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PARKE, DAVIS & CO.,
DETROIT, MICHIGAN.
1817
ARTES
SCIENTIA
VERITAS
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WILLIAM CURTIS
FLORA LONDINENSIS
BOTANICAE MAGAZINE
London, Publiſhed Jan:7.54800, by, Tho Curtis. N:3,5"Geo. Crefcent.
1

LECTURES ON BOTANY,
AS DELIVERED
IN THE
BOTANIC GARDEN
AT
LAMBETH.
BY THE LATE
WILLIAM CURTIS, F.L.S.
DEMONSTRATOR OF BOTANY TO THE COMPANY OF APOTHECARIES;
AUTHOR OF
THE BOTANICAL MAGAZINE,
AND OF THE
FLORA LONDINENSIS,
&c. &c.
ARRANGED FROM THE MANUSCRIPTS IN THE POSSESSION OF HIS SON-IN-LAW,
SAMUEL CURTIS, FLORIST, WALWORTH.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR H. D. SYMONDS, 20, PATERNOSTER ROW ;
AND
CURTIS, 3, ST. GEORGE'S CRESCENT,
ST. GEORGE'S FIELDS.
1805.

Museums
47
.698
1805
V.
Knight and Compton, Printers,
Cloth Fair.

Muaccount
Parke Davis tlo.
8.1.56
Volil-3
CONTENTS OF VOL. I.
PAGE
SECTION
I.-Introductory Lecture - -
1
Section
11.-OnPlants compared with Animals 31
Section III.-On Seeds -
39
Section IV.--On Vegetation - -
47
Section
V.-On Seed-veſels
57
8
Section VI.--On Roots
67
$
&
Section VII.-On Stalks
75
1
1
Section VIII.-On Simple Leaves
87
Section IX.-On Compound Leaves
111
Section
X.-On the Fulcra of Plants
113
Section XI.-On Infloreſcence
115
Section XII.-On the Parts of Fructification 118

DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER.
VOL. I.
.
...66
...118
Plate and Deſcription to face each other
PAGE
1 to be placed after page...
...35
2 to n..
...56
8 to 11.....
08 12, figured 6 by miſtake; 13, 14, 15X, 16, 16X, 17 on
roots.....
...74
18 on roots, 19X
...86
20 to 24....
...114
25 to 33...
36 to 39, 17, 18, 19, 41, 34, 40, 35, 15, 47, in the
order here fet down....
To
..132
IIV OSS
VOL. II.
CU
49....
8
50.....
.39
50X, 51....
...63
52 to 63.....
...84
64 to 90.....
..108
91 to 95....
...114
VOL. III.
• • •
1 to 8, Graffes.
9 to 15, Grafting...
16 to 20, Culture of Plants.
21 to 24, Inſects
.....18
...37
.18
...63

INTRODUCTORY
L E C T U R E.
SECTION I.
GENTLEMEN,
THE ſeaſon of the year ſeems now to in-
vite you to the purſuit of Botany; a ſcience
which, if not effentially neceffary to you in
the line of any particular profeffion, is at
leaſt deſerving ſome ſhare of your attention
as men, as rational beings.
Of all the ſtudies which engage mankind,
few are attended with circumſtances equally
pleaſing in their purſuit, few can boaſt that
infinite variety of objects which are perpe-
А

2
INTRODUCTORY
tually engaging the attention, few that are fo
conducive to the health of the ſtudent.
The Botaniſt neither breathes the putrid
air of the diffecting room, nor inhales the
noxious effluvia of the laboratory ; but, as
he freely ranges the fields, all that is ſweet
to the ſmell, all that can charm the eye or ear,
burſts forth on every ſide and crouds upon
his ſenſes.
It is a ſcience which has been cultivated by
the wiſeſt of mankind, and particularly by the
moſt diſtinguiſhed profeſſors of the medical
art. Here, as philoſophers we may admire
and contemplate the beautiful works of an
Almighty Being :-what an infinite diſplay
of wiſdom is obfervable in the manner in
which plants grow and are propagated !
what care is taken in perpetuating the fuc-
ceffion of each ſpecies !-how admirably are
they adapted to every foil and ſituation, ſo as
to leave no part of the globe, not even rocks

LECTURE
3
and ſtones uncovered !-with what regular
order, and in what conſtant fucceffion, do
they flower and produce their feeds -in
ſhort, a mind that is of an inquiſitive or con-
templative turn, will find in plants an endleſs
fource of innocent and inſtructive amuſement.
Another world as it were opens to his view;
he fees the face of nature with different
optics; and has the ſuperior pleaſure of being
able to read in that book which to the gene-
rality of mankind is a mere blank.
It has been the opinion of many, that the
benevolent Author of nature has given to
each country plants proper for the cure of
diſeaſes peculiar to its inhabitants, and many
good reaſons may be brought in ſupport of
that opinion. We are not to expect how-
ever that every plant pofſefſes medical qua-
lities. Many no doubt were intended ſolely
as food for the various animals, for clothing,
and other wiſe purpoſes in the economy of
nature; but this ſhould not prevent us from
A 2

4
INTRODUCTORY
attempting to diſcover the qualities of plants
which may happily prove antidotes to dif-
eaſes, as yet the opprobria medicorum. What
heart-felt ſatisfaction muſt attend the perſon
who ſhould diſcover a ſpecific for cancers, or
any other dreadful diſeaſe. It were to be
wiſhed that the faculty were as eager after
diſcoveries of this kind, as chemiſts were
formerly in the ſearch after the philoſopher's
ſtone: the proſpect of ſucceſs is perhaps more
promiſing, the attempt at leaſt is much more
laudable.
The importance of this ſcience as a branch
of medical knowledge, is happily expreſſed
by the late ingenious Dr. GREGORY, the or-
nament of his profeſſion, and I may add, of
human nature, in his advice to the young
phyſician: he thus expreſſed himſelf on this
ſubject; “ The ſcience of Botany is ſubſer-
vient to the practice of phyſic, as far as it fa-
cilitates the knowledge of plants, by reducing
them into the moſt commodious and perfect

LECTURE.
S:
ſyſtem ; and though it is not neceſſary to be
particularly acquainted with the name and
hiſtory of every plant, yet every one ought
to be ſo well founded in the principles of
Botany, as to be able to find its place in the
fyftem, and to deſcribe it ſcientifically; and
we ought to be particularly acquainted with
every material circumſtance relative to thoſe
plants which are uſed in diet or medicine.”
Yet, notwithſtanding the acknowledged
utility of this ſcience, notwithſtanding pro-
feffors of medicine are warm in its recom-
mendation, it is much to be regretted that
gentlemen of the faculty are ſo little ac-
quainted with it practically: even in the
country, where plants obtrude themſelves on
the notice of the moſt common obſerver, how
few are there who know with certainty the
plants they uſe.
I have been moſt credibly informed, that
when Dr. WITHERING, a gentleman diſtin-
- 3 mo ba anive
A 3

INTRODUCTORY
*
guiſhed not leſs for his medical than his bo-
tanical ſkill, went to reſide at Birmingham,
he found ſome of the medical people there
making an extract from the cow-parſley in-
ſtead of hemlock; and it is much to be feared,
that miſtakes of this ſort frequently fruſtrate
the well-meant endeavours of the phyſician.
Ir YO
Although newly-diſcovered chemical re-
medies and foreign drugs may have juftly
ſuperſeded many of our Engliſh plants, yet
a great number are ſtill retained in our Phar-
inacopoeia : to be acquainted with theſe at
leaſt is the duty of every one that takes upon
himſelf the important character of guardian
of the health of mankind.
I cannot better illuſtrate how neceſſary a
knowledge of plants is, particularly to medical
gentlemen reſident in the country, than by
reciting an extract from a letter which I re-
ceived ſome few years ſince from Mr. Lowe,
ſurgeon at Preſton in Lancaſhire, a gentle
man who had formerly been my pupil.

LECTURE. I
7
« On Thurſday the 5th of June, Mr.
FRECKLETON, a healthy ſtrong man about
thirty-five years of age, a publican in the
town, eat a handful of fool's-parſley with
nearly the fame quantity of young lettuce,
about one o'clock at noon; in about ten mi-
nutes he was affected with a pain and hard-
neſs in his ſtomach and bowels, attended
with a rumbling; he walked out into the
fields, but was feized with ſuch languor,
wearineſs and weakneſs, that it was with
difficulty he fupported himſelf till he got
home; he was much troubled with giddineſs
in his head, his viſion was confuſed, and
ſometimes objects appeared double : at ſeven
o'clock he took an emetic, which brought
up, as he fuppoſes, all the fool's-parſley he
had eaten, but not any of the lettuce; this
conſiderably relieved him from the uneaſy
ſenſations in his bowels, but the other ſymp-
toms continued, and he paſſed a reſtleſs night.
Next day he had much pain in his head and
eyes, which laſt were inflamed and blood-
A 4

8
INTRODUCTORY
ſhot: he had different circumſcribed ſwellings
in his face, which were painful and inflamed,
but they were tranſient, and flew from place
to place; this night he took a powder which
made him ſweat profuſely. On Saturday his
eyes were highly inflamed, painful, and en-
tirely cloſed by the ſurrounding inflammation;
this day he was bled, which gave him much
eaſe in his head and eyes. From this time
until Monday he continued to get better; but
had, even then, pain, heat, and inflammation
in his eyes, with edematous ſwellings of his
cheeks; his remaining fymptoms went off
gradually, and he is now well. He had been
told that the plant which he had eaten was
hemlock; to be ſatisfied, I accompanied him
into the garden where he had gathered the
plant, and found it to be the æthuſa cynapium,
or fool's-parſley. To be convinced of this
beyond a doubt, I compared a ſpecimen of it
with the figure and deſcription of the plant
given in the Flora Londinenſis, with which
I found it exactly to correſpond."

LECTURE.
9
Independent of the fingular fatisfaction
which Mr. Lowe muſt feel from knowing
the plant in queſtion, an advantage has ariſen
to the public; the poiſonous quality of the
fool's-parſley is aſcertained, which before was
only ſuſpected. Time, and a taſte for ſcience
which of late years has made fuch rapid ad-
vances and ſuch material improvements in
every branch of medicine; which has intro-
duced a rational practice, founded on an in-
timate knowledge of the animal economy,
and an accurate hiſtory of diſeaſes; which has
reſcued ſurgery from the hand of pretenders,
and taught mankind to repoſe a confidence
in thoſe only who have laudably exerted
themſelves in acquiring anatomical know-
ledge; which has redeemed chemiſtry from
empirics, and made it fubfervient to the prac-
tice of phyſic, will, it is preſumed in a few
years, place Botany in a more favourable
point of view, and cauſe its utility in medi-
cine to be more generally acknowledged.

INTRODUCTORY
But it is not to medicine alone that Botany
is fubfervient; perhaps it may be applied
with as much advantage to Agriculture; a
fcience which, in this enlightened age, when
arts and ſciences are carried to a pitch un-
thought of in former times, we might expect
that a nation celebrated not leſs for its arts
than its arms, ſhould be among the firſt
to promote, as improvements in it are the
only folid check to the baneful and enervating
effects of luxury and diſſipation : accordingly
we find many of our nobility, gentlemen of
landed property, and public ſocieties, fully
aware of its importance; and endeavouring,
by premiums, and a variety of other means,
to improve it. Much however ſtill remains
to be done, nor is it probable that their en-
deavours will be crowned with ſucceſs until
Botany is more cultivated; nor until plants,
particularly the graſſes, are better underſtood.
I am inclined to ſuppoſe, that this inatten-
tion of the faculty and others to Botany, has

LECTURE.
proceeded in a great meaſure from a want of
opportunity to acquire it; and that, if the
fame means were afforded as for other ſcien-
ces, there would no longer be cauſe of com-
plaint or cenfure.
I ſhall eſteem myſelf moſt happy if, by the
inftitution of theſe lectures, I ſhould prove in
the leaſt degree inſtrumental to its advance-
ment: but conſcious how inadequate my
abilities are, fully to anſwer your expectations,
I enter on the office with diffidence, truſting
that you will receive my well-meant attempt
with candour and good nature.
Jio
To contribute to this deſirable end, my
labour and ny ſmall abilities ſhall moſt readi-
ly be devoted; much however will depend
on your own diligence. To ſet you in the
right path, and to accompany you a little
way on your journey, will be to me a very
pleaſing taſk ; and all, I preſume, which
you
can expect from any preceptor. To arrive at

12
INTRODUCTORY
perfection in this moſt agreeable ſcience, muft
.
be the effect of your own induſtry and appli-
cation.
Botany, or the ſcience which teaches us to
diſtinguiſh one plant from another, is of very
great, nay almoſt infinite, extent. To know
every plant which grows on the ſurface of
the earth, is altogether impoſſible: to know
perfectly the native plants of our own coun-
try, with all thoſe which have at different
periods been introduced into our gardens
from foreign parts, would, I am confident,
occupy the whole of a man's life, let his taſte
for the ſcience, or his application to it, be
ever ſo great. Seeing then that a compleat
knowledge of plants is not to be attained, let,
us endeavour to direct our attention to that
part of it which it is in our power to acquire;
and which, when acquired, will be of the
greateſt advantage to us.
Botaniſts may be divided into two kinds

LECTURE.
13
the theoretic and the practical
. By the prac-
tical Botaniſt is to be underſtood, one who is
capable of naming a plant at fight, but is
unacquainted with the names of the ſeveral
parts which compoſe it, and incapable of
finding it out in any ſyſtematic arrangement.
Such are the generality of fimplers who ac-
quire their knowledge traditionally, or from
figures, and may be compared to perſons
who cannot read.
The theoretic Botaniſt is one who may be
well acquainted with the ſeveral parts which
compoſe a plant; may know the names by
which each part is diſtinguiſhed, and can
aſſign to them their ſeveral uſes; is well
verſed in the hiſtory of the ſcience, and the
various ſyſtems that have been publiſhed;
perhaps a perfect judge of their ſeveral merits
and defects, yet at the ſame time poſſeſſes
very little practical knowledge of the plants
themſelves. Botaniſts of this fort however
are few in number, and chiefly to be found

INTRODUCTORY
amongſt men of fedentary lives; who are
more fond of ſtudy than of active employ-
ment, of books than herbarizing.de
It muſt be obvious that theſe two muſt
unite to form the ſcientific and uſeful
Botaniſt; and as the practical part ſhould be
ingrafted on the theoretic, ſo one grand ob-
ject with you ſhould be to acquire a know-
ledge of ſome ſyſtem, as the key which will
unlock to you the whole treaſures of the
vegetable kingdom. But, before you can
with propriety enter on this part of the ſub-
ject, it will be neceſſary for you to be ac-
quainted with the ſeveral parts of which a
plant is compoſed, beginning with the root,
and tracing them up to the ſeed. While
you are acquiring this knowledge, which we
ſhall endeavour to impart to you in our en-
fuing lectures, the practical part muſt not be
neglected: and here, in the firſt place, the
plants of our own country ſeem to demand
your particular attention.
For theſe, you

LECTURE.
15
Thould not let flip opportunities of herba-
rizing excurſions ; of the plants collected in
which, by the aſſiſtance of the outlines of
Botany in general, you will ſoon be able to
place each ſpecimen in its proper place, and
raiſe a ſyſtematic memorandum to your fu-
ture aſſiſtance.
Now in order to attain a knowledge of the
ſtructure of the ſeveral parts of the flower
and fruit, you cannot diffect and examine
too many different kinds; and to obtain a
knowledge of thoſe plants whoſe names you
may acquire, it is neceſſary you ſhould ei-
ther dry or preſerve them, as an anatomiſt
would his anatomical preparations, or that
you make drawings or take impreſſions of
them. For it is ſcarcely poſſible for the beſt
memory to retain the name of a plant by
once hearing it; but by having a dried fpe-
cimen of the plant, a drawing, or impreſſion
of it, with the name affixed, by turning theſe
over now and then, a knowledge of them
is kept freſh in the memory,

16
INTRODUCTORY
As the drawing of plants requires not only
a particular genius, but will take up a great
deal more time than falls to the lot of moſt
ſtudents, ſo it is not to be generally recom-
mended. Yet, where a Botaniſt has time
and abilities, he will find the drawing of
plants not only an agreeable amuſement, but
that the attention neceſſarily paid to the
plants in drawing of them, will ſtrongly fix
a knowledge of them in the memory.
The taking of impreſſions from the plants
themſelves is perhaps worthy of more at-
tention than has been paid to it, as by
this means a likeneſs of almoſt any plant may
be obtained in a few minutes; and ſuch a
likeneſs as will ever after ſerve to give an
idea of the original ſtill more compleatly if
it be coloured from nature, though in a rude
manner. To ſucceed in this, procure from
a letter-preſs printer two balls, ſimilar to
thoſe which they make uſe of in printing,
with this difference, that they ſhould be

LECTURE.
17
covered with a white ſheep-ſkin, ſuch as is
uſed for making gloves of, or ſpreading
plaſters on ; or in lieu of theſe, two pieces
of ſoft leather, with tow or wool tied up in
them, may be ſubſtituted; a ſmall quantity
of printer's ink may be had at the letter-preſs
or copper-plate printer's; or a mixture of
ivory black well ground with boiled linſeed
oil, about the fize of a hazel nut, is to be put
on one of them; the two balls are then to be
dabbed together until the ink is very thinly
and evenly diſtributed over both ſurfaces.ro
The ſpecimen, which ought to be expreſſive
of the habit of the plant, and to have been
the preceding day expanded and lightly
preſſed between the leaves of a book, is
then to be placed evenly on one of the balls,
and repeatedly dabbed with the other. If
the plant be very large, it will be neceſſary
to cut it into two or more pieces; the upper-
moſt ball is then to be dabbed ſeveral times
on the plant till the fibres of the leaves and
B

IS
INTRODUCTORY
the ſtalk become viſibly black. The plant is
then to be taken off the lowermoſt ball,
and laid on one ſide of a ſheet of thick
writing paper, the other fide of the paper
being laid over it, the leaves and the ſtalks
are to be preſſed and rubbed over with the
palm of the hand, or ball of the thumb pretty
hard, but not ſo hard as to ſqueeze out the
juices of the plant; taking particular care
that the plant is not moved during the ope-
ration, which is very likely to happen. Thus
an impreſſion of each fide of the plant may
be obtained; of which the underſide, as
being the moſt fibrous, is generally the moſt
beautiful. Particular care ſhould alſo be
taken that too much ink be not applied, as
it will have a very diſagreeable effect both in
the plain impreſſion and in the coloured one.
Thoſe who would wiſh that the flowers
fhould appear diſtinct and perfect, ſhould take
them off the plant, expand them, and colour
them on the ends of the ſtalk afterwards.

LECTURE.
19
It muſt occur to every perſon that there
are many parts of plants that cannot well be
repreſented in this way, as berries of all
kinds for example, fruits, &c. If the artiſt
has any taſte for drawing, when he has co-
loured the plant and flowers, he can readily
repreſent with a proper colour either the
berry, fruit, or ſeed veſſel of the tree or plant,
when it happens to be ſtriking; and if the
colour be natural, the delicacy of the finiſh-
ing is not to be regarded, as it is not to be
conſidered as a fine painting, but a ſufficient
likeneſs, executed by a common hand, in a
ſpeedy manner.
Another mode of taking off impreſſions
has lately been introduced, in which ſmoked
paper is ſubſtituted for blacking balls, and in
the opinion of ſome this method is moſt pre-
ferable. To prepare the paper, rub it over
firſt with linſeed oil, then ſmoke it over the
flame of a large tallow candle, moving it to
and fro, that the paper does not take fire till
B 2

INTRODUCTORY
the whole ſurface is regularly blacked over.
The leaf or plant is then to be laid on the
ſmoked paper, preſſed, and rubbed till the
fibres become black; the impreſſion is then
to be taken off on a piece of white paper,
as in the other way.
There are no plants look more beautiful
taken off in this manner than the ferns.
The moſt common and perhaps the moſt
fatisfactory mode is to dry and preſerve the
plant itſelf. If a perſon will beſtow the ne-
neffary time and pains, plants may be dried
and preſerved ſo as to retain their form,
many of them their colours, and make a
beautiful appearance; even with the greateſt
care there are many that will loſe their co-
lours, and ſome will even change black, as the
Cow-wheat, whilſt others look almoſt as lively
when dried as when alive; it is in vain there-
fore for you to expect that your dried ſpeci-
mens will aſſume an uniform appearance.

LECTURE.
21
There are various ways of drying and pre-
ſerving plants; the whole art of which con-
ſiſts in drying them under ſuch a degree of
preſſure that the leaves and flowers ſhall nei-
ther ſhrink nor be ſhrivelled, while the plant
at the ſame time has as much air as is ne-
ceſſary to its drying of a good colour, and
preventing it from turning black or mouldy.
The method of obtaining dried ſpeci-
mens in the greateſt perfection is as follows.
You are in the firſt place to be particularly
careful to ſelect a good ſpecimen of the plant,
as that requires no more trouble to preſerve
than a bad one. By a good ſpecimen is to
be underſtood ſuch an one as repreſents the
true habit and general appearance of the
plant, cf its common ſize, in full bloom, and
perfectly dry.
* Such a ſpecimen being procured, we are to
lay it out between the leaves of a fingle ſheet
of paper, it is of little conſequence what kind
B 3

INTRODUCTORY
of paper, provided it is not too coarſe, care-
fully expanding every leaf and flower, but
not in ſuch a manner as to give them a ſtiff
unnatural appearance; we are then to place
this fingle ſheet of paper containing the plant,
betwixt the leaves of a large book, laying a
weight on the book juſt ſufficient to make
the plant flat, but not to bruiſe it.
After remaining a day or two in this fitu-
ation, the ſingle ſheets of paper containing
the plants, are to be taken out of the book,
placed on the floor in a dry room, or expoſed
to the fun, and covered with dry ſand about
an inch thick. The weight of the fand will
be ſufficient to keep the plant from ſhrivel-
ling, while the moiſture of the plant evapo-
rates through its interſtices; and thus, if the
ſituation be dry, and more particularly if ar-
tificial heat be made uſe of, the plants, if not
very ſucculent, will dry quickly, and of a
good colour.

LECTURE.
23
Should this method of drying them by
means of fand be thought too troubleſome,
or be impracticable for want of ſuitable ac-
commodations, the plants may be continued
betwixt the ſingle ſheets of paper in the large
book till dry, taking them out frequently to
give them air, and replacing them in the ſame
book made perfectly dry, or putting them into
another; or a number of quires of paper may
be ſubſtituted inſtead of a book; by thus al-
ternately expoſing them to the air and keep-
ing them under preſſure, you will obtain
very good fpecimens.
Too much care cannot be taken of a col-
lection of plants thus carefully made; they
are moſt liable to ſuffer from being kept in
a damp ſituation, or from the depredations
of inſects. They require therefore to be
kept in a place perfectly dry, impregnated
with the effluvia of camphor, and to be often
looked over
Now whichfoever of theſe
methods you fhould adopt, whether you draw
B 4

24
INTRODUCTORY
your plants, take impreſſions of them, or
preſerve them, it will be neceſſary in your
herbarizing excurſions, to take with you a
tin box, or a book to put them in.
The advantage of a tin box, or vaſculum
is, that not admitting any air, the plants are
preſerved freſh till you get home, when you
may diſpoſe of them as you pleaſe; the larger
the box, the larger it will admit your ſpeci-
mens to be. A ſmall fize folio book, pro-
vided with ſtrings inſtead of claſps, that the
plants may not be bruiſed, is on many ac-
counts to be preferred; if this be uſed, each
plant, for the more readily turning to it, is
to be placed in the order of its being ga-
thered.
As it will be neceſſary for you to diffect a
variety of flowers, and other parts of plants,
a penknife, a common lancet, with a large
pin or needle, ſhould be your conſtant com-
panions; and as many flowers, or the parts

Y LECTURE. I
25
of which they are compoſed, will frequently
require to be magnified, a ſmall pocket lens
ſhould be added, for the examination of
them. mirombos
you to
As a proper ſelection of books in the
learning a ſcience muſt be of material conſe-
quence, the mind retaining the firſt princi-
ples it imbibes in an eager purſuit, we ſhall
venture to give you a few inſtructions on
what books will be moſt proper for
read ; and we may premiſe that many will
not be neceſſary for you at preſent. We are
not ſo vain as to imagine that the infor-
mation you may acquire from our lectures
will be ſuch as to preclude the uſe of botanical
books; nothing is farther from our in-
tention: all that we mean to infer is, that
you will ſtudy with much greater advantage
when you come to be ſomewhat acquainted
with the ſubject.
The knowledge you may derive from our

26
INTRODUCTORY
lectures will perhaps ſave you the trouble of
ſearching ſeveral more voluminous works,
but the practical knowledge of plants will be
better acquired, and more perfectly impreſſed
on the memory, by frequent excurſions, and
preſerving the ſpecimens till you are tho-
roughly acquainted with them. This I
know, books cannot afford adequate affift-
ance, but to ſuch as cannot, for want of
fuitable parts of the day to attend to it, or to
thoſe who cannot ſpare time from other
purſuits, we may in particular recommend
the peruſal of the following books, which
may be divided into three claſſes: viz.
ift. Such as treat of the rudiments of the
ſcience, or explain its terms, and which may
be conſidered as of the introductory kind.
2d. Such as treat particularly of the Britiſh
plants.
3d. Such as treat of the genera and ſpecies
of plants generally. We may enumerate,

LECTURE.
27
Berkenhout's Lexicon Botanicum.
* Milne's Botanical Dictionary.
Martyn's Language of Botany, 2d Edit.
Lee's Introduction to Botany.
Rouſſeau's Letters on the Elements of Bo-
tany, tranſlated by Profeffor Martyn,
with many additional Letters. 2d Edit.
Linnæi Philofophica Botanica.
Rofe's Tranſlation of the fame book.
The Termini Botanici of Linnæus, pub-
liſhed by Dr. Rotherham, a ſmall 12mo.
In the 2d claſs, or ſuch as treat of the plants
of this country, we may ſelect
Raii Synopſis, 1 vol. 8vo. Sd Edit.
Hudſon's Flora Anglica, 2 vols. 8vo.
Lightfoot's Flora Scotica, 2 vols. 8vo.
Withering's Botanical Arrangement of the
Britiſh Plants, 2 vols. 8vo. 2d Edit.
* A new edition of this work, greatly enlarged and im-
proved, with all the modern discoveries, and embellished with
Twenty-five new Plates, engraved by Sansom, from drawings
made on purpose by Sydenham Edwards, F. L. S. was pub-
lished in May, 1805, price 11. 1s. plain, or il. 155. coloured,
and will be found highly necessary to students and others in
botany, superseding the use of most others as a book of re-
ference.

28
INTRODUCTORY
(a 3d and 4th edition have ſince been
publiſhed, but for thoſe who underſtand
Latin, Dr. Smith's Flora Britannica may
fuperfede theſe).
Ditto by Dr. Stokes.
Berkenhout's Outlines of the Natural Hif-
tory of Great Britain, 2 vols.
Broughton's Encheiridion Botanicum.
Dr. Smith's Compendium Flora Britannicæ
may be subſtituted for this with advan-
tage.
Curtis's Flora Londinenfis, 2 vols. folio.
Smith's Engliſh Botany with Plates, by
Sowerby.
Tranſactions of the Linnæan Society.
Of the 3d claſs, or ſuch as treat of the
genera and ſpecies of plants generally, we
would recominend
Linnæi Genera Plantarum.
The Litchfield Tranſlation of the fame, in
2 vols.
Jufrier's Genera Plantarum.
Linnæi Species Plantarum.
(an edition of this is now publiſhing

LECTURE.
29
by Willdenow, containing the modern
diſcoveries)
Linnæi Syſtema Vegetabilium, or
The Litchfield Tranſlation of the ſame, in
2 vols.
This however is but a very ſhort catalogue
of botanical books, yet an acquaintance with
theſe will give you a pretty general idea of
the ſcience of Botany. Such as wiſh to be
more minutely acquainted with the ſubject,
and to obtain a general knowledge of the fe-
veral treatiſes that have been written on Bo-
tany, ſhould conſult the Bibliotheca Botanica
of the learned Haller, who has not only
given a compleat catalogue of them, but a
ſhort account and critique on each.


SECTION II.
On Plants compared with Animals.
BOTANY, as we before obſerved to
you, is a ſcience which teaches us to diſtin--
guiſh one plant from another.
A plant is defined by botaniſts to be a body
endowed with life, deſtitute both of ſenſation
and locomotive power, capable of imbibing
nouriſhment, increaſing and finally propa-
gating its ſpecies. Different authors have
differed ſomewhat in their definitions, but a
want of ſenſation or perception, and an ina-
bility of moving from the ſpot to which it is
fixed, have been conſidered by moſt of them
as the criterion by which a plant may with
certainty be diſtinguiſhed from an animal.

32
COMPARED WITH ANIMALS.
The learned and ſcientific biſhop of Lan-
daff, who has written on this particular ſubject
with that perſpicuity and ingenuity fo pecu-
liarly his own, informs us that he knows
of no character to be relied on that will dif-
criminate animals, vegetables and minerals,
as oppoſed to one another; he obferves,
every one thinks he knows what an animal
is, and how it is contradiſtinguiſhed from a
vegetable; a dog or a horſe he is truly per-
ſuaded are beings as clearly diſtinguiſhed
from an herb or tree, as light is from dark-
neſs; yet as in theſe, ſo in the other pro-
ductions of nature, the tranſition from one to
the other is effected by imperceptible grada-
tions.
“ The locomotive powers which appertain
to moſt animals are ſo manifeſt in quadrupeds,
birds, fiſhes and inſects, that in our firſt and
or
fuperficial enquiries into nature, we are apt
to conſider the poſſeſſion or want of theſe
powers as making a deciſive and effential
berliga

COMPARED WITH ANIMALS.
33
difference betwixt animal and vegetable bo-
dies, yet on a cloſer examination we find
there are a great number of animals which,
like the limpet, are fixed to one ſpot, and
are deſtitute of every power of progreſſive
motion.” roma901 intelimo lo est odi
Datot olib ust soicauit Dollho
From a variety of circumſtances, obſerva-
ble in the economy of vegetables, the learned
prelate is of opinion, that plants are not wholly
deſtitute of perception. The perception of
a man, he obſerves, “ ſeems to be indefi-
nitely greater when compared with that of
corallines, ſea-pins, and oyſters, than the per-
ception of theſe, which are allowed to be
animals, doth, when compared with the ſigns
of perception manifeſted by a variety of what
are called vegetables. Sponges, open and
ſhut their mammillä; corals and ſea-pins pro-
trude or draw back their ſuckers; ſhell-fiſh
open or keep cloſe their ſhells in ſearch of
food or to avoid injury; it is from theſe
and ſimilar muſcular motions, that we judge
с

34
LECTURE ON PLANTS,
the beings to which they belong to have per-
ception; that is, to be animals. Now in the
vegetable kingdom, we may obſerve the
muſcular motions of many plants to be to
the full as definite and diſtinguiſhable as in
the claſs of animals juſt mentioned. The
plants called Heliotropice turn daily round
with the fun: by conſtantly preſenting their
furfaces to that luminary, they ſeem as de-
ſirous of abſorbing a nutriment from its rays,
as a bed of muſcles doth from the water, by
opening their ſhells upon the afflux of the
tide.
De modo
detto bruseniconill og
The Flores Solares are as uniform in their
opening and ſhutting, as animals are in their
times of feeding and digeſting; fome in theſe
motions do not obſerve the ſeaſon of the
year, but expand and ſhut up their flowers
at the ſame hour in all ſeaſons; others open
later in the day, or do not open at all when
they are removed from a Southern to a more
Northern aſpect.
Trefoil, Wood Sorrel,


Plate
Sva Edwards del
Pub. by S. Curtis Florist Walworth Mav.31. 1802.
Z Sanſom sculo

P L A T E I.
THE DIONCA MUSCIPULA,
OR,
VENUS's FL? TRAP.
To illuſtrate the ſigns of perception in plants, this plant,
though not very common in this country, is ſelected,
being well known by Botaniſts in general to poſſeſs the
ſenſitive property in an eminent degree.
Our figure repreſents the general habit of a healthy plant,
with the expanſion of that part which poſſeſſes ſuch ex-
treme irritability, and which is ſo beſet with ſharp prickles
at the edge, as to reſemble a rat-jin or trap; if a fly
or other inſect comes within its margin, it cloſes on them
and holds them till they periſh ; a figure of one in that
ſtate being here repreſented.--Vid. Dr. Smith's Obſer-
vations on the Irritability of Plants.

ARU
will ni barot To att
til storemonyo on saada
on koos omalodones intod
mbarime ne vier
con la idea di analoto
od brott
Sidabrobota

COMPARED WITH ANIMALS.
35
Mountain Ebony, Wild Senna, African
Marigold, &c. are fo regular in folding up
their leaves before rainy weather, that they
ſeem to have a kind of inſtinct or foreſight
ſimilar to that of ants : young trees in a thick
foreſt, are found to incline themſelves to-
wards that part through which the light pe-
netrates, as plants are obſerved to do in a
darkened chamber towards a ſtream of light
let in through an orifice; and as the ears of
corn do towards the South. Whatever can
produce any effect upon an animal organ, as
the impact of external bodies, heat and cold,
the vapour of burning ſulphur, of volatile al-
kali, want of air, &c. are found to act alſo
upon the plants called ſenſitive: but not to
inſiſt upon any more inſtances, the muſcular
motions of the Dionæa Muſcipula, lately
brought into Europe from America, ſeem far
ſuperior in quickneſs to thoſe of a variety of
animals. Vide plate I.
Now to refer the muſcular motions of
C 2

36
LECTURE ON PLANTS,
ſhell-fiſh and zoophytes to an internal prin-
ciple of volition, to make them indicative of
the perception of the being, and to attribute
the more notable ones of vegetables to cer-
tain mechanical dilations and contractions of
parts occaſioned by external impulſe, is to
err againſt that rule of philoſophizing which
aſſigns the ſame cauſes for effects of the ſame
kind. The motions in both are equally ac-
commodated to the preſervation of the being
to which they belong, are equally diſtinct
and uniform, and ſhould be equally derived
from mechaniſm, or equally admitted as cri-
terions of perception.
Our author next produces inſtances from
the generation, nutrition, organization, life,
health, fickneſs, and death of plants, ſtill
further to prove the cloſe affinity betwixt
animals and vegetables, and to the perufal of
which we muſt refer our readers who wiſh
for more information on this curious ſubject;
leaving which, we proceed to the more im-
1

COMPARED WITH ANIMALS.
37
mediate object of our Lecture, which is to
point out to you the ſtructure of the ſeed,
and the manner in which it unfolds itſelf and
becomes a plant.

AMADO
o sitw.nooooo
bool sout
Babbon

DOR
SECTION III.
moon and more
nens
On Seeds.
THE feeds of vegetables may be con-
ſidered as analogous to, and with reſpect to
generation, anſwering the ſame purpofes as,
the eggs of animals; for by means of theſe
plants are chiefly propagated. Every feed
if perfect and properly impregnated, is capa-
ble, when placed in a proper ſituation, of
becoming a new plant fimilar to its parent.
We ſhall now point out to you its parti-
cular ſtructure while a feed, and the manner
in which it unfolds itſelf and becomes a plant.
Moſt feeds are compoſed of the ſame ef-
ſential parts, and the proceſs of vegetation is
fomewhat ſimilar in all; there are ſome
feeds however in which thoſe parts are more
obvious than in others, ſuch as the large

LECTURE
garden bean, and French bean, &c. In theſe
you will ſee all the parts very diſtinctly; and
when they are once pointed out, you will
readily acquire a clear idea of their ſtructure.
On diſſecting the garden bean, we find it
to conſiſt of the
ol
Hilum, or the eye.aucoin horoba
Cutis, or the huſk.is DOBO
CORCULUM, or Embryo of the future plant.
COTYLEDONS, or the lobes. Vide pl. 2.
hoogoro bms :
Beſides the cutis or huſk, ſome ſeeds are
furniſhed with an additional covering, which
Linnæus calls an arillus ; this is obſer-
vable in the Hounds-tongue, Ranunculus,
and other feeds: and moſt feeds have, in one
particular part of them, a ſmall foramen or
hole.
a sde lo bloqueo ou
iſt. The HILUM, or eye, is a mark in the
end or middle of the outer huſk of the feed,
and is a kind of cicatrix, formed by the
brust as bonitatorito ni ne ensolvda

ON SEEDS.
41
breaking off of the veſſels to which the feed
was connected, and which ſupplied it with
nouriſhment. In the large garden, or Wind-
for bean, it is placed at the end; in the
kidney or French bean, it is ſituated in the
middle.
2d. The Cutis, or huſk, which incloſes
and preſerves the Cotyledons and Corculum ;
this is evidently compoſed of two coats, and
is thicker round the hilum than in any other
part of it; on one ſide it has a duplicature
which incloſes the end of the radicle ; this
duplicature is very conſpicuous when the
bean is cut tranſverſely through the middle;
vide plate 2. omobivib imon
Juſt below where the point of the radicle
terminates, a ſmall foramen or hole is obſer-
vable in all thoſe ſeeds at leaſt which are of a
tolerable fize; it is ſo ſmall however in gene-
ral as to require the affiftance of a magnifying
glaſs: in the French bean it may be clearly

42
LECTURE
diſcovered betwixt the hilum and point of
the radicle, even by the naked eye. This
foramen is conſtant and uniform in its ap-
pearance, and does not ariſe from the break-
ing off of the ſtalk, which connected the ſeed
to the ſeed-vefſel. If at any time we are at
a loſs to find this foramen, ſoak the feed for
a few hours in water, and then on preſſing
it we ſhall ſee ſmall bubbles of air or water
iſſue from it.
3d. The CORCULUM, or Embryo. This
may be conſidered as the eſſence of the feed
or embryo of the future plant ; that part
which all the others ſerve only to defend and
nouriſh. It is divided into two parts, the
plume and radicle.
oledo
The plume is the upper part of the corcu-
lum; from its reſemblance to a feather, it
has been called by Grew the plume, by
Linnæus, plumula; it riſes upwards when
the feed begins to vegetate, and forms all

ON SEEDS.
43
that part of the plant which appears above
ground.
The radicle is the lower part of the cor-
culum, which deſcends and forms the root
of the plant. It has been called by Grew
and other writers, the radicle; by Linnæus,
it is called the roſtellum; but we prefer
Grew's name, as being more expreſſive, and
more eaſily retained in the memory; both
the plume and radicle are remarkably con-
ſpicuous in the French or kidney bean, the
plume exhibiting the future leaves and even
their fibres.
4th. The COTYLEDONS, or Lobes of the
ſeed, make up the fourth part; they form the
principal ſubſtance of the ſeed, incloſe, and
for ſome time afford nouriſhment, to the
corculum. In moſt plants they are two in
number, as in the large garden bean, pea, &c.
Some have one cotyledon only, as the graſſes,
and ſome few are ſaid to have ſeveral coty-

44
LECTURE
ledons, though in fact theſe appear to have
but two cotyledons, each of which is divided
into ſeveral parts, as in the creſs. Videpl. 3&4.
- oro
Plants whoſe ſeeds have one cotyledon
only, are called monocotyledons; when
they have two, dicotyledons; and when
ſeveral, polycotyledons.
gromadiod
Their ſubſtance is generally compoſed of
farinaceous matter, mixed with expreſſed or
eſſential oil, and that often in a very conſide-
rable proportion, as in almonds and aniſeeds;
the former by preſſure, the latter by diſtillation.
From the extremity of theſe cotyledons
ariſe a number of very minute veſſels, which
unite as they proceed towards the corculum,
into which they enter in two diſtinct bodies.
Being of the ſame colour as the other parts,
their ramifications are not viſible on the flat
ſurface of the cotyledons; we have a proof
of their exiſtence however by a tranſverſe

ON SEEDS.
45
ſection; this is the only proof we have of
their exiſtence, which indeed ſeems a fuffi-
cient one.
If the ſection be made at the
extremity of the lobe, you may diſcern ſome
very minute ſpecks; theſe, the nearer the
fection be made to the corculum, appear
larger and fewer in number, till at laſt they
ſeem to unite in one large branch, and enter
the corculum; their delicate ſtructure pre-
vents us altogether from unravelling them by
maceration, or filling them by injection. If
we examine a thin ſlice of a cotyledon with
a large magnifier, it appears to be made up
of a number of ſmall bladders.
Such then appears to be the ſtructure of
the cotyledons, the farinaceous matter of
which they are compoſed is the ſubſtance
which is in ſuch general uſe in all countries
for food; when ripe and dry, they are pretty
eaſily reduced to powder; the huſk being
of a different texture and more tough, is
ſeparated in the bolting and fifting, and forms
the bran.

40
LECTURE.
Having now examined the ſtructure of
the feed, and fhewn you all its component
parts, we come to take notice of the altera-
tions which it undergoes when placed in a
ſituation adapted to make it vegetate.
to da
detto i owo

SECTION IV.
aliw
boltooi
On Vegetation.
from
IN order that a feed ſhould vegetate and
produce a new plant, it is neceſſary in the
firſt place that it be impregnated ; ſecondly,
that it be placed in a certain degree of heat,
and ſupplied with a proper quantity of moiſ-
ture and air; theſe appear to be all that are
neceſſary to ſet the punctum vitæ, or principle
of life, in motion.
For the illuſtration of this ſubject we have
choſen the Pea and Radiſh, as the proceſs of
vegetation in moſt plants will be illuſtrated
by theſe. Vide pl. 5 & 6.

LECTURE
After a pea has been placed in moiſt earth,
in the ſummer time, for the ſpace of twelve
hours, the whole bulk of it is conſiderably
encreaſed, ſo as to make it take up twice the
ſpace it did before, and from its increaſed
weight as well as fize, it is evident it has ab-
forbed a quantity of water: this water muſt
have inſinuated itſelf either by the ſmall
foramen we before ſhewed you, or through
the coats of the feed. The radicle now be-
TODOS
comes more prominent and apparent ; in
Doubor
twenty-four hours more, the radicle has pene-
trated through the huſk, and paſſes downward
ONIC
into the earth; the plume ſoon afterwards
makes its way from betwixt the cotyledons,
s Do
where it lay incloſed, and riſes upwards.
Hitherto the corculum has received all its
S
nouriſhment from the cotyledons, it ſoon
however leaves theſe for a more durable pa-
rent, the earth. The radicle as it deſcends,
begins to throw out ſmall fibres, which in-
creaſe, and draw nouriſhment from the earth;
the plume riſes upwards and expands into
os

ON VEGETATION,
leaves, the cotyledons having afforded nou-
kiſhment to the corculum, till it is capable of
fhifting for itſelf, continues under ground
and rots. Vid. pl. 5.
Such is the progreſs of vegetation in the
pea and the feeds of the graſſes ; but in the
radiſh, and a great number of other ſeeds, a
very different proceſs takes place. The coty-
ledons, which in the pea periſhed under-
ground, and never appeared, in theſe are
converted into real leaves, a circumſtance
which pafles unnoticed by moſt people; and
did not daily obſervation prove it, we ſhould
ſcarcely be perſuaded to think, that the thick,
white, and ſolid ſubſtance of the cotyledons,
is converted into green leaves : Vid.pl.6. theſe
kind of leaves are called feminal leaves, and
are of a different ſhape in different plants;
their form however is little attended to,
though capable of affording very good marks
for diſtinguiſhing the ſpecies when other cha-
D

$0
LECTURE
racters are wanting. Vid.pl. 3. & 4. They are
always ſmooth, and of a different ſhape from
thoſe into which the plumule expands ;
in ſome plants they quickly go off, in others
they continue a long time, as in the radiſh.
It is while the plant is in this ſtate that it is
fo liable to be deſtroyed by inſects. Vid. pl. 7.
The cotyledon leaves being ſmooth, tender,
and ſweet, are eaten with great avidity by
many inſects, and whole fields of turnips in
this ſtate are frequently deſtroyed by a ſmall
beetle, not much larger than a pin's head;
if the plant is able to expand its plume, and
come into rough leaf, as the farmers call it,
they conſider the crop as ſafe.
Some have recommended foaking of the
feeds in bitter and faline infuſions previous to
their being ſown, in order to prevent the in-
fects from deſtroying them, but from the
alteration which the lobes undergo, fuppofing
them to be faturated with this infuſion before

ON VEGETATION.
51
they are converted into cotyledon leaves, the
effect of ſuch infuſions muſt be entirely de-
ſtroyed; it is to be feared that a remedy for
ſo deſtructive an evil can ſcarcely be found
from any management of the feed previous
to its being ſown, except where the egg of the
inſect is already contained in the ſeed, which
may ſometimes be the caſe.
BEN
It appears very evident, that during the
progreſs of vegetation in many feeds, a de-
gree of fermentation takes place, which con-
verts the cotyledons into fugar: in the ſeeds
of the graſſes this is very apparent.
outo
If we take a large heap of barley, foak it
in water, and afterwards ſpread it on the floor,
keeping it regularly turned over, that no
part of it may be more heated than the reſt,
in a day or two the radicle will ſhoot out at
one end, and ſhortly after the plumule will
appear at the other; if we take the barley in
this ſtate and dry it on a kiln, we ſhall con-
D 2

52
DE LECTURE
vert it into malt. And as a proof of its cotta
taining a greater quantity of ſugar than it
did before, we have only to taſte it. Such is
the theory of making malt; which is nothing
more than converting the cotyledons of the
barley into ſugar, by means of the fermen-
tation which takes place during the vegetation
of the feed.
no od omitomolye
This fermentation however cannot take
place in fo great a degree in all feeds; ſuch a
change in its elementary parts would be quite
incompatible with its appearing afterwards in
the form of leaves, which the cotyledons in
many feeds do, and which cannot therefore
have ſuffered ſo great an alteration in their
ſtructure.
Tots bas 1915w af
modi na
ovo Boots ligos di aniqe
Some feeds retain their vegetative powers
one
Bar
much longer than others; parſnip and many
other feeds will not vegetate if they have been
kept more than a year, while others, parti-
to both aids

ON VEGETATION.
53
cularly thoſe of the tetradynamia claſs, keep
a very great length of time without injury;
and there have been inſtances where feeds of
this kind have been dug up after having
been buried for a vaſt number of years, ſtill
retaining their vegetative property.
After feeds have been placed in a proper
ſituation, there is a great deal of difference
with reſpect to the time of their beginning
to vegetate; fome ſpring in a day or two, as
the graſſes, &c. others remain a year or two,
as the nuts in general.
Moiſture and inſects are very deſtructive
to feeds; whoever wiſhes either to keep or
ſend feeds to any diſtance, ſhould be careful
to ſecure them againſt theſe, Inſects will
eat into and deſtroy the corculum, and even
the cotyledons; and moiſture will occaſion a
fermentation to take place, which will deſtroy
D 3

54
LECTURE
its vegetative property, or make it vegetate
before its proper time.
If the feeds then be quite ripe, perfectly
dry, and wrapped up in paper, taking care
that no inſects be incloſed with them, ſuch a
proceſs it is preſumed will keep them in a
ſtate of vegetation as long as encloſing them
in wax, or any other tedious or formal pro-
ceſs whatever.
We ſhall finiſh this lecture by relating a
fact relative to the expanſive power of the
cotyledons mentioned by Dr. Haſſelquiſt, in
his Iter Paleſtinum.'
He informs us, that the inhabitants who
live near the banks of the river Nile, are fre-
quently viſited in the night by the hippopota-
mus, or river horſe, a very large animal,
which deſtroys and ravages their gardens and

ON VEGETATION.
55
fields ; in order to deſtroy this nightly viſitor,
they place a large quantity of peas near his
haunts, theſe he greedily devours, which
ſwelling in his ftomach, ſo diſtends it as to
kill him.

TORRO


Plate 2
2
...3
1--
4
-1
-3
4
3
2
1
Fig
. 2.
Fig.3.
Fig1.
1
2
1
2
131
3
3
Fig. 5.
Fig.6.
1
1--
Figh
2---
1---
- Tig. 9.
- T'ig.8.
Fig.10.
-- Fig.11.
1
Publish'd by S. Curtis, Elorist Walworth 1802 June 30.

PL AT E II.
ON SEEDS.
Fig. 1. A Garden Bean in a green ſtate. 1. The hilum, or
eye. 2. The footſtalk, or umbilical cord, by which it was
connected to the pod. 3. The footſtalk dilated, ſo as to
cover the hilum before their ſeparation. 4. The foramen
or aperture at the extremity of the hilum.
Fig. 2.-The ſame ſtripped of its huſk. 1. Part of the
radicle projecting beyond the cotyledons.
Fig. 3.-A Bean divided longitudinally down the middle.
1. The cutis or huſk. 2. One of the cotyledons within
the huſk. 3 and 4. The corculum in its natural ſituation.
Fig. 4.-The two cotyledons divided, with their veffels
ariſing from the exterior edge, and which, ramifying,
enter the corculum. I and 2. The plumule. 3.
The
radicle.
Fig. 5.--A tranſverſe ſection of a dry Bean, which ſhews how
the radicle in Fig. 3.-3. is ſurrounded by the duplicature
of the huſk. 1. The radicle.
2. The duplicature. 3.
The cotyledons.
Fig. 6.-The Hulk of Fig. 3, with the cotyledon and cor-
culum taken out of it. 1. Shews its greater thickneſs at
the hilum. 2. The duplicature in its anterior part.
Fig. 7.--One of the cotyledons of a Kidney Bean, with the
corculum. 1. In its natural ſituation.
Fig 8.-—The corculum of the Kidney Bean magnified; the
plumule 1. fhewing the veins of the future leaves.
2. The
radicle.
Fig. 9.-The Kidney Bean, in which the hilum 1. is ſituated
in the middle of the feed.
Fig. 10.-- The Kernel of a Filbert.
Fig. 11.-Half of the ſame, or one of the cotyledons in
which the corculum is ſituated at the point I.



Plate 3.
2....
...]
3....
ਤੋਂ ਪਰ
6
7
8
Y12
-77
10
9
Publish'd by S Gertis Florist Walworth Juły31, 1802

PLATE III.
ON SEED-LEAVES, &C.
This Plate is illuſtrative of the difference of the ſeminal
leaves in different plants; that is, the form which the
cotyledons of different ſeeds aſſume in the progreſs of
vegetation. Thus 1, which appears to have ſeveral cotyle-
dons, in fact has but two, each of which is cleft into
three parts, and placed on a foot talk. 2. Shews the ſame
kind of diviſion, but not ſo deeply cleft. 3. Is pinnated
into many leaflets.
4. Is more ſimple, the future leaves
becoming dentated. 5. Simple and future leaved trifidum.
6. Remarkably long. 7. The moſt ſimple, and generally
thick, as the kernels of many fruits. 8. Remarkably long
and flender. 9. Appears to have four cotyledons, but in
fact there are but two, each of which is ſlightly cleft and
grooved from the baſe to the
apex. 10, II, and 12, Are
very ſimple and minute; the radicle in theſe make a more
rapid advancement than the plume, till they begin to
throw out their future leaves.

20
ha
ce

1

Plate 4
Fig.2.
3.
Figit
4
Fig.3.
- 6
27
-- 6
グ ​7=
Fig.5.
.nl
Fig.4-.
8--
Publish'd by Blurts, Florist Walworth Tuly 31. 1802.

PLATE IV.
ON SEED-LEAVES, &C.
Fig. 1.-Shewing an inſtance of polycotyledons in the fir.
2. The radicle not yet beginning to put forth fibres.
Fig. 2.-3. The huſk of the feed leaving the cotyledons. 4.
The cotyledons now become ſeminal leaves.
radicle.
Fig. 3.-A Pea in the ſtate of vegetation, the plumule riſing
upward. 6. The feed which periſhes under ground. Vid.
5. The
Plate 5.
Fig. 4.-A Pea, which having vegetated, the plumule in
the ſtate of Fig. 3, was cut off 5. When it produced
another, 6.
Fig. 5.-Another Pea, whoſe plumule had been cut off,
produced two others, 7. The Pea, 8. From nine Peas
having their plumules cut off, five of them produced two
new ones each, and the other four, one each. Query
whether the two in general would be more productive
than the original one.

20
era
Long
ole

Plates
1--
--2
OXO
-3
4--
---5
9
---8
---6
12 --
10
9--
7---
--11
Publish'd by S.burtis, Florist, Walworth 1802 June 30


PL A TE V.
ON THE PROGRESS OF VEGETATION
IN THE PEA, &C.
1.-A Pea, which, having been placed in moiſt earth, is juſt
ready to vegetate.
2.--One of the cotyledons, with the corculum in its natural
ſituation.
3.-The cotyledons opened, ſhewing the corculum betwixt
them, and the manner in which it is connected to them.
4.--The radicle ſhooting downwards, being the firſt obvious
appearance of vegetation.
5.-The vegetation further advanced, the radicle having
ſhot down deeper, and beginning to put forth fibres, the
plumule riſing upwards, and juſt appearing above ground.
6.- The plumule further advanced.
7.-The radicle now beginning to puſh forth numerous
fibres.
8.-The plumule expanded into leaves.
9.-The Pea continuing under-ground, where the cotyledons
periſh.
10.-A Garden Bean in a ſtate of vegetation.
11.-The radicle putting forth fibres.
12.-The plumule expanding into leaves.

VITA
BOTA 10
Budyne en beloved mots-
FOR
Irati totoo athiwatoto sito no
i tamo on Demanabato ad
on os
bottom
stroido de bancok ebbe
to do someone
sibet ir bons mots
0
Seditor ad obzohet
rode blog
2 ro to editor
2-
concours
obrazbrod-11


Plate 6
-1
-3
O-
4-
5 -
--7
7
-8
9--
Publish'd by S. burtis, Elorist Walworth 1802 July 31.

PLATE VI.
ON THE PROGRESS OF VEGETATION
IN THE RADISH.
Fig. 1.-The radicle juſt breaking through the cutis or huſk.
Fig. 2.-The radicle puſhing downwards; the hulk burſt
ſo as to ſhew a little of the cotyledons.
Fig. 3.-The radicle further advanced, the hulk more opened,
and the cotyledons more viſible.
Fig. 4.—The hulk ready to drop off, the cotyledons ſtill
yellow, but beginning to aſſume the appearance of leaves.
Fig. 5.-The huſk dropped off, the cotyledons now more
like leaves, juſt riſing above ground.
Fig. 6.-The cotyledons in the form of green leaves, as they
firſt appear above ground, as yet without the appearance
of the plumule.
Fig. 7.-The cotyledons or feed leaves grown larger, with
the plumule 7, now conſiderably advanced, riſing up be
twixt them.
Fig. 8.-Wheat in a ſtate of vegetation, the radicle and
plumule ſpringing from the ſame end.
Fig. 9.-Barley in a ſtate of vegetation, the radicle and
plumule apparently ſpringing at oppoſite ends, though in
fact, the plumule only paffes along under the huſk.

as the
Simeo
sto


Plate 7
Α.
A
I--
Publish'd by S. Curtis. Elorist Walworth 1802 Apr 30.

P L A T E VII.
CONTINUATION OF THE PROGRESS OF VEGETATION
IN THE RADISH.
Fig. 1.--The cotyledons of the feed which are converted
into green leaves ſtill retained on the Radiſh at its full
growth; illuſtrating the difference between this and the
Pea, &c. in which the cotyledons periſh under ground.


SECTION V. amoy
On Seed-veſſels.
WE have already ſhewn you the ſtruc-
ture of the feed, and the manner in which it
vegetates; we come now to fhew you the
ſtructure of the veſſels, or caſes which contain
the ſeeds, and the ſeveral methods which
nature, in her wonderful economy, makes
uſe of in her diſtribution of them.
In ſome plants the feeds are not contained
within any kind of feed-veſſel, but fixed
to the end of the flower ſtalks, or receptacle,
as in Leontodon or Dandelion, where they
remain till ripe, and then drop off, or are

58
LECTURE
blown off by the wind, as in the umbellife-
rous plants, and thoſe of the claſs fyngeneſia.
In ſome plants the feeds have no other
feed-vefſels than what the calyx affords; in
the bottom of which they are contained, as
in the plants of the claſs and order didynamia
gymnoſpermia: here the calyx continues
without ſuffering any alteration, but in ſome
other plants the calyx expands when the
plant is in flower, and afterwards cloſes on
the ſeed, and ſecures it till ripe, as in the
Rumex or Dock.
But the ſeeds in the generality of plants
are incloſed within a pericarpium or feed-
veffel, which in different plants is variouſly
conſtructed, and according to its diverſity of
ftructure, acquires different appellations.
Linnæus enumerates eight different kinds,
viz.
CAPSULA, SILIQUA, LEGUMEN, FOLLI-

ON SEED-VESSELS.
39
CULUS, DRUPA, POMUM, Bacca, and
STROBILUS.
os
ift. CAPSULA.-The Capſule is the moſt
common kind of feed-veſſel, and is defined
to be a dry hollow feed-veſſel, which ſplits or
opens in ſome determinate manner.
A Capſule conſiſts of ſeveral different parts,
each of the pieces into which a feed-veſſel
ſplits or divides, is called a valve ; if it ſplit
into two, it is called bivalvis ; into three, tri-
valvis, and ſo on.
The cavity of the capſule is called locula-
mentum. If a capſule conſiſt of one cavity
or cell, it is called unilocularis, one-celled;
of two, bilocularis, two-celled; of three, trilo-
cularis, three-celled; and ſo on. Vid. Plate 8.
A Capſule conſiſting of three cells, each
of which has in it a ſingle ſeed, is called
Capſula Tricocca.

60
2. LECTURE O
Capſules differ much with reſpect to the
manner in which they open; they generally
ſplit into as many pieces or valves, as they
have cavities; if they have only one cavity,
it opens for the moſt part at top, as in the
Lychnis, Poppy, and Ceraſtium; fometimes
at the ſides, as in the Caltha; fometimes at
the bottom, as in the Campanula; in ſome
few the Capſule divides horizontally near the
middle, as in the Pimpernel; this kind of
Capſule is called Circumfciffa. In ſome kinds
of Capſules the valves are endowed with an
elaſtic quality, by which means the feeds are
thrown to a conſiderable diſtance, as in the
Impatiens Noli me tangere.
Capſules differ exceedingly with reſpect to.
their form, as well as their furface, thus we
find them round, oval, long, three cornered,
jointed, &c.; fome ſmooth, others prickly;
remarkable inſtances of this occur in the
poppy, the ſpecies of which are chiefly diſtin-

ON SEED-VESSELS.
61
guiſhed by the ſmoothneſs or roughneſs of
the capſules
2d. SILIQUA is a feed-veſſel having two
valves, in which the ſeeds are fixed to both
futures.
3d. LEGUMEN, a feed-veffel of two valves,
in which the ſeeds are fixed to one future
only.
4th. FOLLICULUS, a feed-veffel of one
valve, opening from top to bottom on one
fide, the feeds being attached to a receptacle
within it, not to any future.
of sale
sth. DRUPA, a feed-vefſel which is fuccu-
lent or pulpy, having no external opening or
valve, containing within its ſubſtance a ſtone
or nut.
6th. POMUM, a fleſhy feed-veffel, without

62
LECTURE
any external opening or valve, containing
within its ſubſtance a capſule. olul
7th. BACCA, a pulpy feed-veſſel, con-
taining within its ſubſtance a number of naked
feeds.
8th. STROBILUS, or Cone, a fpecies of
feed-veffel compoſed of woody ſcales, within
which lie the feeds.
Such then are the different kinds of ſeed-
veſſels; we ſhall now make a few remarks
on the ſeeds.
With reſpect to number, plants are either
furniſhed with one ſeed to each flower, as in
Biſtort, Dock, &c. With two, as in the um-
belliferous plants; three, as in Euphorbia;
four, as in the Didynamous plants; nume-
rous, as in the Poppy. The fertility of ſome
plants with reſpect to their number of ſeeds,

ON SEED.VESSELS.
63
is truly aſtoniſhing. Inſtances of this kind
are afforded in the Poppy, Tobacco, Orchis,
Ferns, and Moſſes. Nilog bre droom vil
50501i ols
Mr. Ray, from experiments made by him-
ſelf, eſtimates the annual produce of the ſeeds
of a ſingle leaf of the ſpleen-wort to be up-
wards of a million.
The form of the ſeeds, as well as of the
feed-veſſels, is extremely various, the appear-
ance of ſome exceedingly curious and beau-
tiful; the feeds of moſt of the compound
flowers are furniſhed with a pappus or down,
when this is placed immediately on the crown
of the ſeed, it is called Sefilis ; when placed
on a footſtalk, Nipitatus; when the pappus
conſiſts of ſimple rays, it is called ſimplex,
as in Sowthiſtle; when branched or feathered
as in Goat's-beard, plumosus; this is evidently
intended for their diſſemination ; others are
furniſhed with little hooks, as in the genus

64
LECTURE
Caucalus; ſome have their ſurfaces reticu-
lated like a honey-comb; ſome are per-
fectly ſmooth and poliſhed; ſome glofly, as
if varniſhed, as the Biſtort; others deeply
grooved; ſome perfectly round; others
kidney-ſhaped; others flat; others three
cornered; fome furniſhed with wings, as
the Maple, and ſome of the umbelliferous
plants; in ſhort the feeds afford a large field
of contemplation for the philoſophic botaniſt.
-
quoy bomsuzo al alonov.br
The great variety of ways which nature
has provided for their diſſemination, is no
leſs worthy of our notice; ſome are carried
along by rivers and torrents, and frequently
conveyed many hundred miles from their
native foil, and though into very different cli-
mates to thoſe which gave them birth, yet
to which by degrees they become familiarized.
Thoſe that are carried by the wind are
either winged, as in Birch, and ſome of the
umbelliferous plants, or furniſhed with a

SEED-VESSELS.
65
pappus or down, which we have ſhewn you,
as in dandelion, goats-beard, and valerian.
Some ſeeds are placed within a winged calyx,
as in ſcabious, or contained within an inflated
ſeed-veſſel, as in bladder-ſenna. Some birds
ſwallow the feeds and afterwards void them
entire, frequently on trees, where they grow,
as in miſletoe; ſome attach themſelves to
animals by means of little hooks, which are
either fixed to the feeds themſelves, as in
clivers, or make a part of the calyx, as in
burdock. Some are thrown out of the
feed-veſſels, by means of the elaſticity
of the valves, as impatiens; others by an
elaſtic ſubſtance immediately ſurrounding the
feed, as wood-forrel, or by an elaſtic ring
ſurrounding the capſula, as in the ferns.
In ſhort, the various means which nature
makes uſe of in their diſſemination, ſhew
how ſolicitous ſhe has been for preſerving
the ſpecies.
E

-
modo


Plate 8
Fig1.
Fra 1
VOCO
Fig.3.
Fig.2.
Frg 4
Fig..
Fig.5.
syd Edwards del. Pub, by S. Curtis Florist Walworth May 31.1802, F?Sonjom sculp.

P L A T E VIII.
PERICARPIU M.
CAPSULA.
Fig. 1.-Unilocularis, having but one cell.
Fig. 2.--Bilocularis, having two cells.
Fig. 3.-Trilocularis, having three cells,
Fig. 4.-Quatrilocularis, having four cells.
Fig. 5.--Sexlocularis, having fix cells.
Fig. 6.-Multilocularis, having many cells

to bom
toga da
Basiekool


Plate 9
Fig. 2.
Fig. 1.
Fig.3.
Syd Edwards del Pub. by, S. Curtis, Florist Walworth Aug.31.1902. E. Sanſom sulp.

PLATE IX.
PER I CARPIU M.
Fig. 1. Pericarpium Folliculus, a ſeed-veſſel of one valve,
opening from top to bottom on one ſide, the feeds being
attached to a receptacle within it, not to any ſuture.
Fig. 2.-A feed magnified.
Example.
Aſclepias Synaca.
Fig. 3.-Pericarpium Pomum; a fleſhy feed-vefſel without
any external opening or valve, containing within its
ſubſtance a capſule.
Fig. 4.-A feed from the ſame.
Examples
Apple.

DA


Plate 10
Fig. 1.
Fig. 4
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
0
Syd Edwards del
Pub. by. S. Curtis Florist Walworth Apr 30.1802,
F Sanſom sculp.

PLATE X.
PERICARPIU M.
Fig. 1.-Pericarpium Drupa; a feed-vefſel which is ſuccu-
lent or pulpy, having no external opening or valve,
containing within its ſubſtance a ſtone or nut, as in
Fig. 2. A tranſverſe ſection of the ſame, Fig. 3.
Example.
Cherry
Fig. 4.--Pericarpium Legumen; a feed-vefſel in which
the ſeeds are fixed to one future only.
Example
Pea.

ITAL
orginal
intuitos
st
Jisoo
Lab


Plate 11
Fig. 1.
Fig.2.
Fig. 3.
Fig.4
Fig.5.
Syd Edmande del
Pub. b Scurtir, Florist Walworth Aug 311802.
F soncm sulp

PLATE XI.
PERICA R P I U M.
Fig. 1.-Pericarpium Bacca; a pulpy feed-veſſel, con-
taining within its ſubſtance a number of naked ſeeds.
Fig, 2.--A whole feed-vefſel of the fame.
Example.
Gooſeberry.
Fig. 3.-Pericarpium Strobilus, a cone; a ſpecies of feed-
veſſel compoſed of woody ſcales, between which lie the
feeds.
Example.
Fir Cone.
Fig. 4.--Pericarpium Siliqua; a feed-vefſel having two
valves, in which the feeds are fixed to both futures.
Fig. 5.-The fame opened to fhew the feeds.
Example
Wall Flower.

Teacher

SECTION VI.
ohn
do bodo bodo
od
On Roots.
HAVING given you an idea of the feeds,
the veſſels which incloſe them, and the proceſs
by which vegetation forms the future plant,
in the next place we ſhall begin at the Root,
and trace the plant to its full growth.
The root is generally underſtood to be that
part of the plant which is under-ground, and
which draws forth nouriſhment from the
earth neceſſary for the exiſtence of the plant.
Linnæus, in treating on roots, conſiders
all that lies below the branches, roots, and
terms the ſtem the aſcending caudex; how far
E 2

68
LECTURE
it may be proper to adopt the ſame plan we
ſhall leave, but to illuſtrate the intention of
theſe lectures we ſhall be much better under-
ſtood, and the ſcience more ſimplified, in
adhering to the moſt general acceptation of
the word. The body of the root, or that
which lies below the ſurface of the earth, he
terms the deſcending caudex, the fibrous part
of the root is termed the Radicula, which
imbibes the nouriſhment from the earth for
the ſupport of the whole plant.
The root, like the ſtalk, conſiſts of Cortex,
the outer covering of all; Liber, the inner
bark; Lignum, the wood ; and Medulla, the
Pith.-Vid. Seet. 7. on Stalks.
The root in duration is Annua, annual, living
but one year; Biennis, biennial, a root which
continues to vegetate two years; or Perennis,
perennial, continuing ſeveral years.
Roots in figure are various, and from their

ON ROOTS.
69
different ſhape acquire different appellations,
as fibroſa, premorſa, granulata, tunicata, fuſi-
formis, fubrotunda, tuberoſa, ſolida, ſqua-
moſa, &c. for an illuſtration of which, vide
plates annexed.
A knowledge of roots is very neceſſary,
not only to the gardiner, but alſo to the agri-
culturiſt, and from the extenſive uſe they are
of in medicine, the medical ſtudent will
always do well in examining plants, to exa-
mine their roots likewiſe, as he may have
opportunities of detecting wrong ones amongſt
thoſe he may have occaſion to uſe; neverthe-
leſs it is not from the root in general that we
are to decide on its utility, either in medi-
cine or for culinary uſes, the parts of fructi-
fication being in general the moſt certain
criterions.
Thus we find that moſt of the night-ſhades
are more or leſs poiſonous, and even potatoes
are not perfectly free from this quality,

70
LECTURE
although they contain it in fo flight a degree
as not to be prejudicial to the conſtitution;
quere, whether ſuch as grow on the top of
the ground, or rather ſwell to the ſurface, and
by expoſure to the light and air become
green, which green colour is not ſuperficial,
but goes conſiderably into the potatoe, are
not more fo than the others? They have
an acrid or rather a copperas taſte, acquired
by expoſure to the air: ſome of the other
night-ſhades are exceedingly poiſonous, and
if taken in any conſiderable quantities pro-
duce delirium, and even death.
Plants of the clafs Hexandria, have many
of them roots of a very pungent and acri-
monious taſte, which are nevertheleſs whole-
ſome and agreeable when roaſted or boiled,
as onion, &c. The roots of the martagon
and tulip are alſo eaten in ſome parts as
common food.

ON ROOTS.
71
Roots of plants of the claſs Didynamia
Gymnoſpermia, are ſeldom or never uſed
either in medicine or economical purpoſes ;
plants of tetradynamia clafs are ſome of them
very acrid, as horſe-radiſh, but no plant in
the whole claſs is poiſonous, nor is there in
the roots of plants of the claſs and order
monadelphia polyandria, but on the contrary
they are emollient and lubricating, inſtances
of which are afforded in both the common
and marſh mallows; the ſame quality of
obtunding acrimony is obſervable not only
in the root, but in every other part of the
plant.
In fact, till the claſs and order of a plant
or root can be aſcertained by its fructifi-
cation, the ſmell or taſte ſhould not quite
be depended upon, although they are the
moſt natural criterions, thus a horſe will graze
with ſafety amidſt noxious and falutary plants,
and ſhould he meet with the phellandrium
aquaticum, or common water hemlock, he

72
LECTURE
will, by his ſmell or taſte, avoid it as poiſon-
ous, while a cow, to whoſe ſenſe of ſmell
and taſte it is agreeable, will eat it, and to her
it proves wholeſome. This ſhews that what is
falutary to one ſet of our organs, either thoſe
of ſmelling or taſting, may be fo to the reſt
ร
ſtill new things that have not been aſcer-
tained, are not to be truſted to too 'great an
extent at firſt, but tried with caution, for
want of which practitioners in medicine have
ſometimes erred, to the danger of the lives
of their patients; this may happen from a too
great eagerneſs to bring in plants to the aid
of medicine from amongſt the moſt powerful
and poiſonous ones, which certainly requires
the greateſt caution and ſkill of the moſt able
of the faculty. The determining of plants
by the ſmell or taſte, whether they are
noxious or falutary, opens at once an exten-
five field of contemplation and wonder for
man to ſee the goodneſs of a fuperior Being
to every part of his creation, and ſhews why
one herb was made more noxious than

Ο Ν ROO TS.
73
another to the fame animal, for if all were
falutary alike, one animal would deprive
another of ſubſiſtence; whereas at preſent
they muſt not eat of thoſe which do not
accord with their ſenſe of ſmelling or taſting,
on pain of ſickneſs, or perhaps death.



Plate 12.
2
1
Syd Edwards del
Rubby Curtis Florist Walworth July 31 1802. F. Sanſom sculp.

PLATE XII.
ON ROOTS.
Fig. 1.-Radix Fibrous, a root which has no folid body,
but is made up entirely of thread-like fibres.
Example.
Common Groundſel.
Fig. 2.-Radix Præmorſa; a root which does not run
tapering to its extremity, but appears bitten off.
Example.
Plantain.

Door
bond
ob 2009
dan


Plate 13
Fig.1.
Fig. 2
Fig.3.
Syd Edwards del Pub by S.Curtis Florist Walworth May 311802 F Sanfòm souly

PLATE XIII.
ON ROQT S.
Fig. 1.-Radix Tunicatus; a tranſverſe ſection of a root
conſiſting of many coats, each forming a concentric
layer, oppoſed to ſquamoſa, which fee.
Fig. 2.--The whole bulb.
Example.
Onion.
Fig. 3.--Radix Granulata; a granulated root, conſiſting
of ſmall knobs attached to the root by ſmall fibres, ſame
as aggregata.
Example
Saxifraga Granulata.

b


Plate 14
1
2
Syd. Edwards del
Pub. by S.Curtis Florist Walworth Apr:301802)
F. Sanſom sculo

PLATE XIV.
ON ROOT S.
Fig. 1. Radix Subrotunda; a root which is nearly round.
Example
Turnip.
Fig. 2.--Radix Fuſiformis; a root which tapers down-
wards to a point, ſpindle-ſhaped.
Example
Carrot.

Chou


Plate 15x
Spd. Edwards del. Pub. by S.Curtis Florist Walworth Aug.311802. F.Sanſom sculp,

PLATE XV.
ON ROOT S.
This, though apparently fibrous, is fuſiform when older,
furniſhed with but few fibres; the ſtalks running on the
ſurface of the ground, take root at the joints, by which
method the plants increaſe, but widely differ from the
Radix Repens, which ſee.
Example.
Potentilla Reptans.

rin


Plate 16
1
e
2
Sod Edwards del. Pubby S Curtis Florist Walworth June 30.1802. Sanfon sculp.

PLATE
XVI.
ON ROOT S.
Fig. 1.-Radix Dentata ; a root having many tooth-like
knobs, differing from granulata in the ſhape of the
knobs, and not being attached to the body of the root
by means of a fibre as it is.
Example.
Primulæ.
Fig. 2.--Rad. Repens, a creeping root, extending hori-
zontally under ground, and ſending forth ſhoots from the
joints; ſome roots have ſuch progreſſive power, as to
pierce any ſubſtance fofter than wood, and will
go
through a potatoe, or Jeruſalem artichoke; the outline
of one in that ſtate being here repreſented.
Example
Couch Graſs.



Plate 16 X
Sgd. Edwards del. Pub. by S. Curtis Florist Walworth Aug. 31.1802. E. Sanjom sculp

PLATE XVI.
ON ROOT S.
Radix Tuberoſa; a root conſiſting of fubrotund bodies,
collected into a bundle, from Tuber, a knob or knobbed
root; of theſe there are three kinds, viz. palmata, faf-
ciculata and pendula.
Palmata, when it ſpreads in ſuch a manner as to reſemble
a hand.
Faſciculata, when a quantity of tubera or knobs are col-
lected into a bundle.
Pendula, a ſpecies of tuberoſa, where the knobs hang
down.
Example.
Peony.



Plate 174
Fig.1.
Fig. 2.
Fig.3.
> 께
​Syd. Edwards del Pub. by S. Curts, Florist Walworth May. 31. 1802.
F. Sanſom sculp

PLATE XVII.
ON ROOTS.
Fig 1.-Radix Solidus; a root which is folid, and not
diſpoſed in ſcales as in ſquamoſa, or in lamina as in
tunicata.
Fig. 2.- The whole bulb of the fame.
Fig. 3.-Radix Squamoſa; a ſcaly root, a ſpecies of
bulbofa, which is compoſed of ſcales lying over each
other.
Example
Lilium,


SECTION VII.
On Stalks.
THE ſeveral parts into which the plu-
mule expands itſelf, are much more numerous
than thoſe into which the root divides, or
in other words, there is a much more con-
ſiderable apparatus for encreaſing a plant by
its feeds than its roots.
In annual roots, ſtrictly ſo called, the ap-
paratus is extremely ſimple, conſiſting of
nothing more than the fibres neceſſary to
draw forth nouriſhment from the earth ; but
in many perennial roots, a proviſion is not
only made for the preſent growth of the
plant, but alſo for its future increaſe, and this

76
LECTURE
is effected by the production of bulbs, or
tubera, which contain in them one or more
embryos, or future plants ; thus we compare
a potatoe to a large ſeed, having many corcula
or embryos, which like real ſeed, require
only to be placed in a proper ſituation to
make them vegetate.-Vid. plate 18. *
Annual plants are generally much quicker
in producing their feeds than perennials, in-
deed perennial plants, in certain ſituations,
produce no ſeeds at all; thus many of the
graffes, when growing on the tops of very
high mountains, where cold and moiſture
predominate, become viviparous, that is, the
panicle inſtead of producing ſeeds, throws out
ſhoots of graſs, which from their weight
falling to the ground, ſtrike root, and ſo the
plant is increaſed.---Vid. plate 19. *
Such graſſes on being introduced into the
garden, are apt in a few years to loſe their
viviparous quality, or a plant may be intro-

ON
77
S T A L K S.
duced into a climate where the winter may
ſet in ſo ſoon as to prevent it from ſeeding,
which is exactly the caſe with the Jeruſalem
artichoke, and many of the afters, and which
conſequently never produce feeds with us,
yet there are few plants in a garden which
increaſe by their roots to the fame degree.
It often happens indeed, where nature has
given great powers of increaſe to the root of
a plant, ſhe has not been fo folicitous about
its perfecting its feeds, as in the butterbur,
&c. There are ſome inſtances, but thoſe
indeed are very rare, in which plants appear
to be all root, if roots they may be called, as
in the lycoperdon, tuber or truffle, which
never produce any thing like either ftalk or
leaf, and which therefore affording no certain
marks of diſcovery, are hunted up by dogs
bred up to the buſineſs.
But for the moſt part the roots throw up a
ſtalk which finally produces both flower and
fruit. We find by experience that the root

78
LECTURE
and the herb reciprocally affift each other.
If we cut down the ſtalk of a perennial plant,
it will generally throw out new ones, but by
continuing the operation the root is ultimately
deſtroyed, for the root can no more exiſt
without the herb, than the herb can without
the root, yet there are ſome plants which are
not ſo ſoon deſtroyed by this operation as
others.
In ſpeaking of the vegetation of the feed,
we obſerved that the corculum as it unfolded,
produced the radicle and plumule, that the
radicle ſhooting downward, became the root,
while the plumule riſing upward, became the
ftalk. It is in this way that the ſtalk is pri-
marily produced, and continues to be pro-
duced in annual plants. In herbaceous peren-
nial plants, where the ſtalk yearly decays, the
root annually throws up a new one, the ſtalk
therefore may originate either from a feed or
from a root.
song

ON
79
STA L-KS.
The ſtalk in its ſtructure, is very ſimilar
to the root, ſo much fo indeed, that Linnæus
has conſidered the ſtalk as a root above
ground; without entering very minutely into
its ſtructure, we find it to conſiſt of the
CORTEX, or outer bark, covered by its
cuticle, a continuation of which forms the
future calyx.
Liber, or inner bark, a continuation of
which forms the corrolla.
ALBURNUM or fap, a ſoft white ſubſtance
found between the liber or inner bark, and the
wood, and which in proceſs of time, requiring
folidity, becomes the wood itſelf; to the gene-
ration of this fubftance, the tree is ſuppoſed
to owe its annual increaſe.
LIGNUM, the wood in the centre of which
is the Medulla, or pith.

80
LECTURE,
The Medulla is largeſt in the young ſhoots
of trees; as the trees grow old it diſappears
entirely, Elder is well known to have a large
quantity of medulla; elm, oak, pear, and
apple, have ſcarcely any; guaiacum, ebony,
and iron wood, none at all.
Though the ſtructure of plants is difficult
to unravel, yet experiments made by divers
perfons prove that they are chiefly compoſed
of tubes and cells, which are infinitely various,
fome of theſe tubes convey air, and theſe
have often been found to aſſume a ſpiral form,
others the fap, and others the proper juices
of the plant, which is often coloured; in the
ſpurge we find it white, as well as in many
of thoſe plants which have compound flowers,
as lettuce, dandelion, &c. and which from this
circumſtance, have been called lacteſcent: in
the celandine it is yellow. The veſſels of
plants do not appear to have the ſame kind
of ſtructure as the blood-veſſels of animals,

ON
81
S T A L K S.
but go on in a more ſtraight direction, and
uſually terminate in a cell or cavity; but
though they have not the ſame communi-
cation as veins and arteries, yet it is evident
they have ſome kind of communication, for
if we cut a notch in a ftem more than half
way 'through, and a little way up on the
oppoſite ſide cut another notch equally deep,
the circulation will nevertheleſs be carried on
through that ſtem.
Stalks vary much in their mander of growth,
and frequently form exceeding good ſpecific
characters.
Linnæus enumerates four kinds of ſtalks,
viz. CAULIS, CULMUS, SCAPUs, and
STIPES.
CAULIS, is that kind of ſtalk which ſup-
ports both the fructification and leaves, and
is common to plants in general.
F

82
LECTURE
CULMUS, or Straw, a kind of ſtalk peculiar
to the graſſes.
SCAPUs, a kind of ſtalk which ſupports
the fructification, but not the leaves.
Stipes, a kind of ſtalk peculiar to the
fungi. It is alſo uſed by Linnæus to ſignify
the ſtalk of the ferns. Stalks, according to
their durability, acquire different names;
thus when it dies down to the root yearly,
it is called berbaceous; whether it be from an
annual or perennial root. If it continues
through the winter, and produces buds, it is
called fruticoſus, or arboreus, fhrubby, or
woody, for they appear to differ in ſize only.
Stalks vary alſo in a variety of other par-
ticulars, all of which are enumerated and de-
fcribed by Linnæus; we ſhall point out to
you
ſome of the moſt remarkable, or ſuch as
moſt frequently occur.
ACULEATUS; beſet with ſharp prickles,
as in Sweet Briar.

ON STA L K S.
83
ANCEPS; two-edged, forming two angles
oppoſite each other, as in Siſyrinchium.
ANGULATUS; angulated, as in Conval-
laria Polygonum.
COMPRESSUS; compreſſed on oppoſite
ſides, the tranſverſe ſection forming an ellipſis,
as in the Poa Compreſſa.
ERECTUS; erect, upright, perpendicular.
FISTULOSUS; tubular, a hollow ſtem, as
in Hemlock.
FOLIOSUS; covered with leaves, as in
Lily, Gladiolus.
HISPIDUS; covered with briſtles or
prickles, which are only ſuperficially rooted,
ſo as to ſtrip off with the rind, as in Bryony.
INANIS; fpungy or pithy, neither folid
nor tubular, as in Bella Donna.
NUDUS; naked, without leaves or branches,
as in Cowſlip.
PROCUMBENS; lying horizontally along
the ground, but not ſhooting out radiculæ
F2

84
LECTURE
from the joints, as in Repens; Convolvulus;
Soldanella.
PUBESCENS; downy, hairy, as in Deadly
Nightſhade.
RAMOSISSIMUS; abounding with branches
irregularly diſpoſed.
RAMOSUS; having many branches, but
not in ſo great an abundance as the former.
The branches of the ſtalk are called rami,
theſe uſually have the ſame ſtructure as the
ſtalk itſelf, and vary very much in point of
number, direction, and other circumſtances
unneceſſary to dwell on.
REPENS; creeping horizontally along the
ground, and fending forth radiculæ at the
joints, as in Potentilla Reptans.
SARMENTOSUS; a creeping ſtalk almoſt
naked, producing leaves at the joints, as in
the Vine.
SCANDENS; climbing as in Bryony.
SIMPLEX; a ſimple ftem, not dividing,
but continuing a ſingle ſtem up to its apex.

Ο Ν
85
S T A L K S.
SOLIDUS; a ſolid ftem, oppoſed to Inanis,
and Fiſtulous, as in Aſparagus.
SPINOSUS; having ſtrong woody prickles
proceeding from the lignous part of the ftem,
as in Hawthorn.
STRIATUS; grooved, or fuperficially
channelled, as in Scandix Corofolia.
SULCATUS; deeply grooved or channel-
led, as in Oenanthe Crocaliti.
TERES; cylindrical.
TETRAGONUS; four-cornered, as in Mo-
narda.
TRIGONUS; three-cornered, as in Scirpus
Mant.
URENS; ſtinging, as in nettle.
VOLUBILIS ; turning up a pole or ftem
of another plant in a ſpiral form, as in Hop-



Plate 18 X
Publish'a by Curtis Plotist Walworth June 30.

PLATE XVIII.
XVIII. *
ON ROOT S.
Shewing a ſpecies of the Radix Tuberoſa, which is pen-
dulous, and to illuſtrate a way by which roots are
encreaſed, viz. by the roots, as theſe are well known to
poffefs that quality in an eminent degree.
Example
Potatoe.
N



Plate 19 x
Fig. 1.
1
Fig. 2
7
1
Fig.3.
Fig.5.
Fig.4.
<hyd Edwards det Pub by, s.Curtis Florist Walworth Dec,31.1802 E. S'infom sculp

PLATE XIX. X
ON ROOT S.
Fig. 1.--Part of a ſtalk of Creeping Crow-foot, ſhewing
a mode of increaſing plants, viz. by roots ſpringing
from the ſtalk. I.
Fig. 2.--Another mode of increaſing plants, viz. by bulbs
forming in the alce of the leaves, as in pilewort. 1.
Fig. 3.-Shews bulbs formed in the head of a plant of
the onion tribe, whereby the plant is increaſed. 1.
Fig. 4.-A leaf of the Cuckow flower, in which the mid-
rib has thrown out roots.
Fig. 5.- Part of a flowering branch of the Sheep's Feſcue
Grafs, become viviparous, viz. throwing out ſhoots of
graſs where the feed ſhould be formed, which falling
on the ground take root.
.


SECTION VIII.
On Leaves.
WE come in the next place to give you a
general idea of the ſtructure of leaves, and to
point out to you the principle different kinds
as they are botanically conſidered.
Leaves are defined to be fibrous and cellu-
lar procefſeſs of plants, which are of various
figures, but generally extended, with a flat,
membranous, or ſkinny ſubſtance.
In their ſtructure they conſiderably re-
ſemble the ſtalk, and hence they may in ſome
degree be conſidered as a ſtalk flattened.

88
LECTURE
The generality of leaves are obviouſly
compoſed of, iſt, The lignous, or woody
ſubſtance, diſtributed in innumerable ramifi-
cations through the middle of the leaf, and
which gives it firmneſs and durability. 2d.
The parenchyma, fleſhy or pulpy ſubſtance,
placed on each ſide of, and in the interſtices
of the woody net-work, forming the prin-
ciple fubftance, and giving to the leaf its
green colour; this ſubſtance, which is very
tender, from its cellular ſtructure, is quickly
deſtroyed by maceration, leaving the woody
ſubſtance or ſkeleton of the leaf behind.
Theſe two parts are covered on each ſide
by a membrane or ſkin, which is conſide-
rably tougher than the parenchyma, and not
ſo foon deſtroyed by maceration.
Infects frequently deſtroy one of the ſkins
of the leaf, generally the under one, as being
the moſt tender, together with the paren-

ON LE A V E S.
89
chyma, leaving the woody ramifications and
upper ſkin entire; and ſometimes in herba-
ceous plants, where the woody ramifications
are tender, a ſmall caterpiller or grub, hatched
from an egg depoſited by a fly, between the
two coats, will deſtroy both the woody and
parenchymateous ſubſtances, leaving the two
ſkins colourleſs.
The ſkeletons of leaves, made by mace-
ration, are uſually exhibited by Lecturers on
Anatomy; the beſt we have ſeen were in the
muſeum of the late Sir Aſhton Lever; they
appear to have been made with extraordinary
care.
To ſucceed in making preparations of this
kind, we ſhould ſelect ſuch leaves as are of a
firm woody texture, as Holly, Pear, Tulip
Tree, Poplar, Ivy, Eryngo, &c. and fuch
leaves for this purpoſe are beſt gathered in
autumn, when they have acquired their

90
LECTURE
greateſt firmneſs. They are to be macerated
in water till you find the parenchymateous
ſubſtance in a diffolved ſtate; the ſkin on each
fide of the leaf is then to be very cautiouſly
ſeparated. Skeletons of the leaves of Poplar,
and Eryngo, are frequently found in gardens
in the autumn, ready made; as are remark-
ably perfect ſkeletons of the ſeed-veſſel of the
winter Cherry, made in the ſame manner by
expoſure to the winds and rain.
Leaves appear to be the organs of perſpi-
ration and inſpiration in plants.
The woody net-work we have been ſpeak-
ing of, is covered, as we have ſhewn you,
with a cuticle, which appears to be a conti-
nuation of the ſkin of the ſtalk; on the
underſide of the leaf it appears to be furniſhed
with a great number of abſorbent veſſels,
deſtined to imbibe the humidity of the air.
The upper ſurface turned towards the ſky,

ON
1
LE A V E S.
ſerves as a defence to the lower; and this
diſpoſition is fo eſſential to the vegetable eco-
nomy, that if a branch be overturned in ſuch
a manner as to deſtroy the natural direction
of the leaves, they will of themſelves in a very
ſhort time, reaſſume their former poſition,
and that as often as the branch is thus over-
turned.
+
Leaves, then, are uſeful and neceſſary or-
gans; trees periſh when totally diveſted of
them. In general, plants ſtripped of any of
their leaves, cannot ſhoot vigorouſly; witneſs
thoſe which have undergone the depredation
of infects: witneſs likewiſe the very common
practice of ſtripping off ſome of the leaves
from plants, when we would diminiſh their
growth, or leſſen the number of their ſhoots.
When vegetation ceaſes, the organs of per-
fpiration and inſpiration become fuperfluous;
plants therefore, at leaſt in this country, are

92
LECTURE
not always adorned with leaves; they produce
new ones every year, and every year the
greater part are totally diveſted of them, and
remain naked during the winter.
As the different kinds of ſtalks afford many
excellent characters to diſtinguiſh plants, ſo
the leaves being more variouſly diverſified,
afford a ftill greater number, and hence are
diſtinguiſhed by a great diverſity of names.
Leaves are primarily diſtinguiſhed into ſimple
and compound.
A ſimple leaf is ſuch whoſe footſtalk is
terminated by a ſingle expanſion, and theſe
according to a variety of circumſtances, aſſume
different names, viz.
ACINACIFORME; fcymeter ſhaped, im-
plying ſubſtance, one edge of the leaf being
convex and ſharp, the other ſtraight and
thicker, as in the Meſemb Acinaciforme.

ON LE A V E S.
93
ACEROSUM; leaves ſurrounded at the baſe
by chaffy ſquamæ, linear and abiding till the
fruit, &c. is ripe, as in Juniperus.
ACULEATUM; beſet with prickly hairs
or briſtles, as in After Tenellus.
ACUMINATUM; Terminating in a long
tapering point, as in Camilla Japonica.
ACUTUM; differing from Acuminatum in
not extending itſelf into a fubulated point,
but terminating in an acute angle, as in
Lamium Album.
ADNATUM; growing cloſe to the ſtem,
as in Melianthus.
ADVERSUM; turning towards the South,
as in Amomum.
AGGREGATA; fo regularly compoſed that
a leaf cannot be taken away without deſtroy-
ing the uniformity of the whole, as in Sem-
pervivum.
ALTERNA; leaves growing alternately on
the ſtalk, as in Convalaria Poligonum.
AMPLEXICAULE; the baſe of the leaf

94
LECTURE
ſurrounding the ſtem horizontally without
ſheathing it, i. e. open behind, as in Brafica
Napus.
ANGULOSUM; angular.
APPROXIMATA; growing near each other,
oppoſed to remote.
AURICULATUM; ear ſhaped, as in Jun-
germannia celiaris.
AVENIA; having no veins viſible.
AXILLARE; inſerted under the baſe of a
branch.
BARBATUM; hairs iſſuing from the tip
of the leaf, as in the Meſembri Barbatum.
BIFARIA; a leaf pointing two ways.
BIFIDUM; cloven into two parts.
BULLATUM; when the Parenchymateous
ſubſtance of the leaf riſes higher on the ſur-
face than the veins, ſo as to appear bliſtered.
CADUCUM; ſignifying the ſhorteſt time
of duration, the leaf falling off at the firſt
opening of the flower.

ON
9S
L E A V E S.
CANALICULATUM; having a deep groove
or channel running from the baſe to the apex,
CAPILLACEUM; capillary, as in Junger-
mannia rupeſtris.
CARINATUM; when the inferior diſk, or
lower ſide of the leaf, reſembles the keel of
a ſhip, as in Hemerocallis Fulva,
CARNOSUM; a leaf of a fleſhy ſubſtance,
ſofter than the Compactum, and more firm
than the Pulpofum, as in Sedum Defyphylum.
CARTILAGINEUM; the margin of the
leaf being ſtrengthened with a different ſub-
ſtance from that of the diſk.
CAULINUM; growing immediately on the
ſtem, without the intervention of branches,
as in Agrimonia Eupatoria.
CILIATUM; whoſe margin is finally
edged with hairs, as in Sempervivum.
CIRCINALIA; a term of foliation, expreſ-
five of the leaves being rolled ſpirally down-
ward within the gemma, as in Felices.
CIRRHOSUM; a leaf terminating in a ten-
dril, as in Niflolia.
1

96
LECTURE
COLORATUM; when leaves are of a diffe-
rent colour than green, though uſually ſo.
COMPACTUM; when the parenchyma of
the leaf is of a firm and hard fubſtance.
CONCAVUM; the upper ſurface of the leaf
hollowed or concave.
CONDUPLICATUM; a term fignifying that
the ſides of the leaf are parallel and approach
each other, as in Amygdalus.
CONFERTA; crouded together, as in
Antirrhinum Monſpeſſulanum.
CONNATA; when two leaves oppoſite
are joined at their baſe, ſo as to have the ap-
pearance of one leaf, as Dipſacus.
CONTINUATUM; continued, when the
leaf appears to be a continuation of the ſub-
ſtance of the caulis, as in Ficus.
CONVEXUM; riſing from the margin to
the centre of the upper ſurface of the leaf,
reverſe of Concavum.
CONVOLUTUM; a term in foliation, when
the leaf is rolled up in form of a ſcroll of
paper, as in Arume.

ON
97
L E A V E S.
5
CORDATUM; heart-ſhaped and blunt at
the apex, as in Cyclamen Perficum.
CRENATUM; bluntly notched, with teeth,
or angles, inclining towards neither extremity,
as in Sexifraga Geum ; when a number of
ſegments of ſmall circles, inſtead of angles, it
is termed obtufe crenatum ; when the larger
notches are themſelves furrounded with finall
ones, duplicate crenatum.
CRISPUM; undulated from the margin of
the leaf being too long for the diſk.
CUCULLATUM; rolled up longitudinally
in a conical form, hooded or cowled, as in
Sarracenia.
CUNEIFORME; gradually narrowed to-
wards the baſe, wedge-ſhaped, as in Saxif
Cuneifolia.
CUSPIDATUM; regards the apex only,
and applied to thoſe whoſe leaves reſemble
the point of a lance or ſpear.
DÆDALEUM; a leaf whoſe form or tex-
ture is remarkably beautiful.
G

98
LECTURE
DECIDUUM; expreſſing the ſecond degree
of duration, falling off with the flower. See
Caducum.
DECURRENS; when the baſe of a feffile
leaf extends itſelf downwards along the ſtem,
beyond its uſual termination : i. e. when the
baſis of the leaf is long in proportion and ad-
heres entirely to the leaf, as in the Centaurea
Glaſtifolia.
DECUSSATA; growing oppoſite in pairs,
and each pair being alternately on oppoſite
ſides of the ftem.
DELTOIDEUM;
a rhomboid leaf, con-
fiſting of four angles, in which the dif-
tance from the fide angles to the baſe is
ſhorteſt, as in Poplar. Vide. Berkenhouts's
Lex. Botanic.
DEMERSUM; applies to aquatic plants
funk below the ſurface of the water.
DENTATUM; toothed, diverging remote
points on the margin, as in Arabis Alpina.
DEPENDENS; hanging down, pointing to
the ground.

ON
99
L E A V E S.
DEPRESSUM; depreſſed or funk in the
center.
DISTICHA; growing in two rows, on
two ſides of the branch only.
DOLABRIFORM; in ſhape reſembling an
hatchet, as in Meſembri Dolabriformis.
ELLIPTICUM; elliptical, oval.
ENERVA; having no viſible nerves. Vide
Nervoſum.
ENSIFORME; ſhaped like a two-edged
ſword, gradually tapering to the point, as in
Iris Verſicolor.
EROSUM; when the margin appears
gnawed or bitten.
ExSUCCUM; dry, when the ſubſtance of
the leaf is nearly void of juice, oppoſed to
Succulentum.
FARCTUM; ſtuffed, oppoſed to Tubulo-
fum.
FASICULATA; growing in bundles or
bunches, as in Larch.
FISsum; a leaf ſplit or cloven half way
G 2

Іоо
LECTURE
down, according to the number of diviſions
it is diſtinguiſhed, as bifidum, trifidum, multi-
fidum, &c.
FLABELLATUM; fan-ſhaped, a leaf in
ſhape of a fan.
FLORALE ; thoſe which immediately at-
tend the flower.
GEMINA; two growing together in a kind
of bundle, as in Pinus Silveſtris.
GIBBUM; when the intermediate pulp
renders both ſides of the leaf convex.
GLABRUM; ſmooth but not gloffy. In
HASTATUM; ſpear-ſhaped, the poſterior
angles projecting ſide-ways, as in Solanum
Dulcamarum.
HISPIDUM; covered with hairs or brif-
tles, as in Borage.
IMBRICATA; having flat ſurfaces parallel
with each other, and lying over like the tiles
of a houſe, as in Craffula Quadrangularis.
INCANUM; covered with a whitiſh down,
as in the Ciftus Incanus.

ON
IOI
LE A V ES.
INCISUM; cut into irregular ſegments, as
in Ranunculus.
INFLEXA ; bending upwards toward the
ſtem.
INTEGERRIMUM; perfectly entire, as in
Liguſtrum Vulgaris.
INVOLUTA; when the outer margins of
the leaf are rolled on both ſides ſpirally in-
wards, as in Viola.
LACERUM; variouſly cut into irregular
ſegments as if rent or torn.
LANATUM; covered with coarſe crooked
hairs like wool, as in Stachys Lanata.
LANCEOLATUM; oblong, gradually ta-
pering towards each point, as in the Geranium
Linceolatum.
LACUNOSUM; deeply furrowed, when the
veins of the leaf are funk much below the
ſurface.
LINEARE; ſtraight, as in Roſmarinus.
LINGULATUM; tongue-ſhaped.
LOBATUM; divided almoſt to the center

102
LECTURE
into lobes, according to the number of lobes,
bilobum, trilobum, and ſo on to as many as
there may be in the leaf example. Hepatica.
LUCIDUM; clear, tranſparent.
LYRATUM; Harp-ſhaped, or in form of
a lyre.
MEMBRANACEUM; membranous, having
no diſtinguiſhable pulp between the two fur-
faces.
MUCRONATUM; ſharp pointed, as in
Sempervivum Mucronum.
NATANS; a term for aquatic plants, figni-
fying to ſwim on the ſurface, as in Nymphæ.
NERVOSUM; having nerves or veſſels ex-
tending themfelves from the baſe to the apex
without branching out.
NITIDUM; bright, ſhining, gloffy, as in
Geranium Peltatum.
NUDUM ; perfectly ſmooth, without hairs.
OBLIQUUM; tranſverſe, when the apex of
the leaf points to the horizon, and the baſe
upwards, as in the Protea.

ON
103
L E A V E S.
OBLONGUM; being long in proportion
from the baſe to the apex, both extremities
being rounded, but narrower than the feg-
ments of a circle, as in Rumex Acetoſa.
OBOVATUM; egg-ſhaped, the finaller end
being fixed to the ſtalk, as in the Primula
Villoſa.
OBTUSUM; having a blunt or rounded
apex, oppoſed to Acutum.
OBVOLUTUM; a term in foliation, figni-
fying that the margins of the leaves alter-
nately embrace the ſtraight margin of the
oppoſite leaf, as in Dianthus, &c.
OCTONA; eight leaves growing together.
OPPOSITA; growing in pairs oppoſite
to each other, as in Veronica Teucrium.
ORBICULATUM ; the longitudinal equal
to the tranverſe diameter, a round leaf, as in
Hydrocotyle.
OVALE; oval, elliptical.
OVATUM; reſembling the longitudinal
ſection of an egg, as in Viburnum Tinus.

104
LECTURE
7
PALMATUM; reſembling a hand, or palm
of a hand, divided in ſeveral parts beyond the
middle, as in Rheum Palmatum.
PAPILLOSUM; when the ſurface of the
leaf is covered with dots or points like little
bladders.
0
PAPULOSUM; when the ſurface is covered
with pimples.
PARABOLICUM; in form of a parabola.
PARTITUM;' divided nearly to the baſe,
as in Anemone.
PELTATUM; the petiolus being inſerted
into the diſk of the leaf, and not unto its baſe,
as in Geranium Peltatum.
PERFOLIATUM; when the baſe of the
leaf furrounds the ſtalk, it appearing to go
through it, as in Bupleurum Rotundifolia.
PERSISTENS; expreſſes the third degree
of duration. See Caducum Deciduum, re-
maining till the fruit is ripe.
PeTIOLATUM; a leaf growing on a foot-
ſtalk, oppoſed to Seſfile, as in Veronica Mon-
tana.

ON
105
L E A V E S.
PILOSUM; covered with long diſtinct hairs,
as in Hieraceum.
PINNATIFIDUM; tranſverſely divided
into long horizontal ſegments, as in Chelido-
nium Hybridum. .
PIXIDATUM; when one leaf is, in reſem-
blance, let into another, as in Equiſetum,
PLANUM; neither concave nor convex,
as in Cyclamen-coum.
PLICATUM; plaited like a fan, as in Eryn-
gium Maritimum.
PULPOSUM; the pulp regarding the ſub-
ſtance of leaves.
PULVERATUM; covered with a kind of
meal or duft, as on the inferior diſk of the
Frankenia Pulverulenta.
QUATERNA; four leaves growing circu-
larly round the ſtalk, as in Aſperula Taurina.
QUINA; five leaves, growing in fame
manner as in Veronica Virginica.
RADICALE ; proceeding immediately from
the root.
wobodno
lo

106
LECTURE
RADICATUM; a leaf whoſe ſubſtance
ſhoots out roots.
RAMEUM; inſerted on the branches.
RECLINATUM; bending downward, the
apex of the leaf being lower than the baſe.
RECURVATUM; bending in a greater de-
gree than Reclinatum, but not ſo much as
Revolutum.
RENITORME; reſembling a kidney in
ſhape, as in Saxifra granulata.
REPANDUM; having a ſerpentine margin
with angles.
RETUSUM; terminating in an obtufe finus,
ſame as Obtuſum.
REVOLUTUM; rolled backwards.
RHOMBEUM; diamond-ſhaped.
ROTUNDATUM; rounded.
RUGOSUM; wrinkled, when the ſubſtance
of the leaf riſes above the veins, as in Hore-
hound.
RUNCINATUM; a kind of pinnatified leaf,
in which the lobes are anteriorly convex, and
poſteriorly tranſverſe, as in Leontodon.

ON
107.
L E A V E S.
SAGITTATUM; ſhaped like the head of
an arrow, as in Saliva Gluten.
SCABRUM; rough, oppoſed to Glaber, as
in Pulmonaria Officinalis.
SCARIOSUM ; fonorous.
SEMINALE; the feed leaf, the leaves into
which the cotyledons of the feed expand, as
in Turnip, Radiſh, &c.
SEMPERVIRENS; the longeſt degree of
duration, evergreen.
See Caducum, Deci-
duum, Periſtens.
SENA; growing in fixes, as in Veronica
Siberica.
SEPTENA; having ſeven on a footſtalk,
as in Coronilla Glauca.
SERICEUM; when the ſurface is covered
with ſilky down, of extreme fine texture, as
in Lotus Creticus.
SERRATUM; ſharply toothed, or faw-
ſhaped at the margin, as in Serratula.
SESSILE; growing immediately on the
caulis, as in Veron Cham.

108
LECTURE O
SETACEUM; fine and tapering like a briſ-
tle, as in Aſparagus. svi stil
SINUATUM; having wide hollows on the
margin.
stanemoni
SPARSA; irregularly ſhaped, as in the
lilies.
o boston MADIM
SPATULATUM; roundiſh at the apex,
but lengthened by a narrower baſe in form of
a Spathula.nofsit : Ivana
SPINOSUM ; prickly, having ſharp prickles
on the margin.
enighet
SPLENDENTIA; ſhining. See Nitidum.
STELLATA; ſurrounding the ſtem like
the radix of a circle. See Verticullata.
SUBULATUM; awl-ſhaped, as in Sedum
Reflexum.
TERES; ſuch as by their internal pulp are
rendered in part cylindrical, as in Allium.
TERNA; three leaves growing round the
ſtalk circularly, as in the Veron Spuria.
TOMENTOSUM; covered with numerous
white hairs ſo cloſely matted as ſcarcely to

ON
109
L E A V ES.
be diſtinguiſhed, as in Ceraſtatium Tomen-
tofum. A nas
3. TRIFIDUM ; being thrice divided by linear
finuſes, having ſtraight margins, as in Reſida
Lutea.
TRINA; three leaves growing in a ſmall
bundle, as in Pinus.
TRINERVIUM; having three apparent
veins running from the baſe to the apex,
without branching. See Triplinervum.
TRIPARTITUM ; conſiſting of three di-
viſions down to the baſe, as in the Eryngium
Campeftris.
TRIPLINERVIUM; whoſe apparent veins
run in three's, or three-fold, from the baſe to
the apex, without branching. See Triner-
higiene
TRIQUETRUM; when applied to leaves,
means their fubftanee as triangular, their
figure conſidered in one plane, as in Anthe-
ricum Offifragum.
TRUNCATUM; having its apex truncated,
or cut off.
vum.

1IO
LECTURE
TUBULOSUM; when cut tranſverſely it
appears hollow within, as in Allium.
VAGINANS; the lower part of the leaf
forming a ſheath to the ſtem, as in Ciftus
Incanus.
VENOŞUM; whoſe veins branch and ſpread
over the whole ſurface of the leaf.
VERTICILLATA; ſurrounding the ftem
like the radii of a wheel.
VILLOSUM; wooley, covered with diſtinct
ſoft hairs, as in Primula Villofa.
VISCIDUM; when the ſurface is clammy,
Senecio Viſcofus.
UNDULATUM; when the ſurface riſes in
waves from the diſk to the margin, as in
Oenothera Molliſſima.
URENS; burning, ſtinging, as in Nettle.

fo
SECTION IX
Of Compound Leaves.
COMPOUND leaves are ſuch whoſe foot-
ſtalks are terminated by more than one ex-
panſion, or whoſe footſtalk ſupports more
than one leaf. The principal diſtinctions are,
ARTICULATUM; when one leaf grows
from the extremity of another.
DIGITATUM; when a number of leaflets,
or ſmall leaves are connected to the extremity
of a footſtalk, from whence they proceed like
Radii, totally unconnected as in Lupin or
Hemp.
PEDATUM; when the footſtalk divides

II2
LECTURE
into two, and connects the leaflets on its in-
terior ſides only, as in Helleborus Foetidæ.
PINNATUM; when many leaflets are con-
nected, or grow on each ſide of a common
footſtalk, as in Polemonium.
ABRUPTE; when the ſame terminates
abrupt, or without a leaflet.
INTERRUPTE; when the leaflets are al-
ternately leſs.
BIPINNATUM DECOMPOSITUM; or
doubly pinnated; twice pinnated.
OMOO
TRIPINNATUM SUPRADECOMPOSITUM;
trebly pinnated, as in ſome of the Polypo-
diums.lt infot Bolonoscere
ewoon TUDITJA
oko or mor
Victor
ali Doom
10 juli en form tilatot ibar
abivool on TNT

SECTION X.
On the Fulcra of Plants.
THE other parts uſually attendant on the
ſtalk, are called by Linnæus, Fulcra (from
Fulcrum, a prop) and are calculated either
to aſſiſt the plant in its growth, or to defend
it from injuries.
Of theſe Linnæus enumerates ſeven diffe-
rent kinds, viz.
BRACTEA; leaves growing with the
flowers, and uſually differing greatly in ſhape
and colour. Pl. 20.
Pubes; all kinds of hairineſs, whether
fine or coarſe; whether terminating in a fine
point or a viſcid globule. Pl. 24.
PETIOLUS; the foot talk of a leaf.
H

114
LECTURE
PEDUNCULUS; the footſtalk of a flower.
STIPULÆ; a ſmall leaf uſually placed
in pairs at the joints of the plant: attendant
on moſt of the Liguminous plants, varying
much in number and form. Pl. 21.
CIRRHUS; a claſper or tendril, by which
the plant faſtens itſelf to any other body;
as the Hop round the pole, &c. Pl. 22.
ARMA; arms or weapons, intended by
Nature to ſecure them from external injuries :
they conſiſt of four different fpecies, viz.
ift, ACULEUS; prickles, which are fixed
only to the rind, ſo as to be eaſily feparated
from the plant, without tearing the Ligneous
part, as in Rofa.--2d, FURCÆ, or Forks;
when ſeveral of theſe grow together they
are diſtinguiſhed thus: bifidæ, trifidæ, ac-
cording to the number of prongs in each
Furca, as in Barberries.--3d, SPINA; rigid
prickles which cannot be removed without
the Ligneous part too, as in Prunus.--4th,
STIMULI; ſtinging, as in the Urtica. Pl. 23.


Plate 20
1
دان
2
S. Edwards del Pub by SCurtis Florid Walworth Apr 30,1802
I Sanlom sculin

PLATE XX.
ON THE FULCRA OF PLANTS.
Fig. 1.--Bractea; ſhewing an inſtance wherein the floral
leaves differ much in colour from thoſe of the reſt of
the plant; called Bracteæ coloratæ.
Example.
Purple Top'd Clary.
Fig. 2.--Bractea; fhewing an inſtance of the floral leaves
differing in ſhape from thoſe of the reſt of the plant.
Example
Lime.



Plate 21.
Syd. Edwents del
Pub. bu S. Curtis Florist Walworth Sep 30.1802. Esanjom seulp,

PLATE XXI.
ON THE FULCRA OF PLANTS.
Fig. 1.Stipulæ; when ſmall leaflets are growing at the
joints of plants, either at the footſtalk of a leaf or
flower, they are generally in pairs, fometimes more.
Fig. 2.---Aculeus; prickles which are eaſily ſeparated
without tearing the wood.
Example
Roſc.

(


Plate 22
UDOT
Nyd Edwards del
Pub by S Curtis Florist Walworth Sep 30 1802
FS anfom' sculp

PLATE XXII.
ON THE FULCRA OF PLANTS.
Fig. 1.-Cirrhus; a claſper or tendril, that ſpiral ſtring
by which fome plants attach themſelves to other bodies,
attendant on moſt of the climbing plants.
Example.
Paſſion Flower



Plate 23
Fig. 2.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 3.
-Fig. 4.
Syd. Edwards del Pub, by S Curtis, Florist Wilworth, Sæ. 304802
F'Sanſom sculp

PLATE XXIII.
ON THE FULCRA OF PLANTS.
Fig. 1. Arma; arms or weapons to defend them from
external injuries; a ſpecies of arma called aculei, prickles
which are only fixed in the rind, and may
be ſeparated
without tearing the ligneous parts, as in roſe.
Fig. 2.--Furcæ; forks; when ſeveral of them grow to-
gether they are diſtingniſhed by bifida, for two; trifida,
for three, and ſo on.
Example.
Barberry.
Fig. 3.-Spina; rigid prickles which cannot be ſeparated
without tearing the ligneous parts.
Example.
Plumb.
Fig. 4.--Stimuli; ſtinging, as in nettle.



Plate 24
Syd Edwands del Pub by s.Curós, Florist Walworth Sep 30 1802. F. Sanyon sculp

PLATE XXIV.
ON THE FULCRA OF PLANTS.
Fig. 1.-Petiolus, the Footſtalk of a Leaf which does not
ſupport the Flower.-Pedunculus, the Footſtalk of a
Flower which does not ſupport the Leaves.--Pubes, all
kinds of hairineſs, whether coarſe or fine, whether ter-
minating in a ſharp point, or viſcid globule.
Example.
Violet.

tot
T-

A
SECTION XI.
On Infloreſcence.
IT now remains for us to ſhew you the
different kinds of Infloreſcence or modes, in
which plants flower; of theſe Linnæus enu-
merates ſeveral different kinds, the principal
of which are :
1ſt. VERTICILLUS, or Whirl; a mode
of flowering in which the flowers are diſpoſed
circularly at each joint of the ſtem, having
very ſhort footſtalks, exemplified in Mint,
Horehound, and other plants, hence called
Verticillatæ. Pl. 25.
2d. SPICA; a mode of flowering, in which
the flowers are ranged alternately upon both
ſides or all round a ſimple common flower-
H2

116
LECTURE
ſtalk; in general the flowers are ſeated im-
mediately on the ſtalk, without any partial
footſtalk, or if there are any footſtalks, they
are uſually very ſhort. When theſe flowers
grow all to one ſide, it is called Spica Se-
cunda; when from each ſide, Diſticha. Pl. 26.
3d. RACEMUS; a mode of flowering in
which the flowers, placed along a common
footſtalk, are furniſhed with ſhort proper
footſtalks, proceeding as lateral branches
from the common flower ſtalk. Pl. 27.
4. PANICULA; a mode of flowering in
which, according to Linnæus, the fructifica-
tions are diſpoſed on footſtalks variouſly ſub-
divided. Pl. 28.
5. Thyrsus; a mode of flowering re-
ſembling the cone of a Pine, is a panicle
contracted into an oval or egg-ſhaped form,
Pl. 29.
6. UMBELLA; a mode of flowering, in
which a number of ſlender footſtalks proceed
from the ſame center, and riſe to an equal

ON INFLORESCENCE.
height, ſo as to form an even and generally a
round ſurface at top. Plants producing um-
bels, are called Umbelliferous Plants. Pl. 30.
7. CYMA ; a mode of flowering, in which,
like the Umbell, a number of ſlender foot-
ftalks proceed from a common center, and
riſe to the ſame height, but, unlike the
Umbell, the ſecondary or partial footſtalks
are diſpoſed without any regular order. Pl. 31.
8. CORYMBUS; a mode of flowering, in
which the partial flower-ſtalks are produced
along the common ftalk on both ſides, and
though of unequal lengths, riſe to the ſame
height, ſo as to form a flat and even furface
at top. Pl. 32.
9. CAPITULUM ; a mode of Infloreſcence,
in which many flowers are collected into a
head at the extremity or fummit of the foot-
ſtalk. Pl. 33.

ОИЛОВ ДО И Ио
loomag bos assas rol of as of triginti
Cuborganle goria
GO IS BOTOI DUT
Otrostilom 519 Strabod
wo 1o abon
tootebro lo adau lladmu odola
bongo mom most spora il
online terlalot of
Blog laiko brocolat Ildmt
Dobro or via modiw-blog
пі пізного
Bamboo
Камио
ano Isadguro
baltosios donde
suo ad


Plate 26
Pub. by S. Curtis, Florist Walworth Oct.31.1802. P. Sanſom sculp.

PLATE XXV.
ON INFLORESCENCE,
Verticillus, a ſpecies of Infloreſcence in which the Flowers
grow in whirls round the ſtem.
Example.
Hyfop.

ES

c

Plate 20
Kilwards det
Pub. by S. Curtis Florist Walworth Oct 31. 1802. F Sanſom sculp

PLATE XXVI.
ON INFLORESCENCE.
Spica, a ſpecies of Infloreſcence reſembling an Ear of Corn;
it includes a great variety of Plants, under which
denomination comes moſt flowers whoſe bloſſom runs
tapering up the ſtem.
Example.
Veronica Tucrum.

0 0
ob sort solna
Botol
for at

/

Plate 27
Pub by $ Curhs Florist Walworth Oct 31.1802
E Sanſom sculp

PLATE XXVII.
ON. INFLORESCENCE.
Racemus, conſiſting of a Pedunculus with ſhort lateral
branches. A Racemus may be of many different kinds,
as ſimple, compound, erect, hanging down, &c. Its
ſtrict explanation is a bunch of Berries, ſuch as Grapes,
Currants, &c.
Example
Red Currant.

op


Plate 28
Ind Edwards Jet Pub. by S. Curtis, Florist Walworth Nov.1.1802. E. Sanſom sculp.

PLATE XXVIII.
ON INFLORESCENCE.
Panicula, a ſpecies of Infloreſcence wherein the outline of
the entire figure is nearly elliptical.
Example.
Ladies Bed Straw.

។
1
០ៗដែរ) ១ ២០០ oបច ដែលនៅ
យ
បង
.
។


Plate 29
Sed Edwardo del
Pub, Brno S. C'urtis Florist Walworth Nov. 1,4892
Fi Sanſom sculp

PLATE XXIX.
ON INFLORESCENCE.
Thyrſus. Linnæus defines it to be a Panicle contracted
into an oval or egg-ſhaped from; its origin ſeems to
have been from the cuſtom of the ancients, of carrying,
at the feaſts of Bacchus, a ſpear wrapped about with
Ivy.
Example.
Buckbean.

XIX A19
WOO111
haifantoo olleed of si conob arstil ve
o entool nano di noi boedlog to lavo is on
animados de to malo odo mort rood over
miw goda baw teleurloosa lo efisto
a
c


Plate 30
Syd. Edwards del
Pub. by S.Curtis, Florist Walworth Od: 31.1802
E, Sanſom seuls.

PLATE XXX.
ON INFLORESCENCE.
Umbella, a ſpecies of Infloreſcence producing Umbels,
i. e. many Pedunculi from one common center, pro-
ceeding to an equal length, which, ſpreading, forms
itſelf ſimilar to an Umbrella. All plants which come
ſtrictly under this denomination, are of the claſs and
order Pentandria Diginia.
Example.
Hemlock.

CATA
idmUomo 70 boltloden
-01 og som han
Lups soos
Badmuts of oli 2017
Gointimobban od
ti beto


Plate 31
Syd. Edwards del Pub by S-Curtis, Florist Walworth Nov. 1. 1802. E.Sarfom sculp.

PLATE XXXI.
ON INFLORESCENCE.
Cyma, a mode of Infloreſcence which, like the Umbell,
the Foot talks proceed from one center, but differ from
the Umbell in the partial Footſtalks, which proceed from
the primary ones, being diſpoſed without any regular
order.
Example.
Deadly Nightſhade.

IX TAI,
OSIMO
U oil it gonlarini to obom samy
dito sto non pote cool ads
un doicht Toolingon niladmuoi
quorbi bologi diod sono ricrin alt
bediiylbod


Plate 32
te
De Edvards dod Pub by s.Curtis, Florist Walworth Nov 1.1802. F. Sanjom sculp.

PLATE XXXII.
ON INFLORESCENCE.
Corymbus, a ſpecies of Infloreſcence, in which the partial
flower-ſtalks, which are produced on both ſides of the
common ftalk, ariſe to an equal height, the flowers
growing in cluſters, each on a ſeperate pedunculus.
Example
Sperula Odorata,
Woodruff,



Plate 3
Val
Syd Edwards del Pub, by s Curtis, Florist Walworth Jan. 314803.
F. Sanſom sculp.

PLAT E XXXIII.
ON INFLORESCENCE.
Capitulum, a ſpecies of Infloreſcence, in which the flowers
are collected into a head at the ſummits of the Pedun-
culus.
Example.
Auricula,


KONTO
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caldaie
THE PARTS
barbaro
novos OFbns
FRUCTIFICATION.
.
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ni bmuo domingods 10
MADO
Som od o wo lo

[ 118 ]
SECTION XII.
On the Parts of Fructification.
BY the parts of Fructification in vegetables,
we underſtand thoſe of the flower and fruit,
and theſe, according to Linnæus, are ſeven in
number.
1. The CalYX. TOUS
2. The COROLLA.
3. The STAMEN.
4. The PISTILLUM.
5. The PERICARPIUM.
6. The SEMEN.
7. The RECEPTACULUM.
To theſe may be added another, viz. the
NECTARIUM, for though it is not found in
all flowers, it is to be met with in a great
number of them.

ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION. 119
The firſt of theſe, the Calyx, or Flower-
cup, is the exterior green part of the flower,
which encloſes and ſupports the bottom of
the Corolla, and frequently covers it before
its expanſion.
The ſecond part, the COROLLA, is that
delicate coloured part of the fructification
which is encloſed by the Calyx, and known
by the name of the Flower.
The third part, the STAMEN, or STA-
MINA, if there be more than one, which moſt
commonly happens, are thoſe ſmall thread-
like ſubſtances found in the inſide of the
flower, and placed next to the Corolla.
The fourth part, the PISTILLUM, is the
ſmall upright body or column, placed in
the very center of the flower, ſhewn in Pri-
mula.
By the term Flower, we underſtand the
four parts now mentioned, viz. the Calyx,
the Corolla, the Stamen, and the Piſtillum ;
you are not to expect however to find all theſe

120
LECTURE
1
parts in every flower: many have no Calyx,
as the Tulip, Pl. 37, and Crown Imperial ;
ſome have no Corolla, as in Hemp, Willow,
and Ladies Mantle; and there are a few
inſtances of ſome flowers having neither a
Calyx nor Corolla, as in the Hippuris, or
Mare’s-tail, in which there is only one Sta-
men and one Piftillum, and which therefore
is the ſimpleſt flower poſſible.
The fifth part, the PERICARPIUM, is the
feed-vefſel which remains after the ſeveral
parts of the flower are decayed, and contains
The fixth part, the SEMEN, or feed of the
plant, theſe two uſually conſtitute the fruit.
The end of the ſtalk, which ſupports all
the other parts of the fructification, is called
the RECEPTACULUM, and conſtitutes the
ſeventh part.
We cannot compliment Linnæus on the
happineſs of the term Receptaculum, as it
feems to convey an idea different from what
he intends. Botaniſts before him, uſed the

ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION.
I 21
word THALAMUS, which it is rather a matter
of furprize that Linnæus ſhould not adopt,
ſince it would have accorded ſo well with the
other fimilies he has been ſo fond of apply-
ing to his doctrine of the ſexes.
This part belongs equally to the flower
and fruit. Beſides theſe, as we obſerved to
you, there is an additional part found in
many flowers, called the NecTARIUM, which
is extremely various both in its forms and
uſes. It ſometimes appears as a gland ſecret-
ing the honey, as in the Willow, and Crown
Imperial, and Geranium Lamium. At other
times it ſerves as a kind of veffel to receive
it, as in Hellebore. It aſſumes beſides a
variety of anomalous appearances, which we
fhall ſhew you when we come more particu-
larly to treat of this part. We may make
this general obſervation on the Nectarium,
that if any part occurs in the flower, what-
ever may be its form, if it does not appear to
anſwer the purpoſe of any of the other parts

I 22
LECTURE
of the fructification, it may be conſidered as
the Nectarium.
Having endeavoured to give you a general
idea of the ſeveral parts of the fructification,
we ſhall now treat more particularly of the
form and different kinds of each.
The Calyx, or Flower-cup, as we ob-
ſerved to you, is the exterior green part of
the flower, which encloſes and ſupports the
bottom of the Corolla, and frequently covers
it entirely before its expanſion; it is not
preſent in all flowers, being wanting in the
Lily, Tulip, Crown Imperial, and many
others. In ſome caſes the Calyx appears to
be wanting, when in reality it is not. The
reaſon is, that the Calyx drops off immedi-
ately on the expanſion of the flower, as in
Poppy; its colour is moſt commonly green,
but in ſome few inſtances it is met with of
ſome other brilliant hue. By culture, the
Calyx in ſeveral plants, particularly the Cow-
ſlip, Primroſe, and Polyanthus, is apt to be

ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION. 123
changed into the nature of the Corolla; and
the Corolla of the Tulip ſometimes aſſumes
the appearance of a Calyx. In ſome inſtances
therefore it is difficult to decide from appear-
ances which is the Calyx and which the
Corolla. In the Hellebore for inſtance, how
great is the difference betwixt the Helleborus,
Hyemalis, and Fætidus, for theſe are un-
doubtedly of the fame genus. The Corolla
in the Hyemalis is tender and delicate, of a
fine yellow colour, and foon falls off; where-
as in the Fætidus, it is of a green colour, of
a thick clumſy texture, and remains till the
ſeeds are ripe; this ſeems to ſhew that Na-
ture has placed no abſolute limits betwixt
Calyx and Corolla.
The Calyx is defined by Linnæus to be
the termination of the Cortical Epidermis,
or outer bark of the plant, which, after ac-
companying the trunk or ſtem through all its
branches, breaks out with the flower, and is
preſent in the fructification in this new form.

124
LECTURE
Whether this be really the caſe or no, is of
little importance; it is an opinion which is
controverted by Grew and Hedwig.
The uſe of the Calyx, as Dr. Grew ob-
ferves, is evidently to encloſe, ſecure, and
fupport, the other parts of the flower; to be
their ſecurity before its opening, by inter-
cepting all extremities of weather, and after-
wards to be their ſupport by containing all
their parts in their due and graceful poſition.
Hence, continues the ſame author, we have
the reaſon why the Calyx is frequently va-
rious, and ſometimes wanting; fome flowers
have none, as Tulips, becauſe having a flat or
firm leaf or petal, and each leaf likewiſe ſtand-
ing on a broad and ſtrong baſis, they are thus
fufficient of themſelves. Carnations on the
contrary, have not only an empalement or
Calyx, but for the greater ſupport of the
petals, it is compoſed of one piece, for other-
wiſe the foot of each leaf or petal being very

ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION. 125
long and ſlender, moſt of them would be apt
to break out of compaſs.
Thus far then as to what the Calyx is, and
its uſes. In ſuch an infinity of vegetable
productions as Linnæus had to arrange, di-
vide, and ſubdivide, it became neceſſary to
give different names even to the ſame parts
of the plant, according to the different ap-
pearances it aſſumed; hence Linnæus enu-
merates ſeven different kinds of Calyx, viz.
1. Perianthium ; 2. Involucrum ; 3. Gluma;
4. Amentum; 5. Spatha; 6. Calyptra; 7.
Volva. Pl. 34.
The firſt of theſe, the CALYX PERIAN-
THIUM, Linnæus defines to be that kind of
Calyx which is contiguous to the fructifi-
cation, as in Primroſe, Convolvolus, and by
far the greater number of plants.
2d. INVOLUCRUM, is when the Calyx,
uſually conſiſting of ſeveral leaves, is ſituated
at the foot of an Umbel, as in the Umbellife-
rous Plants, ſuch as Hemlock, Cow-parſley,

126
TOOL LECTURE AUTO
Chervil, and in a few others, which are not
termed Umbelliferous Plants, though grow-
ing in an Umbel, as the Flowering Ruſh, and
Cowſlip ; it occurs alſo in ſome ſingle flowers,
as the Anemone and Paſſion Flower.
3d. The Calyx GLUMA, is confined to
the Graſſes.
4th. The AMENTUM is confined to trees
bearing catkins, as the Willow, Hazel.
5th. The SPATHA, is a kind of Calyx of
a ſheath-like form, common to flowers having
bulbous or tuberous roots, as in Narciſſus
and Iris.
6th. The CALYPTRA is peculiar to Moſſes.
7th. The VOLVA, which is peculiar to
Muſhrooms.
We obſerved to you before that the CALYX
PERIANTHIUM was by far the moſt common
kind of Calyx, and of this there are many
variations ; thus it is called a PERIANTHIUM
of the FRUCTIFICATION, when it includes
both the Stamina and Rudiment of the fruit,

ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION. 127
as in Primroſe; a PERIANTHIUM of the
Flower, when it contains the Stamina with-
out the Rudiments of the fruit, as in the
Evening Primroſe, and Willow Herb: and a
PERIANTHIUM of the FRUIT, when it con-
tains the Rudiment of the Fruit, without the
Stamina. This latter is exemplified in the
Morina Perſica of Tournifort, but inſtances
of this kind of Calyx are very rare.
It
aſſumes different names according to the
number of parts into which it is divided ;
thus it is called Monophyllus when compoſed
of one leaf, Diphyllus, when compoſed of
two; Triphyllus, when compoſed of three,
and ſo on. It takes the name of Commune,
when it ſupports and connects together a
great number of florets, as in Centaurea, and
moſt of the compound flowers; and as in
theſe flowers the Perianthium is uſually com-
poſed of a number of leaves or ſcales, lying
one over the other, like tiles on the top of a

I 28
BOLADE LECTURE
houſe, it moſt commonly takes the name of
Imbricatum.
Having now ſhewn you the Calyx, and
many of the various forms it aſſumes, we
come next to treat of the COROLLA, a part
of the Fructification, equally, if not more
various in its appearance.
The COROLLA, as we before obſerved to
you, is that delicate coloured part of the
Fructification which is encloſed by, and fitu-
ared next to the Calyx.
When we ſpeak of this part in general
terms, we call it the Corolla, it takes likewiſe
the ſubordinate or partial name of Petal.
Thus when the Corolla is compoſed of one
petal, as in the Primroſe ; ſometimes it is
compoſed of ſeveral pieces, as in the Tulip;
each of thoſe diviſions is called a petal, ac-
cording to the number of pieces, it takes the
name of Monopetala, Dipetala, Tripetala, and
ſo on to Polypetal ; inſtances of the latter
occur in Trollius and Nymphæ.
1

ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION. 129
The lower narrow part of a Monopetalous
Corolla, is called the Tubus, or Tube ; the
upper ſpreading part, the Limbus, or Limb.
The lower narrow part of a Polypetalous
Corolla, affixed to the receptacle, is called the
Unguis, or Claw; the upper ſpreading part,
Lamina.
The Corolla alſo aſſumes different names,
according to the diverſity of its form; thus
it is called CAMPANULATA, or bell-ſhaped,
when growing ſomewhat in the form of a
bell, as in Bell flower, and Deadly Nightſhade.
INFUNDIBULIFORMIS, or funnel-Ihaped.
HYPOCRATERIFORMIS, or falver-ſhaped,
having a flat limb placed on a tube, as in
Vinca.
ROTATA, or wheel-ſhaped, a flat limb
without any tube, as in Borage.
RINGENS, gaping or grinning; an irre-
gular Corolla, which gapes and divides into
two lips; the opening between the two lips is
called the Faux, or Mouth. When the Faux,
I

130 ONA LECTURE
or Mouth, in a ſimilar kind of flower, is
filled with an intervening ſubſtance, or Palate,
it is then called COROLLA PERSONATA,
as in Anterrhinum.
The Corolla is called CRUCIATA, or croſs-
ſhaped, when it is compoſed of four equal
ſpreading petals, which ſomewhat reſemble a
croſs, as in Wallflower.
PAPILIONACEA, when we have an irre-
gular Corolla, conſiſting of four petals, the
uppermoſt of which ſpreading wide, is called
the Vexillum or Standard ; the two ſide ones,
the Ala, or Wings; and the lowermoſt, which
is ſomewhat boat-ſhaped, the Carina, or
Keel. A Corolla is called Compoſita, or
compound, when it conſiſts of a number
of florets or ſmall flowers, placed on one
common receptacle, and contained within a
common Calyx; and of compound flowers
there are three kinds, viz. Ligulata, Tubuloſa,
and Radiata.

ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION. 131
LIGULATA; is when all the florets are
flat, as in Dandelion.
TUBULOSA ; when all the florets are tubul-
lar, and nearly equal, as in the Thiſtles and
Knapweed.
RADIATA; when the florets in the center
are tubular, thoſe in the circumference flat
and ſpreading, as in Daiſy and Ragwort.
Having, we fear, almoſt tired you with
technical terms, which, however neceſſary,
are far from captivating, we ſhall defer
treating of the remaining part of the Fructifi-
cation to another Lecture.
FINI S.
London : Printed by W. Phillips,
George Yard, Lombard Street

MOITA OTEROU ZO ZITAT ET MO
ATALONI
be
bol be
to at


Plate 36.
1
4
3
1
.2
-6
Syd Edwards del Pub by S.Curtis, Florist Walworth, Der 31. 1802 ESanſom sculp.

PLATE XXXVI.
ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION
2.
Various Piſtilla
Fig. 1.Piſtillum in the Iris.
in the Crocus.
in the Primroſe.
in the Comfrey.
3.
4.
in the Tulip
6.
in the Violet.
in ' ŕ co
in the Heartſeaſe.
in the Poppy.

1


Figh.
Plate 37
Fig 2.
Fig.3.
Syd. Edwards del Pub. by S. Curtis, Florist Walworh, Jan. 1.1803. E.Sanfon sculp

PLATE XXXVII
Onthe parts of functification
On the Cal
ligi Sewing an instance wherein
The falyp ed entirely wartung
ise
Tulip
Fig2 The lachen
The farnation which
for the support A the Rial Fejs.id met
only very dep but foneentow price
and strengthened by several seal
supporto at the bobcam, thereas the
length of the petals would break.
Het reguilo order .



Plate 38
Fig.l.
DOO
Fig. 2
Fig 3
Fig.4.
d
Sgd. E dwards del Pub. by S. Curtis, Florist Walworth Tan.31,1803 Sanſom soulp.

PLATE XXXVIII.
ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION.
Fig. 1.-Shewing an inſtance wherein the Flower is un-
accompanied by a Corolla, as in the Male Willow.
Fig. 2.-A ſingle Flower of the Male Willow.
Fig. 3.-A Branch of the Female Willow.
Fig. 4. A ſingle Flower of the Female Willow, ſelected,
wherein the Corolla is alſo wanting,

GvX


Plate 39
CV
zd Edward: 131 Pubb Bb Jedra Florict Waludath FCZ nad

PLATE XXXIX.
ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION.
Repreſenting the Hippuris, or Mareſtail, which has neither
a Calyx nor Corolla, ſo that it is as ſimple a Flower as is
poſſible, having but one Stamen and one Piſtillum.



Plate 17
Fig. 1.
1.....
Fig. 2.
1.
Fig.3.
Fig. 4.
2
3
S Edwards del
Publishd by S. Curtis, Florist Walworth Mar.31.1902
F. Sanfem sculp

PLATE XVII.
ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION.
On the Nectarium.
Fig. 1.-Nectarium in the Paſſion Flower, in form of
threads. I.
Fig. 2.--Nectarium in the Narciſſus, appearing like a con-
tinuation of the Corolla, I.
Fig. 3.--Nectarium in the Nigella. 2.
Fig. 4.-A perfect Flower of the fame. 3.

1


Plate. 18.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
A
2
Fig.4.
Fig.3.
2
Fig.6.
Fig. 5.
.
Fig.)
2
S. Edwards del
Publiſh'd by S Curtis, Florist Walworth Mar 31. 1802,
F Sanſom sculp

PLATE XVIII.
ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION
On the Nectarium.
Fig. 1.--Nectarium in the Aconite, appearing like two
horns, Fig. 3. under the coul or hood. 1.
Fig. 2.--Nectarium in the Columbine.
Fig. 4.--One of the parts detached.
Fig. 5.--Nectarium in the Snow-drop. I.
Fig. 6.-Nectarium in the Hellebore. I.
Fig. 7.--Nectarium in the Willow. 2.



Plate 19
Fig 1
Fig
. 2
Fig. 4.
Fig.3.
s Edwards del
Publiſhid by S Curtis Florist Walworth Mar 31. 1802
F'Sanſom sculp

PLATE XIX.
ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION.
On the Nectarium.
Fig. 1.--Nectarium in the Crown Imperial, in form of a
gland, ſecreting Honey.
Fig. 2.--Nectarium in the Graſs of Parnaffus.
Fig. 3.–Nectarium in the Iris, in form of a beard, ex-
tending itſelf
up
the baſe of the Petal.
Fig. 4.-Nectarium in the Naſturtium, wherein it is ex-
tended to a long point.



Plate 41
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Syd Edwards del Pub, by S. Curtis, Florist, Walworth Feb.28.1803 F'Sanſom scrlp

PLATE XLI.
ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION.
Shewing the difference that ſubfifts betwixt two Plants of
the ſame Genus, with reſpect to the texture of their
Corollas; the Helleborus Hyemalis, which is of a deli-
cate texture, and ſoon falls off; whereas in the Helle-
borus Foetidus it is very thick and clumſy, and remains
till the ſeeds are ripe.

Бург


Plate 34
Fig.3.
Fig.2.
Figl.
Fig.4.
Fug:7
Fig.5.
a. b
Syd Edwards del
Pub.by S. Curtis Florist Walworth Dec.31.1802 P.Sanfom seulp

PLATE XXXIV.
ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION.
The Calyx.
2.
Fig. 1.--Calyx Perianthium, as in Primroſe.
Spatha, as in Snow-drop.
3. Amentum, as in Hazel.
4. Involucrum, as in Hemlock.
5. Gluma, as in the Graffes.
6. Volva, as in Muſhrooms.
7. Calyptra, as in Moffes.

OVO


Plate 40
Erg.l.
Fig 2
Fig 3 3
Syd Edwards del Pub by S. Curtis, Walworth, Feb. 28,1803 F Sanſom sculp

PLATE XL.
ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION.
On the Corolla.
Fig. 1.-Illuſtrating the terms which Corollas receive
from their number of Petals, this being Monopetalous,
i. e, the Corolla being of one entire piece.
Example.
Convolvulus.
Fig. 2.--Hexapetala, a Corolla, conſiſting of fix Leaves or
Petals.
Example.
Lily.
Fig. 3.-Polypetala, conſiſting of many Leaves or Petals;
when they amount to a conſiderable number they are
thus diſtinguiſhed
Example.
Water Lily.

cogno
10 zilo


Plate 35
Fig. 1.
Fig: 2.
Fig. 3.
2
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Syd. Edwards det. Pub. by S.Curtis, Florist Walworth Dec 31 1902 F. Sanſom sculp

PLATE XXXV.
ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION.
On the Corolla.
Fig. 1.--Campanulata or Bell ſhaped.
Example. .
Deadly Nightſhade.
Fig. 2.--Infundibuliformis or Funnel ſhaped.
Example.
Thorn Apple.
Fig. 3.-Hypocrateriformis or Salver ſhaped, having a flag
limb. I.
Placed on a tube. 2.
Example.
Perriwinkle.
Fig. 4.-Cruciata or Croſs ſhaped, when compoſed of
four equally ſpreading Petals, ſomewhat reſembling a
croſs; the upper part of the Petal is called the Lamina,
the bottom the Unguis or Claw. Fig. 5.
Example.
Wallflower.

bla
et les
po
Linger


Plate 1.5
Frigil.
Fig. 2
1
Fig. 3.
6.
Fig. 4.
2
3 3
4
Fig. 5.
S Edwards del. Publish'd by SCurtis Florist Walworth Mar 31,1802,
E Sandom sculp

PLATE XV.
ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION
On the Corolla.
Fig. 1.-Rotata or Weel ſhaped, having a flat limb with
out any tube.
Example
Borage.
Fig. 2.- Papilionacea, as in the Pea.
Fig. 3.-Ringens, gaping or grinning, an irregular Corolla,
which divides into two lips, the opening betwixt which
is called the Faux or Mouth.
Fig. 5.--A fimilar Corolla called Perſonata, differing in
having the Mouth ſhut. 7.
Example.
Snapdragon.
Fig. 4.-The Papilionaceous Corolla diffected.
Vexillum or Standard. 3. The Ala or Wings. 4. The
Carina or Keel.
Example.
Sweet Pea.
2. The

met
cabidow
ITA
TO


Plate 47
Fig.2.
Fig.1.
Fig. 3
Syd Edwards del, Pub. by. S. Curtis, Florist Walworth, Jan.311803 F Sanſom scuip

PLATE XLVII.
ON THE PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION.
On Compound Flowers.
Fig. 1.-Radiata, when the Florets in the center are tubu-
lar, and thoſe in the circumference flat and ſpreading.
Fig. 2.-Tubulofa, when all the Florets are tubular, and
nearly equal, as in the Thiſtle.
Fig. 3. Ligulata, when all the Florets are flat, as in the
Dandelion.





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