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MUSEUMS
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THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARIES



ON THE
BLIGHT IN CORN.


A
SHORT ACCOUNT
OF THE
CAUSE OF THE DISEASE IN CORN,
CALLED BY FARMERS
THE BLIGHT, THE MILDEW,
AND THE RUST.
By SIR JOSEPH BANKS, Bart.
WITH A PLATE.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR J. HARDING, 36, ST. JAMES'S STREET,
BY SAVAGE AND EASINGWOOD, JAMES STREET,
BUCKINGHAM GATE.
1805.

Museums
SB
608
.W5
B22

Mus. Lib. - Herbarium
Gift
933455448
3-21-22
THE following brief Publication, sug-
gested by the alarming stuto of the Harvest
in August last, would have been distributed
before the end of wheat seed-time, had the
Engraver fulfilled his engagement
This circumstance will, it is hoped, be
considered as a sufficient apology for the
want of actual observations on the origin
and progress of the disease. These it is pre-
sumed will be abundantly supplied in the
course of the present year, by those intelli-
gent Agriculturists, whose residence in the
country enables them daily to examine, not
only the progress of their crops, but the
origin and advances also of all those obstacles

6
which nature has opposed to the success of
agricultural labours, as if to awaken the
energies of reason, and to reward the
farmer
for the exertions of his intellectual faculties,
by the satisfaction of surmounting them.
Jan. 30th, 1805.

ON THE
BLIGHT IN CORN.
.
BOTANISTS have long known that the
Blight in Corn is occasioned by the
growth of a minute parasitie fungus or
mushroom on the leaves, stems, and
glumes of the living plant. Felice Fon-
tana published in the year 1767, an ela-
borate account of this mischievous weed*,
with microscopic figures, which give a
tolerable idea of its form; more modern
* Osservazioni sopra la Ruggine del Grano. Lucca,
1767, Svo.

8
On the Blight in Corn.
botanists* have given figures both of
corn and of grass affected by it, but have
not used high magnifying powers in
their researches.
Agriculturists do not appear to have
paid, on this head, sufficient attention
to the discoveries of their fellow-la-
bourers in the field of nature; for though
scarce any English writer of note on the
subject of rural economy has failed to
state his opinion of the origin of this
evil, no one of them has yet attributed it
to the real cause, unless Mr. Kirby's ex-
cellent papers on some diseases of corn,
published in the Transactions of the Lin-
næan Society, are considered as agricul-
tural essays.
* Sowerby's English Fungi, Vol. II. Tab. 140,
Wheat, Tab. 139. Poa aquatica.

On the Blight in Corn.
9
On this account it has been deemed
expedient to offer to the consideration of
farmers, engravings of this destructive
plant, made from the drawings of the ac-
curate and ingenious Mr. Bauer, Botani-
cal Painter to his Majesty, accompanied
with his explanation, from whence it is
presumed an attentive reader will be able
to form a correct idea of the facts in-
tended to be represented, and a just
opinion whether or not they are, as is pre-
sumed to be the case, correct and satis-
factory.
In order, however, to render Mr.
Bauer's explanation more easy to be
understood, it is necessary to premise,
that the striped appearance of the sur-
face of a straw which may be seen with
a common magnifying glass, is caused
by alternate longitudinal partitions of

10
On the Blight in Corn.
the bark, the one imperforate, and the
other furnished with one or two rows of
pores or mouths, shut in dry, open in
wet weather, and well calculated to im-
bibe fluid whenever the straw is damp*,
By these pores, which exist also on the
leaves and glumes, it is presumed that
the seeds of the fungus gain admission,
and at the bottom of the hollows to
* Pores or mouths similar to these, are placed by
nature on the surface of the leaves, branches, and
stems, of all perfect plants ; a provision intended no
doubt to compensate, in some measure, the want of
loco-motion in vegetables. A plant cannot when
thirsty go to the brook and drink, but it can open in-
numerable orifices for the reception of every degree
of moisture, which either falls in the shape of rain
and of dew, or is separated from the mass of water
always held in solution by the atmosphere; it sel-
dom happens in the driest season, that the night does
not afford some refreshment of this kind, to restore
the moisture that has been exhausted by the heats of
the preceding day.

11
On the Blight in Corn.
which they lead, (See Plate, fig. 1, 2,)
they germinate and push their minute
roots, no doubt (though these have not
yet been traced) into the cellular texture
bevond the hark, where they draw their
nourishment, by intercepting the sap that
was intended by nature for the nutriment
of the grain; the corn of course becomes
shrivelled in proportion as the fungi are
more or less numerous on the plant; and
as the kernel only is abstracted from the
grain, while the cortical part remains un-
diminished, the proportion of flour to
bran in blighted corn, is always reduced
in the same degree as the corn is made
light. Some corn of this year's crop
will not yield a stone of four from a
sack of wheat; and it is not impossible
that in some cases the corn has been so
completely robbed of its four by the
fungus, that if the proprietor should

12
On the Blight in Corn.
choose to incur the expense of thrashing
and grinding it, bran would be the pro-
duce, with scarce an atom of flour for
each grain.
Every species of corn, properly so
called, is subject to the Blight; but it
is observable that spring corn is less
damaged by it than winter, and rye less
than wheat, probably because it is ripe
and cut down before the fungus has had
time to increase in any great degree.-
Tull says that " white cone or bearded
66 wheat, which hath its straw like a rush
“ full of pith, is less subject to blight
66 than Lammas wheat, which ripens a
“ week later." See page 74. The spring
wheat of Lincolnshire was not in the
least shrivelled this year, though the straw
was in some degree infected: the millers
allowed that it was the best sample
а

On the Blight in Corn.
13
brought to market. Barley was in some
places considerably spotted, but as the
whole of the stem of that grain is natu-
rally enveloped in the hose or basis of the
leaf, the fungus can in no case gain ad-
mittance to the straw; it is however to
be observed that barley rises from the
flail lighter this year, than was expected
from the appearance of the crop when
gathered in.
Though diligent inquiry was made du-
ring the last autumn, no information of
importance relative to the origin or the
progress of the Blight could be obtained:
this is not to be wondered at; for as no
one of the persons applied to had any
knowledge of the real cause of the mala-
dy, none of them could direct their curi-
osity in a proper channel. Now that its
nature and cause have been explained,

14
On the Blight in Corn.
we may reasonably expect that a few
years will produce an interesting collec-
tion of facts and observations, and we
may hope that some progress will be
made towards the very desirable attain-
ment of either a preventive or a cure.
It seems probable that the leaf is first
infected in the spring, or early in the
summer, before the corn shoots up into
straw, and that the fungus is then of an
orange colour*; after the straw is be-
come yellow, the fungus assumes a deep
chocolate brown: each individual is so
small that every pore on a straw will pro-
duce from 20 to 40 fungi, as may be seen
* The Abbé Tessier in his Traité des maladies des
Grains, tells us, that in France this disease first shows
tself in minute spots of a dirty white colour on the
leaves and stems, which spots extend themselves by
degrees, and in time change to a yellow colour, and
throw off a dry orange coloured powder. pp. 201, 340.

On the Blight in Corn.
15
in the Plate, and every one of these will
no doubt produce at least 100 seeds; if
then one of these seeds tillows out into
the number of plants that appear at the
bottom of a pore in the Plate, fig. 7, 8,
how incalculably large must the increase
be! A few diseased plants scattered over
a field must very speedily infect a whole
neighbourhood, for the seeds of fungi
are not much heavier than air, as every
one who has trod upon a ripe puff-ball
must have observed, by seeing the dust,
among which is its seed, rise up and float
on before him.
a
a
How long it is before this fungus ar-
rives at puberty, and scatters its seeds in
the wind, can only be guessed at by the
analogy of others; probably the period
of a generation is short, possibly not more
than a week in a hot season: if so, how

16
On the Blight in Corn.
frequently in the latter end of the sum-
mer must the air be loaded as it were
with this animated dust, ready, whenever
a gentle breeze, accompanied with humi-
dity, shall give the signal to intrude itself
into the pores of thousands of acres of
corn. Providence, however, careful of
the creatures it has created, has benevo-
lently provided against the too extensive
multiplication of any species of being;
was it otherwise, the minute plants and
animals, enemies against which man has
the fewest means of defence, would in-
crease to an inordinate extent; this, how-
ever, can in no case happen, unless many
predisposing causes afford their combin-
ed assistance. But for this wise and
beneficent provision, the plague of slugs,
the plague of mice, the plagues of grubs,
wire-worms, chafers, and many other
creatures whose power of multiplying is

On the Blight in Corn. 17
countless as the sands of the sea, would,
long before this time, have driven man-
kind, and all the larger animals, from the
face of the earth.
Though all old persons who have
concerned themselves in agriculture re-
member the Blight in Corn many years,
yet some have supposed that of late
years it has materially increased; this
however does not seem to be the case.
Tull, in his Horse-hoeing Husbandry,
p. 74, tells us, that the year 1725
was
a year of Blight, the like of which was
never before heard of, and which he
“ hopes may never happen again;" yet
the average price of wheat in the year
1726, when the harvest of 1725 was at
market, was only 36s. 4d. and the average
of the five years of which it makes the
first, 37s. 7d.--1797 was also a year of
66
a
B

18 On the Blight in Corn.
great Blight; the price of wheat in 1798
was 49s. 1d. and the average of the five
years, from 1795 to 1799, 63s. 5d.*
The climate of the British Isles is not
the only one that is liable to the Blight
in corn; it happens occasionally in every
part of Europe, and probably in all
countries where corn is grown. Italy is
very subject to it, and the last harvest of
* The scarcity of the year 1801, was in part oc-
casioned by a mildew, which in many places attack-
ed the plants of wheat on the S. E. side only, but
was principally owing to the very wet harvest of
1800; the deficiency of wheat at that harvest, was
found on a very accurate calculation somewhat to
exceed Ith, but wheat was not the only grain that
failed, all others, and potatoes also, were materially
deficient. This year the wheat is probably some-
what more damaged than it was in 1800, and barley
somewhat less than an average crop, every other
article of agricultural food is abundant, and potatoes
one of the largest crops that has been known; but
for these blessings on the labour of man, wheat must
before this time have reached an exorbitant price.

On the Blight in Corn.
19
Sicily has been materially hurt by it.
Specimens received from the colony of
New South Wales, shew that consider-
able mischief was done to the wheat
crop there, in the year 1803, by a para-
sitic plant, very similar to the English
one.
It has been long admitted by farmers,
though scarcely credited by botanists,
that wheat in the neighbourhood of a
barberry bush seldom escapes the Blight.
The village of Rollesby in Norfolk,
where barberries abound, and wheat sel-
dom succeeds, is called by the oppro-
brious appellation of Mildew Rollesby.
Some observing men have of late attri-
buted this very perplexing effect to the
farina of the flowers of the barberry,
which is in truth yellow, and resembles
in some degree the appearance of the

20 On the Blight in Corn.
rust, or what is presumed to be the Blight
in its early state.
It is, however, notorious to all botani-
cal observers, that the leaves of the bar-
berry are very subject to the attack of a
yellow parasitic fungus, larger, but other-
wise much resembling, the rust in corn.
Is it not more than possible, that the
parasitic fungus of the barberry and that
of wheat are one and the same species,
and that the seed transferred from the
barberry to the corn, is one cause of the
disease? Misletoe, the parasitic plant
with which we are the best acquainted,
delights most to grow on the apple and
hawthorn, but it flourishes occasionally
on trees widely differing in their nature
from both of these: in the Home Park,
at Windsor, misletoe may be seen in

On the Blight in Corn. 21
abundance on the lime trees planted
there in avenues. If this conjecture is
founded, another year will not pass with-
out its being confirmed by the observa-
tions of inquisitive and sagacious farmers.
It would be presumptuous to offer any
remedy for a malady, the progress of
which is so little understood; conjec-
tures, however, founded on the origin
here assigned to it, may be hazarded
without offence.
It is believed * to begin early in the
spring, and first to appear on the leaves
of wheat in the form of rust, or orange-
coloured powder ; at this season, the
* This, though believed, is not dogmatically as-
serted, because Fontana, the best writer on the sub-
ject, asserts that the yellow and the dark-coloured
blight are different species of fungi.

22
On the Blight in Corn.
fungus will, in all probability, require as
many weeks for its progress from infancy
to puberty, as it does days during the
heats of autumn; but a very few plants
of wheat, thus infected, are quite suffi-
cient, if the fungus is permitted to ripen
its seed, to spread the malady over a
field, or indeed over a whole parish.
The chocolate-coloured Blight is little
observed till the corn is approaching very
nearly to ripeness; it appears then in
the field in spots, which increase very
rapidly in size, and are in calm weather
somewhat circular, as if the disease took
its origin from a central position.
May it not happen, then, that the
fungus is brought into the field in a few
stalks of infected straw, uncorrupted
a

On the Blight in Corn. 23
among the mass of dung laid in the
ground at the time of sowing? it must be
confessed, however, that the clover lays,
on which no dung from the yard was
used, were as much infected last autumn
as the manured crops. The immense
multiplication of the disease in the last
season, seems, however, to account for
this; as the air was no doubt frequently
charged with seed for miles together, and
deposited it indiscriminately on all sorts
of crops.
It cannot, however, be an expensive
precaution to search diligently in the
spring for young plants of wheat infect-
ed with the disease, and carefully to ex-
tirpate them, as well as all grasses; for
several are subject to this or a similar
malady, which have the appearance of
orange-coloured or of black stripes on

24
On the Blight in Corn.
their leaves, or on their straw; and if ex-
perience shall prove, that straw can carry
the disease with it into the field, it will
cost the famer but little precaution to
prevent any mixture of fresh straw from
being carried out with his rotten dung to
the wheat field.
In a year like the present, that offers
so fair an opportunity, it will be useful
to observe attentively whether cattle in
the straw yard thrive better or worse on
blighted than on healthy straw. That
blighted straw, retaining on it the fungi
that have robbed the corn of its flour,
has in it more nutritious matter than
clean straw which has yielded a crop of
plump grain, cannot be doubted; the
question is, whether this nutriment in the
form of fungi does, or can be made to
agree as well with the stomachs of the

On the Blight in Corn.
25
animals that consume it, as it would do
in that of straw and corn.
It cannot be improper in this place to
remark, that although the seeds of wheat
are rendered, by the exhausting power
of the fungus, so lean and shrivelled that
scarce any flour fit for the manufacture of
bread can be obtained by grinding them,
these very seeds will, except, perhaps,
in the very worst cases*, answer the pur-
pose
of seed corn as well as the fairest
and plumpest sample that can be ob-
tained, and, in some respects better; for
as a bushel of much blighted corn will
contain one third at least more grains in
number than a bushel of plump corn,
* 80 grains of the most blighted wheat of the last
year, that could be obtained, were sown in pots
in
the hothouse; of these, seventy-two produced healthy
plants, a loss of 10 per cent. only.
,

26
On the Blight in Corn.
three bushels of such corn will go as far
in sowing land, as four bushels of large
grain.
The use of the flour of corn in further-
ing the process of vegetation, is to nou-
rish the minute plant from the time of
its developement till its roots are able to
attract food from the manured earth; for
this purpose one tenth of the contents of
a grain of good wheat is more than suf-
ficient. The quantity of flour in wheat
has been increased by culture and ma-
nagement calculated to improve its qua-
lities for the benefit of mankind, in the
same proportion as the pulp of apples
and pears has been increased, by the
same means, above what is found on the
wildings and crabs in the hedges.
It is customary to set aside or to pur-

On the Blight in Corn.
27
chase for seed corn, the boldest and
plumpest samples that can be obtained;
that is, those that contain the most flour;
but this is unnecessary waste of human
subsistence; the smallest grains, such as
are sifted out before the wheat is carried
to market, and either consumed in the
farmer's family, or given to his poultry,
will be found by experience to answer
the purpose of propagating the sort from
whence they sprung, as effectually as the
largest.
Every ear of wheat is composed of a
number of cups placed alternately on
each side of the straw; the lower ones
contain, according to circumstances, three
or four grains, nearly equal in size, but
towards the top of the ear, where the
quantity of nutriment is diminished by
the more ample supply of those cups that

28 On the Blight in Corn.
are nearer the root, the third or fourth
grain in a cup is frequently defrauded of
its proportion, and becomes shrivelled
and small. These small grains, which
are rejected by the miller, because they
do not contain flour enough for his pur-
pose, have nevertheless an ample abun-
dance for all purposes of vegetation, and
as fully partake of the sap, (or blood, as
we should call it in animals,) of the kind
which produced them, as the fairest and
fullest grain that can be obtained from
the bottoms of the lower cups, by the
wasteful process of beating the sheaves.

ON
OF
RICT

Onpavid for Tir Soph Banks Gsay on the Blicht in Com
M
Fig.2.
100
stre
a
0000
d
b
Fig. 4
IND
Om
NO
Fig. 7
Fig. 6
Frg 1
Fig.3
Figs
Fig 9
Fig.8
Draw
I Wenden Sculpt

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
-
Fig. 1. A piece of the infected wheat
straw-natural size: at a the leaf-sheath
is broken and removed, to shew the
straw which is not infected under it.
a
Fig. 2. A highly magnified representation
of the parasitic plant which infects the
wheat: a in a young state ; b full
grown; c are two plants bursting and
shedding their seeds when under water
in the microscope; d two plants burst
in a dry state; e seems to be abortive;

30
On the Blight in Corn.
f seeds in a dry state; g a small part
of the bottom of a pore with some of
the parasitic fungi growing upon it.
Fig. 3. A part of the straw of fig. 1,
magnified.
Fig. 4. Part of fig. 3 at a b more magnified. .
Fig. 5. Part of a straw similar to fig. 3,
but in its green state, and before the
parasitic plant is quite ripe.
Fig. 6. A small part of the same, more
magnified.
Fig. 7. A highly magnified transverse
cutting of the straw, shewing the
insertion of the parasite in the bark
of the straw.
Fig. 8. Alongitudinal cutting of the same;
magnified to the same degree.

On the Blight in Corn.
31
Fig. 9. A small piece of the epidermis of
a straw, shewing the large pores which
receive the seed of the parasite; the
smaller spots observable on the epider-
mis, are the bases of hairs that grow on
the plant of the wheat whilst young;
but which fall off when it ripens, mag-
nified to the same degree as the pre-
ceding figures.
Savage and Easingwood, James Street,
Buckingham Gate.

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3
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12. DRUNKEN BARNABY'S FOUR JOURNEYS to
the NORTH of ENGLAND, in Latin and English
Metre. A new Edition, with Engravings.
13. PICTURESQUE EXCURSIONS in DEVONSHIRE
and CORNWALL. By T. H. WILLIAMS, Plymouth.
Illustrated with 27 Plates, drawn and etched by the Au.
thor. In royal 8vo. price il, 8s, boards.
14. THE COURT COMPANION: containing the Arms
of the Peers, Peeresses, and Bishops of the United King-
dom-An Introduction to Heraldry-Orders of Knight-
hood— Archbishops and Bishops Tables of Precedency-
Lists of the Baronets and Knights—The superior Title,
Surname, and Mottos of all the Families, alphabetically
arranged, with a variety of other useful Lists and Tables,
forming a Complete PEERAGE DIRECTORY. In a
Pocket Volume, price gs. boards.
15. THE BRITISH PEERAGE: containing an Account
of all the Peers of the UNITED KINGDOM, whether by
Tenure, Summons, or Creation; their collateral Branches,
Births, Marriages, and Issue : also, extinct, forfeited,
and dormant Peerages; an Account of the different Orders
of Knighthood, Tables of Precedency, and an Alphabetical
List of Baronets and Knights, &c. &c. In 2 vols. with
Plates. Price 145.
26. THE METHOD of TEACHING the DEAF and
DUMB, confirmed by long Experience. By the Abbé
De L'EPEE. Translated from the French and Latin. In
crown 8vo. 7s.6d. boards.
17.
BURTON'S ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY, in
2 vols. large 8vo. A new Edition, price il.
boards. The same on royal paper, il. 16s.
55. in
Printed by B. M'Milan, Bow-Street, Covent Garden.