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MYCOLOGICAL LIBRARY
AND-COLLECTIONS.GIFT OF
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106
20

UNIVERSIT OF MICHIGAN
Bussum
QK
112
B29
1821

1817
SCIENTIA
CARTES
LIBRARY
VERITAS
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
LIBUS UNUM
TUEBOR
SI QUERIS-PENINSULAM-AMENAM
CIRCUMSPICE
Museum
THE GIFT OF
Dr. Howard A. Kelly

A
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.
ILLUSTRATED BY
COLOURED FIGURES,
DRAWN FROM NATURE.
aul
BY WILLIAM P. C. BARTON, M. D.
rillon
U. S. N.
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
VOLUME I.
PHILADELPHIA:
:
M. CAREY & SONS-CHESNUT STREET.
1821.
Vol. 3 lacking

L. S.
EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA, TO WIT:
BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the fifth day of July, in the forty-sixth year of the
Independence of the United States of America, A. D. 1821, WILLIAM P. C. BARTON, of
the said District, hath deposited in this office the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims
as Author in the words following, to wit: "A Flora of North America. Illustrated by colour-
ed figures, drawn from Nature. By William P. C. Barton, M. D. U. S. N. Professor of
Botany in the University of Pennsylvania. Volume 1.” In conformity to the Act of the Con-
gress of the United States, intituled, “An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by se-
curing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such copies
during the times therein mentioned.”—And also to the Act, entitled, “ An Act supplementary
to an Act, entitled An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps,
Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such copies during the times therein
mentioned,' and extending the benefits thereof to the Arts of designing, engraving, and etch-
ing historical and other Prints.”
D. CALDWELL, Clerk of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
El

TO
JAMES MONROE,
98-82
729с2
PRESIDENT
OF THE
UNITED STATES
THESE PAGES,
THE COMMENCEMENT OF AN EXTENSIVE NATIONAL PRODUCTION,
ARE MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED
BY THE AUTHOR.


gle
Museum
her. Howard a Kelly
11-18 26
av.
ju
ADVERTISEMENT.
THE author begs leave to call the attention of the subscribers of
the Flora, to the new style of engraving adopted in the work, with a
view to enhance its value. It consists of that kind of graphic exe-
cution in which so high a degree of perfection has been attained in
France, and which has been so justly admired in the plates of Mi-
chaux's splendid work on the Forest Trees of North America.
In the present work, the Table representing the Cranberry, Table
XX., and the Table exhibiting a picture of the famous Scull-Cap, all
in Nos. VI. and VII., afford specimens of this kind of engraving,
executed by the masterly graver of Mr. Cornelius Tiebout, of this city,
an artist who has long been eminent for his line and dotted engrav-
ing. These plates are printed in colour, and are afterwards coloured by
hand. It is confidently believed by the author, that they will be found
the most successful attempts at imitation by sound engraving, of the
French style, yet made in this country. It may not be here improper
to state, and the author does it without any fear of contradiction from
those acquainted with the subject, that it is the next thing to impossi-

ADVERTISEMENT.
ble to present true imitations of plants, by mere coloured copper-
plates—that is to say, by impressions from engraved copper, in print-
ing which, one, two, three, or even more colours, are put on the cop-
per. Nothing comes near to nature, and consequently nothing is faith-
ful, but colours laid on the coloured impressions, by the pencil, under
the direction of persons well acquainted with the real hues of plants.
To verify this assertion, it may be mentioned, that the superbly exe-
cuted plates of Michaux's forest trees, are all coloured by hand, a fact
not generally known, but one of which any person may satisfy himself
by rapidly sponging with clean water any one of those plates. All
the colouring can be washed away, and the engraving will be found
printed in green, brown, red, and yellow-sometimes in only one,
occasionally in two, or all of these colours. And it is to imitate this
accurate and expressive style that the author has made the at-
tempts alluded to. For example, the plate of the cranberry and that
of the scull-cap in Nos. VI. and VII. of this Flora, are highly finish-
ed specimens of this expressive species of engraving; but still more
highly wrought examples will be found in No. VIII., which will be
published on the first of March. In that No. the plates of cleome
dodecandra and solanum carolinense, will not be found to suffer
from rigid comparison with the exquisite plates of Michaux's Fo-
rest Trees and they are executed, both by dotted engraving and
coloured by hand, precisely in the same manner as the plates
of that magnificent work. As far as the engraving is concerned,
the author feels himself capable of giving an impartial opinion;

ADVERTISEMENT,
and it is but justice to the enterprize and talents of Mr. Tiebout
to state thus much. Whether the colouring of the plates alluded to
in No. VIII. will be found equal to Michaux’s is not for the author,
but the public, to decide. Thus much he may with propriety state:
that his work on Vegetable Materia Medica contained the first colour-
ed engravings of plants which had issued from an American press-
they were begun without any information as to the tact employed in
this kind of work in England, where it has attained so high a
degree of perfection. Owing to the impossibility of obtaining in-
formation as to the manner of colouring abroad, he has been obliged
to make repeated experiments, and has thus gradually brought it to
the style exhibited in the present work. He has now the satisfac-
tion of presenting a close imitation of the French method. Both
of the different kinds of engraving, (the finished dotted and the
line,) will be used in this work in future; each having its peculiar
beauty, advantage, and expression, for presenting pictured imitations
of plants of diverse characters and physiognomy.
In justice to the publishers who have embarked in this, the most
extensive original work ever undertaken in this country, it should
be mentioned: that the present plan enhances the expense of the
work, and, in some measure, lessens the author's profits, while at
the same time, the price is not augmented. And as more is given to
the subscribers than promised, the Publishers confidently look for an
enlarged patronage by an increasing subscription.

ADVERTISEMENT.
On their part and on his own, the author ventures a pledge, that
neither pains, expense, nor care shall be wanting, to render this pub-
lication worthy the title of a NATIONAL WORK, exhibiting, in all its
materials, specimens of American manufacture; and its execution
being wholly accomplished by American artists.
North-east corner of Tenth and Chesnut streets,
Philadelphia, February 8, 1891.

PREFACE.
North American botany has hitherto owed its greatest accessions
to the learning and enterprize of foreign botanists, who have de-
voted themselves to this alluring subject, under the liberal patronage
of transatlantic governments, either directly bestowed, or extended
indirectly through the exploring zeal of learned societies and scien-
tific associations. France, Germany, Prussia and England, have all
sent into this country, men of learning and science, with the express
intention of investigating our plants. They have been supported
in their travels by regal liberality; and sustained in the importance of
their mission, by the countenance of scientific favour. To their
efforts we are unquestionably greatly indebted, for much of the pre-
sent knowledge of the botany of our country; and to them un-
happily we have looked too implicitly, for that improvement in its
character and interests, to which their early efforts have served to
give them a kind of prescriptive right.
That spirit of independence, however, which forms the basis of cha-
racter in a true American, has discovered its determination to eman-

vi
PREFACE.
cipate itself from scientific subjugation to foreign countries. It has
striven, and continues to strive, to form for itself a scientific and
literary character, as it has long since established one for national
glory. The foundation of a national temple of learning and
science, is already laid by our venerated fathers—the literary ge-
nius of our country is no longer questioned. In its native strength
it is ample and ready to be called into requisition, while a greater
degree of liberality in education would render it operative and effi-
cient. The materials are furnished by the physical and moral
aspect of our interesting country. The genial influence alone of
national encouragement and protection is wanting, to complete in
the approaching half century, a superstructure at once durable and
gigantic. The commercial depression which has pervaded our Union
for some time past, and of which there seems little prospect of
removal, will be attended with at least the benefit of promoting
science and literature. This it will effect by inviting a more exten-
sive cultivation of the liberal professions—and by the necessity
which will be perceived to improve our knowledge and taste of the
different branches of physical science, with the ulterior object of en-
hancing our agricultural interests, or augmenting the force and use-
fulness of the manufacturing policy. Without an avowed, or per-
haps actual predilection, for either of these great interests, the de-
claration may be fairly ventured, that conflicting as they may seem
to be relatively to intrinsic objects, they will produce the union sug-
gested, in favour of science and the liberal arts.

PREFACE.
vii
A laudable spirit of encouragement to a cultivation of our own re-
sources has been already evinced, by the efforts of the present ad-
ministration, in attaching scientific departments to military exploring
embassies. By thus affording facilities for learned men to penetrate
the recesses of our territory, a correct knowledge of the country will
be acquired. Already the expeditions have resulted in the accumu-
lation of geographical and natural historical documents and informa-
tion, of high value to our national interests; thus giving evidence
at once of their usefulness and the liberal views under which they
originated. Fostered by this spirit of encouragement, the native
genius of our country can expand her wings, and, soaring over
its extensive and fruitful regions, return loaded with literary and
scientific treasure. Hence Americans will dwell with pride on
the rising literary fame of their extensive and happy country.
They can indulge the fond anticipation, that its scientific great-
ness may become the brightest charge on the escutcheon of its he-
raldric emblazonment,
Deeply impressed with these sentiments, the author has naturally
entertained the idea, that, though the efforts of an individual can ac-
complish but very little, towards so great an object as promoting
the advancement of national science: still something may be
effected, even by individual labour, in a department too much
neglected by native Americans, too much contemned by narrow-
minded, self-interested teachers, in distinguished medical schools ;

viii
PREFACE
and above all, too readily surrendered to foreigners. The interesting
aspect of novelty and importance which our extensive domains pre-
sent, allures them to come among us to execute the task of exa-
mining and describing our natural productions, for which their zeal,
their taste, and their learning so eminently qualify them. Can any
American examine the splendid and useful work of the younger
Michaux, on our forest trees, without a pang of mortifying regret,
that the author of such a production was not an American ?
That cause for repetition of such mortification may not be found
in seeing the Flora of North America executed on the same plan by
any foreigner, the author has embarked in the enterprize, as one
which naturally invited his attention, because one in which he could
most usefully engage. The Flora Danica has been taken as a
model, having been found eminently useful by the authority of its
figures.
This Flora is designed to elucidate, by the authority of coloured
figures, the interesting botany of North America. On the successful
cultivation and improvement of this science among us, depend in a
degree scarcely realized to its full extent, the agricultural, the manu-
facturing, and the medical interests of our rich, abundant, and inde-
pendant country. It has been commenced under unpromising cir.
cumstances, without any other prospect of success than that which
the author's zeal and the laudable enterprize of his publishers, en-

PREFACE.
ix
deavoured to see in perspective; and has been undertaken chiefly
from an ambition of giving to the country a production on a science
connected with its highest interests, which may claim to be consider-
ed a national work.
With these views the first volume is now offered to the public,
and is tendered as a small contribution to the general stock of
natural history; as well as an earnest of what may be done in the
future prosecution of the enterprize, by a patronage commensurate
with the importance of the object. This it is confidently believed
will not be withheld, provided the present volume affords a sufficient
degree of ability to ensure confidence.
VOL. I.

ADVERTISEMENT.
The plan to be pursued in the following sheets, is, to commence
the history of each figure by the botanical name of the plant. In the se-
cond line the English or vulgar name is given. In the third, the place
of the plant in the class and order of the system of Linnæus, and in the
natural family of Jussieu. The generic character next follows; and,
when not particularly quoted from other works, it is taken from the
Genera Plantarum of Linnæus. The specific character, when, in the
opinion of the author an unexceptionable one is to be found in any
of the modern botanical works, is quoted from them ; but most fre-
quently given by himself and marked with the initial B. The
synonymy succeeds—and under this head, in reference to the figure,
much useful information is added. The text commences with the
technical descriptive account of the plant, to which the habitat,
soil, and time of flowering are superadded. In the general history
which follows, the origin of the generic name is given, when known,
as well as the derivations of the common or vulgar names; and
finally, in all instances in which the economical uses of plants are
interesting, they will be noticed, and such particularized as medicinal
as are possessed of sanative properties.

ADVERTISEMENT.
xi
In the description of the colours of the flowers, leaves, fruit, &c.
the author has assumed the new and precise nomenclature of Wer-
ner, as exemplified in Mr. Symes's edition. No further importance
is intended to be conveyed by this precision in designating the vari-
ous tints of nature, than that which truth and perspicuity must always
afford. To this it may be remarked, that few botanists describe
colours accurately, owing to the general confusion and erroneous
ideas which prevail in the minds of most persons, relative to the
names of different tints. Few are particularly attentive in scrutinizing
the various shades of the standard or characteristic colours; and
fewer still take the pains of studying the inclination of one shade to-
wards its kindred tint, or the falling of the remote tints of the standard
colour into its neighbouring hues. Hence, in minute descriptive bo.
tany, perpetual confusion occurs between blues and purples, of dif-
ferent intensity, yellow and orange, reds and red purples, browns
and greys, and greys and black.
and black. Some idea may be formed of the
difficulty on this subject by knowing, that Werner and Symes's enu-
meration of the most common colours or tints that appear in nature,
amount to one hundred and eight.
,
With a view to illustrate as far as practicable without the tints,
this nomenclature, he now subjoins the animal, vegetable and mine-
ral substances which Werner and Symes adduced for this purpose-
at the end of the second volume, the tints themselves will be added.

xii
ADVERTISEMENT.
WHITES.
No.
NAMES.
MINERAL
1
1
Snow White.
2
Reddish White.
3
Purplish White.
4
Yellowish White.
Orange-coloured
White.
5
6
Greenish White.
7
Skimmed-milk
White.
8
Greyish White.
No.
NAMES.
MINERAL
9
Ash Grey.
10
Smoke Grey.
11
French Grey.
Flint.
12
Yellowish Grey.
13
Bluish Grey.
Limestone.
14
Greenish Grey.
15
Blackish Grey
ANIMAL
VEGETABLE.
Exemplified in Snow
Drop.
(Galanthus nivalis.)
Back of the Christ-
mas Rose.
White Geranium, or
Stork's Bill.
Hawthorn Blossom.
Large wild Convol-
vulus.
Polyanthus narcissus.
White of the Human
Eyeballs.
Back of the Petals of
Blue Hepatica.
White Hamburgh
Grapes.
GREYS.
ANIMAL.
VEGETABLE.
Fresh Wood Ashes.
Breast of the Robin,
round the red.
Breast of Pied Wag-
tail.
Stems of the Bar-
berry Bush.
Back and tail coverts
of the Wood Pigeon.
Quill feathers of the
Robin.
Bark of Ash Tree.
Old Stems of Haw-
thorn.
Flint.

ADVERTISEMENT.
BLACKS.
No.
NAMES.
16
Greyish Black
17
Bluish Black
18
Greenish Black.
19
Pitch or Brownish
Black.
20
Reddish Black.
21
Raven Black.
22
Velvet Black.
BLUES.
No.
NAMES.
23
Indigo Blue.
24
Prussian Blue.
25
China Blue.
26
Azure Blue.
27
Ultramarine Blue.
28
Flax-flower Blue.
29
Berlin Blue.
30
Verditter Blue.
31
Greenish Blue.
32
Greyish Blue.
xili
ANIMAL.
VEGETABLE
MINERAL
Water Ousel,
Breast and upper
part of
Back of Water Hen.
Largest Black Slug.
Crowberry
Breast of Lapwing.
Hornblende.
Guillemot,
Wing Coverts of
Black Cock,
Spots on large wings
of Tyger Moth
Berry of Fuchia
Coccinea.
Raven.
Berry of Deadly
Nightshade.
Black of Red and
Black West India
Peas.
ANIMAL. .
VEGETABLE.
MINERAL.
Stamina of Single Pur-
ple Anemone
Blue Copper Ore.
Beauty spot on
Wing of Mallard
Drake.
Stamina of Bluish Pur-
ple Anemone.
Back Parts of Gen-
tian Flower.
Blue Copper Ore
from Chessy.
Grape Hyacinth,
Gentian.
Borrage.
Azure Stone, or
Lapis Lazuli.
Flax-flower.
Wing Feathers of Jay.
Blue Saphire.
Lenticular Ore.
Great Fennel Flower
Turquois Fluor
Spar.
Back of Blue Tit-
Small Fennel Flower
Iron Earth.
mouse.

xiv
ADVERTISEMENT.
No.
NAMES.
MINERAL
33
Bluish Lilac Purple.
Lepidolite.
34
Bluish Purple.
35
Violet Purple.
Amethyst.
36
Pansy Purple.
Derbyshire Spar.
37
Campanula Purple.
Fluor Spar.
38
Imperial Purple.
39
Auricula Purple.
40
Plum Purple.
41
Red Lilac Purple.
42
Lavender Purple.
PURPLES.
ANIMAL.
VEGETABLE.
Blue Lilac.
Parts of White and
Purple Crocus,
Purple Aster.
Sweet-scented Violet.
Canterbury Bell,
Campanula,
Percifolia
Deep parts of Flower
of Saffron Crocus.
Largest Purple
Auricula.
Plum.
Red Lilac,
Pale Purple Prim-
rose.
Dried Lavender
Flowers.
Jasper.
43
Pale Blackish Purple.
Porcelain Jasper

ADVERTISEMENT.
XV
GREENS.
No,
NAMES,
ANIMAL.
VEGETABLE.
MINERAL.
44
Celandine Green.
Phalana Margarita-
ria.
Back of Tussilago
Leaves.
45
Mountain Green.
Phalana Viridaria.
Thick-leaved
Cudweed,
Silver-leaved Almond.
Actynolite, Beryl.
46
Leek Green.
Sea Kale,
Leaves of Leeks in
Winter
47
Blackish Green.
Dark Streaks on
Leaves of
Cayenne Pepper.
Serpentine.
48
Verdigris Green.
Tail of small long-
tailed Green Parrot.
Copper Green.
49
Bluish Green.
Egg of Thrush.
Under disk of Wild
Rose Leaves.
50
Apple Green.
Under side of Wings
of
Green Broom Moth.
Crysoprase.
51
Emerald Green.
Beauty spot on Wing
of Teal Drake.
Emerald.
52
Grass Green.
General appearance
of Grass Fields,
Sweet Sugar Pear.
Uran, Mica.
53
Duck Green.
Neck of Mallard.
Upper disk of Yew
Leaves.
Ceylanite.
54
Sap Green.
Under Side of lower | Upper disk of Leaves
Wings of Orange-tip of Woody Night-
Butterfly
shade.
55
Pistachio Green.
Neck of Eider Drake.
Ripe Pound Pear,
Hypnum like Saxi-
frage.
Crysolite.
56
Asparagus Green.
Brimstone Butterfly.
Variegated Horse-
Shoe Geranium.
57
Olive Green.
Foliage of Lignum
Vitæ.
Epidote,
Olven Ore.
58
Oil Green.
Animal and Shell of
Common Water Snail.
Nonpareil Apple
of the Wall
Beryl.
59
Siskin Green.
Siskin.
Ripe Coalmar Pear,
Irish Pitcher Apple.
Uran, Mica.

xvi
ADVERTISEMENT.
YELLOWS.
No.
NAMES.
ANIMAL.
MINERAL.
60
Sulphur Yellow.
Yellow parts of large
Dragon-Fly.
Sulphur.
61
Primrose Yellow.
Pale Canary Bird.
Pale coloured
Sulphur.
62
Wax Yellow.
Larva of large Water
Beetle.
Semi-Opal
63
Lemon Yellow.
Large Wasp or
Hornet.
Yellow Orpiment.
64
Gamboge Yellow.
Wings of Goldfinch,
Canary Bird.
High coloured
Sulphur.
65
King's Yellow.
Head of Golden
Pheasant.
66
Saffron Yellow.
Tail Coverts of
Golden Pheasant.
67
Gallstone Yellow.
Gallstone.
68
Honey Yellow.
Lower parts of Neck
of Bird of Paradise.
Fluor Spar.
69
Straw Yellow.
Schorlite, Calomine.
70
Wine Yellow.
Body of Silk Moth.
Saxon Topaz.
71
Sienna Yellow.
Vent parts of tail of
Bird of Paradise.
VEGETABLE.
Various coloured
Snap Dragon.
Wild Primrose.
Greenish Parts of
Nonpareil Apple.
Shrubby Goldylocks.
Yellow Jasmine.
Yellow Tulip,
Cinque foil.
Anthers of Saffron
Crocus.
Marigold Apple.
Oat Straw.
White Currants.
Stamina of Honey-
suckle.
Pale Brazilian Topaz.
72
Ochre Yellow.
Vent Coverts of Red
Start.
73
Cream Yellow.
Breast of Teal Drake.

ADVERTISEMENT.
хуії
ORANGE.
No.
NAMES.
ANIMAL.
MINERAL.
74
Dutch Orange.
Crest of Golden-
crested Wren.
Streak of Red
Orpiment.
75
Buff Orange.
Streak from the Eye
of the
King Fisher.
Natrolite.
76
Orpiment Orange.
The Neck Ruff of the
Golden Pheasant,
Belly of the Warty
Newt.
77
Brownish Orange.
Eyes of the largest
Flesh-Fly.
Dark Brazilian
Topaz.
78
Reddish Orange.
Lower wings of
Tyger-moth.
79
Deep Reddish Orange.
Gold Fish,
lustre abstracted.
VEGETABLE.
Common Marigold,
Seedpod of Spindle
tree.
Stamina of the large
White Cistus.
Indian Cress.
Style of the Orange
Lily.
Hemimeris,
Buff Hebiscus.
Scarlet Leadington
Apple.
VOL. I.
3

xviii
ADVERTISEMENT.
RED.
No.
NAMES.
ANIMAL.
VEGETABLE.
MINERAL.
80
Tile Red.
Breast of the Cock
Goldfinch.
Shrubby
Pimpernel.
81
Hyacinth Red.
Red Spots of the
Lygæus Apterus
Fly.
Red on the Golden
Rennette Apple.
Hyacinth.
82
Scarlet Red.
Scarlet Ibis or Curlew, Large Red Oriental
Mark on Head of
Poppy, Red Parts
of red and black
Red Grouse.
Indian Peas.
Light Red
Cinnaber.
83
Vermillion Red.
Red Coral.
Love Apple.
Cinnaber.
84
Aurora Red.
Red on the Naked
Apple.
Red Orpiment.
85
Arterial Blood Red.
Head of the Cock
Goldfinch.
Corn Poppy,
Cherry
86
Flesh Red.
Human Skin.
Larkspur.
Heavy Spar,
Limestone.
87
Rose Red.
Common Garden Rose.
Figure Stone.
88
Peach Blossom Red.
Peach Blossom.
Red Cobalt Ore.
89
Carmine Red.
Raspberry,
Cock's Comb,
Carnation Pink.
Oriental Ruby
90
Lake Red.
Red Tulip,
Officinal Rose.
Spinel.
91
Crimson Red.
Outside of Quills of
Terrico.
Dark Crimson
Officinal
Garden Rose.
Precious Garnet.
92
Cochineal Red.
Under Disk of de-
cayed Leaves of
None-so-pretty.
Dark Cinnaber.
93
Veinous Blood Red.
Veinous Blood.
Musk Flower,
or dark Purple
Scabious.
Pyrope.
94
Brownish Purple
Red.
Flower of deadly
Nightshade.
Red Antimony
Ore.
95
Chocolate Red.
Breast of Bird of
Paradise.
Brown Disk of com-
mon Marigold.
96
Brownish Red.
Mark on Throat of
Red-throated Diver.
Iron Flint.

xix
No.
NAMES.
97
Deep Orange-colour-
ed Brown.
98
Deep Reddish Brown.
92
Umber Brown.
100
Chesnut Brown.
101
Yellowish Brown.
102
Wood Brown.
103
Liver Brown.
104
Hair Brown.
105
Broccili Brown.
106
Clove Brown.
107
Blackish Brown.
No.
NAMES.
108
Pearl Grey.
ADVERTISEMENT.
BROWNS.
ANIMAL.
VEGETABLE.
MINERAL.
Head of Pochard,
Wing Coverts of
Sheldrake.
Female spike of
Catstail Reed.
Breast of Pochard,
and Neck of Teal
Drake.
Dead Leaves
of Green
Panic Grass.
Brown Blende.
Moor Buzzard.
Disk of Rudbeckia.
Neck and Breast of
Red Grouse.
Chesnuts.
Egyptian Jasper.
Light Brown Spots on
Guinea-Pig,
Breast of Hoopoe.
Iron Flint and Com-
mon Jasper.
Common Weasel,
Light parts of Feathers
on the
Back of the Snipe.
Hazel Nuts.
Mountain Wood.
Middle Parts of Fea-
thers of Hen Pheasant,
and Wing Coverts of
Grosbeak.
Semi Opal.
Head of Pintailed
Duck.
Wood Tin.
Head of Black-headed
Gull.
Zircon.
Head and Neck of
Male Kestral.
Stems of Black Cur-
rant Bush.
Axinite,
Rock Crystal
Stormy Petrel, Wing
Coverts of Black Cock,
Forehead of
Foummart.
Mineral Pitch.
(Omitted in the list of Greys.)
ANIMAL.
VEGETABLE.
MINERAL.
Backs of Black-
headed and Kittiwake
Gulls.
Back of Petals of
Purple Hepatica.

DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER.
The title page given to the first number to be cancelled, and the
one now given to be substituted for it.
The advertisement accompanying No. 1. to be cancelled.
The advertisement to No. 7, (the one dated Feb. 8, 1821,) to fol-
low immediately after the “ Errata” on this
page.
The plates to face the heads of the Chapters.
ERRATA.
Page 112, line 6 from the bottom, for attenuata” read dilatata.
Page 115, in the explanation of the plate of Uvularia perfoliata, after“ fig. 5” in-
sert, fig. 6, an outline of a leaf from a plant in fruit.

UNE
OF

Table 1
Fig. 1.
Fig 2.
Fiy 3
Fig4.
Fig 5.
Drawn from Mature by U.P.C. Barton,
F.Kearny, SC
LYSIMACHUA RACEMOSA.

232
TABLE I.
LYSIMACHIA RACEMOSA.
CLUSTER-FLOWERED LOOSESTRIFE. BULB-BEARING LOOSE-
STRIFE.
Pentandria Monogynia, Linn.
Lysimachia, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, 5-cleft. Stigma 1. Capsule 1-celled, globular, mucronate,
5 or 10 valyed, few or many-seeded.-Nutt.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
L. RACEMOSA; very smooth; leaves oval-lanceolate, opposite, dotted; raceme termi-
nal, long, loose; segments of the corolla oblong-oval.-Mich.
SYNONYMS.
LYSIMACHIA racemosa, Lamarck. Ency. iii. p. 546.
L. stricta, Ait. i. p. 199, and Willd. i.
p.
818.
L. bulbifera, Curt. Bot. Mag. 104.
L. vulgaris, Walt. Fl. Car. ?
L. Floridana lutea minor, &c. Pluk. Amalth. 139. t. 428. f. 4.
VOL. I.
2

2
Lysimachia racemosa.
Plant from eighteen inches to two and a half feet high; very
smooth. Root perennial, fibrous. Leaves yellowish-green, lanceo-
late, and oval-lanceolate, very entire, opposite, finely dotted with
black specks. Flowers numerous, from twenty to thirty-five, in a
long, pyramidal, loose, terminal raceme; sometimes verticillated,
often alternate. Corolla bright yellow, rotate. Petals five, very rare-
ly six, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat twisted, forming at their junc-
ture with the calix a white central spot, circumscribed exteriorly to
the origin of the stamens, with red dots. Pedicels one-flowered,
slender, about a quarter or half an inch long. Flower buds yellow,
tipped with carmine-red. Calix, five linear-lanceolate, acute segments.
Bracts lanceolate. Lower flowers appearing first, and the raceme
becoming elongated during the progress of inflorescence. Often
viviparous, bearing narrow, sometimes ovate, red bulbs in the axills of
the leaves, about a quarter of an inch, and from that to near an inch
in length. Inhabits the margins of ditches and meadow-drains; low,
wet, grassy meadows, and, generally places contiguous to water, from
Canada to Virginia Flowers in July and August.
The plant here figured is one of the prettiest of the American
species of the genus to which it belongs. It is a showy ornament of
the sites enumerated as its resort, and differs so much according to
the congeniality or unfavourableness of the soil in which it grows, that
it appears to be well worth cultivation. Delighting in moisture,
being quite hardy, and bearing transplantation well, there would ap-

Lysimachia racemosa.
3
pear nothing else requisite in its culture than a free supply of
water.
The appellation Lysimachia, is a very ancient generic term, and
we are informed by Pliny and Ambrosinus, that it was imposed in
honour of Lysimachus, a favourite general of Alexander the Great,
who afterwards became king of Thrace. The English name, Loose-
strife, given in common to all the species of the genus, is supposed
to be derived from two Greek words, ausis pece xons, a dissolution of strife,
or a peace-maker. The caprice, however, which affixed this name
and that of Lysimachus together, is enigmatical. And unless its ori-
gin be looked for in an ironical intention, the appellation seems un-
accountable; since history informs us, that this king was cruel, fe-
rocious, and strifeful.
The most striking circumstance in the history of the present
species, is its occasional anomalous mode of re-production, by means
of bulbs. Hence Curtis called it L. bulbifera. Specimens are
not uncommon, which present so many of these axillary seeds, that
the aspect of the plant is, to those unacquainted with the fact, mate-
rially changed. In such instances the flowers are abortive, no seed
nor capsules being matured. The plant varies also in being simple,
or very much branched, according to circumstances. Grounds
generally wet, or occasionally irrigated or inundated, and the bor-
ders of rivers, rivulets, bogs, and watery thickets, will seldom be

4,
Lysimachia racemosa.
searched for this species unsuccessfully. Pursh limits its range to
Virginia; and Mr. Elliott does not describe it as a native of the Caro-
linas or Georgia. Michaux, however, is incorrect in restricting its
limits to New York, as it is found abundantly in the northernmost
states. It is common in the neighbourhood of this city. Mr. Nuttall
suggests the probability, that this is a mere variety of the L. angus-
tifolia. It is, however, quite distinct. That plant has from four to six
flowers, supported on whorled pedicels of an inch or an inch and a
half in length, arising from as many whorls of lanceolate leaves, four
in number, towards the top of the plant. The calix in the L. angusti-
folia is very different, being three times the size of that of the
plant under consideration. The leaves also, are sufficiently distinct;
and, together with the mode of inflorescence, leave the point in-
dubitable.
TABLE I.
Fig. 1. A flowering specimen.
2. A back view of a flower, separated.
3. A front view of the same.
4. The calix and pistil.
5. Annulet with stamens. (All the size of nature.)

CH
20

Table 2
Figs.
Fig3.
Fig 2.
Fig 4.
F', Kearny Sc.
Drawn from Mature Ty T.P.C. Barton.
SCUTELLARIA HYSSOPIFOLIA.

TABLE II.
SCUTELLARIA HYSSOPIFOLIA.
HYSSOP-LEAVED SCULL-CAP.
Didynamia Gymnospermia, Linn.
Labiatæ, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Margin of the calix entire, after flowering closed with a galeate lid. Tube of the
corolla elongated.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Thickly pubescent; stem erect, four-sided, branched ; leaves sessile, lanceolate-
linear, obtuse, very entire, attenuated at base, those near the root petiolated;
margin slightly scabrous; racemes elongated, leafy. B.
SYNONYMS.
12.
SCUTELLARIA hyssopifolia, Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. p. 174, and Muhl. Cat.
S. integrifolia, var. B. hyssopifolia, Pursh, No. 7, and Barton's Comp. Fl. Ph. No. 4.
S. integrifolia, sub var. 1. Mich. Fl. Boreali-Am. ii.
p.
S. integrifolia, Nutt. Gen. Am. Pl. ii. p. 37. Ait. No. 10. and Eaton's Man, 433.
S. foliis integerrimis, Gron. ed. 1. 67, excluding references to Pluk. and Ray.
S. virginianum, hyssopi angusti foliis, &c. Pluk. 338, t. 441. f. 6.

6
Scutellaria hyssopifolia.
WHOLE plant covered with a dense, short down, obscuring the
vividness of the green. Root perennial, branched, fibrous. Stem
from eight inches to two feet high, four-sided, often simple, but
mostly very much branched above; branches opposite, erect, each
terminating in a loose raceme, garnished with small leaves. Leaves
lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, attenuated at base; those at the root
ovate, with an obscure tooth or two, and distinctly petiolated. The
first and second, and occasionally the third pairs of the stem, very en-
tire, sub-petiolated, the petiole being somewhat winged by continuation
of the margin of the leaf. The upper stem-leaves closely sessile.
The branch-leaves linear and sessile, all obtuse, entire, opposite,
situated in pairs on the alternate sides of the quadrangular stem,
and covered with a multitude of dots beneath. Corolla densely in-
vested with down, campanula-purple, having a white, confluent,
divided spot on the lower lip of the palate. Stamens flax-blue, with
purple, globose anthers; pistil blue, with a round stigma, all arcu-
ate, retaining the arch of the upper lip and tube of the corolla.
Flowers numerous, borne in long, loose, leafy, terminal racemes.
Calix covered with fine down, gaping to receive the tube of the
corolla, and crowned with a concave appendage, as is common to
the genus ; small during inflorescence, but subsequently enlarging
until the fruit become mature. Seeds small, black, irregularly round-
ish, and exteriorly corrugated. Inhabits wet, low grounds, meadows
and bogs, from New York to Carolina. Flowers in July and August,
The plant just described is the finest of the American species of
the genus. No one who has seen a single individual of this tribe in

Scutellaria hyssopifolia.
x
fruit, could readily forget the singular form of the calix, or rather
the capsule, which has given rise to the generic term Scutellaria.
The scutella of the Romans was a small dish or saucer, to the shape
of which the capsules of these plants have been supposed to bear
a close resemblance; and hence, or to the term scutulum, or little
shield, to which the coronal appendage has been likened, the genus
owes its name. It was called Cassida by Tournefort, from a com-
parison of the calix of the fruit to a helmet. The English name
Scull-cap, imposed on the whole genus, is referable to a similar re-
semblance to a kind of cap which fits close to the head (or scull)
to which a flat, concave crown is superincumbent.
The American plants of this genus, are far from being well de.
fined or described. Several species are confounded with each other,
and though designated in the books, are imperfectly discriminated.
The present one has been passed by since the time of Michaux,
as a mere variety of S. integrifolia, a plant itself not well known,
and often confounded with one or two others. Yet it was discerned
by Linnæus ; and the plant here figured, is the genuine S. hyssopifolia
of the Species Plantarum. It is designated by Gronovius as having
very entire leaves, and he seems to have known it well, though his
references to Plukenet and Ray are incorrectly applied to this spe-
cies. It is the S. hyssopifolia of Willdenow, and of Muhlenburg's cata-
logue and herbarium; and as its name is very appropriate and ex-
pressive, from the resemblance of the leaves to those of hyssop,
there does not appear any good reason for assigning to it the specific

8
Scutellaria hyssopifolia.
appellation, so unwarrantably given to S. integrifolia, the leaves
of which are toothed and serrated. The present plant will be found
in rich grassy and damp meadows; on the borders of wet thickets;
the margins of shaded rivulets; rarely on the edges of exposed wa-
ter courses, and shuns salt water ditches. These are the situations
in which it has been found by me, through New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. Yet Pursh, erroneously con-
sidering this, as Michaux suggested it to be, a variety of S. integri-
folia, has assigned it to similar situations “ on dry hills, in rich soil.99
This error has been adopted by others. In reality, the plant is
strongly characterized by specific discrepancy, from S. integrifolia:
not only by the appearance exhibited in the plate, but by the con-
stancy of that physiognomy; and what removes it still more certainly
from its congener just mentioned, is, its partiality for wet places,
shaded by sedge or other grass, and herbaceous plants. The speci-
mens found on “ dry hills” are usually diminutive and sickly, scarce
six or seven inches high, with a few small flowers, while in its fa-
vourite moist or boggy soil, it attains a stature of two feet and up-
wards, bearing a profusion of large showy flowers; and specimens
are not unfrequent in the autumn, supporting one or two hundred
capsules. The geographical range of this beautiful plant, accord-
ing to Pursh, is from New York to Carolina. In the vicinity of this
city it is quite common, decorating the meadows and bogs from the
beginning of July till September. It is deserving of cultivation, and
would doubtless increase in beauty by care. During the prevalence
of the mania which caused the Scull-cap (S. lateriflora) to be sought,

Scutellaria hyssopifolia.
9
after, as a specific for the cure and prevention of hydrophobia, spe-
cimens of this plant were brought to me, under the impression that
it was that worthless herb unmeritedly characterized with medicinal
virtues, by ignorance and popular caprice. Indeed there is much
reason to suppose that it was often collected, as well as other plants,
for the S. lateriflora, and used for the cure of the terrific malady so
empirically treated by that useless herb. The present species pos-
sesses, in common with many of its congeners, a degree of bitter-
ness, which is the only virtue of a medicinal kind, that any of the
tribe, except S. galericulata has hitherto exhibited.
TABLE II.
1. A flowering specimen.
2. A flower, separated.
3. Stamens.
4. Pistil. (All the size of nature.)
VOL. I.
3

TABLE III.
per ERYTHRINA HERBACEA.
HERBACEOUS CORAL TREE.
Diadelphia Decandria, Linn.
Leguminose, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix sub-bilabiate, various. Vexillum of the corolla very long and lanceolate. Leo
gume torulose, many-seeded.-Nutt.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
E. small, herbaceous; leaves trifoliate ; folioles sub-hastate ; spike very long;
flowers linear-lanceolate, deep carmine-red; calix truncated, entire. B.
SYNONYMS.
ERYTHRINA foliis ternatis, caulibus simplicissimis fruticoso annuis. Hort. Cliff. 354.
CORALLODENDRON. Tournefort.
CORALLODENDRON foliis ternatis, caule simplicissimo inermi. Trew. ehret. t. 58.
CORALLODENDRON humile, spica florum longissima radice crassissima. Catesb. Car.
49. t. 49.
CORAL carolinensis, hastato folio. Dillenius, elth. 107. t. 90. f. 106.

Table 3.
4
Drun from Nature by W.F.C. Barton.
E Karny od
ERYTHRINA TERRACRA.

OF
усе

Erythrina herbacea.
Root tuberous, large, contorted, branched below. Stem of a pur-
plish colour, from two to three feet high, mostly herbaceous, but oc-
casionally persistent, invested with a few prickles. Leaves ternate ;
petioles aculeate. Folioles slightly coriaceous, smooth, hastate-rhom-
boid, sub-acute, very much dilated laterally, appearing three-lobed ;
the terminal foliole larger than the lateral, and the latter often differ-
ing in size and shape. Flowers borne in long terminal spikes, sup-
ported by tall stalks. Pedicels for the most part ternate, sometimes
solitary and irregularly scattered; always one-flowered. Calix en-
tire and truncated, without honey-glands at the base; suddenly at-
tenuated and corrugated with longitudinal furrows at its juncture
with the pedicel; of a duller red hue than the conspicuous banner
of the flower. Corolla with a long sabre-shaped vexillum of a deep
carmine-red colour. Wings and keel inconspicuous, very short,
membranaceous, and of a dingy purple hue. Stamens distinctly ten,
coalescing by the filaments into a solid cylinder towards the base,
except the tenth, which is separated. Germen pedicellated; seeds
bright scarlet, with a black eye. A native of the open, bushy forests
of Carolina, Georgia and Florida, and according to Mr. Nuttall, “not
far from the sea-coast, rather rare."
This elegant perennial is the only herbaceous American species
of the gaudy genus Erythrina, yet known. They are all character-
ised by red flowers, and hence the generic term, from epuopos, red.
The English appellation of Coral tree likewise common to all the
species, is expressive of the same constancy in this character.

Erythrina herbacea.
The drawing and description of this plant were made from a fine
specimen which flowered at Bartram’s botanic garden this summer.
The spikes were luxuriant, and the flowers numerous, forming a full
florescence of more than a foot in length, at one time. The corollas
were fugagious, and fell rapidly as the spike flowered towards its
apex. The root of this plant is as large as a yam, and irregularly
tuberous. Being a native of the south, it does not bear our winters
without great care, and has hitherto, in the neighbouring gardens,
been difficultly brought to flower. Mr. Curtis mentions, that in Eng-
land it supports the winter very well in green-houses, in which it
does not always die down to the root. If in that climate it does not
often suffer under careful treatment, there does not appear any
reason why good treatment would not in the middle and northern
states, preserve it in health and vigour. And the superb appearance
it makes when reared to florescence, will amply repay the trouble
of its culture. The specimen in the green-house at Bartram’s gar-
den, is near four feet in height from the root to the top of the spikes.
TABLE III.
Fig. 1. The upper portion of a flowering spike.
2. A branch, with leaves.
3. The stamens, with calix and wings, and keel of the corolla.
4. A seed. All the size of nature.)

While
OF

Table.4.
Fig. 2.
ce
F1.3.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 4.
Drann from Nature by WPCBarton.
JBoyd.se
RHEXIA
VIRGINICA,

TABLE IV.
RHEXIA VIRGINICA.
VIRGINIAN RHEXIA. MEADOW BEAUTY. DEER-GRASS.
Octandria Monogynia, Linn.
Melastomæ, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix urceolate, 4 to 5-cleft. Petals 4, oblique, inserted upon the calix. Anthers de
clinate. Capsule setigerous, 4-celled, included in the ventricose calix. Recep-
tacle subulate. Seeds numerous. (Stamina sometimes 10.)-Nutt.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stem angular, winged, garnished with scattered red hairs; leaves ile, oval-
lanceolate, serrated with bristled teeth, ciliated between the serratures,
naked beneath, sparingly and irregularly hirsute above, from 3 to 5 and
7-nerved. B.
SYNONYMS.
Rhexia septemnervia, Walt.? Fl. Car.; the variety ß. of Pursh, perhaps, which has
seven nerves, and attains a stature of four or five feet.
ALIFANUS vegetabilis carolinianus, Pluk. amalth. 8.
LYSIMACHIA non papposa virginiana, tuberariæ, foliis hirsutis, flore tetrapetalo
rubello. Pluk. alm. 235. t. 202. fig. 8?
VOL. I.
4

14
Rhexia virginica.
Root fibrous, perennial. Stem erect, from one to three feet high,
branching above, nearly dichotomous or trichotomous, the upper
forks having a flower in the point of their divarication; four-sided,
membranaceously winged on the angles, smooth, nearly naked, but
often garnished with scattered, reddish hairs. Leaves oval-lanceolate,
attenuated at either end, sessile, mostly three or five, but often
seven-nerved, serrated, the serratures distinctly bristled at their
points, and the intervening parts ciliated; smooth and naked beneath,
and of a pale green colour; darker green above, also smooth, but
covered with distant hairs variously disposed. Peduncles terminal,
dichotomous. Flowers solitary, terminal and axillary from the forks,
sub-sessile, and, in luxuriant specimens sub-corymbose. Petals obovate,
lake-red, delicately veined with a darker shade of the same hue,
the portion of each one which contributed to form the external as-
pect of the flower-buds, covered with red hairs. Anthers falcate,
orange-yellow, filaments gamboge-yellow. Calix regularly urceolate,
differing in shape from the calix of R. mariana ; reddish on
one side, and closely covered with fine semi-viscous hairs, or hairs
crowned with a gland and emitting a viscous fluid. Segments of the
calix acuminate, expanding during florescence, but subsequently re-
flexed. The whole plant sometimes very hirsute. The ciliation of
the leaves varies considerably, the serratures or little teeth being
sometimes only setaceously armed, while at others, the whole mar-
gin is closely fringed. Inhabits rich boggy soil, where its luxuriance
is proportioned to the moisture and shade. Generally in the open
2

Rhexia virginica.
15
borders of swamps, but often in damp meadows. Ranges from the
northern states to Georgia, flowering from July until September.
The generic term Rhexia, is derived from pxis, a rupture, or
fracture. It is the synonym in Pliny of a plant reputed to be endowed
with many medicinal virtues, particularly for curing ruptures. His
description has reference to a plant supposed by modern botanists to
he a species of Anchusa or Echium, but it is not known why Grono.
vius and Linnæus adopted the generic name Rhexia for the American
genus. Of this numerous tribe, containing thirty species, nine are in-
digenous to North, the rest to tropical America. The present one va-
ries considerably in size, often flowering when only eight inches high
in the northern and middle states, but attaining a stature in South Ca-
rolina and Georgia, of four or five feet. This circumstance must be ow-
ing to the greater congeniality of a southern sun to the constitution of
the plant. Mr. Elliott is silent respecting the variety B. of Pursh,
quoted by him from Walter, as having seven nerves and attaining a
height of five feet; but describes R. virginica as being from two to
three feet high with from five to seven nerves, giving at the same
time, Walter's specific name septemnervia, as a synonym. Walter's
plant was therefore in all probability, an uncommonly luxuriant va-
riety, not constantly of that stature. The medium or most common
height is about two feet. Culture, with due attention to the native
soil, would doubtless render a plant of such susceptibility of varia-
tion, more showy and ornamental. It bears transplantation well,

16
Rhexia virginica.
and is worthy of introduction to our gardens. It is said to succeed
only tolerably in England in bog-beds with plenty of water, and that
it there requires to be sheltered from the winter. In this its native
clime however, it is not likely to suffer from the cold of winter. The
boggy swamps of the lower and middle parts of Jersey, are abun-
dantly supplied with this species of Rhexia; and it there grows to a
large size, bearing a corymb of numerous flowers. The petals are,
however, fugacious; but the constant succession of new flowers,
makes up for their short duration.
This species may be increased by sowing the seeds obtained from
the wild plant, in the spring or autumn, in pots filled with fresh
mould, and protecting them by frames. In a mild hot-bed they will
be more forward. If sown later the seedlings seldom appear the
same year. When they have attained a sufficient size, they ought to
be planted out in borders and pots. They flower the second year,
and often for three or four years successively.
Fig. 1. A flowering specimen.
2. A petal.
3. A calix opened, shewing the stamens and pistil.
4. A mature capsule.
(All the size of nature.)

Unly
OF
ICH "

Table. 5.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig.3.
Drawn from Nature by WP.C Barton.
F. Karny Son,
RUDBECKIA FULGIDA.

TABLE V.
RUDBECKIA FULGIDA.
SMALL HAIRY RUDBECKIA.
Syngenesia Frustanea, Linn.
Corymbiferc, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix sub-equal, mostly consisting of a double series of leaflets. Receptacle paleace
ous, conic. Pappus a 4-toothed margin.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stem hispid; branches virgate, elongated, one-flowered ; leaves alternate and
sessile, oblong-lanceolate, denticulate, all over slightly hispid, narrow at the
base and sub-cordate; calix leafy, nearly equal to the rays,
which are deep
golden-yellow; disk hemispherical, deep purple; chaff lanceolate. B.
SYNONYMS.
RUDBECKIA chrysomela, Mich. Flora Boreali-Am.
R. aspera, Desfontaines in Tableau de L'ecole de Botanique Jardin du Roi.
OBELISCOTHECA integrifolia, radio aureo, umbone atro-rubente, Dillenius, Hort. Elth,

18
Rudbeckia fulgida.
Root perennial. Stem about two feet high, terete, sometimes sim-
ple, often branched, hairy. Branches virgate, elongated, pedunculi-
form, one-flowered. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, remotely denticulate,
hispid on both sides and on the margin, the hair running regularly
from the base towards the apex; attenuated toward the base, and
sub-cordate, closely sessile, acute. The leaves on the pedunculate
stem small, not serrated nor cordate, but attenuated at either end,
and sessile. Lower and radicle leaves oval-lanceolate or oval, acute,
attenuated at base, and more distinctly cordate, with more and larger
teeth, and distinctly three-nerved. Flowers solitary, terminal. Rays
oval, or oval-lanceolate, one-toothed or notched, about thirteen in
number; gamboge-yellow, paler underneath. Disk hemispherical,
auricula-purple. Calix leafy, leaves lanceolate, hairy, acute, nearly
as long as the rays. Found in mountain and other meadows, and
on the borders of damp woods, from the northern to the southern
states, flowering from July until October.
The genus of which a species is here figured, was dedicated by
Linnæus to the memory of his countrymen, Orlof Rudbeck, father
and son, both alike conspicuous for their learning and botanical
attainments, and his predecessors in the botanical professorship at
Upsal. Linnæus chose a genus allied to Helianthus, because a sun-
flower constituted a part of the coat-of-arms of the family of Rud-
beck.

Rudbeckia fulgida.
19
The genus Rudbeckia contains several species not well under-
stood or described; and the present species is an example of this.
It has often been confounded with the R. hirta, to which it bears
certainly much resemblance, though it has much smaller and deeper
yellow-coloured flowers, and is much less hairy. The root of R.
,
hirta is biennial; that of R. fulgida, perennial. The disk of the for-
mer is conical and dark brown, that of the latter is hemispherical
and deep auricula-purple. The leaves of the calix of R. fulgida are
broader, more ovate, and more hairy than in the hirta. Dillenius's
figure in the Hortus Elthamensis, is a very good specimen. In that
plate it will be perceived, that the attenuation and cordation of the
base of the leaves of R. fulgida is absent. The leaves in the figure
are broader at the base than in the fulgida, and only closely sessile.
The attenuation of the leaves base-ways, in the fulgida, contrasted
with the broader and rather auriculated bases of those of the hirta,
is a constant and good discriminative character between these allied
species. Added to which, in the hirta the whole plant is larger, more
robust, and more branched, and has long white hairs variously and
irregularly arranged, particularly on the leaves,
This being one of the perennial species of Rudbeckia, may be
raised by either offsets, cuttings or seeds. The seeds should be sown
in April, in light earth, on an open or exposed border, separating the
seedlings, till autumn, and then planting them out in the places
where they are destined to remain. They require a light and damp
soil.

20
Rudbeckia fulgida.
Fig. 1. The upper portion of a flowering specimen.
2. A lower stem-leaf in outline.
3. The lower part of the stem, cut asunder at the mark +.
(All the size of nature.)

UND
OF

Table 6.
Fig.1.
+
Fig. 2.
Dram from Nature by WPCBarton
JBoyd sc
OENOTHERA GRANDIFLORA.

TABLE VI.
ENOTHERA GRANDIFLORA
LARGE-FLOWERED EVENING PRIMROSE.
Octandria Monogynia, Linn.
Melastoma, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix tubulous, 4-cleft, segments deflected, deciduous. Petals 4, inserted upon the
calix. Stigma 4-cleft. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, inferior. Seeds naked,
affixed to a central, 4-sided receptacle.-Nutt.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stem somewhat glabrous, occasionally pubescent, branching; leaves lanceolate
and ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, and sometimes pubescent; stamens de
clining. B.
VOL. I.
5

22
Enothera grandiflora.
Root biennial. Stem from two to four feet high, very much
branched, the central branch or continuation of the main stem,
much exceeding the other branches in length ; generally destitute
of pubescence, but not unfrequently downy. Leaves broad-lanceo-
late, from three to six inches long, and one and a half or two inches
broad, scalloped towards the base, glabrous for the most part, though
often pubescent. Upper leaves half the size of the lower ones, and
much undulated on the margin, and irregularly folded and twisted.
Flowers axillary, very large, sessile, agreeably odorous. Petals
deeply emarginate, gamboge-yellow, expanding after sunset and
during the night. Tube of the calix one and a half inch long; germ
glabrous or pubescent. Stamens declinate, and somewhat shorter
than the corolla. Anthers orange-yellow, filaments curved at their
bases or near their points of origin. Stigma cruciate, the divisions of
the cross clavate. Found native in the woods and fields, and about
habitations, in Carolina and Georgia, flowering from May until
August.
'Theophrastus describes a plant, the root of which had caught the
perfume of wine from being dried. Hence he called it Enothera,
from orvos, wine, and onça, a searching or catching. Modern botanists
do not know whether any one of the species of our genus Enothera,
be the plant described by Theophrastus, though there is no doubt that
this is the derivation of the name by which they are now grouped.

Enothera grandiflora.
23
Of the numerous species of this genus native of this country, the
present one may properly be considered the largest and most wor-
thy of cultivation. The flowers possess a very agreeable scent, and
in favourable soil and exposure, become even larger than represent-
ed in the plate. They first appear about the last of May or begin-
ning of June, and continue successively blooming, until August and
September: those however which appear last, are considerably smaller
than those which expand in the first month of florescence. They open
in the evening, just after sunset, by a very sudden retraction of the
calix leaves, in a manner common perhaps to the genus, but more
especially conspicuous in this species, and the E. biennis, to which
it bears a very close resemblance, and of which it has been deemed
by some a luxuriant variety. It is however specifically distinct. The
same flower does not open a second time, but a numerous succes-
sion of new ones continues to adorn the plant during the time already
mentioned. Luxuriant garden specimens are not uncommon, of four
and five feet height, exhibiting a profusion of flowers at the same
time. Pursh informs us that he has noticed a phosphoric light ema-
nating during dark nights, from the flowers of the E. biennis; and it
is not improbable that the same circumstance attends the expansion
of the flowers of the present species. Mr. Elliott restricts the habitat
of E. grandiflora, to the vicinity of habitations in South Carolina
and Georgia, remarking that it is a certainly not indigenous in the
low country.”

24
Enothera grandiflora.
The variety figured and marked ß. in the botanical magazine, is
separated by that mark from the original species, without good rea-
son. The pubescence of the stem, germens, and leaves, in that va-
riety, cannot be considered as a constant character, since in this
country, both in its native and cultivated state, the pubescence is often
discoverable in a greater or less degree, upon plants which have
many leaves glabrous; whilst at the same time some specimens are
found entirely smooth, as well as others wholly pubescent.
This plant, as well as the other species of the genus, are capable
of being raised from seeds, and some of them by parting the roots
and cuttings. The plants raised from seeds are the best, and they
succeed very well in open ground.
Fig. 1. A flowering specimen.
2. A leaf from the lower portion of the stem, in outline.
(The size of nature.)


Table, 7.
Drawn from Nature by W.P.C.Barton.
F. Kearny. Sc.
PINCKNEA
PUBENS.

TABLE VII.
PINCKNEYA PUBENS.
GEORGIA BARK.
Pentandria Monogynia, Linn.
Rubiaceæ, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix 5-parted, one or two of the segments large, resembling coloured bracts. Co-
rolla long and tubulous, border recurved. Stamina exserted, inserted near
the base of the tube. Capsule roundish, at length opening with two valves
in a contrary direction to the double dissepiment. Seeds winged, transverse-
ly arranged upon the receptacle.-Mich.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves opposite, oval, acute, attenuated at base, sub-tomentose beneath. B.
6
VOL. I.

26
Pinckneya pubens.
A low tree, from fifteen to twenty-five feet in height, rarely more,
and from five to six inches diameter at base; very much branched,
the young branches and stems tomentose, and garnished with deci-
duous stipules. Stems from a single root, numerous. Leaves oppo-
site, four or five inches long, one and a half to two broad, light sis-
kin-green underneath; petioles and one inch of the costa above and
below, hyacinth-red, very pubescent. Flowers about one and a half
inch long, numerous, supported on terminal corymbs. Limb of the
corolla revolute, very pubescent, covered with minute carmine-red
streaks or dots, anthers brownish, filaments white, pistils yellow.
Peduncles and corymb fastigiate, mountain-green and very pubescent.
Young flower-buds ash-grey, larger ones yellow and streaked with
dull red, all densely pubescent. Calix pubescent, calicine segments
channelled and angular. At costa, whitish or straw-yellow, tinged
at the edges with carmine-red. One, sometimes two of the calicine
segments dilated into large bracteiform appendages, reticulately vein-
ed with green beneath, veined with red above, and cupped. Capsule
round, compressed centrally, thin, cartilaginous, with a deciduous
pellicle. Seeds numerous, round or irregularly angular, and alated.
Native of Georgia, on the banks of St. Mary; found also from New
river, South Carolina, along the sea coast to Florida ;* and accord-
ing to the younger Michaux, “ a cool and shady exposure appears
the most favourable to its growth.''+ “In sphagnous swamps, from
* Elliott.
+ North Am. Sylva, vol. ii. p. 260.

Pinckneya pubens.
27
Carolina to Florida, usually not far from the sea coast.99* 5 In wet
and boggy soil.”+
This interesting little tree, it is generally supposed was discover-
ed by Michaux, sen. He was certainly the first botanist who describ-
ed it from specimens found in 1791 on St. Mary's river, Georgia.
Yet in the herbarium of the younger Linnæus, specimens have
been found, which must consequently have been collected prior to
Michaux's visit to North America, and it is supposed by European
botanists that those specimens had been transmitted by the elder
John Bartram, (the king's botanist.) Indeed, the name Bartramia
was designed for it. Georgia bark was first introduced into Eng-
land by the late Mr. John Fraser, in 1786, where it is only a green-
house plant. Michaux gave it the name it bears, in honour of general
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Carolina, a gentleman, who,
to use the words of Mr. Elliott,† 6 amidst the avocations of a long
life, actively and honourably devoted to the service of his country,
has paid much attention to its botany." The affinity of the Georgia
bark with the different species of Cinchona, has been remarked by
many botanists; but Michaux deemed it sufficiently at variance with
that genus in its fruit, to justify a severation. Whatever may be the
validity of the generic character, established by him, as separating
Pinckneya from Cinchona, it seems conceded by botanists that the
* Nuttall. † Elliott. Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia.
3

28
Pinckneya pubens.
present plant might have been referred to the Peruvian genus, with
propriety. So much does Pursh incline to this opinion, that he re-
marks, “if Pinckneya is not united with Cinchona, there will be some
of the latter genus found belonging to Pinckneya.” Unwilling to make
innovations in the nomenclature of botany, which is already suffici-
ently confused by synonymy, the Pinckneya is suffered to remain
where it was placed by Michaux, its reputed discoverer, although
my own opinion on the subject, leans to the propriety of uniting it
with the Peruvian barks, the more especially as, together with its
generic affinities, it presents a similarity of medicinal virtues. The
only difference in the fruit pointed out by Michaux, is the opening
of the capsule in a line transverse with the axis of its partition, and
not parallel to it as in Cinchona. Indeed, the fruit in its maturity is,
as Mr. Nuttall bas stated, distinctly bipartile in the line of the dissepi-
ment as in Cinchona, and not contrariwise to the valves, but a con-
tinuation of their margin, proceeding inwardly to the axis of the cap-
sule. Yet it must be confessed, there is a habit in Pinckneya foreign
to that of the generality of the species of Cinchona, and perhaps the
peculiarity of its economy, apparent in the bracteiform enlargement
of one of the divisions of the calix, together with the form of the
calix, which differs from that of Cinchona independently of the fruit,
may be considered veritable points of descrepancy from that genus.
It is remarked by some European botanists, that in the peculiarity
just mentioned, this tree agrees with the first and second species of
Mussænda, where the bracteiform enlargement of the calix occurs;

Pinckneya pubens.
29
while in their opinion it agrees with Cinchona in habit. Hence they
think it is a genus intermediate between Cinchona and Mussænda.
The name Georgia bark, imposed on this tree, is derived from
the circumstance of its medicinal employment by the Georgians, and
it is said successfully, in intermittent fever. It is the inner bark which
is possessed of bitter and febrifuge virtues, and is used in decoction.
A more particular account of the medicinal virtues of this native
bark, which promises to be the best indigenous substitute for the
Peruvian medicine, will be given in the third volume of my 6 Vege-
table Materia Medica of the United States,” which will be published
in a short time.
The drawing was made from fine specimens, obtained from the
garden of Messrs. Landreth, near this city, where it flowered in
great perfection this summer. It is there a bushy shrub, about eight
feet high, and grows luxuriantly, though in an open border.
The table represents a flowering specimen, culled in July, of its
natural size.

TABLE VIII.
LINUM LEWISII.
LEWIS'S FLAX MISSOURI FLAX.
Pentandria Pentagynia, Linn.
Garyophylleæ, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5. unguiculate. Capsule superior, 10-valved, 10-cell-
ed. Seeds solitary. (Filaments of the stamens united at the base.-Nutt.)
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Plant glaucous; segments of the calix ovate-acuminate, petals cuneate, round at the
apex; leaves crowded, linear, stems numerous. B.
SYNONYM.
LINUM perenne, Nutt. Gen. Am. Pl. i.
p. 206.
Root annual and perennial? Whole plant glaucous and leafy.
Stem erect, round, smooth, glaucous, from one to two feet high,
branching. Foliage crowded, the leaves from a quarter of an inch
to an inch long, and from the sixteenth to an eighth of an inch wide,
smooth, glaucous on both sides, linear, (lanceolate-linear, Pursh)
attenuated at base, sub-acuminated or terminating in a sharp apex,
(hardly mucronate, as Pursh describes them) slightly arcuate, erect
in the young plant, but after florescence, or after the plant has attained
its full growth, reflexed. Flowers smaller than those of Linum

Table 2
Figs.
th
Fig.3.
Fig.2.
Drawn from Nature LWPC Barton,
F Kearny, Sc
LINUM LEWISII.

OF
127 CM

Linum Levisii.
31.
usitatissimum. Petals flax-flower-blue beneath, darker above, streak-
ed with deep ultramarine-blue towards the base; claws yellow, sta-
mens enclosed in the kind of tube formed by the claws of the petals,
and the filaments only appearing when the flower is fully expanded.
Anthers straw-yellow, filaments white below, blue towards the top.
Styles white, stigma yellow. Calicine scales ovate, acute, (or under
a lens acuminated) marginated, and attenuated at base, with a pellu-
cid line in the centre, and somewhat dotted with diaphanous spots
under a lens. A native of the banks of the Missouri and Red river,
Kiamesia plains, and the vallies of the Rocky Mountains, growing
always on the declivities of water courses, Flowers in July,
The generic term Linum, nevov, of Dioscorides, Theophrastus and
other Greek authors, is derived from anvew, to hold, owing to the
tenacity of the fibres of the bark, a property common to all the
species hitherto discovered, and one rendering this genus of plants
of inestimable value, in commerce and economy. This pretty species
of flax was discovered by the late captain Lewis, in his travels with
captain Clark, under the direction and at the expense of the govern-
ment of the United States. He found it growing in the vallies of
the Rocky Mountains, and on the banks of the Missouri. Pursh, who
first described this plant, affixed the name of captain Lewis to it, in
commemoration of the discovery. Mr. Nuttall informs me that it
begins to appear about fort Mandan, becoming more abundant to-
wards the mountains, but that he did not see it lower down on the
Missouri than the Mandan village; and on the banks of Red river,
near the plains of Kiamesia river, it is most abundant; that near Red

32
Linum Lewisii.
river it is an annual, and on the Missouri a perennial. The bark
of this species possesses the same kind of tough fibres as com-
mon flax; and, as under cultivation it appears to be perennial,
it would seem to be worth attention. The Missouri Indians, Mr.
Nuttall informs me, are in the habit of making lint and wadding for
their guns from its bark. Hence, as a native vegetable, it promises
to be useful by its abundance in the rich and luxuriant soils of the
western countries, in which it is indigenous. That botanist has sup-
posed the plant to be identical with L. perenne, of Europe. Yet it
differs from that species in its abundant, crowded foliage, still more
in being entirely glaucous. From common flax it differs in the
same characters, yet such is its strong resemblance to that species,
that it has been mistaken for it by some, in its native situations.* The
specimen here figured was raised from seeds brought by Mr. Nuttall,
and was a good sample of the wild plant.
Fig. 1. A flowering specimen, the natural size. 2. A petal. 3. A cap-
sule.
* On comparing the present plant with fine specimens of Linum perenne, in the ex-
tensive herbarium of the Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. just received from France, I observe
that in that species the calix leaves are only acute-in L. Lewisii, they are acumin-
ated, particularly on the mature capsule; the branch leaves are much broader than
those of L. Lewisii, and broader than the cauline leaves of the same plant, and more
acuminate, rather mucronate. In habit, however, there appears the most conspicu-
ous difference. L. perenne is a larger plant, not glaucous, and less leafy than the
Lewisii; the seeds are of a paler colour. In reality, L. usitatissimum, L. perenne and
L. Lewisii, are much alike, and in this genus the specific characters are not very
strongly marked. The general physiognomy seems more discriminative than any
de-
finite character in calix or leaves.


Table.g.
Drawn from Natur by WP.OBarton.
lBoyd so.
HIBISCUS
SPECIOSUS

TABLE IX.
HIBISCUS SPECIOSUS.
SCARLET MALLOW.
Monadelphia Polyandria, Linn.
Malvaceæ, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix double; exterior many-leaved. Petals 5. Stigmas mostly 5. Capsule 5-celled,
many-seeded.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves 5-parted, palmate, smooth; divisions lanceolate, acuminate, serrated,
entire towards the apex; exterior calix ten-leaved, stem, branches, petioles
and peduncles very smooth and glaucous. Calix glabrous. B.
SYNONYM
HIBISCUS coccineus, Walt. Car. 177.
VOL. I.
7

34
Hibiscus speciosus.
Root perennial. Whole plant invested with a fine glaucous cover-
ing, easily rubbed off. Stem herbaceous, erect, from six to nine feet
high, branched, perfectly cylindrical and smooth, purplish on one
side, yellow on the other, and when the glaucous covering is rubbed
off, conspicuously maculated with longitudinal yellow spots. Branches
numerous, from twenty to thirty, each proceeding from the axill
of a large cauline leaf, very round, purplish, alternate, two and a
half feet long, gradually becoming shorter towards the top, giving a
pyramidal appearance in the outline. Each branch terminates in
three (rarely four) separately pedunculated flowers. Peduncles terete,
smooth, purplish, the younger ones yellow. Leaves smooth, deeply
palmate, or five-parted; the divisions unequal, the two exterior ones
being shortest. Each segment lanceolate, deeply serrated in the mid-
dle, and entire towards the apex, which is a prolonged acumination.
Flowers large, petals spathulate, plicated, clawed, and of a rich shining
carmine-red; claws three-fourths of an inch long, very shining, car-
mine-red above, invested on either margin and under side with
white pubescence. Stamens numerous, with short filaments, stigmas
five, all deep carmine-red. Anthers yellow, or appearing so from the
colour of the pollen. Calix smooth, the exterior segments curled
inwards, tinged with purple, ten in number, rarely more. A native
of South Carolina and Florida, inhabiting the banks of rivers and
flowering in August and September.
The generic term Hibiscus is from oßioxos, a Greek word of un-
known derivation, for the angarden of Theophrastus, which is conjec-

Hibiscus speciosus.
35
tured to be the marsh mallow, (Alhæa officinalis) or something very
like it. It designates a tribe of tropical malvaceous plants, consist-
ing of about 70 species, indigenous for the most part to South Ame-
rica, India and its islands. Scarcely any are found native to Europe.
The Cape of Good Hope and Persia have some species, and about
ten more inhabit North America, none of which however are arbo-
rescent as some of the tropical ones are. Of the North American
species the gorgeous plant here figured is certainly the most showy.
Though indigenous to the southern section of our country, yet a
northern climate is not incompatible with its health and vigour. It
is found, in a state of cultivation, in the open borders of some of our
gardens, where it flourishes and matures seed; and even in England,
where it is a favourite plant, it is nearly hardy. The specimen from
which the drawing was made, was taken from a plant which flourish-
ed in an open border in the garden of the Danish minister in this
city, where it had endured the preceding winter without any care.
In that situation, presenting favourably to the sun, it attained a height
of full nine feet, bearing a profusion of flowers; and it had arrived
at this maturity in a period of four months from its first appearance
above ground.
This species continues to bloom a considerable while; the cauline
flowers first appearing, and afterwards those on the branches suc-
cessively, until frost. This circumstance, together with its stature,
render it very ornamental to gardens; hence it should be preferred to
the common and less beautiful plants so much cultivated and gene-

36
Hibiscus speciosus. .
rally esteemed; as China aster, marigold, &c. The bark is tenacious,
and would probably yield, by maceration, a good kind of hemp. It
is surprising, that this plant, so deservedly prized in Europe, for the
splendid appearance of its flowers, is almost unknown in the northern
parts of this its native country, while far less elegant and less orna-
mental exotics are dearly purchased and nurtured in our gardens.
The figure represents a flowering specimen of the natural size,
culled in September.

30
UNIL

Table.10
多
​Dram from Vature by WPC Barton .
TBoyd s
ECHITES DIFFORMIS.

to.
TABLE X.
ECHITES DIFFORMIS.
Pentandria Monogynia, Linn.
Apocyneae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Contorted. Calix 5-parted, small. Corolla salverform, border 5-cleft, orifice naked.
Anthers rigid, acuminate, convergent into a cone, “cohering to the stigma
by the middle.” R. Brown. Style 1. Stigma annulate, capitulum 2-lobed,
Follicles 2, very long and straight. Seed comose. Nutt.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stem climbing; the lower leaves nearly linear-lanceolate, the upper oval-lanceolate,
acuminate, invested beneath with a villous pubescence; raceme cymose;
stamens included; segments of the border of the corolla equilateral. B.
SYNONYM
Echites puberula, Mich. 1. p. 120.
VOL. I.
8

38
Echites difformis.
Root perennial, stem scandent, red. Leaves opposite, lanceolate,
oval-lanceolate, and even oval above, lower ones linear, or nearly
so, on short petioles, acuminate, grass-green, having a silky, pubes-
cence underneath, thickest on the costa and veins. Flowers small,
straw-yellow, borne in trichotomous corymbs or cymóse racemes,
which are sometimes axillary, at others originate from between the
petioles. Corolla funnel-shaped, the tube obscurely four-furrowed,
border five-cleft, the segments as in Parsonsia of R. Brown, equilate-
ral, ovate, the mouth lined with an aggregation of soft, villous hairs.
Calix sulphur-yellow, angular at the base, five-toothed, the teeth
acute, and carmine-red. Anthers simple, narrow-sagittate, and rigid,
adhering to the middle of the annulate two-lobed stigma which
crowns a style nearly as long as the stamens, and very viscid. Germs
two, embedded at base in a glandular, five-toothed torus. Follicles
very long, slender and straight. Grows in damp rich soils and
swamps in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia.
Browne, in his history of Jamaica, designated a genus of lactes-
cent plants with twining stems, opposite and smooth shining leaves,
and cymose or corymbose flowers, by the generic appellation Echites,
from exis, a serpent, or viper. Professor Martyn supposes this name
to have been chosen on account of the deleterious properties of the
plants of the tribe it was to comprise, and for the propriety of the
name, the smooth serpentine habit of all the species appears to
afford an additional reason.
2

Echites difformis.
39
In North America we have but one species of this genus,—that
which is here figured. In this there does not appear to be any dele-
terious property. The flowers are without beauty, and wholly des-
titute of scent, a circumstance in which it agrees with all the species
of the genus hitherto known, which Browne informs us, are without
odour.
In this part of our country, Echites difformis is only known as a
green-house or pot-plant. A native of the south, it requires the genial
protection of a conservatory or green-house during the winter
months.
The table represents a flowering specimen, taken from the upper
portion of a plant, in the valuable collection in the gardens of Messrs.
Landreth.

of
TABLE XI.
CHIMAPHILA MACULATA.
SPOTTED WINTER-GREEN. SPOTTED-LEAVED PIPPSISSEWA.
Ericae, Juss.
Decandria Monogynia, Linn.
en el me
E GENERIC CHARACTER.
Galix 5-toothed. Petals 5. Style very short, immersed in the germ. Stigma annulate,
orbicular, with a 5-lobed disk. Filaments stipitate. Stipe discoid, ciliate.
Capsule 5-celled, opening from the summit, margins unconnected. Pursh.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, round at the base, incisely serrated, discoloured. Stem
2 to 3-flowered ; filaments supported by a villous stipe. B.
SYNONYM.
PYROLA maculata, Linn.

Table, M.
Fig. 1.
13
Ing. 2,
Fig. 3.
E kamy, Sc.
Draum from Nature by W.P.C.Barton,
CHIMAPHILA
MACULATA.

OF

Chimaphila maculata.
41
ABOUT a span high. Root perennial, horizontal, somewhat thicker
than a crow-quill, contorted near the stem, of a yellow colour;
same root sometimes, though rarely, sending up two or more red-
dish-purple stems. Leaves collected together to the number of four
or six, generally in two clusters, appearing somewhat like two
whorls ; ovate-lanceolate, those of the lower cluster occasionally
quite ovate, acute, deeply incised with irregular and distant serra-
tures ; dark olive-green above, marked by a longitudinal whitish line,
intersected by a similar discolouration in the direction of the veins,
light dull-green, tinged with reddish-purple underneath. Flowers
greenish-white, drooping, very fragrant, generally three, but some-
times only two on each stem, supported by greenish peduncles,
which arise from the apex of the stem. Petals generally five, but
sometimes six, ovate, cupped, slightly tinged with lake-red at base.
Stigma large, urceolate, depressed, furrowed, green, surmounted
with a flattened, viscous crown. Stamens ten; sometimes, though
rarely, twelve, in which case there are six petals. Filaments stipi-
tate, stipe woolly or villous, anthers greenish-blue.
Grows in dry sandy or gravelly woods, covered with loose, rich
mould or decayed leaves, from Canada to Georgia; and as the C.
umbellata grows in Florida, the present species may be supposed
to accompany it there. Flowers in July.
The genus Chimaphila was established by Pursh, and named from
Zeiped, hyems, and dinos, amicus, the combination of which is indicative

42
Chimaphila maculata.
of one of the common English names of this species and its congener
Chimaphila umbellata. The resemblance between the two species
is very striking when the plants are separately viewed, and has
given rise to the mistake of collecting one for the other, or both,
indiscriminately, for the Pippsissewa. The plant now under notice,
has been called poison Pippsissewa by the Indians. It grows in com-
pany with C. umbellata, the different species of Pyrola, Andromeda,
and Vaccinium, delighting in the same kind of soil as they flourish
in. It exhales a very delicate and aromatic fragrance, resembling
that of the Pippsissewa, but more intense. By the whitish marks in
the leaves, it may readily be distinguished from the Pippsissewa,
when sought by persons unacquainted with the botanic characters
of the two plants. Like that species, C. maculata is possessed of
active medicinal virtues, which will be particularly detailed else-
where. *
Fig. 1. Represents a flowering specimen, of the size of nature.
2. The pistil.
3. A stamen.
* Vegetable Materia Medica of the United States, Vol. III.

од»

Table/2,
Drew fiunt Natur & WP.CBarten.
F' Keary, Se.
COREOPSIS ROSEA.

TABLE XII.
COREOPSIS ROSEA.
ROSE-COLOURED COREOPSIS.
Syngenesia frustranea, Linn.
Corymbiferae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix double, both many-leaved (8 to 12) interior equal, sub-coriaceous and coloured.
Receptacle palleaceous, scales flat. Seed compressed, emarginate, bidentated,
dentures rarely awned. Nutt.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Small and very smooth; stem mostly simple; leaves linear, entire, axils leafy;
flowers few, long-pedunculate, dichotomal and terminal; rays red, unequally
3-toothed. Nutt.
Root perennial. Stem very smooth, round, yellowish, simple and
branched. Leaves opposite, connate, ciliated at their point of union,
about two or three inches long and an eighth of an inch broad, chan-
nelled, often inclining to be pinnatifid; the pinnaform segments ar-
cuate. Axils leafy, and sometimes giving origin to small, imperfect
branches. Flowers from three to six and eight, most commonly

44
Coreopsis rosea.
three, small; disk gamboge-yellow, rays about eight, peach-blossom
red, three-toothed, middle tooth large. Peduncles slender. Exte-
rior calix small, interior consisting of eight segments or leaves.
Seeds entire, naked. In the grassy swamps of Jersey, and thence to
Georgia; flowering in August.
The generic term Coreopsis, is derived from xopis, a bug, and ofis,
appearance, in allusion to a fancied resemblance of the seed to an
insect. This genus, with the accessions made to it by late discoveries,
contains at this time, about twenty-two or twenty-three species. The
one here noticed, is frequent in the lower part of the state of New
Jersey, near and below Salem, and is also found as far as Georgia
in abundance. To Mr. Nuttall we are indebted for the first descrip-
tion of it. The flowers vary somewhat in colour, some being nearly
white, while others, and the greatest proportion, are of the hue re-
presented in the plate. In shaded situations, the white flowers are
most frequent, and as the blossom-colour becomes stronger in those
plants exposed to the sun, cultivation of this species would pro-
bably much improve its colour, as well as render it more robust.
It thrives best when contiguous to water; and in such situations as
afford it a free supply of moisture, it grows tall, and thick as grass.
The plate represents the upper portion of a flowering specimen,
the size of the wild plant.

国籍
​
Table 13
Fig.5.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 2
Fig.4.
Drawn from Nature by W.P.C.Barton.
Jacob J. Plocher Sc
SCHIZANDRA COCCINEA.

TABLE XIII.
SCHISANDRA COCCINEA.
SCARLET SCHISANDRA.
Monoicia Pentandria, Linn.
Menisperma, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix 9-leaved ; leaves arranged in three series. Corolla, none. Anthers sub-sessile,
cohering at their points. Berries one-seeded, inserted upon an elongated,
filiform receptacle. Michaux.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Smooth. Leaves petiolate, sub-carneous, lanceolate-oval, acute at apex and base,
margin undulate, very rarely cut into sub-dentiform angles. B.
A SCANDENT twining shrub, attaining a height of ten feet and up-
wards. Leaves very numerous, somewhat fleshy, of various sizes,
but much larger and more ovate on the lower part of the plant than
VOL. I.
9

46
Schisandra coccinea.
above, alternate or in triplets, destitute of stipules, petiolated, lan-
ceolate-ovate, glabrous, shining on the upper disk, very much and
irregularly waved on the margin, and attenuated equally at apex and
base. Petioles from half an inch to an inch long, tinged with red.
Flowers without bracts, axillary, solitary and few, consisting, both
male and female, of a perianth of nine concave, two-coloured, deci-
duous leaves, the exterior three being yellow, and the largest—the
inner six gradually smaller, and bright-scarlet.
Male flower. There is no corolla, nor are there filaments to the
anthers, which are five in number, closely sessile on the receptacle.
They are of an oblong shape, contiguous at base, cohering by their
summits, and separated in the middle by chinks.
Female flower. Calix same as in the male. Likewise no corolla,
that which appears to be such in both male and female flowers, be-
ing a nine-leaved perianth. Pistils numerous, with sessile, pointed
stigmas; germens numerous, egg-shaped, closely arranged on a re-
ceptacle which becomes subsequently elongated. Fruit consists of
a raceme of carmine-red, one-seeded, smooth, shining, ovate berries,
situated on a carmine-red elongated receptacle, which supports also,
at least as many yellow abortive acini, as ripe berries. Seed ovate-
oblong, somewhat smooth; a native of the southern states, growing
in shady places. Near Savannah. Flowers in June and July, ripening
its fruit in September and October.
2

Schisandra coccinea.
47
This plant is the only species of a North American genus esta-
blished by Michaux, and named Schisandra by him from Egosis, a
fissure, and Aune, a male, because the anthers are nearly separated by
fissures in the receptacle of the flower. He found it indigenous in
the Carolinas and Georgia ; and further north than North Carolina
it has not been found. Its remarkable feature is the mode of pro-
ducing its fruit: for a long raceme of berries could scarcely be
expected to follow the solitary female flower, supported by a filiform
nutant peduncle. This becomes a long, red receptacle; and a pro-
gressive development of a raceme of berries ensues, from the aggre-
gate germs of the female flower. So far as botanists have yet disco-
vered, Schisandra is peculiar to the southern section of the Union.
It has certainly never been seen in a wild state north of the Caroli.
It is a hardy perennial, and withstands the severity of our win-
ter in this state without any particular care. It has been introduced
into the gardens of England by Lyon, since the year 1806, and flou-
rishes there in exposed borders, suffering only from very severe
nas.
winters.
The figure was designed from specimens obtained last summer
at the gardens of Messrs. Landreth, where it flowered in perfection
the first time for years, though it has always been conspicuous for
its vigour.

48
Schisandra coccinea.
Fig. 1. An upper portion of the shrub.
2. A male flower, separated.
3. A back view of the same.
4. A female flower, the perianth cut away, shewing the aggre-
gate germs.
5. The raceme of berries.
(All the size of nature.)

willy
OF
Mic

Table 14.
Fig. 2.
Fig.3.
Fig.1.
Drawn from Nature bv W.P.C Barton .
Jacob J.Plocher SC
LUDWIGIA
MACROCARPA

TABLE XIV.
LUDWIGIA MACROCARPA.
LARGE-CAPSULED SEED-BOX, OR LUDWIGIA.
Tetrandria Monogynia, Linn.
Onagrae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix 4-parted, persistent, superior. Corolla 4-petalled, or none. Capsule 4-sided,
4-celled, inferior, many-seeded.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Erect, branched, somewhat smooth; leaves alternate and opposite, lanceolate,
asparagus-green beneath; peduncles one-flowered, axillary; capsules glo-
bose, 4-sided, shining ; calicine segments large, coloured and crowned. B.
SYNONYMS.
LUDWIGIA alternifolia, Linn., Willdenow, Aiton, Gmelin, Lamarck, and others.
L. capsulis cubicis apice perforatis, Linn. Hort. Ups. 30.
L. capsulis subrotundis, Linn. Hort. Cliff. 491.
L. non papposa flore luteo majore, &c. Pluck.
L. ramosissima, Walter.
A PERENNIAL plant, attaining a height of from two to three,
or four feet. Stem erect, very much branched, quadrangular, of a

50
Ludwigia macrocarpa.
reddish colour, somewhat rough on the angles, and pubescent to-
wards the summit; young branches and bases of leaves, particularly
the younger ones, carmine-red. Leaves alternate and opposite, ses-
sile, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, acute, the terminal ones linear,
and obtuse, all very entire; pale or asparagus-green beneath, but not
hoary as described by some writers ; light yellow-green and smooth
above. The mid-rib, nerves of the under side of the leaves, and
angles of the stem, covered with short, scattered hairs, and the
same thing occurs on the margins of the leaves, which appear,
particularly in dried specimens, to be fringed with short ciliæ.
Flowers axillary, often solitary, but mostly in pairs, supported by
short peduncles. Calix larger than the corolla, its segments ovate
and acuminate, five-nerved; the apex of each segment tipped with
carmine-red—the whole of the mature calix of a dull-red colour.
Corolla, when fully expanded, rotate. Petals four, ovate, gamboge-
yellow, very caducous. Stamens constantly four, filaments very
short. Anthers pale-yellow. Stigma viscid. Capsules large, shining,
of a globose, cubical form, with four angles or wings, the wings cili-
ated, and perforated at the top. Seeds small and numerous.
Grows from New England to Georgia, inhabiting grassy swamps,
low wet meadows, particularly along the margins of meadow drains
and ditches, and near the banks of small waters. It delights in a
moist and boggy soil Flowers in June, and continues to bloom till
August, or even later.

Ludwigia macrocarpa.
51
The genus Ludwigia was named by Linnæus in honour of Chris-
tian Theophilus Ludwig, Professor of Medicine in the University of
Leipsic, and author of many celebrated works on Botany and Me-
dicine. It is a numerous genus. In North America there are thirteen
species, most of which are indigenous to the southern states. The
specific appellation, macrocarpa, was given by Michaux to designate
its large capsule: but as some other species possess this character,
it is scarcely a better name than alternifolia, which it was intended
to amend, because of its expressing a character not constant in the
plant, the leaves being frequently opposite. As the latter specific
term actually led to misconception or error, the less exceptionable
one by which the plant is here noticed, has been preferred. This
is the commonest species of Ludwigia in Pennsylvania, where it is
decidedly perennial. It appears strange that so many writers have
regarded it as annual. Mr. Elliot, however, has found it perennial
in Georgia. The L. pilosa which it much resembles, its hairyness
apart, is often found with it, inhabiting similar situations. L. macra-
carpa is very common in the vicinity of this city, and the pilosa very
rare.
nas
Fig. 1. A flowering specimen.
2. A petal.
3. The germ, stamens, and pistil,
(All the size of nature.) to

STABLE XV.
ORCHIS TRIDENTATA.
THREE-TOOTHED ORCHIS.
Gynandria Monandria, Linn.
Orchideae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla ringent, upper leaf vaulted. Lip dilated, the base beneath calcarate. Pollinia
(masses of pollen) 2, terminal, adnate. Nutt.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Lip lanceolate, three-toothed at the apex, petals obtuse, horn filiform at the apex,
clavate, ascending, longer than the germ. Willd.
SYNONYMS.
ORCHis clavellata, B. tridentata, Michaux.
Orchis tridentata, Muhl. in litt.

Table 15
Figs.
✓
Fig.2
Fig.3
Fig. 4
Fig, 5.
*
Drawn from Vature by WP.C Barton,
F. Kearny se
ORCHIS TRIDENTATA.

UNIL
OF
WICH

Orchis tridentata.
53
Root perennial and palmate. Stem angular, from ten to twelve
inches high, having three leaves; the lower, proceeding from the root
by a sheathing duplicature of its base, is about six inches long, spa-
thulate or ensiform-lanceolate, attenuated at base, and somewhat ob-
tuse, conspicuously marked with numerous longitudinal nerves. As-
paragus-green beneath, yellowish-green above, glabrous and shining.
The middle leaf about an inch or an inch and a half long, linear-
lanceolate and channelled, also sheathing the stem. The upper one
linear, and half an inch long. Spike half a finger's length, six, eight,
and ten-flowered. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the
germ. Flowers small, pale sulphur-yellow, and under a lens full of
pellucid glands. Germs green. Petals nearly equal, ovate, obtuse.
Lip lanceolate, longer than the petals, three-toothed at the apex;
hence the specific name. Horn filiform, clavate at the apex, longer
than the germ.
An inhabitant of shaded bogs, from New York to Virginia, flow-
ering in July and August.
The genus orchis is of great antiquity in botany, and derives its
name from the testicular shape of the roots in many species. Being
very extensive, it necessarily comprised many plants which might
well be separated into distinct genera. Accordingly it was subjected
to revision by Willdenow, who allotted some of the species to a dis-
tinct genus, which he denominated Habenaria. But this group has
VOL. I.
10

Orchis tridentata.
been more strictly scrutinized by Mr. R. Brown in the last edition
of the Hortus Kewensis. He excludes from orchis, all species which
are without a simple pouch containing the bases of both the masses
of pollen together. These are separate, each with its own pouch in
Ophrys, and separate without any pouch, which, so arranged, becomes
a large and very natural genus. The North American species are
above twenty in number. The present one is not very common in
this state, nor very abundant where found. It has been made a
variety of O. clavellata by Michaux; but certainly has legitimate
claims to a distinct specific place. Like most of the orchidean plants,
it grows naturally in rich, boggy soils, formed by the decomposition
of vegetable substances. Moisture and shade seem necessary to it:
at least it thrives best in situations commanding both.
Fig. 1. The whole upper part of the plant, separated.
2. The lower part and root.
3. Front view of a flower, with bract and germ appended.
4. Back view of the same.
5. Petals and lip, shewing the three teeth.
(All the size of nature.)

OF
MC

Table 16
Fig.s.
Fig. 3.
Fig..
o
Fig. 2.
Drann from Nature by W.P.CBarton,
Fleurny's
RUDBECKIA LACINIATA.

TABLE XVI.
RUDBECKIA LACINIATA.
JAGGED-LEAVED RUDBECKIA.
Syngenesia Frustranea, Linn.
Corymbiferae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix sub-equal, mostly consisting of a double series of leaflets. Receptacle paleace-
ous, conic. Pappus a 4-toothed margin.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Radicle leaves pinnate; folioles ovate, unequal at base, sub-trilobed, dentate ;
stem-leaves three-parted and undivided, oblong, dentate ; pappus crenate ;
stem glabrous. Willd. enum. and Schroeder.
SYNONYMS.
CHRYSANTHEMUM Americanum, perenne, &c. Moris. Hist.
DORONICUM Americanum, laciniato, folio. Bauh. pin.
ACONITUM helianthemum, canadense. Corn. Canada.
VOL. I.
11

56
Rudbeckia laciniata.
Plant from four to ten feet high. Root perennial. Stem erect,
simple below, branched above, smooth and glabrous. Radicle leaves
sub-pinnate, laciniate; leaflets three-lobed ; lobes oval-lanceolate,
acuminate, laciniate ; those of the stem three-parted; the divisions
acuminate; the upper leaves small, ovate, acute ; edges of all sca-
brous. Flowers large; disk spheroid at first, afterwards conical ;
loose-flowered; rays, generally ten in number, lanceolate, obtuse,
deeply notched or emarginated; of a brilliant yellow colour, and dur-
ing the first period of florescence horizontal, afterwards drooping.
Grows from Canada to the southern states, inhabiting the edges of
swamps and ditches and watery thickets, flowering from August un-
til October.
This species of Rudbeckia is one of the commonest autumnal
plants in the middle states of the union. It is likewise frequent in
those as far north and east as Connecticut. Its height renders it
very ornamental ; and makes it also very conspicuous among the
great number of showy plants which at this season decorate the
grounds. The species it most nearly resembles, is the pinnata and di-
gitata: but from these it is easily discriminated by attending to the
botanical characters given in the books. With the R. pinnata it has,
by some, been thought to be easily confounded. Its very smooth
stem and difference of the upper leaves, however, distinguish it suf-
ficiently from that species.
2

Rudbeckia laciniata.
57
R. laciniata is a hardy perennial, becoming greatly improved by
cultivation. It is hence a very proper native to introduce into the
borders of our gardens. A single root transplanted in the spring or
early summer, will by the succeeding year be so much multiplied, as
to form a large and showy cluster. Cultivation, besides rendering
the flowers larger and more numerous, gives a tendency to ramifica-
tion of the stems from the root, thus adding to the strength and
beauty of the plant as a border ornament of gardens. In Pennsyl-
vania, this is the only very common species of Rudbeckia, and here
it is every where to be met with in the situations already specified
as its habitat. In the vicinity of Philadelphia it is most common on
the borders of the Schuylkill and Delaware, along the course of
these rivers on either side, growing in company with different species
of Helianthus, and other late-flowering perennials.
Fig. 1. The upper portion of a flowering specimen of the plant, shew-
ing the trilobed and ovate leaves.
2. A radicle pinnate leaf.
3. A neutral floret.
4. A perfect floret of the disk.
(All the size of nature.)

TABLE XVII.
ca OXYCOCCUS MACROCARPUS.
AMERICAN CRANBERRY, OR CRANEBERRY.
Octandria Monogynia, Linn.
Ericae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix superior, 4-toothed. Corolla 4-parted; segments sub-linear, revolute. Fila-
ments connivent. Anthers tubulose, semi-bifid. Berry many-seeded. Persoon,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Repent ; stems assurgent; leaves oblong, very entire, distantly and obscurely
sub-serrulate, flattish, obtuse, glabrous, white underneath ; pedicels elongated;
segments of the corolla lanceolate. Pers. Pursh, and B.
SYNONYMS.
VACCINIUM macrocarpon. Willd. Ait.
V. oxycoccos B. oblongifolius. Mich.
STEM fruticose, creeping and radicant, round, of a brownish-red
colour, and from one to four feet long. Branches numerous, of
unequal lengths, flexuose, obliquely assurgent, those bearing flowers
proliferous and more erect. Leaves numerous, from three to five- .
eighths of an inch long, and from one to two-eighths broad—the
younger ones smallest and crowded towards the tops of the branches,

Table 17
Fig.l.
mum
ma
Fig.2.
Drawn tiomNature by TIP.CBarton.
Engraved by iTiebent.
OXYCOCCUS MACROCARPUS.


Oxycoccus macrocarpus.
59
but particularly on the vernal ramuli, which produce the flowers-
oval-oblong, smooth, obtuse, flat; the margin recurved, and in the
older leaves distinctly marked by about four serratiform indentures,
scarcely deserving the appellation of serrulations; divided in the
middle above and more conspicuously beneath, by the costa, from
which the veins run transversely to the margin. The young or ver-
nal leaves are narrower than the older ones of the preceding year,
and tufted at their apices by loose pubescence. They are all of a sap-
green above, and glaucous or celandine-green underneath. Flowers
generally in pairs about an inch or an inch and a half asunder,
and supported, towards the termination of the vernal branches, by
erect, reddish, bibracteate, pubescent peduncles, suddenly bent near
the ends: thus, together with the calix and flower-bud, giving
them the appearance of a crane's head and neck. Bracts acute
and pubescent. Segments of the corolla linear-lanceolate, recurved
towards the calix, channelled, white, delicately tinged towards their
apices with carmine, and maculated with the same hue on the back.
Calix pubescent. Pedicels of the berries nutant or arcuate. Flowers
continuing to expand until immature berries are produced on the
same stem. Immature berries celandine-green and yellowish. Ripe
berries generally of a fine carmine colour, but often light and speckled
with dark-red. They vary in shape from round to oval-oblong—the
commonest form is that represented in the plate. They are a little
acerb and very acid.—Grows in morasses and swamps of rich boggy
bottoms, and covered with sphagnum, from Labrador to Carolina
Pursh says, in sandy bottoms and on high mountains. Where found,

60
Oxycoccus macrocarpus.
it is in great abundance, giving the name of Cranberry-swamps to
such localities. Extensive Cranberry-swamps are met with in New
Jersey; the nearest to Philadelphia is about a mile south-east of
Kaighn's Point. Flowers in May, and continues in bloom till July,
at which time young berries are produced. The ripe berries are
often persistent during the winter,
The genus Oxycoccus was first established by Persoon. It com-
prises a few species of Vaccinium, which possess the characters noted
at the head of this chapter; and Vaccinium hispidulus, thrown by
Pursh into Gaultheria, has been thought more properly to belong to
this genus. The American species of the genus are but three. 1.
The plant under present notice. 2. 0. hispidulus. 3. O. erythrocar-
pus. It is entirely a North American genus, with the exception of O.
Europæus, (Vaccinium oxycoccus of Willd.) or European Cranberry,
which has never yet been detected in any part of North America.
The species here described is called specifically macrocarpus, from
the large size of the capsule or berry. The common English or vul-
gar name Craneberry, or Cranberry, has very plausibly been sup-
posed to be derived from the crooked peduncle near the calix, which
with the unexpanded flower sufficiently resembles a crane’s bill, to
justify the common name.
Cranberries are so well known in our northern and middle and
even some southern states, as a favourite article of diet, that it may
seem superfluous to enter minutely on a description of their proper-

Oxycoccus macrocarpus.
61
ties. A belief, however, that, much as they are in demand, and greatly
as they are esteemed, they are still entitled to a more extensive use
as a salubrious dietetic article, as well as in application to medicine-
renders it proper to be particular on these points. These berries
are often brought to market when unripe, the cupidity of those who
collect them thus depriving us of the delicious acid which is evolved
by their maturation. The criterion of their maturity is their possessing
a fine red colour, and having attained a large size, as in fig. 2 of the
plate, and, though of a firm consistence, not being hard. The com-
mon mode of preparing these berries is confined to stewing them with
sugar, until they have imbibed a sufficiency of the saccharine syrup
to neutralize the slight degree of acerbity they possess, and make
them palatably sweet. In this form they are cooling, slightly laxa-
tive, and promote digestion. But they might likewise be employed
more extensively by making acidulous drinks, for persons labouring
under febrile complaints. The expressed juice might be preserved
by a sufficient quantity of alcohol to prevent fermentation, and set
aside for summer use, to make a kind of lemonade. A rob might
also be prepared, and advantageously used in diet and medicine,
by evaporating the syrup obtained from them.
The berries are very acid, slightly astringent, and sub-acerb in
their crude or uncooked state, but are grateful to most persons
when prepared by culinary arts. The berries of almost all the spe-
cies of Vaccinium are edible, and of these the Vaccinium oxycoccus,
or European cranberry, and V. myrtillus or bilberry, are in greatest

62
Oxycoccus macrocarpus.
repute in Europe. The latter has long been celebrated even by the
poets of antiquity*—and it is probable we possess other indigenous
species of the genus oxycoccus bearing esculent fruit. The Ohis-
pidulus has been stated by some to bear berries deliciously sweet.
All that is said of the European cranberry may with great propriety
be said of the American species which greatly resembles it. Indeed,
our berry seems to be preferable to it, because Withering remarks,
that the “ European cranberries are made into tarts and are much
esteemed, but, on account of a peculiar flavour are disliked by
some." “ They may be kept," he continues, " for several years,
if wiped clean, and then closely corked in dry bottles, or the bottles
may be filled with water.” The American berry may, in all pro-
bability, be preserved in like manner.
Fig. 1. A specimen of the plant culled on the 10th of July, bearing
both flowers and immature berries.
2. A ripe berry of the common form and colour ; they are some-
times quite globose or spherical, but often more oblong or
oval than this figure.
(All the size of nature.)
* Virgil, in his Second Eclogue particularly, speaks of the Vaccinium nigrum.

12
N

Table 18
Fig.s.
Fig.3.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 4.
Dnwn from Nature, by WP.C. Barton .
F Kearny,'sc,
CUPHEA VISCOSIS SIMA,

TABLE XVIII.
CUPHEA VISCOCISSIMA.
CLAMMY CUPHEA.
Icosandria Digynia, Linn.
Salicariae, Juss.
Calycanthemae, Vent.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix ventricose, tubular, 6 to 12-toothed, unequal. Petals six, generally unequal,
inserted upon the calix. Capsule with the calix bursting longitudinally,
1-celled. Seeds few, lenticular, imbricated. Brown.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Viscous ; leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate-oblong; flowers dodecandrous, late-
ral, solitary, very shortly pedunculated. Willd. and Pursh.
SYNONYMS.
BALSAMONA Pinto, Vandell. fasc. t. 3.
LYTHRUM Cuphea, L. jun. supp. 249.
LYTHRUM petiolatum, Willd. Sp. Pl. 2.
.
.
p. 867.
PLANT from ten to eighteen inches high. Root annual. Stem
erect, cylindrical, branched, lake-red, covered with a fine, red, vis-
cous, glandular pubescence. Branches axillary, numerous, also cylin-
drical and lake-red, and covered with a similar clammy investment
VOL. I.
12

64
Cuphea viscocissima.
of glandular hairs. Leaves numerous, opposite, ovate-oblong, those
on the stem about an inch or an inch and a quarter long, situated on
pubescent petioles more than half an inch in length, and of a red co-
lour. Those of the branches smaller, narrower, and supported by
shorter petioles: all very entire, sub-acute, attenuated at base, smooth
on both sides, and somewhat scabrous on the margin in the dried
plant. Flowers solitary, and situated in the axills of each pair of
leaves on the stem—lateral and terminal on the branches, and when
terminal, crowded in clusters of three and four. Peduncles covered
with red, viscous hairs, an eighth part of an inch long, inserted under
the posterior gibbosity or projection of the base of the calix. Pe-
tals generally six, but very often only five in number, and un-
equal. The two superior ones the largest, ovate, acute; the lower
ones linear; all wrinkled, small, of a brilliant red-purple colour,
turning a deeper hue in drying. Calix tubulous, dentated at the
mouth, slightly arcuate, at first cylindrical, afterwards urceolate, mem-
branaceous, greenish-yellow on the under surface and striated, red
above, streaked with darker striæ of the same hue, gibbous at the su-
perior part of the base, and invested with a clammy, red pubes-
cence ; nectary a reflexed scale within the gibbosity of the calix. The
calix becomes an inflated, urceolate, membranaceous, striated cap-
sule, which when mature loses much of the red colour, and even as-
sumes a yellowish or dull-white hue. This capsule by its matura-
tion acquires an elasticity that causes it to burst laterally in a di-
rection opposite to the white receptacle, which, thus denuded, exhibits
from five to seven lenticular ash-coloured seeds marked longitudi-

Cuphea viscocissima.
65
nally by a white hilum, imbricately but vertically attached to it. The
capsule bursts by a longitudinal opening, owing to the protrusion of
the lengthened receptacle of unripe seeds, which come to maturity
in the open air.
Grows in sandy fields, along the borders of sandy woods, and on
the arenaceous margins of rivers, from Pennsylvania to Louisiana.
Very abundant in Lancaster, Penn. where it covers whole fields. In
the woods of Belmont, the seat of Judge Peters, in the neighbour-
hood of this city, it is found, but not abundantly. Also in fields
south-east of, and near Gray's Ferry; and near Cooper's Ferry, Jer-
sey, along the edges of ditches communicating with the Delaware.
Flowers in June and until September. Not unfrequently found in
blossom in October and even the beginning of November. At this
time it is covered with the pappus of syngenesious plants that is
caught and tenaciously held by the clammy hairs investing the
whole plant except the leaves, which are quite naked on both sides.
The hairs are capitated with glandular dots, which secrete this vis-
cous fluid, for some occult purpose in the economy of the plant,
The genus Cuphea is tropical except the present plant, and
contains but few species. The one under notice is common to
this country and Brazil, where it grows in moist, shady ground. The
extreme viscosity of its pubescence, has caused it to receive the
specific name it bears; it is common to another species, which how.

66
Cuphea viscocissima.
ever is not a native of this country, this indeed being the only one
found indigenous. The plant is not possessed of sufficient beauty
to invite culture, except on account of its rarity, in places where it
is not found wild. In the botanic gardens of England, however,
it is thought worthy of cultivation; and is readily propagated
from seeds obtained from Brazil. It improves in some degree in
those places, but perhaps never attains a finer appearance than in
very favourable and protected situations in this country. Such as
enjoy a due degree of moisture, combined with a loose, sandy, but
rich soil, are most likely to produce luxuriant specimens. Yet the
petals never increase much in size, however vigorous the herbage
may be. They are liable to variation merely in number, being quite
as often only five as six, the number the generic character requires.
Fig. 1. About one-half of the main stem of a flowering specimen
eighteen inches high, culled September 13.
2. A flower separated.
3. The capsule after it has bursted, exhibiting the seeds erectly
attached to the filiform, lateral branches of a triquetrous car-
tilaginous receptacle.
4. A seed, separated.
(All the size of nature.)

OF
NOWS

Table 19
Fig. 1.
Fig. 6.
2.
3
4
5
Drawn from Nature by W.P.CBarton.
F. Kearny. So
SYMPHORIA RACEMOSA,

TABLE XIX.
SYMPHORIA RACEMOSA.
SNOW-BERRY BUSH.
Pentandria Monogynia, Linn.
Caprifolia, Jus
uss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix small, 4-toothed, bracteolate at the base. Corolla tubular, short, 5-cleft, sub-
equal. Stigma globose. Berry ovate, small, crowned with the persistent
calix, 4-celled, 4-seeded, 2 of the cells sometimes abortive.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves glaucous, but destitute of pubescence on the costa and veins of the under
side. Racemes long, lateral and terminal. Corolla bearded within. Berries
large, opake and orange-coloured-white. B.
SYNONYM.
XYLOSTEUM tartaricum, B. album. Pursh.
A BRANCHING, spreading shrub. Leaves opposite, on short petioles,
oval, or elliptical, acute at apex and base, glaucous beneath, contort-
ed, veined. Stem diffuse, cylindrical, yellowish-brown, very much
branched. Branches somewhat serpentine Flowers very nume-
VOL. I.
13

68
Symphoria racemosa.
rous, situate on lateral and terminal racemes, the receptacle of which
becomes elongated as the fruit advances towards maturity. Calix
very small, four-toothed, germ ovate. Corolla peach-blossom-
red, diluted with spots of white, campanulate-tubular, deeply cleft
into five lanceolate, acute segments, bearded or tufted with hairs
within. Stamens included. Anthers oblong. Filaments tufted
with delicate hairs. Pistil simple, shorter than stamens. Stigma
small, orbicular. Berries the size of common black cherries, opake,
orange-coloured-white, crowned with the persistent calix. Seeds
white, two in each mature berry, about the size of a barley corn, ellip-
tical, convex above, concave and compressed on the under side, on
which the hilum is indistinctly visible. One raceme will often con-
tain flowers, enlarged germs, and even small berries, at the same
time; and clusters of the mature and smaller berries are found in
great abundance on the lower or primary branches of the shrub,
while the upper are putting forth flower-buds and flowers.
Inhabits the banks of Missouri. M. Lewis. Grows also in Up-
per Canada, not far from Queenstown, on the Niagara river, and
near the outlet of Lake Huròn, not rare. Nuttall. Flowers in July
and August.
This plant belongs to a genus confined to North America, and
which contains only two species. It bears a close resemblance, when
in flower, to the other species, S. glomerata, which has smaller and
2

Symphoria racemosa.
69
purple berries. Both have elliptical, opposite leaves. The flowers
of glomerata, however, are white, and much smaller; are conglome-
rated, and always axillary.
Snow-berry is a very ornamental shrub, particularly because it
bears flowers and fruit at the same time, which continue succes-
sively expanding and ripening during the whole summer; and when
finally the large bunches of ivory or wax-like berries are matured in
the autumn, the shrub has a very beautiful appearance in borders.
It is hardy, grows luxuriantly without much care, and needs no
further protection from the inclemency of winter, than that usually
afforded in gardens to all valuable shrubs. The late Governor Lewis
first brought to this city seeds of the snow-berry bush, which were
planted in the botanic garden of the late Mr. M‘Mahon, where they
flourished and increased. Thence the plant has been disseminated in
the neighbouring gardens; and though not yet common, it is greatly
valued by those who cultivate it. The berries, particularly, are
much admired. The specimens from which the drawing was made,
were furnished by Messrs. Landreth, from their gardens, in which
both this species and the other, S. glomerata, grow abundantly and
luxuriantly

70
Symphoria racemosa.
Fig. 1. Represents the terminal portion of a flowering branch, culled
on the 21st of July.
2. A flower, separated.
3. A stamen.
(All the size of nature.)
4. A stamen, magnified.
5. Pistil, natural size.
6. A terminal twig, culled on September 5, bearing mature ber-
ries, and some immature, as well as a number which may
be considered abortive--the size of nature.

UNIL
OF

Table 20
Figl.
Fig. 2.
website
ایک
Drawn from Nature by W.CP. Barton.
Engraved by CTrebout,
SCHI ZA PUSILLA.
GRATIOLA AUREA.

TABLE XX.-FIG. 1.
GRATIOLA AUREA.
GOLDEN PERT. GOLDEN-FLOWERED HEDGE-HYSSOP.
Diandria Monogynia, Linn.
Scrophulariae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix 5-parted, often bi-bracteate at the base. Corolla tubulous, resupinate, and sub-
bi-labiate ; the upper lip, 2-lobed or emarginate ; the lower 3-cleft and equal.
Filaments 4-2 fertile, the others for the most part sterile. Stigma, 2-lobed,
or bi-labiate. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Dissepiment
contrary to the valves.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Smooth ; radical portion of the stem terete, and marked by two strong furrows,
upper portion obscurely quadrangular; leaves opposite, broad-linear, indis-
tinctly 3-nerved, closely sessile, acutely but obscurely serrated towards the
apex, dotted. Calicine segments linear, nearly equal. Destitute of abortive
filaments. B.
SYNONYMS.
GRATIOLA Caroliniensis, Pers. ench. 1.
p.
14.
GRATIOLA officinalis, Mich. Fl. Boreali-Am.

72
Gratiola aurea.
Plant from a span to fourteen inches high. Stem towards the
root procumbent and radicating, terete, jointed, assurgent from the
base, slightly quadrangular above, marked with two furrows. Root
perennial, fibrous, creeping under ground. Leaves somewhat thick,
grass-green, opposite, about one inch long, and less than two-
eighths broad, closely sessile, dilated at base, acute, and marked with
about two, seldom three acute serratures on either margin, near the
apex, dotted under a lens with glandular pits, and three-nerved.
The nerves are indistinct to the naked eye. Peduncles scarcely the
length of the longest leaves, slender, pubescent, (not villous, as
Pursh describes them.) Flowers solitary, alternate for the most
part, but in very luxuriant specimens, sometimes opposite, seldom
more than two expanded at a time on the same plant, and often
only one. Leaves of the calix nearly equal in length, linear and
acute. Bracts longer than the calicine leaves. Corolla gamboge-
yellow. Tube hairy, oblique, ventricose in the middle; upper lip
roundish and notched, the lower equally trifid, segments oblong,
the intermediate one notched at the apex. Throat of the corolla
tube hairy within. Filaments two, the length of the tube. Style lon-
ger than the stamens and persistent. Stigma funnel-shape, oblique.
Capsule ovate, scarcely as long as the calix. Seeds small, nu-
merous.
Inhabits wet sandy places, the margins of ditches and rivulets

Gratiola aurea.
73
from New England to Georgia; common in New Jersey; flowering
from July to September. The time of flowering in the southern
states, is from April to June, according to Mr. Elliot; in New Jersey
it blooms from July to August; and in the New England states from
August to September.
The genus gratiola was founded on the G. officinalis as a type;
and that plant was called by the ancient writers on botany and me-
dicine, gratia Dei, the favour of God, because it was believed to pos-
sess very eminent virtues. Gratiola being a diminutive of gratia,
was imposed on the genus, which is nearly equally divided between
India and North America. It consists of twenty-two species, eight
of which are indigenous to the United States, growing principally in
the southern section of the union. The present species received its
specific name from Muhlenburg. It is peculiar to this country, and
so nearly resembles the G. officinalis of Europe, as to have been
mistaken for it by Michaux. Notwithstanding its affinity, however,
it is truly separable from that species. Like the officinalis, it is a
variable plant; and it is very likely that Michaux met with some of
the luxuriant specimens which grow in the southern states ; in which
case, his mistake was natural; for though the northern gratiola could
not be confounded with the officinalis, yet the southern plant
described by Mr. Elliot as having ovate-lanceolate leaves, and
attaining a height of two feet, and consequently having larger flowers

174
Gratiola aurea.
than our plate exhibits, and being altogether more robust than the
plant it is intended to represent, comes so near officinalis, that it
might almost be doubted whether it is more than a variety produced
by a difference of climate. Indeed, the northern plant, which frequent-
ly, and in fact most commonly, is half the size of the figure, would
appear to be almost distinct from the plant described by Mr.
Elliot.
Different specimens of gratiola officinalis in my herbarium, sent me
by Professor Mertens of Bremen, as growing wild near that city,
compared with specimens received from Copenhagen, and also with
good figures of the plant, exhibit considerable variation in leaves,
flowers, and bracts: one of these specimens, compared with a luxu-
riant gratiola aurea, shows the latter to be strikingly allied to it. This
affinity would seem to indicate a resemblance in medicinable virtue;
if this should be the case, the G. aurea will be a valuable plant, for
the G. officinalis is deservedly commended as a powerful article of
the materia medica. It is one of the plants conjectured to yield the
celebrated tincture called Eau medicinale ; but this opinion is con-
tradicted by the proprietor of the secret.
The variableness of G. aurea is remarkable in its size and general
habit. Specimens will often be found scarcely two inches high, in
flower, and the stem often appears quite quadrangular, though on a

Gratiola aurea.
175
nearer inspection, it will be found to be roundish, with prominent
ridges, giving it the four-sided appearance described by Pursh as a
character of the plant.
Table XX. Fig. 1. Represents the plant of its natural and full size,
cut from the root at the mark. (*)
VOL. I.

B
TABLE XX.-FIG. 2.
SCHIZAA PUSILLA.
LEAST FERN.
Cryptogamia Filices, Linn.
Filices, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Spikes unilateral, flabellate, aggregate. Capsules radically striated at the summit,
sub-turbinate, partly opening by an oblong, lateral pore. Indusium continu-
ous, formed from the inflected margin of the spikes.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Frond very simple, linear, compressed ; spikes conglomerated, inflexed, secund.
Pursh.
FROM two to four and a half inches high. Root densely fibrous,
umber-brown. Barren fronds numerous, sixteenth part of an inch
broad, compressed, obtuse, contorted. Fertile fronds fewer, radical,
simple, the breadth of the barren, divaricating from the root, very
much compressed, of a leek-green colour, two-thirds of their length,
honey-yellow above. Spikes arcuate, leaning to one side, fan-
shaped, of a honey-yellow colour..
2

Schizea pusilla.
7
The genus Schizæa was established by Dr. James Edward Smith.
The term is derived from the Greek, ogicw, to cleave asunder, in
allusion to the cloven appearance of its aggregate fan-like spikes.
The genus, which is very distinct and well-marked, contains about
ten species, of which number one inhabits Cape of Good Hope, one
Cape Van Diemen, one South America, two New South Wales, one
Ceylon and Tranquebar, one East Indies, one Society Isles, one
the Island of Trinidad, and the tenth the state of New Jersey, in
North America—the plant here figured.
This delicate little Fern was first detected by Dr. Eddy of New
York. It is exceedingly rare, never having been found any where
in the United States, but at one spot, near Quaker-Bridge, Burling-
ton county, New Jersey. Its minuteness, together with its rarity,
render it difficult to be detected even when in pursuit of it in the
place where it grows.
Table XX, fig. 2. Represents a large specimen of the plant in flower,
its natural size.

TABLE XXI.
SCUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA.
SIDE-FLOWERING SCULL-CAP. SCULL-CAP. BLUE SCULL-CAP.
Mad-dog Scull-cap. Mad-dog-weed, &c.
(Generic Character, &c. &c. page 5 of this work.)
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Plant much branched, somewhat smooth. Leaves long-petiolate, ovate, dentaté,
those of the stem sub-cordate. Racemes lateral, leafy. Willd.
PLANT from one to three feet high. Root perennial, fibrous, ochre-
yellow. Stem quadrangular, smooth, branched, greenish-yellow, pur-
plish near the root. Branches also quadrangular, opposite, axillary,
decussating, floriferous, and leafy. Leaves petiolate, acute, oppo-
site, arising from the alternate sides of the stem. Those of the stem
large, varying from one to three and a half inches in length; and

Table 27
Fig. 2.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 3.
Drawn from Nature by WP.C
Barton.
Engraved by CTiebout.
SCUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA,

OF

Scutellaria lateriflora.
by 9
from three quarters of an inch to an inch and three quarters
breadth, ovate-lanceolate, and cordate or semi-cordate at base;
dentated, and somewhat wrinkled. Branch-leaves smaller; ovate-
lanceolate, ovate, and often quite lanceolate, and dentate-serrate.
All the leaves are of a pale or celandine-green beneath, and of a
grass-green hue above, occasionally tinged on their upper disk,
with reddish-purple. Racemes long, leafy, proceeding laterally
from the stem-hence the specific name of the plant. The floral
leaves are attached by pairs to each pair of flowers, and diminish
gradually in size as they approach the apex of the racemes. They
are ovate, acute, sub-sessile, or situated on very short petioles.
Each floral leaf of the pair, is attached by a common origin to the
peduncle of the calix as represented in fig. 2. of the plate. Flowers
small, numerous, arranged in pairs along the racemes. Peduncles
an eighth of an inch long. Calix scutellate as in the whole genus. Co-
rolla monopetalous, tubular, from a quarter to three-eighths of an inch
long, and one-eighth of an inch or little more, in diameter; campanu-
la-purple, occasionally lighter or nearly bluish-white beneath. Seeds
numerous, small, oval, verrucose, yellowish. Though the flowers
of this plant are generally borne on racemes, they are some-
times arranged in pairs from the axills of the leaves, on the branches.
In this case, the floriferous ramuli must be considered as racemous
branches. The large size of the leaves belongs to plants which
have grown in the shade, and, thus situated, they become very thin

80
Scutellaria lateriflora.
and nearly membranaceous. The branch-leaves are generally in
the proportion of one-half the size of those of the stem, partaking
of their variation in size, and becoming, like those of the stem,
semi-membranaceous in the shade. In exposed situations all the
leaves are strongly veined and somewhat wrinkled. This indeed
is an invariable character when the plant has enjoyed its natural or
favourite situations; any variation from it, as observable in the tall,
debile specimens obtained from dark-shaded places, being caused
by the influence of an uncongenial soil, and constant protection from
the sun.
The proper juice of this plant is not uncommonly of a red
colour: hence the point of origin of the branches from the stem, the
petioles, and under sides of the leaves, and other parts of the her-
bage, are often tinged with this hue.
Grows in damp places-in meadows, along the edges of pools, the
margins of ditches, rivulets, and the borders of larger waters, from
Canada to Carolina-very common.
Flowers from July to Sep-
tember
This is the second species of the genus scutellaria described in this
work, and to the chapter on the first, S. hyssopifolia, reference is
made for an account of the genus. The present species has obtain-
ed a notoriety which seldom falls to the lot of a plant so undeserv-
ing of any esteem. It has been long held up to the public as possessing

Scutellaria lateriflora.
81
the power of preventing and curing hydrophobia. Nothing, however,
could be more vain or illusory than the expectation of accomplish-
ing by it either of these desirable objects, and considered in reference
to these ends, it is utterly worthless. For the reasons which justify
this assertion, the reader is referred to my essay on this subject
published in the February number of the Philadelphia Journal of the
Medical and Physical Sciences. By the facts there stated, it will
appear, that the boasted prophylactic and curative virtues of this
plant, in relation to the violent disease of hydrophobia, had their
origin many years ago, in charlatanical practice. And notwithstand-
ing the strenuous efforts which have been made to win professional
confidence in its reputation, very few educated physicians have been
seduced into so dangerous a delusion. Indeed, only two physicians,
well known to the members of the profession as being highly re-
spectable, have published any thing of importance in favour of the
plant. One of these, the author of a pamphlet published in New
York in October, 1819, containing such an exposition of the sub-
ject, as justified the opinion, that he himself believed in its re-
puted virtues, has, since its publication, declared, peremptorily, his
entire disbelief in its preventive or curative efficacy. Hence his pub-
lication is nugatory. The other, a respectable compiler of a dispensa-
tory, has, unfortunately for the interests of medicine, and inconsistent-
ly with his professional standing, afforded the authority of his name
and credence, to the preposterous story. It cannot be doubted, how-

82
Scutellaria lateriflora.
ever, that future and more deliberate consideration of the subject, will
convince him of the medicinal immerit of the plant, and induce him,
with true professional candour, to publish a renouncement of any
confidence in its powers, and a recantation of such of his publications,
as are calculated, by sustaining its reputation, to produce mischiev-
ous and dangerous effects.
Fig. 1. Represents the plant, of its natural size, in flower.
2. A flower separated, with a floral leaf attached--as large a size
as they ever attain,

OF
100

Table 22
• Fig. 1
Fig. 2. 3
3
4.
♡
Drawn from Nature bvW.P.C.
Barton
Engraved by C. Trebout
CLEOME DODECANDRA.

TABLE XXII.
CLEOME DODECANDRA.
THREE-LEAVED CLEOME. CLAMMY CLEOME. FALSE MUSTARD.
Tetradynamia Siliquosa, Linn.
Capparides, Juss. and Vent.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Nectariferous glands 3, one under each of the three upper calix-leaves, the lower one
without a gland. Calix 4-leaved, small and deciduous. Petals 4, all ascend-
ing to one side. Capsule siliquose, stipitate, 1-celled, 2-valved.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Viscidly pubescent. Flowers dodecandrous; leaves ternate, elliptical; flowers axil-
lary, solitary. B.
Plant fetid, annual, from a span to fifteen inches high, all over vis-
cidly pubescent. Siliques, also pubescent and clammy. Leaves all ter-
nate, elliptical or lanceolate-elliptical, the intermediate one larger
than the other two; pubescent, rather obtuse, becoming smaller as
VOL. I.
15

84
Cleome dodecandra.
they approach the top of the plant. Flowers axillary, solitary, situated
on long, filiform, red peduncles. Petals often only three, heart-shaped,
white, supported by a filiform claw an eighth of an inch long; calix
leaves four; two of them lanceolate-linear, acute, lake-red; a third
ovate and lake-red; and the fourth larger, oblique, petaloid, three-
toothed, channelled, one-half white, the other rose-coloured. Sta-
mens lake-red, generally twelve in number. Germ large, yellow;
pistil filiform, rose-coloured. Silique sessile on the peduncle, yellow-
ish-green, membranaceous and reticulated, obtuse, clammy, pubes-
cent, slightly corrugated towards apex and base. Seeds numerous,
small, round, flattened, brownish. Delights in sandy soil on the mar-
gins of rivers. Grows from the northern to the southern section of
the Union. “ Common on the sandy shores of Lake Erie, near Buf-
falo creek, also along the margins of the Mississippi and the Mis-
souri.” Nuttall. I have found it at the base of the Chickisalunga rocks
on the Susquehanna river, two miles above the town of Columbia,
growing on the sandy beach. Flowers in July. In its natural situations
it is quite pubescent, but becomes larger and nearly glabrous by cul-
tivation. It is possessed of medicinal properties, being like most of
the species of the genus, actively deleterious.
The generic term Cleome is derived from the Greek word Kneiw,
claudo, and was adopted by Linnæus from Theod. Priscianos, or
Octavianus Prisianus, a medical writer of the fourth century. It con-
tains three North American and twenty-one foreign species. They
2

Cleome dodecandra.
85
are nearly all plants of offensive smell; a circumstance which indi-
cates in general a deleterious or narcotic power. The species here
noticed, is said by Schoepf and the late Professor Barton, to be a
good anthelmintic. For further information on this point, the reader
is referred to the third volume of my Vegetable Materia Medica of
the United States.
Fig. 1. The upper portion of the plant in flower and fruit.
2. A complete flower, separated.
3. A petal.
4. The petaloid calicine leaf.
5. The calix, germ and pistil, divested of the petaloid seg-
ment.
6. The calix, with stamens.
(All the size of nature.)

TABLE XXIII.
SOLANUM CAROLINENSE.
CAROLINA NIGHTSHADE. HORSE-NETTLE.
Pentandria Monogynia.
Solaneae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Galix 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla rotate, or campanulate, 5-lobed, plaited. Anthers
partly united, emitting the pollen by two pores at the point. Berry 2-celled,
many-seeded.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stem prickly, annual ; leaves hastate-angular, armed on both sides with prickles, ra-
cemes loose. Willd.

Table 23
Drain from Vature by WPCBarton
Engraved by CTiebout
SOLANUM CAROLINENSE.

OF
CH

Solanum Carolinense.
87
Plant from one foot to two feet high. Stem herbaceous, rigid,
branched. Branches spreading. Stem and branches armed with
sharp prickles and densely beset with stellated hairs. Leaves large,
ovate-sinuated, or ovate-lanceolate, entire at base, deeply sinuated-
the angles somewhat acute; scabrous, covered all over with the same
dense stellated hairiness which covers the whole plant, but hardly
tomentose. The veins and costa armed with prickles. Racemes
loose, simple, lateral and terminal, from four to eight-flowered.
Calix closely beset with fine hairs, and prickly. Corolla expanding
as common in the genus, pale-blue-blue variegated with blotches
of white,—or wholly of a faded-white colour. Stamens and pistil of
a golden-yellow hue. Berries the size of large May-duke cherries,
ochre-yellow, and frequently persistent during winter. Flowers
from May until August. Grows in cultivated grounds from Canada
to Georgia, appearing to prefer sandy soil, near road sides and rub-
bish in the vicinity of habitations. Very common. Annual or pe-
rennial?
The genus Solanum is one of those very ancient assemblages of
plants, designated by terms, the origin of which is either enveloped
in obscurity, or lost in the antiquity of their use. It comprises plants
very naturally grouped together, by striking botanical affinities. The
American species are but six or seven, of which the one here figured,
is perhaps the most common. It is, indeed, except the S. nigrum,
the only indigenous species found in the middle and northern states,

88
Solanum Carolinense.
but is more common to the south, where the other species also grow.
The foreign species are seventy-seven in number. It is yet doubtful
whether the present one be annual, as it is commonly said to be by
botanists, or perennial.
The Figure represents a branch of the plant in flower, with incipient
fruit-of the natural size.


Table 24.
Drzwn tiz Valurr by TUPC'Bartom.
Boyd wo
RUDBECKIA
TRILOBA.

TABLE XXIV.
RUDBECKIA TRILOBA.
THREE-LOBE-LEAVED RUDBECKIA.
(Generic Character, &c. &c. see page 17 of this work.)
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Hispidly-hairy; stem paniculated, branches divaricate, many-flowered, leafy; leaves
lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, serrate, the lower ones three-lobed; cali-
cine leaflets linear, deflexed, as long as the rays. Willd. and Pursh.
Plant from three to five feet high. Root perennial or biennial?
Stem cylindrical, furrowed, reddish, closely beset with white hairs.
Branches dull-lake-red, hairy. Lower leaves three-lobed, the lobes
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, obscurely three-nerved, hairy, cili-
ated, particularly towards the base ; hairs and ciliæ white. Upper
leaves simple, lanceolate, acuminate, irregularly serrate, indistinct

90
Rudbeckia triloba.
ly three-nerved, hairy on each side, and ciliated on the margin, the
ciliæ longest towards the base. Stem and branches cylindrical, fine-
ly lined, generally greenish on one side and purplish-red on the
other, or entirely dull-lake-red. Flowers small. Calicine leaves
linear, nearly or often quite as long as the rays, acuminated, and
hairy. Rays emarginated, lanceolate, elliptical, gamboge-yellow.
Disk auricula-purple. Scales of the receptacle awned. Flowers
in August and September. “In the mountains of Virginia and Caro-
lina." Pursh. • In the New England states." Eaton.
66
Another species of the beautiful autumnal genus Rudbeckia, al-
ready fully described in preceding pages, is here figured. It is
rare in Pennsylvania, though sufficiently common to the south
and westward of this state. The flowers of this, are smaller
than those of the other species, none being found much larger than
the drawing represents. For the specimens from which it was
made, I am indebted to Mr. Nuttall, who raised plants of it last sum-
mer in this city.
The plate represents an upper portion with one of the three-lobed
leaves, in its natural situation-the size of nature.

OF

Table 25.
Eig.l.
1
Fig.2.
F20.4.
Fig.3.
Drawntiom Nature by WP.CBarton.
J Boyd sc.
ΝΙΙΟ Ο ΓΠΑΝΑ
RUSTICA.

TABLE XXV.
NICOTIANA RUSTICA.
YELLOW-FLOWERED TOBACCO. COMMON GREEN TOBACCO.
Pentandria Monogynia, Linn.
Solaneae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix urceolate, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, border plaited, 5-cleft. Stamina in-
clined. Capsule 2 to 4-valved, 2-celled.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves petiolate, ovate, quite entire. Flowers obtuse. Willd.
SYNONYMS.
HYOSCYAMUS niger, Matth. Valqr. v. 2. 412.
H. luteus, Germ. em. 356.
A HARDY plant. Root annual. Stem from three to four feet high, with
panicled branches, roundish, yellow-green, invested with a soft semi-
viscous pubescence, particularly above; the hairs of the pubescence
capitated by secreting glands. Leaves from three to six inches long,
broad-ovate, somewhat cordate; upper ones lanceolate-ovate—all
entire, but undulate and irregular on the margin, pubescent, of a
VOL. I.
16

92
Nicotiana rustica.
dull yellowish-green colour, covered with the same kind of soft semi-
viscous pubescence as the stem, and situated on petioles from one
to two inches long. Mid-rib conspicuously yellow, veins strongly
marked. Flowers axillary and terminal, numerous, about an inch
long. Calix consisting of five segments, unequal in length ; two
smaller than the other three: and of the latter one much larger
than the other two—all ovate, sub-acute, pubescent. Corolla sul-
phur-yellow, tube and under surface of the limb pubescent-limb
expanding and glabrous. Tube bell-shaped, segments rounded. Sta-
men sulphur-yellow, tipped with triangular grey anthers. Base of
the filament bearded with fine fringe. Germ ovate, glabrous. Style
as long as the stamens. Stigma globose. Capsule roundish, a lit-
tle depressed. Seeds small, nearly black, numerous. Every part of
the plant, as well as the stem and leaves, downy, clammy, and exhaling
the same peculiar unpleasant smell common to the genus.
ralized near the borders of some of the smaller lakes in the western
parts of the state of New York.” Nuttall. Flowering in July,
66 Natu-
The genus which furnishes the narcotic luxury so universally used
in many parts of the world, consists of thirteen species, and bears
a name in honour of John Nicot, of Nismes, an ambassador from the
French court to that of Portugal. During his residence in Lisbon
in 1560, he received some seeds of the plant now known by the
name of Virginia tobacco, from a Dutchman, who had obtained them
from Florida about the same time the Spaniards received it from
2

Nicotiana rustica.
93
Tobaco, a province of Yucatan, which has given the common name.
They were distributed from this source, throughout Europe, and
hence the introduction of Tobacco as an article of luxury. The
present species furnishes the common tobacco, or common-green to-
bacco, and the seeds of it are supposed to have been received in
Europe from America, about the same time that those of N. tabacum,
or Virginia tobacco, were sent. America has been referred to as the
native country of the tobacco, by most writers; but Savary declares
that the Persians received it from Egypt four hundred years ago,
and have during all this time cultivated it. Whatever be the truth
of this obscure question, there can be no doubt that the present spe-
cies, as well as the N. tabacum, has long been naturalized in this
country; and hence it becomes proper to figure it in a Flora of
North America.
Fig. 1. A specimen in flower of N. rustica.
2. A flower, separated.
3. A stamen.
4. Calix, germ, and pistil.
(All the size of nature.)

TABLE XXVI.
HELENIUM AUTUMNALE.
AMERICAN SNEEZE-WORT. SNEEZE-WEED.
Syngenesia superflua, Linn.
Corymbiferae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix simple, many-parted. Rays of the flower semi-trifid. Receptacle naked, glo-
bose; the rays only paleaceous. Seed villous. Pappus paleaceous, about 5-
leaved, leaflets awned.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, sub-decurrent; stem corymbose above ; disk florets 5-
cleft; rays flat, reflexed. Willd. and Pursh.
WHOLE plant, particularly stem, branches, and peduncles, cover-
ed with a very dense, short, almost imperceptible pubescence, which
gives the whitish-green appearance to it. Stem from five to seven
feet high, many growing from the same root. Root perennial,
fibrous. Stem erect, angular, somewhat winged from the decurrent
margins of the leaves, much branched above; branches also angu-
lar. Leaves opake, lanceolate, dotted with innumerable fine pits,

Table 26
Drawn from Nature by W.P. C.Barton.
Engraved by C. Tiebout.
HELENIUM AUTUMNALE.

WA

Helenium autumnale.
95
serrate, acute, and often acuminate, serratures irregular. Costa
and veins conspicuous, pistachio-green above, siskin-green under-
neath. Flowers varying in size, numerous, terminal and axillary,
some very large, an inch and three-quarters in diameter, including rays,
others an inch, and some only three-quarters of an inch. Peduncles
swelling as they approach the base of the calix. Ray-petals gamboge-
yellow, about sixteen or seventeen in number, sometimes twenty,
three or four-toothed; teeth obtuse, sometimes deeply cleft and
acute. Calix segments linear, numerous. Disk hemispherical, green-
ish-yellow. Inhabits the margins of rivers and smaller waters from
Canada to Georgia. Flowering in September-common.
The genus Helenium belongs to N. America, and received this
name from Linnæus after he had referred the original Helenium
to Inula. Dioscorides describes Ensurov, which professor Martyn in-
forms us was called in honour of Helen, consort of Menelaus, who
cultivated a plant, according to Hesychius, which destroyed serpents;
according to other ancient writers, “it sprung from her tears."
That the ancient plant alluded to, and of which this history is related,
is Inula helenium, or common Elecampane, seems to be acknow-
ledged by all modern writers. The strong resemblance between
the genus of which a species is here figured, and that of Elecam-
pane, induced Linnæus to call it Helenium. In the Hortus Cliffortia-
nus where he first described it, he called it Helenia, and this termina-
tion Gaertner has retained. In the Species Plantarum and other

96
Helenium autumnale.
works of Linnæus, however, the purer termination of Helenium is
adopted. The species are only three in number, of which the pre-
sent is the most common throughout the United States. The whole
plant is intensely bitter, and possesses besides its bitterness, other
medicinal properties which will be particularly detailed in another
work.
The Figure represents a flowering specimen, the size of nature.


Table 27
Drawn from Vature by JP. (Barton
Engraved bvCTiebout
RHEXIA MARIANA,

TABLE XXVII,
RHEXIA MARIANA.
MARYLAND RHEXIA.
(Generic Character, &c. &c. see page 13 of this work.)
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Hirsute; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, 3-nerved; calix tubular, nearly gla-
brous. Mich.
A PERENNIAL plant, from one to two feet high ; stem erect,
sub-terete, hirsute, channelled. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, serrate,
ciliate. Flowers situated in the fork and termination of the branches.
Calix urceolate, purplish, slightly hirsute with stellated hairs, per-
sistent, including the capsule. Segments long, reflexed. Petals fu-
gacious, irregularly ovate, or oval, hairy externally, peach-blossom
red, or white dilated with rose-red. Filaments as in R. Virginica,
inserted into the rim of the calix. Anthers yellow, long, slightly
arcuate, opening above. Style larger than the stamens. Seeds nu-
merous, attached umbilically to a central receptacle. Grows in

98
Rhexia Mariana,
damp grassy meadows, and near boggy grounds and small waters.
Common in New Jersey. Grows also in Carolina and Maryland.
Flowers in July and August.
This is the second species of the genus Rhexia described in this
work. It is less common in this state than the R. Virginica, but
grows abundantly in the southern section of the union, delighting
in the same kind of situations as that species is found to inhabit.
From the fugaciousness of the petals, it does not seem to be much
entitled to cultivation.
The Figure represents a flowering specimen of the plant of its na-
tural size.

0

Table 28
Fig. 7.
2
3
8
4
7
Drawn from Nature by W.P.CBarton.
Engraved by CTiebout.
SE SBANIA MACROCARPA

TABLE XXVIII.
SESBANIA MACROCARPA.
Diadelphia decandria, Linn.
Leguminosae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix 5-toothed. Legume elongated, (terete, linear,) bi-valved, divided into many
cells by transverse dissepiments. R. Brown,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Glaucous ; leaves oblong-elliptical, sub-cuspidated, margin naked ; legume very long,
narrow, maculated, and pitted by longitudinal depressions. B.
PLANT from three to five feet high, erect, every where glaucous.
Root annual. Stem cylindrical, bluish-green, inclining to greenish-
purple. Leaves larger than in schynomene, consisting of many pairs
of oblong, elliptical, obtuse leaflets, terminated by a short point, and
very glaucous beneath. Common petioles terete, swelling at base.
VOL. I.
17

100
Sesbania macrocarpa. .
Stipules in pairs, lanceolate, or hastate, membranaceous, yellow-
green. Pacemes axillary, shorter than the leaves, from two to
four-flowered. Flowers primrose-yellow-rarely expanded more
than represented in the plate. Vexillum gall-stone-yellow in-
side, outside primrose-yellow. Carina orange-yellow, striped with
carmine-red. Wings orange-yellow, striped with purple. Legume
from seven to eight inches long, less than two-eighths of an inch
broad, slightly arcuate, stipitate, mucronate, compressed, maculated,
and pitted by longitudinal depressions ; invested within by a straw-
yellow, shining, membranaceous lining, and divided transversely by
about thirty-nine partitions. Seeds thirty-nine or forty, kidney-
shaped, umber-brown, an eighth of an inch long and somewhat less
in breadth, pitted on either side by a deep depression. Hilum
white. Flowers in August, and continues in bloom about six weeks
or two months. Grows in the neighbourhood of St. Louis and New
Orleans. The drawing was taken from a vigorous living plant raised
by Messrs. Landreth last summer from seeds furnished by Mr. Nut-
tall, and it has been carefully compared with several fine dried spe.
cimens received from New Orleans.
Pursh, very properly objecting to the inadmissible generic name
Sesban, substituted that of Sesbania, which, though still faulty, is rather
better than the first, given by Poiret to a genus selected by him out of
Æschynomene. That botanist referred the Linnæan Æ. grandiflora,
coccinea, and Sesban, to this newly-formed genus, but it has since
2

Sesbania macrocarpa.
.
101
been augmented by two or three North American species, of which
one is now figured. It is a tropical genus of ten species, indigenous
to India and America, and one to Egypt.
Fig. 1. Represents a flowering portion of the plant.
2. A flower, artificially opened, to show its structure.
3. Inside of vexillum.
4. Carina.
5. Wings.
6. Stamens.
17. Calix and pistil.
8. Stipule.

TABLE XXIX.
ÆSCHYNOMENE HISPIDA.
FALSE-SENSITIVE-PLANT.
Diadelphia decandria, Linn.
Leguminosae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Stamina divided into 2 equal bodies. Brown. Loment exserted, compressed, one of
the sutures straight, the other lobed; articulations truncated, 1-seeded.
Calix bilabiate, labia dentate.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stem erect; petioles and stem tuberculate-hispid ; leaves in many pairs ; leaflets linear,
obtuse; stipules membranaceous, semi-sagittate ; racemes simple, few-
flowered; loments hispid. Willd. Sp. Pl. 3. p. 1163.
SYNONYM
HEDVSARUM Virginicum. Willd. Sp. Pl. 3. p. 1212.
An annual plant, from three to five feet in height. Root fibrous,
bundled. Stem erect, cylindrical, apple-green or yellow, beset with

Table 29
Fig. I.
Fig. 2
Fig. 3.
Drawn from Nature by W.P.C.
Barton.
Engraved bv C Tiebout
AESCHYN OMENE HISPIDA

Vo
Pick

Eschynomene hispida.
103
green, reddish and black glandular-like tubercles, from each of which
a hair arises, capitated by a viscous crown, emitting a terebinthenate
odour. Leaves consisting of many pairs of linear and oval-linear,
obtuse, very smooth leaflets, of an apple-green colour, supported by
very short stalks, on a hispid petiole. They are very numerous,
often thirty-nine, forty-nine, and fifty-one. Stipules ovate, acumi-
nate, with a decurrent base. Flowers about three or five, borne in
simple racemes, garnished with a leaf or two. Peduncles hispid and
glandular, zig-zag. Loment stipitate, arcuate, somewhat compressed,
but showing the elevation produced by the seeds and the depres-
sions by the dissepiments conspicuously, making from six to nine
joints ; hispid-scabrous, the tubercles being large, red, and promi-
nent. Corolla gamboge-yellow, reticulately veined with carmine-
red. Grows along the margins of rivers subject to the overflowing
of the tides, and on the islands of most of our large tide-water rivers,
from Pennsylvania to Carolina. July, August.
The greek word aio Xuvores, to be ashamed, has given origin to the
generic name Æschynomene, because the plants of that genus are
somewhat sensitive, and shrink from the touch. It is a tropical genus,
containing thirteen species, native to India and America. The North
American species are only two, both of which are rare.
The one
here figured is a scarce plant even in those places where it is indi-
genous. Along the shores of the Delaware, near Philadelphia, where
it grows naturally, but three or four specimens can be found in a

104
Eschynomene hispida.
season after a very careful search. The flowers are rarely more
expanded than represented in the plate, but when they do open
more completely, or when displayed by art, are very handsome, being
of a rich yellow, delicately veined by reticulated lines of carmine-red.
Its root is annual, but has so much the sturdy appearance of a pe-
rennial, that its character might be mistaken.
Fig. 1. An upper portion of the plant, in flower.

San
OF
MICH

Table 30
E000
นฐาน
099-
ร์) รูวิด "
Drawn from Nature by W. P. C.Barton.
Engraved by C.I'iebout.
ANDROMEDA ARBOREA.

TABLE XXX.
ANDROMEDA ARBOREA.
SORREL-TREE. SOUR-WOOD.
Decandria monogynia, Linn.
Ericae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Galix 5-parted, minute, inferior. Corolla more or less ovate, or sub-cylindric, smooth ;
border 5-cleft, reflected. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ;
Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; valve producing dis-
sepiments from the middle, margin naked.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Branches terete; leaves oblong, acuminate; mucronate-serrulate, smooth; panicles
terminal, many-spiked; corollas ovoid-cylindrical, pubescent; anthers
linear, unawned. Willd.
A TREE, from twenty to fifty,* or sixty feetf in height. Trunk from
six to twelve and fifteen inches in diameter, covered with a thick
and furrowed bark. Branches terete ; bark of the annual twigs of a
*“I have no where seen the Sorrel Tree of ampler dimensions than in the fertile
vallies at the foot of the lofty mountains of North Carolina, particularly in those
whose waters unite in the northern branch of the river Catabaw, about thirty miles
from Morgantown, and three hundred miles from Charleston. In these vallies I have
measured Sorrel Trees which were fifty feet high, and twelve or fifteen inches in
diameter.” Mich. North American Sylva.
+ Mich. Fl. Boreali-Am. and Elliot.

106
Andromeda arborea.
reddish colour; vernal shoots green. Furrows deep. Leaves pe-
tioled, numerous, crowded, from three to five inches long, and from
one to two inches broad; alternate, oval-acuminate, generally serru-
lated with sharp, pointed serrulations, although many of the leaves
are found entire on the margin. They are slightly downy when
they first appear; but, after attaining maturity, become glabrous and
shining on the upper disk, reticulately veined, and destitute of pu-
bescence on the under surface except the costa, which is frequent-
ly garnished with white, scattered hairs. They are very acid and
agreeable to the taste when chewed. Petioles an half or three-quar-
ters of an inch long. Flowers numerous, small, pedicellated, se-
cund, borne on numerous, large, terminal, divergent, many-spiked
panicles, five inches long. Calix small, five-toothed; teeth acute.
Corolla ovate, opening at the mouth, monopetalous, pubescent.
Stamen and pistil included. Anthers linear, unawned. Style
pentangular, persistent. Capsules small, ovate, reddish-brown, con-
taining numerous, minute, subulate seeds, garnished with membra-
naceous points, and longitudinally imbricated in the capsule. Most
common in the western and southern section of our states, grow-
ing on the margins of streams and swamps, and flowering in June
and July. According to Michaux, f. “it begins to appear on the Al-
leghany mountains in Virginia, and is found to their termination in
Georgia.” It is not uncommon in the southern states, being found on
the steep banks of the rivers that flow from the mountains; but it be-
comes more rare in following them from their source, whether east-

Andromeda arborea.
107
ward or westward, and ceases entirely in the maritime parts of the
Carolinas and Georgia. Mr. Elliot says, “ it is found as low down
as St. John's, Santee, within forty miles of the ocean.99*
This is the only arborescent species of the genus Andromeda, and
it is remarkable that all the other species are low shrubs. The
sorrel tree itself, however, degenerates into a shrub, in soils un-
congenial to its constitution. It is remarked by Michaux, in his
magnificent work on the Forest Trees, that it becomes stunted
in dry and gravelly lands, particularly in the neighbourhood of
Knoxville, where it is most abundant, and where he says it pre-
sents itself in the form of a bush. According to Mr. Elliot, it
rarely attains a greater stature than fifteen or twenty feet, except
in the vallies of the mountains. The acidity of the leaves has given
rise to the name of Sorrel Tree, by which it is universally recog-
nized where it grows. They are said to be chewed by the hunters
in the mountains when they cannot procure water, and are report-
ed to be very refreshing; and Pursh says, they find that they allay
thirst. Their leaves are said by Michaux to become black in dry-
ing. But this, though frequently the case, is not invariably so, many
specimens retaining a good green colour when carefully exsiccated.
He informs us, that " where sumac is not to be obtained, they are
fused to impart a black colour to wool.''
* Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia.
VOL. I.
18

108
Andromeda arborea.
Sorrel Tree, though it attains a considerable diameter, has a soft,
reddish kind of wood, of no value in the arts, nor is it, from the diffi-
culty with which it burns, of any account for fuel. As an ornamental
tree, however, it is certainly worthy of attention, and will grow very
far to the north of its natural situations, and flowers at the height
of five or six feet. It is cultivated in Bartram's gardens, on the
Schuylkill, and in those of Messrs. Landreth. From specimens ob-
tained in these places the drawing has been made.
The plate resembles a flowering twig, of its natural size.

UNID
OF

Table 37
Fig. 7.
2
3
Drawn from Nature by W.P.C. Barton,
LINDERNIA
Engraved by C. Tiebout.
DILATATA,

TABLE XXXI.
LINDERNIA DILATATA.
DILATED-LEAVED LINDERNIA.
Diandria Monogynia, Linn.
Scrophulariae, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix 5-parted, nearly equal. Corolla tubulose, bilabiate ; upper lip short, emarginate;
lower trifid, unequal. Filaments four, the two longer forked, and sterile.
Stigma bilamellate. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved; seminiferous dissepiment
parallel with the valves.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Plant very smooth. Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, obtuse or often sub-acute, dilated
at the base, amplexicaule, rarely obscurely toothed ; peduncles axillary, one-
flowered, much longer than the leaves. Corolla thrice the length of the calix.
Capsule shorter than the calix. B.
SYNONYMS.
LINDERNIA dilatata, Muhl. Cat. and Elliot.
LINDERNIA pyxidaria, Pursh, 2. p. 419.
GRATIOLA inæqualis, Walt.
P:
61.?
G. anagallidea, Mich. F1. Boreali-Am.?
VOL. I.
19

110
Lindernia dilatata.
WHOLE plant very smooth, from six to twelve inches high. Root
fibrous, annual. Stem branching, jointed, procumbent part of its
length, then assurgent, quadrangular, purplish towards the ground,
and sending off radicles from the joints. Leaves opposite, ovate,
dilated towards the base, and embracing the stem. They are of
various sizes, but the largest rarely exceed the size of finger
nails; sometimes, however, they are three-fourths of an inch long,
and half an inch broad in shady places; in such specimens they
are semi-membranaceous. They are of a dull grass-green, with oc-
casional spots of dull purple in the direction of the three or five
nerves on the under side, which are often obscure, except when
the plant is held to the light. Margin mostly entire, though a few
teeth are often found on the leaves of some specimens. Flowers
numerous, axillary, commencing from the lowest part of the stem,
situated on delicate, often filiform, quadrangular, erect pedun-
cles, about three-fourths of an inch or one inch in length, which
have a tendency to become deflexed as the flower advances towards
seed. Indeed the fruiting specimens are generally deflexed as in
Spergula. Calicine segments somewhat unequal, subulate, slightly
pubescent, but often wholly glabrous. Corolla pale purple or near-
ly white, twice or thrice the length of the calix; tube attenuated
towards the base, divided at the limb into four segments, the upper-
most being broader than the other three; the latter are lower, ob-
tuse, and form the inferior lip. Filaments four, inserted into the
tube of the corolla: the two longest ones nearly equal to it in
2

Lindernia dilatata.
111
length, abortive and garnished with a fork near the head. The two
shorter, fertile and filiform. Anthers two-lobed, pale straw-yellow.
Germ superior, ovate; style persistent. Stigma bilabiate and flatten-
ed. Seeds small, very numerous, pale-brown or ochre-yellow.
Grows along the margins of rivers, creeks and ditches, in loose
gravelly or sandy soil, from the New England states to Georgia,
flowering from May to September. The variety b. described by
Pursh, appears to be the very distinct and well-marked species called
attenuata by Muhlenberg.
The genus Lindernia was named by Allioni in honour of Francis
Balthazar Von Lindern, a physician and botanist of Strasburg, who
flourished in the early part of the last century. The present species
seems specifically distinct from the European Lindernia pyxidaria,
described by Willdenow. This opinion is not founded on Pursh's re-
mark to the same effect, induced by his wrong impression of Willde-
now's description of the length of the peduncles. In the Species Plan-
tarum, that author describes the peduncles as being often longer than
the leaves, on the top of the stem, “pedunculi foliis breviores sed
in apice caulis sæpius longiores. I have in my herbarium a small
specimen from France, of Lindernia pyxidaria, an inch and a half
high, which was sent to me by Professor Horneman of Copenha-
gen. Comparing our plant with this specimen, relatively to its spe-
cific character, there appears this discrepancy:-in the European
plant the leaves are not dilated towards the base; are simply sessile,

112
Lindernia dilatata.
and obscurely denticulate; and the peduncles are shorter than the
leaves. This specimen more nearly resembles L. attenuata than the
present plant.
The drawing from which the engraving has been made, was de-
signed from specimens obtained from the western shores of the
Delaware, near this city, in which places it appears to be frequent,
though not easily found, owing to its growing amidst the roots of
various larger plants.
Fig. 1. Represents Lindernia attenuata, (Pyxidaria, Pursh) of its
natural size, in flower.
2. A flower and peduncle, separated.
3. The under view of the tube of the corolla, showing the
nether lip.
(Figs. 2 and 3 a very little enlarged.)

OF
MICH

Table 32
6
Fig 1
2
3
4
Drawn from Nature by TIT.C. Barton
Engraved by CTiebout
UYULARIA PERTOLIATA

TABLE XXXII.
UVULARIA PERFOLIATA.
PALE PERFOLIATED UVULARIA.
Hexandria Monogynia, Linn.
Lilia, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla inferior, 6-petalled, campanulate; claws of the petals each furnished with a
nectariferous cavity. Filaments very short, growing to the anthers. Stigmata
reflexed. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-valved; valves septiferous in the
middle. Seeds many, sub-globose, arillated at the hilum.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves perfoliate, ovate-acute, or ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla pulverulently rough
within; anthers cuspidated with a cartilaginous point; capsule truncate-
triangular. B.
SYNONYMS.
UVULARIA perfoliata, Muhl. Cat. and Herbarium.
UVULARIA perfoliata, a. Bot. Mag.
UVULARIA flava, Pursh, (according to the figure he refers to.)
U. perfoliata, of Elliot.

114
Uvularia perfoliata.
Root white, palmate, divisions cylindrical, garnished with a few
yellowish-white radicles. Stem erect, flexuose, sheathed below with
lavender purple sheaths. Leaves yellow-green above, glaucous
underneath, petiolated, ovate, acute, three-nerved, striated, the
lowest one narrower than the others, and often cordate at base ;
and that one at the point of bifurcation of the stem, broader than
the rest. Flower solitary, of six, lanceolate, sulphur-yellow, acute
petals, pulverulently spotted with orange-yellow internally. Necta-
riferous furrow, a long narrow line. Pistil terminated by a trifurcate
stigma. Stamens half as long as the petals, convolute. Anthers long,
about the length of the filaments, bursting longitudinally at the inside
of each cell, yellow, each tipped with a cartilaginous, awl-shaped,
green point; filament broad, one-eighth of an inch long. Capsule
truncate, trigonous. Seeds numerous. Grows in shady, damp woods,
along the margins of rills and other moist ground, from Canada to
Georgia, preferring loose soil. Flowers in early May.
The genus Uvularia was established and named by Linnæus, but
the precise derivation of the term cannot now be ascertained. As
Uvularia is an old synonym for Ruscus hypoglossum, on account of
the diminutive leaves not unlike the uvula of the human thoat, lying
over the inflorescence of that plant, Dr. Smith conjectures that the
generic term was thence derived.
The North American species are four or five in number. There
is some confusion relative to the present plant and the flava of

Uvularia perfoliata.
115
Smith, which appears to be an ideal species, or at most, a mere va-
riety of the present. Pursh quotes the figure No. 955, Bot. Mag. for
his flava, and that figure undoubtedly refers to the present species.
It certainly does not agree with his own description quoted from
Smith, in which the leaves are said to be obtuse, while in fact the
figure properly represents them as quite acute. What plant Pursh
had in view in his description of U. perfoliata, it is difficult to de-
cide. It seems probable that U. perfoliata and flava of Smith refer
to one plant, that which is here figured. Mr. Elliot quotes Pursh for
the U. flava, and as he has evidently not seen it himself, is unaware
that it is his own perfoliata, which he describes as having leaves
66 rather acute."
Fig. 1. The plant in flower, of its natural size, severed from Fig. 2.
2. The lower part of the stem and root.
3. A petal.
4. Germ, style, and stigma.
5. A stamen.

TABLE XXXIII.
ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM.
AMERICAN ERYTHRONIUM. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.
Hexandria Monogynia, Linn.
Lilia, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla sub-campanulate, petals 6, reflexed, the three interior usually furnished with
a callous notch on each side near the base, and a nectariferous pore. Cap-
sule superior, roundish, or elliptical, sub-stipitate. Seeds ovate.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves lanceolate, involute at the point; petals lanceolate, acute, the inner three
furnished with a callous denture on each margin near the base ; germen sub-
globose. Style clavate, 3-angled. B.
SYNONYMS.
ERYTHRONIUM Americanum, Ker, in Bot. Mag. t. 1113.
E. lanceolatum, Pursh.
E. longifolium, Poiret.
E. flavum, Smith, Rees. Cyclo.
E. dens canis, M.

Table 33
Fig 1
2
3
4
6
Drawn from Nature by TIP.C.Barton,
Engraved by CTiebout.
ERYT HRONIUM AMERICANUM.

OF
WICH

Erythronium Americanum.
117
Root pyriform-bulbous, invested with loose, brownish tunics,
shrivelled longitudinally, sheathing a bifoliate stem, and buried from
six to nine inches beneath the surface of the ground; subterrane-
ous portion of the stem white, shining, cylindrical and delicate, some-
times slightly angular. Stem above ground, sheathing petioles,
and a portion of the base of each leaf, dull-purplish. Leaves desti-
tute of veins, unequal, one always narrower than the other, lanceo-
late, and oval-lanceolate, channelled, slightly undulate, and terminat-
ing in a thick acumination, made by a sudden converging of the
margins. Young plants of the first year have but one leaf, which is
often quite elliptical, (as fig. 3.) next year the plant sends up two
leaves and a flower. Leaves always shining and glabrous, and
maculated by large, irregular spots of reddish-brown or umber-
brown, which give them the appearance of a dingy green. Under
side of the leaves paler and without spots. Peduncle radical, one-
flowered, proceeding from the point of meeting of the two leaves,
about five or six inches long, cylindrical, glabrous and shining,
greenish below, and yellowish towards the summit. Flower con-
sists of six lanceolate, reflected petals; the three outside yel-
low, acuminated, striped and veined with dull brownish-red; the
three inner yellow, without stripes, having a cartilaginous notch on
each side near the base, and a longitudinal furrow running into the
small nectariferous pouch at base. The inner side of all the petals
spotted with long dots of reddish purple, and each has a stamen
better than half its length attached to its base. Filaments broad, com-
VOL. I.
20

118
Erythronium Americanum.
pressed; anthers compressed, flat. Germ pyriform-triangular. Stig-
ma clavate or prismatic, entire, internally pubescent, yellowish-
green, tapering downwards towards the germ. Style fistulous.
Flowers in April and early in May. Inhabits the shaded banks of
rivulets, and small water-courses, from Canada to Georgia.
The genus Erythronium is derived from spubos, red, in allusion, it
is conjectured, either to the colour of the flowers, or the more un-
usual 6 blood stain” marks on the leaves. There appears to be at
most two North American species, the present one being the most
common. The root is farinaceous, and probably esculent after boil-
ing, like that of Erythonium dens canis, which affords food to the
Tartars.
Fig. 1. Represents the plant, of its natural size, cut from Fig. 2.
2. The root and subterraneous portion of the stem.
3. An outline of such leaves as generally appertain to the first
year's plant. Occasionally flowering specimens are found
with two leaves like this.
4. Germ and stigma.
5. Stamen.
6. An inner petal.


Table 34
$5
NO2
2
Fig. Z.
2
3
Moz.
Engraved by C. Tiebout
Drazon from Nature by W.P.CBarton
N! 2 LOBELIA KALMII 2 Gracilis
NOT HOUSTONIA COERULEA,

TABLE XXXIV.-NO. 1.
HOUSTONIA COERULEA.
FAIRY-FLAX. BLUETT. INNOCENCE. VENUS' PRIDE. SKY-BLUE
HOUSTONIA.
Tetrandria Monogynia, Linn.
Rubiacea, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix 4-toothed. Corolla of 1 petal, funnel-form, 4-cleft. Capsule 2-celled, many-
seeded, half-superior, opening transversely.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stem erect, dichotomous, sometimes setaceous, convolute; radical leaves pubes-
cent, spathulated-cauline opposite, oblanceolate, or linear, obtuse pedun-
cles one-flowered, long; corolla segments oval, terminating in a sudden,
acute point. B.
SYNONYMS.
HOUSTONIA Linnæi, Mich.
POIRETIA erecta, Gmelin, Syst. 263.
VOL. I.
21

120
Houstonia coerulea.
Roor perennial, sending up numerous, slender, twisted, obscurely
square green stems, about four or six inches high, forked above.
Radical leaves numerous, spathulated, ciliated, and slightly pubes-
cent; those of the stem opposite, fewer, ovate, ending in a broad
petiole, and becoming narrower as they approach the top of the
stem, until they are sometimes linear-obtuse, and glabrous. Calix
obtusely quadrangular, four-toothed, an eighth of an inch long, acute.
Germ purplish. Flower-buds yellow, and nodding before the flower
expands. Tube of the corolla externally pale, and internally dark-
yellow. Segments of the limb four, ovate, terminating in an abrupt
point, curved backwards, flax-flower-blue, sometimes white, with the
centre white, variegated on each segment by two spots of bright
yellow. Stamens included, pistil just perceptible above the throat of
the corolla, sometimes white. Grows in grassy places on way sides,
the grassy borders of fields, edges of woods, from the northernmost
to the most southern extremity of the Union. Flowering from April
till September. It prefers rich soils, and in such is more robust than
in sandy and shady places, where it becomes tall and more slender,
with smaller leaves and flowers.
The genus to which this pretty little plant belongs, was named by
Gronovius and Linnæus after Dr. William Houston, who died in
1733. He was a botanist of eminence who resided many years in
the West Indies, and visited South America between the years 1728
and 1732. He rendered essential services to the science he culti-
2

Houstonia coerulea.
121
vated, by the interesting observations he made on Jalap and other
medicinal plants, as well as by transmitting seeds to Europe.
Wherever this plant occurs, it is abundant. It is admired for
its beauty alone, being quite devoid of fragrance, and has taken
its specific name from the colour of the flowers, which is gene-
rally cerulean-blue, though occasionally they are quite white; they
are very numerous. Cultivation improves the vigour of the plant,
and perhaps heightens the brilliance of hue in the flowers; and
it is said that in England, where it has been introduced at Kew since
1785, it is quite hardy, and with the slightest degree of attention is
made to flower perpetually during Spring, Summer, and Autumn. It
is easily increased by parting its roots; hence it might be a fit subject
for introduction to our gardens, particularly on account of the early
period of its flowering. It is also a native of the western coast of
North America.
The figure represents the plant of its most common size.

TABLE XXXIV.-NO. 3.
LOBELIA KALMII,
B. GRACILIS.
KALM’S LOBELIA. (The slender variety.)
Monadelphia Pentandria, Linn.
Lobeliacea.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix 5-cleft. Corolla monopetalous, irregular, on the upper side cleft nearly to its
base. Stamina united into a tube. Stigma 2-lobed'; involucrate, invo-
lucrum bearded. Capsule inferior or semi-superior, 2 or 3-celled ; opening
at the summit Seeds minute, scabrous,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Slender, erect, often simple, but frequently branched ; radical leaves spathulate, stem
leaves linear, very slightly denticulate ; flowers racemous, alternate, re-
mote, pedicellated; pedicels longer than the flowers. B.
Variety B. Stem scabrous, pedicels shorter than the flowers. B.
SYNONYMS.
Lobelia Kalmii, Muhlenbergian Herbarium, Muhl. Cat. and Willd.
LOBELIA gracilis, Nuttall, Gen. Am. Pl.

Lobelia Kalmii.
123
Root small, fibrous, perennial. Stem slender, slightly scabrous,
flexuous, and somewhat secund; generally simple, but sometimes
branched. Radical leaves as in the type of the variety : spathulate
coloured with a slight tinge of dull purple. Stem leaves distant,
few, sessile, oblong-linear, about an inch or an inch and a quarter
in length, with a few obscure teeth about the middle Flowers
small, pale campanula-purple, situated on peduncles of deep indigo-
blue, about a quarter of an inch long, having two minute, and to the
naked eye, almost imperceptible glandular-like bracts, or scales, at
the base. Grows on the margins of damp woods, on the edges of
sandy swamps from New Jersey to Carolina.
The genus Lobelia, (of which the Scavola of Linnæus was the
original type,) was dedicated by father Plumier to Mathias de Lobel,
or de L'Obel. Among the species peculiar to North America, the
present one, of which we here present a variety, is the most varia-
ble. I have specimens of the L. Kalmii sent me by Dr. John Tor-
rey, of New York, which differ considerably from each other, and
still more from the present plant. They are certainly, however, in
my opinion, not specifically distinct from the plant here figured,
which is a delicate variety ; but was considered by Muhlenberg to
be the same. On consulting the Herbarium of that botanist, I have
found many specimens of the present plant, like the one figured:
others slightly deviating from its striking characters, and approaching
to the Kalmii; and of the Kalmii itself there are several specimens

124
Lobelia Kalmii.
differing very much from each other.
m each other. The greater length of the
peduncles and larger size of the flowers, seem to be the most con-
spicuous circumstances in which a difference is observable from
the variety ß. The relative situation of the scale-like bracts, (which
rather appear to be glands,) so accurately pointed out and described
by Mr. Nuttall, does seem to be tolerably constant; yet a close exa-
mination of many specimens has shown, that it is by no means an
invariable distinction. I am therefore confirmed in the opinion ex-
pressed several years ago in the Compendium Floræ Philadelphicæ,
that the present plant is a mere variety of the L. Kalmii.
No. 2. fig. 1. Represents the lower portion of the plant, severed at
the mark + from the upper portion, of the prevailing size.
Fig. 2. Stamens and pistil.
3. Corolla, opened artificially, the natural size.

و
الاانه
OF

Table 35
NO 2
No7
+
Engraved by CTrebout
Drawn from Nature by WP.(Barton
10] HYPOXIS E RECTA
NO 2 NE OTTIA TORTILIS

TABLE XXXV.NO. 1.
HYPOXIS ERECTA.
YELLOW BETHLEHEM STAR.
Hexandria Monogynia, Linn,
Narcissi, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Spatha 2-valved. Corolla superior, 6-parted, persistent. Capsule elongated, narrower
at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds roundish, naked.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Hairy; scape generally four-flowered, shorter than the leaves, which are very long,
linear, and acuminated ; peduncles twice as long as the flowers. B.
SYNONYMS.
Hypoxis Carolinensis, Mich.
HYPOXIS graminea, Pursh.
PLANT varying in height from two inches to a foot. Root an oblong
or barrel-shaped bulb, marked by circular lines or rugæ, about
three-fourths of an inch long, invested at the bottom and upper
part with a sphacelated, brownish-black tunic. Fibres very nume-
rous and thick, cylindrical and marked also by numerous circular
rings. None of the fibres come out from the under end or bottom,
nor often from any part near the bottom, but principally from the
different sides irregularly. From the apex of the bulb proceeds, ,

126
Hypoxis erecta.
first a black and then a white sheath, or two, embracing about five,
long, grass-like, hairy leaves, deeply channelled, and of very un-
equal lengths, from five to eleven or twelve inches long, the tips
generally sphacelated. Scapes two, three, and four, about six inches
long, bearing two, three, and four flowers on peduncles of unequal
lengths, from one-half to three-fourths and one inch long. Both scape
and peduncles pubescent, with whitish hairs. The calicine petals lan-
ceolate, ovate, sub-acute, hairy, greenish-yellow exteriorly, bright-
yellow within. Grows in damp places, meadows, grassy borders of
woods, and similar situations, from Canada to Georgia, flowering
in May.
The generic term Hypoxis is derived from izo, underneath, and
ožus, sharp, in allusion, as may be supposed from the generic de-
scription, to the tapering and pointed base of the capsule. The pre-
sent is much the most common species in the United States, but
from its disposition to vary has often been supposed to consist of
more than one species. The petals are often more pointed than
represented in the plate, particularly in flowers which have appear-
ed late in the summer. The leaves also, which are generally of
the length of those of the figure, are not unfrequently one, two or
three inches long, and sometimes exceed even a foot in length.
The figure, (No. 1.) is of the prevailing size of the plant, in its
natural situation.

TABLE XXXV.-NO. 2.
NEOTTIA TORTILIS.
SPIRAL NEOTTIA. LADIES TRACES.
Gynandria Monogynia, Linn.
Orchidea, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla ringent; the two lower petals placed under the lip, which is beardless; in-
terior leaves connivent. Column apterous. Pollen farinaceous.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Radical leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuated at base; scape sheathing; flowers spi-
rally secund; lip trifid, the middle crenulate. Willd.
SYNONYMS.
SATYRIUM spirale, Swartz. Prod.
OPHRYS æstivalis, Mich.
LIMODORUM præcox, Walt.
Orchis spiralis, Linn.
Plant from twelve inches to two feet high. Root consisting of
three or four irregular carnose, palmate segments, of a yellowish-
VOL. I.
22

128
Neottia tortilis.
white colour, garnished with a few radicles. Stem very perpendi-
cular, slender, sheathed at the base. Radical leaves about four or
six inches long, and something more than a quarter of an inch broad,
glabrous and acute : costa prominent. They often, in specimens
growing among the deep blades of grass, wither and drop off before
the flowers expand, so as to give the plant the appearance of being
leafless. Stem-leaves mere sheath-like scales. Flowers white,
about eighteen in number, spirally twisted and leaning one way, gar-
nished with an ovate, acuminate, green bract, having white membra-
naceous edges. Grows in low meadows and boggy grounds, often
among high grass, from the northern to the most southern states.
Flowers in June and July. It varies much in size, frequently being in
bloom when only eight or ten inches high, and often attaining a height
of more than two feet, with a very robust habit. Specimens in my
herbarium, received from New Orleans, are much larger than the
northern plant.
Neottia properly belongs to the Ophrys nidus avis of Linnæus, or
bird's nest ophrys, and which originated with Dodonæus, 7607866,
signifying a bird's nest. Linnæus, retained this plant with the coral-
lorhiza as a genus in Act. Upsal. an. 174-32, under the name
in question—but that genus was afterwards sunk in Ophrys. Hal-
ler restored it under another appellation which is now established,
(Epipactis.) Neottia therefore being uncorrupted, was chosen by
Jacquin and Swartz, for their very distinct genus, some species of
which had been in Satyrium and some in Ophrys.
2

Neottia tortilis.
129
The present species of this genus as it now stands, is one of the
commonest throughout the Union, and attracts attention by the sin-
gularity of its spiral spike of white flowers.
The figure, (No. 2.) represents the plant of its common size, cut
apart at the mark +.

TABLE XXXVI.
AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS.
AMERICAN COLUMBINE.
Polyandria Di-pentagynia, Linn.
Ranunculacea, Juss.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix round. Petals 5. Lepanthia 5, corniculate, situated between the petals. Cap-
sules 5, distinct.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Nectaries erect, stamens exserted. Willd.
Plant from fourteen to eighteen inches high. Root perennial,
fibrous. Stems numerous, dichotomous, greenish below, purple to-
wards the peduncles; often very slender in the crevices of rocks,
but in favourable situations as thick as represented in the figure.
Radical or lower leaves biternate, and divided irregularly; the ex-
treme lobes or segments obtuse, the upper leaves simply ternate,
toothed, and sometimes entire. Corollas greenish-yellow, with oc-
casionally a little dull-red down the central line. Nectaries long,

Table 36
Drawn from Nature by W.P. C.Barton
Engraved by Chiebout
AQUILEGIA
CANADENSIS

HO
vo
IV
IND

Aquilegia Canadensis.
131
3
horn-shaped, dilated below into an obtuse point; carmine-red, tip-
ped with shining green and gamboge-yellow at the open or de-
scending end. Stamens numerous, filiform, straw-yellow. Anthers
orange-yellow. Pistils greenish-yellow. Peduncles reddish-purple.
Grows on rocks, from Canada to Georgia. Flowering very early in
April, and continuing in bloom till about the 20th of May.
This very elegant, well-known, and favourite flower, is the only
North American species of a genus, (called also Aquilina, from
Aquila, an eagle,) which derives its name from a fancied resem-
blance in the nectaries to an eagle's claws. The common English
name Columbine, by which it is every where known, has had its
origin in a supposed resemblance of the nectaries to the claws of a
pigeon, (Columba.) However remote these resemblances may ap-
pear now, they have been considered sufficiently striking to the
minds of those who classed our plants by genera, and who, it will
readily be conceived, often found considerable difficulty in adapting
appellations at once proper and expressive.
Few plants in North America, are more extensively known and
admired than the Wild or American Columbine. The richness of
the different colours, which constitute the flowers, the peculiar for-
mation of the nectaries, and the entire grace of the whole plant, to
which the drooping situation of the flowers greatly contributes, all
combine to render it equally curious and admirable. It is the

132
Aquilegia Canadensis.
liveliest ornament of the rocks of our country, in early spring,
frequently blooming in great perfection, with flowers quite as large
as those of the figure, in crevices where it would seem impossible
for a blade of grass to receive sufficient sustenance to support life.
In such situations, secured from the sun, the stems and peduncles
are exceedingly delicate and tender, which causes them to droop
into a full arch by the weight of the flowers. In more sunny situa-
tions, where they can command earth and water, the stems be-
come larger and more succulent; and in gardens under culti-
vation, are apt to lose their reddish-purple colour. The plant is
now frequently introduced into the borders of the cultivated grounds
in the neighbourhood of the natural situations in which it grows-
and assuredly no plant in our country is more deserving of atten-
tion and cultivation than this, both on account of its elegance and
singularity, and its capability of enduring our winters; added to this,
its early period of flowering, makes it highly ornamental, at a
period when few other showy plants are in bloom.
The figure represents the plant of its natural size, culled from an
exposed rock.

INDEX
OF
BOTANICAL NAMES AND SYNONYMS.
The synonyms are in italics.
A.
Corallodendron
10
Chrysanthemum Americanum, &c.
55
102
105
D.
Æschynomene hispida
Andromeda arborea
Aquilegia Canadensis
Alifanus vegetabilis, &c.
Aconitum helianthemum, &c.
130
13
Doronicum Americanum, &c.
55
55
1
E.
B.
10
Balsamona pinto
63
Erythrina herbacea
Echites difformis
Erythronium Americanum
37
116
C.
G.
40
43
Chimaphila maculata
Coreopsis rosea
Cuphea viscocissima
Cleome dodecandra
71
63
Gratiola aurea
Gratiola inæqualis ?
Gratiola anagallidea
109
83
109

134
Index of botanical names and synonyms.
H.
0.
Hibiscus speciosus
33
21
Enothera grandiflora
Orchis tridentata
Helenium autumnale
94
52
Houstonia cærulea
119
58
- 122
17
Oxycoccus macrocarpus
Obelis cotheca integrifolia, &c.
Ophrys æstivalis
Orchis spiralis
91
127
91
127
Hypoxis erecta
Hyoscyamus niger, &c.
Hyoscyamus luteus
Hedysarum Virginicum
Houstonia Linnæi
Hypoxis Carolinensis
Hypoxis graminea
102
119
P.
125
-
125
25
Pinckneya pubens
Pyrola maculata
40
Poiretia erecta
L.
119
1
Lysimachia racemosa
Linum Lewisii
R.
30
Ludwigia macrocarpa
49
13
Rhexia Virginica
Rudbeckia fulgida
Lindernia dilatata
109
17
- 122
Rudbeckia laciniata
55
13
Rudbeckia triloba
89
63
Rhexia mariana
Lobelia Kalmii, ß. gracilis
Lysimachia non papposa, &c.
Lythrum cuphea
Lythrum petiolatum
Limodorum præcox
Lobelia Kalmii
97
63
3
127
S.
?
- 122
Lobelia gracilis -
122
Scutellaria hyssopifolia
5
Schizandra coccinea
45
N.
67
Symphoria racemosa
Schizæa pusilla
Scutellaria lateriflora
1
76
Nicotiana rustica
91
78
Neottia tortilis
127
Solanum Carolinense
86

Index of botanical names and synonyms.
135
Sesbania macrocarpa
99
V.
Satyrium spirale
127
58
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Vaccinium oxycoccus, B. oblongifolius 58
U.
X.
Uvularia perfoliata
- 113 | Xylosteum tartaricum, ß. album
67
VOL. I.
සුදුසුම ක්‍රියේ යම්
23 3
sal
ලලත ම කරන්නේ මෙම රටවල්
ESS
es
ce

INDEX
OF
ENGLISH AND VULGAR NAMES.
A.
63
83
American Cranberry
58
Cuphea, (Clammy)
Cleome, (Three-leaved or clammy)
Carolina Night-shade
Common Green Tobacco
Columbine, (American)
86
American Sneeze-wort
94
91
- 116
130
American Erythronium
American Columbine
130
D.
B.
Deer Grass
13
Dilated-leaved Lindernia
1
-
109
Bulb-bearing Loosestrife
Bluett
Bethlehem Star, (Yellow)
119 | Dog's-tooth Violet
116
125
E.
C.
Evening Primrose, (Large-flowered) 21
Erythronium, (American)
· 116
Erecta Hypoxis
125
Cluster-flowered Loosestrife
1
10
43
Coral Tree, (Herbaceous)
Coreopsis, (Rose-leaved)
Cranberry, (American)
Clammy Cuphea
F.
58
63
1
Fern, (Least)
76

Index of English and vulgar names.
137
1
False-mustard
False-sensitive-plant
Fairy-flax
21
30
83 | Loosestrife, (Bulb-bearing)
102 | Large-flowered Evening Primrose
119 Lewis's Flax
Ludwigia, (Large-capsuled) -
Large-capsuled Seed-box
Least Fern
49
49
G.
76
Georgia Bark
25
Lindernia, (Dilated leaved)
109
Golden Pert
171
Ladies Traces
127
Golden-flowered Hedge-hyssop
71
Green Tobacco
91
M.
Meadow Beauty
13
H.
Missouri Flax
30
33
78
Hyssop-leaved Scull-cap
Herbaceous Coral Tree
Hairy Rudbeckia, (Small)
Hedge-hyssop, (Golden-flowered)
Horse-nettle
5 | Mallow, (Scarlet)
10 | Mad-dog Scull-cap
17 | Mad-dog Weed
71 | Maryland Rhexia
78
97
86
N.
I.
86
Night-shade, (Carolina)
55 | Neottia, (Spiral)
Jagged-leaved Rudbeckia
127
Innocence
- 119
0.
K.
Orchis, (Three-toothed)
52
Kalm's Lobelia, (the slender variety) 122
P.
L.
40
Pippsissewa, (Spotted-leaved)
1 | Pert, (Golden)
Loosestrife, (Cluster-flowered)
71

138
Index of English and vulgar names.
Pale Perfoliated Uvularia
· 94
Perfoliated Uvularia, (Pale)
113 Sneeze-weed
113 | Sensitive-plant, (False)
Sorrel Tree
102
105
ER
Sour-wood
105
127
Spiral Neottia
13 | Spiral Ladies Traces
43 Star of Bethlehem, (Yellow)
127
125
Rhexia, (Virginian)
Rose-leaved Coreopsis
Rudbeckia, (Jagged-leaved)
Rudbeckia, (Three-lobed-leaved)
Rhexia, (Maryland)
55
89
97
Come To
coesdorm
Three-toothed Orchis
52
Three-leaved Cleome
83
S.
Three-lobed-leaved Rudbeckia
.
89
91
Scull-cap, (Hyssop-leaved)
Small Hairy Rudbeckia -
Scarlet Mallow
5 Tobacco, (Yellow-flowered)
17 | Tobacco, (Common Green)
91
33
40
Con
V.
13
Virginian Rhexia
Upright Hypoxis
W.
Spotted Winter-green
Spotted-leaved Pippsissewa
40
Scarlet Schizandra
45
Schizandra, (Scarlet)
45
Seed-box, (Large-capsuled) - - 49
Snow-berry Bush
67
Scull-cap, (Side-flowering)
78
Scull-cap, (Blue)
78
Scull-cap
78
Side-flowering Scull-cap
Sneeze-wort, (American)
Winter-green, (Spotted)
.
40
Y.
- 78
91
Yellow-flowered Tobacco - 91
COT
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