*
***
WESTDEAN
LIBRARY
1813
con
csc$C$cicios
1807
SCIENTIA
ARTES
LIBRARY VERITAS
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
PLURIBUS UMUM
TUEBOR
SI-QUERIS PENINSULAM-AMEENAM
CIRCUMSPICE
WONDOSC01.21.01.200.2.900.000
MUSEUM



Carman
QL
634
15
R97


dupe
DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES
OF
TWO HUNDRED FISHES;
COLLECTED AT
VIZAGAPATAM ON THE COAST OF COROMANDEL,
BY
1727-1805
PATRICK RUSSELL, M.D. F.R.S.
PRESENTED TO
THE HON. THE COURT OF DIRECTORS OF THE
EAST INDIA COMPANY,
AND PUBLISHED BY THEIR ORDER,
UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF
THE AUTHOR.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY W. BULMER AND CO. SHAKSPEARE PRESS,
CLEVELAND-ROW,
FOR G. AND W. NICOL, BOOK SELLERS TO HIS MAJESTY,
PALL-MALL.
MDCCCIII.


Museum libre
10.4.39
PREFACE.
The following Collection of Fishes, the fruit of many laborious hours,
when disengaged from other pursuits of natural history, was completed
in the course of several years residence at Vizagapatam, on the coast of
Coromandel.
Some time after my return from that country, the Drawings were pre-
sented to the East India Company; and to the Honourable the Court of
Directors, at all times disposed to promote the cultivation of natural
history in the British establishments in the East, the present Work owes
its appearance.
а
An idea of profiting of a maritime situation so favourable to ichthyo-
logical pursuits was first excited by the view of fishermen daily dragging
the large seine, or angling from boats and catamarans beyond the surf:
but my library, besides Belon, Willoughby, Ray, and Linneus, was
scantily provided with books on a subject which had before only cursorily
interested me, and I should have desisted despondently, had not the Right
Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, who honoured me with his correspondence,
suggested how defective the history of Indian Fishes was in Europe at
that time, and encouraged me to proceed.
A native painter whom I retained in my employment, had made pro-
gressive improvement in this new line. Endued by nature with a quick
eye, patient and docile, he learned in a short time to delineate so accu-
rately the parts pointed out to him, that his figures, howsoever deficient
in art and grace, may in general be relied on in respect to fidelity in
representation.
a
It was my original intention to have had the Drawings, in like manner
as the Coromandel Serpents, coloured from nature: but after many fruitless

iv
PREFACE.
a
attempts, I was obliged to relinquish my design. In a hot climate, the
colours of fish are more rapidly fugitive after death than in serpents.
They escape while the painter is adjusting his palette; and in the fine
gradations from the most brilliant to the softer evanescent tints, nature,
through boundless variety, ever maintains a certain harmony and cha-
racteristic simplicity in her transitions, that required a delicate pencil
under more masterly guidance than my artist had pretensions to.
I the rather mention this circumstance for its having led to an exube-
rance in description which might have otherwise been spared. Yet over
minute as I thought I had been in point of colour, it was found
upon
trial by more than one artist in London, that insuperable obstacles arose
to colouring the Drawings from my descriptions.
From a graduated scale of colours marked by figures, the tints selected
by myself were marked by correspondent figures on the Drawings, and
the written description laid before the painter at the same time. In the
returned Drawings the predominant colours were found tolerably exact;
but numerous interstices remained blank, which neither the description
nor my recollection could supply: if filled up at all, it must have been
merely by conjecture.
I am inclined therefore to think that drawings of fish can only be
properly coloured from recent subjects; and that in proportion as fancy
and conjecture are admitted, or recollection at any distance of time relied
on, coloured drawings descend below verbal descriptions.
Language affords definite terms for the prime colours, and many of their
shades: and by leaving those interstitial gradations blank which the
pencil only can express adequately, the eye is less liable to be misled
than when attracted by glaring colours, obtruded sometimes contrary to
truth, and often at variance with the harmonious simplicity of nature.
The force of this remark will be felt more sensibly on a comparison of
some of the plain engravings in Valentine's History of Amboina,“ with
the illuminated figures of the same fishes in Renard.
*
* Francis Valentine, a Dutch clergyman at Amboina, Banda, &c. in his history of those countries, published in Dutch,
in 1726, has given engraved figures, together with short descriptions, of about four hundred and sixty fishes. But in
both, the essential characters have been so little attended to, and the caprice of the painter exercised with such uncon-
trolled licence, that little beyond conjectural information can be derived from most of them.

PREFACE.
From what has been said no more is meant to be inferred, than that
coloured drawings, in regard to most Indian fishes, can be accurately
executed in India only; that such as have been done in Europe from
wet or dry specimens are often faulty; and that some figures in Bloch's
justly celebrated work, cannot, in point of colour, claim exemption. It
may be proper to add, that notwithstanding my own failure, I entertain
no doubt of the success of Indian artists under better instruction than I
was capable of giving
In the arrangement of the Collection, there is little deviation from the
Linnean classification. Of the genera newly instituted, one only from
,
Bloch has been adopted.
That the large additions made lately to the catalogue of Indian fishes
unknown to Artedi and Linneus require new invented genera, can admit
of little doubt. Many have been formed by Bloch in his late History of
Fishes; and a much more considerable number by La Cepede in his
Continuation of Buffon's Natural History
Of the merit of these late innovations, unknown to me in India, I do
not presume to judge. The present collection affording but few instances
to sanction innovation, I deemed it better to adhere to the classification
long familiar to me; and when in doubt to what genus the subject
belonged, to place it nearest the one to which it seemingly bore most
affinity: leaving it with more experienced naturalists to transfer each to
its proper station.
+ Another collection, but of coloured figures, painted by order of M. Balthazar Coyett, when governor of the
Molucca Islands, was published at Amsterdam in 1754, and dedicated to his Britannic Majesty. The number of fishes
in two volumes amount to above four hundred, and most of them agree in shape with the figures in Valentine: in
colour there is frequent variation, which the Editor in his Preface unsuccessfully attempts to account for. In respect
to the second volume, the Editor owns that the painter had taken most unjustifiable liberty in colouring; a concession
that might safely have been extended to the first.
Eight years before Valentine's history, a collection professing to be of unknown Indian fishes, had been published
at Amsterdam by Hen. Ruysch. It contains about four hundred figures, the greater part of which are found in
Valentine ; they are smaller in size, but equally rude and extravagant.
The style of drawing in the three above-mentioned collections sufficiently denotes the hand of Indian artists. But
a resemblance so striking in figures, sketched by different hands at distant periods, must either suppose existing
originals from which they drew, or admit a coincidence in the sporting of pure fancy more improbable than the utmost
extravagance of the figures represented. To this may be added, that the original of several figures long held as
fictitious have lately been well described ; justifying an opinion hazarded by the eminent naturalist Pallas, that
the criginals of all will in time be discovered-
a

vi
PREFACE.
In the genera Sparus, Labrus, Perca, and Sciæna, which Linneus left
as requiring reformation, and which have confessedly puzzled Forskal
as well as other travellers, I flatter myself with an allowance being made
for me, which, with more diffidence, I wish to be extended to other
instances of error. — For the additions under much doubt made to the
genus Zeus, a kind of reason, such as it is, has been offered in another
place.
I am fully sensible, that the vulgar names affixed to each species,
though collected with care, must be liable to error. It is almost inevitable
where the collector himself ignorant in the language, must trust to the
ear in seizing the pronunciation of words to which he is incapable of
affixing a meaning.
Lists of local names written in the country dialects were procured from
Ganjam and Ingeram, which differed from each other, while both in most
instances differed from the current names at Vizagapatam. The number
of fishes in the respective lists, said to comprehend the whole known at
each place, amounted in the first to between seventy and eighty, and in
the second to near one hundred: but there can be little doubt that
many
species, not used by the natives as food, were not inserted.
The fishes caught at Vizagapatam, or in the vicinage, are most of
them probably common to other places on the coast. Having occasion
to make a short visit to Madras, I took the opportunity of showing my
Drawings to some of the principal fishermen assembled on purpose, who
readily recognized and named them; a few excepted. Soon after, on a
fishing party at St. Toma, in the vicinity of Madras, where several large
nets were dragged, I found some species of Scomber and of Clupea quite
new to me; but most of the other Fishes were the same as at Vizagapatam.
In Bloch’s General History also are several Coromandel Fishes which I
had not before met with. The present collection may therefore be said
to contain a large portion, though not the whole, of the fishes found on
that coast.

PREFACE.
vii
Of the Indian fishes delineated by Bloch, he acknowledges himself
indebted for many to the Rev. Mr. John at Tranquebar: and it is with
pleasure I take this public opportunity of expressing my own obligations
to the same respectable Missionary, for Specimens and Drawings of Ser-
pents received formerly, as well as within these few months.
a
The Drawings of this Collection, as before mentioned, were executed
by a native of India; and, by the advice of artists at home, have under-
gone only a few slight corrections. Of the Engravings some are by Heath,
others by Neele, and two or three by Skelton: but the greater part by
Reeve, a young diligent artist, who in the course of this Work has made
progressive improvement. The initials of the artists are engraved on the
respective plates.
Weymouth Street,
Dec. 10, 1802.

ERRATA IN VOL. I.
read
Page 14. No. 21. prelongus,
read prælongus.
26. 29. last,
28. -- 39. unita,
31. 42. falcata,
58. filiformis,
55.
-- 70. Oblonga ovato
70. 88. narrow edging
tail.
unitæ.
falcatæ.
filiformibus.
Oblongo-ovato.
narrow yellow edging.
46.
111
No figures accompany the descriptions of the following numbers in
this volume:
No.
XVII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXVI.
LV.

Ι Ν
INDIAN FISH E S.
AMPHIBIA NANTES.
RAJA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Spiracula v. subtus ad collum. Corpus de-
pressum ; os sub capite.
Five spiracles on each side, on the under
part of the neck; the body flat; the
mouth underneath.
No. 1.
Raja ocellata, corpore glabro ; oculis minimis, foraminibus pone oculos lunatis ; dorso dipterygio ;
cauda brevi pinnata.
The ocellated Ray, with a smooth body; very small eyes, the apertures behind them
lunated; two fins on the back; a short pinnated tail.
Called by the Natives Temeree.
a
The form of this fish is that of a flattened orb; to which the expanded pectoral, or lateral fins, form a broad
appendage. The flat head is hardly to be distinguished from the body. The small oval eyes, with the lunated
aperture behind them, are about two inches and a half behind the edge of the rounded rostrum. Beneath, or on
the other side, (as in all this genus,) are placed the mouth and nostrils; the former, about two inches from the
rostrum, transverse, and furnished with numerous granular teeth; the latter large, open, and advanced half an
inch before the mouth. On each side, behind the mouth, are five branchial spiracula,
The sides extending circularly, form the pectoral, or lateral fins. The ventral fins on each side of the anus,
with the broad tail, which is at its rise, give the appearance of an apron-like appendage to the body. The two
fins on the ridge of the tail, (or dorsal fins, are oblong, and obtuse. The tail, from the first dorsal fin, is short,
broad, compressed, but diminishes and grows rounder, as it approaches to the caudal fin, which is broad,
oblique, blunt, and on the lower edge slightly fringed,
The colour of the upper part, a dusky brown, spotted with equal, round, or oval, black spots; the under part
of the body white
The length, from the rostrum to the beginning of the tail, ten inches; the tail, to the tip of the fin,
nine inches.

2
AMPHIBIA NANTES. RAJA.
No. II.
RAJA ocellata, corpore rotundo-ovato, lævi; foraminibus pone oculos oblongis; dorso dipterygio,
cauda inermi, pinnata.
The ocellated Ray, with a smooth, round-ovate body; oblong apertures behind the
eyes; two dorsal fins; the tail without spine, pinnated.
Called by the Natives Nalla TEMEREE.
The head hardly distinguishable from the flat orbicular body, which assumes somewhat of an oval form
towards the rostrum. The eyes and the apertures behind them, two inches from the point of the rostrum.
The mouth, nostrils, branchial spiracula, and lateral fin, as described in the preceding fish. The ventral fins,
situated as usual, at the beginning of the tail, obtusely triangular, and also fringed on the under side. There
are two dorsal fins, that is, two fins on the upper side of the tail; the first, rising opposite to the end of the
ventral fins, the second, half an inch lower; both are oblong and round-pointed. The tail is at first broad, a little
compressed, but soon becomes narrower and rounder, terminating in a broad, oblique, round-pointed fin.
The colour above, white, spotted universally with round black spots: a remarkable triangular mark, an inch
behind the eyes, and a smaller, at half the distance, in front. The belly white.
The length, from the rostrum to the tail, seven inches. The length of the tail to the point of the fin,
eight inches.
a
No. III.
RAJĀ capite vix convexo, dorso tuberculis minutis ; cauda ter quam corpus longiore, spina, non
serrata, armata, subtus pinnata.
The RAJA with a head hardly convex; very small tubercles on the back; a tail three
times longer than the body, pinnated beneath, and armed with a spine not serrated.
Called by the Natives Wolga Tenkee.
a
The body of a rhomboidal form; the rostrum slightly pointed. The eyes large, oval, protuberant, two inches
distant from the rostrum; the foramina or apertures, wide, cordate. The jaws rough like a file, and seem to
possess a freedom of motion unusual in this genus.
The back is roughened by minute, whitish tubercles, and in the middle, two whiter than the rest, exactly
round, but of unequal size, are remarkable for their resemblance to fine pearls.
The ventral fins small, roundish. No dorsal fin. The tail, at the rise, flattish, thick, compressed, but gradually
becomes roundish, and tapering more sensibly from the dorsal spine, is hardly thicker than a hair, at the point.
The dorsal spine two inches and a half in length, not serrated, rises at the distance of ten inches from the
ventral fin, and on the opposite part, half an inch higher than the root of the spine, a fin narrow at each
extremity, but broad in the middle, runs along nine inches of the lower part of the tail.
The colour above, of the head and body, a dull-leaden; the parts on the other side of the belly, a dusky-white.
The tail a dark-blue.
The length, from the rostrum to the beginning of the tail, about nine inches and a half; of the tail two feet
four inches.
a

AMPHIBIA NANTES. RAJA.
3
No. IV.
Raja corpore ob-ovato; rostro parum exerto, acuto ; tuberculis parvis inter oculos, congerie cam-
paniforma ; spinis duabus in cauda apterygia.
The RAJA with an ob-ovate body; the rostrum sharp, and somewhat projecting; a bell-
form cluster of small tubercles between the eyes, and two spines on a finless tail.
Called by the Natives Isacurrah Tenkee.
The body broad, ob-ovate, the rostrum channelled, roughish. The eyes large, oval, protuberant, looking
sidewise; the foramina pear-shaped. Head and back a little convex; the belly, and all below, flat. The
tubercles between the eyes, are disposed in the form of a bell; others in the middle of the back, form a pyramid,
from the base of which a long tapering train runs down to the first dorsal spine. The ventral fins are small
and rounded; at the beginning of the tail there is a short soft appendage on each side. The two dorsal spines
were an inch and a half long, but neither of them serrated.
The colour, in this young subject, was whitish on both sides, but whitest on the under side.
The length, from the rostrum to the tail, seven inches; the tail six.
No. v.
Raja corpore glabro'; rostro brevi, acuminato ; foraminibus ovalibus pone oculos ; cauda
apterygia ; spina dorsali lavi.
The RAJA with a smooth body; a short, pointed rostrum; oval apertures behind the
eyes ; the tail without fin; the dorsal spine smooth.
Called by the Natives Tenkee SHINDRAKI.
The body of the same shape with that of the fish last described. The head rather more convex, but the vertex
depressed; the rostrum channelled. The eyes large, oval, turned towards the sides; the foramina oval, not
large ; behind the foramina are five transverse, curved lines, studded with minute tubercles of the same light
colour with the rest of the skin, and correspondent with the branchial spiracula on the under side.
The ventral fins are small, as in the former fish, but there is no appendage at the top of the tail. The dorsal
spine is proportionally long, but not serrated.
The colour the same with that of the preceding fish.
The length, from the top of the rostrum to the tail, is four inches and a half; the tail four inches.

4
AMPHIBIA NANTES. RAJA.
No. VI.
Raja corpore transverso-ovale, glabro ; rostro brevi, parum acuminato ; pinna pectorali ultra
extensa ; cauda breviore, fasciata, inerme, apterygia.
The RAJA with a transverse-oval, smooth body; a short, somewhat-pointed rostrum; the
pectoral fin widely extended ; a very short tail, without spine and fin, and variegated
black and white.
a
Called by the Natives Tenkee Kunsul.
The head flat, not distinguishable from the body, which is scarcely convex; the rostrum short, grooved, with
a very small sharp point. The eyes small, near the rostrum; the foramina harp-form. The mouth and nostrils
below, near the rostrum, and the spiracula behind, as usual.
The lateral fins extend to a blunt, fringed point, being internally in respect to the body) lunated; the
ventral fins short. The tail small, tapers to a hair-like point, and is marked with cross bands, alternately
black and white, resembling the quill of a porcupine.
The colour of the head and back a dark-gray; the belly white.
The length, from the rostrum to the tail, six inches and a half. The tail four inches; the breadth, from the
tip of one lateral fin, to the tip of the other, one foot.
a
No. VII.
Raja corpore fasciis latis cæruleis, pinna dorsali ad initium cauda ; cauda longissima, gracili
,
inermi, apterygia.
,
The RAJA with broad, cærulean cross bands, on the back; a short fin on the upper part
of the tail, or back; the tail very long, slender, without spine and fin.
a
Called by the Natives Mookarah Tenkee.
The head, which in many species of the Raja, can hardly be distinguished from the body, is here, not only
considerably raised or convex, but from the eyes, projects forward beyond the body. It is depressed on the
crown, and flattened on the sides; the rostrum rounded. The eyes large, oval, protuberant; the foramina
behind oblong. The nostrils and mouth beneath; the mouth not large ; the teeth granulous.
The lateral extended fins, slanting to a sharp point from the cheeks, and the posterior edges, being slightly
falcate, give exactly the appearance of wings expanded. The ventral fins, close to the anus, are rounded. The
dorsal fin, at the origin of the tail, is small, and square-form. The tail very long, without spines, and at the point
as small as a hair.
The colour of the head and body, a dark-gray, with six broad, transverse, blue bands, of different shades: the
tail is of a dark-gray, with a mixture of brown.
The length, from the rostrum to the beginning of the tail, six inches ; the tail, one foot six inches and
a half.

AMPHIBIA NANTES. RAJA.
5
No. VIII.
Raja ocellata ; capite magno, exerto; rostro breve, sub-trigono ; corpore glabro, lateribus (ut in
R. Aquila) in angulum acutum desinentibus; pinna dorsi unica ; cauda longissima, apterygia,
spina munita.
The ocellated RAJA, with a large projecting head, and short, sub-trigonal snout; the body
smooth, and the sides expanding, as in the R. Aquila, end in a sharp angular point:
one dorsal fin; the tail extremely long, without fin, but armed with a spine.
Called by the Natives EeL TENKEE.
The body of this large Raja is exactly of the form of the Raja Aquila; but the head is flatter, projects more from
the body, and, together with the rostrum, is somewhat trigonal: the rostrum short, soft, turning up a little at
the point. The eyes large and protuberant, the pupil with a lateral direction; the foramina of a horn-form, with
the crooked ends downwards. The mouth and nostrils below. The jaws dissimilar: the lower arched, narrow,
and projecting beyond the wider immovable upper jaw; the edges of both are smooth, without teeth.
The wings, or lateral fins, on the posterior edge are fringed. The orbicular ventral fins, and the small
dorsal fin, are also fringed. The solitary spine is at the top of the tail, immediately below the dorsal fin.
The tail, is of great length, tapering to a very fine point, and of a darker colour than the body. The colour,
of the head and body, a dark ash; the latter spotted with numerous small, round, white spots, edged with
black; the belly white.
The length, from the rostrum to the tail,
of the tail
from tip to tip, of the wings
distance of the eyes
51
Feet.
Inches.
10
-
-
- 5
9
1
10
O 0
No. IX.
а
Raja capite lato, depresso, rostro lunato, inter duos processus cartilaginosos, ab capitis lateribus
(velut aures) exertos ; corpore glabro, alato; dorso monopterygio; cauda brevissima, gracile,
inermi.
The Raja with a broad, depressed head; a lunated rostrum, between two cartilaginous
processes projecting from the sides of the head, in the manner of long ears; the
body smooth, winged; a single dorsal fin; the tail most remarkably short, slender,
without spine.
Called by the Natives EreegooDoo Tenkee.
The sides, extended in the form of wings, resemble the Raja Aquila, but the head and other parts are widely
different.
The back is more convex, while the head can hardly be distinguished from the back. It is broad, flat,
scarcely convex, and terminates in a thin, broad, lunated rostrum, between two singular processes, which,
rising from the side of the head, project about two inches beyond the crescent of the rostrum. These,

6
AMPHIBIA NANTES. RAJA.
when stretched out, are flat, oblong, lanceolate, consisting of a white cartilaginous substance, striated like the
lateral fin, and on the inside checkered black and white; exteriorly, they are of the same colour with the back.
When half curled up, they bear a resemblance to two ears; but, when more closely contracted, to two horns.
The eyes lateral, near the base of the above processes, round, flat, proportionally not large; the pupil per-
pendicular, oblong-oval, narrow. The usual foramina behind the eyes, are here wanting.
The nostrils beneath, gaping, a little more advanced than the eyes. The mouth three-fourths of an inch
behind, more than three inches long, straight, linear, with a narrow stripe of granular teeth, in each jaw.
Two oblong, rounded, ventral fins; a triangular dorsal fin situated high at the beginning of the tail; the tail
remarkably short, slender, and without either spine or fin.
The colour of the back, an uniform dark-brown, the belly whitish.
Feet.
Inches.
1
1
• 4
5
The length, from the rostrum to the dorsal fin
from tip to tip of the lateral fins
length of the tail -
distance between the eyes
8
1
1
-
5
REMARKS.
а.
The specimen now described was brought to me in the month of February, 1788. I never saw another.
The fishermen asserted that it was very rarely met with, which they are very apt to say, by way of enhancing the
value of what they bring. In the present instance, however, I have reason for thinking they spoke the truth.
I have since my return to England, received a drawing from St. Helena, of a fish caught there which appears
to be exactly the same species, only much larger in size. It was sent to me by Mr. Brooke, the Governor. In
order to show the mouth, and under parts of the fish, I had Mr. Brooke's drawing reduced, and have given an
engraving of it.
The only account I have met with, of this singular fish, is in the Third Volume of Duhamel. Traité
general des Pesches, Sect. ix. p. 293. Pl. XVII.
No. X.
RAJA corpore oblongo ; rostro productiore ; aculeis reflexis ordinatim in medio dorso macula,
nigra aliis albis circundata, prope pinnas pectorales ; cauda pinnata, inermi.
The RAJA with an oblong body, the rostrum elongated and pointed ; a series of reflex
prickles on the middle of the back, and a black spot, surrounded by three or four white
spots, near each pectoral fin; the tail pinnated, unarmed.
Called by the Natives Walawah TENKEE.
The body oblong, roundish, the lateral fin on each side slanting towards the tail, angular, not rounded, the
posterior angle and interior edge distinctly separate from the body, and distant from the ventral fin.
The head broad, very little convex; the rostrum very long, trigonal, channelled, pointed. The eyes small,
oval, in deep orbits, the anterior edge of which is set with small prickles; the foramina behind, oval, with a
small dent. The mouth and nostrils beneath ; the teeth granulous.
The trunk. A regular line of prickles, runs along the ridge of the back, and others, on each side, are disposed in
opposite pairs; behind which, are three round white spots, at equal distances, on each side of the prickly line. On
each lateral fin, is a larger oval, black spot in the middle of three or four white spots, like those on the back.

AMPHIBIA NANTES. RAJA.
7
The fins. The two distinct ventral fins are rather distant from the lateral, and of the same triangular form;
The first dorsal is nearly opposite to the ventral, the second two inches lower down: both are falcate, at the
anterior as well as posterior edge, but the posterior point is obtuse. The tail becomes rounder below the first
dorsal, and tapers rapidly to the caudal fin, which is long, broad, and obliquely falcate.
The colour of the fish a light brown. The skin, when stroked upwards, has a harsh rough feel, but a soft,
velvet-like feel, when stroked downwards.
The length, from the point of the rostrum to the dorsal fin
81
from the dorsal fin to the point of the tail
9
from the orbit to the point of the rostrum
44
Inches.
-
REMARKS.
This fish, in some respects, resembles the Raja rhinobatos, but is widely different in others. The spots on
the lateral fins, and on the back, render it remarkable.
No. XI.
Raja corpore oblongo ; rostro productiore, acuto, aculeis reflexis duplice serie exasperato, tuber-
culis spinosis, ordine unica in medio dorsi dipterygii; cauda pinnata.
The Raja with an oblong body; an elongated, pointed rostrum, armed with a double row
of reflex prickles ; a single row of spinous tubercles along the middle of the back, and
between the two dorsal fins; the tail pinnated.
а
Called by the Natives SUTTIWARAH.
The body oblong, depressed.
The bead broad, and flat, but raised sufficiently from the surface to be distinguished from the body, and lines
corresponding to the spiracula, are visible behind. The rostrum long, trigonal, pointed, with two diverging
rows of prickles in the middle, extending from near the edge of the foramina ; similar prickles are thick set
between the eyes, and on the sides. The eyes and foramina, the mouth, teeth, and nostrils, as described in the
last subject. The trunk. A row of spinous tubercles, on the middle of the back, are continued as far as the
second dorsal fin: small prickles and smooth tubercles being interspersed.
The fins. The lateral fin, rising higher than the eyes, at first bends gently in, but soon bellying outwards,
forms a lobe nearly semicircular on each side. The ventral are immediately behind, much smaller, but of the
same shape, and form a second circular expansion. The two dorsal fins are on the middle of the tail, with two
spinous tubercles between them; the caudal is oblique, and entire.
The colour, a light brown, the underside as usual, white,
The length, from the point of the rostrum to the tail
of the tail
from the eyes to the point of the rostrum
s
a
Inches.
8
- 7
REMARKS.
The spinous tubercles on the back, somewhat resemble those on the Raja oxyrinchus.

8
AMPHIBIA NANTES. SQUALUS.
SQUALUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Spiracula v. ad latera colli, corpus oblon-
gum, teretiusculum. Os in anteriore parte
capitis.
Five spiracles at the side of the neck; the
body oblong, roundish; the mouth in the
anterior (and under) part of the head.
No. XII.
SQUALUS capite latissimo, transverso, malleiformi.
The Squalus, with a very broad, transverse, hammer-like head.
Squalus Zygena, Linn. S. N p. 399.
Called by the Natives, Koma Sorra.
The singular form of the balance, or hammer-headed shark, sufficiently distinguishes it, not only from others
of the same genus, but from all other fish whatsoever. It has five spiracles on each side; the mouth is
furnished with several rows of teeth; the eyes large, and the apertures behind them oblong; the anal and
hinder dorsal fins small.
The subject drawn, measured twenty-two inches,
REMARKS.
They are seldom found of a larger size at Vizagapatam; but are said, in other parts, to arrive to the size of
four or five feet.
No. XIII.
SQUAlus rostro longo, ensiformi, osseo, plano, utrinque dentato, denticulis semisagittatis.
The Squalus with a long, sword-form, bony, flat rostrum, denticulated on each side, the
denticles half-barbed.
Squalus Pristis, Linn. S. N. p. 241.
Called by the Natives Yahla.
The teeth on each side of the long rostrum, are not exactly opposite to each other; all of them are bearded on
the posterior side. The mouth beneath, and the five spiracula on each side, as in the rest of the genus. Teeth
granular. The eyes large, oval, prominent. Nostrils oblique, near the base of the rostrum; the foramina
behind the eyes, linear, slanting.
The back and sides convex, the breast and belly flat. The trunk from the first dorsal fin, diminishing rapidly,
becomes rounder towards the tail. The anus is situated between the ventral fins, and partly covered by a
membrane.

AMPHIBIA NANTES. SQUALUS.
9
14
The situation and shape of the fins, as expressed in the figure; the inferior lobe of the caudal fin somewhat
falcate.
The upper part of the head, back, and sides, dusky; the belly and parts below whitish,
Inches. Lines
Length, from the root of the rostrum to the caudal fin
6
to the first dorsal fin
7 6
from the first to the second dorsal fin
8
of the rostrum
6
of the caudal fin
distance between the eyes
08 08
-
8
1
REMARKS.
This and the Zygæna are rather rare at Vizagapatam, and are seldom brought larger than twenty inches, or
two feet, in length. I never happened to meet with either at sea,
No. XIV.
Squalus corpore sub-rotundo ; foraminibus ad oculos nullis ; dentibus acutis.
The SQUALUS with a roundish body; no apertures behind the eyes; the teeth sharp.
Called by the Natives Pala Sorra.
The head oblong, depressed; rostrum obtuse, thin, pellucid. The mouth, about an inch and a half from the
point of the nose, set with teeth in several rows.
The fins. The pectoral or lateral fins, close to the posterior spiracula; the first dorsal rises half an inch
farther back, and the second (which was very small) two inches from the first; the anal, a little before the
second dorsal; the slanting extremity of the caudal fin emarginate.
The colour, of the upper parts, darkish; of the belly, a dull white. The skin appears to be smooth, but feels
rough when stroked upwards.
The subject measured eight inches, from the point of the rostrum to the tail; the caudal fin three inches,
No. XV.
Squalus foraminibus nullis ad oculos ; naribus remotioribus ; pinna caudali obliqua, integra.
The SQUAlus with no apertures behind the eyes; the nostrils distant; the oblique caudal
fin entire.
Called by the Natives Sorra Kowah.
This differs chiefly from the last in the distance of the nostrils from the eyes; and the size and shape of the
caudal fin. In the want of the foramina, in the mouth, teeth, the disposition of the fins, and roughness of the
skin, they agree. There is no visible lateral line.
The colour, is a little lighter than the former.
The length to the tail
- 9
of the caudal fin
s
a
Inches. Lines
o
-
6
1

10
AMPHIBIA NANTES. SQUALUS.
No. XVI.
т
Squalus cirro ad nares; corpore fasciato; pinna ani nulla ; cauda quam corpus longiore.
The Squalus with a cirrus at each nostril; the body variegated by cross bands; no anal
fin ; the tail longer than the body.
Called by the Natives Bokee Sorrá.
a
a
.
The head nearly as broad as the body, compressed, convex above, flat beneath; the crown a little depressed,
rostrum soft, not transparent. The mouth, (as in the genus) beneath, three-fourths of an inch from the point
of the rostrum; the nostrils close to the mouth, wide, with a short cirrus pendent from the interior edge of
each; the eyes oval, pupil linear, transverse: behind each, there is a lunated aperture. The fifth spiraculum is
covered by a membrane from the fourth, in a manner to be easily overlooked.
The trunk short, oblong, tapering from the pectoral fin ; the sides a little compressed, but becoming round
at the dorsal fin, and tapering gently, it terminates in the long, flat tail. The skin rough.
The fins. The pectoral large, nearly orbicular, extending as high as the second spiraculum; the roundish
ventral fins rise about an inch and a half behind them; the first dorsal rises nearly two inches from the left
spiraculum, and the second about two and a fourth from the caudal; the spinal portion of the caudal fin, thin,
and narrow, uniting with the acuminated, angular, terminal portion ; the lower portion is seemingly divided
into two lobes, of which the posterior is the longest and broadest.
The colour above, a dusky brown, intersected, from the root of the rostrum to the point of the tail, by twelve
or thirteen broad fasciæ of a brighter brown. The belly a dusky white.
The length, from the nose, to the point of the tail, thirteen inches.
a
No. XVII.
و
Squalus cirro ad nares ; corpore non fasciato; pinna anali nulla ; cauda quam corpus longiore.
The SQUAlus with a cirrus at each nostril; no anal fin ; the tail longer than the body;
no fasciæ on the body or tail.
Called by the Natives RA SORRA.
This in its form and all the other characters agreeing with the species last described, was not drawn: the only
difference was in the colour, which was a darkish gray, without any fasciæ; the belly whitish.
The length, nineteen inches.

AMPHIBIA NANTES SQUALUS,
11
No. XVIII. .
SQUALUS corpore sub-rotundo, brevi, vario; pinna anali; pinna cauda longissima, apice
rotundata, emarginata.
The variegated SQUAlus, with a short, roundish, body; an anal fin; the caudal fin
extremely long, rounded, and emarginated at the point.
Called by the Natives Poollee Makum.
a
The body oblong, short, somewhat depressed, till near the dorsal fin, where it becomes rounder, without
diminishing much in thickness, and terminates in a long flattish tail. The skin when stroked downwards,
feels like velvet, but harsh when stroked in a different direction.
The head broader than the body, depressed above, flat beneath, sides convex. Mouth small, less than an
inch distant from the edge of the rostrum; lips thickish. The jaws rough like a file.
Eyes very small, oval; the foramina behind them, also small, kidney-shape. Nostrils close on the edge of
the rostrum, wide, gaping, with a small cirrus from the posterior, interior, edge.
The spiracula high, in respect to the pectoral fins, the fourth, on each side, is divided in the middle.
The fins. The pectoral large, oblong-ovate; the first dorsal opposite to the ventral, the second opposite to
the anal; both are oblong and obtuse; the small ventrals are about an inch behind the pectoral, and about the
same distance from the anal, the point of which nearly touches the inferior portion of the caudal fin: both
ventral and anal are in shape similar to the dorsal fins. The caudal is very long, the spinal or upper portion
thin, narrow, the point rounded, and emarginate; the ventral portion thicker and broader, notched four inches
from its rise near the anal fin, and a second time near the point.
The colour of the upper part of the head and back almost black; that of the tail a dusky brown; both
remarkably variegated, with whitish fasciæ, marks, and spots, which look at first sight like an Egyptian
inscription. They were seldom found to vary in shape, and, being accurately copied from life, are exactly repre-
sented in the figure: as they approach the tail, they grow fainter. The under parts of the fish are of a
yellowish white,
The length, from the rostrum to the end of the tail, thirteen inches.
е
REMARKS.
The three last-described species seldom appear at Vizagapatam, and were never found larger than above
mentioned
The present species is the 19th in Gmelin's edition of Linnæus, and named Tigrinus; by Bloch it is
named Fasciata

12
AMPHIBIA NANTES. LOPHIUS.
LOPHIUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Spiracula solitaria pone brachia ; dentes plu-
rimi minuti; pinna pectorales brachiis
insidentes; branchie tres tantum.
Solitary spiracles behind the arms; nume-
rous small teeth; the pectoral fins seated
on the arms; the branchiæ three only.
No. XIX.
Lophius, processu erecto, setaceo, apice clavata, mobile, ab labio superiore; corpore alepidoto,
cute tenui, laxa, tecto ; pinnis pectoralibus in brachiis longis.
Lophius, with an erect, setaceous, moveable process, clubbed at the point, rising from the
upper lip; the pectoral fins on long arms.
Called by the Natives Kappa Mura Mora.
Lophius Histrio Linn. S. N: Þ. 402.
D. 1. 1. 12. P. 10. V. 5. A. 7. C. 10.
THE
He shape of this singular animal will be better collected from the figure, than from a description. The
mouth large, oblique; the upper jaw longer than the under, both have a double row of close-set, small teeth;
the tongue hard, obtuse. From the middle of the upper lip arises an erect cirrus, half an inch in length, with
an oblong, pappy, club head, streaked (like a porcupine quill) alternately dusky and white; from the rostrum,
a little behind this, arises a small rough, somewhat-curve, cartilaginous process, growing thicker gradually
towards the end, which is set with short hairs; and a second of the same kind, but a little longer and more
curved, lies reclined upon the ascending ridge of the back; between these, and immediately above the eye, is
a deep depression of the crown. The eyes are remarkably small, and of a beautiful emerald colour.
The dorsal fin consists of twelve rays, rendered less distinct by the rough skin, which is without scales, and
every where hangs very loose. The ventral fins are very small, but like the others adipose at the roots. The
ten rays of the pectoral fin at the end of the arm, resemble fingers. The caudal fin is round. The solitary
branchial spiracula are behind the arms.
The colour a yellowish white variegated with black streaks, the fins also are streaked, or spotted. The belly
reddish.
The length, three inches and a half.
a
REMARKS.
What I have described as a process, I find is reckoned by Gronovius, the first dorsal fin.

AMPHIBIA NANTES. BALISTES,
13
BALISTES.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput compressum ; dentes utriusque 8 ; horum
anteriores 2 longiores ; utrinque 3 interiores
intra totidem laterales, adpressi ; aper-
tura supra pinnas pectorales. Corpus com-
pressum, squamis corio coadunatis. Abdo-
men carinatum.
The head compressed; eight teeth in each
jaw, of which two in front are longest,
the three interior, on both sides, rest
between an equal number of lateral teeth;
the branchial aperture above the pec-
toral fins. The body compressed, the
belly carinated; the scales fixed on a
coriaceous skin.
No. XX.
a
Balistes pinna dorsali anteriore triradiata, radio primo osseo, breve, crasso, aspero, retuso,
antice serrato; pinna caudali integra, sub-flexuosa.
The Balistes with a three-rayed anterior fin, of which the first ray is a short, rough,
thick bone, with a ragged point, and serrated on the fore part; the tail undivided,
somewhat flexuous.
Called by the Natives Rahtee YellAKAH.
3.
14
D. Š. 30. P. 15. V. 14. A. 28. C. 14.
a
The body very compressed, thin, broad, and short; the skin rough, reticulated, with a few contiguous square
scales, on the rostrum. The head, at first, of equal breadth with the body, and not less compressed on the
sides, declines in an oblique line from the dorsal fin to the mouth, from which, in another oblique line, but
rather shorter, it declines to the ventral fin. The mouth is situated at the point of the triangle, very small, the
lips thickish ; the two fore teeth in each jaw remarkably long. The eyes near the vertex, distant from the
rostrum. No visible nostrils.
The back slanting from the first dorsal fin to the tail, with the opposite ascending line from the ventral fin,
compose a triangle somewhat longer than that of the head. The tail, at the termination of the dorsal fin, is
much contracted, but expands somewhat towards the fin. There is no lateral line. The anus remarkably
long
The fins. The first spine of the dorsal is thick, strong, serrated, with a rough point, as if broken; the other
two rays are small and short, but sharp pointed; the second dorsal is situated three fourths of an inch behind
on the declivity of the back; the short roundish pectoral is placed nearly in the middle between the eye and
ventral fin; the first spine of the ventral exactly resembles that of the first dorsal; the white points of the
others just appear above the edge of the connecting black membrane; the anal is opposite to the second dorsal;
the caudal is undivided, rounded somewhat in the middle, and sinuated on each side.

14
AMPHIBIA NANTES. BALISTES.
Inches. Lines.
8 O
1
1
The colour of the body darkish; the second dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, bluish; the membranes feel to the
touch like thin leather.
The length, from the rostrum to the end of the caudal fin
greatest breadth
3
8
from the eye to the point of the rostrum
8
1
1
1
1
2
8
No. XXI.
Balistes spinis binis verrucosis loco pinnarum ventralium; pinna prima dorsi macula atra,
radiis spinosis 4-5, quorum anterior prelongus, verrucosus, serratus, sub-rectus, acutus, sub-
retroflexus ; pinna caudali profunde bifida.
The Balistes with two rugged spines in place of ventral fins; the anterior dorsal fin
marked with a large black spot, and consists of four, or five, spinous rays, the first of
which is very long, rugged, serrated, nearly straight, sharp, bending a little backwards;
the tail deeply forked.
а
Called by the Natives Bowree, or Abatoo.
2
5
D. 5. 25. P. 14. V. 2. A. 20. C. 16.
a
The body compressed, thin, very broad, between the first dorsal fin and ventral spines, narrowing gradually
to the end of the second dorsal fin, where it tapers rapidly, and from flat becomes round. There are no scales
but the skin is harsh and rough like shagreen.
The head nearly as broad as the body, much compressed; but, narrowing equally above and below from the
vertex and the ventral spines, it forms a triangle ending obtusely in the short round rostrum, at the end of
which the very small mouth is placed. The lips thickish; the jaws very short, equal, not extractile. The teeth
close, a little bent and truncate, the two middle in each jaw the longest, and behind them are two tubercular
teeth. The tongue cartilaginous, oblong, rounded, immoveable.
The eyes near the vertex, oval, in a deep socket, the iris golden and pearl colour; the nostrils double, a
little before the eyes, small, oval, open, the posterior largest.
The linear branchial aperture is directly before the pectoral fin.
The trunk: the back rising in an arch from the vertex, is carinate, and crowned by the first dorsal fin; from
the beginning of the second dorsal, it declines towards the tail. The belly is flattish, and armed with a strong
bone, to which the ventral spines are connected. This is moveable with the spines, covered with the skin, and
extends backward nearly to the anus. The lateral line is high, at first arched like the back, but afterwards
straight, running along the middle of the tail.
The fins. The first dorsal is placed on the highest part of the back, consisting of one very strong spine, two
inches and a half in length, straight, warty, serrated on both sides, and sharp-pointed ; and of three (sometimes
four) short spinous rays. The lower part of the front spine, and all the others with the connecting membrane,
are black. The second dorsal is nearly one inch behind, on the declivity of the back, and terminates two inches
from the tail; the pectoral in a line with the mouth, short, and rounded.
The two spines in the place of ventral fins are an inch shorter than that of the dorsal, but like it rough, and
serrated; the anal rays gradually shortening, terminate on a line with the second dorsal; the caudal is
deeply forked.
a
a

AMPHIBIA NANTES. BALISTES.
15
a
The colour of the back, when fresh from the water, is a dusky glittering yellow, but all below the line, that
of burnished silver. The first dorsal fin is black and yellow, with a narrow white streak near the edge; the
second dorsal and anal have a faint yellowish cast; the pectoral and caudal fins are yellow.
Length of the subject described.
From the rostrum to the caudal fin
9 5
the caudal fin
를
​breadth from the dorsal to the ventral spines - 3 5
3
Inches. Lines
OR
9
21
REMARKS
These fish are caught in vast numbers after the month of May, so as to injure the nets; and being thrown
away by the fishermen as useless, are often left to putrify in numbers strewed on the beach.
It is the Balistes Biaculeatus, in Gmelin's edition of Linnæus; and described by Gronovius, Mus.
Ichthyol: No. 115.
No. XXII.
Balistes pinna prima dorsali triradiata, radiis longis, spinosis, acutis, ultimo ab alteris remoto;
radius primus pinnæ ventralis, osseus, crassus, asper, retusus ; cauda lunata, varia.
The Balistes with the anterior dorsal fin of three long, spinous, sharp rays, of which the
last is distant from the others; the first ray of the ventral fin, is a thick, rough bone,
with a broken rugged point; the tail lunate and variegated.
a
Called by the natives Lama YELLAKAH.
3
D. 3. 27. P. 14. V. 8. A. 25. C. 12.
. . .
The body oblong, broad, compressed, ventricose, narrowing towards the tail, which is small and round. The
skin leathery, reticulate, rough.
The head nearly as broad as the body, compressed, obtuse; the vertex a little depressed, the front sub-cari-
nate, declining to the mouth; the mouth on a line with the pectoral fin, small, the lips thick; the jaws not
extractile, set regularly with teeth, those in the front long. The tongue thick, soft, obtuse, the point sheathed.
The eyes very high, distant from the rostrum, large, orbicular. The nostrils double, on the edge of a groove
a little before the eye; both small, but what is unusual) the posterior nostril smallest.
The trunk. The back, from the beginning of the first to the second dorsal fin, straight, it then declines to
the tail; the sides compressed; the abdomen prominent. The lateral line imperceptible, except a little on the
tail, where it appears straight and carinate. The anus is nearer the tail than the head.
The fins. The three rays of the first dorsal fin are rough, long, and sharp, reclining when not erect, into a
deep groove: the posterior ray is at a considerable distance from the other two; the second dorsal is situated
on the declivity of the back, exactly opposite to the anal, both being of the same length; the short, roundish,
pectoral fin, is situated immediately behind the branchial aperture; the ventral two inches further back, its
first ray, a strong, rough, short bone; the anal rises very near it, and is continued to the tail; the caudal
is lunate,
The colour of the head and trunk dusky, sprinkled below the pectoral fin with small, oval, light yellow
a

16
AMPHIBIA NANTES. BALISTES.
Feet. Inches. Lines.
1
O
spots; the second dorsal and anal fins are striped with yellow, whitish, and dusky lines; the caudal fin is
remarkably variegated with the same colours disposed in various shapes.
The length from the rostrum to the middle edge of the caudal fin
3
greatest breadth
6
distance of the eye from the rostrum
4
dorsal spine
5
5
o o o
2
1
1
0 1
No. XXIII.
Balistes, pinna dorsali anteriore triradiata, radiis spinosis robustis, ex æquo distantibus ; cauda
lunata, non maculata nec fasciata.
The BALISTES with the first dorsal fin, consisting of three spinous rays at equal distances,
the tail lunated, without bands or spots.
Called by the Natives Somdrum YellAKAH.
D. 3. 28. P. 15. V.8. A. 25. C. 12.
Š
3
This fish agreeing in its general form, the disposition and number of its fins, as well as in most other respects,
with the one last described, it will be sufficient to mention the most material circumstances in which
they differ.
The head towards the point is more ovate, and the mouth higher, the eyes oval, the posterior nostril much
larger than the anterior; the last of the three rays of the first dorsal fin is not distant from the other; the
pectoral fin is more central. The second dorsal fin only is streaked, as in the former, the anal and caudal
being without streaks.
The colour here is not dusky but greyish; and the spots which in the former, were below the pectoral fin,
are here above it, and of a fainter yellow. The narrow stripes, on the second dorsal, are yellow and white, like
those on the anterior fin.
The length from the rostrum to the middle of the caudal fin
greatest breadth
4
distance of the eyes from the rostrum
length of the first dorsal fin
Feet. Inches. Lines.
1
O
O
-
O
6
1
1
1
2
4
оо
6.
1
2
1

AMPHIBIA NANTES. TETRAODON.
17
TETRAODON
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Maxille ossea, porrecta, apice bipartita.
Apertura linearis. Corpus subtus murica-
lum. Pinne ventrales nulla.
Bony, projecting maxillæ, divided at the
apex. The branchial aperture linear ;
the under part of the body rough with
prickles; no ventral fins.
No. XXIV.
Tetraodon, corpore oblongo, compresso, ocellato ; ore exerto ; abdomine ventricoso muricato ;
cauda integra.
The spotted Tetraodon, with an oblong, compressed body; the mouth pouting; a pro-
minent, murexed belly; and an undivided tail.
Called by the Natives KAPPA.
.
D. 10. P. 17. V. 0. A. 8. C. 11.
The head short, compressed, the front thick, prominent; the mouth small; the maxillæ projecting, are
divided in the middle and, as in this genus, form the teeth, two above and two below. The eyes are close to
the vertex, in a deep rough socket, large, oval. The nostrils double, roundish, in the middle between the eye
and the rostrum. The solitary branchial aperture close to the pectoral fin, small, and a little curve.
The trunk: the back from the vertex, almost straight to near the dorsal fin, when it declines gently; it, as
well as the sides, feels rough to the touch, but the belly is set with visible spiculi. There is no lateral line. The
anus remote, or very distant from the head.
The fins: the dorsal and anal are opposite to each other, near the tail; the pectoral fins are on a line with
the mouth, fan-form when extended; the caudal undivided, oblong-square. The ventral fin (as in this genus)
wanting
The colour: the back and sides are of a dark colour, spotted with pale bluish dots on the shoulder, but with
oval spots behind the pectoral fin; the belly a bright yellow,
The length, from the rostrum to the end of the tail, four inches, three lines.

18
AMPHIBIA NANTES. TETRAODON.
No. XXV.
TETRAODON, corpore pulchre maculato, antice muricato ; cauda oblonga, integra.
The TETRAODON with a body beautifully spotted; the breast rough with prickles; the
tail oblong, undivided.
Called by the Natives KAPPA.
D. 10. P. 17. V.0. A. 8. C. 11.
The body oblong, compressed, somewhat angular, polished.
The head compressed, above depressed, the front steep. The mouth very small, the lips thickish, loose; the
maxillæ extractile, and divided instead of teeth. The tongue thick, obtuse, sheathed at the point. The eyes low,
or distant from the vertex: the nostrils near the orbit.
a
The trunk: the back rises a little in the middle, but declines rapidly from the dorsal fin; the abdomen is not
nearly so prominent as in the preceding fish, but prickly; the position of the fins, and the number of rays in
each respectively are the same.
The colour of the upper part a dark purplish, beautifully variegated with dusky whitish, or greenish spots,
and two or three dark transverse bands; the throat and belly white, with a streak of yellow on each side. The
dorsal fin dark, the caudal almost black; the anal of a light colour.
The length
3 5
a
Inches. Lines.
REMARKS.
Both these fish are common, and are never found to vary more than an inch or two in size.
When the latter is fresh caught, the back resembles one of the large spotted shells commonly brought from
India; but it loses its gloss when the fish dies.
No. XXVI.
TetraoDON, corpore ovato-oblongo, toto hispido ; cauda oblonga cuspidata.
The Tetraodon with an ovate-oblong body, covered entirely with prickles; the tail
oblong, sword-pointed.
Called by the Natives KappA.
D. 11. P. 16. V.0. A. 10. C. 12.
The body ovate-oblong, roundish, thickish, every where covered with small soft bristles.
The head sub-ovate, small, rough. The mouth terminal, small; lips loose, thickish; the jaws extractile. A
solitary eye on the left side, with only a faint mark of an orbit on the other : situated high, near the vertex, oval.
The nostrils tubular, and singularly joined. The branchial aperture covered by the skin. The back, sides and
abdomen, convex, but the latter when inflated greatly changes its shape; the tail oblong, broad, compressed.
The fins: the dorsal remote; the anal still nearer the tail : both are small; the former lanceolate, the latter
round edged. The pectoral fin, when spread, appears obliquely truncate ; the caudal long, broad, sword-shape.
Length
9 6
Inches. Lines,

AMPHIBIA NANTES. TETRAODON. .
19
REMARKS.
There was no appearance of the right eye ever having existed; but from the faint trace of an orbit, the defect
was most probably a lusus naturæ. I never met with a second subject.
No. XXVII.
Tetraodon varius, corpore oblongo, subtereti, maculis rotundis, toto muricato; pinnis orbiculatis.
The variegated Tetraodon, with an oblong, roundish, spotted, murexed body; the fins
orbicular.
Called by the natives Bondaroo KAPPA.
D. 10. P. 18. V.0. A. 10. C. 10.
The body oblong roundish, compressed a little on the sides, every where armed with small prickles.
The bead, thick, short, roundish; and the rostrum obtuse. The mouth higher than the pectoral fin; the
lips thick, but readily expose the bony maxillæ. The eyes low, or further from the vertex than usual in this
genus, small, orbicular. No nostrils were found; but, about an inch from each orbit towards the rostrum,
were two soft, oval, papillæ of unequal size, joined together, without any visible aperture,
The trunk. From the vertex to the dorsal fin the back is slightly convex : from that fin to the tail, it
declines obliquely and rapidly; the sides are full, or convex; the breast and belly round and prominent,
swelling, when inflated, to a monstrous size. There is no lateral line. The anus nearer the tail than
the head.
The fins. The dorsal is distant from the head, but the anal is still more remote; the pectoral low, or near
the abdomen; the caudal is the largest: all the fins are nearly orbicular.
The colour. The upper part of the trunk very dark, or blackish, variegated with numerous round, light
brown spots. The colour of the head is nearly that of the spots, variegated with lighter streaks. The spots
on the caudal fin are like those of the back, on the other four fins they have a purple cast.
The length of the subject, from the rostrum to the point of the caudal fin
3 6
Fect. Inches. Lines.
No. XXVIII.
Tetraodon varius, maculis ovalibus, corpore oblongo-rotundo ; ventricoso, toto muricato; cauda
oblonga, rotundata.
The variegated Tetraodon, with oval spots; the body oblong-rounded, universally
murexed; the belly prominent; the tail oblong, rounded,
Called by the Natives CALAMARAH KAPPA.
D. 10. P. 18. V.0. A. 11. C. 10.
The body agrees nearly in form with the fish last described, but the belly being inflated, gives it still a more
monstrous appearance; the skin is rather less hispid.
The bead is longer, more compressed, but equally obtuse. The eyes are placed further back, near the vertex,
large, and more prominent. There are no papillæ in front, and no visible nostrils.

20
AMPHIBIA NANTES. TETRAODON.
a
The trunk. The back rises a little in a straight line to the dorsal fin, and then slopes, that fin being situated
on the beginning of the declivity. The sides are convex; the abdomen, in the state it is drawn, enormous.
The fins. The situation of the fins the same as in the last fish. The pectoral are large and truncate, the
other three oblong, rounded.
The colour: the head and trunk cineritious, spotted with oval, black, spots; the breast and abdomen white,
with a faint yellowish tint. The fins (the pectoral excepted) spotted like the body : part of the tail is of a
dusky red colour.
Length of the subject described, nineteen inches.
REMARKS.
The drawings of the two last fish have been reduced, but the proportions strictly preserved.
No. XXIX.
Tetraodon, corpore oblongo, glabro, dorso et abdomine exceptis ; linea laterali insigniter
infracta ; cauda sub-lunata.
The TETRAODON with an oblong, smooth body, the back and belly excepted; the lateral
line remarkably infracted; the last sublunate.
;
Called by the Natives Kappa Koor AwAH.
D. 13. P. 15. V. 0. A. 10. C. 11.
a
The body oblong, and somewhat wedge-form, the back and breast a little rough, the rest smooth.
The head large, as broad as the body, depressed above, on the sides compressed, the front declining in an
oblique line to the obtuse rostrum. The mouth terminal, but lower than the middle; the lips flaccid. The
jaws extractile, the upper longer than the lower ; teeth as usual in this genus. The tongue thick, obtuse,
smooth, sheathed. The eyes large, roundish, high, covered by the skin of the head. The nostrils in the middle,
between the orbit and rostrum, double, or, if single, divided by a valve.
The trunk : the back roundish, straight, somewhat rough before the dorsal fin; the tail small and round,
the sides a little compressed and smooth; the belly prickly, prominent, and capable of great distention. The
lateral line, singularly broken and irregular, is exactly represented in the figure. The anus behind the middle
of the body.
The fins : the dorsal and anal are nearly opposite, the former a little broader, but both lanceolate; the
pectoral larger, obliquely truncate; the caudal somewhat lunate.
The colour of the back and front dark; the sides a faint greenish-yellow, which brightens towards the
breast and belly; the belly a stone white. The fins have a yellowish colour, the lower part of the anal and
caudal excepted, which are whitish.
Length of the subject, 10 inches.
;

AMPHIBIA NANTES. SYNGNATHUS.
21
SYNGNATHUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput oblongum, cathetoplateum : xillc
lateribus clause, et os in extremitate rostri
tantummodo apertum. Corpus longum, et
admodum gracile ; ambitu plerumque an-
gulato, interdum subrotundo : jam tetrap-
terygium, jam monopterygium. Pinna ven-
trales nulla.
The head oblong, and compressed; the
maxillæ are closed together at the sides,
and the mouth has only a small opening
at the extremity of the rostrum. The
body is long, and very slender; for the
most part angular, sometimes roundish;
in some species there are four fins, in
others one only. No ventral fins.
No. XXX
SYNGNATHUS corpore medio hexagono ; pinna ani carens; cauda pinnata.
The Syngnathus with the middle of the body hexagonal; no anal fin; the tail pinnated.
Called by the Natives Goorahpoo SUBBOOKOO.
Syngnathus Typhle Linn. S. N. p. 416.
D. 30. P. 11. V.0. A. 0. C. 8.
The length of the subject nine inches; the laminæ of the trunk twenty in number, of the tail forty-one.
The appearance of the Syngnathus, with its slender and crusted body, is more that of an insect than a fish.
The mouth is extremely small, and covered by the under jaw, which turning up at the point, and being longer
than the upper, closes the mouth as with a lid. The dorsal fin consists of equal rays, the pectoral rounded;
the tail undivided, the rays distinct and sharpish.
a

22
PISCES APODES.
FISHES WHICH WANT VENTRAL FINS.
MURÆNA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput læve. Nares tubulosa. Membrana
branchiostega radiis x. Oculi cute com-
muni tecti. Corpus teretiusculum, lubri-
Pinna caude coadunata dorsali
anique. Spiracula pone caput vel pinnas
.
pectorales.
The head smooth; the nostrils tubular. The
branchial membrane has x. rays. The
eyes covered with the common skin. The
body roundish, slippery. The dorsal,
caudal, and anal fins united Spiracles
behind the head, or pectoral fins.
сит.
No. XXXI.
Muræna unicolor, maxilla inferiore longiore.
The Muræna of one colour; with the lower maxillæ longer than the upper.
Called by the Natives Chowloo Pamoo or MalgumARU.
Muræna Anguilla Linn. S. N. p. 426.
.
This fish agreeing in all material points with the Eel in England, differs somewhat in colour. The head,
back, and dorsal fin are nearly black; the throat and belly of a reddish or yellowish brown; the anal fin is of
a lighter reddish brown than that of the belly.
The subject was from the Ankapilly Lake, and measured in length, twenty-one inches; but they are found
of a much larger size.
a
No. XXXII.
Muræna þinnis pectoralibus carens; corpore purpureo obscuro, maculis parvis albidis.
The Muræna without pectoral fins; of an obscure purple colour, spotted with small
whitish spots.
Called by the Natives Calamaia Paum.
The body roundish, thick, long, tapering, and somewhat compressed; without scales, flabby and oily.
The head not broader than the neck, the front convex; the rostrum long, projecting like a bird's beak, tri-
angular. The mouth very wide, straight; the upper jaw a little longer than the lower; both set with a regular

PISCES APODES. MURÆNA.
23
row of sharp, reflex teeth; a solitary tooth in the palate. No tongue visible. The eyes at the root of the
rostrum, small, oval, flattish. One nostril near the orbit, the other close to the two tubuli at the extremity of
the rostrum.
The branchial membrane hidden, consists of six setaceous rays; the aperture very small.
The trunk. The back rounded, straight; the breast and abdomen bellied; the sides and tail sub-compressed.
No lateral line visible. The anus near the middle,
Fins. There are no pectoral nor ventral fins; the dorsal rises near the hind head, is continued along the
ridge of the back, and unites with the blunt pointed caudal, with which the anal being also united, the three
form one undivided, adipose, or fleshy, very narrow fin.
The colour, is a darkish purple variegated with small white spots; amongst which some are interspersed in
pairs, joined by narrow stripes. The spots on the face are smaller than the others, and the throat and opercula.
are marked with long oblique lines of darker purple,
The length, two feet one inch and a half.
REMARKS.
This fish, in the shape particularly of its head, approaches nearer to the figure of the Carolina Muræna
Maculata given by Catesby, as also to the figure of the Muræna Helena given by Willoughby, than to the
figure of the latter given by Bloch. In regard to mere colour and spots, Bloch has justly remarked, that in the
Muræna Helena they admit of much variety; and he gives instances from Catesby, Plumier, and Cette.
Another fish, seemingly a variety of the same species, was brought under the same name. It differed only
in the following circumstances: the eyes were rather orbicular than oval; there were two teeth in the palate,
one behind the other, and the colour was a yellowish white marked with gray spots and dots. There was no
drawing made of it.
The length,
23
Both this and the former fish, were, by the fishermen asserted to be of a poisonous nature, and on that
account never eaten. Neither, indeed, had an inviting appearance, the latter especially had a remarkably rank
smell, though fresh caught.
Two other sea Murænæ caught in the large seine, were brought to me under the name Malagu Paum; of
which, not having an opportunity of getting drawings made, I can only subjoin the descriptions,
Inches.
No. XXXIII.
Muræna cirris duobus ad maxillam superiorem; punctulis tribus ad rostrum utrinque; cauda
aptera.
The Muræna, with two cirri at the upper jaw, one on each side; three small punctures
on each side of the rostrum ; no caudal fin.
Called by the Natives Malagu Paum.
B. D. 296. P. 13. V.0.A. 200. C. o.
The body eel-form, without scales, slippery.
The bead large, oblong, conical, sharp. The mouth moderate size; lips loose; the jaws sub-triangular, the
under jaw shortest; the teeth granular, in several rows; and the palate rough with similar teeth. The tongue
ovate, smooth, immoveable. The eyes middle, small, covered with the skin of the head. Nostrils at the point

24
PISCES APODES. MURÆNA.
of the rostrum, tubular, solitary, and on each side of the rostrum are three small apertures at equal distances.
On each side of the upper jaw are two small, short cirri.
The branchial membrane was hidden; there being only a small linear aperture near the pectoral fin.
The trunk round, oblong, tapering. The lateral line, declining from above the pectoral fin, run along the
middle of the side to the tail. The anus central, between the head and the tail.
The fins. The dorsal rising from near the hind head, terminates near the point of the tail: the rays almost
of equal length, but somewhat shorter towards the end; the pectoral, short, and roundish; the anal, like the
dorsal, terminates near the tail. The tail is a little compressed, and sharp pointed.
The colour a dusky yellowish, brightening a little on the belly.
The length
Circumference where thickest
This fish is eaten by the natives.
a
Feet. Inches. Lines.
1 8
o
1
5
O
No. XXXIV.
Muræna dentibus granulosis; punctulis tribus, ad rostrum ; cirris carens; cauda pinnata
sub-rotunda.
The MURÆNA with granular teeth; three small holes on each side of the rostrum; no cirri;
a pinnated, roundish, tail.
Called by the Natives Malagu Paum.
a
The body round, thick at the shoulders, tapers more in proportion than the Eel; the skin smooth, but streaked
in a manner so as at first sight to resemble scales.
The head conical, but shorter than the former, and less sharp. The jaws nearly of equal length; the teeth
granular; the tongue ovate, large, smooth moveable. The fore part of the palate set with granular teeth, the
hinder part smooth. The eyes almost marginal, small, round. The nostrils single, near the orbit, and two
tubuli at the extremity of the rostrum, with three small foramina on each side. The branchial membrane
concealed; the small aperture is a little lower than the pectoral fin.
The trunk, the shoulders and belly round, full; the tail towards the end compressed. The lateral line not
visible above, but on the tail is conspicuous and straight. The anus in the middle, large, round.
The fins. The dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, are joined; the former rises near the middle of the back, the
second a little behind the anus; the caudal is narrow, and rounded at the point. The pectoral fin, consisting
of thirteen rays, is small, roundish, and pointed.
The upper part of the head and body, are of a dusky dark colour, the belly of a dull leaden white.
The length
6
The circumference where thickest
a
Feet. Inches. Lines.
1
o
6 5
1
o

PISCES APODES. MURÆNA.
25
No. XXXV.
MURÆNA pinnis carens.
The MURÆNA without fins.
Called by the Natives Dondoo PAUM.
a
The body roundish, eel-form, covered with a coriaceous skin, and terminating in a very small sharp-pointed
tail.
The bead very little broader than the neck, oblong, depressed above, compressed, or rounded on the sides,
smooth; the rostrum short, obtuse,
The mouth of a moderate size; the lips simple; the jaws of equal length, set with a regular row of small
teeth, but in the fore part of the under jaw, there are several rows, and in the palate two diverging rows. The
tongue narrow, ovate, smooth, free.
The eyes very small, lateral, round. A single nostril near each orbit, but the subject having been sometime
dead, no tubulous nostrils were observed at the rostrum. The opercula oblong; the aperture small, gular,
semi-lunate; the branchial membrane, consisting of six rays, cannot be seen without dissection,
The trunk eel-form to the tail, which is somewhat compressed, and tapers to a small point. No lateral line;
the anus remote.
The fins. No vestige of fins whatever.
The colour universally black,
The length from the rostrum to the anus
6
of the tail
Feet. Inches.
1
o 5
REMARK
It was
in the Ankapilly lake. This does not seem to be the Muræna Cæca, of Linnæus, S. N. p. 4,26.
No. XXXVI.
Muræna rostro longiore; pinna cauda dorsali analique unita.
The Muræna with a long rostrum ; the caudal fin united with the dorsal and anal.
Called by the Natives Taloo PAUM.
a
This fish was taken in a net, in the month of June, near Waltier. I had no opportunity of having a drawing
made, and described it on the beach.
The trunk was rounder and more taper, than that of the Eel; till near the tail, where it became depressed;
no scales, smooth, and of a shining golden colour. The circumference eight inches.
The fins. The pectoral very small, the dorsal rose from the hind head, and was continued to the tail; the
anal, one half shorter, joined the caudal, which being partly torn, its shape could not be determined.
The bead somewhat conical, smooth, depressed on the front, and elongated into a very long rostrum. The

26
PISCES APODES. MURÆNA.
mouth straight, very large; the jaws long, the upper somewhat shorter than the lower; lips thickish. The
teeth numerous, dissimilar: in the fore part of the under jaw, they were long, lanceolate, reflex, on the sides
straight and depressed, in two rows, between which were numerous small granular teeth; in the upper jaw the
teeth smaller, and covered by the lip. The palate also with long awl-form teeth, and two tuberculous rows.
The tongue awl-form, smooth, tied.
The eyes at the base of the rostrum, large, oval, covered with the skin of the head. A gaping, oval nostril,
near each orbit, and two tubulous at the extremity of the rostrum. The branchial membrane had ten
ossicles.
No. XXXVII.
Muræna pinnis pectoralibus carens ; cauda apterygia cuspidata.
The Muræna without pectoral and caudal fins; the tail terminating in a sharp point.
a
Called by the Natives Manti BUKARO PAUMU.
no
The body perfectly round, tapering to a sharp point, smooth, without scales.
The bead long, narrow, depressed, projecting into a sharp pointed rostrum. The mouth large, lips thin, the
upper jaw longest, both set regularly with teeth. The eyes vertical, small; the nostrils on the edge of the
rostrum tubulous. On the crown behind the eyes, about a dozen of white punctuli form an arch, with two
parallel lines projecting towards the nose.
The trunk round; the tail flattened a little towards the end, terminates in a point, without any fin. The
lateral line straight. The anus in the middle.
The fins. The dorsal and anal very narrow; the first rises near the head, the other close to the anus: both
are continued to very near the point of the tail. No pectoral fin.
The colour of the back brownish, with several transverse streaks tending to the lateral line; between which
line and the belly, is a long bluish-gray streak.
The length, one foot.

PISCES APODES. OPHIDIUM.
27
OPHIDIUM.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput nudiusculum ; dentes maxillis, palato,
faucibus. Membrana branchiostega radiis
vii. patula. Corpus ensiforme.
The head without scales; teeth in the
jaws, palate, and throat; vii. rays in
the branchial membrane, mostly ex-
posed. The body sword-form.
No. XXXVIII.
Ophidium capite anguino ; linea laterali loricata ; pinna dorsalis analisque caudali connata ;
cauda lanceolata.
The Ophidium with a snake-like head; the lateral line rough; the dorsal and anal fins
united with the caudal; the tail lanceolate.
a
Called by the Natives Tala Bon.
a
a
The body sword-form, smooth, without scales.
The bead oblong, compressed, pointed, resembling a snake's head. The mouth large, straight; lips thick;
jaws elongated, the under shorter considerably than the upper; in both there are long crooked teeth in front,
with a regular row of straight teeth in the upper jaw, which is rough on both sides like a file; the teeth in the
under jaw are smaller, and almost concealed by the lip. The eyes lateral, more advanced than the corner of
the mouth, large, oval ; nostrils in a groove between the orbit and the nose. The rays of the branchial mem-
brane numerous, partly covered, but discernible through the thin opercula.
The trunk roundish; the belly thinner than the back; the tail somewhat compressed, and terminates in a
very narrow, small, pointed fin. The lateral line sloping gently from the shoulder, becomes straight a little
behind the pectoral fin, and runs along the middle of the body and tail; rough, and very conspicuous. The
anus is nearer the head than the caudal fin.
The fins. The dorsal rises near the head, and is blended with the caudal and anal fins.
The colour. The back is of a changeable, darkish golden colour, which brightens under the lateral line, and
is strewed with very minute black dots. The belly is white.
The length of the subject, one foot nine inches.

28
PISCES APODES. OPHIDIUM.
No. XXXIX.
Ophidium cirris duobus ad gulam; pinna dorsalis analisque caudali unita; pinna cauda setis
duabus brevibus terminata.
The OPHIDIUM with two cirri at the throat; the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins united, the
latter terminating in two short threads.
Called by the Natives Tonkah TALAWAREE.
B. v. D. 223. P. 13. V.0. A. 112. C. 10.
a
THE body linear, lanceolate, sword-form, covered with a thin smooth skin.
The head small, short, obtuse, compressed. Mouth wide, no lips; jaws of equal length; a single row of
small straight teeth in the fore part of both; behind which, in the under jaw, is a remarkably long, curved,
tooth, on each side; there are two similar in form, but much shorter, in the upper jaw. The palate tuberculate.
The tongue short, lanceolate, smooth, free. The eyes high, large, roundish. Nostrils double, distant.
Opercula rounded, hardly moveable ; branchial membrane exposed. From the posterior, inferior part of the
throat, hang two thread-form cirri, above one inch in length.
The trunk. The back straight, roundish; the throat carinate; the belly sharp, the tail a little compressed,
pointed. No lateral line. The anus very near the head.
The fins. The pectoral small, short, lancet-form; the dorsal and anal very long, and both united with the
caudal, but in such a manner as to be distinguishable; the pointed caudal fin terminates in two short setaceous
cirri.
The colour was by some accident omitted in the description.
The length one foot two inches.
No. XL.
Gymnetrus, capite cirris longioribus cristato; cirris duobus loco pinnarum ventralium; pinna
anali carens.
The GYMNETRUS, with a crest of long cirri on the head; two cirri in the place of ventral
fins; no anal fin.
Called by the Natives
B. v. D. 320. P. 11. V. 2. A. 0. C. 4.
The body lanceolate, sword-form, smooth, without scales.
The head very short, much compressed, not broader than the neck; the front declivous, carinate. The
vertex crowned with four or five cirri, distinct at the base, and for two inches and a half upward, they then
unite, and form a thin, taper, setaceous tail, in all nearly ten inches in length.
The mouth small, oblique, ascending, without lips; the cheeks membranous. The jaws extractile, without
teeth, the upper a little longer than the under. The tongue small, sharp pointed, smooth, free. The palate
smooth. Eyes large, round, not prominent, the pupil small. Nostrils double, the largest near the orbit, oval.

PISCES APODES. OPHIDIUM.
29
Branchial opercula consist of two flexible, streaked, oblong, plates; the membrane half exposed.
The trunk. The back carinate, straight; the sides compressed; the abdomen very short, sub-convex; the
under part of the tail rendered somewhat rough, by a series of rough tubercles.
The branchiæ consist of four leaves with one interior row of tubercles. The lateral line descends from the
crest, but from two inches behind the pectoral fin, it runs in a straight line to the tail, nearer the belly than the
back. The anus near the head.
The fins. The first ray of the dorsal, is nearly three inches in length, and resembles the cirri of the crest;
the others are setaceous, the longest in the middle of the fin not exceeding an inch; the pectoral very small,
ovate ; the ventral wanting, unless two cirri of equal length with those of the crest, be taken for fins; the
anal are entirely wanting, the caudal (not united with the dorsal,) consists of four rays, connected at the base,
by a thin, narrow, membrane, and afterwards joining together, terminate in a very small setaceous thread.
The colour, a pale silver; but the silvering comes off in thin pellicles upon handling. The dorsal fin on the
edge is darkish
The length, two feet eight inches.
REMARKS.
This fish, unknown to Linnæus, has been made a new genus by Bloch, characterised by the want of
anal fins.
A figure has been given by Ascanius,* under the name Regalicus.
In the Danish Transactions for 1786, it is described Regalicus remipes ;t and in the Swedish Transactions,
in 1798, under the name Gymnetris Grillii.I A species received from Goa, by Bloch, is distinguished, pinna
ventrali biradiata.
These definitions differ, in some respects, from one another; and all of them from the present subject.
In 1796 a fish of this genus was cast on shore, in Cornwall; a drawing and description of which were sent
to Sir Joseph Banks. It had two ventral cirri; and in the crest of the head resembled the present subject more
than any of the others: the tail had been broken off.
The present fish was caught on the outside of the surf at Vizagapatam, in March 1788. The fishermen could
give no name to it; declaring they never had seen any like it before.
• Icones Rerum Naturalium, Copenhag. 1772.
Nov. Act. Societ. Hafn.
Act. Acad. Stockholm, Vol. XIX.

30
PISCES APODES. TRICHIURUS.
TRICHIURUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput porrectum ; operculis lateralibus ;
dentes ensiformes, apice semisaggittati :
primores majores. Membrana branchios-
tega radiis vii. Corpus compresso-ensi-
forme. Cauda subulata, aptera.
The head elongated; the opercula lateral ;
the teeth ensiform, half bearded at the
point; the fore teeth largest. Seven
rays
in the branchial membrane. The
body compressed, sword-form ; the tail
awl-form, without fin.
No. XLI.
Trichiurus capite oblongo, nucha carinata ; linea laterali ab ventre ad caudam infima, sub-
curva ; aculei infra caudam loco pinna analis.
The Trichiurus, with an oblong head, carinated behind; the lateral line from the anus
to its end close to the belly, and a little curve; a row of small prickles along the under
part of the tail, in the place of an anal fin.
Trichiurus Lepturus, Linn. S. N. p. 429.
Called by the Natives SAWALA.
B. vii. D. 120. P. 11. V.0. A. 0. C. o.
The body long, much compressed, thin, without scales, and terminates in a very small, subulate tail.
The head oblong, compressed, projecting, sharp, the hind part carinate, the front declivous, depressed. The
mouth large, straight, without lips; the under jaw sharp, and considerably longer than the upper. Teeth
regularly, but not thick set, dissimilar, the larger curve, long, half bearded; the smaller straight, and sharp: all
firmly fixed. The tongue lanceolate, smooth, free. The palate narrow, smooth.
The eyes lateral, high, round, large, much nearer the rostrum than the posterior edge of the opercula.
Nostrils solitary, round, near the orbit. Branchial opercula striate, two-leaved, acuminate. Membrane covered ;
aperture large, lateral and gular.
The trunk. The back very narrow, sub-carinate, almost straight; the throat and abdomen hardly convex;
the sides plane or compressed; the under part of the tail straight, carinate, set with very small prickles, to near
its end, when it becomes extremely slender.
The lateral line, bending from the upper part of the operculum to near the anus, runs afterwards low, and
parallel to the curve of the belly and under part of the tail. The anus small, two inches behind the branchial
aperture.
The fins. The only fins are the dorsal and pectoral; the first rising from the hind head, is continued to
within an inch of the point of the tail, it is narrow and nearly of equal breadth, till toward its end: the pectoral
is situated low, small, falcate.

PISCES APODES. STROMATEUS, .
$1
The colour. The whole fish shines as if silverized, though the colour is rather a bright lead, than that of
pure silver.
The length of the subject described, one foot six inches; but they are brought of a much larger size,
REMARKS.
This fish has been described by Artedi, under the name of Lepturus; and by Gronovius, under that of Gym-
nogaster. It is a very common fish at Vizagapatam, and in much request among the soldiery.
I always conceived it to be the Anguilla indica in Willoughby's appendix; and never saw the other species,
(Linn. Ed Gmel. p. 1142) with jaws of equal length; of a brown colour, and spotted.
STROMATEUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput compressum; dentes in maxillis, palato.
Membrana branchiostega, iv.-vi. Corpus
ovatum, lubricum ; cauda bifida.
The head compressed ; teeth in the jaws
and palate. The rays of the branchial
membrane, iv.-vi. The body ovate,
slippery; the tail forked.
No. XLII.
Stromateus corpore rhombeo, squamoso; pinna dorsi anique falcata ; pinnis pectoralibus, lan-
ceolatis.
The STROMATEUS, with a squamous rhomboidal body; the dorsal and anal fins falcate ;
the pectoral fins lanceolate.
a
Stromateus Argenteus, partibus utrisque pinna caudæ æqualibus. Bloch, Pl. 421.
Called by the Natives Tella SANDAWA
The white Pomfret of the English.
B. iv. D. 39. P. 21. V.0. A. 38. C. 22.
The body nearly rhomb-form, much compressed, smooth, covered with small orbicular scales, close, imbricate,
tenacious.
The bead small, much compressed, obtuse, without scales, the front declivous. The mouth under the blunt
nose, small, a little oblique; the lips simple. The lower jaw somewhat extractile, the upper immoveable: both
short and set with numerous small teeth. Tongue roundish, short, smooth, tied. The palate smooth. The
eyes middle, near the rostrum, orbicular, moderate size. Nostrils near the edge of the rostrum, double, the
posterior (which is the biggest) oval, the anterior round.
The branchial opercula, smooth, ciliate at the edge, bridled so as hardly to be moveable, or to admit seeing
the membrane.

32
PISCES APODES. STROMATEUS.
.
:
The trunk. The back assurgent, carinate, and on the ridge, before the dorsal fin, five or six spiculi under
the skin, may be felt by the finger ; the throat and abdomen declivous, ridged, the sides and tail compressed,
the former a little convex: five spiculi between the anus and the anal fin, rather more perceptible than those
on the back, are found just piercing the skin.
The lateral line rising from the upper edge of the opercula, forms an arch over the pectoral fin to the end
of the dorsal, and is then continued straight along the upper part of the tail: another line but less conspicuous
rising with the first, runs straight to the middle of the caudal fin. The anus small, considerably nearer the
head than the tail.
un
The fins. The dorsal rising from the highest point of the back, consists at first of eleven or twelve longer
rays, disposed in somewhat of a crescent-form, and then becoming narrow and equal, is continued along the
declivity, to where the tail grows narrowest. The anal of the same length, rises opposite to the dorsal; the
pectoral nearer the belly than the back, long, sharp, lanceolate, or acuminate in the middle; the caudal fin
deeply forked.
The colour. The back dark, with a bluish or purplish cast; the rest a silver gray; the dorsal and caudal fins
a little lighter than the back. The anal has a very pale yellowish cast.
The length, from the nose to the caudal fin
Greatest breadth
Length of the caudal fin
.
Inches. Lines.
9
5
6
0
o
2
5
No. XLIII.
STROMATEUS corpore ovato, squamoso ; pinnis pectoralibus falcatis.
The STROMATEUS, with a squamous, ovate, body ; and falcate pectoral fins.
Stromateus niger maxillis æqualibus. Bloch, Pl. 422.
Called by the Natives NALA SANDAWAH.
Black Pomfret of the English.
B. vi. D. 45. P. 19. V. 0. A. 39. C. 22.
The body ovate, much compressed; scales oblong, roundish, close, smooth, tenacious.
The head much compressed, as in the former fish, but the nose less blunt, or round; the lower part of the
face covered with scales. The mouth small, and capable of more extension ; both jaws being in some degree
extractile, and the rostrum not projecting as in the former. The teeth numerous, but larger; the eyes pro-
portionally larger also and more distant from the rostrum ; nostrils as in the former.
The opercula ciliated as in the former, but rounder: in some parts covered with scales, and not being tied
down behind, leave the membrane visibly exposed.
The trunk. The back arched, carinate; the throat, belly, and tail, also carinate, but the latter, where the
dorsal and anal fins terminate, becomes very small and round; the sides hardly convex. The two exterior
branchiæ are pectinate and tuberculous, the interior tuberculous only. The lateral line gently curve, but from
the end of the pectoral fin runs straight along the middle of the tail ; and is there carinate: there is no
appearance of a second line. The spines before the fins, in the former fish, are here wanting; and the anus is
placed still nearer the head, on a line with the pectoral fin.
The fins. The dorsal and anal resemble those of the former fish, in their situation, but have less of the
a

PISCES APODES. 33
.
STROMATEUS.
crescent-form; the pectoral are long and falcate; there are no ventral fins; the caudal forked, though not so
deeply as in the white Pomfret.
The colour universally dark, tending to black, except the throat and belly, which are some shades lighter.
The skin, as also the membranes of the fins are remarkably thick.
The length from the nose to the caudal fin, seven inches; the greatest breadth, four.
REMARKS.
a
The white and the black Pomfrets, are esteemed two of the most delicious fishes on the Coromandel coast;
but they must be eat when fresh caught, as they are injured greatly by being kept only a few hours. The
black, though a less firm fish, is by some preferred to the white.
In the latter fortnight of March, and during part of April, Pomfrets were in most plenty at Vizagapatam.
It was remarkable that they were never caught in abundance for more than two or three days successively;
after which they, in a manner, disappeared for a like number of days, and again returned.
The Pomfrets which I saw at Madras, agreed exactly with the descriptions given above; but there are other
species on that part of the coast, of which notice shall be taken hereafter.
The figure of one species of this genus has been given by Sir Hans Sloane in his history of Jamaica, where
it is known under the name Pampus, or Pampel, whence probably the name Pomfret among the English in
the East Indies : sometimes pronounced Pomplet, or Pomflet.
No. XLIV.
Stromateus corpore sub-orbiculato, squamoso ; maxillis obtusis sub-equalibus.
The Stromateus, with a body nearly orbicular, covered with small scales ; the maxillæ
obtuse, and nearly of equal length.
Called by the Natives Aroo Koia.
B. D. 44. P. 24. V. 0. A. 40. C. 22.
The body nearly orbicular, much compressed, scaly; the scales small, round, close, less tenacious than in the
other species.
The head round, compressed, short, the rostrum obtuse, like that of the white Pomfret, and the crown and part
of the front squamous. The mouth small, capable of little extension; the jaws short, nearly of equal length,
hardly extractile, the under one only moveable and obtuse; the teeth are unlike those in the other species: the
upper jaw is rough to the finger like a file, the under is a bone distinctly pectinate. The tongue roundish,
thick, smooth, bridled; the palate also smooth. The eyes small, round, not protuberant. Nostrils double, close to
the nose, the posterior large, oval; the anterior smaller, round.
The opercula can scarcely be called two-leaved; they are not so pointed as in the white Pomfret, and more
confined, while the branchial aperture is so small that the membrane is completely hidden.
The trunk. The back and belly arched, carinate; the sides compressed; the tail grows narrow where the
dorsal and anal fins end, but again expands to receive its own fin. There are no spiculi on the back or belly.
The lateral line conspicuous, supreme, carinate, arched; but towards the end straight, and terminates not
exactly at the middle of the caudal fin. There is no second line. The anus much nearer the head than the tail.
The fins. The dorsal and anal are placed more forward than in the white Pomfret; they are nearly alike in
• Vol. II, Tab. 250, Fig. IV.

34
PISCES APODES. STROMATEUS.
shape, and terminate opposite to each other, at the narrowest part of the tail; the first rays in both, are shorter,
and rise more gradually to form the crescent; the caudal is less deeply divided, the lobes nearly of equal
length: but all the three fins are more remarkably distinguished, by being squamous almost to the margin of
the membrane. The pectoral broad, descending, the point a little curve. No ventral fins.
Colour. The whole fish is of a cineritious colour, the belly only being somewhat lighter, and here and there
marked with very minute black dots.
The length, from the nose to the middle of the anal fin,
Breadth of the body
7
a
Inches. Lines,
11 6
1
-
-
-
REMARKS.
This species is very rare. I first saw it in May 1788, and it was very seldom brought afterwards. In
quality for the table it is very inferior to the white or black Pomfret. Though alike in colour, this fish is very
different from the Stromateus Cinereus of Bloch; which is specifically characterized, by the length of the
lower lobe of the caudal fin.
No. XLV.
STROMATEUS corpore rhombeo, alepidoto ; aculeis bicuspidatis ante pinnam dorsalem analemque ;
cauda lunata lobo inferiore longissimo.
The StroMATEUS, with a rhomb-form body, without scales ; double headed spines
before the dorsal and the anal fin; the inferior lobe of the lunated caudal fin
very long.
Called by the Natives Sudi SANDAWAH.
7 I
§ 1
B. iv. D. 7. 39. P. 22. V.0. A. 5. 40. C. 24.
The body rhomb-form, thin, compressed, without scales, the skin soft, marked with various lines or striæ.
The head small, compressed, short, obtuse. The mouth under the projecting blunt nose, small, narrow, the
jaws have little motion, the under shortest: neither have teeth, nor are there teeth in the palate. The tongue
round, blunt.
The eyes middle, large, not prominent. Nostrils between the orbit and nose, one before the other, the
posterior largest, oval; the other round.
The hinder lamina of the operculum acuminate; the branchial membrane visible, though partly covered.
The trunk. The back assurgent and carinate; on the hind head are two latent spines; and on the ascent
before the dorsal fin, are seven distinct, visible, spiculi, with double points. Another latent spine is felt on the
breast, and five spiculi like those on the back, are visible before the anal fin. The sides and tail as in the other
species. The lateral line is arched, exactly as in the white Pomfret; but a second line equally conspicuous,
rising from the same place, runs straight to the tail. The anus near the head.
The fins. The dorsal and anal fins in situation and form resemble those of the white Pomfret, but each has
a recumbent spine in front, pointing forward, and the anterior crescent portion of the anal terminates in a long
setaceous tail. The caudal is lunate, and its inferior lobe, four inches one-fourth in length, terminates in the
same manner as that of the anal; the pectoral, long, acuminate; no ventral fins.
The colour of the back, and dorsal fin, leaden, the belly silvery; the anal and caudal fins yellow,

PISCES APODES. STROMATEUS.
35
The length, from the nose to the caudal fin,
Greatest breadth
Inches Lines
4
o
3 0
REMARKS
The two last fish seem hitherto to have been undescribed. The former, as before remarked, differs much
from the Stromateus Cinereus of Bloch.* The latter agreeing with the Stromateus Argenteus of China,t in
the double-headed spines before the dorsal and anal fins, is distinguished by the want of scales, and by the shape
of the anal and caudal fins.
The species therefore of this genus found on the coast of Coromandel, are the following.
1. Stromateus striis carens of Bloch, sent from Tranquebar by Dr. Koenig, and which appears to be distinct
from the Stromateus Paru of Linnæus. I
2. Stromateus Cinereus. §
3. Stromateus Argenteus, No. XLII.
4. Stromateus Niger, No. XLIII.
5. Stromateus Atoo Koia, No. XLIV.
6. Stromateus Sudi Sandawah, No. XLV.
7. Stromateus Sadei Waval, mentioned by the Danish missionary, the Rev. Mr. John, but not described ; and
may possibly be the same with No. XLV.||
The two species of China, viz.
Stromateus Argenteus.
Stromateus Chinensis, ( are distinct from any of the above. As to the Stromateus Cumarca, ** it remains
doubtful whether distinct or not, from the Paru of Linneus.
• Bloch, Pl. 420.
| Ib. Tom. IV. p. 81.
+ Act. Acad. Stockholm, Tom. IX. Tab. 9.
Act. Acad. Stockholm.
| Bloch, Pl. 160.
6 Pl. 420.
** Linn. ed Gmel. p. 1148.

36
PISCES JUGULARES.
FISHES WHOSE VENTRAL FINS ARE PLACED MORE FORWARD THAN THE
PECTORAL FINS, OR UNDER THE THROAT.
CALLIONYMUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput labio superiore duplicato. Oculi ap-
proximati. Membrana branchiostega vi.
Apertura nucha foraminibus respirante.
Opercula clausa. Corpus nudum; pinna
ventrales remotissimæ.
The upper lip doubled; eyes near each
other. The branchial membrane with
vi. rays; the opercula closed, spiracula
at the hind head. Body without scales;
the ventral fins distant from the head.
No. XLVI.
CALLIONYMUS capite scabro, alepidoto ; linea laterali carinata ; cauda integra varia striata.
The CALLIONYMUS with a rough scaleless head; a carinated lateral line; an undivided
tail, streaked with different colours.
Callionymus indicus, Linn. S. N. p. 434.
Platycephalus Spathula. Bloch, Pl. 423.
Called by the Natives Irrwa.
B. vii. D. 9. 13. P. 19. V. 6. A. 11. C. 16.
.
9
으
​1
a
The
he body wedge-form, very small towards the tail; squamous, rough, scales very small, orbicular, ciliate.
The head broader than the body, long, wedge-form, depressed, without scales; but rough, and a line of small
prickles behind each eye. The mouth terminal, large; the under jaw considerably longer than the upper :
both set with numerous minute, linear, sharp teeth, in many close ranks. The tongue thin, hard, smooth,
resembling in figure and colour, the flint of a small pistol. The palate tuberculous, and set with teeth. The
eyes vertical, small, oval, near the nose, separated by a groove or furrow. The nostrils double, very
small.
The opercula squamous, armed on each side with two hard, lanceolate, spines, and a softer spine near the
point of the posterior lamina. The branchial membrane half exposed, has seven thick ossicles.
The trunk wedge-form, depressed; the back straight; the belly protuberant but flattish; the sides hardly
convex; the tail very taper. The lateral line straight, supreme, carinate, rough. The anus nearly middle.

PISCES JUGULARES. CALLIONYMUS.
37
The fins. Two dorsal in a groove in the middle of the back; the first scapular consisting of soft spinous
rays, of which the first and three last are very short; the second lumbar, declining; the pectoral are very low,
orbicular; the ventral distant from each other, rather behind the pectoral; the anal declivous, exactly opposite
to the second dorsal; the caudal distant, equal, or truncate.
The colour of the upper part darkish, with a faint mixture of yellow; below the line the colour brightens to
white. The dorsal, pectoral, and ventral fins are variegated with black lines; the anal are light-coloured; the
caudal remarkably striped, black, white, and yellow.
The length of the subject described nine inches; but they are sometimes found double that size.
No. XLVII.
CALLIONYMUS capite sulcato, spinis munito ; linea laterali aculeata.
The CALLIONYMUS, with a furrowed head, armed with spines ; the lateral line prickly.
Called also by the Natives, IRRWA.
2
B. vii. D. 9. 12. P. 18. V. 6. A. 12. 6. 16.
v
This fish agreeing in its form, as well as in most other material points, was found on a comparison of subjects
of the same size, to differ in the following circumstances,
The crown of the head less depressed, more rough and prickly; the opercula not squamous; each was armed
with three spines; and two rows of prickles passed from the nostrils to the hind head between the orbits. The
eyes were larger.
The lateral line more highly carinate and prickly. The second dorsal fin fibrous ; all the fins of a darker
colour, and the caudal had not the coloured streaks remarkable in the former fish.
REMARKS.
The position of the ventral fins should certainly exclude these two last described from the order of Jugular
fishes; and Bloch has made a distinction: but in Gmelin's Linnæus, they still retain their place.
No. XLVIII.
Blennius? dorso gibbo ; aculeo curvo, vaginato, cristam referente, dorso anteriore ; pinna
ventrales pentadactyla, molles ; cauda bifurca.
The BLENNIUS? with a hump; a curve, sheathed spine, on the anterior part of the back,
resembling a crest; a ventral fin of five soft rays; the tail forked.
Called at Vizagapatam, Somdrum Kara Mooddee, at Madras Kakase.
Z 2
B. vii. D. 7. 17. P. 18. V. 5. A. 34. C. 22.
. . . .
1.
The body somewhat ovate, but with a protuberance in the back; much compressed, without scales, smooth,
pellucid.
The bead small, compressed, without scales; front declivous, carinate; rostrum short, truncate. Mouth
middle, a little oblique, wide; no lips, cheeks membranous. Jaws extractile; the under moves freely, and has

38
CALLIONYMUS.
PISCES JUGULARES.
a small protuberance at the point, adapted to a cavity for its reception in the upper. Teeth setaceous, numerous.
Tongue short, awl-form, white; eyes in deep orbits, small, orbicular. Nostrils double, in the middle between
the orbit and rostrum.
Opercula consists of two laminæ, sub-membranous, with four prickles on the edge of the second. The
branchial membrane half exposed, the aperture arched.
The trunk. The back, gradually assurgent from the vertex, forms a hump in the middle; on the declivity of
which, towards the tail, is situated the dorsal fin ; the sides much compressed, the belly carinate, the breast
prickly.
Branchiæ four-leaved, the exterior pectinate on the inside, with very long teeth. Lateral line very slightly
curve, high, smooth, faint. The anus near the breast.
The fins. On the ridge of the back before the dorsal, there are seven small prickles, equidistant from each
other, unconnected, three pointing forward, three backward, the seventh, and anterior, is the longest, appearing
like a crest, in the shape of the elephant's trunk. It is covered with a black coloured skin, above which appears
its curve point, but the direction of the crest is forward. On the concave side, it is connected by a very loose
membrane. Lower towards the rostrum are two other prickles, erect and very minute.
The dorsal fin has one spinous ray, the next ramous, is an inch long, the last ray four lines; the pectoral
middle, lanceolate, short; the ventral rays resemble fingers, they cover the anus, and are placed a little more
forward than the pectoral fins. The long anal fin mounts towards the tail in an arch, but the rays are nearly
equal; the caudal forked, the lobes sub-falcate.
The colour of this fish, when alive, is changeable, faint red, blue, and green, on a golden ground ; that is, on
the upper part of the head and back; the rest a glossy white. All the fins are whitish, but powdered with
minute dark points, as are also the shoulders.
The subject described, was five inches in length, and I did not meet with any larger.
REMARKS.
This fish, though the position of its ventral fins is scarcely more forward than the pectoral, and their rays
five in number, has been placed here; but under strong doubt of its belonging to the genus. The hump on
the back, raised a suspicion of its being allied to the new genus Kurtus,* of which only one species (sent from
the Coromandel coast, by the late Dr. Koenig) is hitherto known. But there are strong objections to such a
conjecture.
* Bloch, Pl. 169.

39
PISCES THORACICI.
FISHES WHOSE VENTRAL FINS ARE PLACED IMMEDIATELY UNDER THE
PECTORAL FINS, OR ON THE BREAST
ECHENEIS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput pingue nudum, depressum ; supra pla-
num, marginatum, transverse sulcato-ser-
ratum. Membrana branchiostega radiis x.
Corpus nudum.
The head oily, without scales, depressed;
flat above, marginated, and furrowed
transversely with serrated ridges ; ten
rays in the branchial membrane; the
body without scales.
No. XLIX.
Echeneis strüs capitis viginti quinque, linea elevata in duas partes secundum longitudinem
divisis ; cauda integra.
The Echeneis, with twenty-five transverse striæ on the head divided, down the middle
by a longitudinal raised line; the tail undivided.
Echeneis Neucrates, Linn. S. N. p. 446.
Called by the Natives, Ala Mortah.
B. X. D. 37. P. 21. V. 6. A. 37. C. 16.
The body long, roundish, taper, without scales; the skin coriaceous, and somewhat rough, when stroaked
upwards.
The bead oblong-ovate, broader than the body, flat above, and furnished with a long oval shield, extending
beyond the hind head, with twenty-five oblique, transverse, curve, rough ridges, divided equally in the middle,
by a longitudinal ridge. It is by means of this apparatus, that the fish adheres firmly to living as well as to
inanimate subjects
The mouth small, transverse; the under jaw pointed, and considerably longer than the upper ; both feel
like a file, being set thick with minute, sharp, teeth. Tongue small, round, smooth, free. Palate rough. The
eyes high, orbicular. Nostrils double, small. Opercula gular, oblong, imperfectly divided; most part of the
branchial membrane exposed.
The trunk. The back and sides convex; the belly flattish; the tail small, round. The lateral line conspicuous;
at first a little curve, afterwards middle, and straight. The anus middle and gaping,
The fins. The dorsal and anal opposite, alike in form, and of the same length; they are broadest at the
a

40
PISCES THORACICI. GOBIUS.
a
beginning, but from the fifth ray, gradually decline; the pectoral broad, acuminate above; the ventral long,
sword-form, near each other; the caudal long, entire, the middle rays a little longer than the rest, forming
blunt, or rounded point.
The colour of both body and fins, nearly black; the belly of a darkish lead colour. An oblong white spot
on each corner of the caudal fin.
The length, of the subject described, including the caudal fin, one foot four inches.
a
REMARKS.
I have met with this fish at sea, of a lighter colour, and much larger size. They were found fixed on the
bodies of sharks, which had been caught by hooks, and were with difficulty separated. I do not recollect seeing
more than one on the same shark.
GOBIUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput poris duobus inter oculos approximatos:
altero anteriore. Membrana branchios-
tega radiis iv.; pinne ventrales unita in
The eyes near each other; and two pores
between them, one before the other.
The branchial membrane consists of
four ossicles; the ventral fins united in
an oval form.
ovatam.
No. L.
Gobius corpore maculis magnis, nigrescentibus ; pinnis pectoralibus lanceolatis ; cauda lata-
ovata, acuminata.
;
The Gobius, with large blackish spots ; lanceolate pectoral fins; the tail broad ovate, with
a narrow point.
a
Gobius Lagocephalus. Pall. Spic. Zool. 8. p. 14. Tab. 2. Fig. 6. 7. Linn. ed. Gmel. p. 1202.
Called by the Natives Korah Morta.
B. v. D. 6. 11. P. 18. V. 10. A. 10. C. 18.
The body oblong, roundish, compressed, squamous; the scales large, rounded, base truncate, imbricate,
loose.
The bead large, elongated, depressed above, compressed on the sides, without scales. The mouth large,
terminal; the lips thick. The lower jaw longer than the upper; teeth numerous, dissimilar, the larger reflex,
the smaller straight. The tongue large, obverse, heart-form, sub-bifid at the base, smooth, pellucid, free. The
palate smooth. The eyes high, nearly vertical, orbicular, prominent. The nostrils near the rostrum, very
small, double. Two pores between the eyes.

PISCES THORACICI. GOBIUS.
41
Branchial opercula without scales, the anterior lamina covered with a fleshy muscle, the posterior shaped like
a quadrant. The branchial membrane half discovered, the two inferior rays much curved; the aperture
rather small.
The trunk. The back straight, round, the side convex; the throat flat, the belly prominent; the tail round,
compressed. No lateral line to be distinguished. The anus middle, between the head and the tail.
The fins. Two dorsal, the first scapular, of six rays with the soft points rising above the membrane; the
second lumbar, of eleven declining ramentaceous rays; the pectoral broad and pointed. The ventral united
in the manner peculiar to this genus. The anal has ten assurgent rays, shorter than those of the second dorsal.
The caudal fin is ovate, with a small point.
а
The colour a dull yellow, variegated on the sides, with large dark spots; the belly white. The rays of the
dorsal and pectoral fins dotted with black; the other fins of a darker yellow than the body, but without
dots.
In a smaller subject some dots were found on the pectoral and caudal fins.
Length from the nose to the caudal fin, one foot.
Length of the longest ray of the caudal fin, two inches and a half.
a
a
No. LI.
Gobius maculis ovalibus; pinna anali radiis octo ; cauda sub-rotunda, fasciata.
The Gobius with oval spots ; an anal fin of eight rays; the tail roundish, and streaked
transversely.
Called by the Natives Koku.
B. v. D. 6. 10. P. 17. V. 10. A. 8. C. 16.
This species was never found to exceed eight inches in length. The head and back were of a very dark green,
sprinkled with black dots. The belly whitish. The dorsal fins spotted with brown; the ventral and anal were
of a light colour, the former with a faint yellowish cast, the latter a reddish; the caudal marked with transverse
lines of dusky brown.-On the lateral line, on each side, were five oblong-oval, black spots.
a
a
No. LII.
Gobius maculis rhombeis; pinnis pectoralibus caudaque cuspidatis.
The Gobius with lozenge-shape spots; the pectoral and caudal fins cuspated.
Called by the Natives Nuna MOTTA.
B. iv. D. 6. 11. P. 17. V. 10 A. 11. C. 16.
This species, including the tail, generally measured five inches. Its colour pale brown, with a few azure dots
scattered on the sides ; the belly whitish. Five black marks were observed on the lateral line, as in the last
species, but of a lozenge-shape; the form of the caudal fin was very different, and the fins were not spotted.

42
PISCES THORACICI. GOBIUS.
No. LIII.
Gobius macula nigra in pinna dorsi anteriore; cauda oblonga, rotundata, fasciata.
The Gobius with a black spot on the first dorsal fin; an oblong, rounded tail, streaked
transversely.
Called by the Natives Bullee Kokah, (or Mottah.)
B. iv. D. 6. 11. P. 18. V. 10. A. 9. C. 16.
This species agreeing in general with the former, in its generical characters, differs somewhat in the form of
the body; the back is more convex and the tail near the end becomes almost quite round. The tongue, of the
usual shape, resembles a piece of firm, clear jelly.
The colour of the whole, except the belly, dark brown, the sides marked with three or four dusky longitudinal
lines, and a few spots of a colour still darker. The rays of the dorsal and anal fins are also spotted; and on
the first dorsal is a remarkable round, black mark; the caudal is streaked transversely, as in No. LI. but the
fin differs in shape.
a
a
No. LIV.
Gobius corpore punctulis cæruliis; pinna prima dorsi radiis quinque longioribus, in setam
junctis; cauda obliqua, obtusa.
The Goeius with small cerulean dots over the whole body; the first dorsal fin of five
long rays uniting into a setaceous thread; the tail oblique, obtuse.
Called by the Natives NETTEE KUNLA Mottah.
B. v. D. 5. 25. P. 17. V. 10. A. 24. C. 16.
This beautiful species has the ventral fins united, and other characters of the genus.
The body of an olive colour, has seven dark oblique streaks on each side, and is every where powdered with
azure dots; the dorsal and caudal fins are dotted in like manner. The rays of the first dorsal setaceous,
and remarkably long; the membrane of a dark green, being decorated with a large purplish mark besides the
azure dots, makes, when fully spread, a very showy appearance.
The caudal fin is of an uncommon form. The inside of the mouth of a deep purple colour. The length
five inches.
It was found among some rocks which had been covered by the surf.
a

PISCES THORACICI. GOBIUS.
43
No. LV.
Gobius varius ; iride aurea; radio tertio quartoque pinna dorsi longiore, setaceo; cauda
integra, parum acuminata.
The variegated Gobius. The iris of the eye golden ; the third and the fourth ray of the
dorsal fin long and setaceous; the tail entire, somewhat pointed.
Called by the Natives Peel MOTTAH.
B. iv. D. 6. 11. P. 17. V. 10. A. 12. C.
a
This species, different from any of the former, was found also among some rocks; but neither drawn, nor fully
described. It was three inches long; the back of a faint green with dark spots ; about the throat and opercula
the colours changeable. Iris golden. The tongue remarkably distinguished by six studs, placed transversely in
pairs, which looked as if gilded; and emitted a light in the dark, resembling that of the glow worm, visible
after death, but most splendent when the fish was alive. The third and fourth rays of the first dorsal fin, long
and setaceous. The tail a little pointed.
a

44
PISCES THORACICI. SCORPÆNA.
SCORPÆNA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput magnum aculeatum; oculi vicini.
Dentes maxillis, palato, faucibusque.
Membrana branchiostega. radiis vii.
The head large, prickly ; eyes near to each
other; teeth in the jaws, palate, and
throat. The branchial membrane has
vii. rays.
No. LVI.
ScorPÆNa capite cavernoso, alepidoto, spinis munito ; cirrulis pluribus ad maxillam inferiorem ;
oculis magnis ; cirrus inter nares utrinque ; cauda oblonga, rotundata.
The SCORPÆNA with a rough, pitted, head, without scales, but armed with spines; several
cirri at the lower jaw, and one between the nostrils.
Called by the Natives Mooroo Bontoo.
12
3
B. vii. D. 22. P. 18. V. 6. A. 8. C. 16.
a
THE
He body oblong-ovate, compressed, squamous. Scales imbricate, small, roundish, with pectinated margins,
and feeling rough to the finger.
The head roundish, obtuse, rough, with many straight spines pointing backwards; the front concave declivous.
The mouth very wide, a little oblique, terminal. The jaws extractile, nearly equal in length, the upper emar-
ginate; six or seven cirri at the under jaw. Teeth small, setaceous, in many rows. Tongue short, awl-form,
smooth, free. The palate rough with teeth. The eyes large, high, near each other, orbicular; the upper edge
of the orbit armed with curve spines. Nostrils small, near the orbit, with a small cirrus or pinnula, between
them.
Branchial opercula two-leaved, partly squamous, moveable, armed with straight spines pointing backward ;
the membrane exposed; aperture lateral and gular, arched.
The trunk. The back somewhat arched, roundish; the sides convex, compressed, the throat and abdomen
convex; the tail attenuated, compressed, roundish. Lateral line carinate, descending obliquely from the point
of the first opercula, it proceeds straight and nearly middle to the tail. The anus small, and distant from
the head.
The fins. The solitary dorsal fin occupies the whole of the back, the twelve spinal rays forming an arch,
the others ascending; the pectoral broad, and pointed; the ventral and anal short; the caudal oblong,
rounded.
The colour of the head and body dark, with a mixture of dull red; the throat and belly are of a pink colour.
The fins irregularly streaked black and red; the ventral at its root is pink, like the belly.
The length including the caudal fin nearly seven inches.

PISCES THORACICI. ZEUS.
45
ZEUS.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput compressum, declive : labium superius
membrana transversa fornicatum. Lingua
subulata.
Membrana branchiostega radiis vii. perpen-
dicularibus ; infimo transverso. Corpus
compressum, tenue, splendens.
The head compressed, declivous: the
upper lip arched (furnished with a
membranous velum attached before,
and loose behind). The tongue awl-
shape.
Seven perpendicular rays in the branchial
membrane, the lowest transverse. The
body compressed, thin, splendent.
No. LVII.
Zeus corpore sub-rhomboido ; radiis quibusdam pinne dorsalis, ventralis, anique, longioribus, in
setas longissimas coadunatis ; cauda profunde bifida,
The Zeus with a body somewhat rhomboid ; several rays in the dorsal, ventral, and anal
fins, uniting respectively, form very long setaceous tails; the caudal fin deeply
divided.
Zeus Gallus, Linn. S. N. p. 454.
Called by the Natives Gurrah Parah.
5.
B. vii. D. 25. P. 17. V. 6. A. 18. C. 22.
A. s. C. 2
THE
he body nearly rhomb-form, compressed, very thin, without scales, smooth, shining.
The bead large, declivous, much compressed, front very steep, and carinate; the nose large, emarginate.
The mouth low, terminal, oblique, wide. The jaws nearly of equal length, extractile, feel to the finger like a
file; the lips thin.
Teeth hardly visible, minute, set in many rows. Tongue short, linear, free, smooth. Palate tuberculate.
The eyes middle, at the root of the nose, close together, round, large, flat. Nostrils small, oval, between the
orbit and the nose.
The opercula oblong, rounded, smooth, moveable; branchial membrane small, covered; the aperture large,
lunated.
The trunk. The back arched, carinate; the sides much compressed; the throat and belly straight; the pos-
terior part of the tail almost round, and very small. The lateral line forms an arch above the pectoral fin,
and then runs straight to the tail, being carinate towards its termination. The anus near the throat.
The fins. The dorsal assurgent and declining : five short spines compose the first five rays; the next five
are very long, and joining together form a setaceous tail, between six and seven inches in length; the next
four rays are also long and setaceous, but shorter; the rest of the fin is low, equal, with eleven fibrous rays.
The pectoral, middle, moderate length, and falcate; the ventral near the anus, the second and third rays the

46
PISCES THORACICI. ZEUS.
longest, and joining with the other four, form a setaceous tail, like that of the dorsal. The anal, opposite to
the dorsal, but shorter, forms, by the junction of the anterior rays, a setaceous tail also; but neither are equal
in length to that of the dorsal ; the caudal profoundly bifid ; the lobes equal, sharp.
Colour. The ground colour of the upper parts, when the fish is fresh caught, is golden, reflecting a variety
of changeable tints; the belly and parts under the lateral line, silvery, intermingled with mother of pearl; but
these beautiful colours quickly vanish, and give place to five or six dusky transverse bands, not visible in the
recent fish.
Length from the rostrum to the caudal fin
6
of the caudal fin
Greatest breadth
3 5
Length of the long dorsal rays
6 6.
of the ventral
4 5
Inches. Lines.
4
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
No. LVIII.
Zeus corpore sub-orbiculare, maxilla inferiore longiore ; radiis quibusdam pinna dorsalis,
ventralis, anique, filiformis, longissimis ; aculeis ante pinnam dorsi et ani.
The Zeus with a somewhat orbicular body; the under jaw longer than the upper; some
rays of the dorsal, ventral, and anal fins, very long and filiform; spiculi before the
dorsal and anal fins.
Zeus Vomer. Linn. S. N. p. 454.
Called by the Natives Chewoola Parah.
B. vii. D. 27. P. 18. V. 6. A. 17. C. 20.
i.
7
1
This fish agreeing with the one last described, in the form of the head, the teeth, tongue, branchial ossiculi,
and nearly in the situation and shape of the fins, differs specifically in various circumstances. The body is
more orbicular, the belly being more rounded; the lateral line forms a higher arch and is not carinate; the
pectoral fin is shorter, acuminate above, but not falcate; the caudal lobes are setaceous at the points; on the
ridge before the spinous rays of the dorsal fin, are three small prickles which hardly appear above the skin;
two others more visible, are found between the ventral fins and the anus.
The colour above the line is leaden, the rest silvery; but the sides are streaked conspicuously with three or
four oblique fillets of a dark colour. The long rays of the fins are very slender, and being of a green colour,
look at first sight, like the fibres of some marine plant entangling them.
The length, from the nose to the caudal fin,
6
Greatest breadth of the body
a
Inches. Lines.
2
2

PISCES THORACICI. ZEUS
47
No. LIX.
Zeus cauda lunulata ; corpore sub-rhombeo ; pinna ventrali unica, exiguissima.
The Zeus with a tail slightly lunated; a body somewhat of a rhombic form; the ventral
fin single, and extremely small.
Called by the Natives Kauki SANDAWA.
B. iv. D. 38. P. 16. V. Š. A. S. C. 22.
3
a
The body somewhat rhomb-form, but the lower part towards the anal fin, more expanded than the back; com-
pressed, squamous, and rough.
The bead compressed, with scales on the vertex only; the rostrum projecting a little. The mouth, in respect
to the tail, is middle, but much more distant from the anal than the dorsal fin, it appears very small, when
shut. The jaws extractile, the upper longest, and rough as a file. The eyes near the rostrum, large, round.
Nostrils small, round, double. The opercula smooth, the membrane concealed,
The trunk. The back assurgent, carinate; the breast and belly declivous to the anal fin; the sides very
compressed. The lateral line arched. The anus distant from the tail.
The fins. The dorsal and anal are alike in shape, the spines and two first soft rays assurgent, then declining,
and the last ten rays equal; the pectoral low, short, acuminate above; the ventral fin single, remarkably small,
consisting of one short spine, and three or four setaceous rays; the caudal slightly concave or lunate. All the
fins are squamous.
The colour silvery, with three dusky, oblique streaks on the shoulder; the dorsal fin yellow, with a black
margin; the anal white, with a black margin; the caudal is yellow, slightly tipped with black.
Inches.
The length, including the tail,
5
The greatest breadth
a
-
1
4
REMARKS
I am in doubt whether this subject ought not to have been placed with the Chætodons. In the ventral fin it
differs from any I have yet met with of that genus.
No. LX.
Zeus corpore alepidoto, ventricoso ; pinna ventrali unica, radiis duobus longioribus ; pinnulis
triginta loco pinna analis.
The Zeus with a naked body, and a very prominent belly; the ventral fin single, with
two rays longer than the rest; thirty short pinnulæ in place of an anal fin.
a
a
Called by the Natives AMBATA KUTTEE.
B. v. D. 45. P. 16. V. 6. A. 34. C. 24.
The body of a singular form, much compressed, the lower and hinder parts enormously expanded ; altogether
without scales.
The bead large, high, compressed; rostrum short, obtuse. The mouth, when shut, small; lips thin. The
jaws extractile in an extraordinary degree, forming a kind of tube when extended, and rough to the touch ; the

48
PISCES THORACICI. ZEUS.
tongue and palate smooth. Eyes middle, in respect to the mouth; moderate size, orbicular. Nostrils double,
distant from the orbit. Opercula polished, silvery; the branchial membrane exposed.
The trunk. The back gently arched; the breast and belly declivous to the ventral fin, whence the hinder
part ascended circularly to the tail; both were thin and carinated; the sides much compressed. The lateral
line rising from the acuminate edge of the operculum, was hardly bent, and terminated unusually at the upper
edge of the tail. The anus nearly middle.
The fins were all simple, and in other respects differ remarkably from others of this genus. The first
twenty rays of the dorsal, slender, and declined gradually, the last twenty five nearly equal in length, capilla-
ceous, and hardly connected by any membrane. The pectoral fins situated close to the branchial apertures, of
moderate length, and the rays declined from the upper part; the single ventrical fin, close to the anus, had two
setaceous rays united, nearly two inches in length, with four very short capillary rays; the anal consisted of
thirty-four short pinnulæ, fringing, as it were, the posterior lower edge of the fish; the caudal fin deeply bifid.
The colour of the back leaden, with several rows of dark spots of various sizes; below which, the sides and
belly roughly silverized, resembling the back of a mirror, but the colour, on handling adheres to the finger.
The head and opercula are also silvery, but burnished.
The length four inches, the breadth three.
REMARKS.
Not being acquainted, when in India, with the Zeus insidiator, which appears to have been described and
transmitted from India by Dr. Koenig; and of which a figure has been given by Bloch ;* I was at a loss to
what genus to refer the present subject, and the seven fishes following, all which agree in the singular con-
struction of the jaws, with the Insidiator, though differing widely in other respects.
The Zeus ore angusto of Bloch, (Insidiator Gmel. Linn. p. 1221) has seven branchial ossicles, and the fins
have some spinous rays: it is, besides, a fresh-water fish. The present subject has only five branchial ossicles,
no spinous rays in the fins, and, as well as the rest following, are caught in the sea.
The affinity of all, however, in the protrusion of the jaws, and the present and another excepted) in the
similitude in shape to others of this genus, has procured them a place here: at least for the present.
No. LXI.
Zeus corpore rhombeo, squamoso ; cauda bifida ; spinis dorsalibus octo ; membrana pinna dorsalis
antice macula insignita.
The Zeus with a rhombic, squamous body; a forked tail; eight spines in the dorsal fin,
and the fore part of the membrane marked with a large spot.
a
Called by the Natives Goomorah Karah.
3 3
B. iv. D. 24. P. 15. V.6. A. 17. C. 18.
.
8
1
The body broad-ovate, or somewhat rhomb-form, much compressed, thin, resplendent; scales extremely small,
close, tenacious.
The head declivous, broad thin, without scales, polished; front a little depressed; crown carinate, rostrum
obtuse.
The mouth small, but the maxillæ so constructed, as to render it extractile and retractile, in an uncom-
mon degree. There were no lips. The cheeks composed of fine, glassy, membranes, and the thin cartilages
* Pl. 192.

PISCES THORACICI. ZEUS49
.
.
extending them being perfectly white, gave to the whole, when protruded far beyond the rostrum, a tubular
appearance, pellucid, glistening.
Teeth minute, perceptible only to the finger. Tongue short, round, smooth, free. Palate smooth. Eyes
supreme very large, orbicular, not prominent; iris pearl. Nostrils double, close on the rostrum, the posterior
largest. Branchial opercula smooth, oblong-rounded, the posterior a little acuminate; the membrane covered,
four-rayed; aperture small
The trunk. The back arched, carinate, the sides much compressed; the breast sub-carinate, the belly arched,
the tail small, thin. The exterior branchiæ pectinate, on the inside. Lateral line, from the upper edge of the
opercula, gently arched, and ending at the middle ray of the caudal fin. The anus nearer the head than
the tail.
The fins. The dorsal rising from the highest part of the back, was continued to near the caudal fin; it con-
sisted of eight declining, spinous, rays, (the first excepted, which was very short,) and sixteen ramous rays
nearly equal in length, resembling united pinnulæ. The pectoral fin middle, short, acuminate above. The
ventral shorter, with one spinous, and five ramous rays. The anal of the same form as the dorsal, but shorter,
with one short, and two longer spines. The caudal bifid, the lobes sub-lanceolate.
The colour. The upper part of the head of a greenish yellow; all the rest, as well as the trunk, a shining
white, changing in different lights like mother of pearl. The fins a pale yellow; and there was an irregular
black spot on the middle of the dorsal fin.
The length of the subject five inches and a half; and it is seldom they are met with of greater length
No. LXII.
Zeus corpore rhombeo, squamoso; cauda biloba ; spinis dorsalibus mollibus septem.
The Zeus with a rhombic, squamous body; a tail divided into two unequal lobes; and
seven soft dorsal spines.
Called by the Natives Tottah Karah.
B.v. D. 21. P. 17. V. ó. A. Ž. C. 24.
7
This pisciculus agrees in most circumstances so exactly with the one immediately preceding, that it may
suffice to mention the few in which they differ.
The eyes are smaller, and not so high; the lateral line forms a higher arch, and terminates near the upper
edge (not at the middle) of the caudal fin; the spines of the dorsal fin are slender; the pectoral fins situated
lower; and the caudal is divided into two unequal lobes, the under being broadest.
The colour a bright silver, with a few pale yellow bands on the sides. The dorsal, ventral, and anal fins,
orange at the roots; above, glassy; the pectoral and caudal glassy, with a faint cast of yellow at the edges.
The length, of the subject nine inches; which was an uncommon large size, as they seldom exceed seven.
a
REMARKS,
This fish when dressed tastes like the whiting. Two inches is their common size. They are caught, like the
former, in vast numbers, and cured for the use of the inland countries.

50
PISCES THORACICI. ZEUS.
No. LXIII.
Zeus corpore rhombeo ; cauda bifida ; spinis dorsalibus octo, analibus majoribus duabus.
The Zeus with a rhombic body; a forked tail ; eight dorsal, and two larger anal spines.
a
Called by the Natives Komah Karah.
B. iv. D. 24. P. 18. V. 6. A. 17. C. 22.
. .
8
1
3
a
This in its shape approaches somewhat nearer the rhomboid, but in all other material circumstances, agrees
with the species already described. The eyes are a little more prominent, and the upper edge of the orbit
prickly. The teeth larger than in the former, and somewhat curve. The lateral line terminated at the middle
ray of the caudal fin; the pectoral fin inclined more to a falcate form; the caudal equally divided.
The colour silvery, as in the last species, but with bands of dusky yellow, between the back and lateral line.
The spinous part of the dorsal fin, yellow at the bottom, and black above. The pectoral and ventral glassy ;
the anal, caudal, and hinder part of the dorsal pale yellow.
The length five inches.
REMARKS.
There was another species (not drawn) distinguished by the name of Sudoon Karah, differing from the
above in colour ; in the body being a little more oblong; and in the gums being rough like a file, without
visible teeth.
The colour universally silver, but the throat remarkably burnished; the belly white, not bright, the back
reflecting various tints, from a silvery ground.
Length five inches.
No. LXIV.
Zeus corpore rhombeo ; cauda bifida ; spinis dorsalibus novem; pinnis ventralibus parvis,
muticis.
The Zeus with a rhombic body, and a forked tail; nine dorsal spines ; the ventral fins
small, and without spines.
a
Called by the Natives Bindoo KARAH.
9
B. iv. D. 24. P. 15. V. 5. A. 18. C. 22.
IŠ.
3
This small fish comes nearest to the last in its shape, but in other characters agrees to the description of the
first species, with the few following variations. The back before the dorsal fin was not only carinate, but to
the finger felt serrated; distinct from the fin there was a small recumbent spine pointing forward; the scales
rather less perceptible; the pectoral fin less falcate than in the last; the ventral had no spinous ray, and was
much shorter than in any of the former species.

PISCES THORACICI. ZEUS.
51
The colour, like the rest, was silvery, yet less bright above the lateral line : all the fins were of a pale yellow,
except the anterior part of the dorsal, and whole of the tail, which were orange,
Length four inches. I never found them exceed six.
REMARKS
These also are prepared in the same manner for the supply of the inland countries.
No. LXV.
Zeus corpore ovale ; cauda bifida, sub-falcata ; spinis dorsalibus, mollibus, declinatis, septem;
macula obscura in pinna dorsi.
The Zeus with an oval body; a bifid, somewhat falcate tail; seven declining soft spines
in the dorsal fin, and a darkish spot on the membrane.
a
Called by the Natives Dacer KARAH.
3
B. D. 24. P. 16. V. 5. A. 21. C. 20.
3.
In shape, this is more exactly ovate than any of the former, but in other respects differs from the last, chiefly
in colour; in the back not being serrate; and in wanting the recumbent dorsal spine.
The colour a bluish white, somewhat darker on the back, and lighter on the belly; a broad yellow fillet from
the opercula to the tail. The fins pale yellow, and a large dark spot on the fore part of the dorsal fin.
The length of the subject four inches, and seldom exceeds eight.
It is cured in the same manner as the former.
No. LXVI.
Zeus corpore ovale, alepidoto, maculis oblongis vario; cauda bifida; radio dorsali analique
secundo longiore.
The Zeus with an oval, naked, body; variegated with oblong marks; a bifid tail; and
the second ray of the dorsal and of the anal fin very long.
Called by the Natives Karah.
B. D. 24. P. 16. V. 6. A. 1. 6. 22.
13
C.
8
The paper containing the description of this pisciculus having been lost, I can say nothing more from recol-
I
lection than that it possessed the general characters of those already described, and was of a silvery white,
variegated, in the manner expressed in the drawing, though the exact colours are not remembered.
The length of the second dorsal and anal fins is a conspicuous character.

52
.
PISCES THORACICI. ZEUS.
No. LXVII.
Zeus corpore oblongo-ovato, squamoso ; cauda bifida ; radio dorsali secundo perlongo.
The Zeus with an oblong-ovate, squamous body; a forked tail; and the second dorsal
ray very long.
Called by the Natives WodawAHAH.
B. vi. D. 20. P. 15. V. 6. A. 11. C. 18.
.
9
1
3
The body oblong-ovate, much compressed, thin, scales large, ciliate, imbricate, tenacious.
The head declivous, thin, compressed; without scales, the front depressed, a little grooved; the rostrum
short, obtuse. The structure of the mouth, the maxillæ, teeth, tongue, palate, eyes, nostrils, and opercula, as
in the preceding species, but the branchial membrane had six rays.
The trunk. The back more arched than the abdomen, carinate; the sides and tail compressed; the latter
rather broad near the fin; the abdomen rather flat. The branchiæ tuberculate. The lateral line conspicuous,
supreme, very gently curve to the end of the dorsal fin, then straight. The anus nearer the tail than the head.
The fins. The dorsal long, consisting of nine spinous and ten ramous rays; the first spine very short, the
second very strong, and ends in a setaceous tail, nearly equal in length to the body; the other spinous rays
soft, and a little longer than the ramous. The pectoral fins long, narrow, falcate; the ventral long, broad;
the anal had three spines and eight small, declining, ramous, rays; the caudal bifid.
The colour. The upper part of the head and back, of a darkish green, all the rest, especially the breast and
abdomen, a bright silver. The fins glassy, with a faint yellow cast.
The fish described six inches in length, and they seldom exceed eight.
а.
REMARKS.
This fish is caught in the same season with the others, and cured in like manner. It agrees in the structure
of the mouth, as well as in most other characters, but differed in some not immaterial: the shape is different, the
scales larger; the pectoral fins longer, and the anal much shorter, than in any of the six preceding species; to
which it may be added, that the branchial membrane has six rays

PISCES THORACICI. ZEUS.
53
No. LXVIII.
Zeus corpore ovato, squamoso; cauda bifida ; radio dorsali secundo longiore, capillaceo; spina
anali unica.
The Zeus with an ovate squamous body; a forked tail; the second ray of the dorsal fin
long and capillary; a single anal spine.
Called by the Natives Woodan.
B. v. D. 21. P. 15. V. 6. A. 10. C. 18.
.
The principal differences of this pisciculus from the preceding, are a little variation in shape, the posterior portion
of the dorsal fin by rising more in an arch, having more of an interrupted appearance; and the solitary spine
in the anal fin.
There is very little difference in colour, but a row of blackish dots runs along the bottom of the dorsal
fin, not found in the other.
The length seldom exceeds four inches.
REMARKS. .
I have before expressed my doubts of the propriety of placing some of the preceding subjects under the
genus Zeus, more especially No. LIX, which bears so strong an affinity to the genus Chætodon. Similar
doubts subsist also in respect to No. LXVI. LXVII. and LXVIII. I was in hopes of receiving, in time
before the publication of these papers, specimens of the above dubious fishes, from India, but have been
disappointed.
Should No. LIX, prove a Chætodon, the smallness of the ventral fins presents a good specific character.
a

54
PISCES THORACICI. PLEURONECTES.
PLEURONECTES.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput parvum ; oculi spherici, ambo in eodem
latere capitis. Os arcuatum, maxilla
dentata, inæquales. Operculum tribus
laminis (in plurimis) constans. Mem-
brana branchiostega radiisiv.-vii. Anus
capiti propior.
Corpus compressum, carinatum, altero latere
sub-convexo, dorsum ; altero plano, palli-
diore, abdomen.
The head small; the eyes spherical and
both on the same side of the head; the
mouth arched ; jaws unequal ; set with
teeth. The operculum usually of three
laminæ. The branchial membrane from
iv. to vii, rays. The anus nearer the
head than the tail.
The body compressed, carinate; one side
somewhat convex, answering to the
back; the other flat, and of a paler
colour, to the belly.
No. LXIX.
Pleuronectes oculis dextris; ore magno, ascendente ; dentibus sparsis, acutis ; corpore ovali,
glabro ; cauda in medio parum productior.
The Pleuronectes with eyes on the right side; a wide ascending mouth; sharp teeth,
scattered; a smooth, oval body; the caudal fin projecting a little at the middle.
Called by the Natives ADALAH.
B. vii. D. 52. P. 14. V. 6. A. 39. C. 18.
The body oval, much compressed ; scales small, orbicular, imbricate, tenacious.
The head small, compressed, sharp; the rostrum without scales. The mouth large, ascending obliquely; the
jaws long, straight, extractile; the teeth of unequal size, not in a close row, long, sharp, a little curve. The
tongue short, roundish, emarginate, smooth at the point, rough towards the root. The palate set with small
teeth. The eyes on the right side, large, globular, prominent, both on a line, one close to the vertex, the
other near the posterior edge of the mouth. The nostrils small, round, one before the other, on a line with
the superior edge of the orbit. The branchial opercula consist of two laminæ, the posterior pointed; the
branchial membrane of seven rays.
The trunk. The back and belly carinate, the sides compressed, very little convex; the upper or right side
(which is common to this genus) dusky, the opposite side white. The tail flat. The lateral line rising from
the top of the posterior operculum, after inclining by a gentle bend, runs straight along the middle of the tail.
The anus is situated near the ventral fins in the carina of the belly.
The fins. The dorsal rising an inch and a half from the rostrum, is continued to within the same distance
of the caudal fin; the anal nearly of the same length, terminates exactly opposite: the rays of both incline

PISCES THORACICI. PLEURONECTES.
55
a
to the tail. The pectoral fins situated low, and consist of short declining rays; the ventral a little more forward
than the pectoral. The caudal undivided, oblong, juts out a little obtusely at the middle,
The colour of the upper side a dark gray, the lower, or blind side, a dull white.
Feet. Inches. Lines,
Length from the rostrum to the middle of the caudal fin
OS
Breadth
o 4 3
1
-
-
No. LXX.
Pleuronectes oculis dextris; corpore oblonga ovata, pinnis dorsi anique caudali junctis, sed
non coadunatis; cauda brevi, rotundata.
The Pleuronectes with eyes on the right side; an oblong-ovate body; the dorsal and
anal fins join the caudal, without coalescing; the tail short and rounded.
Called by the Natives Jerree Poroo. A.
B. v. D. 68. P. 6. V. 4. A. 59. C. 18.
a
The body oblong-ovate, much compressed; covered with very small orbicular scales, ciliate, imbricate, and
rough to the touch; dark on one side and whitish on the other.
The head very small, short, compressed, the front and rostrum carinated.
The mouth terminal, small, curve; the lips thickish, the lower (on the right side) being curled and hairy.
A few very small, sharp, teeth only visible on the left side, at the corner of the curled mouth. The tongue
small, smooth, immoveable. The eyes near the rostrum, and close on the corner of the mouth, small, orbi-
cular. The nostrils double, the anterior with a small valve,
The branchial operculum consists of one lamina ; the membrane concealed.
The trunk. The back and abdomen carinate; the sides much compressed ; the tail thin. The lateral line,
after making an arch over the eyes, runs straight along the middle of the tail. The anus thoracic, between
the ventral fins.
The fins. The dorsal rising from near the mouth, is continued to the tail ; the anal fin on the opposite
edge, joins also with the tail, but neither in such a manner as not to be distinguished from the caudal rays:
both are narrow, only widening a very little in the middle; the pectoral are situated near the branchial aper-
ture, short, distinct, rounded; the ventral extremely small, and being partly adipose, the rays with difficulty
can be counted; they cover the anus; the caudal small and round.
The colour, as already remarked, dark on one side, and whitish on the other. The dorsal and anal fins are
of a darkish brown, with a narrow white edging.
The length,
9
breadth,
S
Inches.
-
REMARKS.
This species appears seldom, and is never brought to the European tables.
Another species still more different from the common sole, and which is found in abundance, will be
mentioned hereafter.

56
PISCES THORACICI. PLEURONECTES.
No. LXXI.
Pleuronectes oculis dextris ; corpore ovato, fasciato ; spinulis ad radices pinnarum dorsi
anique ; cauda lata, mucronata.
The PLEURONectes with eyes on the right side ; an ovate body, striped transversely;
spinuli at the roots of the dorsal and anal fins; a broad, pointed, tail.
a
Called by the Natives JERREE Potoo. B.
B. v. D. 64. P. 7 vel 8. V. 6. A. 58. C. 20.
The head and body much compressed, the back, breast and abdomen carinate.
The two sides, (as usual in this genus,) of different colours. Mouth small. There are no teeth in the jaws ;
the tongue short, sharp-pointed, and loose, the eyes of a beautiful emerald colour. The branchial membrane
visible; the lateral line rising a little above the pectoral fin, runs bending very gently to the tail, but nearer
the back than the belly.
Fins. The dorsal rises from the vertex, on a line with the eyes; the anal immediately below the anus; both
are continued to the anal fin, without coalescing with it, and a row of minute spiculi runs along the roots of
both, on the coloured, or right side. The pectoral fin rather high, small, pointed; the ventral also small,
longitudinal, solitary; the caudal fin is pointed and marked with five oval spots.
The colour of the right side a dusky brown, striped transversely with thirteen or fourteen narrow bands of a
lighter brown shade, which are continued on the dorsal and anal fins. The spots on the caudal fin are white,
with a little mixture of black and yellow.
Length, five inches and a half.
a
REMARKS.
This seems to be the rarest of the genus, and, like the former, was never brought of larger size.
No. LXXII.
Pleuronectes oculis dextris; corpore oblongo, fasciato; pinnis pectoralibus nullis; radio primo
pinna dorsi longioré.
The Pleuronectes with eyes on the right side; an oblong body striped transversely;
no pectoral fins; the first dorsal ray longer than the others.
Called by the Natives Jerree Potoo. C.
B. iv. D. 73. P. 0. V. 5. A. 63. C. 18.
This small fish agreeing in its general form with the preceding, differs in the following circumstances. The
eyes are placed less obliquely, round, and much smaller; the first ray of the dorsal fin thick, and longer than
the others; the pectoral fins are wanting; the ventral much smaller, and just above the anus, which is in the
carina of the abdomen.

PISCES THORACICI. PLEURONECTES.
57
The mouth, tongue, nostrils, junction of the dorsal and anal fins with the tail, are all as in the fish last
described, but the lateral line rising nearer the mouth, forms a small arch before it becomes straight.
The colour of the right side dark gray, with cross fillets of light brown from the front to the tail; the
caudal fin spotted with brown spots with black edges; the left side light coloured,
Length five inches.
No. LXXIII.
Pleuronectes oculis sinistris; corpore lanceolato ; lineis lateralibus duabus utriusque ; pinnis
pectoralibus carens; pinna dorsi, cauda, unique unita; cauda attenuata, acuta.
The Pleuronectes with eyes on the left side; the body lanceolate; a double lateral line ;
no pectoral fins; the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins united; the tail terminates in a
sharp point.
B. iv. D. 148. P. o. V. 4. A. 111. G. 10.
Called by the Natives Jerree Poroo. D.
a
The body lanceolate, much compressed; scales rather small, orbicular, imbricate, adherent, feel rough when
stroked upwards. Of a dark colour on the left side, and white on the other.
The head narrower than the body, ovate, compressed; the rostrum long, compressed. The mouth not
terminal, as in the English sole, but at some distance from the extremity of the rostrum, on the verge of the
abdomen ; not corrugated on the dark or left side, but rough with some small tubercles and pili on the white
side. The tongue and teeth as in No. LXX.
The eyes placed obliquely (though sometimes on an even line) between the lateral line and corner of the
mouth, small, orbicular. The nostrils single, divided by a membrane: and situated between the eyes, or rather
a little nearer the nose.
The trunk. The back and abdomen carinate; the tail terminates in a sharp point. The principal lateral
line commences at the middle point of the rostrum, and bending gently over the eyes, proceeds in a straight
line to the tail. The second line is much higher, and runs parallel with the back. The anus is not in the
carina of the abdomen, but a little on one side, giving place for a membrane which connects the ventral fin
with the anal
The fins. The long dorsal rises at the centre of the rostrum; the anal near the branchial aperture: they are
of equal breadth, and both are united with the caudal fin, in such a way as hardly to be distinguished, and, with
the few caudal rays, composing the pyramidal sharp pointed tail. There are no pectoral fins; and the solitary
ventral is connected with the anal.
The colour of the left side blackish; of the right white; the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, have a purplish
a
cast.
Length of the subject described, one foot five inches; greatest breadth, three inches two lines,
REMARKS
This is the sole most common in India, and reckoned in delicacy even superior to that of England. The
specimen drawn was of the largest size found at Vizagapatam; but, at Caringa, I have seen them considerably
larger

58
PISCES THORACICI. PLEURONECTES.
No. LXXIV.
PLEURONECTEs oculis sinistris; corpore lanceolato, scabriusculo; ore cirroso in latere sinistro ;
lineis lateralibus duabus ; pinnis pectoralibus nullis; pinna dorsi anique, caudali connata.
The PleuroNECTEs with eyes on the left side; the body lanceolate, somewhat rough; the
mouth cirrous on the left side; two lateral lines on each side; no pectoral fins; the
dorsal, anal, and caudal fins united.
Pleuronectes biliniatus Bloch. Pl. 188.
Called by the Natives JERREE Potoo. E.
B. iv. D. 97. P. o. V. 4. A. 75. C. 8.
This in general agrees with the preceding fish. It has no pectoral fins; the single ventral fin is joined to the
anal by a membrane, the anus being on one side of the carina ; and the junction of the dorsal and anal fins
with the pointed caudal, is alike in both. There are also two lateral lines on each side; but besides these, there
is here a third undulating, carinated line, from the corner of the mouth to the edge of the operculum. Other
circumstances in which they differ are the following: the aperture of the mouth is not smooth on the coloured
side, as in the former, but wrinkled and cirrous both above and below; the scales are smaller, as well as
rougher, and the inferior edges tipped of a dusky white, gives a mixed colour, different from the uniform dark
colour of the other sole, while the white of the right side is less pure: lastly, there is a marked difference in
the number of dorsal and anal rays.
The length, ten inches ; greatest breadth two inches four lines.
REMARKS.
In this fish, Bloch met with the first instance of two lateral lines on the same side.
No. LXXV.
Pleuronectes oculis sinistris; corpore rotundo-ovato, maculato; cauda pentagona, distincta.
Pleuronectes with eyes on the left side; a body of a round-ovate form, spotted ; a
pentagonal, distinct, caudal fin.
Called by the Natives Noorse NALAKA. A.
B. vii. D. 73. P. 11. V. 6. A. 58. C. 16.
The body round-ovate, much compressed, and the edges carinate; the left side dusky with a greenish cast,
spotted with large, round, brown, spots; the other side of a bluish white.
The head small, compressed; the face without scales. The mouth terminal, large; the jaws extractile, the
upper a little curve, the lower convex: both with a regular row of recurve, sharp teeth. The tongue awl-shape,
blunt, smooth.
:

PISCES THORACICI. PLEURONECTES.
59
The eyes on the left side, near the vertex, the one exactly under the other, oval, large. The nostrils, on a
line also, nearer the edge of the rostrum. The second branchial opercula pointed.
The lateral line forms a high arch above the pectoral fin, then sloping gently, it becomes straight: on each
side of the straight part, is a faint, somewhat curve line. The anus between the ventral fins.
The fins. The dorsal rises above the eyes, and, like the opposite anal, widening a little as it decends, both
terminate near the tail; two ventral fins larger than usual; the pectoral high, the rays declining; the caudal
fin distinct, broad, pentagonal.
Length, from the rostrum to the caudal fin, eight inches; the greatest breadth, four.
REMARKS.
The dorsal and anal fins are sometimes spotted.
No. LXXVI.
Pleuronectes
PLEUROnectes oculis sinistris; pinnis ocellatis; corpore ovale, maculis ternis prope caudam
insignito.
The Pleuronectes with eyes on the left side; ocellated fins; an oval body, and three
remarkable spots near the tail.
Called by the Natives Nooree Nalaka. B.
B. vii. D. 68. P. 12. V. 6. A. 47. 16.
This fish agrees with its genus in the compressed form of its body, and the different colour of the opposite
sides; it resembles the fish last described, in the form of the jaws, and the lateral line, as also in its oval
shape. There are no teeth in the jaws; the cheeks membranous; the lower eye nearer the edge of the mouth,
the rays of the dorsal and anal fins are proportionally longer, and, as well as the tail, are always spotted; the
oblong pointed tail, is very different from the former: the situation of the pectoral and ventral fins is the
same.
The colour of the left side is very dark, sometimes obscurely spotted with brown; the spots on the fins are
black: but the spots placed triagonally on the back (which seem to be constant) afford a good specific
character: The two anterior are exactly round, jet black, with a white dot in the centre, and a rim of dusky
white: the posterior of the same colour, is exactly triangular, and placed on the lateral line.
The length, from the rostrum to the point of the tail, five inches, six lines.
a

60
PISCES THORACICI. PLEURONECTES.
No. LXXVII.
Pleuronectes oculis sinistris; corpore ovale, fasciis fuscis; linea laterali sub-undulata, aspera ;
cauda oblonga, in medio parum productiore.
The Pleuronectes with the eyes on the left side; an oval body with brown cross bands;
the lateral line rough, and somewhat waving; the oblong caudal fin elongated a little
at the middle.
Called by the Natives Nooree Nalaka. C.
B. vii. D. 54. P. 16. V. 6. A. 39. C. 16.
a
In the form of the body, the head, the tail ; the mouth, teeth, tongue, and position of the fins ; this fish agrees
with the Adalah, No. LXIX.; but the scales here are smaller; the lateral line carinate ; the body, though of
the same colour, is distinguished by cross bands of a darkish brown; and the eyes are on the left side.
The length six inches.
a
REMARKS.
Of the above nine species of this genus, No. LXXIV. is the only one I have found described by authors.
Bloch mentions the having received a specimen of that fish from Tranquebar.
The addition in Gmelin's edition of Linnæus consisting of eight or nine new species, made the whole amount
to twenty-six, and to these, three or four have been added since.
The nets in India are not well suited for soles, which are known to feed at great depths, and require nets
of a particular make. A French gentleman at Bimblipatam, undertook to direct a net of a proper construction,
but the fishermen could not manage it to advantage, and we had no success.

PISCES THORACICI. CHÆTODON.
61
CHÆTODON.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Caput parvum ; os exiguum, labiis retrac-
tilibus ; dentes (plurimis) setacei, flexiles,
mobiles, aquales, confertissimi, numero-
sissimi. Membrana branchialis iii. vi.
Corpus latum, tenue, compressum, squamis
duris vestitum, pictum. Pinna dorsi ani-
que rigida, carnosa, squamosa, ut pluri-
mum aculeis aucta.
The head small, mouth narrow, with re-
tractile lips; the teeth (in many) seta-
ceous, flexible, moveable, equal, very
numerous and close. The branchial
membrane iii.-vi. rays.
The body broad, thin, compressed, covered
with hard scales, and coloured. The
dorsal and anal fins rigid, fleshy, squa-
mous, and generally with the addition
of spines.
No. LXXVIII.
CHÆTodon cauda parum productiore in medio ; spinis dorsalibus undecem ; corpore et pinnis
maculatis.
The ChÆTopon with a tail projecting a little at the middle; the body and fins speckled.
а
Chætodon Argus, Linn. S. N. p. 464.
Called by the Natives Pool CHITSILLOO.
4
B. iv. D. 27. P. 16. V. 6. 1. 18. C. 16.
P. 16. V. .
v. 6.a. is.
11
THE
te body of an irregular roundish form, much compressed, squamous, rough; scales small, orbicular, sub-
ciliate, tenacious, and (as frequent in this genus) they cover part of the fins,
The bead small, much compressed, declivous, the crown and front only covered with scales. Mouth very
small, terminal, horizontal ; lips thin. The jaws of equal length, extractile. Teeth setaceous, numerous, close,
equal. Tongue short, roundish, smooth, hardly moveable. Palate smooth. The eyes rather small, distant
from the rostrum, high, separated from each other by a bony knob, the iris golden. Nostrils double, between
the orbit and rostrum, one before the other, the anterior round, the posterior oval.
The opercula smooth, without scales, acuminate. The branchial membrane partly concealed; the aperture
lateral, large
The trunk. The back assurgent, carinate, the breast and abdomen slightly rounded; the sides and tail
much compressed. The lateral line rising from the upper edge of the opercula, forms an arch ending at the
narrow part of the tail, whence it is continued straight along the middle of the tail to the fin. The anus
equidistant from the head and caudal fin.
The fins. The dorsal long, compound, interrupted; the first part possesses the straight ridge of the back,
consisting of eleven spinous rays, lodged in a groove, into which they occasionally recline: the second part

62
PISCES THORACICI. CHÆTODON.
possesses that part of the back which descends abruptly to the tail, and consists of sixteen soft, declining rays.
The dorsal as well as all the other fins, except the pectoral, are covered with scales from the roots for some
way upwards. The pectoral low, short, broad, declining; the ventral behind the pectoral, the second and
third rays fibrous; the anal spines four, very strong, the other part of the fin resembles the soft rays
of the dorsal; the caudal fin almost equal, the three middle rays only a little longer than the rest.
The colour of the fish a darkish grey which brightens towards the belly; the breast yellowish-white; the
sides variegated by numerous round, black spots, as are also part of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. The
rays of the fins in general darkish; and it may be remarked that the soft rays of the dorsal and anal fins, as
well as the tail, remain expanded after death.
The length from the rostrum to the caudal fin nine inches; the broadest part of the trunk, six inches,
three lines.
REMARKS
This fish seldom, or never, appears at the European tables at Vizagapatam. Bloch mentions it as a
remarkable circumstance that petrifactions of this species are found in the mountains of Bilka in Italy.
Part VI. p. 96.
No. LXXIX.
CHÆTODON cauda integra parum productiore in medio; spinis dorsalibus novem ; corpore sub-
orbiculato; ocellis viride-aureis ad latus utrinque.
The ChÆTODON with an undivided tail projecting a little at the middle ; nine dorsal
spines ; a sub-orbicular body; green and gold small spots on both sides.
Called by the Natives LATTE.
B. vi. D. 30. P. 16. V. 6. A. 22. C. 18.
. .
9
I
3
The body somewhat orbicular, much compressed, nearly as broad as long. The scales oval, imbricate, and
cover part of all the fins, except the pectoral.
The head large, much compressed; from the knob between the eyes to the rostrum very steep, without
scales, except the front. The mouth low, very small, terminal, horizontal; lips thickish. Jaws extractile, the
upper a little longer than the under; the teeth setaceous, numerous, close, equal; the tongue oblong, smooth,
retracted, tied. The palate smooth.
The eyes supreme, distant from the point of the rostrum, large, orbicular, not prominent. The opercula
smooth, without scales, the posterior leaf ciliate, acuminate. The branchial membrane exposed; the aperture
large, lateral.
The trunk. The back assurgent and carinate to the dorsal spines, where it rises into a sort of hump and
then descends gradually, but convex, to the tail; in the opposite direction, the line from the lower jaw to the
anal fin, inclines gently, and then ascends circularly. The sides much compressed; the tail thin. The
lateral line springing from the upper edge of the operculum, forms rather a lower arch, than in the former
fish, but in like manner becomes straight near the end of the tail. The anus equidistant, oval.
The fins. The three first dorsal spines very short and small, and none of them nearly so robust as in the
last fish, the soft rays form an arch. The pectoral fin very long, falcate. The first and second ventral rays,

PISCES THORACICI. CHÆTODON.
68
terminate in a setaceous thread. The first and last anal spines short, the soft rays somewhat arched. The
caudal fin intire, but the blunt projection in the middle rather more conspicuous.
The fins remain expanded after death, as in the former fish.
The colour of the upper parts a light gray, on a silvery ground, reflecting various tints in different lights,
which growing lighter and lighter towards the belly, terminate in a rich mother of pearl. The knob between
the
eyes, the face, the opercula, and the breast look as if silverized; but what adds greatly to the beauty of the
fish are small round spots of dark green and gold, disposed in regular transverse rows on the sides.
Length from the nose to the caudal fin
6
Caudal fin
5
Pectoral fin
4
Breadth between the dorsal and anal spines
7 o
This fish is not common, and is not esteemed for the table.
Inches. Lines
9
1
5
No. LXXX.
CHÆTopon cauda integra, medio parum productiore ; spinis dorsalibus octo ; pinna dorsi, ani,
caudæque fascia lata flavescente.
The ChÆTopon with an undivided tail projecting a little at the middle, eight spines in
the dorsal fin ; a broad, yellowish band, on the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins.
Called by the Natives Terla. A.
8
3
B. vi. D. 50. P. 16. V. 6. A. 21. C. 18.
a
The body of this species in its form comes near the Latte. It is equally compressed and thin.
The bead in its form, as well as the face, agree with the Latte; the position of the eyes, the nostrils, and the
mouth, the lips, the tongue, and the palate are alike in both; but there is a variation in the teeth: the regular
row is here wanting, the jaws only feel like a file, and in the upper are a few small curve teeth. There are a
few scales on the lower part of the face, but the opercula are naked. The branchial membrane
very
visible.
The trunk. The back assurgent as in the Latte; the hump less, and the declivity from the dorsal spines
less curve. The belly part of the fish as in the Latte; the hinder part to the tail more in a straight line; the
lateral line and the anus in form and situation the same in both.
The fins in situation and shape agree very nearly also with those of the Latte. The three last dorsal spines
are longer, and the posterior part of the fin more completely arched; the three anal spines are distinct,
seemingly not connected with the anal soft rays.
The colour of the back gray, the face and belly silvery. The anterior part of the back, the membranes of
the dorsal and anal fins, red; all the other fins are of a dull yellow; the opercula of a pale red.
Feet. Inches. Lines,
The length of the subject described
1 S o
Greatest breadth
9
o
o
o

64
PISCES THORACICI. CHÆTODON.
No. LXXXI.
CHÆTODON cauda integra; spinis dorsalibus octo ; fascia lata, rubra, in pinna dorsi, ani,
caudaque.
The CHÆTODON with an undivided tail ; eight dorsal spines; the dorsal, anal, and caudal
fins distinguished by a broad, red, band.
Called also Terla. B.
8
3
B. vi. D. 30. P. 16. V. 6. A. 25. G. 18.
v.š.
C. .
This species agreeing in most circumstances, excepting colour, with the one last described, may perhaps be
reckoned only a variety: the variation however was found to be constant. The form of the body more
rhombic; the teeth, as in the Latte, regular, setaceous, without the curve teeth in the upper jaw, as in the last
species: the fins less squamous, but in like manner remain expanded after death.
The general colour silvery without spots; the lips and iris red; the membrane of the dorsal spines, and the
pectoral fin slightly tinged with the same colour, but the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins distinguished by a
broad band of deep red, on both sides.
Length ten inches.
REMARKS.
The last two fish, though of inferior quality to the Pomfrets, are superior in quality to No. LXXVIII. and
LXXIX. The latter, indeed, is sometimes brought under the name Terla, and the names of the three species
are often confounded by the fishermen.
No. LXXXII.
т
CHÆTODON cauda lunata ; spinis dorsalibus novem ; aculeo mobile in sulco, ad caudam
utrinque.
The CHÆTODON with a lunate tail; nine spines in the dorsal fin; and a moveable spine
in a groove, on each side of the tail.
p. 64 ?
Chætodon Nigrofuscus, Forskal
Called by the Natives Mata.
9
: 3
B. iv. D. 34. P. 17. V.6. A. 26. C. 18.
. Š.
84. P. 17.
I
The body perfectly ovate, much compressed, rough to the finger, but smooth to the eye; covered with very
minute, oblong, tenacious scales, which are not, as in the preceding species, continued on the fins.
The head large, much compressed, the front declivous, but not so abrupt as in the former species, naked, yet
to the touch roughish. The mouth nearer the belly than the back, small, terminal, horizontal; lips thin.
Jaws of equal length, extractile. Teeth in a regular row, strong, though short, a little curve, fixed, yellow.
Tongue short, small, white, tied. Palate smooth. The eyes high, large, round, nearer the opercula than the
front. Nostrils near the orbit, close to each other, very small, round, the anterior largest. The opercula
without scales, but roughish like the face. The branchial membrane concealed; the aperture semicircular.

PISCES THORACICI. CHÆTODON.
65
The trunk. The back and belly arched and carinate. The sides and tail compressed. The lateral line
high, not so much arched as the back, but descending obliquely to the narrow part of the tail, is continued
waving to the root of the fin.
The anus nearly middle.
On each side of the tail where narrowest, there is an oval groove, tinged yellow on the inside, in which is
lodged a moveable spine, the anterior point a little curve, the other point straight; it is furnished with a
black sheath, moves as on a pivot, and, when raised, the curve point is turned foreward.
The fins. The dorsal and anal long, and both, especially the last, regularly assurgent; the pectoral low,
broad, pointed above, declivous; the ventral contiguous, pointed in the middle. The caudal lunate.
The colour generally a shining black, streaked on the head and several parts of the body with longitudinal
lines of very dark blue.
The dorsal and anal membranes are leathery, resembling a bat's wing; the points of the spines white.
Inches. Lines
The length from the rostrum to the caudal fin
9
of the longest rays of ditto
8
Greatest breadth of the body
4
8
o
OR
REMARKS
They are sometimes brought double the size of the subject described, but seldom appear at the European
tables, though a very white, firm, and palatable fish. The crescent shape of the tail distinguishes it from
the Chætodon Nigricans of Linnæus,
No. LXXXIII.
CHÆTodon cauda sub-arcuata ; spinis pinne dorsi tredecem ; fascia nigrante ad faciem ;
corpore lineis obliquis fuscis striato.
The ChÆTopon with a tail slightly arched; thirteen dorsal spines; a blackish band cross
the face; and the body variegated with oblique yellowish lines.
a
Chatodon vagabundus? Linn. S. N. p. 165.
Called by the Natives PAINAH,
13
B. v. D. 37. P. 16. V. 6. A. 19. C. 16.
The body. This species in its form resembles many others of the genus, but the scales are uncommonly large,
and the head and opercula are squamous, as well as the trunk and fins.
The bead small, much compressed, with a short, blunt, rostrum: the scales smaller than on the trunk.
The mouth projects more than any of the preceding, but the wide lips, jaws, setaceous teeth, tongue, and
palate are as usual in the genus. The opercula squamous, and cover, without hiding, the branchial
membrane.
The trunk. The back assurgent from the vertex, then arched; the breast and belly are carinate like the
back, but less arched; the sides and tail much compressed. The lateral line forms a high arch and terminates,
as in the last fish, at the upper edge of the tail. The anus middle.
The fins. The spinous part of the dorsal possesses the ridge of the back, the soft part, the declivity: both

66
PISCES THORACICI. CHÆTODON.
are arched, the middle rays in each being longest. The same remark may be made on the anal, which is
hardly half so long. The pectoral fins, very low, about the length of the head, acuminate above. The ventral
close together, shorter than the pectoral; the caudal slightly arched.
The colour. The ground colour a yellowish-white; a dark brown band from the ridge of the back crosses
the face to the throat; seven or eight yellow lines run obliquely, parallel to each other, from the back towards
the head and opercula, and from the last of these a dozen of similar lines run obliquely towards the tail and
anal fin. The spines of the dorsal and anal fins are of a reddish brown, the whole of the soft fins in both are
of a dark chesnut, but the anal has a cross fillet of bright yellow, and the fibrous edge is of the same colour;
the pectoral and ventral are whitish; the caudal yellow, with a transverse band of dark purple in the middle,
and a border of reddish brown at the extremity.
The length, five inches three lines; the breadth three inches, six lines.
REMARKS.
If this be the Chætodon vagabundus of Linnæus, reference is made in Gmelin's edition to three figures in
Valentine, and to an equal number in Renard's coloured figures, The former affords an instance of the liberty
taken in the variation of the shape of the mouth, as the latter does of the colour of the whole fish.
No. LXXXIV.
CHÆtodon cauda truncata ; spinis dorsalibus undecem; corpore ovato ; fascia nigra ad faciem ;
quatuor ad latus.
The ChÆTODON with a truncate tail ; eleven dorsal spines; a black band across the face;
and four on the side.
Called by the Natives Moota.
B. iv. D. 31. P. 15. V. 6. A. 22. C. 18.
31.
I
3
The body in its compressed form, its small, roughish scales, carinated back and belly, the arched lateral line,
and position of the fins, agrees with the general characters, only that the fins are not squamous.
The head large, the front very declivous from the eye to the rostrum, which projects a little. The mouth,
lips and jaws as usual: but the teeth are strong, semi-conical, not setaceous; the tongue free, obtuse, and
smooth; the palate also smooth.
The fins. The first spine of the dorsal very short, the others, as well as the soft rays, assurgent till near the
end, where the rays shorten, giving a roundness to the hinder part of the fin; the anal assumes the same
form; the pectoral short, acuminate in the middle; the ventral fins of the same length, with a setaceous point;
the caudal exactly equal, or truncate.
The colour of the upper part of the head, and the back, very dark, but on the sides it changes to a dark
blue, variegated by four black streaks running from the ridge of the back to near the belly. A streak some-
what lighter crosses the face, from the crown to the throat; while another like those on the sides, sometimes
crosses the tail : but in the subject drawn there were only two black dots. The fins were of a very dark blue,
or, in some lights, a black colour.
The length, including the caudal fin, three inches and a half.

PISCES THORACICI. CHÆTODON,
67
No. LXXXV.
CHÆTodon cauda bifida; spinis tredecem pinna dorsi ; corpore fasciis nigrescentibus ; macula
nigra ad caudam.
The Chætodon with a forked tail; thirteen dorsal spines; the body variegated with
blackish bands; and a black spot on the tail.
Called by the Natives CALAMOIA POTA.
B. v. D. 28. P. 17. V. 6. A. 17. C. 19.
:17. V.6.
a
13
The body sub-orbicular, compressed, the scales large, roundish, tenaceous, and extended on the fins.
The head small, compressed, squamous, except the rostrum which is naked, smooth. The mouth, teeth, and
tongue, as usual, but the lips are thickish, and the palate tuberculate. The eyes, high, oval. The nostrils
single, lower than the orbit, and nearer the rostrum. The opercula squamous, and moves freely; the branchial
membrane is readily discovered.
The trunk. The back arched, carinate, the breast convex ; the belly straight and thin; the tail unusually
broad. The lateral line conspicuous, slightly arched, and terminates at a round black spot on the upper edge
of the tail. The anus a little nearer the tail than the head.
The fins. The dorsal spines only a little arched, being nearly of equal length; the hinder part of the fin
broader, and acuminate in the middle; the pectoral and ventral of moderate length, acuminate at top; the
anal has only two spines, and the other rays are of the same form with the dorsal; the caudal divided,
but not deeply
The colour of the back above the line, a pale yellow, with six darkish bands, which are extended on the
dorsal fin; the rest of the body cinerious, growing lighter on the belly. The fins are of a dark colour.
The length, including the tail, six inches six lines.
REMARKS.
This fish bears some resemblance to the Chætodon Saxatilis, Linn. S. N. p. 466.
No. LXXXVI.
CHÆTodon cauda bifurca ; spinis pinna dorsalis tredecem ; corpore fasciis cæruleis et maculis
flavis, alternatim
The ChÆTopon with a forked tail; thirteen dorsal spines ; and the body variegated with
sky-blue bands and yellow spots, alternately.
a
Called by the Natives Rahti Pota.
B. v. D. 26. P. 18. V. 6. A. IX. C. 16.
14.
The body is rather more oval, than the fish last described, but in the form of the scales, the disposition and
shape of the fins, opercula, lateral line, and anus, they approach very near.
The bead is not so low, the mouth consequently more central from the back and the belly: the jaws and

68
PISCES THORACICI. CHÆTODON.
teeth as described before; the lips thin, the tongue retracted, the palate smooth. The eyes lower, round, large.
Nostrils double. The branchial membrane exposed; the aperture large.
The pectoral fin low, and in proportion long; the caudal a little more divided, than in the last, and the
lobes sharper.
The colour a grayish pearl, with sky-blue bands on the sides, and a pale yellow, large, spot, between each
band. The belly a dull white. The dorsal and anal fins have a bluish cast; the others a yellowish white.
The length, including the tail, six inches.
a
No. LXXXVII.
CHÆTODON cauda integra, medio parum productiore; spinis dorsalibus quatuor ; pinna dorsi
analisque sicut ala extensis; pinnis ventralibus longissimis, falcatis.
The CHÆTODON with an undivided tail, projecting somewhat in the middle; four dorsal
spines; the dorsal and anal fins extended like wings; and the ventral extremely long
and falcate.
Chatodon Teira, Forskal. Descr. Anim. No. 82.
Called by the Natives Kahi SANDAWA.
B. iv. D. 35. P. 17. V. 6. A. 24. C. 18.
. . v. 6
4
I
3
The body. This species in its form differs from the others, it is transverse-oval, and the dorsal and anal fins
have the appearance of wings extended. It is much compressed, covered with very minute scales, and is
rough to the touch.
The head low, small, compressed, and, the crown and cheeks excepted, without scales. The rostrum short,
blunt. The mouth small; lips thin; jaws nearly of equal length; teeth setaceous; the tongue and palate
smooth. The eyes high, nearer the opercula than the rostrum, small, round, iris yellow. The nostrils stand
obliquely, half way between the orbit and rostrum, the posterior oval, the other smaller, round. The
posterior opercula acuminate, and lower part squamous. The branchial membrane partly exposed.
The trunk. The back thin, rapidly assurgent to the dorsal spines, then arched; the arch on the opposite
side (the belly being hardly convex) less complete. The lateral line forms a low arch, and after waving a
little terminates at the middle of the caudal fin. The anus is nearer to the gills than to the tail.
The fins. The dorsal and anal remaining expanded after death, forms something of a crescent, with the
expanded tail projecting from the middle, but the upper limb is the longest; the dorsal ray longest measuring
about five inches, and the anal four; the pectoral low, short, acuminate; the ventral falcate, ending in a
setaceous tail, nearly four inches in length; the caudal fin intire, yet not truncate, the exterior rays, and two
or three in the middle, being a little longer than the rest.
The colour, of the head, breast, and trunk, a dark gray; but a band of a still darker colour, crosses the face,
and eyes, from the back to the gills, and another twice as broad crosses the body and pectoral fin: the hinder
part of the fish is nearly the same colour as the band, with a tint of dark purple. The fins almost black.
The length, from the rostrum to the caudal fin,
4 5
of the caudal fin
Greatest breadth
4 5
The colour in another subject, almost twice as big as the one now described, was more uniformly of a
purplish black; and the bands were hardly discernible,
a
a
a
Inches. Lines.
1
2

PISCES THORACICI. CHÆTODON
69
REMARKS.
This is a rich and excellent fish; having the peculiar flavour of such as feed among the rocks,
It has been accurately described by Forskal who found it in the Red sea. The figure in Renard referred to
by Gmelin, exhibits an extravagant variation in
No. LXXXVIII.
CHÆTodon cauda alba, truncata ; spinis dorsalibus tredecem, radiis aliquot pinna dorsi unitis
in setam longiorem; corpore vittis obliquis, curvis, cæruliis; aculeo curvo, vaginato, ad
operculum.
The Chætodon with a white, truncate tail; thirteen spines in the dorsal fin, and some of
the rays united into a long filiform tail ; the body adorned with oblique, curve
cærulean lines; a curve, sheathed spine on the operculum.
a
Called by the Natives Sahnı TCHAPA.
13
B. iii. D. 35. P. 19. V. 6. A. 24. C. 17.
. .
P. 19. V.Š.
6. A. 24. C. 11
The body. The form of this fish is singularly clumsy. It is much compressed, very broad towards the tail ;
that is, between the soft portion of the dorsal and anal fins, diminishes slowly towards the obtuse head, and
terminates in a short, blunt rostrum. The scales small, imbricate, tenacious, margins ciliate, rough.
The head not large, declivous, much compressed, without scales, roughish. The mouth small; lips very
thick; jaws extractile, the upper a little longer than the lower; teeth setaceous ; tongue ovate, smooth, free.
Palate tuberculate. The eyes high, forward, large, round. Nostrils double, one before the other, declining
obliquely from the orbit to the rostrum, the anterior oval, and by much the largest. The opercula without
scales; striate, rough; the rounded edge of the anterior lamina, armed with a robust, curve, channeled spine,
one inch and three lines long, furnished with a sheath, and pointing backwards and upwards. The branchial
membrane visible; the aperture large, lateral and gular.
The trunk. The back very gradually arched to the last of the dorsal spines, when it rounds off, descending
almost perpendicularly to the tail. The breast and belly are less arched, but the posterior part rounded and
bulging out, ascends in like manner as the back descends. The lateral line beginning at a remarkable mark,
high on the shoulders, bends in a low arch to the middle of the tail. The anus centrical.
The fins. The dorsal occupies the back intirely, from the shoulder to the tail. It consists of thirteen
assurgent, strong, not long, spines, and twenty-two soft rays, the four first of which uniting, form a setaceous
tail, eight inches in length: the rest of the fin is hardly an inch in breadth, declining very little to the end ; the
pectoral rather short, acuminate above; the ventral long, falcate, ending in a setaceous tail of three inches; the
anal commencing a little behind the anus, and following the shape of the body, ascends arch-form opposite to
the dorsal; the caudal fin entire, and like the dorsal and anal, remains expanded after death. The fins, as
usual, are squamous.
The colour of the head a reddish orange; of the body, a dull golden, with several curve, azure fillets, which
are continued on the dorsal fin : two of them, from the front, cross the face and opercula; on each shoulder,
there is a remarkable square spot, orange in the middle, the sides azure; the dorsal and anal fins are darker
a

70
PISCES THORACICI. CHÆTODON.
than the head, with fillets of darker azure than those on the body; the pectoral yellow; the ventral fins striped
sky blue, yellow and brown. There are three transverse fillets of light blue on the tail, but the fin is perfectly
white with only an elegant narrow edging at the end.
In a smaller subject the head was cinerious; the yellow colour of the body darker, and the azure fillets
brighter; but their shape, nor that of the mark on the shoulder did not vary.
Length, from the rostrum to the caudal fin
of the caudal fin
8
Greatest breadth of the body
8
Breadth of caudal fin at the base
Feet. Inches. Lines,
1
O
O
1
-
O
1
-
.
O
1
-
1
O
1
8
0 000
at the end
3
O
3
1
REMARKS.
*
The present subject bears a strong resemblance to the Chætodon Annularis, * but differs principally in two
circumstances: the one, the setaceous elongation of the dorsal fin, resembling that of the Chætodon Setifer;fo
the other, (less material) in the remarkable ring on the shoulder being rather square than of a circular
figure.
The genus Chætodon may be reckoned of all others the most numerous. It is supposed to comprehend above
eighty species; though all of these have not been exactly described, and drawings of many are still wanting.
To twenty-three species known to Linnæus, forty have been added in Gmelin's edition of the Systema Naturæ;
and among other new ones since collected by Bloch, are three or four beautiful species received from Tranquebar. I
The greater part now known to naturalists have been furnished by the East Indies; but the American seas,
besides possessing in common many of those, has a peculiar claim to others.
* Linn. Ed. Gmel. p. 1263.
+ Bloch, Pl. 426.
Chet. Setifer, P1. 426.
-Falcula, ib.
-Maculatus, Pl. 428.

PISCES THORACICI. SPARUS
71
SPARUS,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Dentes incisores vel laniarii robusti; molares
obtusiusculi, conferti. Labia duplicata.
Membrana branchialis radiis quinque.
Corpus compressum. Linea lateralis postice
curvata. Pinna pectorales rolundata.
The canine, or cutting teeth, strong, the
grinders bluntish, and thick set. The
lips double. The branchial membrane
has five rays. The opercula squamous.
The body compressed; the lateral line
curved behind. The pectoral fins
rounded
No. LXXXIX.
Sparus cauda bilobata; spinis dorsalibus decem; corpore cinereo.
The Sparus with a tail unequally bifid; ten dorsal spines; the body of a whitish gray
colour
Called by the Natives Karwa.
B. vi. D. 20. P. 13. V. ó. A. Ž. C. 20.
12
.
The body oblong-ovate, compressed, smooth ; scales large, roundish, ciliate, imbricate, tenacious.
The head very large, compressed, declivous, face smooth without scales; the front convex, steep; the mouth
low, terminal, transverse, wide; lips thickish. Jaws extractile, upper somewhat longer than the under. Teeth
dissimilar, canine and grinders, and behind the latter, both above and below are several close rows of very small
teeth. The tongue short, round, obtuse, smooth, bridled. The palate wide, smooth. Eyes middle, large, flat.
Nostrils double, equidistant from the orbit and point of the rostrum; the posterior oval, the anterior round:
both small. The opercula consist of two laminæ and an appearance of a third; the anterior angular, the
posterior rounded and squamous. The branchial membrane exposed; the aperture large, arched,
The trunk. The back arched, carinate, the breast and abdomen flat; the sides and tail compressed. Branchiæ
tuberculate. Lateral line supreme, bending at first very gently, runs afterwards straight to the middle of the
caudal fin. The anus remote, or nearer the tail than the head.
The fins. The dorsal consists of ten spinous rays, arched, reclining in a groove, and of ten ramous, assurgent
rays; the pectoral low, acuminate above, long; the ventral also in a groove, long, setaceous; the anal assurgent;
the caudal bilobate, the upper lobe longest.
Colour a bluish gray, growing lighter towards the belly; the breast and belly white: some faint bluish streaks
on the head. The dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins have a yellowish cast; the ventral and anal a darkish blue :
the inside of the mouth is of a yellowish red.
Length of the subject described one foot, including the tail.
REMARKS.
In younger and smaller subjects, the edge of the dorsal and anal fins is of a deep orange; while the caudal
and other fins are of a darkish red.
• The generic character of the pectoral fins, in the Sparus, according to Gouan, is acuminata, which agrees better to all the species
following, than the rotundata of Linnæus,

72
PISCES THORACICI. SPARUS.
No. XC.
Sparus cauda ferè integra; corpore et pinnis rubris.
The Sparus with a tail nearly entire; the body and fins red.
Sparus Erythrinus Linn. S. N. p. 469 ?
Called by the Natives JAHNGARAH.
B. vii. D. 25. P. 17. V. 6. A. 12. C. 18.
.
II
1
3
The body oblong-ovate, compressed, red; scales large, roundish, a little ciliate at the edge, the base striate,
imbricate, firm, extended on the fins.
The head large, compressed, declivous, front and face smooth, without scales, fleshy. Mouth low, nearly
horizontal, large; lips thick, soft. Jaws of equal length, extractile. Teeth numerous, partly small, straight,
partly large, recurve. Tongue large, sub-ovate, smooth, moveable. The palate rough. Eyes high, remote
from the rostrum, large, orbicular, prominent. Nostrils double, near the rostrum, one oval, large, the anterior
one oblong, divided.
The opercula squamous, the posterior lamina acuminate. The branchial membrane exposed; the aperture
large, lateral and gular.
The trunk. The back carinate, and rising in an arch from the vertex to the middle of the dorsal fin, slopes
gradually to the tail; the sides compressed, convex ; the breast and belly rounded, not prominent; the tail
broad and compressed. The lateral line high, arched, at first runs parallel to the back, then straight along the
middle of the tail to the fin. The anus nearer the tail than the head.
The fins. The spinous rays of the dorsal arched, the others assurgent to the ninth, and then gradually
shorten; the pectoral very long, acuminate in the middle, setaceous ; the ventral, in like manner, acuminate,
and setaceous ; the anal ascendent, but rounded at the end, and all the rays, as in the dorsal, exceeding the
membrane. The anal broad, and sub-lunate.
The colour of the whole fish, the fins included, a beautiful red, but the head and back, deepest; and beneath
the lateral line, part of the white scales appearing gives it more of a pink colour,
Length, one foot eight inches.
REMARKS.
About the beginning of March, this fish is caught in abundance with hook and line, from katamarans on
the outside of the surf. They are strung as caught, and dragged astern of the katamaran to the beach, where
they are sold at 2 dubs a piece. * It is an excellent fish for the table. They are caught also in nets.
* A halfpenny.

PISCES THORACICI. SPARUS,
73
No. XCI.
Sparus cauda bilobata; spinis pinna dorsalis undecem ; corpore lato, sub ovale, lineis longitudi-
nalibus, parallelis, aureis argenteisque, alternatim.
The Sparus with a divided tail of two unequal lobes, eleven spines in the dorsal fin,
a broad sub-oval body, with longitudinal, parallel lines alternately gold and silver.
a
Called by the Natives ChitCHILLEE.
B. vi. D. 24. P. 15. V. 6. A. IX. C. 18.
.
The breast and belly being here more convex than usual in this genus, gives the fish more of an oval form.
The head is short, almost truncate; but the mouth, teeth, tongue, palate, eyes, nostrils, and scaly, acu-
minate opercula, are nearly as in the fish last described. The branchial membrane consists of six rays, half
concealed.
The dorsal spines form an arch; the soft rays of the dorsal and anal fins nearly of equal length, and the ends
fibrous ; the pectoral and ventral sharp pointed; the caudal divided; the upper lobe a little longer than
the lower
The colour, varies in subjects of different size; in the one now described, the front was of a dark, shining
green, the rest of the head silvery. The back and sides were striped longitudinally with narrow fillets gold
and silver alternately, curve above the lateral line but straight below it. The dorsal fin ash colour with a black
border, the ossicles silvery: the other fins pale yellow with orange margins.
In smaller subjects the fillets instead of gold were red above the line, and of a dusky yellow below it, in
which case, there was a mixture of red on the fin.
The length, thirteen inches, and seldom exceeds sixteen.
The fish is not in much esteem for the table,
No. XCII.
Sparus cauda sub-bifida ; corpore vario, cinereo et nigro; spina ventralis, et secunda pinna
analis robustissima.
The Sparus with a somewhat bifid tail; the body variegated black and gray, the ventral
spine, and the second anal spine, remarkably large and strong.
a
Called by the Natives CALAMARA.
B. v. D. 3. P. 15. V.ó. A. Ş. C. 18.
TI
3
Tuis species agrees in the essential generic characters. The head is sharper, the mouth higher, and the hinder
part of the body fuller and rounder, than in the last species.
The spinous rays of the fins, particularly the ventral, and second anal, remarkably large. The pectoral fin
long, broad and pointed. The ventral situated between two long, sharp, scale-like laminæ, are likewise large.

74
PISCES THORACICI. SPARUS.
a
The colour of the head a dusky purple; of all the rest, including the fins, gray, but the scales on the trunk,
having black margins, give the variegated appearance black and gray; the belly has a faint reddish cast,
The subject described measured only eleven inches: they are sometimes brought of a size considerably
larger.
REMARKS.
This species is in esteem, and often appears at the European tables ; it is reckoned one of the rock fish,
having the peculiar flavour belonging to that tribe.
No. XCIII.
a
Sparus cauda fere integra; corpore rufo-albescente, operculo sub-serrato.
The Sparus with a tail very slightly lunate; the body a reddish white; the operculum
slightly serrated.
Called by the Natives Chirrah.
3.
B. vii. D. 25. P. 16. V. 6. A. 12. C. 16.
.
II
The body ovate; the scales remarkably small.
The head large, compressed; the front smooth, opercula squamous. The mouth, lips, jaws, teeth, tongue,
eyes and nostrils, as usual. The palate rough. The anterior lamina of the opercula, a little serrated, the
posterior acuminate.
The back, and the lateral line arched, the belly rather prominent; the tail broad; the anus remote.
The fins. The dorsal interrupted, the spinous rays slender, compared with the last fish, and the posterior
part blunt-pointed; the pectoral and ventral fins, long, narrow, acuminate: the point of the latter setaceous.
The anal assurgent, rounded; the caudal fin slightly lunate.
The colour of the head a reddish shining copper, that of the back is nearly the same intermixed with a dull
white. The throat and belly whitish, with a yellowish red cast. The dorsal, anal, and caudal fins of a dull red:
the pectoral and ventral pale red: the latter tipped with black.
Length of the subject thirteen inches.
a
No. XCIV.
Sparus cauda integra; spinis dorsalibus decem ; operculo sub-serrato ; dorso et pinnis, purpu-
rascentibus.
The Sparus with an undivided tail ; ten dorsal spines; the operculum slightly serrated;
the back and the fins of a purplish colour.
Called by the Natives RANGOO.
IO
1
3
B. vii. D. 23. P. 16. V. 6. A. 11. C. 17.
The body of this species more oblong than the last; the scales larger and extended further on the fins.
The head declivous, and the mouth low, as usual in the genus, nor is there any variation as to the jaws, lips,
teeth, eyes, and nostrils ; but the tongue here is rough, and there are a few teeth in the palate. The opercula
and membrane, as in the last described, the belly is more straight and flat, and the tail broader : the lateral
line less arched.

PISCES THORACICI. SPARUS.
75
The fins. The form and disposition of the fins are the same as in the last, but the soft rays are more
ramous, and the dorsal spines here recline in a groove; the pectoral is very slightly falcate; and the ventral
does not terminate in a setaceous point.
The colour of the face a very dark purple, the opercula lighter purple, the throat reddish. The back, above
the line, of the same colour as the face, but beneath it, the purple brightens a little; the breast and belly reddish
intermixed with white. The pectoral fin is orange, all the others are purple, of a shade lighter than the back;
the edge of the caudal a reddish brown.
The length of the subject described thirteen inches, but they are brought double that size.
In quality it is not much esteemed by the Europeans.
a
No. XCV.
a
Sparus cauda truncata ; spinis dorsalibus decem; operculo anteriore serrato ; pinnis flave-
scentibus.
The Sparus with a truncate tail; ten dorsal spines; the anterior operculum serrated;
the fins yellow
Called by the Natives YAPILLI.
B. vii. D. 25. P. 16. V. 6. 4. 12. C. 18.
.
10
4.
This species has a more serrated operculum, and the fins are more squamous than usual.
The colour of the face purplish; the back a dark gray, which grows gradually lighter on the sides below the
lateral line; the sides streaked longitudinally with darkish fillets; the belly a yellowish white. All the fins are
yellowish, but the edges of the dorsal, anal, and caudal, approach to an orange colour.
The length from the nose to the end of the caudal fin, thirteen inches.
No. XCVI.
Sparus cauda integra; spinæ anales dorsalibus robustiores; corpore ovale, punctis lineisque
cæruliis vario; macula rotunda ad lineam lateralem.
The Sparus with an undivided tail; the anal spines stronger than the dorsal; the oval
body variegated with light blue dots and short lines; a round spot on the lateral line.
Called by the Natives KALLEE MAEE.
3.
B. vii. D. 26. P. 16. V. 6. A. 12. C. 18.
. .
TO
This species agreeing in most respects, with the others already described, is sufficiently distinguished by its
form and colour
The body approaches nearer to oval than the others, and the crown is flatter; the anterior lamina of the
opercula serrated, the second has a small dent in the edge, for the reception of a little blunt process on the
edge of the posterior lamina. The tongue is smooth, bridled; the fore part of the palate rough.

76
PISCES THORACICI. SPARUS.
The fins. The spines of the anal fin thicker than those of the dorsal; the pectoral fins acuminate above;
the caudal entire.
The colour. The front adorned with several rows of small azure dots, and the cheeks and opercula with
curve and straight lines of the same colour, some dots being interspersed: all on a changeable gold ground.
The scales are of a dark ash-colour, with azure edges, giving an elegant appearance to the whole trunk; and
on the lateral line is an orbicular mark, blue, brown, and white. The dorsal fin and upper half of the caudal a
yellowish brown; the pectoral gray, the other fins blue.
The length of the subject described, six inches; but I have seen others nearly two feet long; and in such the
colours were less vivid.
a
No. XCVII.
Sparus cauda sub-bilobata ; spinis dorsalibus decem ; operculo anteriore serrato ; corpore vittis
obscuris ; macula rotunda nigrescente supra lineam lateralem.
The Sparus with a tail slightly bilobed; the anterior operculum pectinate; obscure lon-
gitudinal bands on the body, and a blackish, round spot above the lateral line.
a
Called by the Natives Doon DIAWAH.
B. vi. D. 25. P. 15. V. 6. A. 12. C. 20.
. .
ró
10
3
The body ovate, the head rather more pointed than usual in this genus; the anterior lamina of the opercula
serrated.
The colour of the head purplish, and faint red, but the opercula towards the branchiæ golden. The back has
a dull greenish cast, with several curve dark fillets, running from the opercula to the tail; but below the line,
the colour grows gradually lighter on the sides, changing on the belly to a pale yellow; the breast white with
a yellow cast. The sides are also striped with dusky, straight fillets, and between the dorsal fin and lateral
line there is an orbicular, blackish, spot. The fins are of a reddish yellow, the edge of the dorsal and caudal
membranes orange.
Length of the subject, ten inches,
No. XCVIII.
Sparus cauda sub-lunata ; spinis dorsalibus decem ; corpore oblongo ovale, lineis longitudi-
nalibus et obliquis, fulvis et flavis ; macula nigra ad lineam lateralem.
The Sparus with a tail somewhat lunate; ten dorsal spines; an oblong-oval body, with
longitudinal and oblique lines of dusky and bright yellow; and on the lateral line, a
a
black spot.
Called by the Natives ANTIKA DOONDIAWAH.
B. vii. D. 24. P. 16. V. 6. A. 9. C. 20.
. . . .
IO
I
3
The form of the head and position of the eyes nearly the same as in the last, the operculum also serrate; but
the body is more of an oblong shape and the lateral line less arched.
The colour. The head red, shining as if varnished; the back of a darker red, which below the line brightens

PISCES THORACICI. SPARUS.
77
a
nearly to pink; the belly a yellowish white; the breast white. Above the line, three or four darkish yellow
lines run from the ridge of the back to the hind head; and below the line, two fillets of the same colour run
straight to the caudal fin, while the other two of lighter yellow, and a little curve, run from the face to the anal
fin: besides these, there is a remarkable oblong, black spot touching the lateral line. The dorsal and caudal
fins are of a dull purple, the latter edged red; the other fins are yellow. These colours vary in subjects of
different ages, but the spot on the lateral line is constant.
The length, eleven inches.
No. XCIX.
Sparus cauda bifida ; spinis dorsalibus decem ; corpore fascüs duabus latissimis, sanguineis,
insigniter picto.
The Sparus with a bifid tail, and ten dorsal spines ; two remarkable broad, blood-colour
bands on the body.
Called by the Natives Botlawoo CHAMPAH.
B. vi. D. 28. P. 16. V. 6. A. 14. C. 17.
V.Ğ. A. .
II
This species, which is richly coloured, differs in the form of its body from those last described. The back is
more arched; the breast and belly straighter; the scales smaller than usual in this genus, and the hinder part
of the dorsal, as well as the anal fin, remarkably acuminate. The tail slightly bifid.
The eyes oval; nostrils small, distant from each other; the tongue long, lanceolate, smooth, free. Teeth
regular, not close ; some teeth in the palate. The first lamina of the opercula slightly serrated. The lateral
line conspicuous but not carinate.
The front and rostrum are of a deep blood colour, the rest of the face and lips pink; two very broad bands
of a still deeper red than the front, cross the trunk; one from the points of the three first dorsal spines to the
ventral fin, the other from the margin of the hinder dorsal, curves to the under margin of the caudal, on which
it is continued: the interstices between them a light gray, variegated with transverse lines of white dots. The
throat white; the belly pale pink. The pectoral fin is pink; the dorsal, ventral, and anal, with the points of
the caudal lobes, look as if dipped in blood.
Length, eleven inches; breadth three and a half.

78
PISCES THORACICI. SPARUS.
No. C.
Sparus cauda biloba ; spinis dorsalibus decem ; corpore oblongo-ovato, vario; linea lateralis
descendens.
The Sparus with a tail unequally divided ; ten spines in the dorsal fin ; an oblong body
variously coloured; the lateral line descending.
a
Called by the Natives Silaoo.
10
I
3
B. vii. D. 24. P. 16. V.6. A. 12. C. 18.
The body oblong-ovate; the back not much arched, the sides compressed, the belly convex.
The head smooth, but less declivous than in most of the other species. Mouth large; fore teeth in the
upper
jaw long ; tongue large, ovate, free, and like the palate, rough in the middle. The anterior lamina of the
opercula slightly serrated. The lateral line very gently arched above the pectoral fin.
The fins. The dorsal and anal fins not broad, the posterior edge of both rounded; the pectoral short,
acuminate; the ventral also acuminate; the caudal unequally divided, the lower lobe shortest.
The colour. The cheeks spotted yellow, on a light ground; the back cinerious, the sides, belly and breast
reddish; the dorsal and caudal fin purplish; the pectoral has a yellowish cast; the ventral and anal a yellowish
red. Sometimes the caudal fin is of a darker red and each lobe tipped yellow.
Length of the subject fifteen inches.
و
END OF VOLUME I.
Printed by W. Bulmer and Co.
Cleveland-row, St. James's.



I.
TEMEREE
R


IL
CRM
CHID
CD
NALLA TEMEREE.
R


111.
WOLGA TENKEE
R


IV
ISACURRAH TENKEE
R


V.
C
อ
TENKEE SHINDRAKI.
R


VI.
TENKEE KUNSUL.
R


VII.
MOOKARAH TENKEE
R


VIII.
EEL TENKEE.


IN
llll
ERE GOODOO TENKEE


IX
EREK GOODOO TENKEE.
R


X
WALAWAH TENKEE.
R


XI.
SUTTIWARAH.
0 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 00:00:0


XII
KOMA SORRA.


YAHLA.


STVV
SORRA KOWAH.
.
PALA SORRA


>
BOKEE SORRA


хуш
XVIII
3
CS
a
POOLLEE MAKUM.


XIX. XX.
XIX.
XX
XIX. KAPPA MURA MOIA.
XX. RAHTEE YELLAKATI


XXL
BOWREE or ABATOO.
3


5
JUODA
LAMA YELLAKAH.


XXIII.
SOMDRUM YELLAKAH
R


XXIV. XXV
A
II
KAPPA
R


ΧΧΙΙ.
O
ΚΑΡΡΑ.
R
R


XXVII
0
M
08
BONDAROO KAPPA,
R


XXVIII
CALAMARAH KAPPA.
R


XXIX. XXX
II
I. KAPPA KOORAWAH.
II. GOORAHPOO SUBBOOKOO
R


XXXI.
3
CHOWLOO PAMOO or MALGUMARA.


XXXII
CALAMAIA PAUM.


DONDOO PAUM.
R


XXXVII
MANTIBUKARO PAUMU.


XXXVI.
TAL.A BON.


XXXIX
TONKAH TALAWAREE.


XL


XLI.
SAWALA
R


XII
M
TELLA SANDAWA.
R


XL.IN
NALLA SANDAWAH
R


ΧΙΟΥ.
ATTOO ΚOΙΑ.
R


XLV
SUDI SANDAWAH


XLVI
IRRWA


ХУТІ - ХУІІ.
XLVII.
ХУШІ.
SOMDRUM KARAMOODDKE
TRRWA


XNX
ALA MOTTAH.
R


L.
Z
KORAH MOTTA.
R


.
KOKU
NUNA MOTTA.
R


LIIILIV.
A
LIV
LII
LII. BULLEE KOKAH.
LIV. NETTEE KUNLA MOTTAH.


IVI
MOOROO BONTOO.


TAVILIVIT
Alle
LVII
LVIII
LVII. GURRAH PARAH.
LVIII. CHEWOOLA PARAH.


LIXNIX.
Lux
LX.
KAUKI SANDAWA.
AMBATA KUTTEE
R


LXI I.XII
IT
Model
This
LXII.
|||
M
LXI
TOTTAH KARAH
GOOMORAH KARAH.


L.XIII & L.XIV
L.XIII
Hitta
LXIV.
KOMAH KARAH
BINDO O KARAH


TV
LXVI.
YA
KARAH
DACER KARAH
R


LXVII. LXVII
WOODAN
WODAWAHAH
R


LXIX
ADALAH


LXX.
JERREE POTOO A.


LXXI.LXXII
LXXI
I.XXTI
L.XXI. JERREE POTOO B.
LXXII. JERREE POTOO C.


L.XXTIL
JERREE POTOO.D.


LXXIV.
C
JERREE POTOO E.


1.XXY
NOOREE NALAKA.A.


LXXVI&LXXVII
I.XXVII
PA
C
3
.
LXXVII
NOOREE MALAKA.
NOOREENALAKA.
R

3

LXXVIII
0 0
POOL CHITSILLOO.
R


LXXIX.
LATTE
R


Mama
TERLA. A
R


Thxxx
TERLA. B
R


TXXXTI
MATA.
R


TXT & LXXIV.
2
LXXXIII
JU
LXXXIV.
У ортА.
PAINAH
R


IV & LXXVI.
LXXXV.
ره
.
RAHTI. POTA.
CALAMOJA POTA.
R


TXXXVII
KAHI SANDAWA.
R


I.XXXVIII
M
SAINI TCHAPI.


Kone
KARWA.
R


XC.
IAHNGARAH
R

11

XCI.
CHTCHILLEE.


хсп.
CALAMARA


ХСІП.
CHIRTA Н.


ХСТУ
ААААА
RAN (800.
R


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YAPILLI.
R


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KALLEE MAEE
R


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DOONDIAWATI
R


XCVIII
ANTIKA DOONDIAWAH.


XCIX
BOTLAWOO CHAMP


C
SILAO 0.
R


SYSTEMATICAL INDEX
TO VOLUME I.
AMPHIBIA NANTES.
PISCES APODES.
Names at Vizagapatam.
Names at Madras.
Names at Vizagapatam.
Names at Madras.
RAJA
MURÆNA
No.
1
1
2
No.
Page
1 Temeree
2 Nalla Temeree
3 Wolga Tenkee ib.
4 Isaccurah Tenkee
- 3
5 Tenkee Shindraki ib.
6 Tenkee Kunsul 4
7 Mookara Tenkee ib.
8 Eel Tenkee-
9 Ereegoodoo Tenkee ib.
10 Walawah Tenkee · 6
11 Suttiwarah - -
2
3 Atovalantreka.
4 Chemmentreka.
5 Shemberaca.
6
7 Panjal Terki.
No,
Page
31 Chowloo Pamoo
32 Calamaia Paum ib.
33 Malagu Paum 23
34 Malagu Paum 24
35 Dondoo Paum
25
36 Taloo Paum - ib.
37 Manti Bukaro Paumu 26
No.
31
32
SS
34
95
36
37 Ella Pamboo
• 5
8
9
10
11 Kalwata.
7
OPHIDIUM
38 Tala Bon
27 38 Kadawal Woolva.
39 Tonka Talawaree - 28 39
40
40
SQUALUS.
TRICHIURUS.
41 Sawala
- 30
41 Sauvala
12 Coma Sorra
8
13 Yahla
ib.
14 Pala Sorra
9
15 Sorra Kowah
ib.
16 Bokee Sorra
10
17 Ra Sorra
ib.
18 Poolee Makum - 11
12
13
14 Palsorra.
15 Sunjura.
16 Koram Sorra.
17
18
STROMATEUS
42 Tella Sandawah 31 42 Valeval.
43 Nala Sandawah
32
43
44 Atoo Koia
33
45 Sudi Sandawah
34 45
LOPHIUS.
19 Kappa Mura Moia
12
19 Timili Puche.
BALISTES
PISCES JUGULARES.
20 Carpu Mulai.
21 Mullura.
CALLIONYMUS
20 Rahtee Yellakah 13
21 Bowree
14
22 Lama Yellakah 15
23 Somdrum Yellakah 16
23
46 Irrwa
36
47 Irrwa
37
48 Somdrum Kara Moodee ib
46
47 Tonne Wolva.
48 Kakushee.
TETRAODON
PISCES THORACICI.
24 Kappa
25 Kappa
26 Kappa -
27 Bondaroo Kappa
28 Calamarah Kappa
29 Kappa Koorawah
- 17
18
18
19
ib.
25 Paulushe.
26 Palusha
27
28
ECHENEIS
49 Ala Mottah
- 39
49 Kerrywalla
20
29
GOBIUS.
SYNGNATHUS.
40
50 Kora Motta
51 Koku
50
51 Maluchile.
41
30 Goorapoo Subbookoo 21 30 Vatupuche.

SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.
Names at Vizagapatam.
Names at Madras.
Names at Vizagapatam.
Names at Madras.
GOBIUS continued.
PLEURONECTES continued.
No.
Page
No.
No.
Page
52 Nuna Motta - ib.
53 Bullee Kokah
42
54 Nettee Kunla Mottah ib.
55 Peel Mottah
43
No.
52 Natchule.
53 Poonkolil.
54 Korava,
55
75 Nooree Nalaka. A ib.
76 Nooree Nalaka. B 59
77 Nooree Nalaka. C 60
75
76 Patna Sutan.
77 Putnu Sutan.
CHÆTODON.
SCORPÆNA.
61
56 Mooroo Bontoo
44
56
ZEUS.
45
78 Calamin.
79 Kellmin.
80 Tarla.
81 Tarla.
82 Kolemin.
83
84
78 Pool Chitsilloo
79 Latte
80 Tarla. A
81 Tarla. B.
82 Mata
83 Painah
84 Moota
85 Calamoia Pota
86 Rahti Pota
87 Kahi Sandawa
88 Sahni Tchapa
46
62
63
64
ib.
56
66
67
ib.
68
69
57 Sitnoli Para.
58 Yargumobicha Para.
59 Mowan.
60 Ambata Kathey
61 Kodkera.
62 Kalikara.
47
ib.
57 Gurrah Parah
58 Chewoola Parah
59 Kauki Sandawa
60 Ambata Kuttee
61 Goomoorah Karah
62 Totta Karah
63 Komah Karah
64 Bindoo Karah
65 Dacer Karah
66 Karah
67 Wodawahah
68 Woodan
85
48
86
87
88
· 49
50
63
64
51
SPARUS.
89 Karwa
- 71
90 Jahngarah
72
91 Chitchillee - 73
92 Calamara
ib.
93 Chirtah
74
94 Rangoo
ib.
95 Yapilli
- 75
96 Kallee Maee
97 Doondiawah
- ib.
·
98 Antika Doondiawah ib.
99 Botlawoo Champah 77
100 Silaoo :
- 78
- 51
ib.
65
66
67
68
52
53
PLEURONECTES.
69 Adalah
54 69 Naraloo.
70 Jerree Potoo. A - 55 70 Nakerloo.
71 Jerree Potoo. B - 56 71
72 Jerree Potoo. C - ib. 72 Pelerloo.
73 Jerree Potoo. D - 57 73 Nelarloo.
74 Jerree Potoo. E. - 58 74 Nelarloo.
89
90
91
92 Mattywan.
93
94 Tokari.
95 Matawa.
96 Matiwan.
97 Vakada.
98
99
100 Sengarava.
76

ALPHABETICAL INDEX
TO VOLUME 1.
Names at Vizagapatam.
Names at Madras.
Names at Visagapatam.
Names at Madras.
A
J.
Page
No.
No.
39
60
Adalah
54
Ala Mottah
Ambata Kuttee
47
Antica Doondiawah - 76
Atoo Koia
ib.
Ambata Kathey
Atovalantreka -
Page
- 72
55
56
56
Jahngarah
Jerree Potoo. A
Jerree Potoo. B
Jerree Potoo. c
Jerree Potoo. D
Jerree Potoo. E
3
57
58
B.
K
10
19
Bindoo Karah
50
Bokee Sorra
Bondaroo Kappa
Botlawoo Champah 77
Bullee Kokah-
42
Bowree, or Abatoo - 14
38
48
62
11
68
12
51
71
47
41
50
8
Kahi Sandawa.
Kappa Mura Moia
Karah
Karwa
Kauki Sandawa
Koku
Komah Karah
Koma Sorra
Korah Motta
Kallee Maee
Kappa -
Kappa
Kappa Koorawah
Kadal Woolva
Kakachee
Kali Kara
Kalwala
Kellmin
Kerry Walla
Kolemin
Kodkara
Koram Sorra
Korava
79
49
c.
82
- 78
Calamin
Chementreka
Carpu Mulai -
4
40
76
61
16
54
- 20
17
67
18
Calamaia Paum
22
Calamara
73
Calamara -
ib.
Calamarah Kappa
19
Calamoia Pota
Chewoola Parah
46
Chirtah -
74
Chitchillee
75
Chowloo Pamoo, or Mal-
gumaru -
20
L.
15
Lama Yellakah
Latte
62
D.
M.
21
Dacer Karah
Dondoo Paum
Doondiawah
51
25
76
Malagu Paum
Malagu Paum
Manti Bukaro Paumu
Mata
Mooroo Bontoo
Ella Pamboo - - 37 Moota
23
24
26
64
44
66
Malacu
Matawa
Matiwai
Mattywan
Mowan
Muluchile
95
96
92
59
51
E.
-
Eel Tenkee
Ereegoodoo Tenkee
5
- 5
N.
G.
Goomorah Karah 48
Gurrah Parah - 45
Goorahpoo Subbookoo 21
Nala Sandawah
92
Nalla Temeree
Nettee Kunla Mottah
Nooree Nalaka. A . 58
Nooree Nalaka. B 59
Nooree Nalaka. C 60
Nuna Motta
Nakarloo
Naraloo
Natchuli
Nelarloo
Nelarloo
70
79
52
75
74
1.
36
Irrwa -
Irrwa
Isacurrah Tenkee
41
- S7
$

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Names at Vizagapatam.
Names at Madras.
Names at Madras.
Names at Vizagapatam.
T.
P.
No.
No.
Page
27
80
14
26
Page
65
9
43
61
81
25
Painah
Pala Sorra
Peel Mottah
Pool Chitsilloo
Poollee Makum
-
Tarla
Tarla
Temmila Puche
Tonne Wolya
31
19
47
1
Palsorra
Palasha
Panjul Terki
Patna Sutan
Paulaushe
Pelerloo
Poonkolil
Putna Sutan
- 11
4
7
76
25
72
- 53
77
Tala Bon
Taloo Paum
Tella Sandawa
Temeree
Tenkee Kunsul
Tenkee Shindraki
Terla A
Terla B.
Tonkah Talawaree
Tottah Karah
3
63
64
28
49
R.
W.
10
6
61
Ra Sorra
Rahti Pota
Rahtee Yellakah
Rangoo
52
13
74
Walawah Tenkee
Wodawahah
Woodan
Wolga Tenkee
53
2.
S.
V.
41
- 97
45
100
Vakad
Valeval
Vatupuche
Sauvala
Sengarava
Sitnoti Para
Sunjutra
30
Sahni Tchapa
69
Sawala
30
Silaoo
Somdrum Kara Mooddee 37
Sorra Kowah
9
Sudi Sandawah
34
Suttiwarah
7
78
57
15
Y.
8
Yargumobicha Para 58
Yahla
Yapilli
.
75
END OF VOL. I.
Printed by W. Bulmer and Co.
Cleveland-row, St. James's.






에
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