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A
HAND-BOOK
OF
LATIN syNONYMEs.

BASED ON
MEISSNER'S “KURZGEFASSTE LATEINISCHE
SYNONYMIK.”
BY
EDGAR S. SHUMWAY, A.M.,
ADJUNCT PROFEssor (IN CHARGE) of LATIN, RUTGERS College; PRINCIPAL OF
CHAUTAUQUA “ACADEMLA’”; EDITOR OF “LATINE.”
BosTON:
PUBLISHED BY GINN, HEATH, & CO.
1884.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1884, by
EDGAR S. SHUMWAY,
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
J. S. CUSHING & Co., PRINTERs, 115 HIGH STREET, BosTON.
PREFATORY NOTE,
THIS work was begun with the design of merely translating Meissner's
“Kurzgefasste Lateinische Synonymik” for serial publication in the journal
“Latine’’; but it was found that, with the revision and additions neces-
sary, more space was required than could well be devoted to it in that
journal A hand-book was therefore decided upon which might serve not
as an exhaustive discussion of synonymes, but rather as a terse compendium
whose sections should be germs to be more fully developed by the student.
If the teacher but inspire the pupil with the spirit of exploration, placing
finger-posts at doubtful places only, he has done far more to educate that
pupil than if he place before him prolix definitions exhausting every
shade of meaning, and so deprive the student of that zest and satisfac-
tion which come from personal discovery. To encourage such explora-
tions, wide margins have been left to be utilized in recording additions.
Were the limitations in space not so imperative, it would be most desir-
able to place before each section a group of Cicero's sentences, to induce
the student first to make the distinctions for himself, after the manner so
admirably illustrated in Mr. Tetlow’s “Latin Lessons.” It is, however,
easy—thanks to that monument of patient scholarship, Merguet’s “Spezial-
lezikon,” — for the teacher to indicate copious examples.
Grateful acknowledgement of valuable assistance is here due to Miss
Caroline P. Townsend and Mr. Samuel M. Otto, and especially to Mr.
John Tetlow, who has kindly examined the proof-sheets and given very
helpful suggestions. -
EDGAR S. SITUMWAY.
RUTGERS COLLEGE, September, 1884,
EXPLANATORY NOTE.
The references throughout are not to pages, but sections. In the Latin
Index figures in bold-face type indicate those sections in which the
word is explained. A list of easier groups for beginners is suggested by
stars. 2.
LATIN SYNONYMES.
*I1.
Abamdon.
2
Acknowledge.
*3.
Admire.
African.
*5.
Afterwards,
_. •*
relinquere, in general; (See 158.)
deserere (de-serere, lit. scatter away as seed, throw
away), leave in the lurch, exercitum, amicum
(partic. perf. pass. destitutus Or derelictus, while
desertus is adj. = desert).
fateri, to speak out something that has been con-
cealed ; •
confiteri, tO confess something, culpam ; -
profiteri, to announce clearly, in plain terms, without
fear, philosophiam Or se philosophum (esse). Ita
libenter confitetur, ut non solum fateri, sed etiam
profiteri videatur ;
prae se ferre, to keep in view. (See 67.)
mirari, to deem anything remarkable (mirum), to be
surprised at, but also to admire ;
admirari, tO admire something as great or grand.
Afer (subst.), born in Africa, P. Terentius Afer ;
Africus (adj.), belonging to Africa, ventus Africus ;
Africamus, a Romam who stands im some Outward
relation to Africa, Scipio Africanus, legiones
Africamae. Carefully distinguish Asianus — Asi-
aticus (Scipio Asiaticus) ; Gallus — Gallicus —
Gallicamus; Hispanus — Hispanicus — Hispanien-
sis ; Siculus — Siciliensis.
posthac (opp. nunc), hereafter Or in future, the pres-
ent ofthe speaker beingtaken asthe starting-point ;
postea (opp. antea), of Something happening since a
past occurrence.
I,ATIN SYNONYMIEHS. 5
Again.
*7.
Age.
*8.
Agreeable.
10.
Almost.
rursus, rursum (re-vorsus [verto], lit. backwards),
indicates repetition ;
iterum, for the second time ;
demuo (de-novo), anew ;
de integro, afresh.
aetas, period of life ;
senectus, of an Old man. (He has been successively :
infans, puer, adulescens, iuvenis, grandior natu
Or senior, senex. Adult,— aetas constans, media,
firmata, corroborata, not a. virilis.)
iucundus (hypothetical form iuvicundus, from iuvare),
causing joy, iucunda, narratio, an agreeable, inter-
esting story ;
gratus, welcome.
iucunda.
Medicima aegrotis grata, non
totus, in Opp. tO separate parts;
universus (umus-verto, lit. turmed into one), the parts
brought into unity (opp. singuli) ; universum, the
universe ; -
cumctus (through coniunctus), united (opp. disper-
sus) ; - a*
Omnis, Opp. nemo ;
integer [in-tango], lit. untouched, stilluminjured, still
vwhole. -
fere (ferme), about so, (limiting,) esp. with expres-
sioms of mumber and time, = about, Omnes fere ;
also equals almost always (plerumque), ut fere
fit ; -
paene and prope, if it falls omly a little short of com-
pletemess, paene perii. *-
ILATIN SYNONYME}S.
*11.
Ambitious
Canvass.
*12.
Animal.
13.
Anyhow.
At least.
*14.
Arms.
*15.
Army.
*
16.
Ask. Request.
ambitio (ambire), orig. the going about of candidates
canvassing for an Office, legitimate ; -
ambitus, illegal canvass.
animal, animans, every living thing, therefore also
man; (See 113, 141.)
bestia, the beast as contrasted with man; (See 109.)
belua, the large, unwieldy beast;
fera, the wild beast.
saltem (old acc. [salvus, salus], lit. saved; cf. “save”
= except), descending from higher to lower;
quidem, limiting and emphasizing the word which it
follows enclitically; -
certe, assuring, (“Or at least ’’= aut). (See 34.)
arma, including offensive and defensive ;
tela, offensive only.
exercitus (exerceo), the army as a trained body;
agmen (ago), on the march ; agnmen primum, the van;
a. extremum or novissimum, the rear; -
acies (a sharp line), the army in line of battle ;
copiae (through coopia, from com and ops, lit. abun-
dance of aids), the army in the hand of the man-
aging Commander, troops, magnae, parvae (as
individuals = milites).
rogare (perhaps from the same root as épéyò, reach
for, yearn for), to request;
orare, stronger (os), lit. speak, to request in a formal
way, to present one’s request, rogo te atque etiam
oro; (See 98, 155.)
LATIN syNONYMEs. 7
17.
Assembly.
*18.
Author.
19.
Bear.
2.
,’
obsecrare (ob-sacro), to adjure one by everything
that is holy to him ;
implorare (in-ploro), to beseech one. (with tears)
when in need, misericordiam, esp. deos;
Supplicare (sub-plico), lit. bending the knee, hence
meekly beseeching (alicui pro aliquo);
precari (prex), beseechingly to call upon one, to
pray, deos or aliquid a deis ;
petere (of the same root as impetus, lit. to grasp
at), to seek to attain something, whether by request
or demand. -
concilium populi, in gen. a meeting of the people;
conventus (con-venio), coitus (con-eo), voluntary
assembly of the people ; ... ."
contio (through conventio), a deliberative assem-
bly to hear the statement of a magistrate ;
Comitia, orum, an assembly of the whole Roman
people which takes conclusive action, whether it
be for the purpose of forming laws, choosing offi-
cers, or judging about capital crimes.
scriptor, writer;
auctor, voucher.
ferre, a (esp. a rather light) load;
portare, to carry a rather heavy burden;
Sustinere, to hold on high, upright, the burden which
presses down ;
gerere, on one's self, as belonging to the person ;
vestem ; .*
vehere, to move something on (cf. vehi curru, equo);
tolerare, with subjective reference to the state of
mind of the person bearing; (See 142.)
LATIN SYNONYMES.
20.
Beautiful.
21.
Recause of.
22.
Become.
23.
Before.
pati denotes an intellectual permission, no opposi-
tion being made, like to let happen, also patiently
to endure, e.g. paupertatem ; -
permittere, to grant what one has a full right to dis-
pose of;
sinere, not to hinder, to leave free.
pulcher, in gen. ;
formosus, of excellent figure (see forma);
venustus (Venus), lovely, attractive;
amoenus, of beauty of nature, loca amoena;
bellus (through benulus, for bonulus; cf. the Fr.
beau, belle), the Fr. joli, employed more in col-
loquial language.
propter indicates the objective,
ob, the subjective reason (which exists in one's
thought); --
causā, the purpose (usually following its genitive);
per, either the consent or the hindrance, especially
with licet and posse ; e.g. per me licet, so far as
I am concerned ; per aetatem arma ferre non posse,
to be unable to bear arms on account of his age;
prae, in negative clauses only, giving the hindrance,
prae lacrimis logui non posse. -
fieri, in general ;
evadere, with the accessory notion of trouble ;
exsistere, to step forth.
coram (com-os, lit. in the face), used of casual; s
apud, of official presence. So distinguish between
coram populo and apud populum dicere; (to dis-
tinguish one’s self above all others, praeter
ceteros florere, not prae ceteris = in comparison
LATIN SYNONYMEs. 9
24.
Begin.
25.
Beginning.
*26.
Believe.
Think.
*27.
Besiege
(assault).
*28.
Beyond.
with the others; to deliver a speech in one’s pres-
ence, apud aliquem, mot ante ; to appear before
the court, in iudicium venire, in iudicio adesse).
incipere (perf. coepi, opp. desimere), inceptum bel-T
lum depomere ;
inchoare (opp. absolvere), opus inchoatum absolvere ;
ordiri, exordiri, e.g. sermonem (Opp. to continue);
coepisse, c. inf., especially to begin a transaction.
Note: lapides iaci coept Sumt.
initium (inire), starting-point, entrance;
principium, beginning as foundation, therefore prin-
cipia rerum, elements, material; \
exordium (exordior), especially beginning of a speech.
credere, from conviction ;
putare, result of reflection ;
opinari, to fancy, suppose ;
existimare (ex-aestimo), to think, after logical con-
sideration ;
iudicare (iudex), to judge;
censere, of official opinions; [sideration.
ratus (partic. from reor), after a prearranged con-
obsidere (ob-sedeo, lit. to sit before something),
through circumvallation ;
oppugnare (0b), to try to take by assault or storm ;
expugnare (ex), to Succeed in taking.
trans flumen, beyond the river and touching it;
ultra flumen, beyond the river but more or less re-
mote from it. So are distinguished cis and citra,
on this side.
10
LATIN SYNONYMES.
%29.
Black.
30.
Blame.
3.31.
Blood.
32.
Booty.
33.
Both.
niger (Opp. candidus), lustrous black, entirely, thor-
oughly black; pice nigrior, “pitch black”; fig. of
bad men, hic niger est, hunc tu, Romane, caveto ;
ater (Opp. albus), dead black, dark, alba et atra
discernere non posse ; applied meaning, dies ater
(bringing evil).
reprehendere (lit. to hold back or draw back), for
the purpose of improving ;
wituperare, stronger (in place of vitiperare, from
vitio parare [cf. vitio dare, vertere], lit. to make
faulty), to censure with reproach and rebuke
(Opp. laudare);
increpare, loudly to upbraid;
obiurgare, to scold.
sanguis, the blood circulating in the body; &
cruor (from root CRU, whence also crudus and
crudelis), the blood as flowing from a wound.
Hence bloody war = bellum cruentum.
praeda, in general (praedam ferre et agere);
manubiae (manus), booty, lit. ‘booty gained by the
hands.’
spolia, Orum, the booty which has been taken
away from the conquered enemy, especially
arms; spolia Opima, the arms which have been
taken away by the leader from the leader of the
enemy.
ambo, both together ;
uterque, each of two by himself; (in app. with two
names, not to be expressed, e.g. Demosthenes et
LATIN SYNONYMES. . 11
34.
Certainly.
In truth.
%35.
Children.
36.
Choose.
#37.
City.
* 38.
- Clothing.
Cicero, summi oratores not duo summi, etc.; et
honor et vita, both honor and life).
certo scio (objectively), I know it to be certain
(mea notitia rei certa est); -
certe scio (subjectively), assuredly I know it (certum
est me scire) (certo only with scio, certe with all
verbs);
revera, only used in Opp. to appearance (specie);
profecto, Sane, Vero, ne (nae), affirming, the last at
the beginning of the sentence, and always before
a pers. pron. (for the third person, ille); and truly,
et profecto, et sane, or et with verb following im-
mediately. (See 13.) *,
pueri, with regard to the age. Hence disciplina
puerilis or puerorum, the training of children;
liberi (sing. filius, filia), relation to the parents.
deligere, in general;
eligere (e-legere, to read out of), to choose out
from several ; - -
creare, only of the choice of officials;
cooptare (contracted form Copto), to elect to an
office ; -
designare, to designate, esp. to elect or appoint to
a public office (consul designatus).
*~
|urbs, a large city, especially Rome as chief city ;
Oppidum, a small city or a town. (See 180.)
vestis (only in the sing.), collectively, clothing;
vestitus, suit of clothes; -
vestimentum, garment. Note: vestem mutare, to put
12 LATIN SYNONYIMES.
on mourning (opp. ad vestitum suum redire), but
vestimenta mutare, to change one's clothes.
*39. iubere, in general;
Command. imperare, with the authority of a higher position ;
edicere, to publish an ordinance, of magistrates;
mandare (manus-do), to commit to one's charge;
praecipere, to enjoin by right of authority, as a
teacher. (See 48.) s -
40. questus, in general; *A*.
Complaint. querimonia, about that which has been actually suf-
fered ;
querela, about what has been suffered, or is supposed
to have been suffered. -
4.l. contemplari (com-templum, lit. to draw within one’s
Consider. horizon), with the mind;
considerare, lit. to concentrate the glance upon one
point, sharply to examine with the intellect, care-
fully to reflect upon ;
intueri, to look at something sharply, to contem-
plate ; \
spectare, adspicere, to glance at ; (See 166.)
speculari, to spy upon.
*42. cadaver (cadere), which has already begun to decay:
Corpse. corpus, otherwise (mortuum, homines mortui).
*43. corrigere (com-regere), to make right what is defec-
Correct.
tive, e.g. mores; (to correct some one, corrigere
mores alicuius, not corrigere aliquem); -
emendare (e-mendum), weaker, to free from single
defects.
LATIN SYNONYMES. 13
44
Country (adj.).
45.
Cultured.
Damage.
*47.
Death.
rusticus, as opposed to city; vita rustica (opp.
wrbama) country life, i.e. life of those who are
engaged in agriculture; then boorish, clownish;
less commonly, simply plain ; (See 102.)
rusticanus, standing in more remote relation to the
country; vita rusticama, country life, as merely
stay in the country; vir rusticanus, whoever has
grown up in the Country :
agrestis, orig. growing wild in the fields (in agris),
then rough, uncultured.
eruditus (e-rudis, lit. brought out of condition of
roughness), spiritually and morally cultured;
doctus, by instruction, esp. one trained in philosophy;
litteratus, of literary culture.
damnum, damage for which one's self is blamable,
loss esp. in goods;
detrimentum (de-terere), damage occasioned by
another ; -
fraus, damage brought about by treachery;
iactura (iacére), (lit. throwing overboard, then)
voluntary giving up of something valuable to
prevent damage; or to obtain greater advantage;
Calamitas (from calamus, straw, lit. damage to the
crop, whether through blight [robigo] or by hail),
misfortune as well of individuals as of the State ;
(damºmum facere, to suffer damage, to suffer loss;
iCLCtwº-dºm facere, to suffer misfortune ; calamitatem
accipere; not pati, which = to submit to).
mors, natural death; (See 120.)
nex, violent death.
14
LATIN SYNONYMES.
48.
Decree.
r 49.
Deed. Evil deed.
Deep.
51.
Deprive.
senatus consultum, decree of the senate which has
been sanctioned by the consent of the tribuni
plebis;
senatus auctoritas, decree of the senate in general,
or simply the Senate’s judgment without consent
of the tribunes;
edictum (see command, 39), proclamation of the
magistrates; -
decretum, decision of any political or judicial body;
Scitum, of the plebs (cf. plebiscitum).
res, thing, deed, (res gestae), exploit (esp. battle);
factum, in general, thing done (a common mistake
is to use factum for res); ---
consilia et facta, plans and execution ;
facinus, every weighty deed, gen. in bad sense ;
maleficium, evil deed ;
scelus, crime ; - w
flagitium (flagitare, root FLAG), disgraceful, evil deed
done in the heat of passion.
nefas (see fas), Crime against the gods.
profundus (pro-fundus), lit. downward into the
ground, bottomless, mare profundum ;
altus (alere), high or deep, especially when the
height or depth is given in numbers, fossa tres
pedes alta. (Deep peace, Summa paa: ; deep
night, multa moa; ; deep learning, Subtilis, eacqui-
sita doctrina, not profundus, which is to be used
only of space.)
privare (privus), in general, lit. = to make separate
[cf. privilegium = enactment for a single person,
LATIN SYNONYMES. 15
52.
Despise.
53.
Destruction.
*54.
Different.
and privignus, through privus + root GNo, lit. of
a separate stem = step-son];
spoliare, lit. to take away the Spolia, fig, to take away
a source of honor or protection, e.g. digmitate;
Orbare (orbus), lit. = to deprive of children or parents,
in general, to take away the dearest thing;
eXuere, to pull off, to put off, pharetram wºmero,
ensem, vaginá.
contemmere, to consider something as no great thing,
e.g. pericula, mortem,
Spernere (Opp. concupiscere), to scorn something,
to consider Something not worthy to be desired,
e.g. voluptcutes;
despicere (lit. to look down from above, opp. suspi-
cere), to look down upon something of little value,
vulgi opiniones; &
aspernari (opp. appetere), not to care for a thing;
recusare, a decided declaration of unwillingness;
fastidire, to feel disgust, to shrink from anything
unpleasant to the taste, Smell, etc.;
neglegere (opp. to curare), not to care, be indifferent
to. (See 1.)
pernicies, in general;
pestis, like permicies, but may mean the person who
brings destruction ;
pestilentia, the pestilence, plague.
diversus (dis-vertere, lit. turned away from each
other), opposed ; diversi abierunt, they went away
in opposite directions;
Varius, manifold, variegated, flores, colores.
16
LATIN SYNONYMIES.
55.
Discuss.
56.
Doubt.
%57.
Earth.
58
- Educate.
disserere (dis-serere, lit. fasten at intervals), to
develop a chain of thought (of Orators and
philosophers);
disputare (dis-putare, lit. to reckon apart), with
grounds for and against. (Substantive for both
verbs is disputatio, not dissertatio, which is post-
classic.) (See 177, 95.)
disceptare (lit. to seize hold of and separate), to
dispute. (See 41.)
non (haud) dubium est quin = there is no doubt that ;
sine dubio, beyond all doubt, not sine ullo dubio ;
on the other hand, sine ulla dubitatione, subjective,
without any hesitation. (See 34, 13.)
terra, as matter and element (Orbis terrarum, the
whole earth, lit. circle of lands); (See 102.)
tellus, as the globe (poet.; once in prose, Somn. Scip.).
humus, the ground, as the low (humilis) portion of
the visible world, humi iacére;
Solum, the firm ground, Solo aequare, to level with
the ground.
ediicere, to draw out, to educate;
edicare, to train spiritually and morally, bene, ho-
neste, liberaliter educare; (See 63.)
erudire (e-rudis), lit. to bring out of the condition of
Toughness, to cultivate, artibus et litteris aliquem, ;
instituere (in-statuere, lit. place into), to instruct,
aliquem ad dicemdum,
instruere, to furnish with information;
informare (in-forma, lit. to give shape to), to mould ;
conformare, of one who had previously received some
instruction.
I,ATIN SYNONYMIE}S. 17
59.
Eloquent.
*60.
IElse.
*6I.
Empty.
*62.
Enemy,
63.
Enjoy.
*64.
Emtrance. Door.
Gate.
eloquens (e-loqui), speaking well, of a perfect OratOr ;
disertus (disserere), speaking clearly and precisely ;
Antonius . . . disertos ait se vidisse multOs, elo-
quentem Omnino neminem ;
loquax (loquor), chatty ;
dicax (dico), witty ;
facundus (fari), of ready speech (Sall., Liv.).
copiosus, of things eloquent, e.g. Oratio copiosa.
alias = at amother time, alio tempore ; (See 186.)
aliter, amother way ;
alibi = alio loco ;
ceteris rebus (otber cases but mot ceterum), besides.
vacuus, in general ; ~-.
inanis, in censure, about that which Ought tO be full,
vas ίηαηe, fig. άναπία, verba, ίηατύes cupiditates.
hostis, a mational enemy ;
imimicus, a personal enemy.
frui, used only of actual enjoyment, esp. voluptati-
bus, otio frui ;
disciplina alicuius uti, magistro aliquo uti = to
enjoy one's instruction ;
liberaliter, ingenue, bene educari = to enjoy a, good
educatiom. (See 58.)
ostium (os), any entramce tO enclosed space ;
ianua (iamus), street-door of a house ;
foris (usually fores in pl. since the doors of the an-
ciemts were generally folding doors), door of an
Ordinary house ; s.
valvae, folding doors in temples and fine buildings ;
porta, gate of a city.
18
T, ATIN SYNONYIMIES.
65.
Especially.
66.
Experience.
67.
Explain.
#68.
Fail.
maxime, in grade (cf. magis, 117);
potissimum, dearest, enclitically after pronouns.
praecipue (prae-capio), taken by preference;
imprimis (through in-primis), what one has in com-
mon with the first, i.e. with a few ;
praesertim (joined with cum and si in short clauses),
especially ;
nominatim (nomen), by name, i.e. with the mention
of the name, therefore without comparing.
comperire, by hearing; (See 73.)
experiri, by effort, attention, or deed, multa acerba
expertus est it was his fortune to have many bitter
experiences.
explicare, exponere, explanare (planus), to make
clear:
dicere, to say plainly ;
profiteri, to announce plainly ; (See 2.)
declarare, by deed or example to make clear. To
declare one’s opinion, dicere — not declarare; to
declare war, bellum indicere, denunciare — not
declarare;
interpretari (interpres), to expound, translate, inter-
pret, as monstra, fulgura, Somnia.
abesse (opp. adesse), of that which in general is not
there ;
deesse and deficere, of necessities, the first of abiding,
the second of beginning = to begin to fail, Sol,
pecunia déficit.
LATIN SYNONYME}S. 19
$
*69.
Famous.
70.
Favor.
71.
Fear (to fear).
72.
Finally.
clarus (lit. bright gleaming), especially of statesmen;
celeber, much visited, portus, oraculum, celebrated;
nobilis (from root GNO), famed, especially of artists.
(See 124.)
favor, in general;
aura (Orig. the air in gentle motion), favor as easy
to win, easy to forfeit, aura popularis, unreliable
favor of the crowd;
studium, from one of lower rank toward one of a
higher, temporary, quiet ;
gratia (opp. invidia), objectively, favor, influence.
timor, fear, fright, on account of faint-heartedness
or cowardice;
metus, anxiety, on account of one's foresight and
prudence (without implication of censure);
werecundia, awe, on account of reverence ;
just so timere, metuere, wereri. Stronger grades of
fear are :
pavor, a being disheartened ;
trepidatio (lit. confused running hither and thither),
fear which expresses itself in external haste and
restlessness;
horror, the shuddering fear;
formido, shuddering terror (formidines, monsters,
frightful objects).
postremo (ad extremum, ad ultimum), of that which
is last; (See 103.)
tandem, of that which happens after long expec-
tation, frequently also in pressing questions =
then or in the world ;
20
LATIN SYNONYMES.
73.
Find.
74.
Fitted.
75.
Flatter.
76.
Follow.
--
demum, of that which happens later than it should, or
which could have happened before ;
denique, at the end of an enumeration : primum,
deinde, tum, denique (postremum). Therefore
tum demum = then at length, tum denique = then
finally.
invenire (in-venire, lit. to come upon something),
generally casual; (See 66, 127.)
reperire (re-pario, lit. to make again), by seeking;
idiomatic : to find approval = probari; to find belief
= ſidem habere; to find satisfaction = acquiescere
in aliqua re et al., not invenire.
idoneus, by nature useful for some purpose, locus
idomew's ad aciem instruemdam. ;
aptus (from obs. apere = to adapt [cf. apiscor, adi-
piscor]), lit. adapted, adapted by art or practice,
calcel apti ad pedem, aptus (ld dicemdum, skilled
in speech; (See 148.)
opportunus (ob-portum = before the port), season-
able, esp. of time ;
commodus, convenient;
utilis, suitable.
blandiri alicui, by caresses or agreeable conduct;
assentari (assentior) alicui, to say yes to some one ;
adulari (orig. perhaps of dogs, to wag the tail at)
aliquem, cringingly to flatter.
sequi, in general (sequitur ut = it follows that);
Succedere alicui, or in locum alicuius, in order, in
rank or time, to be the successor of any one.
--
LATIN SYNONYME}S. 21
77.
Foreign.
*,
#78.
Foremost (adj.).
79.
Form.
80.
Fortunate.
Notice also the signification of the following com-
pounds of sequi: assequi, consequi, to overtake ;
insequi, to pursue; persequi, (1) to follow con-
stantly, (2) to persecute; obsequi, c. dat. to agree
with ; prosequi, to accompany for the sake of hon-
oring; subsequi, to follow immediately.
externus, entirely local (Opp. intestimus), mores ea:-
termi,
exteri (the nom. sing. not to be used), political,
easterae gemtes (opp. domesticus);
peregrinus, temporarily in a foreign land (peregre);
alienus (Opp. Suus), belonging to another (alius),
aes alienum (only in sing.) = debts.
primus (prior, of two), in time and order;
princeps (primus-capio), (1) the foremost, whose
example others follow, princeps in proelium ibat;
(2) in rank and authority the head, e.g. coniura-
tionis; principes, leading citizens.
figura, in general (fingo);
forma, often in aesthetic connection, therefore often
= beauty (cf. formosus. Geometricae formae
[Cic. Rep. 1, 17] — not figurae);
species (from root SPEC), opp. to inner, as simply
external, therefore = external appearance.
felix (opp. infelix), for whom all goes according to
his wish ;
beatus (opp. miser), who feels himself fortunate,
bene beatedue wivere (beata vita, beatum esse,
— not beatitudo, beatitas);
fortunatus (opp. infortunatus), outwardly;
22
LATIN SYNONYMES.
Fortune.
*82.
Freedman.
83.
Fruit.
prosperus, secundus, faustus, only of things; prosperus
(prospero, according to hope), wished, successus,
prospere procedere; Secundus (sequi), lit. follow-
ing, going according to one’s wish (Opp. adver-
sus) ventus Secundus, proelium Secundum, cf.
below res Secundae; faustus (faveo), favored,
made fortunate by the blessing of the gods, faus-
tum omen ; quod bonum, faustum, felix fortuna-
tumgue sit !
fortuna (orig. the goddess), which intermingles with
the life of man, the fortune bestowed upon one;
felicitas (from root FE, cf. fecundus, femina ; opp.
infelicitas), the happy circumstances produced by
fortune ;
res secundae (from sequi, opp. res adversae), con-
cretely, the fortunate events;
fors (fero, to bring), chance, hap, luck.
libertus, in relation to the master's house, with gen.
or poss. pron. = in the employ of ;
libertinus (opp. Servus, ingenuus), with reference to
rank.
fructus, not single fruits, but collectively, especially
of field and trees. Fig. = gain, profit, e.g. fruc-
tum uberrimum capere, percipere, consequi ex
aliqua re; single fruit is pomum, bacca;
fruges, product of the field;
frumentum (fruor), grain ; in sing., of grain har-
wested ; in plural, generally of standing grain.
LATIN SYNONYMES. 23
*84.
Gift.
85.
Grief.
Mourning.
86.
Happen.
87.
Hear.
3.88.
Heart.
3.89.
Hinder.
donum, in general (root Do);
munus, performance of a promise.
dolor, internal (opp. gaudium);
maeror, melancholy ;
maestitia, lasting melancholy ;
tristitia (opp. laetitia), mourning which exhibits
itself in gloomy looks;
luctus, through external signs (garb) and lamenta-
tions, esp. at the death of a dear one.
fieri, in general;
accidere, of casual, generally of unlucky;
contingere (no sup. with this meaning), obtingere
(no sup.), of fortunate occurrences;
evenire, to turn out as one has expected (cf. even-
tus, a result);
usu venire, to happen in one’s experience.
audire, in gen. (aliquem, to hear some one ; ex or ab
aliquo, a thing ſrom some one); (See 126.)
exaudire, to hear clearly (in spite of distance or low
voice);
auscultare (instead of hypoth. form ausiculitare from
ausicula = auricula = the external ear); alieui, to
listen attentively to some one.
cor (physical);
fig. animus, except in the expression mihi cordi est;
(note also the early use of cor for mind: “Q. En-
nius tria Corda habere Sese dicebat, quod logui
graece et osce et latine sciret.” Gell. 17, 17, 1,
cf. Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18).
impedire (in-pes, Orig. to entangle the foot, opp. ex-
pedire), to hem in, profectionem, miles impeditus;
24
I,ATIN SYNONYMIEHS.
90.
E[istory.
91.
EIoly.
92.
EIostile.
prohibere (pro-habere), to keep one distant, to pro-
hibit one from doing something, hostem com-
meatu, aliquem ab iniuria ;
implicare (twice in Cic.), im-plico, to fold into, to
emtangle, tO envelop, emcircle, emWrap ;
irretire, to catch in a met ;
illaquere, tO take im a Snare, as birds.
res gestae, as compilation of facts, mot historia,
which = representation of history, historical re-
search, historical knowledge ;
narratio, narratiumcula, fabula, individual narra-
tioms ; rerum scriptor, Writer of history, mot his-
toricus, which = investigator of history, one versed
in history.
sacer (opp. profanus), consecrated to divinity, insula
sacra, deorum ;
sanctus, under divine protection, inviolable, e.g.
iusiurandum, ; of mem, morally pure ;
augustus (class. in religious lang.), [augeo] Worthy
of honor.
hostilis, of hostile thought; (See 62.)
hostium, belonging to the ememy.
infestus (1) active, malevolent, threatening, gens
infesta Romanis, (2) passive, unsafe, dangerous,
iter ;
infensus (like infestus, from in and the obsolete
fendo, to ward [cf. de-fendere and offendere]),
exasperated.
LATIN SYNONYMES. 25
93.
Ignorance.
94.
Ignorant.
95.
Indicate.
96.
Industry.
Industrious.
3.97.
Inhabit.
Dwell in.
Show.
inscientia ([cf. inscius], not to be confounded with
inScitia = inaptness), lack of proper knowledge;
ignoratio, ignorance of individual facts;
ignorantia (only once in Cic., who freq. uses ignor-
atto), ignorance for which one is to blame; in
class. usually so in Scitia (lasting characteristic).
inscius, always in censure;
nescius, not knowing, with acc. c.inf., non sum mescius
te hoc fecisse, or indir. quest. (Sulla, 28);
insciens, unaware, temporary, not in censure.
monstrare (denominative from stem of monstrum,
connected with monere), to point out, digito viam,
ostendere (ob-tendere, to stretch against), to permit
to be seen, to bring to light, potestCutem. ;
demonstrare, to indicate, to call attention to, rem. ;
significare, to make known by signs (signis), ded:-
tionem, ;
indicare, disclose ;
exhibere, to hold out into view. (See 2.)
industria, active, zealous, industry;
assiduitas (assideo), lasting industry;
labor, intense activity. (See 206.)
In the same way are distinguished industrius,
assiduus, laboriosus,
incolere locum, of a body of people ;
habitare, to dwell in (with prep. in, apud, cum),
used of individuals, habitare in the passive is
found with nom. of the place;
commoror, to Sojourn.
26 LATIN SYNONYMES.
98. interrogare, to ask a question to which one must
Interrogate. reply ; g
rogare, an important, particularly official question
(sententiam rogare); (See 16, 155.)
quaerere, to seek to discover by a question, to wish
to get information, hence of scientific or judicial
investigations (quaestio);
percontari, to make inquiries about, to seek out,
make a thorough investigation (exploratus =
authentic, certain);
sciscitari, “Scire velle, ideoque interrogare”; ea.
aliquo aliquid. *.
99. gaudium (opp. dolor), inner;
Joy. laetitia (opp. tristitia), joy which reveals itself.
Just so gaudere and laetari. (See 85.)
100. interficere, in general ;
Rill. caedere, occidere, to cut down, esp. in battle ;
necare (cf. mex), to kill horribly, verberibus;
trucidare, to butcher, captos Sicut; pecudes;
iugulare (cut the throat, iugulum), kill by treachery
like a bandit ;
percutere (per-quatere, stiike through), strike dead,
fulmine or de Caelo percut ; Cliquem securi per-
cutere = to execute; (See 108.)
interimere (inter-emere, lit. take out of the midst),
to put out of the way = (e., de medio) tollere ;
mortem sibi consciscere, manum sibi afferre, se inte-
rimere, to kill one’s self, not se interficere; (See 120.)
perimere (per-emo), to destroy, annihilate, hinder,
prevent. (See 53.)
LATIN syNONYMEs. 27
10l.
Lack.
*102.
Land.
103.
Last.
104.
Laziness.
carere, (1) not to have something whether good or
bad, bonis, culpá, febri, (2) to be in want of (a
worthy thing); patriá caruit, he had to keep away
from his native land ; -
vacare, to be free from a troublesome thing, culpa,
metu (= sum expers); *s
indigere, signifies the sense of need, and eager long-
ing to satisfy it. (See 121, 68.)
terra, as opposed to water; (See 57, 207.)
ager, cultivated land, level land;
rus, as opposed to city, with reference to manner of
life, Yuri esse, vivere. (See 44.)
ultimus (Opp. proximus), most remote in space,
ultimae terrae ; sº
extremus (opp. medius), the extreme part, eatre-
mum. Oppidum ; in ea tremo libro, at the end of the
book; eatrema aestas, the last days of the sum-
Imer ;
postremus (opp. primus), the last in Order. (See
72.) -
supremus, clearly the last, dies Supremus vitae.
inertia (in-ars), from lack of skill;
desidia (desidere), sloth ;
ignavia (in-gnavus [= navus, cf. navare]), laxness;
Segnitia, sluggishness, phlegm ;
pigritia (piget), listlessness, apathy. So are distin-
guished iners (Opp. Sollers), deses (idis), ignavus,
SegmlS, plger.
28
LATIN SYNONYMES.
105,
Letter.
106,
Light (adj.).
* LO7.
Light (subst.).
* 108,
Lightning.
109,
Live stock.
epistula (étwo toxiff [ériotéAAelv, to send to]), the letter
with respect to its form (as sent to), as contrasted
with other kinds of writing;
litterae, the letter as a written thing, including not
only the private letter but also the official letter,
usually of only one ;
codicilli (caudex), an address to one within the same
walls, or a note. (See 48.)
levis, in respect to weight; figuratively = unimpor-
tant, res levis momenti, and = frivolous, homo
levis. (Opposite gravis, heavy in weight, figura-
tively = influential, earnest, solid.) ^,
facilis, easy to do, fig. of persons, one who is easily
accessible. (Opp. difficilis, hard to do, fig. Obsti-
nate, ill-humored.) ^-
lumen (hypoth. form lucraen, from root LUC), the
light-giving body (fig. lumina civitatis = viri cla-
rissimi) ; *
lux, the light which streams from lumen.
fulgor, the gleaming flash, cf. fulgurat = it lightens;
fulmen (hypoth. fulgimen, root FULG), the gleam-
ing and, at the same time, striking thunderbolt,
therefore fulmine percuti. (See 100.)
.*
pecus, tidis, singly, with the added notion of stupidity;
pecus, Öris, collectively of the smaller live stock, often
also in the plural; (See 12.)
armentum, the larger, especially oxen, horses; -
iumentum (for hypoth. iugmentum, from root IUG),
draught animals, especially horses and mules.
LATIN SYNONYMES. 29
110.
Long since.
For a long time.
* 111,
Lose.
* 112,
Love.
ll3.
Man.
diu, throughout a long period of time; (See 200.)
dudum (from diu and dum), from a remote period
up to the present; (See 150, 130.) f -
pridem (prior and obsolete pris are parallel forma-
tions), anterior to a remote point ;
so iamdiu, iamdudum, iampridem (sometimes, how-
ever, used with the present).
amittere, with or without blame ;
perdere (lit., and usually), by one’s own fault.
amare (amor), from inclination (Opp. Odisse);
diligere (dis-lego), from respect (Opp. neglego);
(See 3.)
adamare (only in perf. and pluperſ.), to acquire a
love for. Loved or dear, Carus or poss. pron.,
not dºmatus or dilectus.
homo (contrasted with deus, as well as bestia), with
regard to his virtues and vices as well as birth and
intelligence (either masc. or fem.), homo improbus,
nobilis, doctus; (See 12, 141.)
vir (masc.), only with reference to his good quali-
ties, vir fortis (vir fortissimus = hero, not heros,
which means one of divine descent), constans,
especially of statesmen. In the following, not ex-
pressed : (1) I am not the man who, - mom is sum,
qui; (2) Cato, a man, who — Cato, qui; (3) Cato,
a man of the ancient virtue, – Cato, antiquae vir-
tutis; (4) there are men who, - Sunt qui; (5) men
like Cato = Catones; (6) a man of peace, pacis
amator, of war, bellaton'.
homunculus, the powerless being called man, as con-
trasted with the deity.
30
LATIN SYNONYMES.
114,
Marry.
115.
Moment,
*116.
Money.
117.
More,
#118,
Most.
uxorem ducere (i.e. domum), of the husband;
nubere (lit. veil, cf. nubes, a cloud), to veil one’s self
for the bridegroom (hence alicui) = to be married,
Of the wife ;
matrimonio iungi, of both.
punctum temporis, or simply tempus, as an instant of
time; (See 86.)
momentum (root MOV, hypoth. form movimentum,
the thing which, like the weight in the scales,
determines), important, decisive moment;
discrimen (discernere, lit. the separating interval),
the critical moment.
pecunia (from pecus, because the wealth of the an-
cients consisted in cattle), wealth, magma, parva
pecunia, much, little money;
nummi, single coins.
plus, comparative of multum, substantively and in
the sing., quantitative, in answer to the question
how much ;
magis, qualitative, in answer to the question how
greatly, of a higher grade ;
amplius, more widely, extending farther, of a growth
or an addition, quid vultis amplius 2
potius, more willingly, of the choice between two
things (cf. potissimum, 65);
nothing more = nihil iam, no longer = non iam,
plurimi, Superl, and partitively;
plerique, very many; plerique meministis, very many
of you remember.
LATIN SYNONYME}S. 31
*119.
Name (verb).
120,
Natural.
#121.
Need.
#122,
Neighbor.
*123,
New.
124.
Noble.
nominare, call or mention by name ;
appellare, address with the appropriate title of hon-
or, (I'micum, regem;
nuncupare, to give a name to an object that has
hitherto been without name ;
Vocare, like appellare.
naturalis, effected by nature (opp. manu, arte fac-
tus), maturalis portus, maturale ius;
nativus (natus), given by birth, inborn, nativus le-
pos; (follows naturally, i.e. logically, consentaneum
est, not naturale; natural death, necessaria mors
[opp. voluntaria mors, suicide (see 100)], not
naturalis).
egere, of a necessity;
indigere, of a thing absolutely indispensable of which
the pressing need is felt. (See 101.)
vicinus (vicus), with reference to house and home;
finitimus (finis), one inhabiting adjoining territory.
novus (opp. antiquus), what hitherto never was; res
mova, novelty; movis rebus Studere, to desire revo-
lution ; homo movvis, the first of his family to ob-
tain a Curule office, an upstart ;
recens (opp. vetus), what recently occurred for the
first time, fresh, recems lac, recemtes Copiae, fresh
troops, to be distinguished from movi milites, re-
cruits (tirones).
nobilis (root GNO), of birth; (See 69.)
so generosus (genus);
noble of disposition, bonus, honestus, ingenuus,
liberalis, generosus;
32
LATIN SYNONYMES.
#125.
Oath.
126.
Obey.
127.
Obtain.
128,
Old.
-- ---, - *-* *-*.
clarus, renowned for eminent servicesto one's country;
insignis, distinguished for Something either good or
bad.
iusiurandum, civil oath ;
sacramentum, oath of allegiance of soldiers.
parere, be obedient to ; påremtes or imperio Subjecti,
subjects;
oboedire (ob-audire), to “hear to,” obey (in indi-
vidual cases);
obtemperare (lit. to restrain one's self toward one),
to comply with deliberation ;
dicto audientem esse, to be obedient to a command,
as a soldier;
obsequi, as an act of free will.
consequi, assequi, by exertion ;
nancisci, by chance ;
adipisci (ad-apisci), something good, by good for-
tune, victoria/m .
impetrare, through asking. Note impetrare ab aliquo
wi, to be able to bring to pass at the hands of
SOme One ; w
inveniri, reperire, deprehendere, in general to find ;
imply a concealed object which is discovered.
(See 73.)
vetus (vetustior, veterrimus), that which has long
existed and still is (opp. recens), vetus amicus,
consuetudo, therefore vetus accusator, a cunning,
practised accuser ;
antiquus (ante), what was in ancient times and is
no longer (opp. novus), (cf. antiquare [lit. to
LATIN SYNONYMIEHS. 33
*I129,
Omit.
130,
0nce.
131.
Only.
cause to be as before] legem, to reject a bill) oftener
in praise of the good old time, upright ;
vetustus, what has been long in use, with the added
meaming of superiority, vetusta disciplina ;
priscus (cf. prior), very old, with the added mean-
ing of Worthy of honor, prisca severitas ;
pristimus, the former condition in opposition to the
present, in pristinum statum restituere ;
obsoletus, obsolete, obsoleta, verba.
omittere, e.g. occasionem, intentionally ;
dimittere, voluntarily = give up ;
praetermittere, through lack of attention (not inter-
mittere ; I cannot omit doing = facere non possum
quin) ; *-
neglegere, to be indifferent, to.
quondam, previously, of the past ; (See 150, 110.)
olim (ollus = ille, therefore olim = illis temporibus,
opp. nunc), of the distant past or future ;
aliquando, at some time or Other (opp. numquam)
of the past, present, or future.
modo (subjectively), limiting, especially with impera-
tive, ô modo ;
tantum, places the smaller Over against the larger,
lifts one out of a large mumber ;
dumtaxat (lit. if one values it exactly), when -care-
fully considered, the omly highest ;
non (nemo, nihil) . . . nisi, Or nisi . . . non, indi-
cates the only possible case ; (often ** only ** is not
expressed, esp. with a Word indicating number:
34
LATIN SYNONYMES.
*132.
Openly.
133,
Opinion.
*134,
Orator.
3135,
Others.
136.
Ought.
pauci, only a few ; raro, [but] seldom ; medi-
OCriter, only moderately, et al.).
palam (cf. planus, Opp. clam), before all eyes;
aperte (Opp. obscure), openly, e.g. dicere; ,
publice (hypoth. form populice, opp. privatim), of
matters of state, e.g. Sepeliri, of a state funeral.
sententia, well grounded;
opinio, subjective, fancy. According to my opinion,
mea (quidem) sententia, not ex sententia, which =
according to wish, – tell your opinion, dic quid
sentias or dic quod sentis, not sententiam dicere,
which = vote (of senators and judges).
Orator: (1) a trained speaker, (2) the speaker, speaker
(orare) in an embassy;
rhetor, teacher of oratory.
ceteri, of contrast or comparison, hence ceteris prae-
stare ;
reliqui, of remainder (counting), reliqui sex. Ceteri
and reliqui, the others;
alii, others.
debere (de-habere, to have from some one that which
one should return), of a moral duty (subjective);
oportet, it is according to the external “ought °
(objective), fitting;
necesse est, of inner necessity of nature; (See 101.)
cogi, of outer necessity ;
LATIN STYNONYME}S. 35
*137.
Party.
138.
Paternal.
#139.
Peace.
140,
People.
-
opus esse, to have need of; (See 121.)
—ndum est (gerundive), in general, to mark the
necessity inhering in the circumstances.
pars, partes, in general;
factio, organized party, esp. the oligarchic.
paternus, what a father possesses, and what origi-
nates from him, rura, odium ; ,
patrius: (1) what belongs to a father as head of a
family, patria potestas ; (2) what belongs to one’s
native country, mos patrius, the custom in one’s
native country (or ‘of one's ancestors’); sermo
patrius, mother tongue, not lingua vernacula.
pax (from stem pac, cf. pangere, to establish,
pacisci), peace which has been concluded with
the enemy;
otium (opp. negotium) : (1) rest from business,
leisure, otio frui; (2) peaceful times, freedom
from external enemies, in Otio esse or vivere.
gens (gigno), with indication of common origin and
speech ;
natio (mascor), Subdivision of the same ;
populus, as political whole ;
plebs, the lower class (opp. nobiles);
vulgus, the rabble ;
multitudo, the great mass = oi troAXot (do not
add magna unless “great' is extremely em-
phatic).
36 LATIN SYNONYME}S.
14l. | homo, vir (see 113, 174), not persona, which =type
Person. of character ; t -
ipse, praesens, Coram, personally ;
personal enemy, simply inimicus. (See 62.)
142. sinere, indifferently } both with acc. c. inf. ;
Permit. pati, patiently
concedere (con-cedere, yield), to yield to one's re-
quests and finally grant that — ;
permittere (lit. to send to the goal): (1) to give over,
alicui potestatem ; (2) of one’s own accord to per-
mit, to let happen (both with ut); (See 19.)
tolerare, to keep up under a burden.
* 143, Carmen, in general, esp. a short lyric ;
Poem. poema, a long epic or dramatic poem.
* 144, potestas, might, official;
Power. potentia, actual (hence often unjust);
imperium, chiefly military; (See 175.)
opes, political influence, or “means of power.”
vis, strength, physical or mental;
robur, hard oak, a power that resists attack.
145, simulare (lit. make like, similis), to pretend that
Pretend. something is which in truth is not, simulare mor-
bum, simulat se aegrotum esse.;
dissimulare, to pretend that something is not which
in truth is, dissimulare morbum, dissimulat st
aegrotum esse. (Quae non Sunt, simulo ; quae
Sunt, ea dissimulantur.)
146. promittere (lit. send forth from the mouth), to
Promise.
assure, to put in expectation (Opp. facere, prae-
stare);
LATIN SYNONYMES. 37
*147.
Proof.
148,
Prudent.
149,
Punishment.
Punish.
150,
Recently.
*151,
Recognize.
Learn.
polliceri (pro-liceri, to offer), to proffer, voluntarily
to pledge one’s self (opp. abnuere);
recipere, to pledge one’s self to a task consigned.
argumentum (orig. to make clear, to clear up
[äpyós]), argument based upon facts; (See 95.)
ratio, the argument resting upon reasoning. (See 55.)
prudens (through providens), circumspect, sagacious,
esp. (like prudentia) of Statesmen and jurists;
Sollers (Sollus, which = totus and ars; opp. iners),
versed, inventive, practically skilled;
peritus, practically acquainted; (See 74.)
consultus, versed in law. (See 171.)
poena (Towj), originally as fine, penalty, then in
gen. punishment;
multa, a fine ;
Supplicium (supplex), lit. the beseeching plea for
pardon before the execution, then the execution ;
castigatio (castum-agere, cf. purgo = purum-ago),
the correcting (verbis or verberibus), for the
purpose of improving. So are distinguished
bunire, multare, castigare. (In place of the less
usual punire use rather poena aliquem afficere,
poenas ab aliquo petere, expetere, repetere, Sup-
plicium Sumere.)
nuper (hypoth. noviper, from novus), lately, of a
somewhat remote past; (See 110, 130.)
modo, just now, of a nearer past.
Cognoscere, to learn to know ; -
agnoscere, (1) to recognize something according to
38
LATIN SYNONYMIEHS.
l52.
IRelatives. '
153.
Remaiming.
154.
IRemember.
155,
Request.
its true being, deus agnoscitur ex operibus suis ;
(2) to recognize, filium. -
propinquus, in general;
affinis, by marriage ;
consanguineus, cognatus, blood relative ;
necessarius, closely boumdl not alone by relation-
ship but by friendship, business relations, etc.
The corresponding substantive is necessitudo (to
be distinguished from necessitas = necessity).
(Proavus, avus, parentes, páter, mäter, frater,
soror, vir, maritus, coniunx, uxor,s filius, filia,
nepos.) -* .. •
relinquitur, as only possibility, nihil relinquitur nisi
fuga, nothing is left but flight. (No Other course
is left tham tO, relinquitur ut, mot nihil aliud relin-
quitur nisi ut) ; •
restat, reliquum est ut, when reaching the last por-
tiom, = finally there still remains.
meminisse (cf. mens), to hold something in memory
(= memoria tenere, memorem esse), to keep one's
self in mind of a thing ;
reminisci (re-memini), to call back to the thought
again by a mental effort what has vanished (= in-
memoriam redigere, revocare) ;
recordari (re-cor [cor = mens]), of a recollection
which has some duration (as a result ofreminisci).
postulare (connected with posco), to desire, want,
request (in comedy not much strongertham velle) ;
poscere, to demand with energy ; (See 16, 98.)
LATIN SYNONYMEs. 39
156,
Rest.
157,
Rich.
*158,
Right.
*159.
Royal.
160,
Rule (wb.).
flagitare (cf. flagitium, root FLAG, whence also fla-
grare), violently, passionately to demand;
petere, to ask for something, whether as a request
or a demand.
quies, in gen., absence of activity, hence also rest
after activity, in quiete, in sleep ;
requies (requietis, no dat., requieterm or requiem,
requie), refreshing rest ;
otium, rest from outside business (opp. negotium),
leisure ;
tranquillitas (lit. stillness of the sea and wind),
rest of the spirit, animi. -
dives (divitior, divitissimus), of persons (absolutely)"
rich in money and property;
locuples (locus-pleo), rich in real estate; (fig. amplus,
magnus, uber, copiosus, e.g. amplum praemium,
uberrimae fruges, not dives; just So riches, fig. =
copia, ubertas, not divitiae. To be rich in any-
thing, abundare, plenum esse).
ius, human ;
fas, divine ;
meo (tuo, Suo) iure, optimo iure, with full right, not
Summo iure.
regius, belonging to a king, domus regia;
regalis, befitting a king, ornatus regalis.
regnare (intrans.), to be king, to rule with absolute
power; ..e."
regere (trans.), to direct, to administer, rem publi-
cam; (See 39.) •
40
LATIN SYNONYMES.
*IL6IL.
IRule (subst.).
*IL62.
Safe.
163.
Scarcely.
a^
164.
Science.
165.
Second.
dominari, tO command as master, in iudiciis, in cives ;
(oftem esse, valere, vigere, e.g. the Opinion, the cus-
tOm rules, Opinio, mos est, and rumor, fama viget).
praeceptum, lex, mot regula.
tutus (tueor), from danger ;
securus (se-cura), from care ;
certus (lit. decided, cerno), reliable, amicus; or in-
dubitable, certain, res.
vix (objective and neg.) = almost not ; hemce also
used for mom, dici viæ potest Or viæ potest dîcî ;
aegre (subjective and affirmative), with trouble, with
regard to the persom who feels himself troubled ;
aegre fero, I do not like it.
scientia, Only in the sing. (subjective), the knowledge
of a thing, e.g. iuris ; -
doctrina, science acquired through instruction, lib-
eral culture ; -
ars, science in the higher sense, a scientific system ;
disciplina (hypoth. discipulina), instructiom, teaching,
also * system of philosophy* Or * doctrinal system,'
e.g. of the Druids ;
litterae, the science which has been expressed in writ-
ing; (liberal studies, optima studia, bonae, optimae,
liberales, ingenuae artes, mot pulchra, etc.) ;
-| cognitio, a becoming acquainted with, acquiring
knowledge ;
notitia, knowing, knowledge, an idea.
secundus (sequi), of close order Or succession ;
alter, the second of two actually present ; (in count-
ing: first, unus, mot primus; secOnd, alter, ^ot
LATIN SYNONYMES. 41
^.
*166.
See.
*167.
Several.
168,
Sex.
**
*169,
Shame.
*170,
Shore.
171.
Shrewd.
Cunning.
#172,
Sickness,
secundus; third, tertius, etc., a second ‘‘I,’” alter
ego; like a second father, Sicut alter parens).
*
videre, in general ; (Note videre also in the mean-
ings (1) See again, (2) live to see.) (See 41.)
Cernere (without perf. and sup.), orig. distinguish,
clearly perceive. -
plures (plura), comparatively (more);
complures (a, ia), without comparison.
sexus, virilis, muliebris, male, female, not genus
virile, muliebre.
pudor, sense of shame, modesty (opp. impudentia) ;
pudicitia, purity (Opp. impudicitia).
ripa, of the stream ;
litus, of the sea;
Ora (from OS, Oris, lit. brink), shore, the land border-
ing on the Sea, Ora maritima.
callidus (connected with calleo [callum, toughened,
callows skin]), frequently in a good sense = shrewd,
quickwitted;
astutus (astus [not used by Cicero] = the individual
artifice ; astutia, the quality of cunning), usually
in censure. (See prudens.)
aegrotatio (with weakness), not aegritudo, which in
classic prose means grief ;
morbus, of the whole body.
42
LATIN SYNONYME}S.
¥1.73.
Silent (to be).
Not to speak.
*174,
Some One.
175,
Sovereignty.
*176.
Speak. Say.
177,
Speech.
tacere (Opp. loqui), not to speak;
silere (Opp. strepere, Sonare, cf. silentium), to be
still, also fig., Silent leges inter arma. Each is
trans. Or intrans.
aliquis, some one or other ;
quidam, a certain person whose name one either does
not know or may not give. (See 141.)
regnum, of a king ; also unlimited authority, regnum
appetere ;
imperium, chief rule, esp. military ; (See 144.)
dominatio, dominatus, arbitrary, tyrannical rule ;
principatus, the chief place in the state.
fari, to utter words, to make one’s self intelligible
(cf. ºbilpí, infans);
|loqui, to speak, to express one’s thoughts by lan-
gllage ;
dicere, to say, of the form of the statement; in
partic. of an Orator ;
inquam, I say, regularly placed after one or more
words of a quotation, as our “ said I,” “says he ”;
aio, to say, to affirm, to say yes. ~ *
oratio (orare, orig. to speak, from OS, Oris): (1)
power to express one’s thoughts by words, ferae
orationis expertes Sunt, (2) an artistically con-
structed oration, (3) style of expression, oratio
pura; (See 205.)
sermo (Serere, to join): (1) conversation among
several; (2) colloquial language, sermo Cotidia-
nus; Sermo patrius, native speech ;
lingua, the tongue, utterance, Speech,
LATIN SYNONYMIEHS. 43
178,
Spirit. Soul.
179,
Star.
180,
State.
*18l.
Statue.
*182.
Stream.
183,
Subdue.
animus, the thinking, fecling, craving soul, ánimos
Mmilitum, confirmare ; (See 88.)
anima (lit. the breath, animam ducere = to draw
breath), soul as supporter of life ; anim® agere,
tO lie at the last breath ; αηίηατη edere, tO give
up the ghost;
mens, the intellect, mente captum, esse ;
lingenium (in-gigno), the inborn ability, especially
creative power.
stella, the individual star ;
astrum, the same (as strewm, Eng. star), used in
elevated prose and in poetry ;
sidus, star-group.
res publica, commonwealth, with regard to its com-
stitution (also simply res) ;
civitas (civis) : (1) right of citizenship, (2) com-
munity, municipality. (See 37.)
sigmum, simulacrum, esp. of gods ;
statua, esp. of mem.
rivulus, smallest ;
rivus, brook ;
fluvius, general Word for river (not used by Cæsar);
flumen, with the notion of flowing (also figuratively,
e.g. flumen orationis). Hence secundo, adverso
flumine (not fluvio), with or against the stream ;
amnis, broad, deep river.
a people, subigere populum ;
in potestatem redigere populum, dicionis suae facere,
to bring a people under Ome's self, Tvot sibi subigere
populum ;
LATIN SYN ONYIMES.
184,
Take.
185.
Thanks.
To thank.
*186,
Time.
Se imperio alicuius Subicere, in deditionem venire, to
Submit one’s self to some One, not se alicui subicere.
Sumere (sub-emo, the latter, orig. to take, then to
buy), in order to use it, e.g. cibum ;
demere (de-emere), to take away something from a
whole (Opp. addere); **
adimere, to take away with reference to a possession
(alicui aliquid); -
auferre, violently and with purpose of enriching one's
self, to force away ;
eripere, against the opposition of the possessor to
tear away (alicui aliquid). &
gratiam alicui habere, to feel gratitude toward some
one (in heart);
gratiam alicui referre (meritam, debitam), pro ali-
quare, by deed to show one's self thankful toward
some one on account of something, thankfully to
recompense some One for Something;
gratias alicui agere, to express one's thanks to one
(with words);
grates agere (dis immortalibus), Solemnly to return
thanks to the gods;
gratiam alicuidebere, to owe one thanks;
gratiam mereri, to deserve thanks.
tempus, in general; in plur. circumstances of the time ;
in the time of Pericles, temporibus Periclis, mot
tempore in the sing. ;
aetas, period of liſe, or epoch; the greatest man of
his times = summus vir illius aetatis, not Suae
aetatis; (See 7.)
LATIN SYNONYMIEHS. 45
*187,
Together.
Translate.
*189,
Tribute.
190,
Truth.
191.
Undertake.
192.
lUse.
aevum, poetic ;
tempestas, a point or space of time, a period.
simul, of time ;
una, generally of place, = together with, iter fa-
cere ; -
idem, when a twofold property or occupation Of one
persom is expressed, philosophus idemque poeta.
transferre, Word by word (also ad verbum exprimere,
not verbo tenus, which means “in name merely
rather than fact **) ;
vertere, convertere, interpretari, to translate more
freely (to translate into Latin, in Latinum ver-
tere), (* translation,' conversio mot versio).
tributum, direct;
vectigal, indirect.
verum dicere, not veritatem d., as veritas is truth in
the abstract ;
in truth, certe, sane, profecto, vero, mot re vera
(opp. specie). (See 34.)
suscipere (opp. recusare), in gen. tO undertake a
thing or business ;
| recipere, to take upon one's self a thing or business
which has been assigned tO one, and tO be respon-
sible for the result (v. promittere).
uti, to make use of something;
adhibere (ad-habere, to hold something to sQme-
thing, to bring one thing to amother), to use for
a particular purpose, remedia morbis.
46
LATIN SYNONYMES.
193, frustra (fraus), subjectively, of the person deceived
Vainly. in his expectations; -
In vain. nequiquam (ne [for non] — quiquam, modal abl.,
which has come to be an adv. which = in any
way), objectively, of the matter in which nothing
is accomplished. --
*194, ultro, without external occasion ; ultro bellum in-
Voluntarily. ferre, to wage an offensive war;
mea, tua, Sua Sponte, from One's own impulse, unin-
fluenced by others.
*195, sententiam dicere, of senators and judges; (See 133.)
Wote. suffragium ferre, in the assembly of the people.
*196. murus, in general;
Wall. paries, of a house;
moenia, um (munire), wall of the city to protect
from the enemy.
*197, bellicus, belonging to war, res bellica; |
Warlike. bellicosus, fond of war (bellandi cupidus).
*198, via, concretely, of the road or street;
Way. iter, frequently abstractly, of the journey or march;
(to return to the right way, in viam redire or ad
bonam frugem se recipere, not in rectam V. red.,
and not ad b. f. red.).
*199, infirmus, without firmness, vires, Valetudo ;
Weak. imbecillus, weak of nature (filius, Senex), also weak
in mind (animus, ingenium); *
debilis (de-habilis, orig. who has lost the full use of
his limbs), lamed, decrepit.
LATIN SYNONYIMIES. 47
200,
While (a little).
*201,
White.
202,
Wish.
203,
Witness.
204,
Woman. Wife.
parumper, for a moment (cf. Fr. un pew) ;
paulisper, enduring a little while, with notion of the
continuance. (See 110.)
albus, in gen. (Opp. ater);
candidus (opp. niger), Shining white.
Optare (lit. to choose, cf. optio choice, and optimus),
to wish as the result of rational choice, as the
Optimum ;
cupere (cf. Cupiditas), passionately to desire, to
Crave ;
desiderare (de and root SID., considero, lit. to look
forth for Something absent), to long, yearn for,
to miss ;
expetere (lit. to especially desire to reach), to crave,
honestum, divitias (opp. fugere).
testis, establishes a thing by his own knowledge ;
arbiter (from ar = ad and root BA [cf. 8aiva, 63rip]
to go to a thing in order to see or to hear),
(1) ear and eye witness, (remotis arbitris, of two
alone), (2) the arbitrator.
femina (from stem FE, cf. fecundus), every female
creature (Opp. mas), also of beasts;
mulier (opp. vir), the mature woman ;
uxor, coniunx (Opp. maritus, vir), wife ;
matrona (mater), matron of high position ; wives and
children, coniuges (uxores) ac liberi, as the thing
dearest to man ; mulieres puerique, pueri, mulieres
to indicate weakness of kind and age.
48
I,ATIN SYNONYMIES.
205.
, Word.
206,
Work.
207.
World.
verbum, portion of speech with referencé to the
connection of thought (otherwise frequently
vocabulum) ; -
momen (nosco), the name, esp. proper names ;
vox (vocare), as spoken, esp. full of feeling;
dictum, ingenious, sharp expressiom, like a, bor, mot
(so scitum) ; (See 177.) - -
sententia, Word as expressiom of opinion, however not
cum gen. of person, as it would in that case meam
opinion, view. (** Those well known words of
Homer ** is illud Homeri, or Homericum ; ** with
the words,” cum diceret [after a praeteritum in
the prin. clause], cum dicit [after a present in the
prin. Gl.] ; * after the words,” ubi dixit ; * to say a
few words,” ut pauca dicam ; ** not a single word,”
ne verbum quidem, not ne unum quidem verbum).
labor, exhausting effort; (See 96.)
opus, (1) concretely the complete Work, especially
that of the artist, (2) the completion ;
Opera, trouble arising from something (to trouble
ome's self, to take pains, operam dare, without sibi;
tO take great pains, studiose, enixe operam dare,
Tot magnam operam dare : without pains, sine
negotio, labore ; without any pains, nullo nego-
tio, sine ullo labore ; with little `pains, facile, mot
facili negotio) ; (See assiduitas.) t.
contentio, an exertiom, a speech, a contest Or strife.
mundus, universe ; (See 57, 102.)
Orbis terrarum, the whole earth, universal empire =
imperium Orbis terrarum ; in the world = in terris;
LATIN SYNONYMES. • 49
*208,
VVorse.
209,
Worth.
210,
Yearly.
umexperienced in the world = imperitus rerum ;
yyhat in the World ? = quid tandem ? where in the
World ? = ubi terrarum, gentium ? all the world =
omnes (homines) ; all the world knows = nemo
ignorat, nemo nescit, nemo est qui nesciat, nemo
est quin sciat, quis est quin (qui non) sciat? quis
nescit? the learmed World = homines docti, litterati ;
the world of to-day = homines qui nunc sunt or
huius aetatis ; since the creation of the World =
post hominum memoriam, post homines natos.
deterior, less good, compared with better;
peior, compared with bad. (pessimus cam be used
jocularly, not deterrimus).
virtus, immer Worth ;
praestantia, comparative sense, dignitas, or by a
circumlocutiom with aestimare, facere, mot pretium,
Which = price ;
to attribute worth to a thing = tribuere, aliquid
(multum) alicui rei, not pretium statuere alicui
rei, which = set a price upom a mything.
annuus, lasting a year, tempus annuum ; ζΛ
anniversarius (annus-verto), (recurring) every year,
SaCra, ; -
solemnis (sollus = totus and annus, cf. sollers), re-
turning as festal day every year, in general, fes-
tival, usual, sacra, sacrificia ;
quotannis (adv.), that which happens at some time
every year.
L A-T IN
a, ab, 16, 87, 89, 127, 149.
abesse, 68.
abierunt, 54.
abnuero, 146.
absolvere, 24.
abundare, 157.
accidere, 86.
accipere, 46.
accusator, 128.
acerba, 66.
acies, 15, 74.
acquiescere, 73.
ad, 38, 58, 72, 74, 127, 188,
192, 198, 203.
adamare, 112.
addere, 184.
adesse, 23, 68.
adhibóre, 192.
a dimere, 184.
adipisci, 74, 127.
admirari, 3.
adspicere, 41.
adulari, 75.
adulescens, 7.
adversus, 80, 81, 182.
aegre, 163.
aegritudo, 172.
aegrotatio, 172.
aegrotus, 8, 145.
aequare, 57.
aes, 77.
aestas, 103.
aestimare, 26, 209.
aetas, 7, 21, 186, 207.
aevum, 186.
Afer, 4.
afferre, 100,
afficere, 149.
affinis, 152.
Africanus, 4.
Africus, 4.
ager, 44, 102.
agere, 15, 32, 149, 178,
185.
agmen, 15.
agnoscere, 151.
agrestis, 44.
aio, 59, 176.
albus, 29, 201.
alere, 50.
alias, 60.
alibi, 60.
alienus, 77.
aliquando, 130.
aliquis, 16, 23, 43, 58, 63,
73, 75, 76, 83, 87, 89,
98, 100, 114, 127, 142,
149, 174, 183, 184, 185,
209.
aliter, 60.
alius, 60, 77, 135, 153.
alter, 165.
altus, 50.
amare, 112.
amator, 113.
amatus, 112.
ambire, 11.
ambitus, 11.
ambitio, 11.
ambo, 33.
amicus, 1, 119, 128, 162.
amittere, 111.
amnis, 182.
amoenus, 20.
IIN D E X.
amor, 112.
amplius, 117.
amplus, 157.
anima, 178.
animal, 12.
animans, 12.
animus, 88, 156, 178, 199.
anniversarius, 210.
annus, 210.
annuus, 210.
ante, 23, 128.
antea, 5.
antiquare, 128.
antiquus, 113, 123, 128.
aperte, 132.
apisci, 74, 127.
appellare, 119.
appetere, 52, 175.
aptus, 74.
apud, 23, 97.
arbiter, 203.
argumentum, 147.
arma, 14, 21, 173.
armentum, 109.
ars, 58, 104, 120, 148, 164.
Asianus, 4.
Asiaticus, 4.
aspermari, 52.
assentari, 75.
assentir, 75.
assequi, 76, 127.
assidere, 96.
assiduitas, 96, 206.
assiduus, 96.
astrum, 179.
astus, 171.
astutia, 171.
52
INDEX.
carus, 112.
castigare, 149.
castigatio, 149.
castum, 149.
caudex, 105.
causa, 21.
cavere, 29.
cedere, 142.
celeber, 69.
censere, 26.
cernere, 162, 166.
certe, 13, 34, 190.
certo, 34.
certus, 162.
ceteri, 23, 60, 135.
cibum, 184.
cis, 28.
citra, 28.
civis, 160, 180.
civitas, 107, 180.
clam, 132.
clarus, 69, 107, 124.
codicilli, 105.
coepisse, 24.
cogi, 136.
cognatus, 152.
cognitio, 164.
cognoscere, 151.
coitus, 17.
colores, 54.
comitia, 17.
commeatus, 89.
commodus, 74.
commorari, 97.
comperire, 66.
complures, 167.
con, 15, 17, 23, 41, 43,
142.
concedere, 142.2,
concupiscere, 52.
confirmare, 178.
confiteri, 2.
conformare, 58.
comiurictus, 9.
conium X, 152, 204.
coniurationis, 78.
consanguineus, 152.
4%
astutus, 171.
ater, 29, 201.
atque, 16.
auctor, 18.
auctoritas, 48.
audire, 87, 126.
auferre, 184.
augere, 91.
augustus, 91.
aura, 70.
auricula, 87.
auscultare, 87.
aut, 13.
avus, 152.
beate, 80.
beatitas, 80.
beatitudo, 80.
beatus, 80.
bellandi, 197.
bellator, 113.
bellicosus, 197.
bellicus, 197.
bellum, 24, 31, 67, 194.
bellus, 20.
belua, 12.
bene, 58, 63, 80.
bestia, 12.
blandiri, 75.
bonus, 80, 101, 124, 164,
198.
cadaver, 42.
cadere, 42.
caedere, 100.
caelo, 100.
calamitas, 46.
calamus, 46.
calcei, 74.
callere, 171.
callidus, 171.
callum, 171.
candidus, 29, 201.
capere, 65, 78, 83, 100,
178.
carere, 101.
carmen, 143.
consciscere, 100.
consentaneum, 120.
consequi, 76, 83, 127.
considerare, 41, 202.
consilia, 49.
constans, 7, 113.
consuetudo, 128.
consultum, 48.
consultus, 148.
contemnere, 52.
contemplari, 41.
contentio, 206.
contingere, 86.
contio, 17.
conventus, 17.
convertere, 188.
cooptare, 36.
copia, 15, 123, 157.
copiosus, 59, 157.
cor, 88, 154.
coram, 23, 141.
corpus, 42.
corrigere, 43.
corroborata, 7.
cotidianus, 177.
creare, 36.
credere, 26.
crudelis, 31.
crudus, 31.
cruentum, 31.
cruor, 31.
culpa, 2, 101.
cum, 65, 97, 205.
cunctus, 9.
cupere, 202.
cupiditas, 61, 202.
cupidus, 197.
cura, 162.
curare, 52.
curru, 19.
damnum, 46.
dare, 30, 39, 84, 206.
de, 1, 6, 46, 92, 100, 136,
184, 199, 202.
debere, 136, 185.
debilis, 199.
INDEX,
53
debitam, 185.
declarare, 67.
decretum, 48.
deditio, 95, 183.
deesse, 68.
deficero, 68.
deinde, 72.
deligere, 36.
demere, 184.
demonstrare, 95.
demum, 72.
denique, 72.
denunciare, 67.
denuo, 6.
depomere, 24.
deprehendere, 127.
derelictus, 1.
deserere, 1.
desertus, 1.
deses, 104.
desiderare, 202.
desidere, 104.
desidia, 104.
designare, 36.
desimere, 24.
despicere, 52.
destitutus, 1.
deterior, 208.
deterrimus, 208.
detrimentum, 46.
deus, 16, 91, 151, 185.
dicax, 59. y
dicere, 23, 58, 59, 67, 74,
88, 132, 133, 163, 176,
190, 195, 205.
dicionis, 183.
dictum, 126, 205.
dies, 29, 103.
difficilis, 106.
digito, 95.
dignitas, 51, 209.
diligere, 112.
dimittere, 129.
disceptare, 55.
discernere, 29, 115.
disciplina, 35,63, 128, 164.
discrimen, 115.
disertus, 59.
dispersus, 9.
disputare, 55.
disputatio, 55.
disserere, 55, 59.
dissertatio, 55.
dissimulare, 145.
diu, 110.
diversus, 54.
dives, 157.
divitiae, 157, 202.
doctus, 45, 113, 207.
doctrina, 50, 164.
dolor, 85, 99.
domesticus, 77.
dominari, 160.
dominatio, 175.
dominatus, 175.
domus, 114, 159.
donum, 84.
dubio, 56.
dubitatione, 56.
dubium, 56.
ducere, 114, 178.
dudum, 110.
dum, 110.
dumtaxat, 131.
duo, 33.
e, ex, 27, 36, 43, 45, 58,
59, 83, 87, 98, 100, 151.
edere, 178.
edicere, 39.
edictum, 48.
educare, 58, 63.
educere, 58.
egere, 121.
ego, 165.
eligere, 36.
eloquens, 59.
emendare, 43.
emere, 100, 184.
enixe, 206.
ensem, 51.
epistula, 105.
equo, 19.
eripere, 184,
erudire, 58.
eruditus, 45.
esse, 2, 29, 56, 66, 80, 88,
94, 102, 113, 120, 126,
136, 139, 145, 153, 154,
157, 160, 177, 178, 207.
et, 32, 33, 34, 49, 58, 88.
etiann, 2, 16.
evadore, 22.
evenire, 86.
eventus, 86.
exaudire, 87.
exercere, 15.
exercitus, 1, 15.
exhibere, 95.
existimare, 26.
exordini, 24.
exordium, 25.
expedire, 89.
experiri, 66.
expertes, 177.
expetere, 149, 202.
explanare, 67.
explicare, 67.
exploratus, 98.
exponere, 67.
exprimere, 188.
expugnare, 27.
exquisita, 50.
exsistere, 22. ---
externus, 77.
exterus, 77.
extremus, 15, 72, 103.
exuere, 51.
fabula, 90.
facere, 46, 94, 120, 129,
146, 183, 187, 209.
facilis, 106, 206.
facinus, 49.
factlo, 137.
factum, 49.
facundus, 59.
fama, 160.
fari, 59, 176.
fas, 49, 158.
fastidire, 52.
54
INDEX.
fuga, 153.
fugere, 202.
fulgor, T08.
fulgura, 67.
fulgurat, 108.
fulmen, 100, 108.
fundus, 50.
Gallicanus, 4.
Gallicus, 4.
Gallus, 4.
gaudere, 99.
gaudium, 85, 99.
generosus, 124.
gens, 77, 92, 140, 207.
genus, 124, 168.
geometricae, 79.
gerere, 19, 49, 90.
gigmere, 140, 178.
gnavus, 104.
graece, 88.
grandior, 7.
grates, 185.
gratia, 70, 185.
gratus, 8.
gravis, 106.
habere, 73, 88,89, 136, 185,
habilis, 199.
habitare, 97.
haud, 56.
heros, 113.
hic, 29, 94, 207.
Hispanicus, 4.
Hispaniensis, 4.
Hispanus, 4.
fateri, 2.
faustus, 80.
favere, 80.
favor, 70.
febri, 101.
fecundus, 81, 204.
felicitas, 81.
felix, 80.
femina, 81, 204.
fendere, 92.
fera, 12.
ferae, 177.
fere, 10.
ferme, 10.
ferre, 2, 19, 21, 32, 81, 163,
195.
fidem, 73.
fieri, 10, 22, 86.
figura, 79.
filia, 35, 152.
filius, 35, 151, 152, 199.
fingere, 79.
finis, 122.
finitimus, 122.
firmata, 7.
flagitare, 49, 155.
flagitium, 49, 155.
florere, 23.
flores, 54.
flumen, 28, 182.
fluvius, 182.
foris, 64.
forma, 20, 58, 79.
formido, 71.
formosus, 20, 79.
fors, 81.
fortis, 113.
fortuna, 81.
fortunatus, 80.
fossa, 50.
frater, 152.
fraus, 46, 193.
fructus, 83.
frui, 63, 83, 139.
fruges, 83, 157, 198.
frumentum, 83.
frustra, 193.
historia, 90.
historicus, 90.
homo, 42, 106, 113, 123,
141, 207.
homunculus, 113.
honestus, 58, 124, 202.
honor, 33.
horror, 71.
hostilis, 92.
hostis, 62, 89, 92.
humilis, 57.
humus, 57.
iacére, 46.
iacére, 57.
iactura, 46.
iam, 117.
iamdiu, 110.
iamdudum, 110.
iampridem, 110.
ianua, 64.
ianus, 64.
ici, 108.
idem, 187.
idemque, 187.
idoneus, 74.
ignavia, 104.
ignavus, 104.
ignorantia, 93.
ignorat, 207.
ignoratio, 93.
illaquere, 89.
ille, 34, 130, 186, 205.
imbecillus, 199.
immortalibus, 185.
impedire, 89.
impeditus, 89.
imperare, 39.
imperitus, 207.
imperium, 126, 144, 175,
183, 207.
impetrare, 127.
impetus, 16.
implicare, 89.
implorare, 16.
imprimis, 65.
improbus, 113.
impudentia, 169.
impudicitia, 169.
in, 9, 16, 23, 44, 58, 65,
73, 76, 78, 89, 92, 97,
103, 104, 128, 139, 154,
156, 160, 178, 183, 188,
198, 207.
inamis, 61.
inceptum, 24.
inchoare, 24.
INDEX.
55
incipere, 24.
incolere, 97.
increpare, 30.
indicare, 95.
indicere, 67.
indigere, 101, 121.
industrius, 96.
industria, 96.
iners, 104, 148.
inertia, 104.
infams, 7, 176.
infelicitas, 81.
infelix, 80.
infensus, 92.
inferre, 194.
infestus, 92.
infirmus, 199.
informare, 58.
infortunatus, 80.
ingenium, 178, 199.
ingenuus, 63, 82, 124, 164.
imimicus, 62, 141.
inire, 25.
initium, 25.
iniuria, 89.
inquam, 176.
inretire, 89.
insciens, 94.
inscientia, 93.
inscitia, 93.
inscius, 93, 94.
insequi, 76.
insignis, 124.
instituere, 58.
instruere, 58, 74.
insula, 91.
integer, 6, 9.
inter, 100, 173.
interficere, 100.
interimere, 100.
intermittere, 129.
interpres, 67.
interpretari, 67, 188.
interrogare, 98.
intestinus, 77.
intueri, 41.
invenire, 73, 127.
invidia, 70.
ipse, 141.
ire, 17, 78, 131.
is, 113, 145.
ita, 2.
iter, 92, 187, 198.
iterum, 6.
iubere, 39.
iucundus, 8.
‘iudex, 26.
iudicare, 26.
iudicium, 23, 160.
iugulare, 100.
iugulum, 100.
iumentum, 109.
iungi, 114.
iuvare, 8.
ius, 120, 158, 164.
iusiurandum, 91, 125.
iuvenis, 7.
labor, 96, 206.
laboriosus, 96.
lac, 123.
lacrimis, 21.
laetari, 99.
laetitia, 85, 99.
latinum, 88, 188.
laudare, 30.
legere, 36, 112.
legiones, 4.
lepos, 120.
levis, 106.
lex, 128, 161, 173.
liberiter, 2.
liberalis, 124, 164.
liberaliter, 58, 63.
liberi, 35, 204.
libertinus, 82.
libertus, 82.
libro, 103.
liceri, 21, 146.
lingua, 177.
litterae, 58, 105, 164.
litteratus, 45, 207.
litus, 170.
locuples, 157.
locus, 20, 60, 74, 76, 97,
157.
loquax, 59.
loqui, 21, 59, 88, 173, 176.
luctus, 85.
lumen, 107.
lux, 107.
maeror, 85.
maestitia, 85.
magis, 65, 117.
magistro, 63.
magnus, 15, 116, 140, 157,
206:
maleficium, 49.
mandare, 39.
manubiae, 32.
manus, 32, 39, 100, 120.
mare, 50.
maritima, 170.
maritus, 152, 204.
mas, 204.
mater, 152, 204.
matrimonium, 114.
matrona, 204.
maxime, 65.
me, 21.
medicina, 8.
medio, 100.
mediocriter, 131.
medius, 7, 103.
memini, 118, 154.
memorem, 154.
memoria, 154, 207.
mendum, 43.
mens, 154, 178.
mereri, 185.
meritam, 185.
metuere, 71.
metus, 71, 101.
meus, 133, 158, 194.
milli, 88.
miles, 89, 123, 178.
mirari, 3.
mirum, 3.
miser, 80.
miscricordia, 16.
56
INDEX.
modo, 131, 150.
moenia, 196.
momentum, 106, 115.
monere, 95.
monstra, 67.
monstrare, 95.
morbus, 145, 172, 192.
mores, 43, 77.
mors, 47, 52, 100, 120.
mortuus, 42.
mos, 138, 160.
muliebris, 168.
mulier, 204.
multa, 149. * *
multus, 50, 59,66, 117,209.
multare, 149.
multitudo, 140.
mundus, 207.
munire, 196.
munus, 84.
murus, 196.
mutare, 38.
nae, 34.
nancisci, 127.
marratio, 8, 90.
narratiumcula, 90.
nasci, 120, 140, 207.
natio, 140.
nativus, 120.
natus, 7, 120.
naturalis, 120.
navare, 104.
navus, 104.
—ndum ost, 136.
ne, 34, 193, 205.
necare, 100.
necessarius, 120, 152.
necesse, 136.
necessitas, 152.
necessitudo, 152.
nefas, 49.
neglegere, 52, 112, 129.
negotium, 139, 156, 206.
nemo, 9, 59, 131, 207.
nepos, 152.
mcquiquam, 193.
mescius, 94.
nex, 47, 100.
niger, 29, 201.
migrior, 29.
nihil, 117, 131, 153.
nisi, 131, 153.
nobilis, 69, 113, 124, 140.
momen, G5, 205.
nominare, 119.
nominatim, 65.
non, 2, 8, 21, 29, 56, 94,
113, 117, 129, 131, 145,
163, 193.
noscere, 205.
notitia, 164.
novus, 6, 15, 123, 128, 150.
nox, 50.
nubere, 114.
nubes, 114.
nullo, 206.
nummi, 116.
nunc, 5, 130, 207.
nuncupare, 119.
munquam, 130.
muper, 150.
ob, 16, 21, 27, 74, 95, 126.
objurgare, 30.
oboedire, 126.
obscure, 132.
obsecrare, 16.
obsequi, 76, 126.
obsidere, 27.
obsoletus, 128.
obtemperare, 126.
obtingere, 86.
occasionen, 129.
occidere, 100.
Odisse, 112.
odium, 138.
offendere, 92.
olim, 130.
ollus, 130.
omen, 80.
omittere, 129.
omnino, 59.
omnis, 9, 10, 135, 207.
opera, 206.
opima, 32.
opinari, 26.
opinio, 52, 133, 160.
oportet, 136.
oppidum, 37, 103.
opportunus, 74.
oppugnare, 27.
ops, 15, 144.
optare, 202.
optimus, 158, 164, 202.
optio, 202.
opus, 24, 136, 151, 206.
ora, 170.
oraculum, 69.
orare, 16, 134, 177.
oratio, 59, 177, 182.
orator, 33, 134.
orbare, 51.
orbis, 57, 207.
orbus, 51.
ordini, 24.
ormatus, 159.
os, 16, 23, 64, 170, 177.
osce, 88.
ostendere, 95.
ostium, 64.
otium, 63, 139, 156.
pacisci, 139.
paene, 10.
palam, 132.
pangere, 139.
parare, 30.
parens, 126, 152, 165.
parere, 126.
pario, 73. --
pars, 137.
parumper, 200.
parva, 15, 116.
pater, 152.
paternus, 138.
pati, 19, 46, 142.
patria, 101.
patrius, 138, 177.
pauci, 131, 205.
paulisper, 200.
INDEX.
57
pavor, 71.
pax, 50, 113, 139.
pectinia, 68, 116.
pecus, 100, 109, 116.
peior, 208.
per, 21, 100.
percipere, 83.
percontari, 98.
percutere, 100, 108.
perdere, 111.
peregre, 77.
peregrinus, 77.
pericula, 52.
perii, 10.
perimere, 100.
peritus, 148.
permittere, 19, 142.
pernicies, 53.
persequi, 76.
persona, 141.
pes, 50, 74, 89.
pessimus, 208.
pestilentia, 53.
pestis, 53.
petero, 16, 149, 155.
pharetram, 51.
philosophiam, 2.
philosophus, 2, 187.
pice, 29.
piger, 104.
pigritia, 104.
planus, 67, 132.
plebiscitum, 48.
plebs, 48, 140.
pleo, 157.
plenum, 157.
plerique, 118.
plerumque, 10.
plicare, 16, 89.
plorare, 16.
plures, 167.
plurimi, 118.
plus, 117.
poema, 143.
poema, 149.
poeta, 187.
polliceri, 146.
popularis, 70.
populus, 23, 140, 183.
porta, 64.
portaro, 19.
portus, 69, 74, 120.
poscore, 155.
posse, 21, 29, 129, 163.
post, 207.
postea, 5.
posthac, 5.
postremus, 72, 103.
postulare, 155.
potentia, 144.
potestas, 95, 138, 142, 144,
183.
potissimum, 65, 117.
potius, 117.
prae, 2, 21, 23, 65.
praeceptum, 161.
praecipere, 39.
praecipue, 65.
praeda, 32.
praemium, 157.
praesens, 141.
pracsertim, 65.
praestantia, 209.
praestare, 135, 146.
praeter, 23.
praetermittere, 129.
precari, 16.
pretium, 209.
prox, 16.
pridem, 110.
primum, 72.
primus, 15, 65, 78, 103,
165.
princeps, 78.
principatus, 175.
principium, 25.
prior, 78, 110.
priscus, 128.
pristinus, 128.
privare, 51.
privatim, 132.
privignus, 51.
privilegium, 51.
privus, 51.
pro, 16, 50, 80, 89, 146,
185.
proavus, 152.
probari, 73.
procedere, 80.
proelium, 78, 80.
profanus, 91.
profectionem, 89.
profecto, 34, 190.
profiteri, 2, 67.
profundus, 50.
prohibere, 89.
promittere, 146, 191.
prope, 10.
propinquus, 152.
propter, 21.
prosequi, 76.
prosperus, 80.
proximus, 103.
prudens, 148, 171.
prudentia, 148.
publice, 132.
pudicitia, 169.
pudor, 169.
puer, 7, 35, 204.
puerilis, 35. ---
pulcher, 20, 164.
punctum, 115.
pumire, 149.
purgo, 149.
purum, 149.
putare, 26, 55.
quaerere, 98.
quaestio, 98.
quatere, 100.
que, 80.
querela, 40.
querimonia, 40.
questus, 40.
qui, quis, 80, 113, 117,
133, 145, 207.
quidam, 174.
quidem, 13, 133, 205.
quiquam, 193.
quies, 156.
quin, 56, 129, 207.
58
INDEX.
quod, 88. Romanus, 29, 92. sexus, 168.
quondam, 130.
quotannis, 210.
raro, 131.
ratio, 147.
ratus, 26.
recens, 123, 128.
recipere, 146, 191, 198.
recordari, 154.
rectam, 198.
recusare, 52, 191.
redigere, 154, 183.
redire, 38, 198. *
referre, 185.
regalis, 159.
regem, 119.
regere, 43, 160.
regius, 159.
regmare, 160.
regnum, 175.
regula, 161.
relinquere, 1, 153.
reliquus, 135, 153.
remedia, 192.
reminisci, 154.
remotis, 203.
reor, 26,
reperire, 73, 127.
repetere, 149.
reprehendere, 30.
requies, 156.
res, 25, 34, 49, 60, 73, 80,
81, 83, 90, 95, 106, 123,
162, 180, 185, 190, 197,
207, 209.
respublica, 160, 180.
restat, 153.
restituere, 128.
revocare, 154.
rhetor, 134.
ripa, 170.
rivulus, 182.
rivus, 182.
robigo, 46.
robur, 144.
rogare, 16, 98.
rudis, 45, 58.
rumor, 160.
rura, 138.
rursus, 6.
rus, 102.
rusticanus, 44.
Tusticus, 44.
sacer, 91, 210.
Sacramentum, 125.
Sacrare, 16.
sacrificia, 210.
saltem, 13.
salvus, 13.
sanctus, 91.
sane, 34, 190.
Sanguis, 31.
scelus, 49.
scientia, 164.
sciscitari, 98.
scire, 34, 88, 207.
scitum, 48, 205.
scriptor, 18, 90.
se, 2, 59, 88, 100, 145, 183,
198
secundus, 80, 81, 165, 182.
securis, 100.
securus, 162.
sed, 2.
sedere, 27.
Segnis, 104.
segnitia, 104.
senatus, 48.
Senectus, 7.
senex, 7, 199.
senior, 7. .
sententia, 98, 133, 195,
205.
sentire, 133. ,
sepeliri, 132.
sequi, 76, 80, 81, 165.
serere, 1, 55, 177.
sermo, 24, 138, 177.
servus, 82.
severitas, 128.
sex, 135.
si, 65. e
sibi, 100, 183, 206.
Siciliensis, 4.
Siculus, 4.
sicut, 165.
sicuti, 100.
sidus, 179.
significare, 95.
signum, 95, 181.
silere, 173.
silentium, 173.
similis, 145.
simul, 187.
simulacrum, 181.
simulare, 145.
sine, 56, 206.
simere, 19, 142.
singuli, 9.
sol, 68.
solemnis, 210.
sollers, 104, 148, 210.
sollus, 210.
solus, 2.
solum, 57.
somnia, 67.
Sonare, 173.
soror, 152.
species, 34, 79, 190.
spectare, 41.
speculari, 41.
Spernere, 52.
spero, 80.
spolia, 32, 51.
spoliare, 51.
sponte, 194.
statua, 181.
statuere, 58, 209.
statum, 128.
stella, 179.
strepere, 173.
studere, 123.
studiose, 206.
studium, 70, 164.
sub, 16, 184.
subicere, 183. .
subjecti, 126.
INDEX.
^, 59
subigere, 183.
subsequi, 76.
subtilis, 50.
succedere, 76.
successus, 80.
suffragium, 195.
sumere, 184.
summus, 33, 50, 158, 186.
supplex, 149.
supplicare, 16.
supplicium, 149. -
Supremus, 103.
suscipere, 191.
suspicere, 52.
sustinere, 19.
suus, 38, 77, 151, 158, 183,
186, 194.
tacere, 173.
tandem, 72, 207.
tangere, 9.
tantum, 131.
tela, 14. T
tellus, 57.
tempestas, 186.
templum, 41.
tempus, 60, 115, 130, 186,
210.
tendere, 95.
tenere, 154.
tenus, 188.
terra, 57, 92, 102, 103,
207.
terere, 46. *
tertius, 165.
testis, 203.
timere, 71.
timor, 71.
tirdnes, 123.
tole are, 19, 142.
tollère, 100.
totus, 9, 148, 210.
tranquillitas, 156.
trans, 28.
transferre, 188.
trepidatio, 71.
tres, 50, 88.
| tribuere, 209.
tribuni, 48.
tributum, 189.
tristitia, 85, 99.
trucidare, 100.
tu, 16, 29, 94.
tueor, 162.
tum, 72.
tutus, 162.
tuus, 158, 194.
uber, 157.
uberrimus, 83, 157.
ubertas, 157.
ubi, 205, 207.
ullus, 56, 206.
ultimus, 72, 103.
ultra, 28.
ultro, 194.
umero, 51.
una, 187.
universus, 9.
unus, 9, 165, 205.
urbana, 44.
urbs, 37.
usu, 86.
ut, 2, 10, 127, 142, 153.
uterque, 33.
uti, 63, 192.
utilis, 74. -
uxor, 114, 152, 204.
vacare, 101.
vacuus, 61.
vagina, 51.
valere, 160.
valetudo, 199.
valvae, 64.
varius, 54.
vas, 61.
vectigal, 189.
vehere, 19.
velle, 117, 155.
venire, 17, 23, 73, 86, 183.
ventus, 4, 80.
venustus, 20.
verberibus, 100, 149. -
verbum, 61, 128, 149, 188,
205.
verecundia, 71.
vereri, 71.
veritas, 190.
vero, 34, 190.
vertere, 6, 9, 30, 54, 188,
210.
verum, 190.
verus, 34, 190.
vestimentum, 38.
vestis, 19, 38.
vestitus, 38.
veterrimus, 128.
vetus, 123, 128.
vetustior, 128.
vetustus, 128.
via, 95, 198.
vicinus, 122.
victoriam, 127.
vicus, 122.
videre, 2, 59, 166.
vigere, 160.
vir, 44, 107, 113, 141, 152,
186, 204.
virilis, 7, 168.
virtus, 113, 209.
vis, 144, 199.
vita, 33, 44, 80, 103.
witio, 30.
vituperare, 30.
vivere, 80, 102, 139.
vix, 163.
vocabulum, 205.
vocare, 119, 205.
voluntaria, 120.
voluptas, 52, 63.
vox, 205.
vulgus, 52, 140.
vultis, 117.
An Etymology of Latin and Greek.
With a Preliminary Statement of the New System of Indo-European
Phonetics, and Suggestions in Regard to the Study of Etymology. By
CHARLEs S. HALSEY, A.M., Principal of Union Classical Institute,
Schenectady, N.Y. I2mo. Cloth. 272 pages. Mailing Price, $1.25.
Introduction, $1. I2.
The following are the prominent features of the work: —
I. It presents the subject in a systematic form. The general
principles and laws of the science are first clearly stated and illus-
trated; then the words are treated in their etymological order.
This produces a result far better than can be obtained from the
mere study of detached words scattered irregularly through a lexicon.
- 2. It gives a new and simple plan, presenting side by side for
each group of related words the form of the root in Indo-European,
Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, with the meaning of the root. Follow-
ing these roots are the most practical Greek words and the most ,
practical Latin words, with their meanings. This furnishes a valu-
able stock of words associated by the natural bond of their common
derivation, each language, too, throwing light upon the other.
3. It presents within moderate compass the results of the lates:
investigations of the highest authorities, omitting doubtful etymolo-
gies, and is thus at once rigidly scientific and thoroughly practical.
4. It gives great prominence to the derivation of English words,
supplying to a large degree the place of an English etymology.
5. Being furnished with a complete index for every root and
word treated, it can be conveniently used as a work of reference.
6. It presents the entire subject in a form thoroughly adapted to
school use in classes. The study of Etymology, as here presented,
may begin with the very outset of the study of Latin, and be con-
tinued through the entire course of classical study. It may be
pursued with a separate recitation, or in brief portions, in connec-
tion with the recitations from the Greek and Latin authors.
7. The present work is the first school-book to set forth in the
English language the principles and the application of the new sys-
rem of I.-E. Phonetics. This it does in full, and in a practical and
intelligible form. This work may be used without confusion in con-
nection with any grammar or lexicon; and it supplies thoroughly
what they may lack in the important department of Etymology.
Ginn & Heath's Classical Atlas.
By A. KEITII Jolinston, LL.D., F.R.G.S., aided by W. E. GLADSTONE,
Prime Minister of England. Contains also a Geography of the
Ancient World, prepared by W. F. ALLEN of the Univ. of Wisconsin.
Bound in full cloth, with guards, similar to Long's Classical Atlas
(7.3 × 12 inches). Mailing price, $2.30; Introduction, $2.OO.
We would call special attention to the binding of the cloth edition.
At is 7/zounted on guards, the binding t/lts costing about twice as
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price to the purchaser. As a book of this ſºld is 2n constant use, the
stronger binding very much enhances 27s value.
Comprising in Twenty-three Plates, Colored Maps and Plans of all
the important countries and localities referred to by Classical Authors.
Embodies the results of the most recent investigations. Has a full
Index of Places, in which the proper quantities of the syllables are
marked by T. HARVEY and E. WoRSLEY, M.M.A., Oxon, Classical
Masters in Edinburgh Academy. Also containing ALLEN's Geog-
raphy of the Ancient World, which is designed to bring the
leading epochs and events of ancient history into connection with
the geography of the ancient world. Brief suggestions to teachers
are added, to assist in the work of the class-room.
“It has the special attraction of Mr. Gladstone's coöperation,
who not only placed at the editor's disposal the illustrations to his
work on Homer, but enhanced the favor by revising the proof-sheets
of the plates and text, as adapted for this Atlas.”—Spectator.
Map CONTENTS.
: Plan of Rome, and Illustrations of Classical Sites.
. The World as known to the Ancients.
. Map of the outer Geography of the Odyssey.
. Orbis Terrarum (et Orb. Homeri, Herodoti, Democriti, Strabonis,
Ptolemaei).
. Hispania.
Gallia.
. Insulae Britanicae (et Brit. Strabonis, Brit. Ptolemaei, etc.).
. Germania, Vindelicia, Rhaetia, et Noricum.
. Pannonia, Dacia, Illyricum, Moesia, Macedonia, et Thracia.
. Italia Superior et Corsica.
. Italia Inferior, Sicilia, et Sardinia (et Campania, Syracusae, Roma).
:
I
i
I
Imperium Romanum (et Imp. Rom. Orient. et Occid.).
I 2.
13. Graecia (et Athenae, Marathon, Thermopylae).
I4.
I5.
Leuctra, Plataea).
Peloponnesus, Attica, Boeotia, Phocis, AEtolia, et Acarnania.
Graecia a Bello Peloponnesiaco, usque ad Philippum II. (et Mantinea.
Asia Minor (et Campus Trojae, Bosporos, Troas, Ionia, etc.).
Armenia, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Assyria (et Iter Xenophontis).
I6.
I7. Syria et Palestina (et Hierosolyma, etc.).
18.
19. Regnum Alexandri Magni (et Granicus, Issus, Arbela).
20. Persia et India (et India Ptolemaei).
2 I.
22.
23.
AEgyptus, Arabia, et AEthiopia (et AEgyptus Inferior).
Africa (et Carthago, Alexandria, Numidia et Africa Propria).
Europe, showing the general direction of the Barbarian Inroads during
the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. -
Index.
Allen's Geography of the Ancient World.
Used at Eton, Harrow, Rugby, and other Prominent English Pre-
paratory Schools and Academies.
Also used and recommended by such
Colleges and Preparatory Schools as : —
Harvard, Trinity, Conn., Hillsdale,
Yale, Trinity, N.C., Dickinson,
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Ohio Wesleyan, Lawrence, Wis., Kentucky Univ.,
Hiram, Olivet, Vanderbilt.
Phillips Exeter Academy,
Williston Seminary,
W. W. Goodwin, Prof. of Greek,
Harvard Univ.: It is a most beautiful
and highly useful work, and I am glad
to see what used to be an expensive
luxury brought within the means of all
Students of the classics. (Dec. 2, 1880.)
Elisha Jones, Assº. Prof. of Latin,
Univ. of Mich. : From my cursory ac-
quaintance I have recommended it to
our teachers. The map of the Home-
ric Geography is a feature not contained
in either of my other atlases, and will
aid Homeric students greatly.
Phillips Andover Academy,
Boston Latin Schools, etc.
Tracy Peck, Prof. of Latin, Yale
Coll... I have heretofore known the
Atlas sufficiently well to feel justified in
recommending it to inquiring students,
(May 9, 1881.)
S. R. Winans, 77tfor 22, Greek,
Arinceton Coll., N.J. : It is superb :
nothing to criticise, and everything to
commend. Every student of the clas-
sics needs something of the sort, and
this is by all odds the best of its kind.
(Oct. 4, 1880.)
Latin ext-BOOKS,
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