EX LIBRIS 5 blereander Ruthven. EN ARTES 1817 VERITAS LIBRARY Ա SCIENTIA OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PLUCUJUS PRUNG TUEBOR «QUÆRIS-PENINSULAM-AMⱭNAM) CIRCUMSPICE MUSEUMS LIBRARY ПИНННННИЙ i RIUM NATURÆ OF the NATURALISTS VOL.1. PERMISSION HER OL MISCELLANY. BY Nodder i et Sculpfit. HAWMDERS the FIGURES byF.P.NODDER,BOTANIC PAINTER to HER MAJES LONDON. Printed for Nodder &C.15 Brewer StrGolden Sq.1790. AUGUSTISSIME CELSISSIMÆQUE CAROLETTE, BRITANNIARUM REGINE, VIRTUTIBUS PRÆCELLENTISSIMÆ, ARTIUM ELEGANTIARUM JUDICI, FAUTRICI SUMME, HUNC PRIMUM NATURE VIVARII FASCICULUM CULTU OMNI ET OBSEQUIO D. D. D. GEORGIUS SHAW, FREDERICUS P: NODDER. TO THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS PRINCESS, CHARLOTTE, QUEEN OF GREAT BRITAIN, NOT LESS DISTINGUISHED BY HER VIRTUES THAN HER STATION, THIS FIRST VOLUME OF THE NATURALIST's MISCELLANY IS WITH PROFOUND HUMILITY INSCRIBED BY HER MAJESTY'S MOST DEVOTED AND MOST OBEDIENT SUBJECTS AND SERVANTS, GEORGE SHAW, FREDERICK P: NODDER. VIVARIUM NATURE, SIVE RERUM NATURALIUM, VARIE ET VIVIDE ICONES, IPSAM A D NATURAM, DEPICTE E T DESCRIPT Æ. THE NATURALIST'S MISCELLANY: OR COLOURED FIGURES OF NATURAL OBJECTS; DRAWN AND DESCRIBED IMMEDIATELY FROM NATUR E. Museums QL 46 $53 V. Museums Library Gift Prea Alexander Ruthren L-10-53 PSITTACUS PORPHYROCEPHA ** LUS. ** CHARACTER GENERICUS. Roftrum aduncum: mandibula fuperiore mobili, cera inftructa. Nares in roftri baſi. Lingua carnofa, obtufa, integra. Pedes fcanforii. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 139 CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. PSITTACUS fubmacrourus viridis, vertice fub- criftato, purpureo-cæruleo, gula rubra. Inter numerofas hujus generis fpecies vix extat avi- cula aut forma elegantior, aut coloribus pulchrior. Infulas incolit auftrales modo exploratas, nuperis na- vigiis inde ad nos advecta. Interdum fit ut differat paulum colore alia ab alia: ut nempe in nonnullis fint femora viridia, in nonnullis purpurea. Interdum etiam pectus aliquid fufci coloris exhibet. Hæ diffe- rentiæ fortaffe vel fexus difcrimina indicant, vel a ju- niori aut provectiori ætate oriuntur. A THE PURPLE-HEADED PARRAKEET. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill hooked. Upper mandible moveable. Noftrils round, placed in the bafe of the bill. Tongue flefhy, broad, blunt at the end. Legs fhort. Toes formed for climbing, viz. two backward and two forward. Linnæus and Pennant. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. GREEN PARRAKEET, with the tail rather elongated; crown flightly crefted, and of a purplish blue; throat red. BLUE-CRESTED PARRAKEET. Latham's Synopfis of Birds, vol. I. p. 254- Of the extenfive genus to which this bird belongs, there hardly exifts a more beautiful fpecies, either in point of fhape or colour. It is a native of the newly- diſcovered Iſlands in the South-Sea, and is one of the numerous acquifitions with which Natural Hiftory has been enriched by the late Voyages to the Southern Hemiſphere. It is fubject to fome variety as to co- lour, the thighs in fome being green, and in others purple: the breaft alfo is fometimes of a dufky tinge. Theſe are probably either fexual differences, or elfe may be owing to a more or lefs advanced ftate of age. Pieblished Aug. 1 1789, byt P. Nodder, (and P. N.13 Punkon Streets. PHALENA ATLA S. ** CHARACTER GENERICUS.lur mi Antenna fetaceæ, a bafi ad apicem fenfim atte- nuatæ. Ala (fedentis) fæpius deflexæ. (Volatu nocturno). Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 808. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. PHALENA pectinicornis elinguis, alis falcatis concoloribus luteo-variis, macula feneftrata: fuperioribus fefqui-altera. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 808. Phalana, in hac tabula depicta, eft omnium phala- narum hactenus cognitarum maxima: omnium etiam, teſtante Linnæo ipfo, fpeciofiffima. Hiftoria naturalis cultoribus jamdudum eft cognita, et a Domina Merian in Hiftoria Infectorum Surinamenfium depicta: quæ tamen eximiam ipfius infecti venuftatem et varios co- lores in tabula minus feliciter exprimit. Eruca, nota- bilis hujus infecti mater, prægrandis eft, colore viridi, et tuberculis flavis annulata. Appropinquante ejus in chryfalidem metamorphofi, telam ferici fubflavi de fuo ipfius glutine deducit, in qua cubat, durante chryfalidos ftatu. Erucæ hæ in China, et aliis Orientis regionibus, nec-non in America calidiori frequenter reperiuntur : et quandoquidem ter quolibet in anno producuntur, fe- ricum ricum illinc ortum commercii non parvi æftimandi fieri poffit fundamentum; firmiffimum enim hoc fericum fi- mul ac elegantiffimum habetur. Opinionem hanc jam olim vulgavit Domina Merian. Vide Infect. Surin. tab. 52. Vefcitur hæc Eruca præcipue foliis citri. Phalænæ non mediocrem pulchritudinem afferunt antennæ fuæ: finguli enim antennarum articuli radiis quatuor, feu duobus utrinque fe diducentibus inftructi funt, ita ut duplices appareant. Noilder &C. N THE MOTH. ATLAS ** GENERIC CHARACTER, The Antenna or Horns fetaceous, decreaſing in fize from the baſe to the point. The Wings, when at reft, generally deflected. Flight, generally nocturnal. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. MOTH with fub-falcated wings, varied with different fhades of ferruginous and orange; with a large tranſparent ſpot on each, and a fmaller contiguous fpot on the upper wings. Colour of both the furfaces nearly the fame. The Moth figured in this plate is the largeft fpecies of Phalana, hitherto diſcovered; it must be unne- ceffary to add, that it is one of the most beautiful. Linnæus in the Syftema Naturæ calls it Speciofiffima Phalænarum. It has been long known to naturaliſts, and has been figured by Madam Merian amongſt the infects of Surinam. The figure, however, which fhe has given, does not by any means do juftice to the un- common elegance of the infect itſelf. The Caterpillar from which this remarkable Moth is produced, is very large, of a green colour, and furrounded by rings of yel low low tubercles. When the period of its change approach- es, it ſpins a web of extremely ftrong yellowish filk, in which it lies during its ftate of chryfalis. The Cater- pillars are very common in China, and other parts of the Eaft-Indies, as well as in America; and as the Moth breeds thrice a year, it might, in all probability, be made a very profitable article of commerce; fince the filk it produces is extremely ftrong and rich. Madam Merian has obferved this in her account of the animal. See her Hiftory of the Surinam Infects, tab. 52. This Caterpillar feeds principally on Orange leaves. What adds in a moft remarkable manner to the beauty of the Moth, is the curious ftructure of the An- tennæ or Horns; which are pinnated in a quadruple feries of fibres, fo as to appear as if double, or com- pofed of two pair of Antennæ laid over each other. MOSCHUS PYGMÆUS. ** *** CHARACTER GENERICUS. Cornua nulla. Dentes laniarii fuperiores folitarii exferti. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 91. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. MOSCHUS pedibus humano digito angufti- oribus. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 92, Quadrupedum ungulatorum fi non minimum, unum tamen e minimis cenfetur elegantiffimum hoc animal; vix feli minori magnitudine par. Scatent illo India Orientalis variæ regiones; nec non infula Java. Cor- pore eft agili, et ingenio vivido. Primo intuitu vix ad genus Mofchi pertinere videtur: cum tamen a Linnæo et Pennantio ita difponitur, quis inficias ibit? Dentes laniarii fuperiores in hac fpecie non exferti, ut in cha- ractere generico, fed breviffimi funt. Beftiolæ hujus color fuperiori parte plerumque eft fubferrugineus, in- feriori albidus: fed in hoc ipfo fpecimine (adhuc in Mufco Leveriano confervato) collum fafciis albis pul- chre notatum eft. THE PYGMY MUS K. MUSK.M GENERIC CHARACTER. No Horns. Two long Tusks in the upper jaw. Eight ſmall cutting Teeth in the lower jaw; none in the upper jaw.toaqu MUSK with Linnæus and Pennant. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. legs of fmaller diameter than the human finger. GUINEA MUSK. Pennant. Hift. Quadr. p. 115. This elegant little creature is one of the ſmalleſt of the hoofed quadrupeds, being feldom more than about 9 inches in length; or about the fize of a fmall cat. It abounds in feveral parts of the Eaft- Indies, and is common in the Iſland of Java. It is an animal of a very agile and lively difpofition. At firft view one would not be inclined to rank this crea- ture in the genus Mofchus or Mufk. Yet fince both Linnæus and Mr. Pennant have agreed in fo doing, we fhall not object to its being thus placed. The tufks in the upper jaw are however very fhort, fo that it does not fhew in a ftriking manner that particular of its generic character. This little fpecies is generally of a tawny colour above, and white below; but the indi- vidual fpecimen from which this figure was taken, (and which is now in the Leverian Muſeum) is ftreaked in a remarkable manner on the neck with white. 产地 ​Published Aug! 1,1789, by F. P. Nodder &C. V.13, Panton Street. TANAGRA TATA O. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Roftrum conicum, acuminatum, emarginatum, bafi fubtrigonum, apice declive. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 313. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. TANAGRA violacea, dorfo nigro, uropygio fulvo, capite viridi, pectore alifque viola- ceis. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 315. Nefcio an hac plumas habeat aliqua avis fplendidi- ores. Poffunt fane Trochili, aliarumque nonnullarum colores, figillatim infpecti magis nitefcere; vix tamen alii avi obtigit tanta lucidarum plumarum varietas. Guianam incolit in America Auftrali pulcherrima hæc avicula. Fæminæ et pullis pallidior eft color; fit etiam interdum ut avis adulta differat paulum colore alia ab alia. Cantu plane caret; quod illi cum multis aliis re- giones calidiores incolentibus commune eft: dicamus igitur cum elegantiffimo fabularum fcriptore, Si vocem baberes nulla prior ales foret.' B OASATT HEAT PARADISE TANAGRA. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill conical, acuminated, a little inclining to- wards the point, upper mandible flightly ridged, and notched near the end. Linnæus and Pennant.-Cl. Pafferes. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. VIOLACEOUS TANAGRA, with the back black, the rump orange, head green, breaſt and wings violet-blue. Le SEPTICOLOR Lin. Syft. Nat. p. Buff. Oif. Vol. IV. p. 279. pl. 13. TITMOUSE OF PARADISE. Edw. pl. 349. It may be doubted whether in the whole feathered tribe there exifts a bird of gayer plumage than this. In the Humming-birds and fome others, there are in- deed ftill more vivid hues, if fingly confidered; but fcarce any bird yet known difplays fuch a combination of lively colours. This fplendid little creature is an inhabitant of Guiana in South America. The female is fomewhat lefs brilliant in colour, as is alfo the cafe with Published Sept 2, 1789, by F.P. Nodder &C. Nº13, Panton Arest. 4 with thoſe which have not yet attained their full age; it likewife happens that fome flight varieties occafion- ally take place in the colours of the full-grown birds. Like many of the gay birds of the hotter climates, it is deftitute of fong. In the words of the elegant fabu- lift, we may apply to it, Si vocem haberes, nulla prior ales foret." BRADYPUS TRIDACTYLUS. **** ***** CHARACTER GENERICUS. Dentes Primores nulli utrinque. Laniarii obtufi, folitarii, molaribus longiores, occurfantes. Molares utrinque 5, obtufi. Corpus pilis tectum. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 50. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. BRADYPUS pedibus tridactylis, cauda brevi. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 50. Hoc animali vix aliud afpectu deformius et inelegan- tius poteft excogitari. Species ita in tabula depicta, in America Auftrali nafcitur; fedem fibi quærens in de- fertiffimis locis, ubi otium turbare nec poffint homines aut alia animantia. Negat celeberrimus Naturæ fcru- tator BUFFONIUS reperiri poffe aliquid in hoc animali quod mundani fyftematis vel ufui vel decori inferviat : clamitans monftrum effe informe, fine arte et confilio factum, et ad folas ærumnas aptum. Nec mirum, ait ille; magna enim pars hominum vix fato meliore gau- det. Pace tamen tanti viri, (qui fæpe feria cum ludi- cris permifcet) liceat mihi dicere hoc ipfum animal tam vile, tam vifu foedum, pro fuis vitæ moribus fuifque pro- priis priis amoenitatibus non minus apte et idonee formari, quam alia animantia, queis melior forma et ingenium vividius obtigerint. Fructibus præcipue vefcitur Bra- dypus; fed et folia ipfa lubenter comedit. Motu in- cedit languido et tardiffimo. Vocem emittere dicitur tam ultra fidem fingularem, tam miferanter ejulantem, vultu fimul adeo lachrymofo, ut audientium mifericor- diam et faftidium commoveat. Infolitum hunc clamo- rem, (a natura, ut credere par eft pro defenfione datum) fimul ac audierint alia animalia, terrore percita in fu- gam fe recipiunt. Nec tamen vox et præterea nihil, quo fe defendat data eft: adeo enim robore præpollet Bradypus, ut canem, unguibus fuis prehenfum, vehe- menter renitentem, et omni vi evadere conantem mor- dicus retineat, donec ipfa fame confumptum miferit. Tantam enim ipfe tolerare poteft abftinentiam, ut trun- co appenfus, fine eſca aut potu, per menfem integrum duraverit, vix tandem fame et languore confumptus. Patet hoc a mirando KIRCHERI experimento. Alia exftat Bradypi fpecies; huic valde fimilis; cui tamen pedes anteriores duobus tantum unguibus mu- niti funt. N Pub. Sept 1.1789 by F. P. Nodder & C. N. 13 Panton Street. THE THREE-TOED SLOTH. GENERIC CHARACTER. No Cutting-Teeth in either jaw. Canine-Teeth obtufe, fingle, longer than the grind- ers, placed oppoſite. Grinders five on each fide, obtufe. Fore-Legs much longer than the hind. Claws very long. [Linnæus and Pennant. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. SLOTH with three toes on each foot, and a very ſhort tail; fize of a fmallifh dog. THREE-TOED SLOTH. L'AI. Pennant Hift. Quadr. p. 494- [Buffon. Vol. XIII. p. 34. tab. 5, 6. So extraordinary is the union of awkwardness and ug- linefs in this uncommon creature, that it has generally been regarded as one of the moft ftriking examples of animal deformity. The fpecies here exhibited, is a na- tive of South America, where it refides in folitary places, and where its quietude is leaft liable to be difturbed by Man or other animals. A celebrated Naturalift, the Count de BUFFON, will not allow this creature to have any ſhare in contributing to the general beauty in the chain of beings, but regards it as an ill-conftructed mafs of deformity, created only for mifery, which he thinks thinks is the lefs to be wondered at, when perhaps the major part of mankind experience the fame fate. With fubmiffion, however, to this lively Naturalift, I fhould not heſitate to believe that the Sloth, notwith- ftanding this appearance of wretchedneſs and deformity, is as well faſhioned for its proper modes and habits of life, and feels as much happineſs in its folitary and ob- fcure retreats, as the reft of the animal world of greater locomotive powers and fuperior external elegance. The Sloth feeds chiefly on fruit: it will even feed on the leaves of trees; and it is of all animals the moft languid in its motions. Its voice is faid to be fo incon- ceivably fingular, and of fuch a mournful melancholy, attended at the fame time with fuch a mifery of afpect, that it excites at once a mixture of pity and difguft; and that the animal makes ufe of this natural yell as its beft mode of defence; fince other creatures are frightened away by the uncommon found. This is, however, far from being its only refuge; for fo great is the fhare of mufcular ftrength which it poffeffes, that it is capable of feizing a dog with its claws, and hold- ing it, in fpite of all its efforts to eſcape, 'till it periſhes with hunger; for the Sloth itſelf is fo well calculated for fupporting abftinence, that the celebrated KIRCHER affures us of its power in this reſpect having been ex- emplified by the very fingular experiment of fuffering one which had faſtened itſelf to a pole, to remain in that fituation, without any ſuſtenance, 'till it periſhed through fatigue and famine, which did not happen 'till more than the ſpace of a whole month. There is another fpecies of Sloth which has the fame general appearance with the fpecies here figured, but is furniſhed with only two toes to the fore-feet. ANGUIS SCYTALE. * 冬 ​CHARACTER GENERICUS. Squamæ abdominales et fquamæ fubcaudales. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 390. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. Anguis fquamis abdominalibus 240, caudalibus 13. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 392. Non folum pulcherrimis dives coloribus fuperbit hic ferpens, fed et omni noxio prorfus caret. Plurimus eft in America Auftrali, fylvas incolens, variaque in- fecta devorans, fcolopendras præcipue, quibus maxime delectari dicitur, ibi non folum numerofiffimis fed et maximis. Colore eft interdum albo nigroque, inter- dum fubrofeo nigroque: color tamen illi elegantiffimus eft aurantio-ruber, ventrem flavefcens, totum corpus fafciis aterrimis pulcherrime variatus. Mira eft illa et peculiaris generi exuvias abjiciendi facultas; hoc pe- racto novus ingreditur ferpens forma læte vivida et co- loribus fplendidiffimis. Hinc tamen fit ut non leviter errent Phyfici, qui ea de caufa fpecies minus accurate diftinguere poffunt. Notabilis hujus rei caufam ita fcite exponit celeberrimus LINNAEUS. C ⚫ Hos nuda in terra rejectos, artuum minifterio ex- pertes, omnium injuriæ expofitos, armavit Natura con- 'fervatrix fuis armis, horrentibus exfecrabili veneno, 'peffimorum peffimo, in diverfis diverfo. Ne vero hi C fpoliati C fpoliati miferique armis quæ ipfis fupereffent nimium fævirent, decimam quamque tantum fpeciem armavit imperans, fed verfipelles eos voluit, ut dubii omnes 'metuerentur ab omnibus. 5 Published Sept.1.1789 by F.P. Nodder & C. N. 13 Panton Street: THE PAINTED SNAKE. ** GENERIC CHARACTER. Body covered with uniform fcales, or thoſe on the belly and beneath the tail, not differing in fhape from the reft. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. SNAKE with about 240 fcales along the belly, and 13 beneath the tail. General colour black and orange; fometimes black and white, &c. The Serpent figured on this plate, befides being dif- tinguiſhed by the beauty of its colours, is perfectly harmleſs. It is common in South America, where it re- fides in woods, and preys upon various infects, &c. It is faid to be particularly fond of Scolopendra, or centi- pedes, which in thofe regions are uncommonly nume- rous and large. It is fometimes found entirely black and white, and ſometimes pale rofe-colour and black: but the moſt elegant ftate in which it appears is that of a bright orange-red; much paler or yellowifh white on the belly, and beautifully fafciated all over with bars of the deepeſt black. One of the moft fingular properties of of the ferpent tribe, is that of cafting their ſkins at cer- tain periods, and appearing in a ſtate of fuperior beau- ty in point of colour than before. This is one of the principal cauſes of that difficulty which obtains amongſt Naturalifts of determining the fpecies; fince one and the fame animal may vary extremely in colour at diffe- rent ſeaſons, and therefore be miſtaken for a different fpecies. LINNAEUS gives a very good and probable rea- fon for this, viz. That fince the Author of Nature has ' armed many of the ferpent tribe with a dreadful poi- fon, He has ordained that all fhould caft their ſkins, in order to infpire a neceffary univerfal caution and fuf- picion of the whole tribe.' PSITTACUS PORPHYRIO. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Roftrum aduncum: mandibula fuperiore mobili, cera inftructa.irise egg Nares in roftri bafi. Lingua carnofa, obtufa, integra. bolood Pedes fcanforii. Lin. Syft. Nat. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. PSITTACUS fubmacrourus, violaceo-cyaneus, capite fubcriftato, gula albida. Perexigua hæc Pfittaci fpecies inter elegantiffimas fui generis merito locum obtinet. Color illi eft admo- dum violaceus, gula pectorifque parte fuperiori excep- tis, quæ albicant, in quibufdam fpeciminibus fubfuſco obumbrata. Roftrum pedefque rubefcunt. Capitis plumæ fere in criftam funt productæ, ut in Pfittaco Porphyrocephalo in Numero primo hujus operis ex- preffo. Huic aviculæ fingulare quoddam eft, (quod et Lathamium in Synopfi Avium non effugit,) lingua nempe quæ generi obtufa et brevis eft, in hac fpecie longa eft, et fafciculo, feu penicillo fetularum albarum terminata. Inſulam Otaheitee, in Oceano Auſtrali, incolit hæc fpecies. D besit oft OTTYH93 THE JOATTIT VIOLET-BLUE PARRAKEET. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill hooked. Upper mandible moveable. Tongue broad, flefhy, and obtufe.oni Legs rather fhort. Toes formed for climbing, viz. two forward and two backward. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. VIOLET-BLUE PARRAKEET, with the tail fomewhat elongated; head rather crefted; throat white. Length about 5 Inches, or fomewhat more. OTAHEITAN BLUE PARRAKEET. 1 Latham. Synopf. p. 59. N. B. This bird, and the Pfittacus Porphyrocephalus, figured in the firſt Number of this work, are very nearly of the fame fize and proportion. This diminutive fpecies is one of the moſt elegant of its tribe. Its colour is a beautiful deep violet, ex- cept on the throat and upper part of the breaft, where it is white; but in fome fpecimens flighty tinged with dufky. The bill and legs are reddiſh, and the feathers on the head are elongated, fo as to form a flight creſt, in N Londor. Published Oct. 1. 1789 by F.P. Nodder & C. N.13 Panton Street in the fame manner as in the Pfittacus Porphyrocepha- lus, defcribed in the Firſt Number of this Work. A very curious circumftance relative to this little bird, has been obferved by Mr. Latham in his Synop- fis of birds; viz. that the tongue, which in the reft of the genus is blunt and fhort, is in this fpecies long, and terminated by a fort of pencil of ſhort white briftles. It is a native of the Ifland of Otaheitee in the South- ern Hemiſphere. DRACO VOLANS. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Corpus tetrapodum, caudatum, alatum; alis pro- priis. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 358. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. DRACO brachiis ab ala diftinctis. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 358. Simile eft Lacertis hoc animalculum nifi quod mem- branam habeat lateralem, radiis quibufdam offeis firma- tam, et quam ad arbitrium vel complicare vel explicare poteft. Hinc Lacerta volans non inepte nominari pof- fet. Celeberrimus tamen Linnæus, in Syftemate Na- turæ, genus illi diftinctum nomine Draconis dedit. Africæ indigena eft, et ut aliæ minores Lacertæ, in- ter arbores vagatur, more fciuri volantis, ope membra- næ fuæ lateralis faliens; an volitans potius dicam? Ali- arum Lacertarum more infectis vefcitur, quæ (ut verifi- mile mihi vifum eft) facculo quem habet in gula, inge- rit, poftea pro arbitrio, et per otium comedenda. Tegitur undique Draco volans fquamis parvulis, et plerumque eft coloris fubcinerei, fufco alboque plus minus vivide dorfum et alas variatus. 8 尖 ​老 ​London, Published Oct. 11789 by FP. Nodder &C. N.13 Panton Street. bits estril layer TH E ovo zi lerine aid T FLYING era lamic 21 DRAGON. and ads sanoisit GENERIC CHARACTER. Body four-footed, tailed, and winged. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. DRAGON with the fore-legs unconnected with the wings. It is merely in being furniſhed with a lateral expand- ed membrane, ftrengthened by a few radii, or bony proceffes, that this animal differs from the Lizard tribe; fo that it might, without impropriety, he named the Flying Lizard. Linnæus however, in his celebrated work, the Syftema Naturæ, has inftituted a diftinct genus for it, under the title of Draco or Dragon. This animal is an inhabitant of Africa, and like ma- ny other of the fmaller Lizards, delights in wandering about trees, and from the peculiar mechaniſm of its la- teral membranes, is enabled to fpring from bough to bough, and fupport itſelf in air for a moment or two, in the manner of a flying Squirrel. Like other Li- zards, it feeds on infects, and it is not improbable that the remarkable gular pouch with which it is furniſhed, may be a proviſion of Nature, for retaining for ſome time, a number of fmall infects which it may collect, to be afterwards fwallowed more at leifure. This This animal is covered with very fmall fcales, and is generally of an afh-colour, varied and clouded on the back and wings with brown and whitish; which va- riations in the different fpecimens of the animal are more or lefs deep. SCOLOPENDRA MORSITANS Clopota elum CHARACTER GENERICUS. Pedes numerofi, totidem utrinque quot corporis fegmenta. Antenna fetacei. Palpi duo, articulati. singhy of map aludir Corpus depreffum. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1062. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. SCOLOPENDRA pedibus utrinque 20. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1063. Huic Infecto, Indiam utramque et Africam incolen- ti, formidolofus omnino et horridus eft afpectus. Non fatis manifefte patet (ut mihi vifum eft) difcrimen inter duas fpecies Linnæanas, Giganteam fcilicet et Morfi- tantem. Articulos itidem, feu corporis pedumque feg- menta, non femper in eadem fpecie numero æqualia effe opinatus fum. In fpecie Europœa, ita fe rem ha- bere, probe cognofcitur: larvæ enim, feu juniores, pe- dibus paucioribus quam feniores funt inftructi. Vene- no quodam imbuta eft fpecies illa jam defcripta, quod per forcipem tubulatam, cui apex foratus, morfu in vulnus indit. Scolopendræ Scolopendræ hæ ingentes in fylvis plurimæ funt, va- riis anguibus cibum præbentes. In domus haud raro irrepunt, Indiam colentibus adeo moleftæ, ut lectorum poftes in aqua immergere dicantur incolæ, ne noc- tu incommodi aliquid ab infectis hifce horrendis per- cipiant. Veteres qui de Hiftoria Naturali fcripferunt, multa et dira perhibent de Scolopendrarum, morfu, quorum tamen ita incertum eft teftimonium, ut facete potius fabulari, quam in veritatis inveftigatione verfari vide- usluping och h antur. SATORE! supaintu sadibay ATHOLO Snsy butins ni strom Camel 1a mall sniga o 9 А London Published. Oct!" 12" 1789 by F.B. Nodder & C. N. 13 Panton Street. THE GREAT SCOLOPENDRA, OR CENTIPEDE. GENERIC CHARACTER, Feet numerous. As many on each fide as the joints of the body. Antenna fetaceous and jointed. Feelers 2, jointed. Body depreffed, or flattened. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Linnæus. SCOLOPENDRA with about 20 legs on each fide. There is fomething uncommonly formidable in the appearance of this Infect. It is found both in the Eaft and Weft Indies, as well as in different parts of Africa. The difference between the two Linnæan fpe- cies, the Gigantea and Morfitans, does not appear fuf- ficiently clear, and I am inclined to believe that the number of joints, and confequently of legs, is not al- ways the fame in different fpecimens of the fame ani- mal; indeed, in the ſmaller European fpecies this is E well well known to be the cafe; the larvæ, or thoſe which are young, being furnifhed with fewer feet than when in a more advanced ſtate of life. The fpecies here def- cribed, is of a poiſonous nature, and is furniſhed with a pair of forceps, which being tubular, and with an opening or flit towards the points, are the inftruments through which the infect injects its poiſonous juice when it bites. Theſe large Scolopendra chiefly inhabit the woods, where they are preyed upon by different fpecies of fnakes; but, like the European ones, they fometimes are found in houfes, and are faid to be fo common in ſome particular diſtricts, that the inhabitants are oblig- ed to have the feet of their beds placed in veffels of wa- ter, to prevent their being annoyed during the night by theſe horrible reptiles. The older writers on Na- tural Hiſtory are full of the dreadful confequences re- fulting from the bites of Scolopendre, but their de- fcriptions are fo vague, and their accounts fo uncertain, that no great fatisfaction can be obtained from read- ing their Hiſtories. MOTACILLA SUPERBA. ** NEW HARTUZ ** CHARACTER GENERICUS. Roftrum fubulatum, rectum : mandibulis fubæqua- ((bogadt- we to) borstudat he Arupa vhsən cəldió libus. Nares obovatæ. Lingua lacero-emarginata. lovesu'didoki Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 328. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. MOTACILLA nigra, remigibus fufcis, abdomi- ne albo, fronte genifque cæruleis. 20 Hæc avicula, inter alias fui generis forfan pulcher- rima, Nova Hollandiæ, præcipue Terræ de Van Die- man dictæ incola eft; illinc paucis abhinc annis pri- mum in Angliam illata. Colores paulum variat; cir- ca frontem fcilicet plus minus eft cærulea, ventrem plus minus albida. Caput eft aterrimum; quod tegunt plumæ molliffimæ. Totum etiam corpus veftiunt plu- mæ præter folitum teneræ et elegantes. F THE 19ATOM SUPERB WARBLER. GENERIC CHARACTER, Bill fubulated (or awl-fhaped); ftrait; the man- dibles nearly equal. Noftrils nearly oval. Tongue jagged, or lacerated towards the tip. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. BLACK WARBLER, with the long feathers of the wings brown; the belly white; the forehead and cheeks blue. The beautiful ſpecies of Motacilla here figured, is a native of that part of New Holland called Van Dieman's Land; and is one of the new fpecies of birds, which have been diſcovered during the voyages to thoſe parts. It varies a little in colour, fome fpecimens having more of the blue on the head than others; the belly alfo in fome ſpecimens is of a more dufky tinge than in others. The head is of the deepeſt velvet-black, and the fea- thers on the whole bird have an unuſual ſhare of foft- nefs and elegance. SN London, Published Nov. 1 1789 by FP. Nodder CN13 Panton Street. 10 MANIS PENTADACTYLAM ** boy molom sidlar bas audhuiq CHARACTER GENERICUS. Dentes nulli. Lingua teres, extenfilis. Os anguftatum in roftrum. Corpus fquamis tectum. O sibni në aspiqsh sid up Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 52. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. MANIS pedibus pentadactylis. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 52. LACERTUS SQUAMOSUS. Bont. Jav. p. 60. Externam tantum formam fpectanti, videatur hoc animal inter lacertos debere reponi : quibus tamen nul- la alia re eft affine. Eft enim quadrupes revera vivi- parum, ab aliis quadrupedibus in hoc tantum difcre- pans, quod fquamis validis admodum et magnis, pro pilis veftitur. Hæ fquamæ mire adeo a Natura com- parantur ut, appropinquante periculo, contrahere fefe poffit animal in pilam oblongam, nullis pene dixerim vulneribus obnoxiam; funt enim fquamæ robuftæ adeo et acutæ, ut pedes ferarum rapacium, incaute contrec- tare audentium, fevere lancinent. Animal mite eft Manis, Manis, veſciturque præcipue infectis et vermibus. In- ter fylvas et loca paluftria vagatur, nullam aliam vocem præter rhonchum quendam peculiarem emittens. In magnam interdum crefcit molem, pedes feptem vel octo longa. Alia fpecies eft hujus generis, in pluribus huic valde fimilis, cui tamen cauda multo longior, pe- defque unguibus quatuor tantum muniti funt. Species hic depicta in India Orientali habitat, in infula Java quam alibi frequentior. In Africa etiam dicitur inve- niri. 11 SN или حمد London. Published. Nov. 105 1789 by F. P. Nodder & Er N.3 Panton Stret. T No Teeth. ________ THEit ad of e FIVE-TOED MANIS. GENERIC CHARACTER. ** Tongue cylindric and extenfile. Mouth narrowed into a fnout. Body covered with fcales. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. MANIS with pentadactylous (or five-toed) feet. SHORT-TAILED MANIS. Lin. Pennant. Hift. Quadr. p. 505. If external form alone were regarded in this animal, it might be looked upon as a fpecies of Lizard, fo ftrik- ing is the general reſemblance which it bears to that tribe. In reality, however, it has no other affinity with thoſe creatures; it is a genuine viviparous qua- druped, and only differs from the generality of other quadrupeds in being covered, not with hairs, but with large and ftrong fcales, which are fo admirably con- trived by Nature, as to enable it to contract itſelf on the approach of danger, into an oblong ball, in fuch a manner 1 a manner as to be almoft invulnerable; for fuch is the ftrength and ſharpneſs of its fcales, that they have been known to cut the feet of fuch beafts of prey as have ventured to attack it in this its defended ftate. The Manis is an animal of a harmleſs difpofition. It feeds principally on infects, worms, &c. wanders about woody and marfhy places, and has no other voice than a fort of fnorting. It grows to a very great fize, and ſometimes meaſures feveral feet in length. There is another ſpecies of Manis, which has the fame general appearance, but which differs in having a much longer tail, and the feet furniſhed with four claws only, in- ftead of five. The fpecies here figured, is an Eaft-Indian animal, and feems to be more common in the iſland of Java, than in other parts. It has alſo been found in Africa. o ARANEA AVICULARIA. ** Pedes octo. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Oculi octo.inery Os unguibus, feu retinaculis duobus. Palpi duo articulati; mafculis genitalibus capi- tati. Anus papillis textoriis. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1030. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. ARANEA thorace orbiculato convexo; centro tranfverfe excavato. size non Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1034. Mer. Sur. t. 18. Fabric. Spec. Inf. p. 545. Araneam vulgarem et domefticam non poffunt non horrefcere et averfari incuriofi naturæ obfervatores. Quam longe tamen diftat hæc minuta et imbellis fpe- cies ab Araneæ Avicularia horrenda et ingenti mole! quam non ſolum alia Infecta fed ipfæ etiam aves refor- midant, forcipes habentem unguibus accipitris magni- tudine pares, oculofque quibus exfectis et more vitri optici paratis pro microfcopio uti poffunt Philofophi. Enormis Enormis hæc Aranea in variis America regionibus fæpe confpecta, frequentior eft in America Meridi- onali. Inter arbores verfatur, aviculis infidians, quas prius forcipibus vulneratas fanguinem exfugendo de- inde enecat. Forcipes ifte virus inflant in vulnus, ut et aliis plerifque Araneis commune eft. Foramen juxta apices forcipum, per quod exit venenum, et de quo, fitne foramen necne, multum diuque inter phyficos dubitatum eft, in hac fpecie ab ipfo oculo, fine ope microſcopii plane poteft percipi. Mirari fane jure poffunt illi, qui in microſcopicis inveftigationibus verfantur, illique præcipue qui mi- croſcopio Liberkuniano ufi funt, ullum unquam exfti- tiffe dubium de hoc foramine in Aranearum forcipibus: ineffe enim illud Araneæ ipfi vulgari et domefticæ plane demonftrat prima vel fecunda lens iftius micro- fcopii. Notandum tamen eft commune microfcopium ad diftinctum rei tam minutæ confpectum non fatis accommodari. Swammerdamii et Roëfelii acumen effugit hoc foramen, et probe notum eft Meadum cele- berrimum in tractatu fuo de venenis Leewenhoekium erraffe credere, cum venenum Araneæ per foramen for- cipum exprimi afferit: affirmat enim Meadus fe vari- arum fpecierum forcipes, et fpeciatim prægrandis hujus fpeciei fedulo examinaffe, nec tamen foramen potuiffe detegere. Cum tamen multos poft annos rem illi plane oftendit Bakerus, priorem opinionem fummo cum candore revocavit vir doctiffimus, alteramque fubftituit; certas tantum fpecies venenofas effe, eas nempe quæ tubulatis forcipibus inftructæ funt; ut in ferpentibus evenit; quorum certæ tantum fpecies veneno veneno imbutæ funt; illæ nempe quæ dentes tubula- tos gerunt, e. g. Crotalus, Vipera, &c. Ab oculis aliorum Infectorum differunt longe Arane- arum oculi, et pro diverfitate fpecierum diverfum habent numerum et fitum. Species de qua jam agitur octo habet oculos, in for- mam pene oblongo-quadratam difpofitos. Horum duo intermedii reliquis grandiores funt, et plane ro- tundi; cæteri in formam ovi effinguntur. G THE BIRD-CATCHING SPIDER. Eight Legs. Eight Eyes. **** GENERIC. CHARACTER. Mouth furnifhed with 2 hooks or holders. Two jointed Palpi or Feelers, the tips of which (in the males) diſtinguiſh the fex. The Abdomen terminated by papillæ, or teats, through which the Infect draws its thread. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. SPIDER with orbicular convex thorax with a tranſverſe central excavation. Mer. Surin. tab. 18. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1034. The common Spiders of Europe are frequently be- held with horror and averfion by thofe who have not accuſtomed themſelves to an attentive furvey of the works of nature; but what are thefe when compared with the terrific magnitude of the gigantic fpecies here exhibited! A fpecies which is formidable not only to other infects, but even to birds themſelves; whofe fangs are equal in fize to the talons of a hawk, and whofe London, Püttiched. Nov? t 1789 by F.P. Nodder & N. 13 Panton Stuv. Street. 12 whofe eyes are capable of being fet in the manner of glaffes and uſed as microſcopes. This enormous Spi- der is not uncommon in many parts of America, but it is principally found in South-America. It refides amongſt trees, and frequently feizes on fmall birds, which it deftroys by fucking their blood, after having firft wounded them by its fangs, which inftil a poiſon- ous fluid into the wound, in the manner of other Spi- ders. The flit or orifice near the tip of the fangs of Spiders, through which the poiſonous fluid is evacu- ated, and the exiftence of which has afforded fo much matter of doubt amongſt Naturalifts, is in this fpecies fo vifible that it may be diftinctly perceived without a glaſs. To thoſe who are accustomed to microfcopical in- veſtigations, and make ufe of the advantageous ftruc- ture of the opake microfcope, it may feem furpriſing that any doubt could ever have been entertained of the exiſtence of this foramen in the fangs of Spiders, fince even in the common Houfe-Spider it is perfectly vifi- ble by the affiftance of the firft or fecond magnifier of Liberkun's microſcope; but it ſhould be confidered that microſcopes of the ufual ftructure are not calcu- lated for fhewing to advantage fo ſmall an object, and which requires fo favourable a light. Even Swam- merdam and Roëfel could not difcover it; and it is notorious that Mead in his Account of Poifons, ima- gines Leewenhoek to have been miftaken in fuppofing that the Spider evacuated its venom through a hole in its fangs; and declares that he himſelf had examined the fangs of feveral Spiders, and of this large one in particular, particular, without having been able to difcover the foramen. The late Mr. Baker however, feveral years after, convinced him of its exiftence. He then re- tracted his former fentiment, and with great candour and judgment gave it as his opinion, that, as amongſt ferpents, only fome particular fpecies are poiſonous, and have teeth that are perforated for the emiffion of their poiſon, viz. the Rattle-Snake, the Viper, and others, fo amongſt Spiders fome kinds only may be poiſonous, viz. fuch as are provided with perforated fangs. The Eyes of Spiders differ very much from thoſe of moft other infects; and are different both in number and difpofition in the feveral fpecies. The preſent fpecies has eight eyes, which are difpofed fomewhat in the form of an oblong fquare. Of theſe the two mid- dle ones are larger than the reft, and perfectly round; the others are of an oval fhape. ALCEDO CRISTATA. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Roftrum trigonum, craffum, rectum, longum. Lingua carnofa, breviffima, plana, acuta. Pedes grefforii, plerifque. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 178. Claff: Pica. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. ALCEDO brachyura fubcriftata cærulea, fubtus rufa, crifta nigro-undulata. Edwards. t. 336? Le VINTSI. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 178. Buffon. Oif. vol. VII. p. 205. In genere Alcedinis exempla funt coloris varii et fplendidiffimi: inter omnes autem Alcedines eminet pulcherrima ſpecies in tabula depicta. Inter minores eft fui generis. Criftam in vertice formofam gerit hæc avicula quæ illi non parvo eft ornamento. infula Amboyna apud Indos præcipue invenitur. H In THE CRESTED KINGFISHER. GENERIC CHARACTER, Bill trigonal, thick, ftrait, long, fharp-pointed. Tongue flefhy, very fhort, flat, fharp-pointed. Feet (in moft of the fpecies) grefforial, i. e. three toes forward, and one backward; and the three lower joints of the middle toe clofely joined to thofe of the outmoft. Linnæus and Pennant. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. &c. Clafs, Pica. SHORT-TAILED BLUE-CRESTED KING- FISHER, rufous beneath, the creft undula- lated with black. Edwards, pl. 336? Le VINTSI. Lin. Buff. Hift. Oif. vol. VII. p. 205. In the Kingfisher genus, we have examples of the moft ftriking variety and brilliancy of colour, and perhaps, in this refpect, no fpecies can be found that exceeds the bird here reprefented. It is one of the fmaller birds of its genus. Its beauty is fingularly heightened by the elegant creft with which the head is ornamented. It is a native of the iſland of Amboy- na in the Eaft-Indies. London, Published Dec. 1st 1789 by FP.Nodder & VB Panton Street. 13 GORGONIA FLABELLUM? CHARACTER GENERICUS. Flores Hydræ, fparfi e poris lateralibus. Stirps radicata, cornea, continuata, ramofa; bafi explanata, cortice obducta. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1289. Claff: Vermes. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. GORGONIA reticulata ramis interne compref- fis, cortice flavo? Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1293. FRUTEX MARINUS ELEGANTISSIMUS? FLABELLUM VENERIS. Cluf. exot. 120. Ellif. corall. p. 61. t. 26. De corallii in hac tabula depicti natura et ortu, no- mine Flabelli marini cogniti, plurimum difceptavere Philoſophi; incerti quo in ordine entium debeat repo- ni. Multas hujus claffis fpecies fcriptores antiqui et recentiores ut vegetabilia defcripferunt; at a feriis et fedulis inveftigationibus doctorum hominum tandem compertum eft vera effe animalia, vegetabilia tantum ftructura H 2 ftructura fua referentia, ab animalium incolentium la- bore ita efficta. Vetat inftituti mei brevitas varia in hanc quæftionem Phyficorum argumenta proferre. Qui plura defiderat Acta Philofophica Anglica et Gal- lica, præcipue vero fcripta Ellifii confulat. Subftan- tias omnes marinas, communiter nomine Coralliorum et Corallinarum diftinctas, cum paucis aliis diverfæ indolis animalibus, digerit Linnæus in duas divifiones, Lithophyta fcilicet et Zoophyta. In Zoophytis ani- malis natura multo magis præpollet: nam hæ fubftan- tiæ (ut et nomen vult) ex animalibus et vegetabilibus compofitæ funt: in Lithophytis materia calcaria et la- pidea magis dominatur. Lithophyta corallium quod incolunt revera ædificaffe creduntur, ut patet in ma- dreporis et in aliis coralliis lapidofis. Zoophyta autem ut putat Linnæus, funt veræ plantæ, floribus animatis præditæ, peculiari Naturæ confilio a ramufculis in for- mam polyporum, fe pandentibus. Dubitari merito po- teft fitne hæc Linnæi idea vere Philofophica. Verifi- milior fortaffe Ellifii opinio, qui vult partem vulgo vegetabilem reputatam, effe meram bafin, ab anima- libus incolentibus effictam. Hæc animalia forma fua ad genus Hydræ, feu Po- lypi accedunt. Genus Gorgonia, ad quod præfens fpecies pertinet, eft forte omnium Zoophytorum ele- gantiffimum. Plurimas continet fpecies, inter quas aliæ funt fimplices, feu vix ramofæ; aliæ valde ra- mofæ, et aliæ etiam reticulate; fub quibus hæc ipfa fpecies militat. Formofum hoc corallium, in littoribus maris Me- diterranei, in littoribus etiam Indicis et Americanis reperitur, reperitur, rupibus aliifque bafin fecuram præbentibus adnatum. In magnam fæpe crefcit molem, duorum fcilicet vel trium pedum : frequenter etiam more elegantiffimo proliferum confpicitur. Color ejus generalis purpu- reus eft; interdum flavus; nec raro utrifque hifce co- loribus variatus. Pars ejus vegetabilis eſt coloris ob- fcure cornei feu fufci; pars calcaria feu carnea, quam incolunt animalia, eft, ut antea dictum, vel flava vel purpurea, et undique tuberculis parvis creberrime ob- fita, intra quæ, fi recens fit Zoophytum, vivunt Hy- dræ parvulæ. Fig. 1. Pars ramuli leviter aucti, cum tuberculis, feu Hydrarum cellulis. Fig. 2. Hydra ipfa, magnitudine aucta. FAN THE GORGONIA, OR VENUS's FAN. GENERIC CHARACTER. The Flowers Polypes, difperfed from the lateral branches. The Stem rooted, horny, continued, branchy; flattened at the baſe, covered with a bark. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. Lin. RETICULATED GORGONIA, with the ra mifications internally compreffed, and the bark yellow (or purple). VENUS'S FAN. SEA-FAN. Lin. Ellis's Zoophytes, p. 92. Ellis's Corallines, p. 60. The object figured on this plate, and generally known by the name of the Sea-Fan, is one of thofe numerous productions which are not more remarkable for the fingularity of their appearance, than for the different opinions 14 N London, 2 Published Dec. 14 789 by F. P.Nodder C N.13 Panton Sewet. opinions which have arifen amongft philofophical en- quirers, relative to their real nature, and the rank which they fhould hold in the fcale of beings. Many of the fpecies of this clafs have, by the ancient wri- ters and feveral of the moderns likewife, been defcri- bed as vegetables; but from the unwearied attention. of fome learned naturalifts to this fubject, it was at length difcovered, and feems now pretty generally ad- mitted, that they are in reality of an animal nature, and that the ſtrong refemblance which many of them bear to vegetables, is to be confidered as entirely ow- ing to the operation of the animals which formed them. In a publication of this nature, it will not be ex- pected, that a particular inveſtigation of the arguments on both fides of this curious fubject fhould be intro- duced: we fhall therefore refer fuch of our readers who may wifh for more circumftantial defcriptions, to the Philofophical Tranfactions, the Memoirs of the French Academy; and more particularly to the works of the late Mr. Ellis, where the fulleft information may be found. The whole tribe of the marine fubftances, known by the general names of Corals and Corallines, (with fome animals of a different kind,) are arranged in the Lin- næan Syſtem under two divifions, viz. Lithophyta and Zoophyta. In the latter of thefe, or Zoophytes, the animal nature predominates more apparently than in the former; and indeed theſe beings (as the name im- ports) feem rather to be a compofition of animal and vegetable; whereas in the Lithophytes, or other Lin- næan divifion, the ftony or calcareous part predomi- nates nates greatly over the animal one. The Lithophytes are confidered as the actual builders of the fubftance which they appear to inhabit, as in the Madrepores, and other hard or ftony corals; but the Zoophytes are (according to the Linnæan idea) to be confidered as a kind of real vegetables, furnished with animated flow- ers, which, by a peculiar procefs of nature, difplay them- felves from the ramifications in the form of real ani- mals of the Polype tribe. Whether this idea be ftrictly philofophical may well be queftioned; and perhaps the opinion of Mr. Ellis, viz. that the ramified or fuppofed vegetable part, is a meer bafis or fupport formed by the animals which inhabit it, is the moſt probable opinion of the two. The Theſe animals are generally of an appearance more or lefs reſembling the Hydra, or Polype genus. genus Gorgonia, to which our prefent fubject belongs, is one of the moſt elegant of the Zoophyte tribe. It contains a great number of fpecies, fome of which are nearly of a fimple or unbranched ftructure, while others are very much ramified, and fome are alfo reti- culated; it is in this latter divifion of the genus, that this fpecies is to be arranged. This beautiful coral is found on the coafts of the Mediterranean, and thofe of both the Indies; adhering to rocks or other fubftances, which may afford it a fteady bafis. It is frequently of a very large fize, viz. two or three feet in length; and it is often proliferous in a moft elegant manner. Its general colour is a beauti- ful purple, tinged with yellowish; but in point of co- lour, lour, it varies extremely; fome fpecimens being feen almoſt all purple, others all yellow, or variegated with purple branches and veins. The vegetable part or ftem is of a very dark horn- colour, or brown; the animal part confifts of the cal- careous yellow or purple incruftation; thickly befet with fmall protuberances, in each of which is a cavity, which, (in the recent coral) is the habitation of a ſmall Polype. Fig. 1. A fmall detached part, flightly magnified, fhewing the cells in which the Polypes refide. Fig. 2. The Polype itſelf flightly magnified. PAPILIO PRIAMUS. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Antennæ apicem verfus craffiores, fæpius clava- to-capitatæ. Ala (fedentis) erectæ furfumque conniventes, (Volatu diurno.) Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 744· CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. PAPILIO alis denticulatis tomentofis fupra vi- ridibus; inftitis atris; pofticis maculis fex nigris. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 744. PAPILIO AMBOINENSIS viridi et nigro- holofericus infignis. Vincent. Muf. 10. PAPILIO PRIAMUS. Clerk. Icon. Inf. rar. t. 17. N. B. Antennæ in hac fpecie non clavato-capitatæ, fed filiformes, et acuminatæ. Si illuftriffimo Linnæo affentimur, hæc Papilionis fpecies omnium pulcherrima reputanda eft. "Papili- "onum omnium (inquit Linnæus) princeps longe au- "guftiffimus << guftiffimus, totus holofericus, ut dubitem pulchrius quidquam a natura in infectis productum". In in- fula Amboyna habitat, et inter lautiffimas fimul ac pretiofiffimas fpecies cenfetur. Color ejus viridis ita eft formofus, ut omnem alium virorem fuperet, et fe- ricum molliffimum et nitidiffimum longe antecellat: notandum etiam eft quod aureus quidam fulgor cum virore commiftus, illi alarum parti quæ aterrimi eft coloris, pulcherrime opponitur. Papilio Priamus primum locum obtinet inter duas Linnæanas divifiones Papilionum majorum in Equites Trojanos et Achivos. Hæ duæ fectiones Papilionum ab omnibus aliis hujus generis infectis diftinguuntur forma peculiari alarum fuperiorum, quæ ab angulo poftico ad apicem longiores funt quam ad bafin. Equites Troës plerumque maculis ex utraque parte thoracis fanguineis notati funt. Plerumque etiam co- lores hujus divifiones in nigrum potiffimum vergunt. London Published Dec '12 1789 by F. P. Nodder H: N.13 Panton Street- 15 PRIAM US, OR THE IMPERIAL TROJAN. GENERIC CHARACTER. The Antenna or Horns thickening towards the upper part, and generally terminating in a knob, or club-fhaped tip. The Wings (when fitting) erect, and meeting up- wards (Flight diurnal.) Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 744- SPECIFIC CHARACTER. BUTTERFLY with black-and-green wings, with fix (or four) black fpots on the lower wings. N. B. The Antennæ in this fpecies are not thick at their extremì- ties, but filiform and fharpened. If we allow the opinion of Linnæus to be decifive, this is, of all the Papilionaceous tribe, the moſt beau- tiful infect. "It is (fays Linnæus) by far the moſt au- guft of all the Papilios; being all over of a filky ap- pearance, and it may be doubted whether nature has G 1-3315 فه *5*755 London, Published Felyre 1790 by F. P. Nodder &C. N. 13 Panton Street. 733114 773722 บ 6 ན !, རོནྟི ཙ, --3), A www. /١١١٦ (A) 37375 25. 21 THE THEth MONITORY LIZARD. GENERIC CHARACTER. Body four-footed, tailed, naked. Lin. Syft. Nat. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. BLACK LIZARD, marked with tranfverfe bands of ocellated white ſpots. This fpecies of Lizard has obtained the name of Monitor, from a circumftance which feems of very doubtful authority. It is pretended that on fight of the crocodile, it fets up a loud and fhrill cry through fear, and thus frequently warns travellers of the vici- nity of that formidable creature. It grows to a con- fiderable fize, and is of a very flender make, and the tail is extremely long. The general colour of the ani- mal is black and white; the black forming the ground- colour, and the white the variegations, which are dif- pofed in tranfverfe bands of annulated ſpots with black centres, and between theſe bands are generally fome narrowiſh ſtripes of white. On the tail the variega- tions are lefs regular than on the body. and feet are ſpotted tranfverfely with white. belly the white prevails, which is marked more The legs On the or leſs with with tranſverſe ſtreaks and ſpots of black. Sometimes this animal varies in colour; the ground being rather brown or ferruginous than black. This elegant Lizard is found both in the Eaft-In- dies, and in the Southern parts of America. Stred STRIX PULCHELLA. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Roftrum aduncum (abfque cera.) Nares pennis fetaceis recumbentibus obtectæ. Caput grande auribus oculifque magnis. Lingua bifida. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 131. Ord. Accipitres. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. STRIX capite auriculato, corpore cinereo, punc- tis maculis ftriifque nigris variato, remigi- bus albo maculatis. STRIX PULCHELLA. Pallas. Latham. Synopf. vol. 1. p. 130. Avicula, magnitudine naturali in tabula depicta, eft omnium noctuarum hactenus cognitarum minima. Inter eas fpecies fui generis militat quæ nomine noc- tuarum auritarum diftinguuntur; quarum nempe tem- pora fafciculis plumofis exftantibus ornantur. Sibe- riam habitat, et varias Mofcoviæ regiones. Species eft maxime elegans et concinna. Color ejus prima- rius eft dilutiffime cinereus, feu canus, punctis innu- L meris meris maculifque nigris et fubferrugineis pulcherrime irroratus. Alarum remiges, feu pennæ fufco alboque fafciatæ. Cauda quoque albido leviter fafciata eft; et tota avis coloribus fuis avi Torquille non eft abfi. milis. Pectus et abdomen albicant, maculis longitu- dinalibus nigris notata. abuid T 22 SN London Published March 151790 by FP Nodder &C. N. 13 Panton Sweet. THEobar THE LEAST HORNED OWL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill hooked, not furniſhed with a cere. Noftrils covered with recumbent briftly feathers. Head large: Ears and Eyes very large. Tongue bifid. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. HORNED OWL with pale grey plumage, va- ried with ſpecks and markings of black and brownish; the long feathers of the wings ſpotted with white. SIBERIAN OWL. Latham. Synopf. vol. 1. p. 130. The bird here reprefented in its natural fize, is the leaft fpecies of Owl yet known; it is of that divifion of the genus which contains the fpecies commonly cal- led Horned Owls, or fuch as have a tuft of feathers ſtanding up on each fide of the forehead. It is a na- tive of Siberia, and is found in feveral parts of Ruffia. It is a fpecies of uncommon elegance of plumage. The general L 2 general or ground colour is a very pale grey or afh-co- lour; curiouſly ſprinkled all over with innumerable points and ſpots of black, brownish, &c. The long fea- thers of the wings are barred with brown and white; the tail is alſo flightly fafciated with white, and the whole plumage bears a very confiderable refemblance to that of the Wryneck. The breaft and belly are whitish, with longitudinal marks of black. BOA CANINA. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Scuta abdominalia. Scuta fubcaudalia. (abfque crepitaculo.) Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 373. Claff. Amphibia. Ord. Serpentes. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. BOA viridis, fafciis dorfualibus tranfverfis albis, fcutis 203, fcutulis 77. Seb. Muf. vol. 2. tab. 81, 96. Quamvis plurimæ fint ferpentes quæ fpectatores horrore et formidine potius quam voluptate afficiunt, multæ tamen funt fpecies quæ pulcherrimos colores fummamque elegantiam jactare poffunt. Qui exem- plum defiderat adeat anguem Scytalen in hoc opere an- tea depictum. Alterum eft exemplum fpecies de qua jam agitur. Genus ad quod hæc ferpens refertur, fcu- torum continuata ferie per totam corporis inferioris longitudinem diftinguitur. Laminæ omnes ferpentum in parte inferiore, feu ventre, nomine Scutorum a Linnæo diſtinguuntur, ne cum fquamis fuperioribus confundi poffint: fed quo- niam fcuta quæ fub cauda funt, ab aliis differunt, ut- pote breviora feu minus dilatata, fatius puto hæc no- mine Scutulorum appellare, quo melius a fcutis, feu la- minis largioribus poffint dignofci. Quamvis torvo fit hæc hæc ferpens et maligno vultu, nullo tamen veneno im- buitur, et fimplici tantum vulnere lædit; utpote telis tubulatis et facculo veneni, quibus noxiæ ferpentes armantur, plane carens. Color ejus eft fubcæruleo- viridis, admodum vividus, per dorfum fafciis tranfver- fis albidis variatus: ventrem etiam habet albidum, fed flavo inquinatum. Americæ eft incola. Figura hujus ferpentis in Sebe Thefauro eft adeo perfecta, ut potius vifum fit eam ipfam imitari quam novam condere. In Linnæi opere, Muſeum Adolphi Friderici dicto, alia exftat figura, fed minus elegans. In Muſeo Britannico ipfe ferpens conſpicitur. Sed audi Linnæi ipfius defcriptionem hujus ferpen- tis ex muſeo Adolphi Friderici. Caput cordatum, ante oculos oblongum, depref- fum, poftice gibbum, imbricatum fquamis parvis: anticis, præfertim ad latera, ante oculos, majoribus. "Labium fuperius antice retufum, album, emargina- "tum, lateribus fcrobibus fcalaribus profundis excava- "tum, unde horrida facies. Dentes verfus anteriora, "in utrifque maxillis, tam fupra quam infra, 2 vel 3 longi, acuti, fixi, nec retractiles. Nares lineares, "tranfverfæ. Oculi orbiculares. "Truncus compreffus, præfertim verfus abdomen: 'fquamis lævibus. Abdomen albidum: fcutellis 203. "Cauda totius, fubtus fcutellis 77, fpithamea, atte- nuata, obtufiufcula. "Color viridis fafciis tranfverfis, albis, anguftis, "tantum dorfalibus, medio interruptis. Longitudo quadripedalis. Craffities fere brachii anguftioris.'' S S London, Published March 12 790 by F. P. Noddler Hr N.13 Panton Street. 3 24 Belles THE CANINE O Ricda BOA, DOG-HEADED SNAKE. and stars be GENERIC CHARACTER. Tranfverfe Lamella, both on the abdomen, and beneath the tail. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. GREEN BOA, with white tranfverfe dorfal bands; with 203 fcuta on the abdomen, and 77 fcutula beneath the tail. Though the ferpent tribe undoubtedly abounds with fpecies which may well be confidered rather as terrible than pleafing objects, yet there are not wanting nume- rous examples of the greateft elegance and beauty of colour in this clafs of beings. Of this the Anguis Scy- tale, or Painted Snake, figured in a former Number of this Work, may be regarded as a ſtriking inſtance, and the animal here reprefented may be adduced as ano- ther. The genus of Serpents to which this fpecies be- longs, is diftinguifhed by having a continued ſeries of plates, or tranſverſe fcales, throughout the whole length of its lower furface. The The large plates on ferpents are called, in the Lin- næan language, by the name of Scuta, to diſtinguiſh them from the Squamæ, or fcales on the other parts of the body: but as thofe fcuta which are fituated un- der the tail, differ from the reft in being fmaller or lefs extended, and form a ſeparate affortment from the abdominal ones, they ſhould always be called by a name which fhould inftantly diftinguish them from the Scu- ta or larger plates. I have therefore called thefe fmal- ler fcuta by the name of Scutula. Notwithſtanding an appearance of malignity in this animal, it is not of a venomous nature; that is, it is not capable of inflicting any other than a fimple wound by its teeth, as it is unprovided with the tubular fangs and refervoir of poifon with which the venomous fer- pents are furniſhed. Its colour is a moſt beautiful vivid Saxon or bluish- green, with feveral broad tranfverfe bars of white down the back; the belly is of a white colour, but flightly tinged with yellow. It is an inhabitant of America. The figure of this Snake in Seba's Muſeum is fo well executed both as to poſture and accuracy, that it was thought better to copy it than to attempt a new one. In the Britiſh Muſeum is a fine fpecimen of this animal. It is alſo figured in the Muſeum Adolphi Fri- derici of Linnæus, but the figure in that work is far from having the elegance of Seba's repreſentation. The defcription of this ferpent by Linnæus in the Muf. Adolph. Frid. is as follows. CC "Head cordated, oblong before the eyes, depreffed, gibbous behind, imbricated with fmall fcales; the " anterior "anterior ones, eſpecially at the fides before the eyes, "larger than the reft. Upper Lip retufe before, white, emarginated, the fides excavated with a ſeries of deep "fcalary furrows, which give the face a formidable ap- pearance. Teeth fituated towards the anterior part of the mouth, 2 or 3 in each jaw, both above and below, long, fharp, fixed, not retractile. Noftrils linear, tranſverſe. Eyes orbicular. "Trunk compreffed, efpecially towards the abdomen: "covered with fmooth fcales. Abdomen white; Scuta 203. Tail 1-7th of the whole, attenuated, fomewhat "obtufe, covered beneath with 77 Scutula. k "Colour green, with tranfverfe white bands, which "are narrow and fituated on the back only, and fome- "what broken or interrupted towards the middle. Length 4 feet. Thickneſs nearly that of the ſmall "of the arm. 99 OPHRYS APIFERA. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Nectarium fubtus fubcarinatum. Lin. Syft. Nat. tom. 2. p. 592. Gynandria Diandria. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. OPHRYS bulbis fubrotundis, fcapo foliofo, nec- tarii labio fubquinquelobo. Lin. Spec. Plantar. p. 1343. OPHRYS radicibus fubrotundis, labello holofe- riceo, emarginato et appendiculato. Haller. Hift. vol. 2. 1266. t. 24. Planta hæc, cui nomen Ophrys Apifera, rei botani- cæ ftudiofis probe cognita eft: Junio et Julio floret. Super colles, et prope fylvas, folo præcipue cretaceo nafcitur; venuftatem tamen habet eximiam et peculia- rem in umbrofo fylvarum feceffa reperta. Sic fita in- juriam omnem quæ a fole nimium torrido foliis accide- re folet, evitat. Flores formofæ hujus plantæ adeo funt apibus fimiles, parvo intervallo confpecti, ut qui e- am intuentur, in eademfententia non poffint non omnes convenire. Notum epigramma, parce detortum, Ophri Apife- ræ non male convenit. Dum dubitat vel apem Natura an fingeret herbam, Conjunxit formas ingeniofa duas. London, Published March 121790 by F. P. Nodder N. 13 Panton Street. THE BEE OPHRY S. GENERIC CHARACTER. The Nectary of a fomewhat keel-ſhaped appear- ance on its lower furface. Lin. Syft. Nat. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. OPHRYS with roundifh bulbs, leafy ftem, lip of the nectary notched into five lobes. Lin. OPHRYS with 5-petaled flowers, of which the 3 exterior petals are large, acuminate, and of a very pale purple; the 2 interior ones ſmall, very narrow, and greenifh; the nec- tarium large, convex, brown, of a velvety furface, and marked with yellow fpots and ftreaks. ORCHIS, f. Tefticulus vulpinus 2 fphegodes. Gerard emac. p. 212. ORCHIS fphegodes, feu fucum referens. Park. 1350. The plant figured is well known to the admirers of botany by the title of the Bee-Orchis. It flowers in June and July. It is found principally on hilly grounds, and and near woods, efpecially on a chalky foil; but it is never ſeen in fuch complete perfection as when it happens to grow in the fhade of a wood, as in this fitu- ation it eſcapes all thofe injuries which the leaves are ſo apt to fuffer, when growing in a too funny expofure. So ftriking is the general refemblance which the flowers, when viewed at a little diftance, bear to an Infect, as to have uniformly impreffed all obfervers with the fame idea; and may almoſt juſtify the appli- cation of the epigrammatic defcription. Nature in doubt a beauteous Flow'r Or Infect to difclofe, At length beneath her forming pow'r They both in union rofe. siqroq olay avidley whoiET 121HOMO 7 STRIX NEBULOSA. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Roftrum aduncum. (abfque cera.) Nares pennis fetaceis recumbentibus obtectæ. Caput grande: auribus oculifque magnis. Lingua bifida. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 131. Ord. Accipitres. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. STRIX fufco albidoque tranfverfim faſciata, ab- domine albo maculis oblongis ferrugineis. Penn. Zool. Art. p. 234. Act Angl. vol. 62. p. 424. Lath. Synopf. p. 133. Hæc avis inter majores fui generis exftat, quamvis aliis fpeciebus magnitudine impar. Specimen a Doc- tore FORSTER in Actis Anglicis defcriptum pondere erat librarum trium, longitudine fedecim unciarum, latitudine quatuor pedum. Tota avis fufco albidoque colore tranfverfim fafciata eft, fafciis verfus caput mi- noribus et numerofioribus. In imo ventre et fuper la- tera funt maculæ variæ longitudinales, magnæ, ferru- gineo-fuſcæ. Pallidæ quæ oculos cingunt plumæ, M ftriis ftriis concentricis fufcis leviter notantur. Super re- miges alarum et caudam fafciæ alternatim albæ fufca- que majores funt, et magis confpicuæ quam in aliis partibus. Colores totius avis funt molles et eleganter difpofiti. Sinum Hudfoni in America Septentrionali inhabitat hæc avis. 25 NS London Published e April 191790 by F.P. Nodder H. N.13 Panton Street. THE CLOUDED OWL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill crooked (not furniſhed with a cere.) Noftrils covered with recumbent briftly feathers. Head large: Ears and Eyes large. Tongue bifid. Lin. Syft. Nat.-Accipitres. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. OWL tranfverfly fafciated with brown and whi- tifh, the belly white with oblong ferrugi- nous ſpots. BARRED OWL. Pennant. Art. Zool. p. 234. Lath. Synopf. p. 133. This is one of the larger fpecies of Owls, though inferior in fize to ſome others of the genus. A fpeci- men deſcribed by Dr. FORSTER in the Philofophical Tranfactions weighed three pounds, and was in length fixteen inches, and in breadth, when extended, four feet. The whole bird is tranfverfly barred with brown and whitish; the bars being fmalleft, and moſt nume- M 2 rous rous towards the head. On the lower part of the bel- ly, and on the fides, are fome large longitudinal marks of ferruginous brown. The feathers furrounding the eyes are of a pale colour, lightly marked with concen- tric ftriæ of brownish. On the long feathers of the wings and tail, the alternate bars of brown and white are larger and more confpicuous than on the other parts. The colours on the whole bird are foft, and very elegantly difpofed. It is a native of Hudfon's Bay. ACTINIA ANEMONE. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Corpus fe affigens bafi, oblongum, teres: apice dilatabili intus tentaculato. Os terminale dentibus incurvis; roftro cylindri- co radiato. (Apertura præter os nulla.) Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1088. ANIMAL fe affigens bafi, carnofum, oblongum, teres, contractile, viviparum. Os terminale, dilatabile, tentaculis cinctum. (Apertura præter os nulla.) Ellif. Hift. Zooph. p. 1. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. ACTINIA fubcylindrica, breviufcula, rubra, ten- taculis interioribus ramofis, exterioribus co- nicis, obtufis. AN ACTINIA EQUINA? Lin. Syft. Nat. Si Zoologiæ claffes inferiores attentius fcrutemur, multa inveniemus formæ adeo infolitæ et naturæ ve- lut ambiguæ, ut dubium videatur fintne inter plantas, an inter animantes memoranda. Plurima hujufmodi a cele- a celeberrimo Linnæo fub nomine Mollufcorum dige- runtur; ita fcilicet ordinem conftituentia claffis Ver- mium. Inter varia Mollufcorum genera nullum genus Actinia aut pulchritudine aut miro artificio præcellit. Multæ hujus generis fpecies nomine Anemones ma- rinæ defcriptæ funt, utpote formam floris Anemones, cum expanduntur, præ fe ferentes. Species autem hic depicta, peculiari modo hac ap- pellatione digna videtur: illam igitur nomine Atinie Anemones diftinguere non dubitavi. Quamvis perquam vulgaris fit hæc fpecies in variis Europæ littoribus, et nullis frequentior quam, noftratibus, a Linnæo tamen in Syftemate Naturæ minus videtur defcripta. Rupi- bus arcte adhæret, et mari refluente, interdum nuda fuper rupes, plerumque tamen paulum fub aqua relin- quitur. Color illi generalis eſt ruberrimus, plus mi- nus vividus in diverfis fpeciminibus. Magnitudinem repræfentant tabulæ. Dum contrahitur (Fig. 1.) cono obtufiffimo fimilis eft, apice aperto, quem pro arbitrio penitus claudere poteft: plerumque tamen adeo refe- ratus eft apex, ut ramofa aliquot tentacula centralia emergant. (Fig. 2.) Animal autem expanfum fpecta- culum exhibet pulcherrimum omnino et mirandum. Duplicem enim, et interdum triplicem in circumferen- tia ordinem tentaculorum protrudit, forma oblonga, apicibus obtufis, quibus color flavus eft, rubro elegan- ter variatus: hoc modo florem a quo nomen habet, op- time exprimens. (Fig. 3.) Tentacula centralia nunc non exferuntur, fed ampla in medio relicta eft cavitas, in quam fi aliquid extraneum introducitur, aut fi ali- qua tentacula vel leviter tanguntur, illico fe fortiter contrahit contrahit animal, et in formam coni, (ut in Fig. 1.) rurfus fubducitur. Hanc Actiniæ fpeciem interdum a rupe fua detraxi, vidique illam mirabundus paulo poft, cum languefcere cepit, omnia pene vifcera pro- trudentem in formam membranæ inflatæ et late expan- fæ, coloris flavefcentis, radiis fubrubris et viride pal- lentibus variati. (Fig. 4.) Cum hoc fit, tentacula cen- tralia non exferta funt, feries autem duplex vel triplex tentaculorum in circumferentia pulchre expanditur. Viviparæ funt Actiniæ, fed ab experimentis in nonnul- lis fpeciebus hujus generis demonftratur poffe animal (adhibita cautela) in partes abfcindi, et hoc modo pro- pagari, fingulis partibus gradatim ad perfectionem re- pullulantibus. 27 A 2 Pondon. Published April 190 1790. by F. P. Nodder &.z.N.13 Punton Street. 26 Sondon, Published April 12 1790, by F. P. Nodder MC; N. 13 Panton Street THE ANEMONE ACTINIA. OR SEA ANEMON E. GENERIC CHARACTER. Body oblong, nearly cylindric, fixing itſelf by the bafe, the top expanfile and tentaculated within. Mouth terminal, furnifhed with crooked teeth. No other Opening except that of the mouth. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. ACTINIA, of a nearly cylindric fhape, fhortifh, with the interior tentacula ramified, the ex- terior ones conic and obtufe, Colour red. When we take a view of the lower orders of Zoolo- gy, we find a large and fingular fet of beings, which are fo widely diſtinct from the other tribes of the ani- mal world, that they feem almoft as nearly allied to vegetables as to animals. Many of theſe curious pro- ductions of Nature are arranged by Linnæus under the title of Mollufca; which title is one of the fubdivifi- ons of the Linnæan tribe of Vermes. Of the various genera genera belonging to the Mollufca, that of Actinia is perhaps the moſt elegant and curious. Many fpecies of this genus have been called by the name of Sea- Anemonies, from a general refemblance which they bear, during their expanded ſtate, to that flower. The fpecies here reprefented, feems in a peculiar manner worthy of this name. I have therefore given it the title of the Anemone Actinia. Though extremely common on feveral of the Euro- poean coafts, and on our own in particular, it does not feem diftinctly mentioned by Linnæus in the Syſtema Naturæ. It adheres firmly to the rocks, fo as to be frequently left above water at the ebbing of the fea; but it is generally found adhering at fome little depth below the furface of the water. Its general colour is a deep red, more or lefs vivid in, different fpecimens, and of the fize reprefented in the annexed plates. When in a ſtate of contraction, (as at Fig. 1.) it has the appearance of a very obtufe cone, with an orifice at the top, which it can at pleaſure clofe entirely; but which is generally fo far open, as juſt to exhibit a few of the interior branchy tentacula or central parts. (Fig. 2.) but when expanded, it preſents a moft curious and beautiful appearance, (Fig. 3.) it then diſplays a triple row of circular tentacula of an oblong form, with ob- tuſe points, of a yellow colour, and varied with red in fuch a manner as to bear a very confiderable refem- blance to the flower from which it is named. In this ftate the central tentacula are not protruded, but a large cavity appears in the middle, into which, if any extraneous ſubſtance is introduced, or even if any of the the tentacula are but flightly touched, the animal in- ſtantly contracts itfelf into a conoid ſhape again, (as at Fig. 1.) I have fometimes taken this fpecies of Actinia from its native rock, and have obferved that after fome time, when it grew languid, it protruded in a moft extraor- dinary manner almoft the whole of its interior parts or vifcera, in the form of an inflated membrane of a pale yellow colour, and ftriped very elegantly with rays of red and pale fea-green. (Fig. 4.) In this ftate it does not protrude any of the central or branchy tentacula, but the rows of lateral ones are protruded all round the circumference. The Actinia are viviparous animals, and experiments have been made on fome of the fpe- cies of this genus, which prove, that they are capable of being cut (with proper care) into feveral parts, each of which by degrees becomes complete. PAPILIO POLYMNESTOR. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Antenna apicem verfus craffiores, fæpius clavato- capitatæ. Ala (fedentis) erectæ furfumque conniventes. (Volatu diurno.) Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 744- CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. PAPILIO alis dentatis fubconcoloribus nigris, pofticis apice cærulefcentibus nigro macula- tis. Fabr. Spec. Infect. tom. 2. p. 9. Eq. Troj. Elegans hoc infectum, Afiam incolens, eft inter fpe- cies a Linnæo non defcriptas. Alæ ejus fuperiores funt aterrimæ, nubeculis tamen paucis albefcentibus in longitudinem juxta apices ductis, et prope bafin no- ta exftat fubtrigona producta coccinea. Alarum infe- riorum bafis eft aterrima et holoferica, pars autem re- liqua colorem habet e fubcæruleo albicantem, maculis nigris niveifque ornatum. THE POLYMNESTOR BUTTERFLY. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antenna, (or Horns) thickening towards the up- per part, and generally terminating in a knob, or club-ſhaped tip. Wings (when fitting) erect, and meeting upwards.. (Flight diurnal.) Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 744. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. BUTTERFLY with indented black wings, co- lour of both furfaces nearly the fame, the lower wings blueifh towards the tips, and ſpotted with black. This beautiful infect is one of thofe fpecies which are not in the works of Linnæus. It is an inhabitant of Afia. The upper wings are of a deep black, with a few longitudinal whitish clouds towards the tips, and a lengthened mark of deep crimſon of a fomewhat tri- angular ſhape, near the baſe of each. The lower wings are of a deep velvet-black at the bafe, and from thence of a moft elegant whitish or extremely pale blue, or- namented with ſpots of black and fnow-white. 28 Sondon, Publishal April 124790 by F. P. Nadder H. N. Panton Street- LEMUR TARDIGRADUS. ******* CHARACTER GENERICUS. Dentes primores fuperiores 4: intermediis remotis. Inferiores 6: longiores, porrecti, compreffi, paralleli, approximati. Laniarii folitarii, approximati. Molares plures, fublobati; antici longiores, acu- tiores. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 44. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. LEMUR ecaudatus, fubferrugineo-cinereus, li- nea dorfuali fufca. LEMUR ECAUDATUS. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 44- Singulare hoc animal interdum pro Bradypi fpecie errantes habuerunt auctores, et nomine Tardigradi Ceylonici defcripferunt. Bradypo tamen nequaquam affine eft, nifi quod, (ut ipfum nomen vult,) tarde ad- modum gradiatur; in quo fane ab omnibus aliis fui ipfius generis fpeciebus infignitur differt: funt enim illæ ingenii maxime vividi, et motus omnino celerri- mi. Notabile etiam eft quod vel ullo caudæ veftigio penitus careat. Indiam Orientalem, et præcipue in- fulam Ceyloniam inhabitat Lemur Tardigradus. Mag- nitudo N nitudo ejus eft fere felis junioris domefticæ. Coloris eft pallide fufci: oculi autem circulis obfcuris, feu fuf- co-nigricantibus cinguntur, qui fupra caput coeuntes, lineam eodem colore continuatam per dorfi longitudi- nem ducunt. Pellis illi eft delicatula et molliffima. Facies eft qua- fi antice truncata, nafo fubacuminato: oculi magni, valde convexi, perfectas velut hemifphærias repræſen- tant, iridibus coloris fere fuccinei. Digitus interior pedum poſteriorum unguem acutum gerit; cæteri di- giti ungues rotundatos et complanatos habent. Sylvas incolit, et fructibus vefcitur; fed et animalia fertur devorare; aviculas fcilicet; quod (ut mihi videtur) ob infignem tarditatem vix verifimile eft. Alia eft hujus generis fpecies, vere diverfa, huic noftræ tamen in mul- tis fimilis, cuique etiam cauda deficit; fed multo mi- nor, multo gracilior, et velocior; quam cum Lemure Tardigrado confundunt nonnulli auctores, et commu- niter nomine Loris cognofcunt. 29 N London, Published May 12 1790 by F. P. Nodder . N.B. Ponton Strd. THE SLOW-PACED LEMUR. GENERIC CHARACTER. Six Cutting Teeth, and two Canine Teeth in each jaw. Vifage (generally) fharp-pointed. Feet formed like hands, in the manner of SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. apes. TAIL-LESS LEMUR, of a fubferruginous afh- colour, with a brown dorfal line. TAIL-LESS MACAUCO. Pennant. Hift. Quadr. p. 212. This curious animal is fometimes improperly regard- ed as a fpecies of Sloth, and has been called the Cey- lon Sloth; but it is not in the leaft allied to that ge- nus, and has only been fo named from the flowneſs of its motions; in which it differs in the moft ftriking manner from all other fpecies of its own genus, which are animals of the moft lively difpofition, and the moſt vivid celerity of motion. Another peculiarity belong- ing to this creature, is the total defect of a tail, of which not ſo much as a veftige appears. It inhabits the Eaft- Indies, and particularly the iſland of Ceylon. Its fize N 2 is is nearly that of a young cat. Its colour a uniform palifh brown, but the eyes are furrounded with circles of deep brown or blackish, which unite on the top of the forehead, and from thence a continued line of brown runs down the back. The fur on the whole animal is remarkably fine and foft. noſe ſomewhat ſharpened. The face very flat, but the The eyes are large and ex- The inner tremely convex, ſo as to appear like perfect hemif- pheres. The irides are The irides are amber-coloured. toe of each hind-foot is furniſhed with a fharp, crook- ed claw, while the reft of the toes have flat, rounded nails. It inhabits woods, and feeds on fruit; but is likewiſe ſaid to eat animal food, and to kill fmall birds, but this, on account of its extreme flowneſs, does not feem very probable. There is another fpecies of this genus, which agrees with this in many particulars, and is deftitute of a tail, and has fometimes been confounded with it; but in reality it is a very different fpecies; being much finall- er, and having both limbs and body much thinner in proportion: it is called by feveral authors by the name of the Loris. HELIX HORTENSIS. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Animal Limax. Tefta univalvis, fpiralis, fubdiaphana, fragilis. Apertura coarctata, intus lunata, f. fubrotunda : fegmento circulo dempto. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1241. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. HELIX tefta imperforata pallida, fafciis latis in- terruptis fufcis. COCHLEA vulgaris major pulla maculata et fafciata hortenfis. Lift. Angl. tab. 2. fig. 2. AN HELIX LUCORUM? Lin. Militat omnis amans, et habet fua caftra Cupido: Attice, crede mihi; militat omnis amans. Ov. Helix vulgaris, feu ut communiter vocatur, Coch- lea, in numero eft animalium quæ ob vilitatem, for- mamque fordidam et abjectam, a plerifque contemni et negligi folent; in quibus tamen plura fortaffe dif- cernere cernere poteft phyficus quæ delectationem admiratio- nemque excitent, quam vel in majoribus animalibus. Cochlearum enim anatome adeo miraculis plena eft, ut de variis illarum partibus integrum volumen poffet componi. Cum vero longis ambagibus fpeciatim has minutias defcribere lectoribus plurimis moleftum fit, breviter tantum illa percurremus memoratu digniffima. Oculi Cochlearum in fummitatibus duorum longiorum tentaculorum, feu ut vulgo vocantur, cornuum fiti funt: quod licet a quibufdam phyficis dubitatum fit, ab experimentis tamen et accuratiffimis Swammer- damii inveftigationibus clare confirmatur: probatur quoque eos eofdem fere humores, tunicas, et vafa, qui- bus animalium majorum oculi inftruuntur, continere. Non defuere qui Cochlearum cornua pro veris telefco- piis naturalibus habuerunt, afferueruntque poffe illas ea vel extendere vel contrahere pro diftantia objecti ad quod oculos direxerint. Hæc autem idea ftructu- ram magis multimodam arguit, quam revera his or- ganis tribuit Natura, et fortaffe inter plurimas fit hæc hypothefis, quas ingenio fuo indulgere folent nonnulli Naturæ fpeculatores. Dentes Cochleæ funt validi et acuti; omnefque cor- poris partes tam interiores quam exteriores ad anima- lis iftius mores habitufque egregie accommodantur. De miro generandi modo dicturus, lectores meos enixe orem neceffe eft ut nec me fabulas philofophicas fingere exiftiment, nec fidem fuam deficere et immi- nui finant. Si quidem vera nobis referunt oculati Naturæ inter animalia inferiora inveftigatores, Cochlearum amores inufitato inufitato et fibi peculiari quodam more promoventur, femperque ipfum complexum præcedit mira formula, quæ pugnæ ftatariæ faciem omnino exhibet. Cochleæ lafcivientes mutua vota telorum parvulo- rum ictibus, quæ peracuta funt et quafi cornea, fibi invicem communicant; illifque refertam pharetram exiguam, in dextro latere cervicis fitam, quamdiu per- manferit illis conjunctionis defiderium, intus geftant. Emiffo primo telo, illico refpondet Cochlea vulnerata, et fimile in amantem jaculatur; ab illa telum alterum emittitur, rurfufque ipfa invicem percutitur; Cupidi- nifque fagittæ, quas per omne ævum cecinit fervidum poetarum et amantium ingenium, in ipfa tandem Na- tura revera inveniuntur. Peracto hoc lepido prælio, coeunt Cochleæ, et deinde locum idoneum ubi ova fua deponant follicite quæritant; humidum nempe et opa- cum receffum, vel fub terræ gleba, vel cavo aliquo teg- mine. Rotunda funt hæc ova, magnitudine fere pifo- rum parvulorum, coloris albi fubpellucentis, et fub- ftantiæ mollis. Ex his excluduntur Cochleæ plene formatæ, teftas fuas in dorfo ferentes, nec ullam aliam mutationem præter naturale molis incrementum fube- unt. Hortis et pomariis damnum non leve inferre fo- lent Cochleæ, et notatu dignum eft, illas, fi defecerit cibus fucculentus, fructus nempe aut folia, corpora etiam dura et ficca rodere: memini enim egomet He- licem hortenfem, (qualis eft illa quæ hic depingitur,) fub vitro cujus diameter quatuor uncias fuperabat in- clufam, fubftratam chartam communem cæruleam una nocte ufque ad ipfius vitri marginem devoraffe; circu- lo relicto velut ab ipfo circino defignato. Ab Ab experimentis Spallanzanii aliorumque probatur, Cochleas, abfciffa aliqua parte, repullulandi facultatem habere: ipfe enim Spallanzanius Cochleæ caput abfci- dit, quod, elapfo certo tempore perfecte regerminabat. Hujus experimenti veritas, licet a nonnullis denegetur, ab aliorum tamen doctiffimorum phyficorum teftimo- nio fatis comprobatur. Quanquam variis intervallis fagittas fuas jaculentur Cochleæ, fatendum tamen eft tabulam repræſentare il- las plus æquo a fe invicem remotas. Plerumque pro- pius accedunt; immo interdum fit ut telum ipſum, gladii inftar, in corpore oppofito infixum ftet, dum Cochlea quæ jaculum emiſerit, recedit paululum, ſa- gittam quafi commilitonis fui expectans. London, Published May 181790 by F. P. Nodder ? N. 13 Panton Street. 30 THE GARDEN SNAIL. GENERIC CHARACTER. The Animal a Slug. Shell fpiral, fub-pellucid. Aperture femi-lunar. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. SNAIL with a fhell of a pale colour, with broad interrupted bands of brown. The COMMON GARDEN SNAIL. See to the fight the gentle warriors move, And dart with harmleſs force the fhafts of love! The Snail is amongst the number of thofe animals which we are apt to overlook on account of their feem- ingly contemptible appearance, but which will per- haps open to our attentive furvey a greater variety of curious particularities than moft other creatures can exhibit. The anatomy of the fnail is full of wonders, and a volume might be written on its hiftory; but, without defcending to a tedious narrative of all its parts, I fhall only mention a few of the moft remark- able ones. The eyes of Snails are fituated on the tips of the two longeft horns, and though their exiftence has has been queftioned by fome Naturalifts, yet the accu- rate reſearch of SWAMMERDAM has fufficiently proved their real nature, and that they are furniſhed with near- ly the fame humours, coats, and veffels as in moſt of the larger animals. Some authors have fuppofed the horns to be a kind of natural teleſcopes, and that the animal fhortened or lengthened them according to the diſtance of the objects to which it directed them; but this idea feems to imply a more complicated ftructure than can be found in this organ, and, I believe, muft be given up as one of thofe ingenious hypothefes which are too frequently entertained by fpeculative enquirers. The teeth of the Snail are fharp and ftrong, and all the internal as well as external parts of the creature are admirably calculated by Nature for the mode of life to which it is deſtined. But the most wonderful part of the hiftory of the Snail, is its manner of breeding; and I muſt requeſt my readers to fummon all their philofophical faith to receive the furpriſing particulars. If the obſervations of the moſt profound enquirers into the operations of Nature amongst the lower orders of animals may be depended upon, the amours of Snails are conducted in a manner very different from thofe of moft other creatures, and are always preceded by a ve- ry extraordinary ceremonial, which has all the appear- ance of a regular combat. When theſe animals are difpofed to love, they figni- fy their mutual wiſhes by launching feveral little darts at each other. Thefe darts are of a very fharp form, and of a horny ſubſtance, and the animals are provided with with a little quiver or refervoir of them during the breeding feafon: this internal quiver or repofitory of the darts is fituated within the neck, and opens exter- nally on the right fide. Upon the difcharge of the firft dart, the wounded Snail immediately retaliates upon the aggreffor, and difcharges a fimilar one; the other again renews the battle, and is again in its turn wounded; and thus the darts of Cupid, fo long and loudly celebrated by poets and lovers, and which are metaphorical with all the reft of the creation, are here completely realized. When the animals have continu- ed for fome time the combat juft defcribed, a reconci- liation takes place, and they unite; after which they are folicitous to depofit their eggs in a place of fafety. For this purpoſe they chooſe a moift, cool fituation, generally under fome little clod, or in fome fmall fhel- tered cavity, in which they place them: they are per- fectly round; about the fize of very fmall peafe, of a femi-tranſparent white colour, and of a foft fubftance: from theſe the young are hatched completely formed, and with their fhells on their backs, and undergo no farther change than a gradual increaſe of fize. The depredations which thefe animals commit in gardens and orchards is very confiderable, and it is re- markable that in defect of moift fucculent food, as fruit and tender leaves, they will even attack fubftances of a hard and dry nature. I have known the common garden Snail here figured, when confined for one night under a glass of more than four inches in diameter, which was placed on a fheet of common blue paper, entirely devour the whole paper contained in the inclu- ded ded ſpace, to the very edge of the glafs, fo that a cir- cular piece feemed almoft as accurately taken out, as if marked by a pair of compaffes. From the experiments of SPALLANZANI and others, it appears that Snails are poffeffed of a very confide- rable degree of reproductive power. SPALLANZANI in particular, has found that the whole head of a Snail may be cut off, and yet in a certain ſpace of time will be reproduced. This has been denied by fome, but its truth is eſtabliſhed by experiments conducted by the moft careful and accurate obfervers. It is neceffary to add, that the Snails in the annex- ed plate, are reprefented at fomewhat too great a dif- tance from each other; this is a circumftance which admits of great variation, but in general the animals make a nearer approach before they dart their fpicula; and in ſome particular inftances they have been known to approach ſo near during this action, that the dart has been infixed in the manner of a fword, in which cafe the animal that diſcharged it, withdraws again to fome little diſtance, and feems to wait for a fimilar at- tack. SPARUS? FORMOSUS. CHARACTER GENERICUS. CAPUT: Dentes incifores vel Laniarii robufti; Molares obtufiufculi, conferti. Labia dupli- cata. Memb. branch. radiis 5. Opercula fquamofa. Corpus compreffum. Linea lateralis poftice cur- vata. Pinna pectorales rotundatæ. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 467. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS. SPARUS RUBER, corporis maculis longitudi- nalibus variis, apiceque caudæ, cæruleis. Inter illos eft pulcherrimus hic pifcis quos in Syfte- mate Naturæ non defcripfit Linnæus. Secundum nor- mam Linnæanam ad genus Spari referendus eft. Fa- tendum fane eft Spari et Labri characteres non fatis accurate diftingui, fpeciefque effe aliquas quæ æquali pene jure ad alterutrum genus pertinere videantur. Teftis fit fpecies de qua jam agimus, quamque Domi- nus ASCANIUS in Opere fuo Figures enluminees d'Hiftoire Naturelle du Nord dicto, fpeciem *Labri effe voluit. Hu- ic noftro maxime affinis effe videtur pifcis, a Pennan- tio Striped Wraffe nominatus. Spari et Labri fpecies * Et fortaffe revera potius Labrus quam Sparus. variis variis plerumque et vividis coloribus fuperbiunt; ut plurimum quoque, pifces funt exteri et adventitii; at fupradictus ille quem defcripfit Pennantius, interdum circa littora Britannica confpicitur. Unde delatum fit individuum hoc fpecimen in tabula depictum, et adhuc in Muſeo Leveriano confervatum, nobis non fatis li- quet. Verifimile tamen eft pifcem effe Britannicum. Figura noftra magnitudine naturali fere dimidio mi- norem illum repræfentat. Notatu dignum eft nullam aut Labri aut Spari fpeciem in grandi illo Opere Icthy- ologico Domini BLOCH fuiffe depictam: quod fane ma- gis mirandum, cum apud multos auctores horum pif- cium figuræ reperiantur quas ille commode fatis, un- de et alias plurimas mutuatus eft, in Icthyologiam fu- am tranftuliffet. London, Published May 121790 by F.P.Nodder &C. N. Panton Street. 31 THE BEAUTIFUL SPARUS. GENERIC CHARACTER. Teeth (generally) ftrong, and fomewhat obtufe. Lips double. Membrane of the Gills furnished (generally) with 5 rays. Pectoral Fins of a rounded form. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. RED SPARUS, with the various longitudinal marks on the body and the tip of the tail blue. The beautiful fish here reprefented, is amongſt the number of thoſe which are not to be found in the Syf- tema Naturæ of Linnæus. The genus to which it be- longs fhould, according to Linnæus's own rules, be that of Sparus; but it muſt be confeffed that the cha- racters of the two Linnæan genera of Sparus and La- brus are not quite fufficiently diftinguifhed, and feve- ral ſpecies may be obferved which might with almoſt equal propriety be referred to either genus. As a proof of this, I cannot but obferve, that in the Work of As- CANIUS, entitled Figures enluminees d'Hiftoire Naturelle du Nord, du Nord, this fifh is given as a ſpecies of Labrus. It ſeems very nearly allied to the ſpecies which Mr. Pennant in his Britiſh Zoology has called the Striped Wraffe. The genera of Sparus and Labrus are both remarkable for the vivid colours which frequently a- dorn the ſpecies belonging to them. Moſt of them are natives of the extra-Britannic feas; but the ftriped Wraffe of Mr. Pennant, to which this fifh is ſo nearly allied, has been fometimes caught on our own coafts. Where the individual fpecimen was taken, from which this figure was copied, and which is now in the Le- verian Muſeum, I have not been able to learn; but there is reaſon for fuppofing it to be a Britiſh fiſh. It is reprefented about half the fize of the fpeci- men itſelf. It is fingular that no fpecies either of Sparus or Labrus has yet been figured in the fuperb Icthyology of Dr. BLOCH; eſpecially as there are not wanting nu- merous figures of theſe fish in the works of feveral authors, from whom he might have copied them with the fame eaſe that he has done thofe of a great many other fishes introduced in the courfe of his Work. * And perhaps it is really rather a Labrus than a Sparus. ANAS OCCIDUA. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Roftrum lamellofo-dentatum, convexum, obtufum. Lingua ciliata, obtuſa. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 194. Ord. Anferes. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. ANAS albo-variata, fafcia frontis occipitifque vi- rente, pennis fcapularibus falcato-dependen- tibus, roftro-pedibuſque nigris. ANAS STELLERI. Pall. Spic. 6. p. 35. t. 5. Anatis perpulchra hæc fpecies nomen habet a pa- tria; Americæ quippe littora occidua præcipue in- habitat. In Kamtfchatka etiam invenitur, ubi in ru- pibus inacceffis pullos fuos educat. Gregatim con- volant hæ Anates, nec unquam, ut perhibent, rivos intrant, fed in littoribus maritimis femper degunt. A ſpecimine eximio hujus avis in Muſeo Leveriano, confervato, figuram hanc noftram depingi curavimus ; ab eodem etiam fpecimine figuram fuam in Zoologia Arctica expreffit Pennantius. Magnitudine Anatem Penelopen æquat. THE WESTERN DUCK. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill broad and flattened; the edges marked with fharp lamella. Tongue broad and ciliated at the edges. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. VARIEGATED DUCK, with a frontal and oc- cipital band of green; the fcapular feathers falcated downwards; the bill and legs black. WESTERN DUCK. Lath. Synopf. 3. p. 532. Pennant. Art. Zool. p. 564. The beautiful fpecies of Duck here reprefented, is na- med the Weſtern Duck from its having been princi-, pally found on the western coafts of America; but it is likewiſe an inhabitant of Kamtfchatka, where it breeds amongſt inacceffible rocks. It is faid to fly in flocks, and never to enter the mouths of rivers, but to confine itfelf to the fea-coafts. The elegant fpecimen in the Leverian Muſeum was the individual from which this figure was taken: Mr. PENNANT'S figure of this bird in the Arctic Zoology was alfo drawn from the fame fpecimen. The fize of this fpecies is nearly that of a Wigeon. 32 wire الا لمولود ור N London. Published June 12t 1790 by F. P. Nodder &C N. 13 Panton Street. MACROPUS GIGANTEUS. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Dentes primores fuperiores 6, emarginati. Inferiores 2, validiffimi, acuminati, antror- fum porrecti. Molares utrinque 4? remoti. Pedes antici breviffimi; poftici longiffimi. Folliculus abdominalis. (Fœminæ) CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. G. S. MACROPUS cauda fenfim attenuata. G. S. YERBOA GIGANTEA. Zimmerman. 526. KANGUROO OPOSSUM. Pennant. Hift. Quadr. p. 306. Inter quadrupedes anomalum omnino et fingulare eft animal Kanguroo dictum. Genus a PENNANTIO dif- ponitur nomine Didelphis feu Opoffum, cui fane maxi- me eft affine. Affine tamen eft et Murini generis cer- tis fpeciebus, quas defcribit LINNAEUS, quibus pedes pofteriores infolitæ funt longitudinis, pedefque anteri- ores infolitæ brevitatis. Inter illas eft fpecies valde fingularis, communiter Jerboa nominata, quæ a LIN- 02 NEO NÆO Mus Jaculus dicta eft, cui geftus fitufque corpo- ris funt avi fimiles, pedibus utpote pofterioribus tan- tum infiftenti, anterioribus non nifi inter edendum, et terram pro cubili fcalpendum utenti. Differt in hoc Kanguroo a Ferboa, quod dum pedibus tantum pofteri- oribus quiefcit, metatarfum ? adeo productum habet ut primo intuitu tota velut tibia videatur terræ inniti: at Ferboa pedibus folis nititur. Kanguroo fœmina fac- culum habet in abdomine, ut et vulgaris feu magna Didelphis. Utrique maxillæ infunt quatuor? dentes molares, ab aliis dentibus remoti. Maxillæ fuperiori infunt fex dentes incifores, validi, lati, paulum bifidi, feu medio leviter excifo. (emarginati.) In fronte max- illæ inferioris funt dentes duo prominentes, maximi, validiffimi, acutiffimi. Pedes anteriores in quinque digitos longos divifi funt, unguibus acutis munitos. Pedum autem pofteriorum forma efſt valde fingularis; Primo intuitu tridactyli apparent, digitis nempe tri- bus inftructi. Digitus medius validiffimus, maximus, ungue itidem maximo et validiffimo armatus. Digiti laterales utrinque minores funt, unguibus proportiona- tis; quorum interior, fi prope confpicitur, duplex vi- detur, five ex unguibus duobus valde vicinis conftans. Pedes itaque pofteriores revera funt tetradactyli, feu digitis quatuor inftructi. Hæc obfervatio (quæ, ut vi- detur primos fpectatores effugit,) certe eft accurata ; poffit etiam effe utilis; affinitatem enim maximam de- monftrat inter hanc fpeciem et aliam a pictore Le Brun nomine Philandri defcriptam, in qua unguis interior duplex plane confpicitur. In alia quoque Kanguroo fpecie Novam Hollandiam cum Kanguroo magno inco- lente lente, eadem obfervatur pedis ftructura. In fuo gene- re Kanguroo eft fpecies facile maxima; utpote ovi adul- tæ magnitudine par. Caput collumque, cum parte corporis fuperiore gracilia funt; corporis autem pars poſterior permagna eft et carnofa. Infolitæ eft agili- tatis, faltibus altis adeo et longis progrediens, ut canes Graii dicti facile ab illo in curfu fuperentur. Novam Hollandiam incolit Kanguroo, ibi frequenter confpectus. Victum præbet non infalubrem. Vege- tabilibus folis vefcitur. THE GREAT KANGUROO. GENERIC CHARACTER. Six Cutting Teeth in the upper jaw, flightly emar- ginated. Two very ftrong, fharpened Teeth in the lower jaw, pointing forwards. Grinders on each fide 4? diftant from the other teeth. An Abdominal Pouch. (in the female.) SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. G. S, KANGUROO, with the tail gradually attenua- ted. G. S. KANGURO0 OPUSSUM. Pennant. Hift. Quadr. p. 306. KANGURO0. Cook's Voyage. 3. p. 577 The Kanguroo is a very anomalous and extraordina- ry quadruped. The genus to which it bears the great- eft affinity, is that of Didelphis or Opoffum, in which genus 33 S 6, M London. Published June 1790 by Fr. P. Nodder ? N. Panton Street: grote Ya genus it is placed by Mr. PENNANT; but it has alfo fome. affinity with thofe fpecies of the Linnæan genus Mus, which are furnished with hind legs of a very remark- able length, and fore-legs as remarkably fhort. One of the moſt fingular of thefe is the creature called the Jerboa, which is the Mus Jaculus of Linnæus; an animal which has the general actions and attitudes of a bird; ſtanding on its hind legs, and making ufe of the fore-legs only in feeding and in fcratching or bur- rowing in the ground. The Kanguroo, like the Jerboa, refts only on its hind legs, but the whole metatarfus ? having the appear- ance of the tibia, reſts on the ground, whereas the Jerboa more frequently feems to ftand on the feet alone. The female Kanguroo is furniſhed with a ventral pouch, in the fame manner as the large or common Opoffum. In each jaw there are 4? grinding teeth, or dentes molares; thefe are fituated backwards, at a diftance from the front-teeth. Of thefe, viz. the front or cutting teeth, (incifores,) there are 6 in the upper jaw, of a broad fhape, and appear as if approaching to a bifid figure, or with a part cut out from the mid- dle edge (emarginated). In the front of the lower jaw are two extremely large, fharp, and ftrong teeth, which incline forward. The fore feet are divided into five longifh toes, with fharp claws; but the ftructure of the hind feet is extremely remarkable. At firſt view, the foot feems to be tridactylous, or to confift of three toes; the middle toe is moft uncommonly ſtrong and large, and furniſhed with a claw of proportional magnitude; the fide toes are much fmaller, and the claw claw of the interior one, if clofely examined, will be found to be double, or to confift of two claws very cloſe to each other; fo that in reality, the hind feet are tetradactylous, or have four claws. This particular, (which feems to have eſcaped the firft obfervers) is both curious and important, as it feems to fhew how very nearly this animal is allied to another anomalous fpe- cies of quadruped, which has long ago been deſcribed by Le Brun, the painter, under the name of the Phi- lander, in which the fame particularity (viz. the double inner claw) takes place; as likewife in a fmall fpecies of Kanguroo, which, like the large fpecies here figured, inhabits New Holland. The tail of the Kanguroo is very long, and gradually tapers to the end. The Kanguroo is by far the largest animal of its genus; being as large as full-grown fheep. Its head and neck, and whole upper parts are very flim and de- licate; while the lower part of the body is very large and mufcular. It is a creature of furprifing agility, and ſprings forwards, by leaping to fo uncommon a height, and to fo great a diſtance, as to outftrip the fleeteſt purfuit; the fwifteft greyhound being eafily and foon diſtanced by this wonderful quadruped. It is a native of New Holland, where it is found in plenty, and is eſteemed a ufeful article of food. SCARABEUS HERCULES. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Antenna clavatæ capitulo fiffili. Tibia anticæ fæpius dentatæ. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 541. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. SCARABÆUS fcutellatus, thoracis cornu in- curvo maximo: fubtus barbato unidentato, capitis recurvato: fupra multidentato. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 541. Röfel. Inf. 2 Scarab. 1. tab. A. fig. 1. tab 5. fig. 3. et Inf. 4. Edw. Av. tab. 334. Quis, ait celeberrimus BUFFONUs, efficit ut de fummo mundi Creatore altius fublimiufque concipiamus? an ille qui foles et planetas poteftate fua formantem, mun- dorumque circulos gubernantem depingit; an qui apum œconomiam ordinantem, aut alas Scarabæi ferio et fedulo plicantem? Talis equidem tanti viri fententia Hiftoriæ Naturalis minutiores partes inveftigantibus foret inimiciffima, utpote vix hominis literati ftudio dignas, dignas, aut faltem præ majoribus et nobilioribus Zoo-- logiæ partibus fordidas, nifi quod et alii de hac re cen- fuerint in eadem ponamus trutina; viri nempe non minus ingenio vivido et pollenti, quam virtute per omne ævum laudandi. Perilluftris Boylius breviter et nervofe fuam ita fententiam edidit; fe non tam Natu- ræ majoribus horologiis, quam parvulis et minutis ftupe- fcere; Deumque plane dixit effe maximum in minimis. Et profecto fi elephantis aut rhinocerotis molem gi- ganteam miramur, acarum attoniti contemplemur ne- ceffe eft, cui plura funt membra, corpufque magis com- plicatum quam animalibus majoribus. Ad fummum vero augetur nobis admiratio, innumera ifta animalcula explorantibus, quæ non nifi microſcopii ope videnda funt; quibus vel ipfe acarus eft quafi elephas. Im- mortalis PLINII fententia de his parvulis Naturæ ope- ribus ex ipfius verbis conftat. "In his tam parvis, tamque fere nullis, quæ ratio! quanta vis! quam inex- tricabilis perfectio!" Infectum vero, quod nunc defcribere pergimus, ne- quaquam ad minora infecta pertinet, fed inter maximas fui generis fpecies numeratur. Phyficis probe cogni- tum eft, et a multis defcriptum. Americam incolit calidiorem, et inter alios fcarabæos præminet cornu in vaftam longitudem e thorace extenfo necnon alio cornu a capite orto, et furfum tendente, donec cornu thoracis pene occurfet. Cornu fuperius fuperficiem habet inferiorem villo, feu tomento denfo holoferico elegantiffime veftitam. Infecta hæc (ut fertur) Mam- mææ Americanæ ramulos cornubus complexa, cir- cum-gyrando vulnerant, ut humorem ab arbore incifa ftillantem ftillantem forbeant; quo mox inebriata in terram de- cidunt, et facillime capiuntur. Huic tamen famæ, ut doctus obfervat FABRICIUS, fides non temere haben- da eft, quoniam, ut antea diximus, cornu, cui fuperficies inferior barbata eft, hoc modo abrafum omnino denu- daretur. Infectum hoc, ob molem infignem, optimum præbet exemplum characteris generici. Magnitudine multum variąt. Dubitari etiam merito poteft, annon minora aliqua fpecimina veluti fpeciem diverfam de- fcripferint auctores; exempli gratia Scarabæum Alci- dem FABRICII, adeo huic noftro affinem, at vix probe feparari queat, quamvis multo fit minor, cornuaque minus confpicue dentata gerat. 34 London Published June 12 1790 by F. P. Nodder CN. 13 Panton Street. THE HERCULES BEETLE, GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennæ divided at the tip or head into feveral lamellæ. Tibia, (or fecond joints of the fore legs) gene- rally toothed. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. BEETLE, with the thoracic horn very large, bent downward, bearded beneath, furniſhed with a fingle tooth, and bifid at its extremi- ty: the horn on the head bent upwards, and furniſhed on its upper part with ſeveral teeth. Röfel. vol. 2. plate A. fig. 1. 5. fig. 3. Drury, vol. 1. plate 30. fig. 1. Edwards, vol. 7. plate 324. and vol. 4. plate Who, fays the celebrated Count De BUFFON, gives us the grandeft and, and moft magnificent ideas of the Creator of the univerfe? He who reprefents him fu- perintending the formation of funs and of planets, and and guiding the revolutions of worlds, or he who difco vers him bufied in regulating the economy of an hive of bees, or deeply engaged in folding the wings of a beetle? Such an obfervation, from fo elevated a character, might be capable of exciting a very wrong and unfa- vourable idea, with refpect to the ftudy of the fmaller branches of Natural Hiftory; as if unworthy of any confiderable fhare of attention, or at leaft of but flight importance, when compared with the higher orders of Zoology. But let us recollect the fentiments of other men, of the moſt comprehenfive minds, the moſt bril- liant abilities, and the moſt exalted piety and virtue. The celebrated Mr. BOYLE ufed to exprefs himſelf on this fubject in a fomewhat fingular phrafe, viz. That for his own part, his wonder dwelt not fo much on the clocks as the watches of Nature; and that the Creator appeared in reality to be maximus in minimus. If we are ftruck with admiration at the prodigious bulk of the elephant, or the rhinoceros, we are loſt in aſtoniſhment at the contemplation of a mite, for in that animal there is a more complicated ftructure, and a greater variety of parts than in the larger animals; and how muſt this aftoniſhment increaſe, when we contemplate by the help of glaffes, thofe innumerable legions of animal- cula, compared to which, a mite may itſelf be regarded as a kind of elephant. The opinion of PLINY on the minuter parts of Na- ture is evident, from his own words.. "In his tam parvis tamque fere nullis quæ ratio! quanta vis! quam inextricabilis perfectio!". The The infect, however, which makes its appearance on the prefent plate, is not amongſt thofe of the ſmaller or- der; but on the contrary, is one of the moft gigantic animals of the clafs to which it belongs. This curious creature has long been known to the admirers of Na- tural Hiſtory, and has been figured by ſeveral authors. It is a native of the warmer parts of America, and is re- markable for the exceffive length of the horn, which pro- ceeds from its thorax, as well as for another horn which proceeds from its head, and bends upwards, fo as almoſt to meet the thoracic one. The uppermost of theſe horns, or proceffes, is moft curioufly coated on the in- ner furface, with a fine hair or velvet-like fubftance. It has been faid that thefe infects have a cuſtom of taking hold of the flender branches of the Mammaa Americana, and fwinging themſelves round with fuch rapidity, as to wound, by this circular motion, the branch on which they faften, in order to be enabled to fuck the juice diftilling from the tree; by which they are foon inebriated, fo as to fall in great numbers on the ground, and to be eafily taken. But this account, as the learned FABRICIUS has well obferved, feems not very probable; fince the thoracic horn being bearded on its lower furface, would undoubtedly be made bare by this operation. This Infect, from the remarkable fize of all its parts, affords an admirable example of the characters of the genus to which it belongs. It varies much in fize, and it may even be much doubted whether fome of the fmaller fpecimens have not been regarded as diftinct fpecies by authors: fuch, for inftance, is the Scarabaeus Alcides of FABRICIUS, which which feems fo extremely nearly allied to the Hercules, as fcarce to admit of feparation, notwithſtanding its fize, which is hardly more than half that of the form- er; and the horns not furniſhed with fuch remarkable denticulations as in the Hercules. PSITTACUS PULLARIUS. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Roftrum aduncum: mandibula fuperiore mobili, cera inftructa. Nares in roftri bafi. Lingua carnofa, obtufa, integra. Pedes fcanforii. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 139. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, PSITTACUS brachyurus viridis, fronte rubra, cauda fulva faſcia nigra, orbitis cinereis. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 149. PSITTACUS GUINEENSIS. Edw. Av. t. 237. f. 1. Lath. Synopf. 1. p. 309. In caveis inclufam hanc aviculam plerique tam fre- quenter confpexerunt, ut hoc ipfum ab admiratione detrahat quam aliter fibi vindicaret excellens pulchri- tudo. Hiftoriæ naturalis cultoribus tam probe cog- nita eft hæc fpecies, ut illam peculiariter defcribere non fit neceffe: fatis fit dicere fpeciem effe pulcherri- mam; moresque ejus fuaves et manfuetos formæ tam P eximiæ eximiæ bene refpondere. Africæ eft indigena, et in Guinea frequentiffima eft. In India etiam Orientali invenitur. Nomen ejus Anglicanum commune eft Guinea-Sparrow. N Sondon Published July 11790 by F. P. Nodder & N.13 Panton Street- 35 THE GUINEA PARRAKEET. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill hooked. Upper mandible moveable. Noftrils round, placed in the bafe of the bill. Tongue flefhy, broad, blunt at the end. Legs fhort. Toes formed for climbing, viz. two backward and two forward. Linnæus and Pennant. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. SHORT-TAILED GREEN PARROT, with red front; tail fulvous with a black bar; orbits of the eyes grey. Lin. RED-HEADED GUINEA PARRAKEET. Latham, fol. 1. p. 309. This beautiful little bird is fo often feen in cages, that the circumftance of its not being a rare fpecies feems in fome degree to leffen the admiration due to its uncommon elegance. As it is fo well known to Na- turalifts, it is unneceffary to fay more than that it is one of the moft brilliant of its genus, and that the beauty of its appearance is equalled by the gentleneſs P 2 of of its manners. It is an African bird, and abounds in Guinea. It is alfo found in the East Indies. In Eng- land this bird is generally called by the name of the Guinea-Sparrow. MANIS TETRADACTYLA. Dentes nulli. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Lingua teres, extenfilis. Os anguftatum in roftrum. Corpus fquamis tectum. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 52. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. MANIS pedibus tetradactylis. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 53. LACERTUS fquamofus peregrinus. Cluf. Exot. 374. Tam prope accedit hæc Manis fpecies ad fimilitu- dinem Manis Pentadactylæ, in priore numero hujus operis depictæ, ut a quibufdam phyficis varietas potius quam fpecies diftincta cenfeatur. Linnæus etiam ipfe, cum characterem illi fpecificum ftatuerit, addit, " præ- cedenti nimis affinis." Caudæ tamen longitudo, quæ in omnibus fpeciminibus. a meipfo obfervatis, illam Manis Pentadactylæ longe fuperat, fquamæque magist oblongæ, acuminatæ etiam et ftriatæ, feu fulcatæ, nec non corporis forma gracilior, cum aliis differentiis, quæ accurate perpendenti phyfico patebunt, clare de- monftrant S N London Published July 1st 1790 by F. P. Nodder &C. N. 18. Panton Street 36 THE FOUR-TOED MANIS. No Teeth. GENERIC CHARACTER. Tongue cylindric and extenfile. Mouth narrowed into a fnout. Body covered with fcales. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. MANIS with tetradactylous (or four-toed) feet. LONG-TAILED MANIS. Lin. Pennant. Hift. Quadr. p. 504. This fpecies of Manis makes fo very near an approach to the Manis Pentadactyla, figured in a former number of this work, that it has been regarded by fome Natu- ralifts as a variety rather than a diftinct fpecies; and Linnæus in his Syftema Naturæ, after giving its fpecific character, obferves that it is almoft too nearly allied to the other to be regarded as diftinct. The length of the tail however, which in all the fpecimens I have ever ob- ferved, very greatly exceeds the proportion of the fame part in the former fpecies, as well as the more oblong and even acuminate form of the furrowed or ftriated fcales, together with a greater degree of flenderneſs in the 1 the body, and fome other particulars which an atten- tive furvey diſcovers, feem clearly to prove a real fpeci- fic difference. In point of general habits and mode of life nothing need be added to what has been already faid of the other fpecies, or M. Pentadactyla, to which the reader is therefore referred for its hiftory. FULGORA LANTERNARIA. CHARACTER GENERICUS. Caput fronte producta, inani. Antennæ infra oculos: articulis 2; exteriore glo- Carbofo majore. Roftrum inflexum. Pedes grefforii. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 703. CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c. FULGORA fronte ovali recta, alis lividis; pof- ticis ocellatis. LANTERNARIA. Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 703. Röfel. Inf. 2. gryll. t. 28, 29. Fabr. Spec. Inf. vol. 2. p. 313. Mer. Sur. t. 49. Vix aliud in Infectis videtur mirabilius luce illa phoſphorea, quam certæ fpecies emittunt. Inter in- fecta Europæa, Lampyrides, (quæ ad Coleoptera Linnæi referuntur) maxime hac qualitate pollent. In America eft fpecies Elateris, cui multa ineft vis lucem in tene- bris fpargendi. Scolopendra etiam vulgaris Europæa, (quæ Scolopendra electrica Linnæi) manifefte noctu lucet, lucet, præfertim fi aliquo modo fit irritata aut com- preffa. Præ cæteris tamen infectis eminet fpecies in tabula depicta, quæ communiter Lanternaria Peruvi- ana dicitur: lucem enim adeo vividam fpargit, ut viatores noctu ambulantes iter fuum commode peragere poffint, ope unius vel duorum horum animalium, baculo alligatorum, geftatorumque more facis. In- fectum hoc ad ordinem naturalem pertinet infectorum quatuor alas habentium, quarum exteriores funt magis coriaceæ feu denfæ in parte fuperiore quam inferiore. Hujus ordinis infecta Hemiptera Linnæi conftituunt, inter quæ major pars roftrum tubulatum fub pectore gerunt, cujus ope fugendo fe nutriunt. Hinc patet Fulgoram et Cicadam effe valde affines. Fulgora fre- quens in America calidiori reperitur, et a Domina Merian in hiftoria fua infectorum Surinamenfium nec non ab aliis Naturæ indagatoribus defcripta eft. Non injucunde narrat Merian metum fibi ingentem incuſ- fiffe flammeas corrufcationes ab infectis hifce exortas, cum adhuc facultatis quam habent lucem in tenebris emittendi ignara effet. « Cum aliquando (inquit illa) Lanternarios magna copia mihi attuliffent Indi, ſcatulæ eofdem majori ligneæ inclufi, illos noctu lucere adhuc infcia; verum de nocte infolito ftrepitu expergefacta, et perterrita, e lecto profiliens, lumen accendere juffi, quis domi meæ infuetus effet ftrepitus ignara. Tum vero e fcatula ftridorem profectum illico nobis patuit; illam itaque cum animi quadam perturbatione aperui- mus, fed adapertam magis adhuc paventes in terram fubito dejecimus, quod inter aperiendum inde velut ignea erumperet flamma, toties refulgens quoties novum evolaret evolaret infectum: quo tandem animadverfo, ad nos redeuntes, iterum congregavimus animalcula, fplendo- rem in ipfis plurimum demiratæ." Ope etiam unius infecti, ut affirmat Merian commode aliquis noctu le- gere poteft. Non abs re fit addere quod quamvis Domina Merian figuras horum animalium pulchre et accurate depingi curaverit, tamen transformationem ipfius infecti a larva ad integrum ftatum defcribere conata, figuram, ut vide- tur, fictam introduxit, nempe cicadæ fpeciem (quæ Cicada Tibicen Linnæi) cum capite Fulgore. Lux phoſphorea a Fulgora dimanans, a capite con- cavo feu velut inflato procedit: nulla enim alia pars phofphorea eft. THE GREAT LANTHORN-FLY, OR FIRE-FLY. GENERIC CHARACTER. Head hollow, inflated, and produced forwards. Antenna below the eyes, confifting of 2 joints, the exterior larger and globofe. Beak inflected. Feet formed for walking. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c. FULGORA with large oval head; variegated wings; the lower pair ocellated. LANTERNARIA. Röfel. vol. 2. t. 28, 29. Merian. Sur. t. 49. Few circumftances are more remarkable amongſt in- ſects than the phoſphoric light with which ſome parti- cular ſpecies abound. Amongst the European infects this quality is moft confpicuous in the Glow-Worms, which are of the Linnæan genus Lampyris, and belong. to the Coleopterous tribe. In America a large fpecies of Elater, or Springing-Beetle is poffeffed of this faculty in London. Published, July 12" 1790 by F. P. Nodder & N. 18 Panton Street. 37 in a very high degree; the common fmall Scolopendra of Europe, and which is well known in our own coun- try, is pretty ſtrongly phofphoric likewife, efpecially if preffed or irritated; but of all infects that which is here reprefented, and which is generally called the Lanthorn-Fly of Peru, poffeffes this lucid quality in the moſt eminent degree, and affords a light fo vivid, that travellers walking by night are faid to be enabled to purſue their journey with fufficient certainty by one or two of theſe infects tied to a ftick and carried in the manner of a torch. The infect belongs to the natural order of Hemipterous infects, or fuch as are furniſhed with four wings, of which the exterior pair on the up- per part are of a ftronger or more coriaceous nature than on the lower. The divifion in this tribe to which it ftrictly belongs, is that containing the roftrated infects, or fuch as have a tube or inftrument of fuction lying flat, beneath the breaft. It is therefore extremely nearly allied to the genus Cicada. It is common in many parts of South America, and amongſt other wri- ters is deſcribed by the celebrated Madam Merian in her hiftory of the Surinam infects. She gives an enter- taining account of the alarm into which fhe was thrown by the flashing which proceeded from them in the dark, before ſhe had been apprized of their fhining nature. "The Indians once brought me (fays fhe) before I knew that they fhone by night, a number of theſe Lanthorn-Flies, which I fhut up in a large wooden box. In the night they made fuch a noife that I awoke in a fright, and ordered a light to be brought, not be- ing able to guefs from whence the noife proceeded: as as foon as we found that it came from the box, we opened it, but were alarmed ftill much more, and let it fall to the ground in a fright at feeing a flame of fire come out of it; and as many animals as came out, fo many flames of fire appeared. When we found this to be the cafe, we recovered from our fright, and again collected the infects, much admiring their fplendid appearance." She adds, that the light of one of theſe infects is fo vivid that a perfon may fee to read a news- paper by it. It may not be improper to obferve, that though Madam Merian has given good figures of the Fire-Fly, yet, by way of explaining the change from its fuppofed larva into the complete infect, fhe feems to have intro- duced an imaginary figure, repreſenting the Cicada Tibicen with the head of a Fulgora. The light emit- ted by the Fire-Fly proceeds entirely from the hollow part, or Lantern of the head; no other part of the ani- mal being luminous. INDE X. PLATE ACTINIA 26. 27.4 TINIA Anemone. 13. Alcedo criftata. 32. Anas occidua. 5. Anguis Scytale. 12. Aranea avicularia. 24. Boa canina. 6. Bradypus tridactylus. 19. Certhia formofa. 8. Draco volans. 37. Fulgora Lanternaria. 14. Gorgonia Flabellum. 30. Helix hortenfis. 20. Hydra viridis. 21. Lacerta Monitor. 29. Lemur tardigradus. 33. Macropus giganteus. 11. Manis pentadactyla. 36. Manis tetradactyla. 10. Motacilla fuperba. 3. Mofchus 23. Ophrys apifera. pygmæus. 28. Papilio Polymneſtor. 15. Papilio Priamus. 2. Phalena Atlas. 7. Pfittacus Porphyrio. 1. Pfittacus porphyrocephalus. 16. Pfittacus porphyrurus. 35. Pfittacus pullarius. 17. Rana Pipa. 34. Scarabæus Hercules. 9. Scolopendra morfitans. 18. Sphinx ocellata. 25. Strix nebulofa. 22. Strix pulchella. 31. Sparus? formofus. 4. Tanagra Tatao. INDE X. PLATE ACT 26. 27. ACTINIA Anemone. 34. Beetle Hercules. 28. Butterfly Polymneftor. 15. Butterfly Imperial Trojan 19. Creeper fhining 32. Duck Weſtern 8. Dragon flying 37. Fire-fly. 14. Gorgonia Fan. 33. Kanguroo great 13. King-fifher creſted 29. Lemur flow-paced 21. Lizard monitory. 11. Manis five-toed 36. Manis four-toed 2. Moth Atlas 3. Mufk pygmy 23. Orchis Bee 25. Owl clouded 22. Owl leaft horned 1. Parrot purple-headed 7. Parrot violet-blue 16. Parrot purple-tailed 35. Parrot Guinea 20. Polype green 6. Sloth three-toed 30. Snail garden 12. Spider bird-catching 18. Sphinx ocellated 31. Sparus? beautiful 5. Snake painted 24. Snake dog-headed 9. Scolopendra great 4. Tanagra Paradife 17. Toad Surinam 10. Warbler fuperb Date Due B ג1 17