 3,000, Auditor $1,500, Attor-
ney General $2,500, Superintendent of Public Instruction $2,500,
Secretary Board of Agriculture $1,200, Librarian $1,200, Five
Judges $4,000, Senators and Representatives $6 a day and 20 cents
per mile, District Judge $3,500, Pension Agent $4,000, Six Col-
lectors Internal Revenue $2,375 to $4,500, Surveyor Customs $1,000
and fees.

Iowa.-Governor $3,000, 'Lieutenant Governor $1,100, Secretary
of State $2,200, Treasurer $2,200, Attorney General $1,500 and $5
a day, Superintendent of Public Instruction $2,200, Three Rail-
way Commissioners $3,000, Librarian $1,500, Chief Justice $4,000
Four Associate Justices $4,000, Senators and Representatives $550
per year, Two District Judges $3,500, Pension Agent $4,000, 4
Collectors of Internal Revenue $2,500 to $4,500, Auditor $2,200.
Kentucky.-Governor $5,000, Secretary of State, $1,500, Treas-
urer $2,400, Auditor $2,500, Attorney General $500 and fees, Reg-
ister Land Office $2,400, Commissioner of Agriculture $2,000, In-
urance Commissioner $4,000, Three Railway Commissioners,
$2,000, Chief Justice $5,000, Three Associate Justices, $5,000,
Senators and Representatives $5 a day mileage 15 cents, District
Judge $3,500, Pension Agent $4,000, Six Collectors Internal
Revenue $4,500, 60 Deputy Collectors $300 to $2,000.
Louisiana.-Governor, $4,000, Lieutenant Governor $8 per
day, Treasurer $2,000, Secretary of State $1,800, Auditor $2,500,


440
Attorney General $3,000, Adjutant General $2,000, Superintend
of Public Instruction $2,000, Commissioner of Agriculture a
Immigration $2,000, Chief Justice $5,000, Four Associate Ju
tices $5,000, Senators and Representatives $4 per day and mild
agc, Two District Judges $3,500 to $4,500, Collector of Customs
New Orleans, $7,000.
Massachusetts.-Governor $5,000, Lieutenant Governor $2,000
Secretary of State $3,000, Treasurer $4,000, Auditor $2,500, Attor-
ney General $4,000, Chief Justice $6,500, Six Associate Justices
$6,000, District Judge $4,000, Senators and Representatives $650
per year, Pension Agent $4,000, Three Collectors of Internal Rev-
enue $3,000 to $4,500, Collector of Customs, Boston, $8,000, Naval
Officer $5,000.
Michigan.-Governor $1,000, Lieutenant Governor $3 a day,
Secretary of State $800, Treasurer $1,000, Auditor General $2,000,
Superintendent of Public Instruction $1,000, Adjutant General
$1,000, Secretary Board of Agriculture $1,500, Insurance Com-
missioner $2,000, Railway Commissioner $2,500, Immigration
Commissioner $2,000, Chief Justice $4,000, Senators and Repre-
sentatives $3 a day and 10c. per mile, 2 District Judges $3,500,
Pension Agent $4,000, Four Cols. Int. Rev. $3,875 to $2,625.
Missouri.-Governor $5,000, Secretary of State $3,000, Treas-
urer $3,000, Auditor $3,000, Attorney General $3,000, Adjutant
General $2,000 Superintendent of Public Schools $3,000, Reg-
ister of Lands $3,000, Three Railroad Commissioners $3,000, Supt.
Insurance Department $4,000, Chief Justice $4,500, Senators and
Representatives, $5 a day and mileage and $30, Two District
Judges $3,500, Five Collectors of Internal Revenue $2,250, to
$4,500, Surveyor of Customs, St. Louis, $5,000.
New York.-Governor $10,000 and house, Lieutenant Governor
$5,000, Secretary of State $5,000, Treasurer $5,000, Comptrol-
ler $6,000, Attorney General $5,000, Chief Justice $7,500, Sena-
tors and Representatives $1,500, mileage 10 cents, Three District
Judges $4,000, Postage Stamp Agent $2,500, Dep. Superintendent
Railway Service $2,500, 12 Collectors Internal Revenue $2,750 to
$4,500, Collector Customs, New York, $12,000, Superintendent
Assay Office $4,500, Pension Agent $4,000.
Texas.-Governor $4,000, Lieutenant Governor $5 a day,
Secretary of Sate $2,000, Treasurer $2,500, Attorney General
$2,000, Adjutant General $2,000, Land Commissioners $2,500,
Railroad Commissioners $3,000, Chief Justice $3,500, 2 Associate
Justices $3,500, Senators and Representatives $5 a day and
mileage, Three District Judge $3,500, Collectors of Internal
Revenue $2,500 to $2,750, 17 Deputy Collectors $300 to $1,850.
Wisconsin.-Governor $5,000, Secretary of State $5,000, Treas-
urer $5,000, Attorney General $3,000, Railroad Commissioner
$3,000. Chief Justice $5,000, Four Associate Justices $5,000, Tw
District Judges $3,500, Senators and Representatives $500 per
year and roc. mileage, Pension Agent $4,coo, Indian Agent $1,500,
Four Collectors Internal Revenue $4,500 to $2,750, 23 Deputy Col
lectors $1.800 to $300, Collector of Customs $1,000 and fees.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
………ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ⠀⠀
3 9015 06377 4338

***