***** cle 423 - No W/52 - ACCESSION /76 / 7 OLIVET COLLEGE LIBRARY, PRESENTED BY. &zeź. %ar. * 2%-4 2/4:T /324 Xf 2 O. 3 YY | X c. | 3 2 5 Ullſill||||||||| *i sº | i. # & *- § ; i - -- : º s & a > º D F. ºw * E- C- º º º * * P- E- L– [- Cº- H I- L [-l [-] [-] [-] [- º E- ſº- C- [- C- C- E- E- L [- F- º E- [-. [- IT C- T= [-. º H º º- F. | THE GIFT OF Kellogg Foundation -Hº C ſº EIIIſlf T i stEREOTYPE Editrox. || * A CRITICAL PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY, ANIO ," - * EXPOSITOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: - in which : 4- wog owly THE MEANINGoF EVERY WORD IS EXPLAIN.ED r - - AND THE SOUND OF EVERY syLLABLE DISTINCTLY SHOWN BUT whertº wor-DS ARE SUFJECT To DIFFERENT PRONUNCIATIoxs, THE AUTHORITIES of our. | BEST PRONOUNCING DICTIONARIES ARE FULLY EXHIBITED, THE REASONS FOR EACH ARE AT LARGE DISPLAYED, AND THE PREFERABLE PRON UNCIATTCŞ. IS PSINTED OUT, |--i-- T{D WHICH ARE PREFIXED PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH PROWUNCHATION IN WHICH, THE sour DS OF LETTERS, SYLLABLEs, AND worps ARE CRITICALLY lºvESTIGATED AND systE- MATICALLY ARRANGED; THE INFLUENCE UF THE GREEK AND LATIN ACCENT AND QUAN TITY, ON THE ACCENT AND QUANTITY OF THE ENGLISH, IS THORGUGHLY EX- AMINED AND CLEARLY DEFINED; AND THE ANALOGIES OF THE LAN- GUAGE ARE SO FULLY SHOWN, AS TO LAY THE FOUNDATION or A ConSISTENT AND RAT:ox AL PRONUfficia TION. LIKEWISE, RÚLES TO BE OBSERVED BY THE Natives of Scotland, Ireland and London, FOR AWOLDING THEIR RESPECTIVE PECULIARITIES3; \ - AND DIRECTIONS TO FOREIGNERS, FOR ACQUIRING-A KNOWLEDGE OF THE USE OF THIS DICTIONARY. * THE WHOLE INTERSPERSED wrTH OBSERVATIONS, ETYMOLOGICAL, CRITICAL, A.N'D GR.A.M.M.ATIC.A.L. “Quare, si fieri potest, et verba omnia, et vox, hujus alumnum urbis oleant: ut oratio Romana planè videatur, non civitate donata.” —QUINTILIAN. To which Is ARNEXED A KFY TO THE CLASSICAL PRO WUNCR.4TION OF GREEK, LATIN, AND SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES, &c. BY JOHN WALKER, AUTHOR of ELEMENTs of ELocuTIóN, RHYMING DICTIONARY, &c. gTEREOTYPED BY B. AND J. Cox, LINS, NEw-Yok K. . tº NEW-YORK: PUBLISHED BY COLLIN’S.á.ND H.A.W.N.4.Y, No. 230, Pearl-street. 1825 ºf <2% * /. 2. /… & 2" 2. 2 % re . . . 2. £z º. 2. , / tſ Aº * [ 7 | who form the most important part of it, are without these advantages, and therefore want such a guide to direct them as is here offered. Even polite and literary people, who speak only from the ear, will find that this organ will, in a thousand instances, prove but a very uncertain guide, without a knowledge of those principles by which the ear itself is insensibly directed, and which, having their origin in the nature of language, operate with steadiness and regularity in the midst of the fickiest affectation and caprice. It can scarcely be supposed that the most experienced speaker has heard every word in the language, and the whole circle of sciences pronounced exactly as it ought to be and if this be the case, he must sometimes have recourse to the principles of pronunciation when his ear is either uninformed or unfaithful. These principles are those general laws of articulation which determine the character, and fix the boundaries of every language; as in every system of speaking, however irregular, the organs must necessarily fall into some common mode of enunciation, or the purpose of Providence in the gift of speech would be absolutely defeated. These laws, like every other object of philosophical inquiry, are only to be traced by an attentive observation and enume- ration of particulars; and when these particulars are sufficiently numerous to form a general rule, an axiom in pronunciation is acquired. By an accumulation of these axioms, and an analogical com- parison of them with each other, we discover the deviations of language where custom has varied, and the only clew to guide us where custom is either indeterminate or obscure. Thus, by a view of the words ending in itſ or ety, I find the accent invariably placed on the prece ding syllable, as in diver'sity, congru'ity, &c. On a closer inspection, I find every vowel in this ante- penultimate syllable, when no consonant intervenes, pronounced long, as deſity, piety, &c.; a nearer observation shows me, that if a consonant intervene, every vowel in this syllable but u contracts it- self, and is pronounced short, as sever'ity, curios'ity, impu'nity, &c. and therefore that chastity and obscenity ought to be pronounced with the penultimate vowel short, and not as in chaste and obscene, as we frequently hear them. I find too, that even u contracts itself before two consonants, as cur'vity, tacitur'nity, &c. and that scarcity and rarity, (for whose irregularity good reasons may be given) are the only exceptions to this rule throughout the language. And thus we have a series of near seven hundred words, the accentuation of which, as well as the quantity of the accented vowel, are reduced to two or three simple rules. The same uniformity of accentuation and quantity may be observed in the first syllable of those words which have the accent on the third, as dem-on-stra.'tion, dim-i-nu'tion, lu-cu-bra'tion,” &c. where we evidently perceive a stress on the first syllable shortening every vowel but u, and this in every word throughout the language, except where two consonants follow the u, as in cur-pi-lin'e-ar; or where two vowels follow the consonant that succeeds any other vowel in the first syllable, as de-vi-a'- tion ; or, lastly, where the word is not evidently of our own composition, as re-con-vey'; but as u in the first syllable of a word, having the accent on the third, has the same tendency to length and openness as was observable when it preceded the termination itſ), I find it necessary to separate it from the consonant in bu-ty-ra'ceous, which I have never heard pronounced, as well as in lu-cº-imation, which I have, and this from no pretended agreement with the quantity of the Latin words these are derived from ; for, in the former word, the w is doubtful; but, from the general system of quantity I see adopted in English pronunciation, this only will direct an English ear with certainty; for, though we may sometimes place the accent on words we borrow from the Greek or Latim on the same syl lable as in those languages, as acu'men, elegiac, &c.; nay, though we sometimes adopt the accent o the original with every word of the same termination we derive from it, as assidu'ity, vidu'ity, &c yet the quantity of the accented vowel is so often contrary to that of the Latin and Greek, that not a shadow of a rule can be drawn, in this point, from these languages to ours.f Thus, in the letter in question, in the Latin accumulo, dubius, tumor, &c. the first w is every where short; but in the English words accumulate, dubious, tumour, every where iong. JWuptialis, murmur, turbulentus, &c. where the iz in the first syllable in Latin is long, we as constantly pronounce it short in nuptial, murmur, #. &c. Nor indeed can we wonder that a different occonomy of quantity is observable in the ancient an modern languages, as in the former, two consonants almost always lengthen the precedºng vowel, and in the latter as constantly shorten it. Thus, without arguing in a vicious circle, we find, that as a division of the generality of words, as they are actually pronounced, gives us the general laws of syllabication, so these laws, once understood, direct us in the division of such words as we have never heard actually pronounced, and consequently to the true tºº of them. For these opera- tions, like cause and effect, reflect mutually a light on each other, and prove, that by nicely observ- ing the path which custom in language has once taken, we can more than guess at the line she must keep in a similar case, where her footsteps are not quite so discernible. Šo true is the observation of Scaliger: Ita omnibus in rebus certissima ratione swoi insa respondel natura. De causis Ling. Lat. —co 4 ºr a Rules to be observed by the JNatives of IRELAND, in order to obtain a just Pronunciation of English. As Mr. Sheridan was a native of Ireland, and had the best opportunities of imderstanding those peculiarities of pronunciation which obtain there, I shall extract his observations on that subject as the best general direction, and add a few of my own, by way of supplement, which I hope will render this já. of instruction still more complete. The reader will be pleased to take notice, that as I have made a different arrangement of the vow" els, and have adopted a notation different from Mr. Sheridan, I am obliged to make use of different figures to mark the vowels, but still such as perfectly correspond to his. g “The chief mistakes made by the Irish in pronouncing English, lie for the most part in the sounds “of the two first vowels, a and e, the former being generally sounded â #. the Irish, as in the word “bār, in most words where it is pronounced A, as in day, by the English. Thus the Irish say, pâtron, “mātron, the vowel à having the same sound as in the word father; whilst the English pronounce them “as if written paſtron, maytron. The following rule, strictly attended to, will rectify this mistake “through the whole language. “When the vowel a finishes a syllable, and has the accent on it, it is invariably pronounced Aſday “by the English. To this rule there are but three exceptions in the whole language, to be foun “in the words fäther, papā, mammā. e Irish may think also the word rather an exception, as well * as father; and so it would appear to be in their manner of pronouncing it ráther, laying the accent * Sea Principles, No. 524,527, 530. f See Principles, No. 544, 545, I 8 | on the vowel a, but in the English pronunciation the consonant this taken into the first syllable ** as thus, rather, which makes the difference. “Whenever a consonant follows the vowel & in the same syllable, and the accent is on the conso- ºnant, the vowel a has always its fourth sound, as hāt, mān; as also the same sound lengthened * when it precedes the letter '#. fär, bár, though the accent be on the vowel; as likewise when it pre- “cedes lm, as bálm, psalm. The Irish, ignorant of this latter exception, pronounce all words of that * structure as if they were written hawm, psawm, quawm, cowm, &c. In the third sound of a, marked by * different combinations of vowels or consonants, such as au, in Paul ; aw, in law; all, in call; eld, “in bald; alk, in talk, &c. the Irish make no mistake, except in that of lm, as before mentioned. “The second vowel, e, is for the most part sounded ee by the English, when the accent is upon it; * whilst the Irish in most words give it the sound of slender ä, as in hate. This sound of é ſee] is ‘marked by different combinations of vowels, such as ea, ei, e final mute, ee, and ie. In the two last * combinations of ee and ie, the Irish never mistake; such as in meet, seem, field, believe, &c.; but in * all the others, they almost universally change the sound of é into Å. Thus in the combination “ea, they pronounce the words tea, sea, please, as if they were spelt tay, say, plays; instead of tee, * see, pleese. The English constantly give this sound to ea whenever the accent is on the vowel e, ex- “ceptin the following words, great, a pear, a bear, to bear, to forbear, to swear, to tear, to wear. In all * which the e has the sound º in häte. For want of knowing these exceptions, the gentlemen of * Ireland, after some time of residence in London, are apt to fall into the general rule, and pro * nounce these words as if spelt greet, beer, sweer, &c. “Ei is also sounded ee by the English, and as ā by the Irish ; thus the word deceit, receive, are pro- * nounced by them as if written desate, resave. Ei is always sounded ee, except when a g follows it ... as in the words reign, feign, deign, &c.; as also in the words rein (of a bridle,) rein-deer, vein, drein, “veil, heir, which are pronounced like rain, vain, drain, vail, air. “The final mute e, makes the preceding e in the same syllable, when accented, have the sound of “ee, as in the words suprême, sincère, repléte. This rule is almost universally broken through by “the Irish, who pronounce all such words as if written suprême, sinsAre, repláta, &c. There are “but two exceptions to this rule in the English pronunciation, which are the words there, where. “In the way of marking this sound, by a double ex as thus ee, as the Irish never make any mistakes, * the best method for all who want to acquire the right pronunciation of these several combinations “is, to suppose that ea, ei, and e, attended by a final mute e, are all spelt with a double e, or ee. “Ey is always sounded like à by the English when the accent is upon it; as in the words prey, con- “vey, pronounced, pray, convay. To this there are but two exceptions, in the words key and lèy, ** sounded kee, lee. The Irish, in attempting to pronounce like the English, often give the same sound “to ey as usually belongs to ei; thus for prey, concey, they say pree, convee. “A strict observation of these few rules, with a due attention to the very few exceptions enume- * rated above, will enable the well-educated natives of Ireland to pronounce their words exactly in “ the same way as the more polished part of the inhabitants of England do, so far as the vowels ars, “concerned. The diphthongs they commit no fault in, except in the sound of i, which has been al- “ready taken notice of in the Grammar:” where, likewise, the only difference in pronouncing any “of the consonants has been pointed out; which is the thickening the sounds of d and t, in certain “situations; and an easy method proposed of correcting this habit.f “In order to complete the whole, I shall now #: a list of such detached words that do not come un- “der any of the above rules, as are pronounced differently in Ireland from what they are in England- Irish pronunciation. English pronunciation. Irish pronunciation. English pronunciation. #. §. lémth (length #: p fê'arful fér'ful stråv (strove ströve dër dère drāv (drove) dröve flöðr flöre tén'ure tê'nure gåpe gåpe ténable të'nable § (gather) th’er wräth wrätk ard érd wräth (wroth) wröth bûll bûll ſå'rewel fărwel bàsh bāsh röde röd pāsh pūsh ströde ströd # # ; (schism) shön 'pit pāl'pit shism (schism Jº £ p căl whè'refore whér'fore kētch (catch) cátch - thé'refore thèr'fore cöarse (coarse cóarse bréth (breadth) brédth cöurse (course cöurse cowld (cold cöld C cöurt bowld (#old) böld malé'cious malish'us cöf"fer có'fer pñddin pūdding endá'avour endèv'ur uêsh # wash) uásh fêt (foot) füt lèzh'ur {leisure) lè'zhur mischè'evous mis'chivc – clá mour clán'nur inſion (onion) àn'nyun Mé'kil (Michael) Mi'kel pút pät * “Wide p. 11. where the true manner of pronouncing the diphthong i is pointed out; the Irish pronouncing it much *in the same manner as the French.” * “The letter d has always the same sound by those who pronounce English well; but the Provincials, particularly * the Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, in many words thicken the sound by a mixture of breath. Thus, though they sound the “d right in the positive loud and broad, in the comparative degree they thicken it by an aspiration, and sound it as if it tº were written loudher, broadher. This vicious pronunciation is preduced by pushing the tongue forward so as to touch “the teethin forming that sound: and the way to cure it is easy; for as they can pronounce the dºproperly in the word toutſ, “let them rest a little upon that syllable, keeping the tongue in the position of forming d, and then let them separate it * from the upper gum, without pushing it forward, and the sound der will be produced of course; for the organ bein left in the position of sounding d at the end of the syllable loud, is necessarily in the position of forming the same * in uttering the last syllable, unless it makes a new movement, as in the case of protruding it so as to touch the teeth. *This letter is sometimes, though met often, quiescent, as in the words handkerchief, handsome, handlel. * In pronouncing the letter f the ſrish and other Provincials thieken the sound, as was before mentiºned with regard * to the #: for better, they say bettker; for utter, uttke, j and so on in all words of that structure. This famity manner “arises from the same cause that was mentioned as affecting the sound of the dj I mean the protruding of the toogle “so as to touch the teeth, and is curable only tº the ſame way.” - - L 9 i hish pronunciation. English pronunciation. Irish pronunciation. English pronunciation. dröth (drought) drout rêtsh (reach) rèach sårch §) sérch squé'dron squëd'run söörce (sota ce) sórce Zāa'lous zél’ius căshion cúshion zāa'lot zél Tut strénth (strength) strénkth “These, after the closest attention, are all the words, not included in the rules before laid down, }. I have been able to collect, in which the well-educated natives of Ireland differ from those of ngland.” Q I shall make no observations on the accuracy of this list, but desire my reader to observe, that the strongest characteristics of the pronunciation of Ireland is the rough jarring pronunciation of the letter R, and the aspiration or rough breathing before all the accented vowels. (For the true sound of R, see that letter in the Principles, No. 419.) And for the rough breathing or aspiration of the owels, the pupil should be told not to bring the voice suddenly from the breast, but to speak, as it were, from the mouth only, It may be observed too, that the natives of Ireland pronounce rm at the end of a word so distinctly as to form two separate syllables. Thus storm and farm seem sounded by them as if written staw-rum, fa-run, while the English sound the r so soft and so close to the m, that it seems pro- nounced nearly as if written stawm, fadm. Nearly the same observations are applicable to lm. When these letters end a word, they are, in Ireland, pronounced at such a distance, that helm and realm sound as if written hel-um and real-um; but in England the l and m are pronounced as close as possible, and so as to form but one syllable. To remedy this, it will be necessary for the pupil to make a collection of words terminating with these consonants, and to practise them over till a true pronunciation is acquired. -mººn- Rules to be observed by the JNatives of Scotland, for attaining a just Pronunciation of English. HAT pronunciation which distinguishes the inhabitants of Scotland is of a very different kind from that of Ireland, and may be divided into the quantity, quality, and accentuation of the vowels. With respect to quantity, it may be observed, that the Scotch pronounce almost all their accented vowels long. Thus, if I am not mistaken, they would pronounce habit, huy-bit ; tepid, tee-pid ; sinner, see-mer; conscious, cone-shus ; and subject, soob-ject :* it is not pretended, however, that every accented vowel is so pronounced, but that such a pronunciation is very genéral, and particularly of the i. This vowel is short in English pronunciation, where the other vowels are long; thus, evasion, adhe- sion, emotion, confusion, have the o, e, o, and ºt, long; and in these instances the Scotch would pro- nounce them like the English ; but in vision, decision, &c. where the English pronounce the i short, the Scotch lengthen this letter by pronouncing it like ee, as if the words were written ree-sion, de- cee-sion, &c. and this peculiarity is universal. The best way, therefore, to correct this, will be to make a collection of the most usual words which have the vowels short, and to pronounce them daily till a habit is formed. See Principles, No. 507. With respect to the quality of the vowels, it may be observed, that the inhabitants of Scotland are apt to pronounce the a like aw, where the English give it the slender sound : thºus Satan, is pro- mounced Sawtan, and fatal, fawtal. It may be remarked too, that the Scotch give this sound to the ºt receded by w, according to the general rule, without attending to the exceptions, Principles, o. 88; and thus, instead of making wax, waft, and twang, rhyme with tax, shaft, and hang, they pronounce them so as to rhyme with box, soft, and song. The short e in hed, fed, red, &c. borders too much upon the English sound of a, in bad, lad, mad, &c. and the short i in bill, lid, rid, too much on the English sounds of e in bed, led, red. To correct this error, it would be useful to collect the long and short sound of these vowels, and to pronounce the long omes first, and to shorten them.by de- grees till they are perfectly short; at the same time preserving the radical sound of the vowel in both. Thus the correspondent long sounds to the e in bed, fed, ºred, are bade, fade, rade; and that of the short i in bid, lid, rid, are bead, lead, read; and the former of these classes will naturally lead the ear to the true sound of the latter, the only difference lying in the quantity. The short o in not, lodge, got, &c. is apt to slide into the short u, as if the words were written nitt, Judge, gºt, &c. To rectify this, it should be remembered, that this o is the short sound of aw, and ought to have the radical sound of the deep a in hall. Thus the radical sound corresponding to the o in not, cot, sot, is found in naught, caught, sought, &c.; and these long sounds, like the former, should be abbreviated into the short ones. But what will tend greatly to clear the difficulty will be, to remember that only those words which are collected in the #. No. 165, have the o sounded like short u when the accent is upon it: and with respect to the win bull, full, pull, &c. It may be observed, that the pro- nunciation peculiar to the English is only found in the words enumerated, Principles, No. 174. In addition to what has been said, it may be observed, that 66 in food, mood, moon, soon, &c. which ought always to have a long sound, is generally shortened in Scotland to that middle sound of the w in bull and it must be remembered, that wool, wood, good, lood, stood, foot, are the only words where this sound of oo ought to take place. The accentuation, both in Scotland and Ireland, (if by accentration we mean the stress, and not the kind of stress,) is so much the same as that of England, that I cannot recollect many words in which they differ. Indeed, if it were not so, the versification of each country would be different: , * That this is the general mode of pronouncing these words in Scotland is indisputable: and it is highly probable that the Scotch have preserved the old English pronunciation, from which the English themselves have insensibly de. rted ºr Hicks ºbserved long ago that the Scotch saxonised in their language nuch more that, the English; and it s scarcely to be doubted that a situation nearer to the Coutinent, and a greater commercial latercourse with other nations, unade the Fnglish admit of numberless changes which never extended to Scotland About the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when the Gleek and Latin languages were cultivated, and the pedantly of showing an acquaintance with them became fashionable, it is not improbable that an alteration in the quantity of many words tooi, pince ; for as in Latin almost every vowel before a single consonant is short, so in English ahmost every vowel in the same situation, was supposed to be long, or our ancestors would not have doubled the consonant in the participles of verbs, to prevent the receding vowel from lengthening. But when once this affectation of Latinity was adopted, it is no wonder it should extend beyond its principles, and shorten several vowels in English, because they were short in the original Lau; , ~ J in this unanner, perhaps, might the diversity between the quantity of the English and the Scotch pronunciation ai ise, {542) (548.) See Drama, B I 10 1 for as º verse is formed by accent or stress, if this accent or stress were upon different sylla bles in different countries, what is verse in England would not be verse in Scotland or Ireland; and this sufficiently shows how very indefinitely the word accent is generally used. Mr. Elphinston, who must be allowed to be a competent judge in this case, tells us, that in Scot, land they pronounce silénce, biás, cantáss, sentence, triºmph, comfºrt, soláce, constrøe, rescºe, respite, govérn, haráss, ramsäck, cancéi, with the accent on the last syllable instead of the first. To this list may be added the word menace, which they pronounce as if written menáss; and though they place the accent on the last syllable of conval, like the English, they broaden the a in the last syllable, as if the word were spelt canºwl. It may be farther observed, that they place an accent on the compara- tive adverb as, in the phrases as much, as little, as many, as great, &c. while the English, except in some very particular emphatical cases, lay no stress on this word, but pronounce these phrases like words of two or three syllables without any accent on the first. But besides the mispronunciation of single words, there is a tone of voice with which these words are accompanied, that distinguishes a native of Ireland or Scotland, as much as an improper bound of the letters. This is vulgarly, and, if it does not mean stress only, but the kind of stress, I think, not improperly called the accent.” For though there is an asperity in the Irish dialect, and a drawl in the Scotch, independent of the slides or inflections they make use of, yet it may with confidence be affirmed, that much of the peculiarity which distinguishes these dialects may be re- duced to a predominant use of one of these slides. Let any one who has sufficiently studied the speaking voice to distinguish the slides, observe the pronunciation of an Irishman and a Scotch- man, who have much of the dialect of their country, and he will find that the former abounds with the falling, and the latter with the rising inflection; t and if this is the case, a teacher, if he under- stands these slides, ought to direct his instruction so as to remedy the imperfection. But as avoid- ing the wrong, and seizing the right at the same instant, is, per!. ars, too great a task for human Fº ers, I would advise a native of reland, who has h of the accent, to pronounce almost all his words, and end all his sentences, with the rising, s, , and a 63cotchman in the same manner, to use the falling inflection : this will, in some measure, counteract the natural propensity, and bids fairer for bringing the pupil to that nearly equal mixture of both slides which distinguishes the English speaker, than endeavouring at first to catch the agreeable variety. For this purpose the teacher ought to pronounce all the single words in the lesson with the falling inflection to a Scotch- man, and with the rising to an Irishman, and should frequently give the pauses in a sentence the same inflections to each of these pupils, where he would vary them to a native of England. But while the human voice remains unstudied, there is little expectation that this distinction of the slides should be applied to these useful purposes. Besides a peculiarity of inflection, which I take to be a talling circumflex, directly, opposite to that of the Scotch, the Welsh promounce the sharp consonants and aspirations instead of the flat. (See *rinciples, No. 29, 41.) Thus for big they say pick ; for blood, ploot ; and for good, coot In- stead of virtue and vice, they say firtue and fice; instead of zeal and praise, they say seal and prace ; instead of these and those, they say thece and thoce; and instead of azure and osier, they say agsher and osher; and for jail, chail. Thus there are nine distinct consonant sounds which, to the Welsh, are entirely useless. To speak with propriety, therefore, the Welsh ought for some time to pro nounce the flat consonants and aspirations only; that is, they ought not only to pronounce them where the lettels require the flat sound, but even where they require the sharp sound: this will be the best way to acquire a habit; and when this is once done, a distinction will be easily made, and a just pronunciation more readily acquired. There is scarcely any part of England remote from the capital where a different system of pro- nunciation does not prevail. As in Wales they pronounce the sharp consonants for the flat, so in Somersetshire they pronounce many of the flat instead of the sharp : thus for Somersetshire, they gay Zomersetshire ; for father, rather; for think, THink, and for shure, zhure.; There are dialects peculiar to Cornwali, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and every distant county in England ; but as a consideration of these would lead to a detail too minute for the present occa- sion, I shall conclude these remarks with a few observations on the pecularities of my countrymen, the Cockneys; who, as they are the models of pronunciation to the distant provinces, ought to be the more scrupulously"correct. FIRST FAULT of The LoNDoNERs.—Pronouncing s indistinctly after st. The letters afterst, from the very difficulty of its pronunciation, is often sounded inarticulately. The inhabitants of London, of the lower order, cut the knot, and pronounce it in a distinct sylla- ble, as if e were before it; but this is to be avoided as the greatest blemish in speaking; the three last letters in posts, fists, mists, &c. must all be distinctly feard in one syllable, and without per- mitting the letters to coalesce. For the acquiring of this sound, it will be proper to select meuns that end in st or ste; to form them into plurals, and pronounce them forcibly and distinctly every day. º same may be observed of the third person of verbs ending in stS or stes, as persists, wastes, hastes, &c. - & 3 SEcond FAULT. —Pronouncing w for v, and inversely. The pronunciation of r for w, and more frequently of w for v, among the inhabitants of London, and those not always of the lower order, is a blemish of the first magnitude. The difficulty of remedying this defect is the greater, as the cure of one of these mistakes has a tendency to pro- unote the other. º Thus, if you are very careful to make a pupil pronounce veal and vinegar, not as if written weal and winegar, you will find him very apt to pronounce wine and wind, as if written vine and vind. The only ºcethod of rectifying this habit seems to be this: Let the pupil select from a Dictionary, not only all the words that begin with v, but as many as he can of those that have this letter in any other part. Let him be told to bite his under lip while he is sounding the v in those words, and to ractise this every day till he pronounces the u properly at first sight: then, and not till then, let {. pursue the same method with the w; which he must be directed to pronounce by a pouting out of the lips without suffering them to touch the teeth. Thus by #. all the attention to only one of these letters at a time, and fixing by habit the true sound of that, we shall at last find both of them reduced to their proper pronunciation, in a shorter time than by endeavouring to rectify them both at once. * See this more fully exemplified in Elements of Elocution, Vok II. page 13. - f Or rather the rising circumflex. For an explantition of this inflection, see Rhetorical Grammar, third edition page 79. f See the word Chinge. I 11 J THIRD FAULT.—Not sounding h after w. The aspirate his often sunk, particularly in the capital, where we dº not find the least distinction of sound between while and wile, whet and wet, where and were, &c. The best method to rectify this, a to collect all the words of this descripties from a Dictionary, and write them down; and, instead of the wh, to begin them with hoo in a distinct syllable, and so to pronounce them. Thus, let while be written and sounded hog-ile; whei, how-et ; where, hoo-cre ; whip, hoo-ip, &c. This is no more, as , Dr. Lowth observes, than placing the aspirate in its true position before the 19, as it is in the Saxon, which the words come from ; where v. 2 may observe, that though we have altered the orthography of our ancestors, we have still preserved their pronunciation. Four"TH FAULT – Not sounding h where it ought to be sounded, and inversely. A still worse habit than the last prevails, chiefly among the people of London, that of sinking the h at the beginning of words where it,ought to be sounded, and of sounding it, either where it is not seen, or where it ought to be sunk. This we not unfrequently hear, especially among children, heart pronounced art, and arm, harm. This is a vice perfectly similar to that of pronouncing the v for the w, and the w for the v, and requires a similar method to correct it. As there are so very few words in the language where the initial h is sunk, we may select these from the rest, and, without setting the pupil right when he mispronounces these, or when he pre- fixes h improperly to other words, we may make him pronounce all the words where h is sounded, till he has almost forgot there are any words promounced otherwise : then he raay go over those words to which he improperly prefixes the h, and “hose where the h is seem, but not sounded, with: out any danger of an interchange. As these latter words are but few, I shall subjoin a catalogue of them for the use of the learner: heir, heiress; herb, herbage, honest, hºnesty, honestly, honour, honour- cble, honourably, hospital, hostler, hour, hourly, humble, humbly, humbles, humour, humorist, humorºs, humorously, humorsome : where we may observe, that humour and its compounds not º sink the h, but sound the w like the pronoun you, or the moun yew as if written ſewmour, yelomorous, &c. Thus I have endeavoured to correct some of the more glaring errors of my countrymen, who, with all their faults, are still upon the whole the best pronouncers of the English language: for though the pronunciation of London is certainly erroneous in many words, yet, upon being com- pared with that of any other place, it is undoubtedly the best; that is, not only the best by courte- sy, and because it happens to be the pronunciation of the capital, but the best by a better title: that of being more generally received : or, in other words, though the people of London are er- romeous in the pronunciation of many words, the inhabitants of everyº other place are erroneous in many more. Nay, harsh as the sentence may seem, those at a considerable distance from the capital do not only mispronounce many words taken separately, but they scarcely proxiounce with gº a single word, syllable, or letter. Thus, if the short sound of the letter it in trunk, sunk, &c. differ from the sound of that letter in the northern parts of England, where they sound it like the w in bull, and nearly as if the words were written troomſ, soonk, &c. it necessarily follows, that every word where the second sound of that letter occurs, must by those provincials be mispronounced. But though the inhabitants of Londom have this manifest advantage over all the other, inhabi- tants of the island, they have the disadvantage of being more disgraced by their peculiarities than any other people. The grand difference between the métropolis and the provinces is, that people of education in London are generally free from the vices of the vulgar; but the best educated people in the provinces, if constantly resident there, are sure to be strongly tinctured with the dialect of the country in which they live. Hence it is, that the vulgar pronunciation of London, though not half so erroneous as that of Scotland, Ireland, or any of the provinces, is, to a person of correct taste, a thousand times more offensive and disgusting. - f & Cº * DIRECTIONS to FOREIGNERS, In order to attain a Knowledge of the JMarks in this Dictionary, and to acquire a right Pronunciation of every Word in the English Lºnguage. As the sounds of the vowels are differentin different languages, it would be endless to bring pa- rallel sounds from the various languages of Europe; but, as the French is so generally understood upon the Continent, if we can reduce the sounds of the English letters to those of the French, we shall render the pronunciation of our language very generally attainable ; and this, it is presumed, will be pretty accurately accomplished by observing the following directions : A B C D E F G H H J K I, M N O P Q R S T U W W X Y Z ei bi ci di i ef dgi etch ai.djé qué ell em en o pi kiou arr ess ti iou vi dobliou ex ouai zedd The French have all our vowel sounds, and will therefore find the pronunciation of them very easy. The only difficulty they will meet with seems to be i, which, though demonstrably coºposed of two successive sounds, has passed for a simple vowel with a very competent judge of English pronuncia- tion.” The reason is, these two sounds are pronounced so closely together as to require some attent- tion to discover their component parts: this attention Mr. Sheridańf never gave, or he would not have told us that this diphthong is a compound of our fullest and slenderest sounds à and é ; the first made by the largest, and the last by the smallest aperture of the mouth. Now nothing is more cer tain than the inaccuracy of this definition. The third spand of 3, which is perfectly equivalent to the third sound of 0, when combined with the first sound of e, must inevitably form the diphthong in Hoà, joy, &c. and not the diphthongal sound of the vowel i in idle, and the personal pronoun I; this double sound will, upon a close examination, be found to be composed of the Italian aim the last syllable of papa, and the first sound of e, pronounced as closely together as possible; and for the exactness of this definition, I appeal to every just English ear in the kingdom. A. * Nares' Elements of Qrtkºepy, page 2. -- - See Section III. of his Prosodial Grammar prefixed to his Dictionary. tfolder, the most philosophical and accurate investigator of the formation and powers of the letters, says: “Our vul- gari, as in stile, seems to be such a diphthong (or rather syllable, or part of a syllable) composed of a, i, or s, i, and not a simple original vowel”, Elements of Speech, page 95. Dr. Wallis, speaking of the long English i, says it is sounded “eodem feré modo quo Gallorum ai in vocibus main, manus ; pain, panis, &c. Nempe Sonum habet compositum ex Gallorum é foeminino et i vel y” Grammatica Liugua Anglicanæ, page 48. * - T 12 f tº The other diphthongal vowel u is composed of the Fren: h i. pronounced as closely as possible to their diphthong ou, or the English ēē and 6, perfectly equivalent to the sound the French would give to the letters you, and which is exactly the sound the English give to the plural of the second personal pronoun. The diphthong oi or oy is composed of the French 6 and i ; thus toy and boy would be exactly ex- pressed to a Frenchman by writing them tăi, bái. The diphthongs on and one, when scended like ont, are composed of the French é and the diphthong ou ; and the English sounds of thou and now may be expressed to a Frenchman by spelling them théon, and māow. I?’ is no more than the French diphthong ou; thus West is equivalent to Ouest, and wall to ouáll. Y is perfectly equivalent to the French letter of that name, and may be supplied by i ; thus yoke, njou, &c. is expressed by ioke, iou, &c. gº J, or I consenant, must be pronounced by prefixing d to the French j : thus jay, joy, &c, sound to a Frenchman as if spelled dié, djái, &c. If any difficulty be found in forming this combination of sounds, it will be removed by pronouncing the d, ed, and spelling these words edjé, edjāj, &c. Ch, in English words mot derived from the Greek, Latin, or French, is pronounced as if t were prefixed ; thus the sound of chair, cheese, chain, &c. would be understood by a Frenchman as if the w olds were written tehére, tchize, tehéme. Sh in English is expressed by ch in French; thus shame, share, &c. would be spelled by a French- man theme, , hēre, &c. The ringing so nd ng in long, song, &c. may be perfectly conceived by a pupil who can pro- nounce the French word Encore, as the first syllable of this word is exactly correspondent to the jº. in those English words; and for the formation of it, see Principles, No. 57; also the word , N ( (.) R.F. & But the greatest difficulty every foreigner finds in pronouncing English, is the lisping consonant th. This, it may be observed, has, like the other consonants, a sharp and flat sound; sharp as in thin, hath ; flat as in thirt, with. To acquire the true pronunciation of this difficult combination, it may be proper to begin with those words where it is initial : and first, let the pupil profrude his tongue a lit.le wav beyond the teeth, and press it between them as if going to bite the tip of it; while this is doing, if he wishes to pronounce #im, let him hiss as if to sound the letter s : and after the hiss, let him draw back his tongue within his teeth, and pronounce the º in, and thus will the word thin be perfectly pronounced. If he would pronounce that, let him place the tongue between the teeth as before; and while he is hissing as if to sound the letter 2, let him withdraw his tongue into isis month, and immediately pronounce the preposition at. To pronounce this combination when sidal in haſh, let him pronounce ha, and protrude the tongue beyond the teeth, pressing the tongue with them, and his sing as if to sound s : if he would pronounce with, let him first form wi, put the tongue in the same position as before, and hiss as if to sound z. It will be proper to make the pupil dw rºll some time w id: the tongue beyond the teeth in order to form a habit, and to pronounce daily some words out of a Dictionary beginning and ending with these letters. These directions, it is presumed, if properly attended to, will be sufficient to give such foreigners as tunderstand French, and have not access to a master, a competent knowledge of English pronun- £iation ; but to render the sounds of the vowels marked by figures in this Dictionary still more easi- ly to be comprehended, with those English words which exemplify the sounds of the vowels, I have associated such French words as have vowels exactly corresponding to them, and which immediate. ly convey the true English pronunciation. These should be committed to memory, or written down and held in his hand while the pupil is inspecting the Dictionary. Perhaps the greatest advantage to foreigners and provincials will be derived from the classifica- tit ºn of words of a similar sound, and drawing the line between the general rule and the exception. This has been an arduous task; but it is hoped the benefit arising from it will amply repay it, When the numerous varieties of sounds annexed to vowels, diphthongs, and consonants, lie scattered without bounds, a learner is bewildered and discouraged from attempting to distinguish them ; but when they are all classed, arranged, and snumerated, the variety seems less, the number smaller, and the distinction easier. What an inextricable labyrinth do the diphthongsea and ou form as they lie loose in the language! but classed and arranged as we find them, No. 226, &c. and 313, &c. the 4 onfusion vanishes, they become much less formidable, and a learner has it in his power, by repeat. ing them daily, to become master of them all in a very little time. The English accent is often an insurmountable obstacle to foreigners, as the rules for it are so vanious, and the exceptions so numerous; but let the inspector consult the article Accent in the !', incipli s, particularly No. 492, 505, 506, &c. and he will soon perceive how much of our language is regularly accented, and how much that which is irregular is facilitated by an enumeration of the greater humber of exceptions. & But scarcely any method will be so useful for gaining the English accent as the reading of verse This will naturally lead the ear to the right accentuation; and though a different position of the ac- cent is frequently to be met with in the beginning of a verse, there is a sufficient regularity to render the promouncil-g of verse a powerful means of obtaining such a distinction of force and feebleness as is commonly called the accent: for it may be observed, that a foreigner is no less distinguisha- lie by placing an accent upon certain words to which the English give no stress, than by placing the siress upon a wrong syllable. Thus is a foreigner, when he calls for bread at table, by saying, give gue some bread, lays an equal stress upon every word, though every word should be pronounced with its exact sound, we immediately perceive he is not a native. An Englishman would pronounce these 1 our words like two, with the accent on the first syllable of the first, and on the last syllable of the last, as if written gºveme somebréd ; or rather, givine sumbréd; or more commonly, though vulgarly, gamine somein’éd. Verse may sometimes induce a foreigner, as it does sometimes injudicious natives, to lay the accent on a syllable in long words which ought to have mome, as in a couplet of Pope'a Essay on Criticism : * False eloquence, like the prismatic glass, “Its gaudy colours spreads on every place.” Here a foreigner would be apt to place an accent on the last syllable of eloquence as well as the first, which would be certainly wrong; but this fault is so trifling, when compared with that of laying the accent on the second syllable, that it almost vanishes from observation; and this misaccentua- 1jon, verse will generally guard him from. The reading of verse, therefore will, if I am not mista- kra, be found a powerful regulator, both of accent andſ cmphasis, ( 13 ) con TENT's * OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION. + & gº ALPHABET tº * gº º tºº º º tº tº tºº º No. Definition of vowels and consonants tº use º ſº tº sº º 5 Analogical table of the vowels - tº e dº tº tº sº gº & & tº *º - 16 Diphthongs and triphthongs enumerated tº gº tº tº ſº. tº gº wº ſº * 17 Consonants distinguished into classes tº gº tº gº tº ſº º gº tº º - 18 Analogical table of the consonants { } { … tº ſº tº gº fº tº i_º tº 29. Organick formation of the letters - - - - - - - - - - 31 Of the quantity and quality of the vowels , , - - - - - - tº sº tº 62 Of the influence of accent on the sounds of the letters - - tº dº tº - - - 69 The letter A and its different sounds - - - - - - - - - - - 72 The letter E and its different sounds º tº wº iſ tº gº {- º º gº - 93 . The letter I and its different sounds tº tº a ºn tº º º tº wº gº tº 105 The letter O and its different sounds - º ºg & s ºn tº sº tº - - - 161 The letter U and its different sounds - - - - - - - - - - - 171 The vowel Y and its different sounds tº gº gº gº gº tº wº w tº; - 180 The vowel W and its diſferent sounds - tº gº Gº se * º tº wº gº 189 Of the diphthongs called semi-consonants - - - - - - - - - - 196 Of the diphthongs AE, AI, AO, and all the rest in their alphabetical order - wº gº tº 199 Of the sounds of the consonants tº ſº ſº sº gº tº º gº tº - - 347 JB, when mute * * º tº- ge tº 3 as tº sº. * * gº tºy { * * - ibid. C, its different sounds wº - " - tº - - tº- * gº gº º - - - 348 L, its different sounds - º sº tºº & º & * sº * * tº tº tº gº se 358 Improperly changed into T. Dr Lowth's opinion of this change in certain verbs, consider- ed and corrected tº tº º is tº ºl - - - - - - 369 F, its different sounds - - tº ſº tº - - - - - - - 377 G, its different sounds tºs ſº tº tº º de gº gº tº iº tº - 379 G always mute before JW in the same syllable at the end of a word, exemplified in the words impugn, oppugn, propugn, expugn, impregn, &c. with the authorities of the most respectable orthóepists is sº me º sº me º 'º tº sº - - - - 385 H, when sounded, and when mute - tº gº tº tº º tº iſ . & Tº & • 394 J, its uniform sound wº gº º tº gº * > sº gº sº º & gº * tº 398 K, when sounded, and when mute - º gº ſº ; : * * tº ſº ſº sº ſº - 399 L, when sounded, and when mute {º} tºº º tº tº gº tº - - - - 401 JM, when sounded, and when mute - fº gº tº ºn tº * tºº tº º - 407 JW, when it has its maso-guttural sound - - - - - - - - • * = 408 When it has its ringing sound in the participial termination ing - - - • - - 410 P, when sounded, and when mute - - - - - - - - - - - 412 PH, its uniform sound tº - - - - - - - - - - - - - 412 Q, its different sounds, when combined with u - - - - - - - - 414 R, when its sound is transposed - - - - - - - - - - - - 416 When it is to be pronounced rough, and when smooth * * tº º & gº † wº 419 S, its different sounds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ibid When it is to be pronounced like z - tº tº e ſº º º * * * * * tº tº 432 When it is to be pronounced like sh and zh - - tº tº tº ºr - - 430 Mr. Sheridan's errour in this point detected - - - - dº - • 454 T, its diſferent sounds «º ge º tº º tº tº * * * we we • 459 How -t slides into sh in the numerous termination tion - - - - - - - ibid. Why it slides into this sound before u, preceded by the accent - - - - - - - 461 Mr. Sheridan's errour in this point detected - • - - - - - - - - 462 TH, its different sounds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 465 When the h is silent in this combination - tº gº º & - - - - - 471 T, when silent wº tº gº tºº tº ſº sº &= º tºº 4 º' º sº sº - 47% V, its uniform sound - - tº ºs º ºs º º sº gº tº • 473 W, when silent, and when sounded - - tº gº tº gº tº º • - 474, 475 X, is exactly similar to ks, and iiable to the same alterations of sours! - - - 479 Mr. Sheridan's errour in this point detected - - - - - - - - - 480 V, as a consonant, and its different sounds - - - - - - * * - 482 Z, improperly resolved by Dr. Johnson into shard Its true name Izzard sº gº tº tº tº º sº ** * * º • 483 Its different sounds - tº tº gº º tº tº º º º ºs • - 48% Of the Nature of Accent. The only true definition of accent - - - - - - - - - - - - 48. The different position of the English accent * gº tº º gº º tº • * 489 Accent on dissyllables " ..." † = tº º • * s = tºº º tº tº ge - 491 Dissyllable mouns and verbs differently accented - - - - - - - - 49% Accent on trisyllables : ..T. " ge ºn tº º º * tº º ºr • - 501 Partial dependence of the English accent on that of the Greek and Latin - - - - 533 Accent on polysyllables - gº • . - * - sº sº - - - - - - 504 ūnclitical accent exemplified in the termination logy, graphy, &c. * ~ * - - - 513, 518 * #. ~. # * * conteNTs. "The tendency of compounds to contract the sound of the simple - - - - - No. 515 Secondary accent m. ºn as as sº º sº º ſº e ºr ... • flºº The shortening power of this accent - - - - - - - - - - - 527 # - On Quantity. f . . . .The shortening power of the secondary accent exemplified in the uncertainty and inconsis. tency of Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Kenrick in their division of words into syllables - - - 530 On Syllabication. Syllabicătion different according to the different ends to be attained by it - * > Syllabication exhibiting the sound of a word, depending, in some measure, on the nature of the letters prior to actual pronunciation - as ºr me ºn * = <- º º The almost total independence of the English quantity on that of the Greek and Latin, exem- º by an enumeration of most of the dissyllables in our language derived from the Latin and Greek - gº * gº - tº - tº gº - sº º º gº º tº The only possible case in which we can argue from the Latin quantity to the English - - ibid. Bissyllables from the Saxon and French languages enumerated -, -, - . . . - - - ibid. Causes of the prevalence of shortening the first syllable of dissyllables from these languages - ibid. Of the quantity of unaccented syllables ending with a vowe - - - - - - 547 Uncertainty and inconsistency of Dr. Kenrick in his notation of the quantity of these vowels ibid. Uncertainty and inconsistency of Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Kenrick in marking the quantity of these vowels - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 551 Exception to the general rule of pronouncing these syllables when e is folbwed by r - º 553 Uncertainty of our best orthóepists in their syllabication of such words, exemplified by a list from Sheridan, Kenrick, Scott, and Perry - - - - - - - - - - - 554 Peculiar delicacy of the sound of these syllables - - - - - -, - º Tendency of obefore r to go into the same obscurity as e, exemplified in the diversity and , inconsistency of our best orthūepists in marking these syllables cº º ºg Table of the simple and diphthor:gal vowels, referred to as a key to the figures over the let- ters in the Dictionary tº wº - - º 559 * f 15 I PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION. 1. THE First Principles or Elements of Pronunciation are Letters The Letters of the English Language are. Roman. Italick. Name. A a .# a º B. b B. b bee C c C c See D d D & dee #; #; f C G ; G g jee H H in airch I i I : i or eye k . k', j consonant, or gay ſtay Ç Ll Ll el M m .JM ºn CIA N in JW ri Cº. ? Q g O © p p pee Q Čº # § dº?" S; K; £S$ T t % tee U u U u u or you V v JW u 0 Consonant, ºr was W w W to double w X x X at eks Yy Yy wy Z z Z z zed, or izzard. (483) 2. To these may be added certain combinations of letters sometimes used in printing; as ct, st, fl, sb, sh, sk, f, ss, si, ssi, fi, ffi, fl, and &c. or and per se and, or rather et perse and ; cº, sty.f., fis sl, sh, sh, 8%, f, ss, sº, ssi, f, fi, Š". Our letters, says Dr. Johnson, are commonly reckoned twenty-four, because anciently i and j, as well as u and v, were expressed by the same character ; but as these letters, which had always . powers, have now different forms, our alphabet may be properly said to consist of twenty- six letters. 4. In considering the sounds of these first principles of language, we find that some are so simple and unmixed, that there is nothing required but the opening of the mouth to make them under: stood, and to form different sounds. Whence they have the names of vowels, or voices or vocal sounds. On the contrary, we find that there are others, whose pronunciation depends on the par- ticular application and use of every part 3f the mouth, as the teeth, the lips, the tongue, the pa- late, &c. which yet cannot make any one perfect sound but by their union with those vocal sounds; and these are called consonants, or letters sounding with other letters. Definition of Vowels and Consonants. *… 5. Vowels are generally reckoned to be five in number; . a, e, i, o, w; y and w are called vowels when they end a syllable or word, and consonants when they begin one. 6. The definition of a vowel, as little liable to exception as any, seems to be the following: A vowel is a simple sound formed by a continued effusion of the breath, and a certain conformation of the mouth, without any alteration in the position, or any motion of the organs of speech, from the moment the vocal sound commences till it ends, 7. A consonant may be defined to be an interruption of the effusion of vocal sound, arisiag from the application of the organs of speech to each ot,er. 8. Agreeably to this definition, vowels may be divided into two kinds, the simple and compound. The simple a, e, o, are those which are formed by one conformation of the organs only; that is, the organs remain exactly in the same position at the end as at the beginning of the letter; where- as in the compound vowels i and u, the organs alter their position before the letter is completely sounded; may, these letters, when commencing a syllable, do not only require a different position of the organs in order to form them perfectly, but demand such an application of the tongue to the roof of the mouth, as is inconsistent with the nature of a pure vowel; for the first of these letters, i, when sounded alone, or ending a syllable with the accent upon it, is a real diphthong, composed of the sounds of a in father, and of e in the, exactly correspondent to the sound of the noun eye; and when this letter commences a syllable, as in min-ion, pin-ion, &c. the sound of e with which it terminates is squeezed into a consonant sound, like the double e heard in queen, different from the simple sound of that letter in queen, and this squeezed sound in the commencing i makes i “k. s 16 CLASSIFICATION OF THE vowels AND consonAMTs it exactly similar to y in the same situation; which, by all grammarians, is acknowledged to be a consonant.” The latter of these compound vowels, u, when initial, and not shortened by a con sonant, commences with this squeezed sound of e_equivalent to the y, and ends with a sound given to og in woo and ca", which makes its name in the alphabet exactly similar to the pronoun you...? If, therefore, the cºmmon definition of a vowel be just, these two letters are so far frcm being simple vowels, that they may more properly be called semi-consonant diphthongs. 9. That y and w are consonants when they begin a word, and vowels when they end one, is generally acknowledged by the best grammarians; and yet Dr. Lowth has told us, i. w is equi- valent to oo, but if this were the case, it would always admit of the particle an before it: for though we have no word in the language which commences with these letters, we plainly perceive, that if we had such a word, it would readily admit of an before it, and consequently that these let ters are not equivalent to so. Thus we find, that the common opinion, with respect to the dºuble capacity of these letters, is perfectly just. 0. Besides the vowels already mentioned, there is another simple vowel sound found under the oo in the words woo and coo; these letters have, in these two words, every property of a pure vowel, but when found in food, mood, &c. and in the wold too, pronounced like the adjective two : here the oo has a squeezed sound, occasioned by contracting the mouth, so as to make the lips nearly touch each other; and this makes it, like the i and u, not so much a double vowel, as a sound between a vowel and a consonant. Classification of Vowels and Consonants. 11. Vowels and consonants being thus defined, it will be necessary, in the next place, to arrange them into such classes as their similitudes and specific differences seem to require. 12. Letters, therefore, are naturally divisible into vowels and consonants. 13. The vowels are, a, e, i, o, u, .9 and w when ending a syllable. à º: consonants are, b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, a , z, and y and w when beginning & SWłłąbie. #. The vowels may be subdivided into such as are simple and pure, and into such as are com- pound and impure. The simple or pure vowels are such as require only one conformation of the organs to form them, and no motion in the organs while forming. º 16. The compound or impure vowels are such as require more than one conformation of the or- gans to form them, and a motion in the organs while forming. These observations premised, we may call the following scheme Jºn Analogical Table of the Vowels. a N pa-per 6. ) fa-ther & Wa-ter’ ( . e ( me-tre simple or pure vowels. a \ no-ble (10 º' COO i Y ti-tle ty ( cy-der º ; X i. X compound or impure vowels. 1) pow-er e Diphthongs and Triphthongs enumerated. 17. Two vowels forming but one syllable are generally called a diphthong, and three a triphthongs these are the following ae Caesar ei ceiling 60. Coat wi languid ai aim eo people oe occonomy wy buy ao gaol eu feud of voice aye (for ever) au taugh ew jewel O6 fºlòOñ. eau beauty aw law ey they out found eou plenteous ay say in poniard ſº now? ieu adieu ed: clean ie friend oy boy ãew view ee reed io passion we mansuetude 062 mall OCUIWre. *How so accurate a grammarian as Dr. Lowth could pronounce so definitely on the nature of y and insist on its be- ing always a vowel, can only be accounted for by considering the small attention which is generally paid to this part of grammar. His words are these: - “The same sound which we express by the initial y, our Saxon ancestors in many instances expressed by the vowel s; as eawer, your; and by the vowel is as ia, yew ; iong, #. In the word yew the initial y has precisely the same bound with i in the words view, lieu, adieu ; the i is acknowledged to be a vowel in these latter; how then can the y which has the very same sound, possibly be a consonant in the former ? Its initial sound is generally like that § i in shire, or se nearly ; it is formed by the opening of the mouth without any motion or contact of the parts: in a word, it has every property of a vowel, and not one of a consonant.” Introd. to Eng. Gram. page 3. Thus far the learned bishop; who has too fixed a fame to suffer any diminution by a mistake in so trifling a part of literature as this: but it may be asked, if y has every property of a vowel and not one of a consonant, why, when it begins a word, does it not admit of the euphonic article an before it? f An ignorance of the real composition of wº, and a want of knowing that it partook of the nature of a consonant, has occasioned a great diversity and uncertainty in ‘prefixing the indefinite article an before it. Our ancestors, judg- ing of its nature from its name, never suspected that it was not a pure vowel, and constantly prefixed the article an be- fore nouns beginning with this letter: as an union, an useful book...They were confirmed in this opinion by finding the an always adapted tº the short u, as an umpire, an umbrella, without ever dreaming that the short w is a pure vowel, and essentially different from the long one. But the moderns, not resting in the name of a letter, and con. sulting their ears rather than their º have frequently placed the a instead of or before the lºng u, and we have seen a union, a university, a useful book, from some of the most respectable pens of the present age. Nor can we doubt a moment of the propriety of this orthography, when we reflect that these words actually begin to the ear with y, and might be spelled younion, youniversity, jouseful, and can therefore no more admit of an before them than year and youth. See Remarks on the word An in this Dictionary. ORGANIC FORMATION OF THE WOWELS. . MP .* * Consonants enumerated and distinguished into Classes. 18. The consonants are divisible into mutes, semi-vowels, and liquids. 19. The mutes are such as emit no sound without a vowel, as b, p, t, d, k, and c and g hard. ; The semi-vowels are such as emit a sound without the concurrence of a vowel, as f, v, s, s, s, g soft or j. 21. The liquids are such as flow into, or unite easily with the mutes, as l, m, n, r. . 22. But, besides these, there is another classification of the consonants, of great importance to a just ſes of the nature of the letters, and that is, into such as are sharp or flat, and simple or aspi- Tated. 23. The sharp consonants are, p, f, t, s, k, c hard. 24. The flat consonants are, b, v, d, z, g hard. 25. The simple consonants are those which have always the sound of one letter unmixed with others, as, b, p, f, u, k, g hard, and g soft, or j. 26. The mixed or aspirated consonants are those which have sometimes a hiss or aspiration joined with them, which mingles with the letter, and alters its sound, as tin motion, d in soldier, s in mission, and z in azure. 27. There is another distinction of consonants arising either from the seat of their formation, or from those organs which are chiefly employed in forming them. The best distinction of this kind *1. º § wº, º: * .... dentals, gutturals, and nasals. . The labials are, b, p, f, v. e dentals are, t, d, s, z, and soft g or j. The gutturals are k c hard, and g hard. #Hasals are, m, n, and ne. 2 w; 9 y <2 g or 7 gu € /č, ſº 29. These several properties of the consonants may be exhibited at one view in the following table which may be called •An Analogical Table of the Consonants. º Sharp, p, pom Mute labials §. #,# p labio- e e º arp, f, if nasal Hissing labials Flat, v, of r: liquid m Q9 Sharp, t ( tat 3 ) etch •º Mute dentals Flat, d dad # edge or j . Sh § { }•º passion 3 ..." º wº $ºt KHissing dentals & Fº: S : 5 § 2 exhe vision #;" tº ſº Sharp, eth, death 63 Lisping dentals §. the, sºn. al arp, k, kick guttur Gutturals Fiatºhari gag ; liquid r Dento-guttural or nasal ng, hang. 30. Vowels and consonants being thus defined and arranged, we are the better enabled to enter upon an inquiry into their different powers, as they are differently combined with each other. But previous to this, that nothing may be wanting to form a just idea of the first principles of pronuncia- tion, it may not be improper to show the organic formation of each letter. Organic Formation of the Letters. 31. Though I think every mechanical account of the organic formation of the letters rather curi- ous than useful, yet, that nothing which can be presented to the eye may be wanting to inform the ear, I shall in this follow those who have been at the pains to trace every letter to its seat, and mako us, as it were, touch the sounds we articulate. Organic Formation of the Vowels. 32. It will be necessary to observe, that there are three long sounds of the letter a, which are formed by a greater or less expansion of the internal E. of the mouth. 33. The German a, heard in ball, * &c. is formed by a strong and grave expression of the breath through the mouth, which is open nearly in a circular form, while the tongue, contracting itself to the root, as to make way for the sound, almost rests upon the under jaw. 34. The Italian a, heard in father, closes the mouth a little more than the German a 3 and by rais- ing the lower jaw, widening the tongue, and advancing it a little nearer to the lips, renders its sound less hollow and deep. 35. The slender a, or that heard in lane, is formed in the mouth still higher than the last ; and in pronouncing it, the lips, as if to give it a slender sound, dilate their aperture horizontally ; while the tongue, to assist this narrow emission of breath, widens itself to the cheeks, raises itself nearer the palate, and by these means a less hollow sound than either of the former is produced. 36. The e in e-qual is formed by dilating the tongue a little more, and advancing it nearer to the palate and the lips, which produces the slenderest vowel in the language; for the tongue is, in the formation of this letter, as close to the palate as possible, without touching it; as the moment the tongue touches the palate, the squeezed sound of ee in thee and meet is formed, which, by its descrip- tion, must partake of the sound of the consonant y. 37. The i in i-dol is formed by uniting the sound of the Italian a in father and the e in e-qual, and pronouncing them as closely together as possible. See Directions to foreigners at the beginning of this book, page 11. 38. Theo in o-pen is formed by nearly the same position of the organs as the a in wa-ter; but the tongue is advanced a little more into the middle of the mouth, the lips are protruded, and form a round aperture like the form of the letter, and the voice is not so deep in the mouth as when a is formed, but advances to the middle or hollow of the mouth. 59. The u in w-nit is formed by uniting the squeezed sound ee to a simple vowel sound, heard in woe and coo; the oo in these words ºf gned by protruding the lips a little more than in or fortning a t 3. * d 18 ORGANIC FORMATION OF THE CONSONANTS, tº smaller aperture with them, and, instead of swelling the voice in the middle of the mouth, bringing it as forward as possible to the lips. 40. Y final in try is formed like i : and w final in now, like the oo, which has just been described. In this view of the organic formation of the vowels we find that a, e, and o, are the only simple or pure vowels: that i is a diphthong, and that w is a semi-consonant. If we were inclined to contrite a scale for measuring the breadth or narrowness, or, as others term it, the openness or closeness of the vowels, we might begin with e open, as Mr. Elphinston calls it, and which he announces to be the closest of all the vocal powers. In the pronunciation of this letter, we find the aperture of the mouth extended on each side; the lips almost closed, and the sound issuing horizontally. The slender a in waste opens the mouth a little wider. The aim father opens the mouth still more without contracting the corners. The German a heard in wall, not only opens the mouth wider than the former a, but contracts the corners of the mouth so as to make the aperture approach nearer to a circle, while the o opens the mouth still more, and contracts the corners so as to make it the os rotun- dum, a picture of the letter it sounds. If, therefore, the other vowels were, like o, to take their forms from the aperture of the mouth in pronouncing them, the German a ought necessarily to have a figure as nearly approaching the o inform as it does in sound; that is, it ought to have that elliptical form which approaches nearest to the circle; as the a of the Italians, and that of the English in fa- ther; ought to form ovals, in exact proportion to the breadth of their sounds; the English a in waste ought to have a narrower oval; the e in the ought to have the curve of a parabola, and the squeezed sound of ee in seen a right line ; or to reduce these limes to solids, the o would be a perfect i. the German a an oblate spheroid like the figure of the earth, the Italian a like an egg, the English slender a a Dutch skittle, the e a rolling-pin, and the double e a cylinder. Organic Formation of the Consonants. 41. The best method of showing the organic formation of the consonants will be to class them hºto such pairs as they naturally fall into, and then, by describing one, we shall nearly describe its fellow; by which means the labour will be lessened, and the nature of the consonants better perceived. The * onsonants that full into pairs are the following: *A*. p f t S sh th k ch chair D 7) d 2. zh dh. 3. j jail. 42. Holder, who wrote the most elaborately and philosophically upon this subject, tells us, in his Elements of Speech, that when we only whisper we cannot distinguish the first rank of these letters from the second. It is certain the difference between them is very nice; the upper letters seeming to have only a smarter, brisker appulse of the organs than the lower; which may not i.p. be distinguished by sharp and flat. The most marking distinction between them will be found to be a sort of guttural murmur, which precedes the latter letters when we wish to pronounce them forci- bly, but not the former. Thus if we close the lips, and put the fingers on them to keep them shut, and strive to pronounce the p, no sound at all will be heard : but in striving to pronounce the b we shall find a º sound from the throat, which seems the commencement of the letter; and if we do but stop the breath by the appulse of the organs, in order to pronounce with greater force, the same may be observed of the rest of the letters. g 43. This difference in the formation of these consonants may be more distinctly perceived in the s and z than in any other of the letters; the former is sounded by the simple issue of the breath be- tween the teeth, without any vibration of it in the throat, and may be called a hissing sound; while the latter cannot be formed without generating a sound in the throat, which may be called a vocal . The upper rank of letters, therefore, may be called breathing consonants; and the lower, WOCBI. OneS. 44. These observations premised, we may proceed to describe the organic formation of each letter. 45. P and B are formed by closing the lips till the breath is collected, and then letting it issue by *g the vowel e. 46. F and V are formed by pressing the upper teeth upon the under lip, and sounding the vowele before the former and after the latter of these letters. 47. T and D are formed by pressing the tip of the tongue to the gums of the upper teeth, and then separating them, by pronouncing the vowel e. 48. S and Z are formed by placing the tongue in the same position as in T and D, but not so close to the gums, as to stop the breath: a space is left between the tongue and the palate for the breath to issue, which forms the hissing and buzzing sound of these letters. 49. SH heard in mission, and zh in evasion, are formed in the e seat of sound as s and z; but in the former, the tongue is drawn a little inwards, and at a ewhat greater distance from the palate, which occasions a fuller effusion of breath from the hollow of the mouth, than in the latter, which are formed nearer toethe teeth. 50. TH in think, and the same letters in that, are formed by protruding the tongue between the fore teeth, pressing it against the upper teeth, and at the same time endeavouring to sound the s or z ; the former letter to sound th in think, and the latter to sound thin that. 51. K and G hard are formed by pressing the middle of the tongue to the roof of the mouth near the throat, and separating them a little smartly to form the first, and more gently to form the last of these letters. 52. CH in chair, and J in jail, are formed by pressing t to sh, and d to zh. 53. Misformed by closing the lips, as in P and B, and letting the voice issue by the nose. 54. JW is formed by resting the tongue in the same position as in T or D, and breathing through the nose, with the mouth open. gº 55. L is formed by nearly the same position of the organs as t and d, but more with the tip of the tongue, which is brought a little forwarder to the teeth, while the breath issues from the mouth. . R is formed by placing the tongue nearly in the position of t, but at such a distance from the palate as suffers it to jar against it, when the breath is propelled from the throat to the mouth. 57. WG in ring, sing, &c. is formed in the same seat of sound as hard g; but while, the middle of theºngue presses the roof of the mouth, as in G, the voice passes principally through the nose, as 1I] J.W. 58. Y consonant is formed by placing the organs in the position of e, and squeezing the tongue against the roof of the mouth, which produces ee, which is equivalent to initial y. (36 & & 59. W’ consonant is f - * * organs in * ~ *osition of on. described under u, and OF THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF THE WOWELS. |S closing the lips a little more, in order to propel the breath upon the succeeding vowel which it ar. ticulates. 60. In this sketch of the formation and distribution of the consonants, it is curious to observe on how few radical principles, the almost infinite variety of combination in language depends. It is with some degree of wonder we perceive that the slightest aspiration, the almost insensible inflee- tion of nearly similar sounds, often É. the most different and opposite meanings. In this view of nature, as in every other, we find uniformity and variety very conspicuous. The single fiat, at first impressed on the chaos, seems to operate on languages; which, from the simplic”y and pau- city of their principles, and the extent and power of their combinations, prove the goodness, wis- dom, and omnipotence of their origin. 61. This analogical association of sounds is not only curious, but useful : it gives us a comprehensive view of the powers of the letters ; and, from the small number that are radically different, enables us to see the rules on which their varieties depend: it discovers to us the genius a.ad propensities of se- veral languages and dialects, and, when authority is silent, enables us to decide agreeably to analogy. 62. The vowels, diphthongs, and consonants, thus enumerated and defined, before we proceed to ascertain their different powers, as they are differently associated with each other, it may be meces- sary to give some account of those distinctions of sound in the same vowels which express their quantity as long or short, or their quality as open or close, or slender and broad. This will appear the more necessary, as these distinctions so frequently occur in describing the sounds of the vowels, ud as they are not unfrequently used with too little precision by most writers on the subject. Of the Quantity and Quality of the Vowels. 63. The first distinction of sound that seems to obtrude itself upon us when we utter the vowels, is a long and a short sound according to the greater or less duration of time taken up in pronounc- ing them. This distinction is so obvious as to have been adopted in all languages, and is that to which we annex clearer ideas than to any other; and though the short sounds of some vowels have not in our language been classed with sufficient accuracy with their parent long ones, yet this has bred but little confusion, as vowels long and short are always sufficiently distinguishable; and the nice appropriation of short sounds to their specific long ones is not necessary to our conveying what sound we mean, when the letter to which we apply these sounds is known, and its power agreed lºſ)01. º The next distinction of vowels into their specific sounds, which seems to be the most general- ly adopted, is that which arises from the different apertures of the mouth in forming them. It is certainly very matural, when we have so many more simple sounds than we have characters by which to express them, to distinguish them by that which seems their organic definition; and we accordingly find vowels denominated by the French, ouvert and fermé ; by the Italians, aperto and chiuso ; and by the English open and shut. 65. But whatever propriety there may be in the use of these terms in other languages, it is certain they must be used with caution in English for fear of confounding them with long and short. Dr. Johnson and other grammarians call the a in father the open a which may, indeed, distinguish it from the slender a in paper; but not from the broad a in water, which is still more open. Each of these letters has a short sound, which may be called a shut sound ; but the long sounds cannot be so properly denominated open as more or less broad; that is, the a in paper, the slender sound; the a in father, the broadish or middle sound; and the aim water, the broad sound. The same may be observed of the o, . This letter has three long sounds, heard in move, note, nor; which graduate from slender to broadish, and broad like the a. The i also in mine may be called the broad i, and that in machine the slender i ; though each of them is equally long; and though these vowels that are long may be said to be more or less open according to the different apertures of the mouth in form- ing them, yet the short vowels cannot be said to be more or less shut ; for as short always implies shut (except in verse,) though long does not always imply open, we must be careful not to confound long and open, and close and shut, when we speak of the quantity and quality of the vowels. The truth of it is, all vowels either terminate a syllable, or are united with a consonant. In the first case, if the accent be on the syllable, the vowel is long, though it may not be open, in the second case, where a syllable is terminated by a consonant, except that consonant be r, whether the accent be on the syllable or mot, the vowel has its short sound, which, compared with its long one, may be called shut ; but as no vowel can be said to be shut that is not joined to a consonant, all vowels that end syllables may be said to be open, whether the accent be on them or mot. (550) (551.) 66. But though the terms long and short, as applied to vowels, are pretty generally understood, an accurate ear will easily perceive that these terms do not always mean the long and short sounds of the respective vowels to which they are applied; for if we choose to be directed by the ear in de- nominating vowels, long or short, we must certainly give these appellations to those sounds only which have exactly the same radical tone, and differ only in the long or short emission of that tone. Thus measuring the sounds of the vowels by this scale, we shall find that the long I and y have pro- perly mo short sounds but such as seem essentially distinct from their long ones; and that the short sound of these vowels is no other than the short sound of e, which is the latter letter in the composi. tion of these diphthongs. (37.) 67. The same want of correspondence in classing the long and short vowels we find in a, e, o, and w; for as the e in theme does not find its short sound in the same letter in them, but in the 2 in him. ; so the e in them must descend a step lower into the province of a for its long sound in tame. The a in carry is not the short sound of the a in care, but of that in car, father, &c. as the short broad sound of the a in want is the true abbreviation of that in wall. The sound of o in don, gone, &c. is exactly cor- respondent to the a in swan, and finds its long sound in the a in wall, or the diphthong aw in dawn, lators, &c.; while the short sound of the o in tone is nearly that of the same letter in ton, (a weight,) and corresponding with what is generally called the short sound of u in tun, gun, &c. as the long sound of u in must find its short sound in the u in pull, bull, &c.; for this vowel, like the i and y, being a diphthong its short sound is formed from the latter part of the letter equivalent to double o, as the word pule, if spelled according to the sound, might be written peoole. 68. Another observation P. to a consideration of the various sounds of the vo"els and consonants seems to be the influence of the accent; as the accent or stress which is laid upon cer- tain syllables has so obvious an effect upon the sounds of the letters, that unless we take accent into the account, it will be impossible to reason rightly upss the Frºper pronunciation of the E”. ments of Speech 20 OF THE INFLUENCE OF ACCENT ON THE SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS. Of the Influence of Accent on the Sounds of the letters. 69. It may be first observed, that the exertion of the organs of speech necessary to produce the accent or stress, has an obvious tendency to preserve the letters in their pure and uniform sound, while the relaxation or feebleness which succeeds the accent as naturally suffers the letters to slide into a somewhat differeut sound a little easier to the organs of pronunciation. Thus the first a in cabbage is pronounced distinctly with the true sound of that letter, while the second a goes into an obscure sound bordering on the i short, the slenderest of all sounds; so that cabbage and village . ºf a in the last syllable scarcely distinguishable from the e and i in the last syllables of col- ge and vestige. 70 in the same manner the a, e, i, o, and y, coming before r in a final unaccented syllable, go into an obscure sound so mearly approaching to the short u, that if the accent were carefully kept upon the first syllables of liar, ber, elixir, mayor, martyr, &c. these words, without any percºptible change in the .. of their last syllables, might all be written and pronounced, livir, lità, elixur, mayur, martur, &c. 71. The consonants also are no less altered in their sound by the position of the accent than the vowels. The k and s in the composition of ac, when the accent is on them, in exercise, execute, &c. #. their strong pure sound; but when the accent is on the second syllable, in exact, exonerate, c. these letters slide into the duller and weaker sounds of g and z, which are easier to the organs of pronunciation. Hence not only the soft c and the s go into sh, but even the t before a diphthong slides into the same letters when the stress is on the preceding syllable. Thus in society and satiely the c and t F." their pure sound, because the syllables ci and ti have the accent on them, but in social and satiate, these syllables come after the stress, and from the feebleness of their situation gº fall into the shorter and easier sound, as if written soshial and sashiate. See the word ATIETY. A. 72. A has three long sounds and two short ones. 73. The first sound of the first letter in our alphabet is that which among the English is its name. (See the letter 4 at the beginning of the Dictionary.) This is what is called by mostgrammarians its slender sound (35) (65;) we find it in the words lade, spade, trade, &c. In the diphthongqi we have exactly the same sound of this letter, as in pain, gain, stain, &c. and sometimes in the diphthong ea, as bear, swear, peam &c.; nay, twice we find it, contrary to every rule of pronunciation, in the words where and there, and once in the anomalous diphthong ao in gaol. It exactly corresponds to the sound of the French e in the beginning of the words étre and tâte. 74. The long slender a is generally produced by a silente at the end of the syllable , which enot only keeps one single intervening consonant from shortening the preceding vowel, but sometimes two thus we find the mute e makes of rag, rage, and very improperly keeps the a open even in range, change, &c. (See CHANGE ;) hat, with the mute e, becomes hate, and the a continues open, and, per- "haps, somewhat longer in haste, waste, paste, &c., though it must be confessed this seems the privi- Age only of a ; for the other vowels contract before the consonants ng in revenge, cringe, plunge ; and the ste in our language is preceded by no other vowel but this. Every consonant but at shortems every vowel but a, when soft g and e silent succeed; as bilge, badge, hinge, spunge, &c. 75. Hence we may establish this general rule: 4 has the long, open, slender solind, when follow- ed by a single consonant, and e mute, as lade, made, fade, &c. The only exceptions seem to be, have, are, gape, and bade, the past time of to bid. 76. A has the same sound, when ending an accented syllable, as pa-per, ta-per, spec-ta-tor. The only exceptions are fa-ther, ma-ster, wa-ter. 77. As the short sound of the long slender a is not found under the same character, but in the shorte (as may be perceived by comparing mate and met) (67.) we proceed to delineate the second sound of this vowel, which is that heard in father, and is called by some the open sound (34;) but this can never distinguish it from the deeper sound of the a in all, ball, &c. which is still more open. by some it is styled the middle sound of a, as between the a in pale, and that in wall: it answers nearly to the Italian a in Toscano, Romana, &c. or to the final a in the naturalized Greek words, papa and mamma : and in baa ; the word adopted in almost all languages to express the cry of sheep. We seldom find the long sound of this letter in our language, except in monosyllables ending with r, as far, tar, mar, &c. and in the word father. There are certain words from the Latin, Italian, and Spanish languages, such as lumbago, bravado, tornado, camisado, farrago, &c. which are sometimes heard with this sound of a , but except in bravo, heard chiefly at the Theatres, the English sound of a is preferable in all these words. 78. The long sound of the middle or Italian a is always found before r in monosyllables, as car ar, mar, &c. before the liquids lm ; whether the latter only be pronounced, as in psalm, or both, as in psalmist; sometimes before if, and lue, as calf, half, calve, halve, salve, &c.; and, lastly, before the sharp aspirated dental thin bath, path, lath, &c. and in the word father: this sound of the a was for- merly more than at present found before the nasal liquid n, especially when succeeded by c, t, or d, as dance, glance, lance, France, chance, prance, grant, plant, slant, slander, &c. 79. The hissing consonants was likewise a º of this sound of the a, whether doubled, as in glass, grass, ass, &c. or accompanied by t, as in last, fast, vast, &c.; but this pronunciation of a seems to have been for some years advancing to the short sound of this letter, as heard in hand, land, and, &c. and pronouncing the a in after, answer, basket, plant, mast, &c. as long as in half, calf, &c. orders very closely on vulgarity. It must be observed, however, that the a before n in monosylla- bles, and at the end of words, was anciently written with u after it, and so probably pronounced as broad as the German a for Dr. Johnson observes, “many words pronounced with a broad were * anciently written with au, as fault, mault ; and we still write fault, vault. This was probably the * Saxon sound, for it is yet retained in the northern dialects, and in the rustic pronunciation, as * maunforman, haund for hand.” But since the u has vanished, the a has been gradually pronounced slenderer and shorter, till now almost every vestige of the ancient orthography seems lost; though the termination mand in command, demand, &c. formerly written commaund, demaund, &c. still retains the long sound inviolably.” # * since the first publication of this Dictionary the public has e been favoured with some very elaborate and judicious ºnension, on English pronunciation, by Mr. Smith, in Scheme of a French and English Dictionary. In this *gºr IRREGULAR AND UNACCENTED SOUNDS 21 80. As the mute l in calm, psalm, calf, half, &c. seems to lengthen the sound of this letter, so the abbreviation of some words by apostrophe seems to have the same effect. Thus when, by impa- tience, that grand corrupter of manners, as well as language, the no is ºut out of the word cannot, and the two yilables reduced to one, we find the a lengthened to the Italian or middle a, as cannot can't ; have noi, han’t; shall not, sha’n’t: &c. This is no more than what the Latin language is sub. ject to; it being a known rulé in that tongue, that when, by composition or otherwise, two short syllables become one, that syllable is almost always ong, as alius has the penultimate long because it comes from aliius, and the two short vowels in coago become one long vowel in cogo, &c. 81. The short sound of the middle or Italian a, which is generally confounded with the short sound of the slender a, is the sound of this vowel in man, pan, tan, mat, hat, &c.; we generally find this sound before any two successive consonants (those excepted in the foregoing remarks,) and even when it comes before an r, if a vowel follow, or the r be doubled; for if this consonant be doubled, in order to produce another syllable, the long sound becomes short, as mar; marry, car, carry, &c. where we find the monosyllable has the long, and the dissyllable the short sound; but if a come before r, followed by another consonant, it has its long sound, as in part, partial, &c. 82. The only exception to this rule, is in adjectives derived from substantives ending in r , for in this case the a continues long, as in the primitive Thus the a in s , or full of stars, is as long as in star; and the a in the adjective tarry, or besmeared with tar, is as long as in the substantive tar, though short in the word tarriſ, (to stay.) 83. The third long sound of a is that which we more immediately derive from our maternal lan- tage the Saxon, but which at present we use less than any other: this is the 2 in fall, ball, gall, 33%) we find a correspondent sound to this a in the diphthongs au and aw, as laud, law, saw, £: though it must here be noted, that we have improved upol, our German parent, by giving a broader sound to this letter in these words than the Germans themselves would do, were they to pronounce them. 84. The long sound of the deep broad German a is produced by ll after it, as in all, wall, call; or indeed by one l, and any other consonant, except the mute labials p, b, f, and v, as salt, bald, false, falchion, falcon, &c. The exceptions to this rule are generally words from the Arabic and Latin lan- guages, as Alps, Albion, asphaltic, falcated, salve, cuculate, amalgamate, Alcoran, and Alfred, &c.; the rwoliast of which may be considered as ancient proper names which have been frequently latinized, and by this means have acquired a slenderer sound of a. This rule, however, must be understood of such syllables only as have the accent on them; for when al, followed by a consonant, is in the first syllable of a word, having the accent on the second, it is then pronounced as in the first sylla- bles of al-leu, val-leu, &c. as alternate, balsamic, falcade, falcation, &c. Our modern orthography, which has done its utmost to perplex pronunciation, has made it necessary to observe, that every word compounded of a monosyllable with ll, as albeit, also, almost, downfal, &c. must be pronounced as if the two liquids were still remaining, notwithstanding our word-menders have wisely taken one away, to the destruction both of sound and etymology; for, as Mr. Elphinston shrewdly ob- serves, “Every reader, young and old, must now be so sagacious an analyst as to discern at once “not only what are compounds and what their simples, but that al in composition is equal to all out “of it; or in other words, that it is both what it is, and what it is not.” Prin. Eng. Language, vol I. page 60. See No. 404. 85. The u, has a pe. uliar quality of bloadening this letter, even when prepositive: this is always the effect, except when the vowel is closed by the sharp or flat guttural k or g, ac, ng, nk, or the sharp labial f, as war, waft, thuack, toa."g, ‘wank : thus we pronounce the a broad, though short in wad, wan, want, was, whot, &c and though other letters suffer the a to alter its sound before ll, when one of these letters goes to the formation of the latter syllable, as tall, tal-low ; hall, hal-low ; call, : &c.; yet we see to preserve the sound of this vowel before a single consortant, as wal-low, St001-101D, &C. 86. The q including the sound of the w, and being no more than this letter preceded by k, ought, according to analogy, to broaden every a it goes before like the w ś thus quantity ought to be pro- nounced as if written kwontity, and quality should rhyme with jollity ; instead of which we frequently hear the w robbed of its rights in its proxy ; and quality so pronounced as to rhyme with legality, while to rhyme quantity, according to this affected mode of pronouncing it, we must coin such words as plantity and consonantity. The d in Quaver and Equator is an exception to this rule, from the pre- ponderancy of another which requires a, ending a syllable under the accent, to have the slender sound of that letter; to which rule, father, master, and water, and perhaps, quadrant, are the only exceptions. 87. The short sound of this broad a is heard when it is preceded by w, and succeeded by a single consonant in the same syllable, as wal-low, swal-low, &c, or by two consonants in the same syllable, as want, wast, wasp, &c. but when l or r is one of the consonants, the a becomes long, as walk, swarm, &c. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 88. But besides the long and short sounds common to all the vowels, there is a certain transient indistinct pronunciation of some of them, when they are not accented, that cannot be so easily settled. When the accent is not upon it, no vowel is more apt to run into this imperfect sound than the a ; thus the particle a before participles, in the phrases a-going, a-walking, a-shooting, &c. scems, says Dr. Lowth, to be the true and genuine preposition on a little disguised by familiar use and quick promunciation: the same indistinctness, from rapidity and coincidence of sound, has confounded the pronunciation of this mutilated preposition to the ear, in the different questions what's o'clock, when we would know the hour, and what’s a clock, when we would have the descrip- tion of that horary machine; and if the accent be kept strongly on the first syllable of the word tolerable, as it always ought to be, we find starcely any distinguishable difference to the ear, if we substitute u or o instead of a in the penultimate syllable Thus tolerable, tolero.hte, and toleruble, are ex actly the same word to the ear, if pronounced without premeditation or transposing the accent, for work he departs frequently from my judgment, and particularly in the pronunciation of the letter a when succeeded by ss.st, or , and another consonant, as pass, ast, chance, &c. to which he annexes the long sourd of a in father. That this was the sound forme, ly, is highly probable from its being still the sound given it by the vulgar, who are generally the last to alter the common pronunciation, but that the shor: a in these words is now the general pronunciation of the polite and learned world, seems to be candidly acknowledged by Mr. Smith himself; and as every correct ear would be disgusted at giving the a in these words the full long sound of the a in father, any middle sound ought to be dis- countenanced, as tending to render the pronunciation of a language obscure and indefinite, (168) Ben Jonson in his Grammar classes salt, malt, balm, and calm, as having the same sound of a ; and aunt, as having thº, same diphthongal sound as audience, awthor, law, stºw, draw, &c. * * ~ * * * º -- DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER. E. the real purpose of distinction; and inwards, outwards, &c. might, with respect to sound, be spelt inwºrds, outlºurds, &c. Thus the word man, when not under the accent, might be written men in nobleman, husbandman, woman ; and tertian and quartan, tertium and quartun, &c. The same observa- tion will hold good in almost every final syllable where a is not accented, as medal, dial, giant, bias, &c. defiance, temperance, &c.; but when the final syllable ends in age, ate, or ace, the a goes into a somewhat different sound. See 90 and 91. * 89. There is a corrupt, but a received pronunciation of this letter in the words any, many, Thames, where the a sounds like short e, as if written enny, menny, Tems. Catch, among Londoners, seems to have aegenerated into Ketch ; and says, the third person of the verb to say, has, among all ranks of people, and in every part of the united kingdoms, degenerated into sex, rhyming with Fez. 90. The a goes into a sound approaching the short i, in the numerous termination in age, when the accent is not on it, as cabbage, village, courage, &c. and are pronounced nearly as if written cabbige, pillige, courige, &c. The exceptions to this rule are chiefly among words of three syllables, with the accent on the first ; these seem to be the following Adage, presage, scutage, hemorrhage, vassalage, carcelage, guidage, pucelage, mucilage, cartilage, pupilage, orphanage, villanage, appanage, concubinage, Baronage, patronage, parsonage, personage, equipage, ossifrage, saxifrage, umpirage, embassage,hermitage, heritage, parentage, patronage, * 91. The a in the numerous termination ate, when the accent is not on it, is pronounced somewhat differently in different words. If the word be a substantive, or an adjective, the a seems to be shorter than when it is a verb: thus a good ear will discover a difference in the quantity of this letter, in delicate and dedicate; in climate, primate, and ultimate; and the verbs to calculate, to regulate, and to culate, where we find the nouns and adjectives have the a considerably shorter than the verbs ºnate, however, preserves the a as long as if the accent were on it: but the unaccented termina tions in ace, whether nouns or verbs, have the a so short and obscure as to be nearly similar to the tº in us ; thus palace, solace, menace, pinnace, populace, might, without any great departure from their common sound, be written pallus, sollus, &c. while furnace almost changes the a into i, and might be wººſ. 92. When the a is preceded by the gutturals, hard g or c, it is, in polite pronunciation, softened by the intervention of a sound like e, so that card, cart, gia, d, regard, are pronounced like ke-ard, ghe-ard, re-ghe-ard. . When the a is pronounced short, as in the first syllables of candle, gander, &c. the inter- position of the e is very perceptible, and indeed unavoidable : for though we can pronounce guard and cart without interposing the e, it is impossible to pronounce garrison and carriage in the same manner. This sound of the g is taken notice of in Steele's Grammar, page 49, which proves it is not the offspring of the present day (160;) and I have the satisfaction to find Mr. Smith, a very accurate inquirer into the subject, entirely of my opinion. But the sound of the a, which I have found the most difficult to appreciate, is that where it ends the syllable, either immediately before or after the accent. We cannot give it any of its three open sounds without hurting the ear: thus in pro- nouncing the words abound and diadem, gy-bound, ab-bound, and ow-bound ; di-ay-dem, di-ah-den and di-aw-dem, are all improper; but giving the a the second or Italian sound, as ah-bound, and di-ah-dem, seems the least so. For which reason I have, like Mr. Sheridan, adopted the short sound of this letter to mark this unaccented a but if the unaccented a be final, which is not the case in any word purely English, it ther, seems to approach still nearer to the Italian a in the last syllable of papa, nd to the a in father; as may be heard in the deliberate pronunciation of the words ideo, Africa, Pelta, &c. (88.) See the letter J1 at the beginning of the Dictionary. E. 93. The first sound of e is that which it has when lengthened by the mute e final, as in glebe, theme, &c. or when it ends a syllable with the accent upon it, as se-cre-tion, ad-he-sion, &c. (36. 94. The exceptions to this rule are, the words where and there ; in which the first e is pronounced like a, as if written whare, thare; and the auxiliary verb were, where the e has its short sound, as if written wer, rhyming with the last syllable of pre-fer, and ere, (before,) which sounds like air. When there is in composition in the word therefore, the e is generally shortened, as in were, but in my opinion improperly. e e 95. The short sound of e is that heard in bed, fed, red, wed, &c.; this sound before r is apt to slide •nto short u ; and we sometimes hear mercy sounded as if written murcy; but this, though very near, is not the exact sound. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 96. The e at the end of the monosyllables be, he, me, we, is pronounced ee, as if written bee, hee, &c It is silent at the end of words purely English, but is pronounced distinctly at the end of some words from the learned languages, as epitome, simile, catastrophe, apostrophe, &c. tº º 97. The first e in the poetic contractions, e'er and ne'er, is pronounced like a, as if written air and nair. - - 98. The e in her is pronounced nearly like short w; and as we hear it in the unaccented termina- tions of writer, reader, &c. pronounced as if written writur, readur, where we may observe that the r being only on a jar, and not a definite and distinct articulation like the other consonants, instead of stopping the vocal efflux of voice, lets it imperfectly pass, and so corrupts and alters the true sound of the vowel. The same may be observed of the final e after r in words ending in cre, gre, tre, where the e is sounded as if it were placed before the r, as in lucre, mangre, theatre, &c. pronounced tukur, maugur, theatur, &c., See No. 418. It may be remarked, that though we . cautiously to avoid pronouncing the e like w when under the accent, it would be nimis fliticé, and border too much on affectation of accuracy to preserve this sound of e in unaccented syllables before r , and though terrible, where e has the accent, should never be pronounced as if written turrible, it is impossible without pedantry to make any difference in the sound of the last syllable of splendour ºnd tender, sul. phur and suffer, or martyr and garter. But thcre is a small deviation from rule when this letter begins a word, and is followed by a double consonant with the accent on the second syllable: in this case we find the vowel lengthen as if the consonant were single. See EFFACE, DESPATGB, EMBALM. 99. This vowel, in a final unaccented syllable, is apt to slide into the short i.; thus faces, ranges, praises, are pronounced as if written faciz, rangiz, praiziº, poet, covet, line”, duel, &c. as if written it, covit, linin, duil, &c. Where we may observe, that º the e goes into the short sound of i, it is exactly that sound which corresponds to the long sound of e See Port Royal Grammaire, Latin, yage 142 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER I. 23 100. There is a remarkable exception to the common sound of this letter in the words clerk, serjeant, and a few others, where we find the e pronounced like the a in dark and margin. But this exception, I imagine, was, till within these few years, the general rule of sounding this letter before r, followed by another consonant. See MERCHANT. Thirty years ago every one pronounced the first syllable of merchant like the monosyllable march, and as it was anciently written marchant. Service and servant are still heard among the lower order of speakers, as if written sarvice and Sarvant; and even among the better sort, we hear sometimes the salutation, Sir, your sarvant / though this pro munciation of the word singly would be looked upon as a mark of the lowest vulgarity. The proper names, Derby and Berkeley, still retain the old sound as if written Darby and Barkeley; but even these, in polite usage, are getting into the common sound, nearly as if written Durby and Burkeley. As this modern pronunciation of the e has a tendency to simplify the language by lessening the number of exceptions, it ought certainly to be indulged. 101. This letter falls into an irregular sound; but still a sound which is its nearest relation, in the words, England, yes, and prettu, where the e is heard like short i. Vulgar speakers are guilty of the same irregularity in engine, as if written ingine; but this cannot be too carefully avoided. 102. The vowel e before l and n in the final unaccented syllable, by its being sometimes suppressed and sometimes not, forms one of the most puzzling difficulties in pronunciation. When any of the liquids precede these letters, the e is heard distinctly, as woollen, flannel, women, syren; but when any of the other consonants come before these letters, the e is sometimes heard, as in novel, sudden ; and sometimes mot, as in swivel, raven, &c. As no other rule can be given for this variety of pronuncia- tion, perhaps the best way will be to draw the line between those words where e is pronounced, and those where it is not; and this, by the help of the Rhyming Dictionary, I am luckily enabled to do. In the first place, then, it may be observed, the e before l, in a final unaccented syllable, must always pe pronounced distinctly, except in the following words: Shekel, weasel, ousel, mousel, (better written muzzle,) navel, ravel, snivel, rivel, drive!, shrivel, shovel, grovel, hazel, drazel, nozel. These words are pro- nounced as if the e were omitted by an apostrophe, as shek’l, weas'l, ovs’l, &c. or rather as if written sheckle, weazle, ouzle, &c.; but as these are the only words of this termination that are so pronounced, great care must be taken that we do not pronounce travel, gravel, rebel (the substantive,) parcel, chapel, and vessel, in the same manner; a fault to which many are very prome. - 103. E before n in a final unaccented syllable, and not preceded by a liquid, must always be sup- F. in the verbal terminations inen, as to loosen, to hearken, and in other words, except the fol- owing: Sudden, mynchen, kitchen, hyphen, chicken, ticken (better written ticking,) jerken, aspen, platen, paten, marten, latten, patten, leaven or leven, sloven, mittens. In these words the e is heard distinctly, con- trary to the general rule, which suppresses the e in these syllables, when preceded by a mute, as harden, heathen, heaven, as if written hard'n, heath'n, Heav'n, &c.; nay, even when preceded by a liquid in the words fallen and stolen, where the e is suppressed, as if they were written fall'n and stoll'n : gar- den and burden, therefore, are very analogically pronounced gard'ſ, and burd'n and this pronuncia- tion ought the rather to be indulged, as we always hear the esuppressed in gardener and burdensome, as if written gard’ner, and burd’msome. See No. 472. 104. This diversity in the pronunciation of these terminations ought the more carefully to be at- tended to, as nothing is so vulgar and childish as to hear swivel and heaven pronounced with the e distinctly, or novel and chicken with the e suppressed. But the most general suppression of this letter is in the preterits of verbs, and in participles ending in ed; here, when the e is not preceded by d or t, the e is almost universally sunk (362,) and the two final consonants are pronounced in one syllable: thus loved, lived, barred, marred, are pronounced as if written lovd, livel, bard, mard. The same may be observed of this letter when sient in the singulars of mouns, or the first persons of verbs, as theme, make, &c. which form themes in the plural, and makes in the third person, &c. where the laste is silent, and the words are pronounced in one syllable. When the noun or first person of the verb ends in y, with the accent on it, the e is likewise suppressed, as g reply, two replies, he replies, &c. When words of this form have the accent on the preceding syllables, the e is suppressed and the y pronounced like short i, as cherries, marries, carries, &c. pronounced cherriz, marriz, carriz, &c. In the same manner, carried, married, embodied, &c. are pronounced as if written carrid, marrid, em- bodid, &c. (282.) But it must be carefully moted, that there is a remarkable exception to many of these contractions when we are pronouncing the language of Scripture: here every participial eq: ought to make a distinct syllable, where it is not preceded by a vowel ; thus, “Who hath believed our “report, and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed 9” Here the participles are both pronounced in three syllables; but in the following passage, “Whom he did predestimate, them he also called: and whom he called, them he also justified; and whom he justified, them he also glorified;” called pre- serves the e, and is pronounced in two syllables; and justified and glorified suppress the e, and are pronounced in three. - I. 105. This letter is a perfect diphthong, composed of the sounds of a in father, and e in he, pronoun- ced as closely together as possible (37.) When these sounds are openly promounced, they produce the familiar assent ay : which, by the old English dramatic writers, was often expressed by I; hence we may observe, that unless our ancestors pronounced the vowel I like the o in oil, the present pro- nunciation of the word any in the House of Commons, in the phrase the Ayes have it, is contrary to ancient as well as to present usage: such a promunciation of this word is now coarse and rustic. This sound is heard when the letter is lengthened by finale, as time, thine, or ending a syllable with the accent upon it, as ti-tle, di-al; in monosyllables ending with na, as bind, find, mind, &c.; in three words ending with la, as child, mild, wild; and in one very irregularly ending with mt, as pint. (37.) 106. There is one instance where this letter, though succeeded by finale, does not go into the broad English sound like the noun eye, but into the slender foreign sound like e. This is in the wordshire, pronounced as if written sheer, both when single, as a knight of the shire; or in composition, as in JNottinghamshire, Leicestershire, &c. This is the sound Dr. fº, gives it in his Grammar, page 4 and it is highly probable that the simple shire acquired this slender sound from its tendency to be- come slender in the compounds, where it is at a distance from the accent, and where all the vowels have a natural tendency to become short and obscure. See SHIRE. 107. The short sound of this letter is heard in him, thin, &c. and when ending an unaccented sylla- ble, as tan-i-ty, qual-i-ty, &c. where, though it cannot be properly said to be short, as it is not closed by a consonant, yet it has but half its diphthongal sound. This sound is the sound of e, the last let- ter of the diphthong that forms the long I; and it is not a little surprising that Dr. Johnson should te say that the short i was a sound wholly different from the long one. (551.) £; DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER I. 108. When this letter is succeeded by r, and another consonant not in a final syllable it has exact ly the sound of e in termin, vernal, &c. as virtue, virgin, &c. which approaches to the sound of sliortug but when it comes before r, followed by another consonant in a final syllable, it acquires the sound of u exactly, as bird, dirt, shirt, squirt, &c. Mirth, birth, gird, girt, skirt, girl, whirl and Jirm, are the only : tions to this rule, where i is promounced like e, and as if the words were written, merth, berth, &n Of Jęź”7. 109. The letter r, in this case, seems to have the same influence on this vowel, as it evidently has on a and o. When these vowels come before double r, or single r, followed by a vowel, as in arable, carry, marry, orator, horrid, forage, &c. they are considerably shorter than when the r is the final let. ter of the word, or when it is succeeded by another consonant, as in arbour, car, mar, or, nor, for. In the same manner the i, coming before either double r, or single r, followed by a vowel, preserves its pure, short Sound, as in irritate, spirit, conspiracy, &c.; but when r is not followed by another conso- nant, or is the final letter of a word with the accent upon it, the i goes into a deeper and broader sound, equivalent to ghort e, as heard in virgin, virtue, &c. So fir, a tree, is perfectly similar to the first syllable of ferment, though often corruptly promounced like fur, a skin. Sir and stir are exactly promounced as if written sur and stur. It seems, says Mr. Nares, that our ancestors distinguished these sounds more correctly. Bishop Gardiner, in his first letter to Cheke, mentions a witticism of Nicholas Rowley, a fellow Cantab with him, to this effect: “Let handsome girls be called virgi's, “plain ones vurgins.” “Si pulchra est, virgo, sin turpis, vurgo vocetur.” Which, says Mr. Elphinston, may be modernized by the aid of a far more celebrated line: “Sweet virgin can alone the fair express, “Fine by degrees, and beautifully less: “But let the hoyden, homely, rough-hewn vurgin, “Engross the homage of a JMajor Šiurgeon.” 110. The sound of i, in this situation, ought to be the more carefully attended to, as letting it fall in to the sound of u, where it should have the sound of e, has a grossmess in it approaching to vulgarity Perhaps the only exception to this rule is, when the succeeding vowel is us for this letter being a semi-comsonant, has some influence on the preceding i, though not so much as a perfect consonant would have. This makes Mr. Sheridan's pronunciation of the i in virulent and its compounds, like that in virgin, less exceptionable than I at first theught it; but since we cannot give a semi-sound of short i to correspond to the semi-consonant sound of u, I have preferred the pure sound which I think the most agreeable to polite usage. See Mr. Garrick's Epigram upon the sound of this letter, under the word VIRTUE. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 111. There is an irregular pronunciation of this letter which has greatly multiplied within these few years, and that is, the slender sound heard in ee. This sound is chiefly found in words derived from the French and Italian languages; and we think we show our breeding by a knowledge of those tongues, and an ignorance of our own : “Report of fashions in proud Italy, “Whose mammers, still our tardy apish nation “Limps after, in base awkward imitation.” Shakspeare, Richard II. When Lord Chesterfield wrote his letters to his son, the word oblige was, by many polite speakers ronounced as if written obleege, to give a hint of their knowledge of the French language; may: ope has rhymed it to this sound: “Dreading ev'n fools, by flatterers §g'd, “And so obliging, that he ne'er oblig'd.” 3. 'But it was so far from having generally obtained, that Lord Chesterfield strictly enjoins his son to avoid this pronunciation as affected. In a few years, however, it became so general, that none but the lowest vulgar ever pronounced it in the English manner; but, upon the publication of this noble- man's letters, which was about twenty years after he wrote them, his authority has bad so much in: fluence with the polite world as to bid fair for restoring the i, in this word, to its or “d rights ; and we not unfrequently hear it now pronounced with the broad English i, in those circles where, a few ears ago, it would have been an infallible mark of vulgarity. , Mr. Sheridan, W. Johnston, and Mr. }. , give both sounds, but place the sound of oblige first. Mr. Scott gives bºth, but places obleege first. Dr. Kenrick and Buchaman give only oblige; and Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Perry, and Fenning, give only ohleege; but though this sound has lost ground so much, yet Mr. Nares, who wrote about eighteen years ago, says, “oblige still, I think, retains the sound of long e, notwithstanding the pro- “scription of that pronunciation by the late Lord Chesterfield.” e g 112. The words that have preserved the foreign sound of i, like ee, are the following: Ambergris, verdegris, antique, becafico, bombasin, brazil, capivi, capuchin, colbertine, chioppine, or chopin, Caprice, cha- grin, chevaux-de-frise, critique, (for criticism,) festucine, frize, gabardine, haberdine, sordine, rigine trephine, guarantine, routine, fascine, faiigue, intrigue, glacis, invalid, machine, magazine, marine, palanquinº, rique, lice, profile, recitative, man-da-rine, tabourine, tamboarine, tontine, transmarine, ultramarine. In all these words, if for the lasti we substitute ee, we shall have the true pronunciation. In signior the first is thus pronounced. Mr. Sheridan pronounces vertigo and serpigo with the accent on the second sylla- ble, and the i long as in tie and pie, Dr. Kenrick gives these words the same accent, but sºund; the as e in tea and pea. The latter is, in my opinion, the general pronunciation; though Mr. Sheridan's is supported by a very general rule, which is that all words adopted whole from the Latin preserve the #. accent. (503, b.) But if the Englisn ear were unbiassed by the long i in Latin, which fixes the accent on the second syllable, and could free itself from the slavish imitation of the French and DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER I. * 25 italians, there is little doubt but these words would have the accent on the first syllable, and that the z would be pronounced regularly like the short e, as in Indigo and Portico. See VERTIgo. gº 113. There is a remarkable alteration in the sound of this vowel, in certain situations, where it changes to a sound equivalent to initial y. The situation that occasions, this change is, when the # precedes another vowel in an unaccented syllable, and is not preceded by any of the dentals: thus we hear iary in mil-iāry, bil-iary, &c. pronounced as if written mil-yary, bil-yary, &c. JMin-ion and pin-ion as if written min-yon and pin-yon. In these words the 3 is so totally altered to y, that pro- nouncing the ia and io in separate syllables would be an error the most palpable; but where the other siquids or mutes precede the i in this situation, the coalition is not so necessary: for though the two latter syllables of convivial, participial, &c. are extremely prone to unite into one, they may, however, be separated, provided the separation be not too distant. The same observations hold good of e, as malleable, pronounced mal-ya-ble. - 114. But the sound of the i, the most difficult to reduce to rule, is when it ends a syllable immedi- ately before the accent. When either the primary or secondary accent is on this letter, it is invaria- bly pronounced either as the long i in title, the short i in tittle, or the French i in magazine; and when it ends a syllable after the accent, it is always sounded like e, as sen-si-ble, ra-ti-fy, &c. But when it ends a syllable, immediately before the accent, it is sometimes pronounced long, as in vi-ta-li-ty, where the first syllable is exactly like the first of vi-al; and sometimes short, as in di-gest, where the i is pronounced as if the word were written de-gest. The sound of the i, in this situation, is so little reducible to rule, that none of our writers on the subject have attempted it; and the only method to give some idea of it, seems to be the very laborious one of classing such words together as have the 7 pronounced in the same manner, and observing the different combinations of other letters that may possibly be the cause of the different sounds of this. 115. In the first place, where the i is the only letter in the first syllable, and, the accent is on the Second, beginning with a consonant, the vowel has its long diphthongal sound, as in idea, identity, £dolatry, idoneous, irascible, ironical, isosceles, itinerant, itinerary. Imagine and its compounds seem the only exceptions. But to give the inspector some idea of general usage, I have subjoined examples of these words as they stand in our different Pronouncing Dictionaries: * Ždea. Sheridan, Scott, Buchaman, W. Johnston, Kenrick. Ždea. Perry. Ždentity. Sheridam, Scott, Buchaman, W. Johnston, Kenrick. Ždentity. erry. Żdolatry. Sheridan, Scott, Buchaman, W. Johnston, Kemrick. Čdolatry. Perry. Żdoneous. Sheridan, Kenrick. - £rascible. Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, Kenrick, Żrascible. Perry. } - ; £sosceles. Sheridan, Scott, Perry. Żtinerary. Sheridam, Scott, W. Johnston, Kenrick. #inerary. Perry. * Žtinerant. Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, Nares. ătineront. Buchanan, Perry. 116. When i ends the first syllable, and the accent is on the second, commencing with a vowel, it enerally preserves its long open diphthongal sound. Thus in di-ameter, di-urnal, &c. the first syllable is equivalent to the verb to die. A corrupt, foreign manner of promouncing these words, may some- times mince the i into e, as if the words were written de-ameter, de-urnal, &c.; but this is disgusting to every just English ear, and contrary to the whole current of analogy. Besides, the vowel that ends and the vowel that begins a syllable are, by pronouncing the i long, kept more distinct, and not suffered to coalesce, as they are apt to do if i has its slender sound. This proneness of the e, which is exactly the slender sound of i, to coalesce with the succeeding vowel, has produced such monsters in pronunciation as joggraphy and jommetry, for geography and geometry, and jorgics for georgics. . The latter of these words is fixed in this absurd pronunciation withoutremedy; but the two former seem recovering their right to four syllables; though Mr. Sheridan has endeavoured to deprive them of it, by spelling them with three. Hence we may observe, that those who wish to pro- nounce correctly, and according to analogy, ought to pronounce the first syllable of biography, as the verb to buy, and not as if written be-agraphy. 117. When Žends an initial syllable without the accent, and the succeeding syllable begins with a consonant, the i is generally slender, as if written e. But the exceptions of this rule are so nume- rous, that nothing but a catalogue will give a tolerable idea of the state of pronunciation in this Oint. 4, p 118. When the prepositive bi, derived from bis (twice) ends a syllable immediately before the ac- cent, the i is long and broad, in order to convey more precisely the specific meaning of the syllable. Thus bi-capsular, bi-cipital, bi-cipitous, bi-cormous, bi-corporal, bi-dental, bi-ſarious, biºfurcated, bi-linguous, bi-nocular, bi-pennated, bi-petalous, bi-quadrate, have the long. But the first syllable of the words Bi- tumen and Bituminous having no such signification, ought to be pronounced with the i short. This is the sound Buchanan has given it; but Sheridan, Kenrick, and W. Johnston, make the 2 long, as in Bible. 119. The same may be observed of words begimming with tri, having the accent on the second syl- lable. Thus tri-bunal, tri-corporal, tri-chotomy, tri-ginials, have the i ending the first syllable loag, as in tri-al. To this class ought to be added, di-petalous and di-lemmo, though the 2 in the first syllable of the last word is pronounced like e, and as if written de-lemma, by Mr. Scott and Mr. Perry, but long by Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, and Buchaman; and both ways by W. Johnston, but placing the short first. And hence we may conclude, that the verb to by-sect, and the moun bi-section, ought to have the 3 at the end of the first syllable pronounced like buy, as Mr. Scott and Dr. Kemrick have marked it, though otherwise marked by Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Perry, and Buchaman. - 120. When the first syllable is chi, with the accent on the second, the # is generally long, as chi- ragrical, chi-rurgic, chi-rurgeon, chi-rographist, chi-rographer, chi-rography. Chi-mera and chi-merical have the i most frequently short, as pronounced by Buchanan and Perry, though otherwise marked by Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, and Kenrick; and, indeed, the short sound seems now established. Chicane and chicanery, from the French, have the i always short ; or more properly slender. 121. C. before the accent has the i generally short, as ci-vilion, ci-vility, and, i think, ci-licious and ci-merulent, though otherwise marked by Mr. seriºn. Ci-barious and ci-fation have the long. 27 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER I. 122. Gli before the accent has the long, as cli-macter; but when the accent is on the third syllable, as in climacteric, the i is shortened by the secondary accent. See 530. 123. Cri before the accent has the i generally long, as cri-nigerous, cri-terion; though we some times hear the latter as if written cre-terion, ºut I think improperly. 124. Di before the accented syllable, beginning with a consonant, has the almost always short; as digest, digestion, digress, digression, dilute, dilution, diluvian, dimension, dimensive, dimidiation, diminish, diminutive, diploma, direct, direction, diversify, diversification, diversion, diversity, divert, divertisement, diver tive, divest, divesture, divide, dividable, dividant, divine, divinity, divisible, divisibility, divorce, divulge. To these, I think, may be added, dicarity, didactic, dilucerate, dilaceration, dilaniate, dilapidation, dilate, dilata- ble, dilatability, dilection, dilucid, dilucidate, dilucidation, dinetical, diſtumeration, diverge, divergent, divan. though Mr. Sheridan has marked the first i in all these words long ; some of them may undoubtedly be promounced either way; but why he should make the i in diploma long, and W. Johnston should give it both ways, is unaccountable; as Mr. Scott, Buchamam, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, and the gen- eral usage, is against them. Diceresis and dioptrics have the i long, according to the general rule (116,) though the last is absurdly made short by Dr. Kenrick, and the diphthong is made long in the first by Mr. Sheridan, contrary to one of the most prevailing idioms in promunciation; which is, the shortening power of the antepenultimate accent, (503.) Let it not be said that the diphthong must be always long, since Caesarea and Dºdulus have the ae always short. 125. The long i in words of this form, seems confined to the following: Digladiation, dijudication, dinumeration, divaricate, direption, diruption. Both Johnson and Sheridan, in my opinion, place the accent of the word didascalic improperly upon the second syllable; it should seem more agreeable to analogy to class it with the numerous terminations in ic, and place the accent on the penultimate syllable (509;) and, in this case, the i in the first will be shortened by the secondary accent, and the syllable promounced like did. (527.) The first i in dinºissory, marked long by Mr. Sheridam, and with the accent on the second syllable, contrary to Dr. Johnson, are equally erroneous. The accent ought to be on the first syllable, and the i short, as on the adjective dim. See Possessory. 126. Fi before the accent ought always to be short. this is the sound we generally give to the i in the first syllable of ſº-delity; and why we should give the long sound to the i in fiduciul and fiduciary, as marked by Mr. Sheridan, I know mot: he is certainly erroneous in marking the first i in frigidity long, and equally so in placing the accent upon the last syllable of finite. Finance has the i short universally. 127. Gigantic has the i in the first syllable always long. 128. Li has the i generally long, as ti-bation, li-brariam, li-bration, li-centious, li-pothymy, li-quescent, fi-thography, li-thotomy. Litigious has the i in the first syllable always short. The same may be ob- served of libidinous, though otherwise marked by Mr. Sheridan. 129. Jºſi has the i generally short, as in minoriºuſ, militia, mimographer, minacious, minacity, miraculous; though the four last are marked with the long i by Mr. Sheridan ; and what is still more strange, he marks the which has the accent on it long in minatory; though the same word, in the compound comminatory, where the i is always short, might have shown him his error. The word mimetic, which, though in very good use, is neither in Johnson nor Sheridan, ought to be pronounced with the first short, as if written mim-et-ic. The i is generally long in micrometer, micography, and migration. 180. JWi has the i long in nigrescent. The first i in migrification, though marked long by Mr. Sheri- dam, is shortened by the secondary accent (527,) and ought to be pronounced as if divided into nig- ri-fi-cation. 131; Phi has the generally short, as in philanthropºl, philippic, philosopher, philosophy, philosophize, to which we may certainly add, philologer, philologist, philology, philological, notwithstanding Mr. Sheridan has marked the i in these last woids long. 132. Pi and pli have the generally short, as pilºister, pituitous, pilosity, plication. Piaster, and piaz- &a, being Italian words, have the i short before the vowel, contrary to the analogy of words of this form (116,) where the i is long, as in pi-acular, pri-ority, &c. Piratical has the i marked long by Mr Sheridan, and short by Dr. Kenrick. The former is, in my opinion, imore agreeable both to custom and analogy, as the sound of the i before the accent is often determined by the sound of that letter in the primitive word. 133. Pri has the 7 generally long, as in primeval, primevous, primitial, prinero, primordial, privado, privation, privative, but always short in primitive, and primer. 134, Ri has the i short, as in ridiculous. Rigidity is marked with the i long by Mr. Sheridan, and short by Dr. Kenrick : the latter is undoubtedly right. Ripality has the i long in the first syllable, in compliment to rival, as piratical has the i long, because delived from pirate. Rhinoceros has the 2 long in Sheridan, Scott, Kenrick, W. Johnston, and Buchanan; and short in Perry. 135. Si has the generally short, as similitude, siriasis, and ought certainly to be short in silicious, (better written cilicious,) though marked long by Mr. Sheridan. Simultaneous having the secondary accent on the first syllable, does not come under this head, but retains the i long, notwithstanding the shortening power of the accent it is under. (527.) 136. Tº has the i short, as in timidity. 137. Tri has the i long, for the same reason as bi, which see. (118) (119.) 138. Tº has the so unsettled as to puzzle the correctest speakers. Thé i is generally long in vica- tious, notwithstanding the shorti in vicar. It is long in vibration, from its relation to vibrate. Vilality has the i long, like vital. . In vivific, vivificate, and viviparous, the first v is long, to avoid too great a Sameness with the second. Vivacious and vivacity have the i almost as often long as short; Mr. Sher- idan, Mr. Scott, and Dr. Kemrick, make the i in vivacious long, and Mr. Perry and Buchanan short, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and W. Johnston, make the i in #. first of vivacity long, and Perry, and Buchanan short: but the short sound seems less formal and most agreeable to polite usage. Vicin- ity, vicinal, vicissitude, vituperate, vimimeous, and virago, seem to prefer the short i, though Mr. Sheridan has marked the three last words with the first vowel long. But the diversity will be best seen by #. the authorities for all these words icinity. Dr. Kenrick. inity. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, and Perry. Vicinal. Mr. Sheridan. ºcissitude. Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Buehanan, and Perry Vituperate. Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston. Vituperate. Mr. Perry. Vimineous Mr. Sheridan. ºgg2. Mr Sheridan, and W. Johnston. * tºo. Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, Buchaman, and Perry * DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER I. 37 $ I have classed vicinal here as a word with the accent on the second syllable, as it stands in Sheri- dan's Dictionary, but think it ought to have the accent on the first. See MEDICINAL. 139. The same diversity and uncertainty in the sound of this letter seem to reign in those ſimal um accented syllables which are terminated with the mute e. Perhaps the best way to give some tolera- ble idea of the analogy of the language in this point, will be, to show the general rule, and mark the exceptions; though these are sometimes so numerous as to make us doubt of the rule itself; there- fore the best way will be to give a catalogue of both. 140. There is one rule of very great extent, in words of this termination, which have the accent on the penultimate syllable, and that is, that the i in the final syllable of these words is short: thus ser vile, hostile, verile, respite, deposite, adamantine, amethystine, &c. are pronounced as if written servil, hostº, respit, deposit, &c. The only exceptions in this numerous class of words seem to be the following Exile, senile, edile, empire, umpire, rampire, finite, feline, ferine, archives; the substantives confine and su- pine : while the adjectives saline and contrite have sometimes the accent on the first, and sometimes on the last syllable; but in either case the i is long, Quagmire and pismire have the 3 long also; like- wise has the i long, but otherwise has it more frequently, though very improperly, short. JMyrrhine, vulpine, and gentile, though marked with the i long by Mr. Sheridan, ought, in my opinion, to com. form to the general rule, and be pronounced with the i short. Vulpine, with the long, is adopted by Mr. Scott; and W. Johnston, Mr. Scott, and Buchanan, agree with Mr. Sheridan in the last syl- lable of gentile ; ard this seems agreeable to general usage, though not to analogy. See the word. 141. But when the accent is on the last syllable but two in words of this termination, the length of the vowel is not so easily ascertained. 142. Those ending in ice have the i short, except sacrifice and cockatrice. 143. Those ending in ide have the i long, notwithstanding we sometimes hear suicide absurdly pro- nounced, as if written suicid. 44. Those ending in ife have the i long, except house-wife, pronounced hugzwiff, according to the general rule, notwithstanding the i in wife is always long. Midwife is sometimes shortened in the same manner by the yulgar; and sennight for serennight is gone irrevocably into the same analogy; though fortnight for fourteenthnight is more frequently pronounced with the i long. 145. Those ending in ile have the 3 short, except reconcile, chamomile, estipile. Juvenile, mercantile, and puerile, have the i long in Sheridan's Dictionary, and short in Kenrick's. In my opinion the lat. ter is the much more prevalent and polite pronunciation ; but infantile, though pronounceable both ways, seems inclinable to lengthen the i in the last syllable. See Juvenile. 146. In the termination ime, pantomime has the i long, rhyming with time; and maritime has the i short, as if written maritim. 147. Words in ine, that have the accent higher than the penultimate, have the quantity of so un- certain, that the only method to give an idea of it will be to exhibit a catalogue of words where it is promounced differently. 148. But first it may not be improper to see the different sounds given to this letter in some of the same words by different orthüepists: Columbine. Sheridan, Nares, W. Johnston. Columbine. Kenrick, Perry. Saccharine. Sheridan, Nares. Saccharine. Kenrick, Perry. f Saturnine. Sheridan, Nares, Buchanan. Saturnine. Kenrick, Perry. JMetalline. Kemrick. JMetalline. Sheridan, W. Johnston, Perry. Crystalline. Kenrick. Crystalline. Sheridan, Perry. Uterine. Sheridan, Buchanan, W. Johnston. Uterine. Kenrick, Scott, Perry. 149. In these words I do not hesitate to pronounce, that the general rule inclines evidently to the long I, which, in doubtful cases, ought always to be followed; and for which reason I shall enume- rate those words first where I judge the i ought to be pronounced long : Connabine, carrabine, colum- bine, bizantine, gelatine, legatine, Oxyrrhodine, concubine, muscadine, incarnadine, celandine, almandine, secun- dine, amygdaline, crystallane, vitulane, calamine, asinine, saturnine, Saccharine, advlterine, viperine, wierine, la- mentine, armentine, serpentine, turpentine, vespertime, belluine, porcupine, countermine, leonine, Sapphirine, and quetalline. 150. The words of this termination, where the i is short, are the following: Jacobine, medicine, dis- cipline, masculine, jessumine, feminine, heroine, nectorine, libertine, genuine, hyaline, pulatine. To these, A. think, ought to be added, alkaline, aquilºne, coralline, brigantine, eglaritine; and to this pronunciation. of the i, the proper names, Waleſtine and Constantine, seem strongly to incline; and on the sta § Cymbelipe, has entirely adopted it. Thus we see how little influence the Latin language has on * quantity of the i in the final syllable of these words. It is a rule in that language, that adjectives ending in ilis or inus, derived from animated béings or proper names, to the exception of very few, have this i pronounced long. It were to be wished this distinction could be adopted in English words from the Latin, as in that case we might be able in time to regularize this very irregular part of our tongue; but this alteration would be almost impossible in adjectives ending in ive, as relative, vocative, ſº &c. have the i uniformly short in English, and long in the Latin relativus, vocativus, t/gºž21)2/S., &C. • *I #. The only word ending in ire, with the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, is acrospire, with the i long, the last syllable sounding like the spire of a church. 152. Words ending in ise have the i short, when the accent is on the last syllable but one, as fran- chise, except the compounds ending in wise, as likewise, lengthwise, &c. as marked by Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and Buchanan, but even among these words we sometimes hear otherwise pronounced other, wiz, as marked by Mr. Sheridan and W. Johnston; but, I think, improperly. 153. When the accent is on the last syllable put two in these words, they are invariably pronoun- ced with the i long, as criticise, equalise. - 154. In the termination ite, when the accent is on it, the i is always long, as requite. When the acº, cent is on the last syllable but one, it is always short, as respite (140,) pronounced as if written respić, except contrite; but when the accent is on the last syllable but two, the i is generally long: the ex- ceptions, however, are so many, that a catalogue of both will be the best rule. I55. The i is long in expedite, recondite incondile, hermaphrodite Carmelile, theodolite cosmºpolite thyrso- f *23 . iOIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER O. lite, erentze, aconite, margarite, marcasite, parasite, appetite, bipartite, tripartite, quadripartite, convertite, an chorite, pituite, satellite. As the word stands in Kenrick's Dictionary sa-téll-it, having the i short, and the accent on the second syllable, it is doubly wrong. The i in the last syllable is shortened also by W. Johnston and Perry, but made long, as it ought to be, by Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and Mr Nares. See REconDITE. 156. The i is short in cucurbite, ingenite, definite, indefinite, infinite, hypocrite, favourite, requisite, pre- requisite, perquisite, exquisite, apposite, and opposite. Heteroclite bas the long in Sheridan, but short in Kenrick. The former is, in my opinion, the best pronunciation, (see the word in the Dictionary;) but ite, in what may be called a gentile termination, has the i always long, as in Hivite, Samnite, cos. mopolite, bedlamite, &c. 157. The termination ive, when the accent is on it, is always long, as in hive, except in the two verbs, give, live, and their compounds, giving, living, &c.; for the adjective live, as a live animal, has the i long, and rhymes with strive; so have the adjective and adverb, lively and livelily: the noun livelihood follows the same analogy; but the adjective live-long, as the live-long day, has the i short, as in the verb. When the accent is not on the i in this termination it is always short, as sportive, plain- tive, &c. rhyming with give (150) except the word be a gentile, as Argive. 158. All the other adjectives and substantives of this termination, when the accent is not on it, have the i invariably short, as offensive, defensive, &c. The i in salique is short, as if written sallick, but long in oblique, rhyming with pike, strike, &c.; while antique has the i long and slender, and rhymes with speak. Dr. Kearick, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Perry, Buchaman, and Barclay, have obleek for oblique, Mr. Scott has it both ways, but gives the slender sound first; and Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, and W. Johnston, oblike. The latter is, in my opinion, more agreeable to polite usage, but the former more analogical, for as it comes from the French oblique, we cannot write it oblike, as Mr. Nares wishes, any more than antique, antike, for fear of departing too far from the Latin antiquus and obliquus. Opaque, Mr. Nares observes, has become opake; but then it must be remembered, that the Latin is opacus and not opaquus. # 159. All the terminations in ize have the 7 long, except to endenize 3 which, having the accent on the second syllable, follows the general rule, and has the i short, pronounced as in the verb is. (140.) To these observations we may add, that though evil and devil suppress the i, as if written ev'ī and dev’l, yet that cavil and pencil preserve its sound distinctly; and that Latin ought never to be pronoun- ced as it is generally at schools, as if written Lati'n. Cousin and cozen both drop the last vowels, as if spelled cozn, and are only distinguishable to the eye. Thus we see how little regularity there is in the sound of this letter when it is not under the ac- cent; and, when custom will permit, how careful we ought to be to preserve the least trace of amalo- gy, that “confusion may not be worse confounded.” . The sketch that has been just given may, erhaps, afford something like a clew to direct us in this labyrinth, and it is hoped it wiłł enable thé judicious speaker to pronounce with more certainty and decision. 160. It was remarked under the vowel ...?, that whem a hard g or c preceded that vowel, a sound like e interposed, the better to unite the letters, and soften the sound of the consonant. The same may be observed of the letter I. When this vowel is preceded by hard g or k, which is but another form for hard c, it is pronounced as if an e were inserted between the consonant and the vowel: thus sky, kind, guide, guise, disguise, catechise, guile, beguile, mankind, are pronounced as if written ske-y, ke-ind, gue-ise, dis-gue-ise, cate-che-ise, gue-ile, begue-wle, manke-ind. At first sight we are surprised that two such different letters as a ard should be affected in the same manner by the hard gutturals, g, c, and k; but when we reflect that i is really composed of a and e, (37,) our surprise ceases; and we are pleased to find the ear perfectly uniform in its procedure, and entirely umbiassed by the eye. From this view of the analogy we may see how greatly mistaken is a very solid and ingenious writer on this subject, who says, that “ky-ind for kind is a monster of pronunciation, heard only on our stage.” Nares' English Orthoepy, page 28. See No. 92. It may not, perhaps, seem unworthy of notice, that when this letter is unaccented in the numerous terminations itſ, ible, &c. it is frequently pronounced like short u, as if the words sensible, visible, &c were written sensubble, visubble, &c.; and charity, chastity, &c. like charrutty, chastutty, &c.; but it may be observed, that the pure sound of i like e in these words is as much the mark of an elegant speaker as that of the w in singular, educate, &c. See No. 179. O. 161. Grammarians have generally allowed this letter but three sounds. Mr. Sheridan instances them in not, note, prove. For a jourth, I have added the o in love, dove, &c.; for the fifth, that in or mor, for; and a sixth, that in woman, wolf, &c. 162. The first and only peculiar sound of this letter is that by which it is mamed in the alphabet: it requires the mouth to be formed, in some degree, like the letter, in order to pronounce it. This may be called its long open sound, as the o in prove may be called its long slender sound. (65.) This sound we find in words ending with silente, as tone, bone, alone; or when ending a syllable with the accent upon it, as mo-tion, po-tent, &c.; likewise in the monosyllables, go, so, no. This sound is found under several combinations of other vowels with this letter, as in moon, groan, bow (to shoot with;) low (not high,) and before st in the words host, ghost, post, most, and beforess in gross. 163. The second sound of this letter is called its short sound, and is found in not, got, lot, &c.; though this, as in the othér short vowels, is by no means the short sound of the former long one, but corres- ponds exactly to that of a in what, with which the words not, got, lot, are perfect rhymes. The long sound, to which the o in not and sot are short ones, is found under the diphthong au in maught, and the win sought 5 corresponding exactly to the aim hall, h it’, &c. The short sound of this letter, like the short sound of a in father (78) (79) is frequently, by inaccurate speakers, and chiefly those among the vulgar, lengthened to a middle sound approaching to its long sound, the o in or. This sourid is generally heard, as in the case of a, when it is succeeded by two consonants: thus Mr. Smith pro- nounces broth, froth and moth, as if written browth, feawth, and mawth. Of the propriety or impropri- ety of this, a well-educated ear is the best judge ; but as was observed under the article A (79) if this be not the sound heard among the best speakers, no middle sound ought to be admitted, as good orators will ever incline to definite and absolute sounds, rather than such as may be called non-de- Bºrips in language. #. The third sound of this letter, as was marked in the first observation, may becalled its long sleq der sound, corresponding to the double o. The words where this sound of o occurs are so few, that it will be easy to give a catalogue of then : Prove, move, behove, and their compounds, lose, do adº, DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER U. 2} Rome, poliron, ponton, sponton, who, whom, womb, tomb. , Sponton is not in Johnson; and this and the tº :#. words ought rather to be written with oo in the last syllable. Gold is pronounced like goold in familiar conversation; but in verse and solemn language, especially that of the Scripture, ought always to rhyme with old, fold, &c. See EncoFE, GoDD, and WIND. ióš. The fourth sound of this vowel is that which is found in love, dove, &c.; and the long sound, which seems the nearest relation to it, is the first sound ofo in note, tone, rove, &c. This sound of oiº generally heard when it is shortened by the succeeding liquids n, m, r, and the semi-vowelsº, 2, th and as Mr. Nares has given a catalogué of those words, I shall avail myself of his labour. Above, ºf front, allonge, among, amongst, attorney, bomb, bom-bard, *::::: borough, brother, cochineal, colour, come, comely, comfit, comfort, company, compass, comrade, combat, conduit, comeſ, conjure, constable, covenant, cover, covert, covei, covey, cozen, discomfit, done, doth, dost, dove, dozen, dromedary, front, glove, govern, homey, hover, love, Monday, money, mongrel, monk, monkey, month, mother, none, nothing, one, onion, other, oven, plover, pome- granate, pomel, pother, romage, shove, shotel, sloven, smother, some, Somerset, son, sovereign, sponge, stomach, thorough, ton, tongue, word, work, wonder, world, worry, worse, worship, wort, worth; to which we may add, rhomb, once, comfrey, and colander. 166. In these words the accent is on the o in every word, except pomegranate: but with very few exceptions, this letter has the same sound in the gnaccented terminatiºns, oc, ock, od, ol, om, on, op, or, ot, and some, as mammock, cassock, method, carol, kingdom, union, amazon, gallop, tutor, turbot, trouble- some, &c.; all which are pronounced as if written mammuck, cassuck, methud, &c. The oin the adjunct monger, as cheesemonger, &c. has always this sound. The exceptions to this rule are technical terms from the Greek or Latin, as Achor, a species of the herpes; and proper names, as Calor, a river in taly. #. The fifth sound of ois the long sound produced by r final, or followed by another consonant, as for, former. This sound is perfectly equivalent to the diphthong au; and for and former might, on account of sound only, be written faur and faurmer. #. are many exceptions to this rule, as Borne, corps, corse, force, forge, form (a seat,) forte, horde, porch, port, sport, &c. which have the first sound of this letter. 168. O, like A, is lengthened before r, when terminating a monosyllable, or followed by another consonant; and, like a too, is shortened by a duplication of the liquid, as we may hear by compating the conjunction or with the same letters in torrid, florid, &c.; for though the r is not doubled to the eye injlorid, yet as the accent is on it, it is as effectually doubled to the ear as if written florrid; só if a consonant of another kmd succeed the r in this situation, we find the o as long as in a monosyl- lable: thus the o in orchard is as long as in the conjunction or, and that in formal, as in the word for. but in orifice and forage, where the r is followed by a vowel, the o is as short as if the r were double, and the words written orrifice and forrage. See No. 81. 169. There is a sixth sound of o exactly corresponding to the w in bull, full, pull, &c. which, from its existing only in the following words, may be called its irregular sound. These words are woman, bosom, worsted, wolf, and the proper names, Wolsey, Worcester, and Wolverhampton. Irregular and Unaccented Sounds. 170. What was observed of the a, when followed by a liquid and a mute, may be observed of the 6 with equal justness. This letter like a, has a tendency to lengthen, when followed by a liquid and another consonant, or by s, ss, or s and a mute. But this length of o, in this situation, seems every day growing more and more vulgar; and, as it would be gross to a degree to sound the aim castle, mask, and plant, like the a in palm, psalm, &c. so it would be equally exceptionable to pronounce the a in moss, dross and frost, as if written mawse, drawse, and frawst. (78 § The o in the compounds of solve, as dissolve, absolve, resolve, seem the only words where a somewhat longer sound of the C is agree- able to polite pronunciation: on the contrary, when the o ends a syllable, immediately before or af. ter the accent, as in po-lite, im-po-tent, &c. there is an elegance in giving it the open sound nearly as long as in po-lar and po-tent, &c. See Dow ESTICK, CoLLECT, and CoMMAND. It may likewise be ob- served, that the olike the e (102) is suppressed in a final unaccented syllable when preceded by c or #, and followed by n, as bacon, beacon, deacon, beckon, reckon, pronounced bak'n, beak'n, deak'n, beck'n, reck'n, and when c is preceded by another consonant, as falcon, pronounced fawk'n. The o is like- wise mute in the same situation, when preceded by d in pardon, pronounced pard’n, but not in Guer- don: it is mute when preceded by p in weapon, capon, &c. pronounced weap'n, cap'n, &c.; and when preceded by s in reason, season, treason, oraison, benison, denison, unison, foison, poison, prison, damson, crimson, advowson, pronounced reaz'n, treaz'n, &c.; and mason, bason, garrison, lesson, caparison, compar ison, disinherison, parson, and person, pronounced mcs'n, bas'n, &c. Unison, diapason, and cargason, seem, particularly in solemn speaking, to preserve the sound of o like u, as if written unisun, diapazun, &c. The same letter is suppressed in a final unaccented syllable beginning with t, as Seton, cotton, button, mutton, glutton, pronounced as if written Setºn, cott'n, &c. When a precedes the t, the o is pro- nounced distinctly, as in Sexton. When t is the preceding letter, theo is generally suppressed, as in the proper names Stilton cheese, Wilton carpets, and JMelton Mowbray, &c. Accurate speakers sometimés struggle to preserve it in the name of our great epic poet Milton; but the former examples sufficient ly show the tendency of the º and this tendency cannot be easily counteracted. This let- ter is likewise suppressed in the last syllable of blazon, pronounced blaz'n but is always to be pre- served in the same syllable of horizon. This suppression of the o must not be ranked among those gareless abbreviations found only among the vulgar, but must be considered as one of those devious tendencies to brevity, which has worn itself a currency in the language, and has at last become a part of it. To pronounce the o in those cases where it is suppressed, would give a singularity to the speaker bordering nearly on the pedantic; and the attention given to this singularity by the hearer would necessarily diminish his attention to the subject, and consequently deprive the speaker of something much more desirable. U. 171. The first sound of u, heard in tube, or ending an unaccented syllable, as in cu-bic, is a diphthon gal sound, as if e were prefixed, and these words were spelt tewbe and kewbic. The letter u is exactly the pºonoun you. 172. The second sound of u is the short sound, which tallies exactly with the o in dome, son, &c. which every ear perceives might, as wełł for the sound's sake, be spelt thin, sun, &c. See all the words where the o has this sound, No 173. ! S0 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER tº 173. The third sound of this letter, and that in which the English more particularly depart from analogy, is the u in bull, full, pull, &c. The first, or diphthongal w in tube, seems almost as peculiar to the English as the long sound of the i in thine, mine, &c. but here, as if they chope to imitate the Latin, Italian, and French u, they leave out the e before the u, which is heard in tube, mule, &c. and do not pronounce the latter part of u quite so long as the oo in pool, nor so short as the u in dull, but with a middle sound between both, which is the true short sound of the oo in coo and woo, as may be heard by comparing woo and wool; the latter of which is a perfect rhyme to bull. 174. This middle sound of u, so unlike the general sound of that letter, exists only in the following words: bull, full, pull; words compounded of full, as wonderful, dreadful, &c. bullock, bully, bullet, bul- wark, fuller, fulling-mill, pulley, pullet, push, bush, bushel, pulpit, puss, hullion, butcher, cushion, cuckoo, pud- ding, sugar, hussar, huzza, and put when a verb: but few as they are, except full, which is a very co- pious termination, they are sufficient to puzzle Englishmen who reside at any distance from the capi- tal, and to make the inhabitants of Scotland and Ireland, (who, it is highly probable, received a much more regular pronunciation from our ancestors,) not unfrequently the jest of fools. 175. But vague and desultory as this sound of the w may at first seem, on a closer view we find it chiefly confined to words which begin with the mute labials, b, p, f, and end with the liquid labial l, or the dentals s, f, and d, as in bull, full, pull, bush, push, pudding, puss, put, &c. Whatever, therefore, was the cause of this whimsical deviation, we see its primitives are confined to a very marrow com- pass: put has this sound only when it is a verb; for putty, a paste for glass, has the common sound of u, and rhymes exactly with nutty, . the qualities of a mut;) so put, the game at cards, and the vulgar appellation of country put, follow the same analogy. All Bull's compounds regularly follow their primitive. But though fuller, a whitener of cloth, and Fulham, a proper name, are not com- pounded of full, they are sounded as if they were ; while Putney follows the general rule, and has its first syllable pronounced like the noun put. Pulpit and pullet comply with the peculiarity on account of their resemblance to pull, though nothing related to it; and butcher and puss adopt this sound of u for no reason but the nearness of their form to the other words: amd when to these we have added cushion, sugar, cuckoo, hussar, and the interjection huzza, we have every word in the whole language where the u is thus pronounced. 176. Some speakers indeed, have attempted to give hulk and punish, this obtuse sound of u, but luckily have not been followed. The words which have already adopted it are sufficiently numerous; and we cannot be too careful to check the growth of so unmeaning an irregularity. When this vow- el is preceded by r, in the same syllable, it has a sound somewhat longer than this middle sound, and exactly as if written oo : thus rue, true, &c. are pronounced nearly as if written roo, tº oo, &c. (333., 177. It must be remarked, that this sound of u, except in the word fuller, never extends to words from the learned languages; for fulminant, fulmination, ebullition, repulsion, sepulchre, &c. sound the wº as in dull, gull, &c. and the u in pus and pustule is exactly like the same letter in thus. So the pure En lish words, fulsome, buss, bulge, bustle, bustard, buzzard, preserve the u in its second sound, as in us É. and custard. It may likewise not be unworthy of remark, that the letter u is never subject to the shortening power of either the primary or secondary accent; but when accented, is always long, un- iess shortened by a double consonant. See the words DRAMA and MUGULENT, and No. 506, 534. Irregular and Unaccented Sounds. 178. But the strangest deviation of this letter from its regular sound is in the words busy, business, and bury. We laugh at the Scotch for pronouncing these words, as if written bewsy, bewsiness, and bewry; but we ought rather to blush for ourselves in departing so wantonly from the general rule as to pronounce them bizzy, bizness, and berry. 179. There is an incorrect pronunciation of this letter when it ends a syllable not under the ac- cent, which prevails, not only among the vulgar, but is sometimes found in better company; and that is, giving the w an obscure sound, which confounds it with vowels of a very different kind: thus we not unfrequently hear singular, regular, and particular, pronounced as if written sing-e-lar, reg-e- lar, and par-tick-e-lar; but nothing tends more to tarnish and vulgarize the pronunciation than this short and obscure sound of the unaccented u. It may, indeed, be observed, that there is scarcely any thing more distinguishes a person of mean and good education than the pronunciation of the un- accented vowels, (547) (558.) When vowels are under the accent, the prince, and the lowest of the people in the metropolis, with very few exceptions, pronounce them in the same manner; but the maccented vowels in the mouth of the former have a distinct, open, and specific sound, while the latter often totally sink them, or change them into some other sound. Those, therefore, who wish to pronounce elegantly, must be particularly attentive to the unaccented vowels; as a meaf pronunciation of these, forms one of the greatest beauties of speaking. Y final. 180. Y final, either in a word or syllable, is a pure vowel, and has exactly the same sound as i would have in the same situation. For this reason, printers, who have been the great correctors of our orthography, have substituted the i in its stead, on account of the too great frequency of this let- ter in §§ language. That y final is a vowel, is universally acknowledged; nor need we any other proof of it than its long sound, when followed by e mute, as in thyme, rhyme, &c. or ending a syllable with the accent upon it, as buſing, cyder, &c. this may be called its first vowel sound. 181. The second sound of the vowel y is its short sound, heard in system, syntax, &c. Irregular and Unaccented Sounds. 182. The unaccented sound of this letter at the end of a syllable, like that of i in the same situa- tion, is always like the first sound of e : thus vanity, pleurisy, &c. and if sound alone were consulted, might be written vanitee, pleurisee, &c. o s i83. The exception to this rule is, when f precedes the y in a final syllable, the y is them pronoun- ced as long and open as if the accent were on it: thus justify, qualify, &c. have the last syllable sounded like that in defy. This long sound continues when the y is changed mtot, in justifiable, qual: ifiable, &c. The same may be observed of multiply and multipliable, &c. ogcupy and occupiable, &c. (512.) 184. There is an irregular sound of this letter when the accent is on it in panegyric, when it is fre- quently pronounced like the second sound of e, which would be more correct if its true sound were preserved, and it were to shy me with Piri hic or as Swift does with Satiric. DIFFERENT S(jcſnpS OF THE DIPHTHONGS. **. f “On me when dunces are satirick, , “I take it for a panegyrick.” Thus we see the same irregularity attends this letter before double r, or before single r, followed by a vowel, as we find attends the vowel i in the same situation. So the word Syrinx ought to preserve the y like i pure, and the word syrtis should sound the y like e short, though the first is often heard Improperly, like the last i85. But the most uncertain sound of this letter is, when it ends a syllable immediately preceding the accent. In this case it is subject to the same variety as the letter i in the same situation, and nothing but a catalogue will give us any idea of the analogy of the language in this point. 186. The y is long in chylaceous, but shortened by the secondary accent in chulifaction and chylifac- tive, (530:) though, without the least reason from analogy, Mr Sheridan has marked them both long 187. Words composed of hydro, from the Greek v3ap, water, have the y before the accent generally long, as hydrography, hydrographer, hydrometry, hydropic; all which have the y long in Mr. Sheridan but hydrography, which must be a mistake of the press; and this long sound of y continues in hydro- static, in spite of the shortening power of the secondary accent. (530.) The same sound of y prevails in hydraulics and hydatides. Hygrometer and higrometry, seem to follow the same analogy, as well as hyperbola and |. ; which are generally heard with the y long ; though Kenrick has marked the latter short. Hupostatis and hypotenuse ought to have the y long likewise. In hypothesis the y is more frequently short than long; and in hypothetical it is more frequently long than short; but hypocrisy has the first iſ always short. JMyrabolan and myropolist may have the y either long or short. JMythology has the first y generally short, and mythological, from the shortening power of the secondary accent, (530,) almost always. Phytivorous, phytography, phytology, have the first y always long. In phylactery, the first y is generally short, and in physician always. #. has the y long in Mr. Sheridan, but I think, improperly. In pyramidal he marks the y long, though, in my opinion, it is generally heard short as in pyramid. In pyrites, with the accent on the second syllable, he marks the y short, much more correctly than Kenrick, who places the accent on the first syllable, and marks the y longs (see the word.) Synodic, synodical, synonimo, and synopsis, have the y always short. synechdoche ought like- wise to have the same letter short, as we find it in Perry's and Kenrick's Dictionaries; though in Sheridan's we find it long. Tºpographſ and typographer ought to have the first y long, as we find it in Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, Kenrick, and Perry, though frequently heard short ; and though tyrannical has the y marked short by Mr. Perry, it ought rather to have the long sound, as we see it marked by Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Buchaman, W. Johnston, and Kenrick. 188. From the view that has been taken of the sound of the i and y immediately before the accent, it may justly be called the most uncertain part of pronunciation, Scarcely any reasºn can be given why custom prefers one sound to the other in some words; and why, in others, we may use either one or the other indiscriminately. It is strongly to be presumed that the i and y, in this situation, articularly the last, was generally pronounced long by our ancestors, but that custom has gradual- y inclined to the shorter sound as more readily pronounced, and as more like the soul.i of these letters when they end a syllable after the accent; and, perhaps, we should contribute to the regu- larity of the language, if, when we are in doubt, we should rather incline to the short thals the long sound of these letters. W final. 189. That w final, is a vowel, is not disputed (9;) when it is in this situation, it is equivalent to go, as may be perceived in the sound of vow, tow-el, &c. where it forms a real diphthong, composed of the g in wa-ter, and the oo in woo and coo. It is often joined to o at the end of a syllable, without af. feeting the sound of that vowel; and in this situation it may be called servile, as in bow to shoot with ; crow, low, (not high,) &c. DIPHTHONGS. 190. A diphthong is a double vowel, or the union or mixture of two vowels pronounced together, so as only to make one syllable; as the Latin a e or ce, oe or ae, the Greek ºt, the English ai, au,8tc. 191. This is the general definition of a diphthong: but if we examine it closely, we shºdl find in it a want of precision and accuracy.” If a diphthong be two vowel sounds in succession, they must necessarily form two syllables, and therefore, by its very definition, cannot be a diphthong: if it be such a mixture of two vowels as to form but one simple sound, it is very improperly called a dipht- thong ; nor can any such simple mixture exist. 192. The only way to reconcile this seeming contradiction, is to-suppose that two vocal sounds in succession were sometimes pronounced so closely together as to form only the time of one syllable in Greek and Latin verse. Some of these diphthongal syllables we have in our own language, which only pass for monosyllables in F. : thºs hire (wages) is no more than one syllable in verse, though erfectly equivalent to higher (more high,) which generally passes for a dissyllable: the same may e observed of dare or dyer, hour and power, &c. This is not uniting two vocal sounds into one simple sound, which is impossible ; but pronouncing two vocal sounds in succession so rapidly and so close- ly as to go for only one syllable in poetry. 193. Thus the best definition I have found of a diphthong is that given us by Mr. Smith, in his Scheme for a French and English Dictionary. “A diphthong (says this gentleman) I would define * to be two simple vocal sounds uttered by one and the same emission of breath, and joined in such “a manner that each loses a portion of its natural length; but from the junction produceth a com “ pound sound, equal in the time of pronouncing to either of them taken separately, and so making “still but one syllable.” 194. “Now if we apply this definition (says Mr. Smith) to the several combinations that may have “been laid down and denominated diphthongs by former orthbepists, I believe we shall find only a “small number of them meriting this name.” As a proof of the truth of this observation, we find, that most of those vocal assemblages that go under the name of diphthongs emit but a simple sound, * We see how many disputes the simple and ambiguous nature of vowels created among grammarians, and how it has ot the mistake concerning diphthongs: all that are properly so are syllables. and mat diphthongs, as intenéºd to tº: by that word. Holder. *** * º & JºſpºRENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHongs .4E, AI, &c. and that not compounded of the two vowels, but one of them only, sounded long: thus pain and pane, pail and pale, hear and here, are perfectly the same sounds. ... 195. These observations naturally lead us to a distinction of diphthongs into properand improper the proper are such as have two distinct vocal sounds, and the improper such as have but one, * 196. The proper diphthongs are, €0. OCearn io question oy boy eu feud o: voice zla assuage ev jewel ow pound the mansuetude id: poniard Olºy II OW ali languid. ie spaniel In this assemblage it is impossible not to see a manifest distinction between those which begin with e or i, and the rest. In those beginning with either of these vowels we find a squeezed sound like the commencing or consonant ºf interpose, as it were, to articulate the latter vowel, and that the words where these diphthongs are found, might agreeably to the sound, be spelt oshe-yan, f.yude, j-yewel, pon-yard; span-yel, pash-yon, &c.; and as these diphthongs (which, from their commencing with the sound of y consonant, may not improperly be called semi-consonant diphthongs,) begin in that part of the mouth where s, c soft, and t are formed, we find that coalescence ensue which forms the aspirated hiss in the numerous terminations siom, tion, tial, &c. and by direct consequence in those ending in ture, une, as future, fortune, &c. for the letter w, when long, is exactly one of these semi-comsonant diph- thongs (85) and when immediately after the accent it coalesces with the preceding s, c, or t, and draws them into the aspirated hiss of shortsh. (459.) Those found in the termination ious may be called semi-consonant diphthongs also, as the o and u have but the sound of one vowel. It may be observed too, in passing, that the reason why in mansuetude the s does not go into sh, is, because when w is followed by another vowel in the same syllable, it drops its consonant sound at the beginning, and becomes merely double o. 197. The improper diphthongs are, ae Caesar ea clean ie friend ai aim ee reed O& COat ao gaol ei ceilin Oe occonomy aw taught eo people 00 ITIOOll aw law they 020 CrOW. g - ey 198. The triphthongs having but two sounds are merely ocular, and must therefore be classed with the proper diphthongs: t aye (for ever) eou plenteous iew view eau beauty iew adieu. oeu manoeuvre. Of all these combinations of vowels we shall treat in their alphabetical order. .A.E. 199. 4e or ce is a diphthong, says Dr. Johnson, of very frequent use in the Latin language, which seems not properly to have any place in the English ; since the ae of the Saxons has been long out of use, being changed to e simple ; to which, in words frequently occurring, the ce of the Romans is, in the same manner, altered, as in equator, equinoctial, and even in Eneas. 200. But though the diphthong ae is perfectly useless in our language, and the substitution of e in its stead, in Cesar and Eneas, is recommended by Dr. Johnson, we do not find his authority has total- ly annihilated it, especially in proper names and technical terms derived from the learned languages. sar, JEneas, JEsop, poean, ather, cethiops mineral, amphisbaena, anacephalaeosis, aphaeresis, aegilops, ozoena, &c. seem to preserve the diphthong, as well as certain words which are either plurals or geni tives, in Latin words not maturalized, as cornucopiae, exuviae, aqua vitae, minutiae, strice, &c. 201. This diphthoug, when Hut under the actèut, in Michaelitus, and when accented in Daedalus, is pronounced like shorte; it is, like e, subject to the short sound when under the secondary accent, as in JEnobarbus, where aen in the first syllable, is pronounced exactly like the letter n. (530.) .A.I. 202. The sound of this diphthong is exactly like the long slender sound of a , thus pail, a vessel, and pale, a colour, are perfectly the same sound. The exceptions are but few. 203. When said is the third person preterimperfect tense of the verb to say, ai has the sound of short e, and said rhymes with bed; the same sound of ai may be observed in the third person of the present tense saith and the participle said; but when this word is an adjective, as the said man, it is regular, and rhymes with trade. 204. Plaid, a striped garment, rhymes with mad. g * 205. Raillery is a perfect rhyme to salary; and raisin, a fruit, is pronounced exactly like reason, the distinctive faculty of man. See both these words in the Dictionary. 206. Again Jund Against, sound as if written agen and agenst. 207. The aisle of a church is pronounced exactly like isle, an island; and is sometimes written ile. 208. When this diphthong is in a final unaccented syllable, thea is sunk and the i pronounced short: thus mountain, fountain, captain, curtain, villain, are all pronounced as if written mountin, fountin, cap- tin, curtin, villin: but when the last word takes an additional syllable, the i is dropped, and the a has its short sound, as villanows, villany. See the words in the Dictionary. 209. The ai in Britain has the short sound approaching to u, so common with all the vowels in final unaccented syllables, and is pronounced exactly like Briton. º £10. Plait, a §of cloth, is regular, and ought to be pronounced like plate, a dish ; pronouncing it so as to rhyme with meat is a vulgarism, and ought to be avoided. e 211, Plaister belongs no longer to this class of words, being now more properly written plaster, rhyming with caster. .40 212. This combination of vowels in a diphthong is only to be met with in the word gaol, now more properly written, as it is pronounced, jail. w w Y DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS.AU, Amſ, &c. 33 .4U. *13. º: eneral sound of this diphthong is that of the noun awe, as taught, caught, &c. or of the a in hall, bail, &c. ###. these letters are followed by n, and another consonant, they change to the second sound of a heard in far, farther, &c.; thus aunt, haunt, daunt, askaunce, askaunt, flaunt, taunt, gauntlet, jaunt, haunch, launch, craunch, jaundice, laundry, have the Italian sound of the a in the last syllable of papa and mamma. To these I think ought to be added, daunt, paunch, gaunt, and saunter, as Dr. Kenrick has marked them with the Italian a, and not as if written dawnt, pawnch, &c. as Mr. Sheridan sounds them. Maund, a basket, is always pronounced with the Italian a, and nearly as if written murnd; for which reason Maundy Thursday, which is derived from it, ought, with M. Nares, to be pro- nounced in the same manner, though generally heard with the sound of aw. To maunder, to grum- ble, though generally heard as if written maunder, ought certainly to be promounced as Mr. Nares has classed it, with the Italian a. The same may be observed of taunt, which ought to rhyme with aunt, though sounded tawnt by Mr. Sheridan ; and being left out of the above list, supposed to be so pronounced by Mr. Nares. But Mr. Elphinstone has placed the analogy of these words in so stron and curious a light, that I cannot help presenting them to the reader in his own words, though a dif: ferent orthography: “ U meritoriously distinguishes aunt, the parent's sister, from ant, the emmer, “ and gives a slender shut, the servile of a broad open, yet without pretence of so dangerous or any “coincidence; in defiance of both sisters, his aunt had power to retain the company of jaunt, haunt, ‘‘ vaunt, taunt, daunt, gaunt, gauntlet ; in all of which the u does precisely the same duty it formerly “ did in chaunt, graunt, maurid, and commaund; in saunter and saunder; as well as in braunch, haunch, “ paunch, launch, staunch : all now justly as genealogically, chant, grant, mand (the old basket,) com— “mand, santer, sander; branch, hanch, panch, lanch, stanch. Ja'indice alone pleaded u radical ; and yet “ was found mere jandice. So With aunt, must return to truth and etymology (who do not always “join issue,) jant, hant, variº, tant, dant, gant, gantlet ; and even the venerable Mandy, Thursday, “with her mand or basket in her hand. She had, indeed, almost feft the language, though Astrea had * not left the land, when analogy (or harmony) enacted ; a broad (au) shall not in English precede “n ; followed either by a dry dental, or by a sibilation ; that is, au shall not be followed by nt, nd, " “ nee, neh, or nge. . No such sounds being sufferable in the English system, as aunt, aund, aunch, “aunce, or aunge ; there shall be no such semblances . Alike are therefore indispensable, chant and “jant ; hand and mand, chance and lance, branch and lanch, banter, and santer ; Sande and his full “self Alexander. In all such, a far from broad or open, is slender and shut ; yet hardly shorter than “if the silent aspiration interposed in ahnt, Sahnter, lahnce, lohnch, and the rest. Before nge, indeed, “a is also slender, but open ; not ah, but a ; guarded therefore by its own (i) servile (as we saw in * its place) against every danger of change. Faun and faum remain doubtless in fauns and fawns, “unaltered by the adscititious depressive sibilant.” Propriety Ascertained in her Picture, vol. i. page 171. 215. Laugh and draught, which are very properly classed by Mr. Nares among these words which have the long Italian a in father, are marked by Mr. Sheridan with his first sound of a in hat, length- ened into the sound of a in father, by placing the accent on it. Staunch is spelled without the u by Johnson, and therefore improperly classed by Mr. Nares in the above list. 216. Vaunt and avaunt seem to be the only real exceptions to this sound of a in the whole list; and as these words are chiefly confined to tragedy, they may be allowed to “fret and strut their hour up- on the stage” in the old traditionary sound of awe. 217. This diphthong is pronounced like long o in handboy, as if written ho-boy ; and like o short in cauliflower, laurel, and lºudanium ; as if written colliſlower, lorrel, and loddanum. In gauge, au has the sound of slender a, and rhymes with page. 218. There is a corrupt pronunciation of this diphthong among the vulgar, which is, giving the au in daughter, sauce, saucer, and saucy, the sound of the Italian a, and nearly as if written darter, sarge, sarcer, and sarcy, but this pronunciation caunot be too carefully avoided. Au in sausage also, is sounded by the yulgar with short a, as if written sassage; but in this, as in the other words, au ought to sound awe. See the words in the Dictionary. .4 W 219. Has the long broad sound of a in ball, with which the word hawl is perfectly identical. It is always regular. * .A.Y. 220. This diphthong, like its near relation ai, has the sound of slender a in pay, day, &c. and is ronounced like long e in the word quay, which is now sometimes seen written key : for if we cannot §. the pronunciation to the spelling, it is looked upon as some improvement to bring the spelling to the pronunciation : a most permicious practice in language. See Bow L. * 221. To flay, to strip off the skin, also, is corruptly pronounced flea ; but the diphthong in this word seems to be recovering its rights. ū 222. There is a wantom departure from analogy in orthography, by changing the y in this diph- thong to i in the words paid, said, laid, for paged, sayed, and layed. Why these words should be writ- ten with i and thus contracted, and played, prayed, and delayed, remain at large, let our wise correct ors of ºgraphy determine. Stayed also, a participial adjective signifying steady, is almost always . written staid. sº 223. When ay comes immediately after the accent in a final syllable, like ai, it drops the former vowel in the colloquial pronunciation of the days of the week. Thus as we pronounce captain, cur- tain, &c. as if written captin, curlin, &c. so we hear Sunday, Monday, &c, as if written Sundy, Mundy, &c. A more distinct pronunciation of day, in these words, is a mark of the northern dialect. (208). 224. The familiar assent uy for yes, is a combination of the long Italian a in the last syllable of 3 apa, and the first sound of e. If we give the a the sound of that letter in bull, the word degenerates into a coarse rustic pronunciation. Though in the House of Commons, where this word is made a noun, we frequently, but not correctly, hear it so pronounced, in the phrase the Ayes have it. .4.Y.E. 225. This triphthong is a combination of the slender sound of a, heard in paper, and the e in metre. The word which it composes, signifying ever, is alſº st obsolete 34 DIFFERENT sounds of THE DIPHTHONG Ea. E.A. & 226. The regular sound of this diphthong is that of the first sound of e in here, but its irregular sound of short e is so frequent, as to make a catalogue of both necessary; especially for those who are unsettled in the pronunciation of the capital, and wish to practise in order to form a habit 227. The first sound of ea is like open e, and is heard in the following words: Aſeard, affear, anneal, appeal, appear, appease, aread, arrear, beacon, beadle, leadroll, beads, beadsman, beagle, beak, beaker, beam, bean, beard, bearded, beast, beat, beaten, heaver, beledgier, beneath, bequeath, Bereave, besmear, bespeak, bleach bleak, blear, bleat, bohea, breach, breum, to breathe, cease, cheap, cheat, clean, cleanly (adverb), clear, clearance, cleave, cochineal, colleague, conceal, congeal, cream, creak, crease, creature, deacon, deal, dean, deanery, dear, decease, defeasance, defeasible, defeat, demean, demeant uridecrease, dream, drear, dreary, each, eager, eagle, eagre, ear, east, easter, easy, to eat, eaten, earés, ent eut, endear, escheat, fear, fearful, feasible, feasibility, feast, feat, feature, flea, feam, freak, gear, gleam, glean, to grease, grease, greaves, heal, heap, hear, heat, heath, hea. then, heave, impeach, increase, inseam, interleave, knead, lea, to lead, leaf, league, leak, lean, lease, leash, leas- ing, least, leave, leaves, mead, meagre, meal, mean, meat, measles, meathe, meal, meap, near, pett, peace, peak, peal, mease, peat, plea, plead, please, reuch, to read, retin, re p, reſtr, rearward, reason, reched, redstreak, release, •epeal, repeat, retreat, reveal, screak, scream, seal, sea, seam, Seºmy, seur, seurcloth, season, seat, shear, shears, sheath, sheathe, sheaf, sleasy, sneak, sneaker, Sneakup, speak, spear, steal, steam, streak, stream, streamer, strea- my, surcease, tea, teach, tead, teague, teal, team, tear, tease, teul, treakle, treason, treat, treatise, treatment, treaty, tweag, tweak, tweague, real, underneath, uneasy, unreave, uprear, weak, weaken, weal, weald, wean, weanling, weariness, wearisome, weary, weasond, weasel, weave, wheat, wheaten, wreak, wreath, wreathe, wreathy, yea, year, yearling, yearling, yearly, zeal. 228. In this catalogue we find beard and bearded sometimes pronounced as if written berd and herd- g : º: this ºption of the diphthong which Mr. Sheridan has adopted, seems confined to the Stage. €6 tile WOTC!. 229. The preterimperfect tense of eat is sometimes written ate, particularly by Lord Bolingbroke, and frequently, and, perhaps, more correctly, pronounced et, especially in Ireland ; but eaten always preserves the ea long. 230. Ea in fearful is long when it signifies limorous, and short when it signifies terrible, as if written ‘erful. See the word. 231. Tºad is long in the present tense, and short in the past and participle, which are sometimes written red. 232. Teat, a dug, is marked by Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Elphinstone, and Mr. Nares, with short e like tit, but more properly by Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Smith, with the long e, rhyming with meat. 233. Beat, the preterimperſect tense, and participle of to beat, is frequently pronounced in Ireland like bet (a wager); and if utility were the only object of language, this would certainly be the prefer able pronunciation, as nothing tends more to obscurity than verbs which have no different form for their present and past times; but fashion in this, as in many other cases, triumphs over use and propriety ; and bet, for the past time and participle of beat must be eligiously avoided. . Ea is pronounced like the short e in the following wo, ds, Abreast, ahead, already, bedstead, be- head, bespread, bestead, bread, breadth, breakfast, breast, breath, cleanse, cleanly, (adjective), cleanlily, dead, deadly, deaf, deafen, dearth, death, earl, earldom, et, ly, earn, earnest, earth, earther, earthlit, endeavour, feather, head, heady, health, heard, hearse, heaven, heavy, jealous, impearl, instead, lead, leaden, leant, (the past time and participle of to lean), learn, learning, leather, leaven, meadow, aneant, measure, pearl, peasant, pheasant, plea- sant, pleasantry, pleasure, read, (past time and participie), rcadily, readiness, ready, realm, rehearsal, re- heurse, research, seamstress, searce, search, spread, stead, steadfast, steady, stealth, Stealthy, sweſt, sweafy, thread, threaden, threat, threaten, treachery, tread, treadle, treasure, uncleanly, wealth, wealthy, weapon, weather, yearn, zealot, zealous, zealously. 235. I have given the last three words, compounded of zeal, as instances of the short sound of the diphthong, because it is certainly the more usual sound; but some attempts have lately been made in the House of Commons to pronounce them long, as in the noum. It is a commendable zeal to endeavour to reform the language as well as the constitution ; but whether, if these words were altered, it would be a real reformation, may admit of some dispute. See Enclitical Termination, No. 515, and the word ZEALOT. 236, Heard, the past time and participle of hear, is sometimes corruptly pronounced with the diph- thoug long, so as to rhyme with rear'd ; but this is supposing the verb to be regular; which, from the spelling, is evidently not the case. 237. It is, perhaps, worth observation, that when this diphthong comes beſore r, it is apt to slide into the short u, which is undoubtedly very near the true sound, but not exactly: thus pronouncing earl, earth, dearth, as if written url, urth, durth, is a slight deviation from the true sound, which is ex- actly that of i before r, followed by another consonant, in virtle, virgin ; and that is the true sound of short e in vermin, vernal, &c. 108. f . Leant, the past time and participle of to lean, is grown vulgar: the regular form leaned is pre- Cradle. 239. The past time and participle of the verb to leap, seems to prefer the irregular form; therefore, though we almost always hear to leap rhyming with reap, we generally hear leaped written and pro- nounced leapt, rhyming with wept. 240. Ea is pronounced like long slender a in bare, in the following words Bear, bearer, break, for- bear, ſºil. great, pear, steak, swear, to tear, wear 24I. The word great is sometimes pronounced as if written greet, generally by people of cducation, and almost universally in Ireland; but this is contrary to the fixed and settled practice in England That this is an affected pronunciation, will be perceived in a moment by prºnouncing this word in the phrase, Alexander the great; for those who pronounce the word greet, in other cases, will generally in this rhyme it with fate. It is true the ee is the regular sound of this diphthong; but this slender sound ofe has, in all probability, given way to that of a as deeper and more expressive of the epithet great, 242. The same observations are applicable to the word break; which is much more expressive of the action when pronounced brake than breek, as it is sometimes affectedly pronounced, 243. Ea is pronounced like the long Italian a in father, in the following words. Heart, hearty, hearten, hearth, hearken. 244. Ea, unaccented, has an obscure sound, approaching to short u, in vengeance, serjeant, pggeant, and pageantry pIFFERENT sounds of THE DIPHTHONGs EAU, EE, EL sc 35 EAU. 245. This is a French rather than an English triphthong, being found only in words derived from that language Its sound is that of long open o, as beau, bureau, flambeau, portmanteau. In beauty and its compounds, it has the first sound of u, as if written bewty. FE. 246. This diphthong, in all words except those that end in r, has a squeezed sound of long open e formed by a closer application of the tongue to the roof of the mouth, than in that vowel singly which is distinguishable to a mice ear, in the different sounds of the verbs to flee and to meet, and the nouns flea and meat. This has always been my opinion ; but, upon consulting some good speakers on the occasion, and in particular Mr. Garrick, who could find no difference in the sound of these words, I am less confident in giving it to the publick. . At any late the difference is but very trifling, and i shall the refore consider ee as equivalent to the long open e. 247 This diphthong is irregular only in the word breeches, pronounced as if written britches Cheesecake, sometimes pronounced chizcake, and breech, brilch, I look upon as vulgarisms. B indeed, in prose, has generally the short sound of e, as in hell ; and when these two letters form but one syllable, in the poetical contraction of e'er and ne'er, for ever and never, they are pronounced as if written air and nair. EI. 248. The general sound of this diphthong seems to be the same as ey, when under the accen which is like long slender a , but the other sounds are so numerous as to require a catalogue of them all. 249. Ei has the sound of long slender a in deign, vein, rein, reign, feign, feint, veil, heinous, heir, heiress, inveigh, weigh, neigh, skein, reins, their, theirs, eight, freight, weight, neighbour, and their compounds. When gh comes after this diphthong, though there is not the least remnant of the Saxon guttural sound, yet it has not exactly the same simple vowel sound as when followed by other consonants; ev, followed by gh, sounds both vowels like we ; or if we could interpose the y consonant between the a and t in eight, weight, &c. it might, perhaps, convey the sound better. The difference, however, is so delicate as to render this distinction of no great importance. The same observations are applicable to the words straignt, straighten, &c. See the word EIGHT. 250. Ei has the sound of long open e in here, in the following words and their compounds: To ceil, ceiling, conceit, deceit, receipt, conceive, perceive, deceive, receive, inveigle, seize, seisin, seignior, seigniory, seine, plebeian. Obeisance ought to be in the preceding class. See the word. 251. Leisure is sometimes pronounced as rhyming with pleasure; but, in my opinion, very impro perly : for if it be allowed that custon is equally divided, we ought, in this case, to pronounce the diphthong long, as more expressive of the idea annexed to it. 241. 252. Either and neither are so often pronounced eye-ther and nigh-ther, that it is hard to say to which class they belong. Analogy, however, without hesitation, gives the diphthong the sound of long open e, rather than that of i, and 1 hymes them with breather, one who breathes. This is the pronunciation Mr. Garrick always gave to these words.; but the true analogical sound of the diphthong in these words is that of the slender a, as if written ay-ther and nay-ther. This promumciation is adopt- ed in Ireland, but is not favoured by one of our of thoepists; for Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. EI. phinstone, Mr. Perry, Mr. Smith, Steel’s Grammar, and Dr. Jones, all pronounce these words with the diphthong like ſong e. W. Johnston alone adopts the sound of long i exclusively; Dr. Kemrick gives both 6ther and ither, but prefers the first, but gives neither the sound of longe exclusively: Mr. Coote says these words are generally pronounced with the ei like the i in mine. Mr. Barclay gives no description of the sound of ei in either, but says neither is sometimes pronounced nither and by others méther; and Mr. Nares says, “either and neither are spoken by some with the sound of long i ; I have “heard even that of long a given to them ; but as the regular way is also in use, I think it is prefera- “ble. These differences seem to have arisen from ignorance of the regular sound of ei.” If by the regular way and the regular sound of this diphthong Mr. Nares means the long sound of e, we need only inspect No. 249, and 250, to see that the sound of a is the more general sound, and therefore ought’ to be callel the regular; but where there are so many 'nstances of words where this diphthong has the long sound of e, and custom is so uniform in these words, there can be no doubt which is the true sound. 253. Ei has the sound of long open i, in height and sleight, rhyming with white and right. Height is, indeed, often heard rhyming with eight and weight, and that among very respectáble speakers; but custom seems to decide in favour of the other pronunciation, that it may better tally with the ad- jective high, of which it is the abstract. * ; El has the sound of short e, in the two words heifer and nonpareil, pronounced heffer and non- 7°ell, *; This diphthong, when unaccented, like ui, 203, drops the former vowel, and is pronounced like * short i, in foreign, foreigner, forfeit, forfeiture, sovereign, sovereignty, surfeit, counterfeit. EO. 256 This diphthong is pronounced like e long in people, as if written peeple; and like e short in leopard and jeopardy, as if written leppard and jeppardy; and in the law terms feoffee, feoffer, and feoff- ment, as if written ſºftee, feffer, and feffment. 257. We frequently hear these vowels contracted into short o in geography and geometry, as if writ- ten joggraphy and jommetry; but this gross pronunciation seems daily wearing, away; and giving place to that which separates the vowels into two distinct syllables, as it is always heard in geographi- cal, geometer, geometrical, and geometrician. Georgick is always heard as if written jorgick, and must be given up as incorrigible. , 116. º * 258. Eo is heard like long u in feod, feodul, feodatory, which are sometimes written as they are pro- nounced, feud, feudal, feudatory. 259. Eo, when unaccented, has the sound of u short in surgeon, sturgeon, dudgeon, gudgeon, bludgeons curmudgeon, dungeon, luncheon, puncheon, truncheon, burgeon, habergeon, but in scutcheon, esculc * geon, and widgeon, the eo sounds like short v. 3. * * * ** ºri. 4- ~~~~ g” * { 35 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS EOU, EU, EW, EWE, &c 260. Eo sounds like long o in yeoman and yeomanry; the first syllables of which words rhyme with go, no, so, See the words. g * 261. Eoin galleon, a Spanish ship, sounds as if written galloon, rhyming with moon.’ EOU. 262. This assemblage of vowels, for they cannot be properly called a triphthong, is often contracted into one syllable in prose, and poets never make it go for two. . In cutaneous and vitreous, two syl- lables are palpable; but in gorgeous and outrageous the soft g coalescing with e seems to drop a sylla ole, though polite pronunciation will always preserve it. 263. # assemblage is never found but in an unaccented syllable, and generally a final one, and when it is immediately preceded by the dentals d or t, it melts them into the sounds of j and teh . thus hideous and piteous are pronounced as if written hijeous and pitcheous. The same may be observed of righteous, plenteous, boundeous, courteous, peauleous, and duteous. 293, 294. EU. 264. This diphthong is always sounded like long w or ew, and is scarcely ever irregular: thus feud, deuce, &c. are pronounced as if written fewd, dewce, &c. EW. -- 265. This diphthong is pronounced like long ºf, and is almost always regular. There is a corrupt ronunciation of it like oo chiefly in London, where we sometimes hear dew and new, pronounced as if written doo and noo; but when r precedes this diphthong, as in brew, crew, drew, &c. pronouncing it like oo, is scarcely improper. See 176, 339. 266. Shew and strew have almost left this class, and by Johnson's recommendation are become show and strow, as they are pronounced. The proper name Shrewsbury, however, still retains the e, though always pronounced Shrowsbury. Sew, with a needle, always rhymes with no ; and sewer, sig- nifying a drain, is generally pronounced shore: but sewer, an officer, rhymes with fewer. See SEwer. 67. Evo is sometimes pronounced like aw in the verb to chew ; but this is gross and vulgar. To chew ought always to rhyme with new, view, &c. EIVE. 268. This triphthong exists only in the word ewe, a female sheep ; which is pronounced exactly like yew, a tree, or the plural personal pronoun you. There is a vulgar pronunciation of this word as if written yoe, rhyming with doe, which must be carefully avoided. See the word. \ EY. 269. When the accent is on this diphthong, it is always pronounced like ay, or like its kindred diphthong ei, in vein, reign, &c.; thus beſ, dej, grey, prey, they, trey, whey, obey, convey, purvey, survey, Key, eyre, and eyrey, are always heard as if written bay, day, &c. Kº and ley are the only exceptions, which always rhyme with sea. 220. *g 270. Ey, when unaccented, is pronounced like ee: thus galley, valley, alley, barely, &c. are pro- nounced as if written gallee, cakee, &c. The noun survey, therefore, if we place the accent on the first syllable, is anomalous. See the word. EYE. 271 This triphthong is only found in the word eye, which is always pronounced like the letter f. IA!. 272. This dºphthong, in the terminations idº, ial, iard, and iate, forms but one syllable, though the i in this situation, having the squeezed sound of ee perfectly similar to y, gives the syllable a double sound, very jº. in its nature from a * formed without the i thus Christian, filial, iard, conciliaté'sound as if written Christ-yan, fil-ya!, pon-yard, concil-yate, and have in the last sylla. i. evident mixture of the sound of y consonant. 113. 273. In diamond, these vowels are properly no diphthong; and in prose, the word ought to have three distinct syllables; but we frequestly hear it so promounced as to drop the a entirely, and as if written dimond. This, however, is a corruption that ought to be avoided. 274. In carriage, marriage, parliament, and minioture, the a is dropped, and the i has its short sound, as if written carridge, marridge, parlement, miniture. 90. * IE 275. The regular sound of this diphthong is that of ee, as in grieve, thieve, fiend, lieſ, liege, chief, ker- chief, handkerchief, auctionier, grenadier, &c. as if written greeve, theeve, feend, &c. ** 276. It has the sound of long i in die, hie, lie, pie, tie, voe, as if written du hy, &c. 277. The short sound of e is heard in friend, tierce, and the long sound of the same letter in tier 278. In variegate the best pronunciation is to sound both vowels distinctly like e, as if written ca- 271-e-gate. *; In the numeral terminations in ieth, as twentieth, thirtieth, &c. the vowels ought also to be kept distinct; the first like open e, as beard in the y in twenty, thirty, &c. and the second like short e, neard in breath, death, &c. In fiery too, the vowels are heard distinctly. 281. In orient and spaniel, where these letters come after a liquid, they are pronounced distinctly and great care should be taken not to let the last word degenerate into spannel. 113. 282. When these letters meet, in consequence of forming the plurals of mouns, they retain either the long or short sound they had in the singular, without increasing the number of syllables: thus a DIFFERENT sounds of THE DIPHTHONGs IEU, IEW, Io, &c. 33 fly makes flies, a lie makes lies, company makes companies, and dignity, dignities. The same may be ob. served of the third persons and past participles of verbs, as I fly, he flies, I deny, he denies, he denied, I sully, he sullied, &c. which may be pronounced as if written denize, denide, sullid, &c. 104. 283. When ie is in a termination without the accent it is pronounced like e only, in the same situa- tion: thus brasier, grazier and glazier, have the last syllable sounded as if written brazhur, grazhur, and glazhur, or rather as braze-yur, graze-yur, &c. 98, 418. IEE). 284. These vowels occur in adieu, lieu, purlieu, where they have the sound of long u, as if written adeu, leu, purleu. - 285. In one word, lieutenant, these letters are pronounced like shorte, as if written lev-tenant. See * the word. HEW. 286. These letters occur only in the word view, where they sound like al, rhyming with few, neic. IO, 287. When the accent is upon the first of these vowels they form two distinct syllables, as violent, violet; the last of which is sometimes corruptly pronounced vi-let. 288. In marchiomess the i is entirely sunk, and the unaccented o prouounced, as it usually is in this situation, like short u, as if written marshuness, 352. 289. In cushion the o is sunk, and the word pronoumced cushin. See the word. 290. In the very numerous termination ion, these vowels are pronounced in one syllable like short tº ; but when they are preceded by a liquid, as in million, minion, clarion, &c. 113, the two vowels, though they make but one syHable, are heard distinctly : the same may be observed when they are preceded by any of the other consonants, excepts and t, as champion, scorpion, &c. where the vowels 3re º separately: but the terminations tion and 'sion are pronounced in one syllable, Pike the verb shun. - 291. The only exception to this rule is, when the t is preceded by s : in this case the t goes into teh, and the i is in a small degree audible like short e. This may be heard in question, mixtion, diges- tion, combustion, and what is an instance of the same kind in Christian, as if written ques-chun mix- chun, &c. quest-yun, mixt-yun. 464, 272. ſ - IOU. 292. This triphthong, when preceded by a liquid, or any mute but a dental, is heard distinctly in two syllables, as in bilious, various, glorious, abstemious, ingenious, copious ; but when preceded by the dentals t, soft c and s, these vowels coalesce into one syllable, pronounced like shus : thms precious, factious, noxious, anxious, are sounded as if written presh-us, fac-shus, nock-shus, ang-shus. 459. 293. The same tendency of these vowels to coalesce after a dental, and draw it to aspiration, makes us hear tedious, odious, and insidious, pronounced as if written teje-us, 0-jee-tes, and in-sid-je-us, for as d is but flat t, it is no wonder it should be subject to the same aspiration, wiren the same vow- els follow : may, it may be affirmed, that so agreeable is this sound of the d to the analogy of En- glish pronunciation, that, unless we are upon our guard, the organs naturally slide into it. It is not, however, pretended that this is the politest pronunciation; for the sake of analogy it were to be wished it were: but an ignorance of the real powers of the letters, joined with a laudable desire of keeping as near as possible to the orthography, is apt to prevent the d from going into j, and to make us hear o-de-us, te-de-us, &c. On the other hand, the vulgar, who in this case are right by in- stinct, not only indulge the aspiration of the d, which the language is so prome to, but are apt to unite the succeeding syllables too closely, and to say oftus, and te-jus, instead of 0-je-us and te:je-us, or rather ode-yus and tede-yus. 294. If the y be distinctly pronounced, it sufficiently expresses the aspiration of the d, and is, in my opinion, the preferable mode of delineating the sound, as it keeps the two last syllables from uniting too closely. Where analogy, therefore, is so clear, and custom so dubious, we ought not to hesitate a moment at pronouncing odious, tedious, perfidious, fastiuious, insidious, invidious, compendious, melodious, commodious, preludious, and studious, as if written, orje-ows, teje-ous, &c. or rather ode-yus, tede-yus, &c. nor shouá we forget that Indian comes under the same analogy, and ought, though contrary to respectable usage, to be pronounced as if written Indyan, and nearly as In:fe-an. 376." O.A. * l 295. This diphthong is regularly pronounced as the long open sound of o, as in boat, coat, oat, coal, loaf, &c. The only exceptions are, broad, abroad, groat, which sound as if written brawd, abrawd gravt. Oatmeal is sometimes pronounced ot-meal, but seems to be recovering the long sound of or " as in 002. OE. 296. Whether it be proper to retain the o in this diphthong, or to banish it from our orthography, as Dr. Johnson advises, certain it is, that in words from the learned languages it is always pronoun- ced iike single e, and comes entirely under the same laws as that vowel; thus, when it ends a syllable, , with the accent upon it, it is long, as in An-toe-ci, Peri-oe-ci : when under the secondary accent, in oec-umenical, oec-onomicks, it is like e short: it is long e in foe-tus, and short e in foe-tid and assa-foe- tida; in doe, foe, sloe, toe, throe, hoe, (to dig), and bilboes, it is sounded exactly like ſong open o : in ca. noe and shoe, like oo, as if written catwo and shoo; and in the verb does, like short u, as if written duz. OEI. rº- , 297. There is but one word where this triphthong occurs, and that is in Shakspeare's King Lear, Än the word oeiliads, (glances) an:, in my opinion, it ought to be sounded as iſ written e-il-yads. *** * *-i $5 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS OFU, or, oo, &c. OEU. 298. This diphthong is from the French, in the word manoeuvre; a word, within these few years, of very general use in our language. It is not in Johnson, and the oeu is generally pronounced by those who can pronounce French in the French manner; but this is such a sound of the was does not ex- ist in English, and therefore it cannot be described. The nearest sound is oos with which, if this word is pronounced by an English speaker, as if written manooore, it may, except with very nice French ears, escape criticism. * OI. 299. The general, and almost universal sound of this diphthong, is that of a in water, and the first in me-tre. This double sound is very distinguishable in boil, toil, spoil, joint, point, anoint, s.c. which sound ought to be carefully preserved, as there is a very prevalent practice among the vulga, of “gººn; the o, altd pionouncing these wo, ds as if written hile, tile, spile, &c. 300. The only instance which admits of a doubt in the sound of this diphthong, when under the accent, is in the word choir; but this word is now so much more frequently written quire, that uni formity strongly inclines us to promounce the oi in choir like long i, and which, by the common or thography, seems fixed beyond recovery. But it may be observed, that either the spelling or the pronunciation of Chorister, commonly pronounced Quirister, ought to be altered. See the words. 301. When this diphthong is not under the accent, it is variously pronounced. Dr. Kemrick pla- ces the accent on the first syllable of turcois, and, for I know not wha, reason, pronounces it as if written turkiz, and turkois with the oi broad, as in boys Mr. Sheridan places the accent on the se cond syllable, and gives the diphthong the French sound as if the word was written turkaze In m Opinion the best orthography is turquoise, and the bes, pronunciation with the accent on the last syl- lable, and the oi, sounded like Hong e, as if written turkees, as we pronounce tortoise, with the accent 2n the first syllable, and the oi like short i, as if written tortiz. 302. In avourdupois, the first diphthong is pronounced like short e, as if written averdupoise. 303. In connoisseur the same sound of e is substituted as if written connesseur. * In shamois or chamois, a species of leather, the oi is pronounced like long e, as if written $1001777,777.62é. f 305. Adroit and devoir, two scarcely naturalized French words, have the oi regular, though the latter word, in polite pronunciation, retains its French sound, as if written devwor. OO. 306. The sound of this diphthong is regular, except in a few words: it is pronounced long in moon, soon, fool, rood, food, mood, &c. This is its regular sound. . It has a shorter sound corresponding to the u in hull, in the words wool, wood, good, hood, foot, stood, understood, withstood; and these are the only words where this diphthong has this middle sound. 308. It has the sound of short w in the two words blood and flood, rhyming with mud. 309. Soot is vulgarly pronounced so as to rhyme with but, hut, &c. but ought to have its long, re- gular sound, rhyming with boot, as we always hear it in the compound sooty. See the word. tº 310, Door and floor are universally pronounced by the English, as if written dore and flore; but in Ireland they preserve the regular sound of oo. 311. JMoor, a black raam, is regular in polite pronunciation, and like more in vulgar. JMoor, a marsh, is sometimes heard rhyming with store; but more correct speakers pronounce it regularly rhyming with poor * OU. 312. This is the most irregular assemblage of vowels in our language: its most common sound is that heard in bound, found, ground, &c. and this may be called its prºper sound; but its deviations are so many and so various, that the best idea of it will be conveyed by giving the simples of all its different sounds. 313. The first or proper sound of this diphthong is composed of the a in ball, and the oo in woo, or rather the u in butl, and is equivalent to the ow in down, frown, &c this sound is heard in abound, about, account, acousticks, aground, aloud, amount, around, arouse, astound, arouch, bough, bounce, bound, bounty, bounteous, bout, carouse, chouse, cloud, clough, clout, clouterlu, compound, couch, couchant, crouch, grouse, deflour, devour, devout, doubt, doubtful, drought, dought; douse, encounter, espouse, expound, flout, foul, founder, found, foundling, fountain, frousy, glout, gout, (a disease, ) ground, grout, hound, hour, house, impound, loud, lounge, louse, lout, mound, mountain, mountebunk, mouse, mouth, noun, ounce, our, oust, out, outer, outermost, paramount, plough, pouch, pounce, portrud, pout, profound, pronoun, pronounce, propound, proud, rebound, recount, , edoubt, redoubted, redound, rencounter, round, roundelay, rouse, rout, scoundret scour, scout, shout, shroud, slouch, spouse, spout, sprout, stout, surround, south, thou, thousand, touse, trounce, trowsers, trout, wound, (did wind,) slough (a miry place,) vouch, vouchsafe, without, scaramouch. 314. The second sound is that of short u in bud, and is heard in the following words and their compounds: Adjourn, journey, journal, burgeon, country, coltsin, couple, accouple, double, trouble, courteous, courtesy, courage, encourage, joust, gourmet, housewife, flourish, mounch, nourish, enough, chough, rough, tough, slough, (a cast skin,) scounge, southerly, southern, southernwood, sºuthward, touch, touchy, young, ounker, and youngster; but southerly, southern, and soldhword, are sometimes pronounced regularly ike soºth ; this, rowever, is far from the prevailing pronunciation. This is the sound this diphthong always has when the accent is not on it, unless in very few instances, where the compound retains the sound of the simple, as in pronoun , but in sojourn and sojºurrer, with the accent on the first sylla- ble, and in every unaccented termination in our and ous, this diphthong has exactly the sound of short u , thus favour, honour, oaour, and famous, are pronounced as if written favur, homur, odur, and amºus. . 315. The third sound given to these vowels is that of oo in coo and wov, (39) and is found in the fol ‘lowing words: Bouge, croup, group, aggroup, amour, paramour, bouse, bousy, boutéfeu, Caponich, cartouch jºurbe, gout, (taste,) and ragoul (pronounced goo and ragoo,) rendezvous, rouge, soup, scus, (pronoun \ ced soo) surtout, through, throughly, toupee or toupet, you, your, youth, tour, contour, tournay, tournament, ,” DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS OW, OV. 39 pour and route (a road,) accoutre, billet-dour, agouti, uncouth, wound (a hurt,) and routine (a beaten road). See Top RNEY. - º º 316. The verb to pour is sometimes, pronounced to pore, and sometimes to poor ; in each case it interferes with a word of a different signification, and the best pronunciation, which is that similar to power, is as little liable to that exception as either of the others. See the word. .. 317. To wound is sometimes pronounced so as to rhyme with found ; but this is directly contrary to the best usage: but route (a road, as to take a different route,) is often pronounced so as to rhyme with doubt, by respectable speakers. 313. The fourth sound of this diphthong is that of long open o, and is heard in the following words : Though, although, coulter, court, accourt, gourd, courtier, course, discourse, source, recourse, re. source, hourn, dough, doºghu, four, mould, mouldy, moul, mourn, shoulder, smoulder, soul, pºultice, poult, poulterer, poulºru, troul (to roll smoothly, marked by Mr. Sheridan as rhyming with doll, but more properly by Dr. Kenrick with roll,) and borough, thorough, furlough, fourteen, concourse, and vitercourse, ºreserve the diphthoug in the sound of long o, though not under the accent. 319. The fifth sound of ou is like the noum uwe, and is heard only in ought, bought, brought, sought, *...*&#: nought, thought, methought. wrought. 326. The sixth sound is that of short oo, or the u in bull, and is heard only in the auxiliary verb would, could, should, rhyming with good, hood, stood, &c. 321. Thé seventh sound is that of short o, and heard only in cough and trough, rhyming with off and scoff; and in lough, and shough, pronounced lock and shock. & OW. *. 322. The elementary sound of this diphthong is the same as the first sound of ou, and is heard in how, now, &c. but the sound of long o obtains in so many instances, that it will be necessary to give a catalogue of both. - 323. The general sound, as the elementary sound may be called, is heard in now, how, bow, (a mark of respect,) mow (a heap of barlev, &c.) cow, brow, brown, brouse, plow, sow, vow, avow, allow, disallow, endow, down, clown, frown, foum, crown, drown, goum, renown, dowager, dowdy, dower, dowre, dowry, dowery, dowlas, drowse, drowsy, flower, bower, lower (to look gloomy,) power, powder, prowess, prow, prowl, vowel, towel, hower, rowel, cowl, scowl, crowd, shower, tower, sow, (a swine,) sowins, sowl," :howl, low, (to bellow as a cow.) This word is generally pronounced as low, not high ; but if cus- tom, in this case, has not absolutely decided, it ought, in my opinion, to have the first sound of this diphthong, rhyming with how, as much more expressive of the noise it signifies ; which, where sounds are the ideas to be expressed, ought to have great weight in pronunciation. (241, 251.) See the word 324. The second sound of this diphthong is heard in blow, slow, crow, grow, flow, glow, bow, (to shoot with,) know, low, (not high,) mow, (to cut grass,) row, show, sow, (to scatter grain,) strow, slow, snow, trow, below, slow, bestow, owe, own, owner, flown, grown, growth, know, known, sown, lower, (to bring low,) throw, thrown ; in all these words the ow sounds like long o in go, no, so, &c *. 335. The moun prow, signifying the forepart of a ship, rhymes with go in Mr. Sheridan, and with now in Dr. Kenrick. The latter is, in my opinion, the preferable sound : while the verb to prowl (to seek for prey,) rhymes, with owl according to Mr Sheridan, and with soul according to Dr. Ken- rick: the latter has the old spelling prole to plead, but the former has, in my epinion, both analogy and the best usage on its side. Both these writers unite in giving the first sound of this diphthong to prowess; which is unquestionably the trite pronunciation. See to PRow L. p. * 326. The proper names How, Howel, Howard, and Powel, generally are heard with the first sound ~ of this diphthong, as in how, now, &c. but Howes, and Stow (the historian) commonly rhyme with knows and know. Howard, among people of rank, is generally pronounced with the second sound, rhyming with froward ; and Grosvenor, as if written Grovenor. Snowden is frequently pronounced, with the first sound of ow; but the second sound seems preferable; as it is not improbable that these” mountains had their name, like the Alps, from the snow on their tops. 327. When this diphthong is in a final unaccented syllable, it has always the second sound, like long o, in borrow, sorrow, fellow, willow, &c. The vulgar shorten this sound, and proñounce the o obscurely, and sometimes as if followed by r as winder and feller, for window and fellow ; but this is. almost too despicable for notice. Good speakers preserve the diphthong in this situation, and give it the full sound of open 6, rhyming with no, so, &c. 328. This diphthong, in the word knowledge, has of late years undergome a considerable revolu. tion. Some speakers, who had the regularity of their language at heart, were grieved to see the come . pound depart so far from the sound of the simple, and with heroick fortitude have opposed the muł. titude by pronouncing the first syllable of this word as it is heard in the verb to know. The Pulpit and the Bar have for some years given a sanction to this pronunciation; but the Senate and the Stage hold out, inflexibly against it; and the Nation at large seem insensible of the improve- ment. They still continue to pronounce, as in the old ludicrous rhymes “Among the mighty men of knowledge “That are professors at Gresham College.” But if ever this word should have the good fortune to be restored to its rights, it would be but charity to endeavour the restoration of a great number of words in a similar situation, such as breakfast, vineyard, bewilder, meadow, hearken, pleasure, whitster, shepherd, windward, and a long catalogue of fellow sufferers, (515.) But, before we endeavour this restoration, we should consider, that con- tracting the sound of the simple, when it acquires an additional syllable, is an idiom of pronunci- ation to which our language is extremely prone ; nor is it certain that crossing, this tendency would produce any real advantage; at least, not sufficient to counterbalance the diversity of pro. nunciation which must for a long time prevail, and which must necessarily call off our attention from things to words. See Encºtical Termination, No. 514. OY. 329. This diphthong is but another form for oi, and is pronounced exactly like it. When alloy is written with this diphthong, it ought never to be pronounced allºy. Custom seems to have appro- priated the former word to the noun, and the latter to the verb; for the sake of consistency, it were to be wished it were always written allay : but it is not to be expected that poets will give up so good a rhyme to joy, cloy and desiroy. rºw A 330, The only word in which this diphthong is not under the accent, is the proper name. Sa- g * ** -4. + r. º. + -*~ * - * * 45 DIFFERENT sounds of THE DIPHTHONGS UA, UE, Ui, i.e. toy; for savºy, a plant, has the accent on the second syllable; but the diphthong in both is pro nounced in the same manner. U.4. 331. When the a in this diphthong is pronounced, the u has the power of wo, which unites both into one syllable: thus º antiquary, assuage, persuade, equal, language, &c. are pronounced an- tikwate, antikwary, asswage, &c. 332. The win this diphthong is silent, in guard, guardian, guarantee, and piquant; pronounced gard, gardian, garantee, and pickant. (92.) 33 n JMantua, the town of Italy, both vowels are heard distinctly. . The same may be observed of the habit so called but in mantuamaker vulgarity has sunk the a, and made it maniumaker. The same vulgarity at first, but now sanctioned by universal custom, has sunk both letters in victuals, and its compounds victualling and tictuallar, pronounced, vittles, vitiling, and vittler. See MANTUA. UE. 334. This diphthong, like tſa, when it forms only one syllable, and both letters are pronounced, has the u sounded like w as consuetude, desuetude, and nańsuetude, which are pronounced conswetude, deswetude, and manswetude. Thus conquest is pronounced according to the general rule, as if written conkwest; but the verb to conquer has unaccountably deviated into comker, particularly upon the stage. This errour, however, seems not to be so rooted in the general ear as to be above correction; and analogy undoubtedly demands conkwer. 335. This diphthong, when in a final syllable, sinks the e, as clue, cue, due, blue, glue, hue, flue, rue, sue, true, mue, accrue, ensue, endue, imbue, imbrue, pursue, subdue, perdue, argue, residue, avenue, revenue, continue, vetinue, construe statue, tissue, issue, virtue, value, ague; in all these words, whether the accent be on the Giphthong we or not, it is pronounced like long open u, except in words where the r comes before u, in this case it is sounded like oo, When the accent is uot on this diphthong as in the latter portion of these words from argue, it is apt to be feebly and indistinctly pronounced, and therefore care ought to be taken to sound it as if these words written argew, residew, &c. In Tuesday, ue, the diph- thong, is pronounced in the same manner. In some words the w is silent, and the e pronounced short, as in guess, guest, guerkin, guerdon, where the u acts as a servile to preserve the g hard. 337. In some words both the vowels are sunk, as in antique, oblique, league, feague, teague, colleague, plague, vague, intrigue, fatigue, harangue, tongue, disembogue, collogue, rogue, prorogue, brogue, fugue; in all which the we is silent, and the g pronounced hard . The q in antique and oblique is pronounced like k, as if the words were written anteek and oblike. (158.) , 338. The terminations in ogue, from the Greek, are pronounced in the same manner. Thus peda- gogue, demagogue, ptysmagogue, menagogue, emmenagogue, synagogue, mystagogue, decalogue, dialogue, tria- gue, catalogue, theologue, eclogue, monologue, prologue, and epilogue, are all pronounced as if writ ten pedagog, demagog, &c. with the o short. 339. This diphthong after r becomes oo thus true is pronounced troo. (176.) -. UI. º 340. The u in this diphthong, as in ua and ue, when both vowels are pronounced without 1orming two syllables, is pronounced like w : thus languid, anguish, languish, extinguish, distinguish, relinquish, vanquish, linguist, penguin, pursuivant, guiacum, are pronounced as if written langwid, angwish, &c. , sº and cuiss and cuisses, as if written #wiss and kuisses, and cuirass, as if written kwirass. * 341. The u is silent, and the i pronounced long, in guide, disguise, guile, and beguile but the u is silent, and the i short, in guild, build, guilt, guinea, guitar. Guild, in Guildhall, is by the lower peo- ple of London, pronounced so as to rhyme with child ; but this is directly opposite to the best ", isage, and contrary to its etymology, as it is a compound of guild (a corporation, always pronoun # ced like the verb to gild,) and hall. Dr. Jones, who wrote in Queen Anne's time, tells us it was then pronounced as if written Gildhall. . In circuit and biscuit the u is merely servile ; in both the c is hard, and the i short, as if written surkit and biskit. Conduit is pronounced cundit. 342. In juice, sluice, suit, and pursuit, the i is silent, and the u has its diphthongal sound, as if preceded by e, and the w8rds were written slewce, jewce, sewt, pursewt. * 343. When this diphthong is preceded by r, it is pronounced like oo, thus bruise, cruise, fruit, bruit recruit, are pronounced as if written broose, croose, broot, recroot. (339.) UO. 344. The u in this diphthong is pronounced like w in quote, quota, quotation, quotient, quotidian, quo- rum, quondam, siliquose, quoth, as if written kwote, kuota, kwotation, &c., Coif and coit, commonly pro- nounced kwoif and kwoit, do not come under this class. See the words. UY. * 345. This diphthong, with the accent on it, sinks the u, and pronounces the y like long i ; thus buy, the only word where uy has the accent, rhymes with dry, fly, &c. When the accent is not on this diphthong it is sounded like long e, as plaguy, roguy, gluy, pronounced pla-gee, rogee, (with the ghard, as in ...;iſ: The same may be observed of obloquy, ambiloquy, pauciloquy, soliloquy, ventriloquy, alloquy, colloquy, pronounced oblo-quee, ambilo-quee, &c. UOY, 346. This diphthong is found only in the word buoy, pronounced as written bºatſ, but too often exactly like boy. But this ought to be avoided by correct speakers */ § PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTs b, c, d. ſº OF THE CONSON ANTS. B. 347 When B follows m in the same syllable it is generally silent, as in lamb, kemb, limb, comp, dumb, &c. except accumb, and succumb : it is silent also before t in, the same syllable, as in debt, doubt, re- doubt, redoubted, and their compounds: it is silent before t, when not in the same syllable, in the word subtle (cunning,) often inaccurately used for subtile (ſine,) where the b is always pronounced. In the mathematical term rhomb the b is always heard, and the word pronounced as if written rhumb. .ſtmbs-ace, is pronounced ſlims-ace. C. 343. C is always heard like k before a, o, and u ; as card, cord, curd, and soft, like s before e, i, and y; as cement, city, cynick. 349. When & ends a word, or syllable, it is always hard, as in music, flaccid, siccity pronounced musik, flak-sid, sik-sity. See EXAGGERATE. 350. In the word sceptick, where the first c, according to analogy, ought to be pronounced like s, Dr. Johnson has not only given his approbation to the sound of k, but has, contrary to general prac- tice, spelt the word skeptick. It may be observed, perhaps, in this, as on other occasions, of that tru- ly great man, that he is but seldom wrong; but when he is so, that he is generally wrong to absur- dity. What a monster does this word skeptick appear to an eye the least classical or correct! And if this alteration be right, why should we hesitate to write and pronounce scene, sceptre, and Lacedaemon, skene, skeptre, and Lakedoenon, as there is the same reason for k in all? It is mot, however, my inten- tion to cross the general current of polite and classical pronunciation, which I know is that of sound- ing the c like k ; my objection is only to writing it with the k; and in this I think I am supported by the best authorities since the publication of Johnson's Dictionary. 351. C is mute in Czar, Czarina, victºtals, indict, arbuscle, corpuscle, and muscle; it sounds liketsch in the Italian words vermicelli and violincello; and like z in suffice, sacrifice, sice, (the number six at dice.) and discern. 352. This letter, when connected with h, has two sounds; the one like tch in child, chair, rich which, &c. pronounced as if written tehila, tehair, ritch, whitch, &c.; the other like sh, after l or rº, as in belch, bench, filch, &c. pronounced belsh, bensh, ſilsh, &c. This latter sound is generally given to words from the French, as chaise, chagrin, chamade, champagne, champignon, chandelier, chaperon, char- latan, chevalier, chevron, chucuite, capuchin, cartouch, machine, machinist, chancre, marchioness. 353. Ch in words from the learned languages, are genei ally pronounced like k, as chalcography, chalybeate, chamoeleon, chamomile, chaos, character, chart, chasm, chely, chemist, (if derived from the Arabick, and chymnist, if from the Greek,) chersomese, chimera, chirography, chiromancy, chlorosis, choler, chorus: chord, chorography, chyle and its compounds; anchor, anchoret, cachery, catechism, catechise, catechetical catechumen, echo, echinus, epoch, epocha, ichor, machination, machinal, mechanick, mechanical, orchestra, or- chestre, technical, anarch, unarchy, conch, cochleary, distich, hemistich, monostich, eunuch, monarch, monar- chial, hierarch, heresia, ch, peritateuch, stomach, stomachick, scheme, school, scholar, schesis, mastick, semeschał, and in all words where it is followed by r, as Christ, Christian, chronology, chronicle, &c. To these may be added the Celtick word loch (a lake.) The exceptions are charity, archer, and archery. 254. When arch, signifying chief, begins a word from the Greek language, and is followed by a vowel, it is always pronounced wrk, as in archangel, archipelago, architect, archives, archetype, archaism, archiepiscopal, archidiacomal, architrave, archaiology. But when we prefix arch to a word of our own, and #. word begins with a consonant, we pronounce it so as to rhyme with march, as archduke, arch deacon, orchbishop; and sometimes, when the following word begins with a vowel, if it is a composi- tion of our own, and the word does not come to us compounded from the Greek or Latin, as arch- 62.3/627???I. §. The word ache, (a pain,) pronounced ake, comes from the Greek, and was by Shakspeare extended to two syllables, aches with ch, as in watches ; but this is obsolete. It is now almost univer- sally written ake and akes, except where it is compounded with another word, as lead-ach, heart-ach, &c. and by thus absurdly retaining the ch in the compound we are puzzled how to form the plural, without pronouncing aches in two syllables. 356. In choir and chorister the ch is almost universally pronounced like qu (300:) in ostrich, like dge, as if spelled ostridge. It is silent in schedule, schism, and yacht : pronounced Seddule, sizm, and got. It is sunk in drachm, but heard in drachma ; pronounced dram and drackma. 357. When c comes after the accent, either primary or secondary, and is followed by ea, ia, ie, io, or eous, it takes the sound of sh: thus ocean, social, Phocion, saponaceous, fascination, negociation, are pronounced as if written osheun, soshial, Phoshion, saponashecus, &c. (196). Financier has the accent after the c, which on that account does not go into sh. y Tº" D. * , sº 358. In order to have a just idea of the alterations of sound this ſetter undergoes, it will be ne- cessary to consider its near relation to T. (4.1.) These consonants, like p, and b, f, and v, k, and hard g, and s, and 2, are letters of the same organ; they differ by the nicest shades of sound, and are easily convertible into each other ; t , p, f, k, and s, may, for the sake of distinction, be called sharp, and d, b, v, g, and 2, may be called flat. For this reason, when a singular ends in a sharp con- sonant, the s, which forms the plural, preserves its sharp sound, as in cuffs, packs, lips, hats, deaths, and when the singular ends with a flat consonant, the plural s has the sound of z, as drubs, bags, beads, lives, &c. pronounced drabz, bagz, &c. In the same manner when a verb ends with a sharp consonant, the d, in the termination ed, assumed by the preterit and participle, becomes sharp, and is soulided like t : thus stuffed, tripped, cracked, passed, vouched, faced, where the e is suppressed, as it always ought to be, (except when we are pronouncing the language of Scripture) ſiſ-i) change the d into t, as if written stuft, tript, crack, past, voucht, faste. So when the verb ends in a flat consonant, the d preserves its true flat sound, as drubbed, pegged, lived, buzzed, where the e is suppressed, and the words pronounced in one syllable, as if written drubb'd, pegg'd, liv'd, buzz'd. It may be observed too, that when the verb ends in a liquid, ora liquid and mutee, the participle d always preserves its pure sound ; as blamed, joined, filled, barred, pro- pounced blam’d, join'd, fill’d, hard. This contºtion of the participia' ed, and the verbal en (103,)" £2 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT F. is so fixed an idiom of our pronunciation, that to alter it, would be to alter the sound of the whoſe language. It must, however, be regretted, that it subjects our tongue to some of the most hissing, snapping, clashing, grinding sounds that ever grated the ears of a Vandal: thus rasped, scratched, wrenched, bridled, ſangled, birchen, hardened, strengthened, quickened, &c. almost frighten us when written as they are actually pronounced, as raspt, scratchi, wrencht, brid"d, ſang!'d, birch'n, strength'n'd, quick'n'd, &c.; they become still more formidable when used contractedly in the solemn style, which never 9ught to be the case ; for here, instead of thou strength'n’st or strength'n'd'st, thou quick’n’sl, or quick’n- 'd'st, we ought to pronounce, thou strength'nest or strength'neilst, thou quick'nest or quick'nedst, which are sufficiently harsh of all conscience. (See No. 405.) But to eompensate for these Gothick sounds, Which, however, are not without their use, our language is full of the smoothest and most somorous terminations of the Greeks and Romans. 360. By the foregoing rule of contraction, arising from the very nature of the letters, we see the absurdity of substituting the t for ed, when the verb ends in a sharp consonant ; for, when the pro- nunciation cannot be mistaken it is folly to alter the orthography; thus the Distressed Mother, the title of a tragedy, needs not to be written Distrest JMother, as we generally find it, because, though we write it in the former manner, it must necessarily be pronounced in the latter. 361. By this rule, too, we may see the impropriety of writing blest for blessed, when a participle. “Blest in thy genius, in thy love too blest.”—Pope. But when the word blessed is an adjective, it ought always to be pronounced, even in the most fa- miliar conversation, in two syllables, as this is a blessed day, the blessed thistle, &c. 362. This word, with earned, cursed, and winged, are the only participial adjectives which are constantly pronounced in two syllables, where the participles are pronounced in one : thus a learned 2noºn, a cursed thing, a winged horse, preserve the ed in a distinct syllable ; while the same words, when verbs, as he learned to write, he cursed the dull, they winged their flight, are heard in one syllable, as if wº tearnd, curst, and wingd: the d in cursed changing to t, from 1ts following the sharp consonant s. (358. 363. 'poetry, however, (which i.as been one great cause of improper orthography,) assumes the privilege of using these words, when adjectives, cither as monosyllables or dissyllables; but correct rose rigidly exacts the pronunciation of ed in these words, when adjectives, as a distinct syllable. he ed in aged and winged, always make a distinct syllable, as an aged man ; the winged courser: but when this word is compounded with another, the ed does not form a syllable, as a full-ag’d horse, a sheath-wing'd fowl. 364. It is, perhaps, worthy of notice, that when adjectives are changed into adverbs by the addi- tion of the termination ly, we often find the participial termination ed preserved long and distinct, even in those very words where it was conti acted when used adjectively: thus though we always hear confess'd, profess'd, design'd, &c. we as constantly hear con-fess-ed-ly, pro-fess-ed-ly, de-sign-ed-ly, &c. The same may be observed of the following fist of words, which by the assistance of the Rhyming Dictionary, I am enabled to give as, perhaps, the only words in the language in which the ed is pro- nounced as a distinct syllable in the adverb, where it is contracted in the participial adjective: For- cedly, enforcedly, unveiledly, deformedly, feignedly, unfeignedly, discernedly, resignedly, refinedly, restrainedly, concernedly, unconcernedly, discernedlº, indiscernedly, preparedly, assuredly, advisedly, dispersedly, diffusedly, ź. ºriel, resolvedly, deservedly, undeservedly, reservedly, unreservedly, avowedly, perplexedly, acédly, &ntazedly. § To j catalogue, may be added several abstract substantives formed from participles in ed: which ed makes a distinct syllable in the former, though not in the latter, thus: numbedness, bleared- ness, preparedness, assuredness, diseasedness, advisedness, reposedness, composedness, indisposedness, diffused: mess, confusedness, distressedness, resolvedmess, reserveditess, perplexedness, fixedness, amazeditess, have ed pronounced distinctly. 366. The adjectives naked, wicked, picked, (pointed,) hooked, crooked, forked, tusked, tressed, and wretched, are not derived from verbs, and are therefore pronounced in two syllables. The same may be observed of scaffed, crabbed, chubbed, stubbed, shagged, snagged, ragged, cragged, scrubbed, dogged rugged, scragged, hawked, jagged; to which we may add the solemn pronunciation of stiffnecked and these, when formed into nouns by the addition of mess, preserve the ed in a distinct syllable, as wickedness, scabbedness, raggedness, &c. 367. Passed, in the sense of beyond, becomes a preposition, and may allowably be written past, as t twelve o'clock: but when an adjective, though it is pronounced in one syllable, it ought to be written with two, as passed pleasures are present pain : this I know is contrary to usage ; but usage is, in this case, contrary to good sense, and the settled analogy of the language. - 368. It needs scarcely be observed, that when the verb ends in t ord, the ed in the past time and articiple has the d pronounced with its own sound, aud always forms an additional syllable, as ded, matted, &c. otherwise the final d could not be pronounced at all. 369. And here perhaps it may not be useless to take notice of the very imperfect and confu- ised idea that is given in our best grammars,of what are called contracted verbs, such as snatcht, checkt, snapt, mixt, dwelt and past, for snatched, checked, snapped, mixed, dwelled, and passed. To these are added, those that end in l, m, and n, or p, after a diphthong; which either shorten the diph. thong, or change it into a single vowel; and instead of ed, take t only for the preterit, as lealt, dreamţ, meant, felt, slept, crept; and these are said to be considered not as irregular, but contracted only. Now nothing can be clearer than that verbs of a very different kind, are here huddled to- gether as of the same. Snatched, checked, snapped, mixed, and passed, are not irregular at all ; if they are ever written snatchi, checki, snapt, mixt, and past, it is from pure ignorance of analogy, and not con- sidering that if they were written with ed, unless we were to pronounce it as a distinct syllable, con trary to the most settled usage of the language, the pronunciation, from the very nature of the ket ters, must be the same. It is very different with dwelled; here, as a liquid, and not a sharp. mute; ends the verb, d might be pronounced without going into t just as well as in fell'd, the participle of to fell (to cut down #: Here then we find custom has determined an irregularity, which can: not be altered, without violence to the language; dwell may be truly called an irregular verb, and dwelt the preterit and participle. º º 370. The same may be observed of deal, dream, mean, feel, weep, sleep, and creep, . It is certain, we can pronounced after the four first of these words, as well as in sealed, screamed, cleaned, and reeled, but custom has not only annexed t to the preºrit of these verbs, but has changed the long diph: thonga] sound into a short one; they are the "ore doubly irregular. Weep, sleep, and creep would 3. w #3 not have required t to form their preterits, any more than peeped, and steeped ; but custom, which has shortened the diphthong in the former words, very maturally annexed i as the simplest method of conveying the sound. tº 371. The only two words which occasion some doubt about classing them are, to learn and to spell. The vulgar (who are no contemptible guides on this occasion) pronounce them in the preterit jearnt, and spelt ; but as n and l will readily admit of d after them, it seems more correct to favour a tendency to regularity, both in writing and speaking, which the literary world has given into, by spelling them learned and spelled, and pronouncing them learn'd, and spell'd : thus earned, the pre- terit of to earn, has been recovered from the vulgar earnt, and made a perfect rhyme to discerned. 372. To these observations may be added, that, in such irregular verbs as have the present, the preterit and participle the same, as cast, cost, cut, &c. the second person singular, of the preterit of these verbs take ed before the est, as I cast, or did cast : Thou castedst, or didst cast, &c. for if this were not the case, the second person of the preterit might be mistaken for the second person of the pre- Sent tense. 373. I have been led insensibly to these observations by their connection with pronunciation; and if the reader should think them too remote from the subject, I must beg his pardon, and re- sume my remarks on the sound of the letter d. * 374. The vulgar drop this letter in ordinary, and extraordinary ... and make them or'nary and eae. tr'or'nary; but this is a gross abbreviation; the best pronunciation is sufficiently short, which is ord'nary and extr'ord'nary: the first in three and the last in four syllables; but solemn speaking preserves the i, and makes the latter word consist of five syllables, as if written extr'ordinary. 375. Our ancestors, feeling the necessity of showing the quantity of a vowel followed by ge, when it was to be short, inserted d, as wedge, ridge, badge, &c. The same reason induced them to write colledge and alledge, with the d > but modern reformers, to the great injury of the language, have expelled the d, and left the vowel to shift for itself; because there is mod in the Latin words from which these are derived. 376. , D like t, to which it is so nearly related, when it comes after the accent, and is followed by the diphthong ie, io, ia, or eou, slides into gzh, or the consonant j; thus soldier is universally and justly pronounced as if written solºjer ; grandeur, gran-jeur; and verdure (where it must be remem- ered that w is a diphthong,) ver-jure: and for the same reason, education is elegantly pronounced ed-jucation. But duke and reduce, pronounced juke and re-juce, where the accent is after the d, can- riot be too much reprobated. PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS F, G, &c. *º- sº F. 377. F has its pure sound in often, off, &c., but, in the preposition of slides into its near relation v, as if written ov. But when this preposition is in composition at the end of a word, the f becomes pure; thus, though we sound of singly ov, we pronounce it as if the fwere double in whereof. 378. There is a strong tendency to change the f into v in some words, which confounds the plu. ral number and the genitive case: thus we often hear of a wive's jointure, a calve's head, and houze rent, for wife's jointure, a calf's head, and house rent. G. º 379. G, like C, has two sounds, a hard and a soft one: it is hard before a, o, u, l, and r, as game, gone, gull, glory, grandeur. Gaol is the only exception; now more commonly written jail. (212.) 380. G before e and i is sometimes hard and sometimes soft : it is generally soft before words of Greek, Latin, or French original, and hard before words from the Saxen. These latter, forming by far the smaller number, may be considered as exceptions. 381. G is hard before e, in gear, geck, geese, geld, gelt, gelding, get, gew-gaw, shagged, snagged, ragged, cragged, scragged, dogged, rigged, dagger, swagger, stagger, trigger, dogger, pellifogger, tigºr, auger, eager, meager, anger, finger, linger, conger, longer, stronger, younger, longest, strongest, youngest. The last six of these words are generally pronounced in Ireland, so as to let the g remain in its nasal sound, without articulating the succeeding vowel: thus longer (more long) is so pronounced as to sound exactly like the noun a long-er (one who longs or wishes for a thing ;) the same may be observed of the rest. That the pronunciation, of Ireland is analogical, appears from the same pronunciation of g in string-ya spring-il, full of strings and springs; and wronger and wrongest, for more and most wrong. But though resting the g in the nasal sound, without articulating the succeeding vowel, is absolutely me cessary in verbal nouns derived from verbs ending in ing as singer, bringer, slinger, &c. pronounced sing-er, bring-er, sling-er, &c. and not sing-ger, bring-ger, sling-ger, &c. yet in longer, stronger and goinger; longest, strongest, and youngest, the gought always to articulate the e : thus younger ought always to rhyme with the termination monger, which has always the g hard, and articulating the vowel; and this pronunciation is approved by Mr Nares. Forget, target, and together, fall into this class. See No. 409. 382. G is hard before i in gibbe, gibcat, gibber, gibberish, gibbous, giddy, gift, gig, giggle, giglet (properly gigglet) gild, gill (of a fish) gimlet, gimp, gird, girdle, girl, girth, gizzard, begin, give, for- give, biggin, piggin, noggin; also derivatives from nouns or verbs ending in hard g, as druggist, wag- gish, riggish, hoggish, doggish, sluggish, rigging, digging, &c. 383. T G before y is generally soft, as in elegy, apology, &c. and almost in all words from the learn- ed languages; but hard in words from the §: which are formed from nouns or verbs endºng in g hard, as shaggy, jºggy, knºggy, snaggy, craggy, scraggy, quaggy, swaggy, dreggy, spriggy, twiggy, boggy, foggy, cloggy, buggy, muggy. Gyve, from its ğ original, ought to have the g hard, but has decidedly adopted the soft g. G.N. in the same Syllable at the Beginning of a Word. 384. The g in this situation is always silent, as gnaw, gnash, gnat, gnarl, gnomon, gnomonicks . prº- nounced naw, nash, nat, narl, nomon, nomoncks. * G.N. in the same Syllable at the End of a Word. 385. No combination of letters has more puzzled the criticks than this. Two actresses of distin- guished merit in Portia in the Merchant of Wenace pronounced the word impugn differently, and each .* i. 44 -* , PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT G., &c. found her advocate in the newspapers. One critick affirmed. that Miss Young, by preserving the sound of g, pronounced the word properly; and the other contended that Mrs. Yates was more judi- cious in Ieaving it out. The former was charged with harshness; the latter with mutilating the word, and weakening its sound; but if analogy may decide, it is clearly in favour of the latter; for there is no axiom in our pronunciation more indisputable than that which makes g silent before ºn in the same syllable. . This is constantly the case in sign, and all its compounds, as resign, design, con- sign, assign; and in indign, condign, malign, benign, all pronounced as if written sine, rezine, &c. In which words we find the vowel i long and open, to compensate as it were, for the suppression of # as every other word ending in gn, when the accent is on the syllable, has a diphthong pronounced ike a long open vowel, as arraign, campaign, feign, reign, deign, and consequently, unless the vowel st can produce some special privilege which the other vowels have not, we must, if we pronounce ac- cording to analogy, make the u in this situation long, and sound impugn as if written impune. 386. The same analogy will oblige us to pronounce impregn, oppºign, expugn, propugn, as if written emprene, oppune, expune, propune, not only when these verbs are in the infinitive mood, but in the pre- terits, participles, and verbal nouns formed from them, as impugned, impugning, and impugner, must be pronounced impuned, impuning, and impuner. The same may be observed of the rest. Perhaps it will gratify a curious observer of pronunciation to see the diversity and uncertainty of our orthóepists in their motation of the words before us. impine Sheridan, Scott, Nares, Murray. Barclay says the g in this word and its derivatives is mute, but takes no notice of the quantity of the w. imptºn. Buchanan, Kenrick, Perry. imping. W. Johnston. oppine. Sheridan, Scott, Nares, Murray. ~ T oppin. Kenrick, Perry, Barclay. opping. W. Johnston. propäne. Sheridan, Scott, Perry, Nares. propiing. Barclay. zmpréne. Nares, Murray. imprên. sº Kenrick, Perry. Barclay says the g is mute, but says nothing of the quantity Of the e. expiºne. Sheridan, Scott, Nares. expiºn. Perry, Barclay. impiºner. Sheridan. ampiºned. Murray. impinner. Perry, Barclay oppigner. Sheridan. gropiigner. Sheridan. s † wº propiºner. Scott. Propiinner. Perry. Nothing is clearer than that all these words ought to follow the same fortune, and should be pro nounced alike. How then shall be reconciled Mr. Sheridan's º; impugn, oppugn, expugn, and propugn, with the w long, and impregn with the e short 2 Kenrick, who has not the word propugn, is consistent in pronouncing the rest with the vowel short. The same may be observed of Scott, who adopts the long sound, but has not the word impregn. Mr. Perry gives the short sound to ali but propugn, where he makes the w long, but absurdly makes the verbal noun propunner; and W. Johnston, who has only impugn and oppºign, pronounces the vowel short, and spells them impung and oppung. Barclay, under the word impugn, says the g in this word and its derivatives is mute, with- out noticing the quantity of the voweſs, but spells ompugn, oppun ; and of impregn, only says the g is mute; but writes propugn, propung, in the manner that W. Johnston does impugn and oppugn : but Mr. Nares observes, that analogy seems to require a similar pronunciation in all these words, and that the vowel should be long. The same inconsistency is observable in Mr. Sheridan's promuncia- tion of the verbal nouns ; for he expunges the g in impugner, and writes it impuner, but preserves it in oppugner and propugner. Mr. Scott has only the word propugner, which he very properly, as well as consistently, spells propuner. Mr. Perry has propunner and impunner, aud Barclay impinner only. —The inconsistency here remarked arises from not attending to the analogy of pronunciation, which requires every verbal noun to be pronounced exactly like the verb, with the mere addition of the ter- mination: thus singer is only adding er to the verb sing, without suffering the g to articulate the e as it does in finger and linger, &c. The same may be observed of a signer, one who signs; and as a corroboration of this doctrine, we may take notice that the additional er and est, in the comparatives and superlatives of adje tives, make no alteration in the sound of the radical word; this is obvious in the words benigner, benignest, &c. except younger, longer, and stronger. See No. 381: 387. But in every other compound where these letters occur, the ºn articulates the latter syllable, and g is heard distinctly in the former, as sig-nify, malig-nity, assig-nation, &c. Some affected speak ers, either ignorant of the rules for pronouncing English, or over-complaisant to the French, pro- nounce physiognomy, cognizance, and recognizance, without the g; but this is a gross violation of the first principles of spelling. The only words to keep these speakers in countenance are poignant, and mpignon, not long ago imported from France, and pronounced poiniant, chanpinion The first of these words will be probably hereafter written without the g; while the latter, confined to the kit- chen, may be looked upon as technical, aud allowed an §: privilege. See CoGNIZANCE. 388. Bagnio, seignior, seraglio, intaglio, and oglio, pronounced ban-tſo, seen-yur, seral:/0, intal-iſo, and ole-yo, may be considered as foreign coxcombs, and treated with civility, by omitting the g, while they do not pervert the pronunciation of our native English words. G.M. in the same Syllable. 389. What has been said of gn is applicable to gm. We have but one word in the language where these letters end a word with the accent on it, and that in phlegm ; in this the g is always mate and the e according to analogy, ought to be pronounced long, as if the word were written ſlene 3 bºit a short pronunciation of the e has gencrally obtained, and we commonly hear it flen, it is highly pre bable Pope pronounced it properly, where he says, TRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS GH, GHT, H, &c. 45. “Our criticks take a contrary extreme; “They judge with fury, but they write with phlegm.” Essay on Criticism, Perhaps it would not be difficult to reduce this word to analogy, as some speakers still pronounce the e long; but in the compounds of this word, as in those where gn occur, the vowel is shortened, and the g pronounced as in phleg-mon, phleg-monous, pºlég-matick, and phleg-magogues; though Mr. Sheri dan for no reason I can conceive, sinks the g in the last word. When these letters end a syllable not under the accent, the g is silent, but the preceding vowel is shortened : thus paradigm, parapegºn. diaphragm, apophthegm, are pronounced paradin, parapem, diaphram, apothem. GH. 390. This combination, at the beginning of a word, drops the h, as in ghost, ghastly, aghast, gherkin, pronounced gost, rhyming with most, gastly, agast, guerkin , but when these letters come at the end of a word, they form some of the greatest anomalies in our language; gh, at the end of words, is generally silent, and consequently the preceding vowel or diphthong is long, as high, migh, thigh, heigh weigh, inveigh, eugh (the obsolete way of spelling yew, a tree,) bough, dough, though, although, clough (a cliff) plough, furlough, slough (a miry place,) through, throughout, thorough, borough, usque- baugh, mugh { #. *# is frequently pronounced like f, as laugh, laughter, cough, chough, clough (an allowance in weight,) ...'. cast skin of a snake or sore,) enough, rough, tough, trough. 392. Gh is sometimes changed into ch, as hough, shough, lough, pronounced hock, shock, lock; some times we hear only the g sounded, as in burgh, burgher, and burghership. GHT. 393. Gh in this termination is always silent, as fight, night, bought, fought, &c. The only exception is draught; which, in poetry, is most frequently rhymed with caught, taught, &c.; but in prose, is so universally pronounced as if written draft, that the poetical sound of it grows uncouth, and is be- coming obsolete... Draughts, the game, is also pronounced drafts. Drought, (dryness), is vulgarly pronounced drowth : it is even written so by Milton; but in this he is not to be imitated, having mis- taken the analogy of this word, as well as that of height, which he spells heighth, and which is fre- quently so pronounced by the vulgar. See the words HEIGHT and DRought. H. 394. This letter is no more than breathing forcibly before the succeeding vowel is pronounced. At the beginning of words, it is always sounded, except in heir, henress, honest, honesty, honour, honour- able, herb, herbage, hospital, hostler, hour, humble, humour, humorous, humorsome. Ben Johnson leaves out the h in host, and classes it in this respect with honest. 395. His always silent after r, as rhetorick, rhapsody, heum, rheumatism, rhinoceros, rhomb, rhubarb, myrrh, catarrh, and their compounds. 396. H final, preceded by a vowel, is always silent, as ah! hah! oh! foh 1 sirrah, hallelujah, JMessiah. 397. This lettel is often sunk after w, particularly in the capital, where we do not find the least distinction of sound between while and wile, whet and wet, where and wear. Trifling as this difference may appear at first sight, it tends greatly to weaken and impoverish the pronunciation, as well as sometimes to confound words of a very different meaning. The Saxons, as Dr. Lowth observes, placed the h before the w, as huat ; and this is certainly its true place; for in the pronunciation of all words beginning with wh, we ought to breathe forcibly before we pronounce the w, as if the words were writ- ten hoo-ot, hoo-ile, &c. and then we shall avoid that feeble, cockney pronunciation, which is so disa- greeable to a correct ear. J. 398. , J is pronounced exactly like soft g, and is perfectly uniform in its sound, except in the word hallelujah, where it is pronounced like y. K. 399. K has exactly the sound of hard c : it is always silent before n in the same syllable, as knee, &neel, knack, knight, know, knuckle, knah, knag, knap, knare, knave, knit, knock, knot, knoll. 400. It has been a custom within these twenty years to omit the, k at the end of words when preceded by c. . This has introduced a novelty into the language, which is that of ending a word with an unusual letter, and is not only a blemish in the face of it, but may possibly produce some ir regularity in future formatives; for mimicking must be written with the k, though to mimic is with- out it. If we use colic as a verb, which is not uncommon, we must write colicking and colicked ; and though physicking and physicked are not the most elegant words, they are not quite out of the Iine of formation. This omission of k, is however, too general to be counteracted, even by the au- thority of Johnson : but it is to be hoped it will be confined to words from the learned languages : and indeed, as there is not the same vanity of appearing learned in the Saxon as in the Latin and º there is no great fear that thick and stick will lose their k, though they never had it in the original. L. 401. Ben Johnson says L. melteth in the sounding, and is therefore called a liquid. . This, how- ever, cannot be the reason that r is called a liquid : for no two letters can, in this respect, be more op posite. See No. 21 L is mute in almond, calf, half, calve, halve, chaldron, falcon, folk, yolk (better written yelk vith the l sounded,) fulfil, halser, malmself, salmon, salue, talbot (a species of dog.) See SALVE: 402 L is mute also between a and k in the same syllable, as halk, chalk, talk, stalk, walk. 403, L is silent likewise between a and m in the same syllable, as alms, balm, calm, palm, psplm, $ * º, 46 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS M, N. lm, shalut; but when the in is detached from the lbw commencing another syllable, the 1 becomes audible Thus, though the l is mute in psalm, it is always heard in psal-mist, psal-mody, and pal-mis- try; but in balmy and palmy, where they is an adjective termination of our own, no alteration is made in the sound of the substantive which sinks the l (386.) Calmer and calmest ought to have the l mute, as they are only degrees of comparison; and palmer, and palmer porm (except in the language of Scripture, where the l in palmerworm ought to be heard,) are only a sort ºf verbal nouns, which me- wer alter the sound of the original word, and therefore ought to have the l mute. But though l is sometimes mute in the moun sulve, and in the verb to sulve, it is always heard in salver (a kind of plate.) See SALVE. 404, 1, ought always to be suppressed in the auxiliary verbs would, could, should it is sometimes suppressed in fault ; but this suppression is become vulgar, (see the word.) In soldierſ likewise, the ! is sometimes suppressed, and the word pronounced so-jer; but this is far from being the most cor- rect pronunciation: l ought always to be heard in this word, and its compounds soldierly, soldiership, C. 405. L, preceded by a mute, and followed by e, in a final syllable, has an imperfect sound, which does not do much honour to our language. The l, in this situation, is neither sounded like el nor le, but the e final is suppressed, and the preceding mute articulates the l, without either a pre- ceding or a succeeding vowel ; so that this sound may be called a monster in Grammar—a syllable without a vowel ! This will easily be perceived in the words able, table, circle, &c. which are pronoun- ced as if written abl, tabl, circl, &c. and in those still more Gothick and uncouth abbreviated partici- pial terminations, peopled, bridled, saddled, trifles, gaffles, &c. pronounced pee-pl’d, bri-dl’d, sad-dl’d, tri- flz, gafflz, &c. (359) 472.) 06. This letter has not only, like f and s, the privilege of doubling itself at , the end of a word, but it has an exclusive privilege of being double where they remain single ; though by what right, cannot well be conceived. Thus, according to the general rule, when a verb ends in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, and the accent is on the last syllable, the consonant is doubled when a participial termination is added, as abet, abetting, beg, begging, be- gin, beginning, &c. but when the accent is not on the last syllable of the verb, the consonant remains single, as suffered, suffering, benefiting, &c. but the l is doubled, whether the accent be on the last syl- lable or not, as duelling, levelling, victualling, travelling, traveller, &c. This gross irregularity, however, would not have been taken notice of in this place, if it had not suggested an absurdity in pronuncia- tion, occasioned by the omission of l. Though the latter l is useless in traveller, victualler, &c. it is not so in controller : for as ll is a mark of the deep broad sound of a in ball, tall, all, &c. (84;) so the same let- ters are the sign of the long open sound of o in boll (a round stalk of a plant,) to joll, noll (the head,) knoll (a little hill,) poll, clodpoll, roll, scroll, droll, troll, stroll, toll for which reason, leaving out one l in bethral, catcal, miscal, overfal, forestal, reinstal, downfal, withal, control, and unrol, as we find them in Johnson's Dictionary, is an omission of the utmost importance to the sound of the words; for as the pronunciation sometimes alters the spelling, so the spelling sometimes alters the pronunciation.” Accordingly we find some speakers, chiefly the natives of Ireland, inclined to give the a its middle sound, to words commencing with al, followed by another consonant, because they do not see the ll in the all with which these words are compounded : thus we sometimes hear Almighty, albeit, so pronounced as to make their first syllable rhyme with the first of al-leiſ, val-ley ; and extol is pronounced by the Scotch so as to rhyme with coal; and with just as much reason as we pronounce control in the same manner. For though compounds may, in some cases, be allowed to drop such letters of their simples, as either are not necessary to the sound, as in Christmas ; or might possibly lead to a wrong one, as in Reconcileable (which see;) yet where, by omitting a letter, the sound may be altered, the omission is permicious and absurd. (84.) The same observations might be extended to the numerous termination full, where, in compounds, one i is omitted, though nothing can be more certain, than that ful, with a single l, has not the same sound as when this letter is do bled ; for who could suppose, without being used to the absurdity, that fulfil should stand for fulfill, but this abbreviation is too inveterate and extensive to afford any hope, that the great arbiters of orthogra- phy, the printers, will ever submit to the additional trouble of putting another l. JM, 407. JM preserves its sound in every word, except complcoller; compt and accompt are now univer sally written as they are pronounced count and account ; and though mand p are preserved to the #. in the ºfficer called a comotroller the word is pronounced exactly like the noun controller, one Who COlltrolS. | JN. 408. JW has two sounds; the one simple and pure, as in man, net, &c.; the other compounded and mixed, as in hang, thank, &c. The latter sound is heard when it is followed by the sharp or flat guttural mutes g hard, or k, or its representatives chard, qu or a $ but it may be observed, that so prone is our language to the flat mutes, that when n is followed by k, or its representatives, the flat mute g seems interposed between them : thus thank, banquet, anatious, are pronounced as if written, not than-k, ban-quet, an-vious, but thangk, bangquet, angkshus. But this coalition of the sound of n and g, or hard c, is only when the accent is on them; for when the g or hard c articulates the accented syllable, the n becomes pure: thus, though congress and congregate are pronounced as if written cong: gress, and cong-gregate, vet the first syllable of congratulate, and congressive, ought to be prºnºunced withous the ringing sound of n, and exactly like the same syllable in contrary. The same difference may be observed in the words conscourse and concur; the first word, which has the accent on the first syllable. is pronounced as if written cong-course: and the last, which has the accent on the second syllable with n pure. It must, however, be carefully observed, that the secondary, accent has the same power of melting the n into the succeeding hard g or c as the primary (522;) thus congregation and concremation have the first syllable pronounced as if written cong. * 409. It may, perhaps, be worthy of notice, that when n is followed by k, the k has a finished, or complete sound, as in link, think, &c.; but when n is followed by hard g, the g has an unfinished or * This omission of the letter L, I see, has been rectified in the last quarto edition of Johnson's Dictionary, and it would have been well if the Editors had acknowledged their obligations and extended their emendations to the Word godle, and several others. r .* * .* PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS P, PH, &c. 47 mperfect sound as in hang, bang, &c. where we may observe the tongue to rest upon the palate in the sound of g, but when this letter is carried off to articulate another syllable, its sound is comple- tea, as in anger and Bangor (the name of a town,) where the sound of g may be perceived to be very different from the noun hanger (a sword,) and banger (one who beats or bangs.) . This perfect sound of g is heard in all simples, as anger, angle, finger, linger, conger, anguish, languish, distinguish, extinguish, unguenſ, but in words derived from verbs or adjcctives, ending in ng, the g continues imperfect, as it was in the theme. Thus a singer (one who sings,) does not finish the g like finger, but is merely er added to sing; the same may be observed of sing-ing, bring-ing, and hang-ing. So adjectives form- ed by the addition of y have the imperfect sound of g, as in the original word; thus springy, stringy, dungy, and wingy, are only the sound of e added to spring, string, dung, and wing ; but the compara- tive and superſative adjectives, longer, stronger, and younger; longest, strongest, and youngest 3 have the g hard and perfectly sounded, as if written long-ger, strong-ger, young-ger, &c. where the g is hard, as in fin-ger, lin-ger, &c. And it may be looked upon as a #. rule, that nouns, adjec- tives or verbs, do not alter their original sound upon taking an additional syllable. In these three words, therefore, the Irish pronounce more agreeably to analogy than the English, for, if I mistake not, they do not articulate the g. (381.) 410. Hitherto we have considered these letters as they are heard under the accent; but when they are unaccented in the participial termination ing, they are . a cause of embarrassment to speakers who desire to pronounce correctly. We are told, even by teachers of English, that ing, in the word singing, bringing, and swinging, must be pronounced with the ringing sound, which is heard when the accent is on these letters, in king, sing, and wing, and not as if written without the g as singin, bringin, swingin. No one can be a greater advocate than I am for the strictest adherence to orthography, as long as the publick pronunciation pays the least attention to it; but when I find letters given up by the 'Publick, with respect to sound, I then consider them as cyphers: and, if my ob- servation does not greatly ſail me, I can assert, that our best speakers do not invariably pronounce the participial ing, so as to rhyme with sing, king, and ring. Indeed, a very obvious exception seems to offer itself in those verbs that end in these letters, as a repetition of the ringing sound in suc- cessive syllables would produce a Tautophony, (see the word,) and have a very bad effect on the ear; and therefore, instead of singing, bringing, and flinging, our best speakers are heard to pro- nounce sing-in, bring-in, andfling-vº, and for the very same reason that we exclude the ringing sound in these words, we ought to admit it when the verb ends with in ; for if, instead of sinning, pin- ning, and beginning, we should pronounce sin-nin, pin-nin, and begin-min, we should fall into the same disgusting repetition as in the former case. The participialing, therefore, ought always to have its ring: ing sound, except in those words formed from verbs in this termination; for writing, reading, and speaking, are certainly preferable to writin, readin, and speakin, wherever the pronunciation has the least degree of precision of solemnity. 411. N is mute when it ends a syllable, and is preceded by l or m, as kiln, hymn, limn, solemn, co- .umn, autumn, condemn, contemn. In hym-ning, and lin-ning, the n is generally pronounced, and some- times, in very solemn speaking, in condem-ning, and contem-ning ; but in both cases, contrary to ama- logy, which forbids any sound in the participle that was not in the verb. (381.) P. 412. This letter is mute before sand t at the beginning of words, as psalm, psalinist, psalmody, psal- mography, psalter, psaltry; the prefix pseudo signifying false, as pseudography, pseudology, and the in- terjection pshaw To these we may add, ptisan, ptſ/alism, ptysmagogue. It is mute in the middle of words between m and t, in empty, sempstress, perempfortſ, sumptuous, presumptuous, redemption, exemption, and raspberry. In cupboa, d it coalesces with and falls into its flat sound b, as if written cubboard. It is mute in a final syllable between the same letters, as tempt, attempt, contempt, exempt, prompt, accompt. Hn receipt it is mute between i and t, and in the military corps (a body of troops,) both p and s are mute, as custom has acquiesced in the French pronunciation of most military terms. PH. 413. Ph is generally pronounced like f as in philosophy, phantom, &c. In nephew and Stephen, it has the sound of v. In diphthong and triphthong the sound of p only is heard; and the h is mute likewise in naphtha, ophthalmick, &c. In apophthegm both letters are dropped. The same may be ob- served of phthisis, phthisick, and phthisica. In Sapphire the first p slides into ph, by an accentual coali- tion of similar letters, very agreeable to analogy. See ExAGGERATE. Q. 414. Q has always the sound of k : it is constantly followed by u, projounced like to ; and its ge- neral sound is heard in quack, quill, queen, &c. pronounced kwack, kwill, kween, &c. That the tº sub- joined to this letter has really the power of w, may be observed in the generality of words where & succeeds; for we find the vowel go into the broad sound in quart, quarrel, quantity, &c. as much as in tear, warrant, want, &c. (85.) But it must be carefully noted, that this broad sound is only heard under the accent; when the a preceded by qu, is not accented, it has the sound of every other accented a in the language. (92.) Thus the g in quarter, quarrel, quadrant, &c. because it has the accent, is broad : the same may be observed when the accent is secondary only (522) (527) as in quadragesimal, quadrisyllable, &c.; but when the accent is on the succeeding syllable, as in qua- dratick, qua-drangidar, &c. the a goes into the obscure sound approaching to the Italian a. (92.) 415. As a great number of words, derived from the French, have these letters in them, ac- cording to our usual complaisance for that language, we adopt the French pronunciation: thus in coquet, doquet, etiquette, masquerade, harlequin, oblique, antique, opaque pique, piquant, piquet, burlesque, grotesque, casque, mosque, quadrille, quater-cousin, the qu is pronounced like k. Quoif and quoit ought to be written and pronounced coif, coit. Paquet, laquey, chequer, and risque, have been very pro- perly spelled by Johnson as they are pronounced packet, lackey, checker, and risk. Quoth ought to be pronounced with the u, as if written kwuth, and therefore is not irregular. Liquor and harle- win always lose the u ; , and conquer, conquerable, and conqueror, sometimes, particularly on the tage. . This deviation, however, seems not to have gone beyond recovery; and conquest is still regularly pronounced conkwest. Quote and ſuotation are perfectly regular, and ought never to be pronounced as some do, cote and cotation Cirque, contracted #: circus, and cinque, cinquefoil, * M; PRONUNCLATION OF THE CONSONANTS R, S. cinque-ports, cinque-spotted, are pronounced sirk and sink; and critique, when we mean a criticism, to distinguish it from critick, is pronounced criteek, rhyming with speak. See Quoir and Quotation R. 416. This letter is never silent, but its sound is sometimes transposed. In a final unaccented sy! lable, terminating with re, the r is pronounced after the e, as acre, lucre, sabre, fibre, ochre, meagre, maigre, sepulchre, theatre, spectre, metre, oetre, mitre, nitre, antre, lustre, accoutre, massacré; to which we may add, cervre, and sceptre; sometimes, written center and scepter, but, in my opinion, very improperly, as this peculiarity is fixed, and easily understood ; while reducing ineagre to meager disturbs the rule, and adds another anomaly to our pronunciation, by making the g hard before e. (98) 417. The same transposition of r is always perceived in the pronunciation of apron, and iron ; and often in that of citron and saffron, as if written apurn, iurn, citurn, saffurn : nor do Í think the two first can be pronounced otherwise without a disagreeable stiffness; but the two last may preserve the r before the vowel with great propriety. , Children and hundred have slid into this analogy, when used colloquially, but preserve the r before the e in solemn speaking. 418. As this letter is but a jar of the tongue, sometimes against the roof of the mouth, and some- times at the orifice of the throat, it is the most imperfect of ail the consonants; and, as its formation is so indefinite, no wonder, when it is not under the accent, that the vowels which precede it should be so indefinite in their sounds, as we may perceive in the words friar, lier, elixir, nadir, mayor, mar- tº, which, with respect to sound, might be written, friur, liur, elicur, madur, mayur, martur (98.) These inaccuracies in pronunciation, says an ingenious writer, “we seem to have derived from our ‘Saxon ancestors. Dr. Hicks observes in the first chapter of his Saxon Grammar, that “Com ‘parativa apud eos (Anglo-Saxones) indifferenter exeumi in ar, aer, er, wr, or, ur, yr; et Superlativa in ast, gest, est, ist, ost, ºst, yst; participia presentis temporis in arid, and, end, ind, ond, und, ſynd, ‘prºteriti vero in ad, aed, id., od, ud, yd; pro vario sciiicet vel avi vel loci dialecto.” ‘‘ Upon various other occasions aiso they used two or more vowels and diphthongs indifferently; and this not al- ‘ ways from difference of age or place, becamse these variations are frequently found in the same ‘page. This will account for the difference between the spelling and pronunciation of such anoma. lous words as busy and bury, now pronounced as if written bis; and bery, (the i and e having their * common short sound) and formerly spelt indifferently with e. w, or iſ.’ Essay on the Harmony of Language Robson, 1774. 419. There is a distinction in the sound of this letter, scarcely ever moticed by any of our writers on the subject, which is, in my opinion, of no small importance; and that is, the rough and smooth r. Ben , Jonson, in his Grammar, says it is sounded fin in in the beginning of words, and more liquid in the middle and ends, as in rarer, riper; and so in the Latim. . The rough r is formed by jarring the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth near the "ore teeth; the smooth r is a vibra. tion of the lower part of the tongue, near the root, against the inward region of the palate, near the entrance of the throat. This latter r is that which marks the pronunciation of England, and the former that of Ireland. In Engiand, and particularly in London, the r in lard, bard, card, re- ard, &c. is pronounced so much in the throat as to be little more than the middle or Italian a, fºed into taad, baaa, caaa, regaad , while in Ireland the r, in these words, is pronounced with so strong a jar of the tongue against the fore part of the palate, and accompanied with such an aspiration or strong bleathing at the beginning of the letter, as to produce that harshness we call the Irish accent. But if this ietter is too forcibly pronounced in Ireland, it is often too feebly sounded in England, and particularly in London, where it is sometimes entirely sunk; and it may, perhaps, be worthy of observation, that provided we avoid a too forcible pronunciation of-the r, when it ends a word, or is followed by a consonant in the same syllable, we may give as much force as we please to this letter at the beginning of a word, without producing any harshness to the ear: thus Rome, river, rage, may have the r as forcible as in Preland; but bor, bard, card, hard, &c. must have it nearly as soft as in London. S. 420. As the former letter was a jar, this is a hiss ; but a hiss which forms a much more definite and complete consonant than the other. This consonant, like the other mutes, has a sharp and a flat sound ; the sharp sound is heard in the name of the letter, and in the words same, sin, this ; the flat sound is that of z, heard in is, his, was ; and these wo sounds, accompanied by the aspirate, or h, form all the varieties found under this letter. (41.) 421. S has always its sharp hissing sound, at the beginning of words, as soon, sin, &c. and when it immediately follows any of the sharp mutes, f, k, p, t, as scoffs, blocks, hips, pits, or when it is added to the mute e after any of these ieuters, as strifes, flakes, pipes, mites. 422. S is sharp and hissing at the end of the monosyllables yes, this, us, thus, gas 3 and at the end of words of two or more syllables, if it be preceded by any of the vowels but e, and forms a distinct syllable: thus es, in pipes and miles do not form a distinºt syllable ; and as they are preceded by a sharp mute, the s is sharp likewise ; but in prices these letters form a syllable, and the s is pronoun- ced like z, according to the general rule. 423. The only exception to this rule is... the words, as, whereas, has, iiis, was ; for bias, dowlas, At- Bas, metropolis, basis, chaos, tripus, pus, chorus, cyprus, &c. have the finals pronounced sharp and hiss- £4. Agreeably to this rule, the numerous terminations in ous, as pious, superfluous, &c. have the s sharp, and are pronounced exactly like the pronoun us ; and every doubles in the language is pronounced in the same manner, except in the words dissolve, possess, and their compounds, scissors, hussy, and hussar. * º 425. S, in the inseparable preposition dis, when either the primary or secondary accent is on it (522,) is always pronounced sharp and hissing: the word dismal, which seems to be an exception, is not so in reality; for, in this word, dis is not a preposition: thus dissolute, dissonant, &c. with the rimary accent on dis ; and disability, disagree, &c. with the secondary accent on the same letters, #. the s sharp and hissing; but when the accent is on the second syllable, the s is either sharp or flat, as it is followed either by a vowel, or a º or flat consonant; thus disable, disaster, disease, dis- interested, dishonest, disorder, disuse, have all of them the s in dis flat like z, because the accent is not on it, and a vowel begins the next syllable; but discredit, disfavour, diskindness, dispense, distaste, have the s sharp and hissipg, because a sharp consonant begins the succeeding accented syllable , sº FRONUNCIATION OF THE consonANT s. 49 snd disband, disdain, disgrace, disjoin, dispalue, have the s flat like e, because they are succeeded by a flat consonant in the same situation. (435). , 426. S, in the inseparable preposition mis, is always sharp and .."; whether the coent be on it or not; or whether it be followed either by a vowel or a sharp or flat consonant, as miscreant, misaim, misapply, misorder, misuse, misbegot; misdeem, misgovern, &c. See the prefix Mis 427 S, followed by e in the final syllable of adjectives, is always sharp and hissing, as base, obese, precise, concise, globose, verbose, morbose, pulicose, tenebricose, corticose, jocose, oleose, rugose, desidiose, close, siliculose, calculose, tumulose, animose, venenose, arenose, siliginose, crinose, loose, operose, morose, edematose comatose, acetose, aquose, siliquose, actuose, diffuse, profuse, occluse, recluse, abstruse, obtuse, except wise, an othergwise, and the pronominal adjectives these and those. 428. S, in the adjective termination sive, is always sharp and hissing, as suasive, persuasive, assud- sive, dissuasive, adhesive, cohesive, decisive, precisive, incisive, derisive, cicatrisive, visive, plausive, abusive, diffusive, infusive, inclusive, conclusive, exclusive, elusive, delusive, prelusive, allusive, illusive, collusive, amu- sive, obtrusive, &c * S, in the fºcuſes ending in sory, is always sharp and hissing, as suasory, persuasory, decisory, derisory, delusory, &c. * *...*'The *: may be observed of s in the adjectives ending in some, as troublesome, &c. and sub- stantives in osity, as generosity, &c. 431. Se, preceded by the liquids l, n, or r, has the s sharp and hissing, as pulse, appulse, dense, tense, intense, sense, verse, adverse, &c. except cleanse. S pronounced like z. 432. S has always its flat buzzing sound, as it may be called, when it immediately follows any of the flat mutes b, d, g hard, or v as ribs, heads, rags, sieves. (24. 433. S is pronounce i like z, when it forms an additional syllable with e before it, in the plurals of mouns, and the third person singular of verbs; even though the singulars and first persons end in sharp hissing sounds, as asses, riches, cages, boxes, &c.: thus prices and prizes, have both the final s flat, * the preceding mute in the first word is sharp (422.) . As s is hissing, when preceded by a liquid, and followed by e mute, as transe, tense, &c.; so when it follows any of the liquids without the e, it is pronounced like z, as morals, means, seems, hers. In the same analogy, when s comes before any of the liquids, it has the sound of z, as cosmetick, dis- , pismire, chasm, prism, theism, schism, and all polysyllables ending in asm, ism, osm, or ysm, as en thusiasm, udaism, mic, ºeuv, fºr vº9sº g tº . * © 435. 'S, in the preposition dis, is either sharp or flat, as it is accented or unaccented, as explained above; but it ought always to be pronounced like 2, when it is not under the accent, and is fol- lowed by a flat mute, a liquid, or a vowel, as disable, disease, disorder, disuse, disband, disdain, disgrace, dispalue, disjoin, dislike, dislodge, dismay, dismember, dismount, dismiss, dismatured, ansrank, disrelish, dis- robe. (425.) Mr. Sheridan, and those orthūepists who have copied him, seem to have totally overlook- ed this tendency in the liquids to convert the s to z when this letter ends the first syllable without the accent, and the liquids begin the second syllable with it. 436. S is pronounced like z, in the monosyllables as, is, his, was, these, those, and in all plurals whose singulars end in a vowel, or a vowel followed by e mute, as commas, operas, shoes, aloes, dues, and consequently when it follows the w or y, in the plurals of mouns, or the third person singular of verbs, as ways, betrays, news, views, &c. 437. Some verbs ending in se have the s like z, to distinguish them from nouns or adjectives of the same form. Nouns Verbs Nouns Verbs grease to grease CºcCl4SC to earctºse close to close refuse to refuse house to house diffuse to diffuse 27.0/SC to mouse ºf Sę to use bouse to louse rise to rise abuse to abuse premise to premise. 438. Sy and sey, at the end of words, have the s pronounced like z, if it has a vowel before it, with the accent on it, as easy, greasy, queasy, cheesy, daisy, misy, rosy, causy, noisy; but if the accent is on the antepenultimate syllable, the s is sharp, as heresy, poesy, &c. if a sharp mute precede, the s is sharp, as tricksy, tipsy; if a liquid precede, and the accent is on the penultimate syllable, the s is flat, as palsy, flimsy, clumsy, pansy, tansy, phrensy, quinsy, tolsey, whimsey, malmsey, jersey, kersey. Pur- sy, bas the s sharp and hissing from its relation to purse, and minstrelsey and controversy have the ante- penultimate and preantepenultimate accent: thus we see why busy, bousy, lousy, and drowsy have the s like z, and jealousy the sharp hissing s. 439. S, in the termination sible, when pº by a vowel, is pronounced like z, as persuasible, risible, visible, divisible, infusible, conclusible; but if a liquid consonant precede the s, the s then be- comes sharp and hissing, as sensible, responsible, tensible, rerersible, &c. 440. S, in the terminations sary and sory, is sharp and hissing, as dispensary, adversary, suasory, persuasory, decisory, incisory, derisory, depulsory, compulsory, incensory, compensory, suspensory, sensory, responsory, cursory, discursory, lustry, elusory, delusory, illusory, collusory. Rosary and misery, which have thes like 2, are the only exceptions. 441. S, in the termination ise, is P. like z, except in the adjectives before mentioned, and a few substantives, such as paradise, anise, rise, grise, verdigrise, mortise, travise. S, in the terminations sal and sel, when preceded by a vowel, is pronounced like z, as nasal, ousel, housel, mousal, reprisal, proposal, refusal, and sharp and hissing when preceded by a consonant, as mensal, universal, &c. º, 443. S, in the terminations son, sen, and sin, is pronounced like z, as reason, season, treason, carga- sen, diapason, orison, benison, venison, denison, foison, poison, prison, damson, crimson, chosen resin, rosin, ". cousin. § the s in mason, bason, garrison, caparison, comparison parson, and person, is sharp rid missing. .) 444. S, after the inseparable prepositions pre and pro, is sharp, as in presage, preside, presidial, pre- geance, presension. mrosecute, prosecution, prosody, prºpºrº, but flat like z in preamce, president, e §§ PRONUNCIATION of THE consoxANT s ey, presume, presumptire, presumption ; but where the pre is prefixed to a word which is significan when alone, the s is always sharp, as pre-suppose, pre-surmise, &c. * 445. S, after the inseparable preposition re, is almost always pronounced like 3., as resemble, resent, •esentment, reserve, reservation, reservoir, residue, resident, residentiary, reside, resign, resignment, resigna- tion, resilience, resiliency, resilition, resin, resist, resistance, resolve, resolution, resolute, result, resume, resump- tion, resu action. ry 446 S is sharp after re in resuscitation, resupinazuon, &c. and when the word added to it is signiſ- cant by itself, as research, resiege, reseat, resurveu. Thus to resign, with the s like z, signifies to yield up; but to re-sign, to sign again, has the s sharp as in sign , so to resound, to reverberate, has the s like z, but to re-sound, to sound again, has the s sharp and hissing. 447. Thus we see, after pursuing this letter through all its combinations, how difficult it often is to decide by analogy, when we are to pronounce it sharp and hissing, and when flat like z. In many cases it is of no great importance: in others it is the distinctive mark of a vulgar or a polite promum- ciation. Thus design is never heard with the s like z but among the lowest order of the people ; and yet there is not the least reason from analogy why we should not pronounce it in this manner, as well as in resign : the same may be observed of preside, and desist, which have the s sharp and hiss- ing; and reside and resist, where the same letter is pronounced like z. It may, however, be remark- ed, that re has the s like z after v. Amore regularly than any other of the prefixes. 448. It may, perhaps, be worthy of observation., Jhat though s becomes sharp or flat, as it is ſol- lowed by a sharp or flat consonant, or a liquid, as cosmetick, dismal, disband, disturb, &c. yet if it follows a liquid or a flat consonant, except in the same syllable. It is generally sharp. Thris the s in tufts, suds, &c. is like z > but in subserve, subside, subsist, it is sk.arp and hissing: and though it is flat in up- solve, it is sharp in absolute and obsolution; but if a shar, consonant precede, the s is always sharp and hissing, as tipsy, tricksy ; thuſ, in the promunciation of the word Glasgow, as the s is always sharp and hissing, we find the g invariably slide into its sharp sound k ; and this word is always heard as iſ written Glaskow. We see, therefore, that a preceding sharp consonant makes the succeeding sharp, but mot inversely 449. S is always sharp and hissing when followed by c, czcept in the word discern. S aspirated, or sounding like sh, or zh. 450. S, like its fellow dental t, becomes aspirated, and goës either into the sharp sound sh, or the flat sound zh, when the accent is on the preceding vowel, and it is followed by a semi consonant diph thong, as nauseate, or a diphthongal vowel, as pleasure, pronounced nomisheate and plexhure. (195.) 451. S, in the termination sión, preceded by a vowel, goes into the flat aspiration zh, as evasion, cohesion, decision, confusion, pronounced erazhion, &c.; but when it is preceded by a liquid or another s, it has the sharp aspiration sh, as expulsion, dimensivn, reversion, pronounced expulshion, &c. 452. The same may be observed of s before u ; when a vowel precedes the s, with the accent on it, the s goes into the flat aspiration, as pºeasure, measure, treasure, rasure, pronounced plexhure, &c. : but when preceded by a liquid, or another s, it is sounded sh, as sensual, censure, tonsure, pressure, pro- nounced senshual, censhure, &c. 453. From the clearness of this analogy, we may perceive the impropriety of pronouncing Asia with the sharp aspiration, as if written ºffshia; when, by the foregoing rule, it ought undoubtedly to be pronounced Azhia, rhyming with Arpasia, euthanasia, &c, with the flat aspiration of z. This is the Scotch pronunciation of this word, and unquestionably the true one: but if I mistake not, Persia, is pronounced in Scotland with the same aspiration of s, and as if written Perzhia; which is as contra- ry to analogy as the other is agreeable to it. 454. The tendency of the s to aspiration before a diphthongal sound has produced several anomalies in the language, which can only be detected by ecurring to first principles: for which purpose it smay be necessary to observe, that the accent or stress naturally preserves the letters in their true sound ; and as feebleness naturally succeeds force, so the letters, immediately after the stress, have it tendency to slide into different sounds, which require less exertion of the organs. Hence the omis sion of one of the vowels in the pronunciation of the last syllable of fountain, mountain, reptain, &c. (208.): hence the short sound of i in respite, servile, &c. hence the s pronounced like z in disable, where the accent is on the second syllable; and like s sharp and hissing, in disability, where there is a secondary stress on the first syllable ; and hence the difference between thea in exercise, and that in exert, the former having the accent on it, being pronounced chºs, as if the word were written eckser- cise; and the latter without the accent, pronounced gz, as if the word were written egzert. This analogy leads us immediately to discover the irregularity of sure, sugar, and their compounds, which are pronounced shure and shugar, though the accent is on the first syllable, and ought to preserve the s without aspiration; and a want of attending to this analogy has betrayed Mr. Sheridan into a series of mistakes in the sound of s in the words suicide, presume, resume, &c. as if written shooicide, pre-zhoom, re-zhoorn, &c. but if this is the true pronunciation of these words, it may be asked, why is not suit, suitable, pursue, &c. to be pronounced shoot, shoot-able, purshoo & If it be answered, Custom : own this decides he question at once, Let us only be assured, that the best speakers pronounce like o, and that is"?he true pronunciation: but those who see analogy so openly violated, ought to be assured of the certainty of the custom before they break through all the laws of language to conform to it. (69) (71.) See SUPERABLE. 455. We have seen, in a great variety of instances, the versatility of s, how frequently it slides into the sound of z : but my observation greatly fails me if it ever takes the aspiration unless it im- mediately follows the accent, except in the words sure, sugar, and their compounds; and these irre- fºie are sufficient, without adding to the numerous catalogue we have already seen under this etter. V. 456. The analogy we have just been observing directs us in the pronunciation of usury, usurer, and usurious. The two first have the accent on the first syllable, which permits the s to go into aspita- tion, as if the words were written uzhury and uzhurer'; but the accent being on the second tº in the last word, the s is prevented from going into aspiration, and is pronounced uzurious. (479) (480.) 457, Though the ss in passion, mission, &c. belong to separate syllables, as if spelt pas-sion, mi’ sion, &c, yet the accent presses the first into the same aspiration as the last, and they are both pro nounced with the sharp aspirated hiss, as if they were but one s. See ExAGGERATE. 458. S is suent in isle, island, aisle, demesne, puisne, riscount, and at the end of some words from the .."; pas, sour, vis-à-vis ; and in corps the two last letters are silent, and the word pronounced Cºre £3. frontRCIATION OF THE CONSUNANT T, &c. 3, T. 459. T is the sharp sound of D (41 ;) but though the latter is often changed into the former, the former never goes into the latter. The sound to which this letter is extremely prome is that of s This sound off has greatly multiplied the hissing in our own language, and has not a little promoted it in most modern tongues. That p, and b, t, and d, k and g hard, s and z, should slide into each other, is not surprising, as they are distinguished only by a nice shade of sound; but that t should alter to s seems a most violent transition, till we consider the organick formation of these letters, and of those vowels which always occasion it. If we attend to the formation of t, we shall find that it is a . of the breath by the application of the upper part of the tongue near the end, to the cor- respondent part of the palate, and that if we just detach the tongue from the palate, sufficiently to Ret the breath pass, a hiss is produced which forms the letters. Now the vowel that occasions this transition of t to s is the squeezed sound of e, as heard in y consonaut (8:) which squeezed sound is a species of kiss; and this hiss, from the absence of accent, easily slides into the s, and the s as easily into sh; thus muechanically is generated that hissing termination tion, which forms but one syllable, as if written shun. (195.) 460. But it must be carefully remarked, that this hissing sound, contracted by the t before certain diphthongs, is never heard but after the accent: when the accent falls on the vowel immediately af. ter the t, this letter, like s or c in the same situation, preserves its simple sound: thus the c in social •goes into sh, because the accent is on the preceding vowel ; but it preserves the simple sound of s in society, because the accent is on the succeding vowel. The same analogy is obvious in satuate and sa- tiety; and is perfectly agreeable to that difference made by accent in the sound of other letters. (71.) Šeć ŠAmery. * 461. As the diphthongs in, ie, io, or iu, when coming after the accent, have the power of drawing the t into sh; so the diphthongal vowel u, in the same situation, has a similar power. If we analyse the u, We shall find it commence with the squeezed sound of e, equivalent to the consonant , (39.) This letter produces the small hiss before taken notice of (459,) and which may be observed in the pronunciation of nature, and borders so closely on natshur, that it is no wonder Mr. Sheridam adopt ed this latter mode of spelling the word to express its sound. The only fault of Mr. Sheridan in de- picting the sound of this word, seems to be that of making the u short, as in bur, cur, &c. as every Sorrect ear must perceive an elegance in lengthening the sound of the u, and a vulgarity in shorten- ing it. The true pronunciation seems to lie Letween both. 462. But Mr. Sheridan's greatest fault seems to lie in not attending to the nature and influence of the accent ; and because nature, creature, feature, fortune, misfortvne, &c. have the t pronounced like ch or tsh, as if written crea-chure, fea-tshure, &c. he has extended this change of t into tch or tsh to the word tune, and its compounds tutor, tutoress, tutorage, tutelage, tutelar, tutelary, &c. tumult, tumour, &c. which he spells tshoon, tshoon-eble, &c. tshoo-tur, tshoo-iriss, tshoo-tur-idzh, tshoo-tel-idzh, tshoo-tel-er, tshoc- tel-er-g, &c. tshoo-mult, tshoo-mur, &c. Though it is evident, from the foregoing observations, that as the u is under the accent, the preceding t is preserved pure, and that the words ought to be pronoun- eed as if written tewtor, tewmult, tewmour, &c. and neither tshootur, tshoomult, tshoomur, as Mr. Sheridan writes them, nor tootur, toomull, loomour, as they are often pronounced by vulgar speakers. See Su PERABLE. 463. , Here, then, the line is drawn by analogy. Whenever t comes before these vowels, and the accent immediately follows it, the t preserves its simple sound, as in JMiltiades, elephantiasis, satiety, &c.; but when the accent precedes the t it then goes into sh, teh, or tsh, as na-tshure, or no-tchure, na-shion, vir-tshue, or vir-tehue, patient, &c. or nashion, pashent, &c. (464.) In similar circumstances, the same may be observed of d, as arduous, hideous, &c. (293,) (294,) (376.) , Nor is this tendency of t before long w found only when the accent immediately precedes; for we hear the same aspiration of this letter in spiritual, spirituous, signature, ligature, forfeiture, as if written spiritshwal, spiritshuous, signa- tshure, ligatshure, forfeitshure, &c. where the accent is two syllables before these letters; aud the only termination which seems to refuse this tendency of the t to aspiration is that in tude, as latitude, ion- gitude, multitude, &c. 464. This pronunciation of t extends to every word where the diphthong or diphthongal sound commences with i or e, except in the terminations of verbs and adjectives, which preserve the simple in the augment, without suffering the t to go into the hissing sound, as I pity, thou pitiest, he pities, or pitied, mightier, 7 orthier, twentieth, thirtieth, &c. This is agreeable to the general rule, wi.ich for- bids the adjectives or verbal terminations to alter the sound of the primitive verb or noun. See No. 381. But in the words bestial, celestial, frontier, admixtion, &c. where the s, z, or n, precedes the t, this letter is pronounced like tch or tsh, instead of sh, (291 ) as bes-tohial, celes-tohial, from-teheer, admix- tohion, &c.; as also when the t is followed by eou, whatever letter precede, as righteous, piteous, plen- teous, &c. pronounced righ-tcheous, pit-cheous, gº. &c., The same may be observed of t when , succeeded by wou, as unctuous, presumptuous, &c. pronounced ung-ichuous, presump-tchwous, &c. See the words. TH. 465. This lisping sound, as it may be called, is almost peculiar to the English. (41) (50) (469) The Greek 6 was certainly not the sound we give it: like its principal letter, it has a sharp and a flat sound; but these are so little subject to rule, that a catalogue will, perhaps, be the best guide. 466. Th, at the beginning of words, is sharp, as in thank, think, &c., except in the following words : This, that, than, the, thee, their, them, then, thence, there, these, they, thine, thither, those, thou, though, thus, thy, and their compounds. Th, at the end of words, is sharp, as death, breath, &c. except in beneath, booth, with 5 and the verbs to wreath, to loath, to uncloath, to seeth, to smooth, to south, to mouth : all which ought to be written with the e final; not only to distinguish some of them from the nouns, but to show that this soft : for though th, when final, is sometimes pronounced soft, as in to loath, to mouth, &c. yet the at the end of words is never pronounced hard, . There is as obvious an analogy for this sound of the thin these verbs, as for the z sound of s in verbs ending in se (437;) and why we should write some verbs with e. and others without it, is inconeeivable. The best way to show the absurdity of our orthography in this particular, will be to draw out the nouns and verbs as they stand in Johnson's Dictionary. Adjectives and Notums Verbs. Li euth, to breathe. &: e., ºr, to wreath, to in wreath. + 52 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS TH, T, &c. A * Adjectives and Nouns. , Verbs. loath to loathe. cloth, to cloathe, to thcloath. bath, to bathe. stnooth, to smooth. mouth, to mouth. * swath, to ...; to S º sheath, to sheathe. sooth, to sooth Surely mothing can be more evident than the analogy of the language in this case. Is it not absurd to hesitate a moment at writing all the verbs with the e final 2 This is a departure from our great lexi- cographer, which he himself would approve, as nothing but inadvertency could have led him into this unmeaning irregularity.—It may not be improper to observe here, that those substances which in the singular end with th sharp adopt the th flat in the plural, as path, paths; bath, baths, &c. Such a pro- pensity is there to slide into the flat sound of s, that we frequently hear this sound in the genitive case, as My wive's portion, for my wife's portion. In the same manner we hear of paying so much for houze- rent and taxes, instead of house-rent and taxes; and shopkeepers tell us they have goods of all prizes, in- stead of all prices. Nay, some go so far as to pronounce the plural of truth, truths ; but this must be carefully avoided. 468. This hard in the middle of words, either when it precedes or follows a consonant, as panther, nepenthe, orthodox, orthography, orth&epy, thwart, athwart, ethnick, misanthrope, philanthropy, &c. except brethren, farthing, farther, northern, worthy, burthen, murther, where the this flat ; but the two last words are better written burden and murder. 469. Th between two vowels is generally soft in words purely English, as father, feather, heathen, hither, thither, whither, whether, either, neither, weather, wether, wither, gather, together, pother, mother. 470. . Th between two vowels, in words from the learned languages, is generally hard, as apathy, sympathy, antipathy, Athens, atheist, authentick, author, authority, athurst, rathartick, cathedral, catholick, catheter, ether, ethicks, lethargy, Lethe, leviathan, litharge, lithotony, mathesis, mathematicks, methoa, pathetick, plethora, polymathy; prothonotary, anathema, amelhust, theatre, amphitheatre, apothecary, apotheoris. 471. This sometimes pronounced like simple t, as Thomas, thyme, Thames, asthma, phthisis, phthisick, phthisical, and is silent in twelfthtide, pronounced twelftide. Tsilent. 472. T is silent when preceded by s, and followed by the abbreviated terminations en and le, as hasten, chasten, fasten, listen, glisten, christen, moisten, which are pronounced as if written hace'n, chaçe'n, &c.; in bursten the t is heard; so castle, nestle, trestle, wrestle, thistle, whistle, epistle, bristle, gristle, jostle, apostle, throstle, bustle, justle, rustle, are pronounced as if written cassle, nessle, &c.; in pestle, the t is pro- nounced; in often, fasten, and soften, the t is silent, and at the end of several words from the French, as trait, gout (taste,) eclat. In the first of these words the t begins to be pronounced; in the last, it has been sometimes heard; but in the second, never. Toupet is more frequently written toupee, and is therefore not irregular. In billet-doux the t is silent, as well as in hautboy. The same silence of t may be observed in the English words, Christmas, chestnut, mortgage, ostler, bankruptcy, and in the second syllable of mistletoe. In curran, and currants the t is always mute. See No. 102, 103,405. V. 473. V is flat f, and bears the same relation to it as b does to p, d to t, hard g to k, and a to s (41.) It is never irregular and if ever silent, it is in the word twelvemonth, where both that letter and the e, are, in colloquial pronunciation, generally dropped, as if written twei'month. W initial. 474. That w at the beginning of a wold is a consonant, has been proved already. (9) (59.) It is always silent before r, as in wrack, wrangle, wrap, wrath, wreak, wreath, wreck, wren, wrench, wrest, wrestle, wretch, wriggle, wright, wring, wrinkle, wrist, write, writhe, wrong, ; wry, awry, bewray, and before h and the vowel o, when Tong, as whole, who, &c. pronounced hole, hoo, &c. 475. W before h is pronounced as if it were after the h, as hoo-y, why; hoo-en, whem, &c.; but in whole, whoop, &c the single and double o coalescing with the same sound in w, this last ietter is scarcely perceptible. In swoon, however, this letter is always heard; and pronouncing it soon, is vul- . In sword and answer it is always silent. In two it mingles with its kindred sound, and the num- ; two is pronounced like the adverb too. In the prepositions toward and towards the w is dropped, as if written toard and toards, rhyming with hoard and hoards; but in the adjectives and adverbs toward and towardly, {. and frowardly, the w is heard, distinctly. It is sometimes dropped in the last syllable of awkward, as if written awkard ; but this pronunciation is vulgar. X. 476. , X is a letter composed of those which have been already considered, and therefore will need out º: discussion. (48) (51.) It is flat or sharp like its component letters, and is subject to the §alºe HaW3. 477. X has a sharp sound like ks, when it ends a syllable with the accent upon it, as exercise, excel- :*#, or when the aecent is on the next syllable, if it begin with a consonant, as excuse, expense, 478. X has its flat sound like gz, when the accent is not on it, and the following syllable having the accent begins with a vowel, as exert, example, exist, &c. pronounced egzert, egzample, egzist, &c. e same sound may be observed if h follow, as in eachibit, exhale, &c., pronounced egzhibit, egzhale, but if the secondary accent be on the 3: in the polysyllable exhibition, exhalation, &c. this letter is then sharp, as in exercise (71;) but in compound words where the primitive ends in ar, this letter retains its primitive sound, as fixation, tºtation, vexation, vexatious, relaxation, &; ; to which we may add the f OF THE NATURE of AccENT CŞ simples in our language, doxology and proximity; so that this propensity of a to become egº, seeins confined to the inseparable preposition. 479 X, like s, is aspirated, or takes the sound of h after it, only when the accent is before it hence the difference between and luxurious ; anxious and anxiety : in the true pronunciation of which words, nothing will direct us but recurring to first principles. It was observed that s is ne- ver aspirated, or pronounced like sh, but when the accent is on the preceding syllable (450;) and that when the accent is on the succeeding vowel, though the s frequently is pronounced like 2, it is never sounded zh: from which premises we may conclude, that luxury and luxurious, ought to be pronounced luckshury and lugzurious, and not lug-zho-ryus, as Mr. Sheridan spells it. The same er: rour runs through his pronunciation of all the compounds, luxuriance, luxuriant, luxuriate, &c. which unquestionably ought to be pronounced lug-zu-ri-ance, lug-zu-ri-ant, lug-zu-ri—ate, &c. in four sylla- bles, and not in three only, as they are divided in his Dictionary. . 480. same principles will lead us to decide in the words anxious and anxiety : as the accent is 2efore the r in the first word, it is naturally divisible into ank-sious, and as ngturally pronounced ank shus; but as the accent is after the x in the second word, and the hissing sºund cannot be aspi- tated (456,) it must necessarily be pronounced #. But Mr. Sheridan, without any regard to the component letters of these words, or the different position of the accent, has not only spelled them without aspiration, but without letting the s in the composition of the last word, go into a , for thus they stand in his Dictionary: ank-syus, ank-si-e-ty. (456.) 481. The letter x, at the *...* of words, goes into 2, as Xerxes, Xenophon, &c. pronounced Zerkses, Zenophon, &c.; it is silent at the end of the French billet-doux, and pronounced like s in beaux; often and better written beaus. Y initial. 482. , Y, as a consonant, has always the same sound; and this has been sufficiently described in ascertaining its real character (40;) when it is a vowel at the end of a word or syllable with the ac- cent upon it, it is sounded exactly like the first sound of i, as cy-der, ty-rant, re-ply, &c.; but at the end of a word or syllable, without the accent, it is pronounced like the first sound of e as liberty, fury, tenderly, Z. 483. 2 is the flat s, and bears the same relation to it as b does to p, d to t, hard g to k, and v to f. Its common name is izzard, which Dr. Johnson explains into shard; if, however, this be the meaning, it is a gross misnomer for the z is not the hard, but the soft s :” but as it has a less sharp, and therefore not so audible a sound, it is not impossible but it may means surd. Zed, bor- rowed from the French, is the more fashionable name of his letter; but, in my opinion, not to be admitted, because the names of the letters ought to have no diversity. . Z, like s, goes into aspiration before a diphthong, or a diphthongal vowel after the ac- cent, as is heard in vizier, glazier, grazier, &c. pronounced vizh-i-er, glazh-i-er, grazh-i-er, &c. The same may be observed of azure, rasure, &c. 485, Z is silent in the French word rendezvous ; and is pronounced in the Italian manner, as if t were before it, in meszotinto, as if written metzotinto. Thus have we ſºadeavoured to exhibit a just idea of the principles of pronunciation, both with respect to single ſetters, and their various combinations into syllables and words. The attentive reader must have observed how much the sounds of the letters vary, as they are differently asso- ciated, and how much the pronulciation of these associations depends upon the position of the ac- cent. This is a point of the utmost itnportance, and a want of attending to it has betrayed several in- genious men into the grossest absurdities. This will more fully appear in the observations on ac- cent, which is the next point to be considered. OF THE NATURE OF ACCENT. 486. The accent of the ancients, is the opprobrium of modern criticism. Nothing can show. more evidently the fallibility of the human faculties than the total ignorance we are in at present of the nature of the Latin and Greek accent?. This would be still more surprising if a phenomenon of a similar kind did not daily present itself to our view. The accent of the English language, which is constantly sounding in our ears, and every moment open to investigation, seems as much a mystery as that accent which is removed almost two thousand years from our view. Obscurity, per- plexity, and confusion, run through every treatise on the subject, and no-ning could be so hopeless as an attempt to explain it, did not a circumstance present itself, which at once accounts for the confusion, and affords a clew to lead us out of it. 487. Not one writer on accent has given us such a definition/of the voice as acquaints us with its essential properties: they speak of high and low, loud and soft, quick and slow, but they liever once mention that striking property which distinguishes speaking from singing sounds, and which, from its sliding from high to low, and from low to high, may not improperly be called the inflection of the voice. No wonder, when writers left this out of the account, that they should blunder about the nature of accent; it was impossible they should do otherwise; so partial an idea of the speaking voice, must necessarily lead them into errour. But let us once divide the voice into its rising and falling inflections, the obscurity vanishes, and accent becomes as intelligible as any other part of language. . . . º 488. Keeping this distinction in view, let us compare the accented syllable with others, and we shall find this general conclusion may be drawn: “The accented syllable is always louder than the * rest : but when it has the ...”. it is higher than the preceding, and lower than the suc “ ceeding syllable; and when it has the falling inflection, it is pronounced higher as well as louder “ than the other syllables, either preceding or succeeding.” The only exception to this rule is, * Professor Ward, speaking of the reason for doubling the s at the end of words, says, “s onubled retains its proper “force, which, when single at the end of words, is softened into z, as his, hiss.” . And Dr. Wallis tells us, that it is almost certain when a noun has s hard in the last syllable, and becomes a verb; that in the latter case the s becomes soft, as n, house is pronounced with the hard 3, and to house with the s soft. t See Observations on the Greek and Latin Accent and Quantity, at the end of the Key to the Classical Pronunciation, ºf Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper Names. . . - * * g 54 AccENT ON DISSYLLABLEs * when the accent is on the last syllable of a word which has no emphasis, and which is the con- cluding word of a discouase.” Those who wish to see this clearly demonstrated, may consult Ele- ments of Elocution, second edition, page 181. On the present occasion it will be sufficient to ob. serve, that the stress we call accent is as well understood as is necessary for the pronumeiation of single words, which is the object of this treatise ; and therefore, considering accent merely as stress, we shall proceed to make some remarks on its proper position in a word, and endeavour to detect some errours in the use and application of it. - The different positions of the English accent. 489. Accent, in its very nature, implies a comparison with other syllables less forcible ; hence we may conclude that monosyllables, properly speaking, have no accent: when they are combined with other monosyllables and form a phrase, the stress which is laid upon one, in preference to others, is called emphasis. As emphasis evidently points out the most significant word in a sentence, so, where other reasons do not forbid, the accent always dwells with greatest force on that part of the word which, from its importance, the hearer has always the greatest occasion to observe; and this is necessarily the root, or body of the word. But as harmony of termination, frequently attracts the accent from the root to the branches of words, so the first and most natural law of accentuation seems to operate less in fixing the stress than any of the other. Our own Saxon terminations, in- deed, with perfect uniformity, leave the principal part of the word in quiet possession of what seems its lawful property (501 ;) but Latin and Greek terminations, of which our language is full, assume 3. †. of preserving their original accent, and subjecting many of the words they bestow upon us, to their own classical laws. 490. Accent, therefore, seems to be regulated, in a great measure, by etymology. In words from the Saxon, the accent is generally on the root ; in words from the learned languages, it is generally on the termination ; and if to these we add the different accent we lay on some words, to distin- guish them from others, we seem to have the three great principles of accentuation; namely, the tadical, the terminational, and the distinctive. .Accent on Dissyllables. 491. Every word of two syllables has necessarily one of them accented, and but one It is true, for the sake of emphasis, we sometimes lay an equal stress upon two successive syllables, as di-reet, some-times; but when these words are pronounced alone, they have never more than one accent For want of attending to this distinction, some writers have roundly asserted, that many dissyfla- bles have two accents, such as comroy, concodrse, discord, shipwreck : in which, and similar instances, they confound the distinctness, with which the latter syllables are necessarily pronounced, with ac- centual force ; though mothing can be more different. Let us pronounce the last syllable of the moun torment as distinctly as we please, it will still be very different with respect to force from the same syllable in the verb to torment, where the accent is on it; and if we do but carefully watch our pronunciation, the same difference will appear in every word of two syllables throughout the lan- #. The word Armen is the only word which is pronounced with two consecutive accents when Ołę 492. There is a peculiarity of accentuation in certain words of two syllables, which are both nouns and verbs, that is not unworthy of motice; the nouns. having the accent ºf the first syllable, and the verbs on the last. This seems an instinctive effort in the language (if the expression will be allowed me) to compensate in some measure for the want of different terminations for these different parts of speech”. The words which admit of this diversity of accent, are the following: Nouns. Verbs. Nouns. Verbs. ābject to abjéct dèscant 4- to descánt ābsent to absént digest to digést ābstract to abstråct éssay to essä âccent to accént éxport to export àffix to affix éxtract to extráct âssign to assign éxile to exile àugment to augmént fêrment to fermént bömbard to bombárd fréquent to frequént cèment to cemént import to impôrt cölleague to colléague incense to incénse cöllect to colléct #nsult to insult cömpact to compāct Öbject to objéct to compôund pèrfume to perfäme to comprèss pèrmit to permit to concért préfix ' to prefix cöncrete | to concrète prémise to premise cónduct to conduct présage to presåge cönfine to confine présent to present cönflict to conflict prôduce to produce cónserve to consérve prºject to projéct cönsort to consórt prôtest to protést cöntest to contëst rébel to rebèl cöntract to contrâct récord to recórd cöntrast to contràst réfuse to refuse cönvent to convént súbject to subjëct cönverse to convérse sūrvey to survé cönvert to convért törment to tornaent * It is not improbable that the vel b, by receiving a participial termination, has inclined us to pronounce that part of epeeeh with an accent nearer the end than we do the noun; for though we can without any difficulty pronounce the werb with the accent on the noun, we cannot so easily pronounce the participle and the adverb formed from it with that eagent: thus we can pronounce to transroºt with the accent on the ſirst syllabie; but nºt so easily trónsporting and tránsporting'y. This is a solid reason for the distinction, and ought to induce us where we can to observe it. A sépuſche and to sepſileire seem to equire it. See the word. F. ** AccENT on DISSYLLABLEs ** § Neums. Verbs. Nouns. Verbs. gónvict to convict trăject to trajéct cónvoy to convöy transfer to transfer désert to desért tránsport - to transport discount to discóuut âttribute to attribute. 493. To this analogy, some speakers are endeavouring to reduce the word contents; which, when it signifies the matter contained in a book, is often heard with the accent on the first syllable ; but though this pronunciation serves to distinguish words which are different in signification, and to give, in some measure, a difference of form to the moun, and verb, in which our tongue is remark- ably deficient, still it is doubtful whether this distinction be of any real advantage to the language. See Bowl. This diversity of accentuation seems to have place in soine compound verbs. See CountERBALANCE and the subsequent words. 494. Sometimes words have a different accent, as they are adjectives or substantives. Substantives. Adjectives. + dugust, the month augist, noble cómpact compáct champáign, wine chámpaign, open daile, banishment exile, small glūn, a lover gállant, bold instinct wnstinct invalid invalid Levánt, a place lávant, eastern minute, of time miniſte, small súpine, in grammar supine, indolent. fi 495. Sometimes the same parts of speech have a different accent to mark a difference of signi- cation. to cónjure, to practise magick; to conjūre, to intreat désert, a wilderness desert, merit bäffet, a blow buffet, a cupboard sinister, insidious . sinister, the left side. 496. In this analogy some speakers pronounce the word Concordance with the accent on the first syllable, whea it signifies a dictionary of the Bible; and with the accent on the second, when it sig- nifies agreement: but besides that, there is not the same reason for distinguishing mouns from each other, as there is mouns from verbs; the accent on the first syllable of the word Concordance gives a harshness and poverty to its sound, which ought to be avoided. 497. But though the different accentuation of nouns and verbs of the same form does not extend so far as might be expected, it is certain, that in words of two syllables, where the noun and verb are of different forms, there is an evident tendency in the language to place the accent upon the first syllable of the noun, and on the last of the verb. Hence the nouns outrage, upstart, and uproar, have the accent on the first syllable ; and the verbs to uplift, to uphold, and to outstrip, on the last. 498. This analogy will appear still more evident if we attend to the accent of those nouns and verbs which are compounded of two words. Every dissyllable compounded of words which, taken separately, have a meaning, may be deemed a qualified substantive; and that word which qualifies or describes the other, is that which most distinguishes it, and consequently is that which ought to have the accent : accordingly we find that inkhorn, outrage, chairman, freehold, sand-bor, book-case, peri- knife, have the accent on the first syllable, which is the specifying part of the word; while gainsaſ foresee, overlook, undersell, have the accent on the last syllable, which is the least distinguishing part .# the word. This rule, however, is, either by the caprice of custom, or the love of harmony, fre- uently violated, but is sufficiently extensive to mark the general tendency of the language. Aken- side brings the verh to comment under this analogy: * - ——The sober zeal “Of age, commenting on prodigious things.” Pleasures of the Imagination. And Milton in the same manner the verb to commerce : “And looks commercing with the skies, “Thy rapt soul sitting in thine eyes.”— —Il Penseroso. 499. Something very analogous to this we find in the nouns we verbalize, by chºnging the s sharp of the noun into the s flat, or z of the verb (437,) as a use, and to use; where we inay remark, that when the word in both parts of speech is a monosyllable, and so not under the laws of accent, the verb, however, claims the privilege of lengthening the sound of the consonant, when it can, as well as when it cannot, prolong the accentuation: thus we not only find grass altered to graze, brass to braze, glass to glaze, price to prize, breath to breathe, &c. but the c or s sharp altered to the s flat in ad- vice to advise, excuse to excuse, device to devise, &c. The noun adopting the sharp hissing sound, and the verb the soft buzzing one, without transferring the accent from one syllable to another. The vulgar extend this analogy to the noun practice, and the verb to practise, pronouncing the first with the i short and the c like sharp s, as if written practiss, and the last with the i long and the s like z, ae iſ written practize: but correct speakers pronounce the verb like the noun; that is, as if written prac. tiss. The noun prophecy and the yerb to prophesy follow this analogy, only by writing the noun with the caud the verb with the s, and without any difference of sound, except pronouncing the y in the first like e, and in the last like i long; where we may still discover a trace of the tendency to the ba- rytone pronunciation in the moun, and the oxytone in the verb. (467.) 500. This seems to be the favourite tendency of English verbs; and where we find it crossed, it is generally in those formed from nouns, rather than the contrary: agreeably to this, Dr. Johnson has observed, that though nouns have often the accent on the latter, yet verbs have it seldom on the -à. & ACCENT ON TRISYLLABLES AND POLYSYLLABLES. *ormer syllable; those noums which, in the common order of language, must have preceded the verbs, often transmit this accent to the verbs they form, and inversely: thus the noun water must have pre oeded the verb to water, as the verb to correspond must have preceded the noun correspondent; and to rsue must claim priority to pursuit. So that we may conclude, whenever verbs deviate from this rule, it is seldom by chance, and generally in those words only where a superiour law of accent takes place .Accent on Trisyllables. 501. As words increase in syllables, the more easily is them accent known. Nouns sometimes acquire a syllable by becoming plural; adjectives increase a syllable by being compared; and verbs, by altering their tense, or becoming participles: adjectives become adverbs, by adding ly to them ; and prepositions precede mouns or verbs without altering the accent of the word to which they are prefixed : so that when once the accent of dissyllables is known, those polysyllables, whose terminations are perfectly English, have likewise their accent invariably settled. Thus lion becomes £ioness ; poet, poetess; polite becomes politer, or politekſ, or even politelier: mischief, mischievous; happy, happiness; nay, lioness becomes lionesses; mischief, mischievousness; and service, serviceable, serviceableness, serviceably, and unserviceably, without disturbing the accent, either on account of the prepositive un, or the subjunctives able, ably, and ableness. 502. Hence we may perceive the glaring absurdity which prevails even in the first circles; that of pronouncing the plural of princess, and even the singular, with the accent on the second syſtable, like success and successes ; for we might #: as well say, dutchéss and dutchésses, as princéss and prin- césses ; nor would a correct ear be less hurt with the latter than with the former. 503. So few verbs of three syllables follow the analogy observable in those of two, that of pro- tracting the accent to the last syllable, that this deconomy seems peculiar to dissyllables; many verbs, indeed, of three syllables are compounded of a preposition of two syllables: and then, accord- ing to the primary law of formation, and not the secondary of distinction, we may esteem them ra- dical, and not distinctive : such are contradict, intercede, supersede, contraband, circumscribe, superscribe. &c. while the generality of words ending in the verbal terminations ise and ize, retain the accent of the simple, as criticise, tyrannize, modernize, &c.; and the whole tribe of trisyllable verbs in ate, very few excepted, refuse the accent on the last syllable : but words of three syllables often take their accent from the learned languages from which they are derived; and this makes it necessary to in- quire how far English accent is regulated by that of the Greek and Latin. On the Influence of the Greek and Latin flecent, on the Accent of English Polysyllables. (a) As our language borrows so largely from the learned languages, it is not wonderful that its pronunciation should be in some measure influenced by them. #. rule for placing the Greek ac cent was, indeed, essentially different from that of the Latin; but words from the Greek, coming to us through the Latin, are often so much latinized as to lose their original accent, and to fall into that of the Latim ; and it is the Latin accent which we must chiefly regard, as that which influences Sūſ OWn. (b) The first general rule that may be laid down is, that when words come to us whole from the Greek or Latin, the same accent ought to be preserved as in the original: thus horizon, sonorous, decorum, dictaton, gladiator, mediator, delaior, spectator, adulator, &c. preserve the penultimate accent of the original; and yet the antepenultimate tendency of our language has placed the accent on the first syllable of orator, senator, auditor, cicatrix, plethora, &c. in opposition to the Latin pronunciation of these words, and would have infallibly done the same by abdomen, bitwmen, and acumen, if the learned had not stepped in to rescue these classical words from the invasion of the Gothick accent, and to preserve the stress inviolably on the second syllable: nor has even the interposition of two consonants been always able to keep the accent from mounting up to the antepenultimate sylla- ble, as we may see in minister, sinister, character, &c.; and this may be said to be the favourite ac cent of our language See MISCELLANy. º (c) But notwithstanding this prevalence of the antepenultimate accent, the general rule still holds good, and more particularly in words a little removed from common usage, such as terms is the arts and sciences: these are generally of Greek original; but coming to us through the Latin most commonly contract the Latin accent when adopted into our language. This will appear plain ly by the following lists: and first, let us select some where the Greek and Latin accents coincide plethőra, ww.ºx, antiphrēsis, avºiºpaziº, metabásis, Artdgaols, protäsis, . arrºk, emphasis, eAxqºtalſ, metathésis, - Azergººris, antispäsis, otyríazratoric, epenthésis, saiyössic, antithèsis, &ytíšerlº, aphaerésis, atºpatipºiſ; (d) Another list will show us where the accents of these languages differ e antanaclásis, arrayˊle, hydrophöbia, Jépoqočiz, catachrésis, xzºrºphoric, cyclopædia, anºradº, paracentésis, arapax:yrnate, aporia, . azonia, , aposiopésis, cºrvºldºrmatic, prosopopoeia, apoa argyroicº, : &yriºrra’ate, epiphonēma, trºmax, anadiplosis, &yadºrAaatz, diaphorēsis, dºpºphak, auxésis, &vānai;, diplôma, dirasp.a, mathêsis, £48moir, parogöge, wapayaº, exegesis, &#yhalº, apoströphe, anoºpoº. n this list we perceive the peculiar tendency of the Latin language to accent the long penulti Fuate vowel, and that of the Greek, to fº. no regard to it if the last rowel is short, but to place the accent on the antepenultimate. It will, however, be easily perceived, that in this case we follow the latin analogy: this analogy will i. more evident by a list of words ending in osis, where, though the o in the penultimate syllable is the omega, the Greek accent is on the antepenultimate wrºipkaaie, awaopqa'alº, ayºta Tºwatt, eaavºie, wwcôºrtº, Azºratzopºpa'atº, avy-pºpædiº, evolºſaak, 7 **qwortº, arxptºpiatoatſ, 4tópºpark, &royºport;. ACCENT ON POLYSYLLABLES. &? This analogy has led us to accent certain words formed from the Greek where the omega was not in the penultimate of the original, in the same manner as those words where this long vowel was found . such as Exostosis, formed from ek and oarfoy, Synneurosis from avy and yºupov, &c. This ten- dency therefore has sufficiently formed an analogy; and since rules, however absurdly formed at first, are better than no rules at all, it would, in my opinion, be advisable to consider every word of this form as subject to the penultimate accent, and to look upon apotheosis, and metamorphosis as ex: ceptions. & g (e) The next rule we may venture to lay down as a pretty general one, is, that if the words de- rived from the learned languages, though anglicised by altering the termination, contain the same number of syllables as in the original languages, they are generally to be pronounced with the same accent: that is, with the same accent as the first person present of the indicative mood active voice, or as the present participle of the same verb. The reality of this rule will best appear by a selection of such classes of words as have an equal number of syllables in both languages. (f) Words which have a in the penultimate syllable: prévalent, praevålens, infamous, Infämis, equivalent, aequivalens, rôpagate, propägo, - adjäcent, adjäcens, indagate, indăgo, ligament, Jigämen, Süffragan, suffragans. In this small class of words we find all but the two first have a different accent in English from that of the Latin. The rule for placing the accent in that language being the simplest in the world if the penultimate syllable is long, the accent is on it; if short, the accent is on the antepenultinate. (g) Words which have e in the penultimate syllable pénetrate, penétro, exiberant, exubérans, discrepant, * discrêpans, éminent, eminens, recédent, praecedens, éxcellent, excéllens, legant, elégans, ālienate, alieno, ex{iberant, exupérans, délégate, delēgo. * In this class we find the penultimate e accented in English as in Latin, except in the three last words. The word alienate departs from the Latin accentuation, by placing the stress on the first syl- lable, as if derived from the English noum, alien. The e in peneiro is either long or short in Latin, and in this case we generally prefer the short sound to the long one. (h) Words which have : in the penultimate syllable: acclivous, acclivus perspicience perspiciens, declivous, declivus, cönscience, consciens, a proclivous, proclivus, obédience, obediens, itigant, litigans, pèstilence, pestilens, mitigant, mitigans, sūpplicate, supplicans, sibilant, sibilans, - éxplicate, explicans, vigilant, vigilans, ābdicate, abdicans, filminant, fulminans, providence, providens, discriminate, discrimino, féstinate, festino, hābitant, habitans, mèndicant, mendicans, benéficent, beneficus, résident, residens, àcident, accidens, diffidence, diffidens, évident, evidens, cönfidence, confidens, indigent, indigens, invéstigate, investigo, diligent, diligens, cástigate, castigo, négligent, negligens, #xtricate, extrico, éxigence, exigems, irritate, irrito, intëlligence, intelligens, röfligate, profligo, deficience, deficiens, . nstigate, instigo. In the foregoing list of words we find a very general coincidence of the English and Latin accent, except in the last eleven words, where we depart from the Latin accent on the penultimate, and place it on our own favourite syllable the antepenultimate. These last words maust therefore be ranked as exceptions. ſ (i) Words which have o in the penultimate syllable: intërrogate, ârrogant, dissonant, rédolent, insolent, benévolent, condolence, indolence, armipotent, interrögo, arrögains, dissônans, redólans, instºlens, benevölus, condôlems, indölems, armipötens, omnipotent, innocent, renovate, désolate, décorate, eláborate, lāl-orant, ignorant, súffocate, omnipótens, innöcens, \ remövo, desúlo, 'decóro, elaboro, labórams ignorans, _* suffoco In this list the difference of the English and Latin accent is considerable. The six last words de: set the Latin penultimate for the English antepenultimate accent, and condolence falls into an accent. uation diametrically opposite. II * wº - AccENT ON POLY SYLF, ABLES. penultimate. This is so agreeable to English analogy, that in words derived from the Latin, where neglect the accent of the original, it is almost always to place it at least a syllable higher; as adja. (k) Words which have u in the penultimate syllable : fábulate, fabülor, - nópulate, popiſło, mâculate, macújo, a sūbjugate, subjúgo, adjuvate, adjúvo, abdúcent, abdücens, cörrugate, - corrūgo, relūcent, - relicens, pétulant, petiilang, imprüdent, imprüdens, disputant, dispätans, ãdjutant, - adjútans, impudent, impidems, éculate, peculor, spéculate, . spectilor, indurate, indiro, púllulate, pullûlo, obdurate, . obdüro. Here we find the general rule obtain, with, perhaps, fewer exceptions than in any other class ..?ijuvate, peculate, and induſ uſe, are the only absolute deviations; for obdurate has the accent frequent. iy on the second syllabie. See the word. - - (l) To these lists, perhaps, might be added the English words ending in tion, sión, and itſ : for though tion and sion are really pronounced in one syllable, they are by almost all our orthūepists ge- nerally divided into two; and consequently nation, pronunciation, occasion, evasion, &c. contain the same number of syllables as natio, pronunciatio, occasio, evasio, &c. and have the accent in both English and Latin, on the antepenultimate syllable. The same may be observed of words ending in itj, as diversity, variety, &c. from diversitas, Warietas, &c. - (m). By this selection (which, though not an exact enumeration of every particular, is yet a suffi- cient specimen of the correspondemce of Latin and English accent,) we may perceive that there is a general rule running through both languages, respecting the accent of pclysyllables, which is, that when a single vowel in the penultimate is followed by a single consonant, the accent is on the ante- the penultimate vowel, followed by a single consonant, is long, and consequently has the accept, we almost always neglect this exception, as it may be called, in the Latin language, and fall into our own general rule of accenting the antepenultimate. Noris it unworthy of being remarked, that when we placed lower than in the Latin. - - (m) There is, indeed, a remarkable coincidence of accent between Latin verbs of three syllable commencing with a preposition, and the English words of two syllables, derived from them, by drop #ing a syllable,” as eccéllo, rebélio, inquiro, confino, confilto, consiſmo, desiro, exploro, procédo, procłónio have the accent in Latim on the scCond syllable; and the English verbs excel, rebel, inquire, confine confute, consume, desire, explore, proceed, proclaim, have the accent on the same syllable. This propen sity of following the Latin accent in these words, perhaps, in this, as well as in other cases, forme a general rule, which at last, neglected the Eatin accent, in words of this kind; as we find preſe, Confer, defer, desert, compare, complete, congeal, divide, dispute, prepare, have the accent on the second sy. lable, though praeféro, deféro, conféro, desiro, compiro, compièo, congélo, divido, displito, praepāro, have th accent on the first; and this propensity, perhaps, laid the foundation of that distinction of accen which is so remarkable between dissyllable nouns and verbs of the same form. (492.) (o) But when English polysyllables are derived from the Latin by dropping a syllable, scarcel any analogy is more epparent than the coincidence of the principal accent of the English word, an the secondary accent (522.) we give to the Latin word, in the English pronunciation of it. Thu parsimony, ceremony, matrimony, melancholy, &c. have the accent on the first syllable, because, in pro nouncing the Latin words parsimonia, coeremonia, mºtrimonia, melancholia, &c. we are permitted, an prone in our English pronunciation of these words, to place a secondary accent on that syllab See AcADEMY, IRRE PARABLE, &c. - g - - (p). With respect to the quantity of the antepenultimate syllable in polysyllables, it may be ol served, that, regardless of the quantity of the original, we almost, without exception, follow the an logy of our own language. This analogy uniformly shortens the vowel, unless it be u, followed by single consonant, or any other vowel, followed by a single consonant, succeeded by a semi-consona diphthong: thus the first u in dibious is pronounced long, though short in the Latin word dićhäus: th same may be observed of the e and o in mêdium and empórium ; and the first i in delirium, and ti first e in délicate, are pronounced short in English, according to our own analogy, (507.) though the fetters are long in the Latin delirium and delicatus. For the quºntity of English dissyllables deriv from the Greek and Latin, See SYLLABICATIen, No. 543, 544, & - - cent and condolence are the only words in the whole selection, where the accent of the English word is Terminational Accent. 504. We have seen that the Saxon terminations, regardless of harmony, always leave the acce where they found it, let the adventitious syllables be ever so numerous. The Saxons, attenti chiefly to sense, preserved the same simplicity in the accentuation, as in the composition of th words; and if sense were the only object of language, it must be confessed, that, our ancestors we in this respect, superiour to the Greeks and Romans. What method could so rigidly preserve, and strengly convey the sense of words, as that which always left the accent on the root, where the pr cipal meaning of the word'un doubtedly lies 2 But the necessities of human nature require that thoughts should not only be conveyed with force, but with ease ; to give language its due effect, must be agreeable as well as forceful ; and the ear must be addressed while we are informing ruind. Here, then, terminational accent, the musick of language, interposes; corrects the discorda and strengthens the feeble sounds; removes the difficulty of pronunciation which arises from placi the accent on initial syllables, and brings the force gently down to the latter part of the word, whº a cadence is formed, on the principles of harmony and proportion. - 505. To form an idea of the influence of termination upon accent, it will be sufficient to obser that words which have ei, ia, ie, io, eou, in their termination, always have the accent on the precedi * Ben Jonson seems to have had a faint idea of this coincidence, where he says, “all verbs coming from the La “either of the stºpine or otherwise, hold the accent as it is found in the first person present of those Latin verbs, as “ºng, animate, celebro, célebrate ; except words compounded of facio, as liqué facio, liquefy 3 and of statuo, as cºnsti “ constitäte.” English Graśnmar. ºf the extent and justn' s of these observations, the critical reader w:{} . \\{. **st ºridge. * . . w ... --- - --... . . . --— =w- ‘EE, it MINA1 IUNATR terrºr- - - - - $3 gyllable: thus atheist, alien, regalia, ambrosia, &c. the numerous terminations in ion, wan, &c. as gradg- tion, promotion, confusion, logician, physician, &c. those in ious, as harmonious, abstemious, &c. those in eous, as outrageous, advantageous, &c. These rúay not improperly be styled semi-consonant diph- thongs. (196.) - - .-- * - • - 505. The only exceptions to this rule are one word in iack, as elegiack, which has the accent on the ã, and the following words in iacal, as prosodiacal, cardiacal, heliacal, genethliacal, maniacal, denumiacai, ammoniacal, theriacal, paradisiacal, aphrodisitical, and hypochondriacul; all which have the accent on the antepenultimate i, and that long and open, as in idle, title, &c. º - . ... 50%. , Nothing can be more uniform than the position of the accent in words of these terminations, and, with very few exceptions, the quantity of the accented vowel is as regular as the accent; for when these terminations are preceded by a single consonant, every accented vowel is long, except * , which, in this situation, is as uniformly short: thus occasion, adhesion, erosion, and confusion, have the a, e, 6, and u, long; while vision and decision have the i short. The same may be observed of pro- #ation, concretion, devotion, ablution, and exhibition. The exceptions are, impetuous, especial, perpetuat, dis- cretion and battalion, which last ought to be spelled with double l, as in the French, from which it is derived, and then it would follow the general rule. , National and rational, form two more exceptions; and these are almost the only irregularities to which these numerous classes of words are subject. 508. Nearly the same uniformity, both of accent and quantity, we find in words ending in ick. The accent immediately precedes this termination, and every vowel under this accent but u is short; thus Satanick, pathetick, eliptick, harmonick, &c. have the accent on the penultimate, and the vowel short; while tunick, runick, and cubick, have the accented vowel long. - - h 509. The same may be observed of words ending in icol, as fanatical, poetical, levitical, canonical, &c. which have the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, and the vowels e, i, and o, short; but cubical and emusical, with the accent on the same syllable, have the u long. - 510. The only exceptions to this rule are arsenick, cholerick, ephemerick, turmerick, empirick, rhetorick, bishoprick, lunatick, arithmetick, splenetick, heretick, politick, and perhaps phlegmatick ; which, though more frequently heard with the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, ought, if possible, to be re- duced to regularity. Words ending in scence have uniformly the accent on the penultimate syllable, as quiescence, reminiscence, &c.; concupiscence, which has the accent on the antepenultimate, is the only exception. - . . . . . . - - º 511. In the same manner, if we take a view of the words ending in it), we find the accent invariº ably placed on the preceding syllable, as in diversity, congruity, &c. On a closer inspection we find every vowel in this antepenultimate syllable, when no consonant interveneš, pronounced long as dei. . . ty, piety, &c. A nearer inspection shows us, that, if a consonant precede this termination, the preceding accented vowel is short, except it be u, as severity, curiosity, impunity, &c.; we find too, that even w contracts itself before two consonants, as in curvity, taciturnity, &c. and that scarcity and rarity (signifying uncommonmess: for rarily, thimmess, has the a short,) are the only exceptions to this rule throughout the language. The same observations are applicable to words ending in ify, as justify, clarify, &c. The only words where the antepenultimate accent in words of this termination. does not shorten the vowel, are glorify and notify. The y in these words is always long, like the first sound of i ; and both accent and quantity are the same when these words take the additional syllable able, as justifiable, rarefiable, &c. (183.) . . . - - 512. To these may be added the numerous class of words ending in arous, erous, and orous, as bar- §arous, vociferous, and humorous ; all which have the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, except famorgºs and sonorous; which some unlucky sholar happening to pronounce with the accent on the penultimate syllable, in order to show their derivation from the Latin adjectives, canorus and sono-, rus, they stand like strangers amidst a crowd of similar words, and are sure to betray a mere English scholar into a wrong pronunciation. - w? To polysyllables in these terminations might be added those in ative, atory, ctive, &c.; words ending in ative can never have the accent on the penultimate syllable, if there is a higher syllable to place . it on, except in the word creative , and when this is the case, as it is seldom otherwise, the accent seems to rest on the root of the word ; or on that syllable which has the accent on the noum, adjec- tive, or verb, with which the word in ative, corresponds; thus copulative, estimative, alterative, &c. fols low the verbs to copulate, to estimate, to alter, &c. When derivation does not operate to ſix the ac- cent, a double consonant will attract it to the antepenultimate syllable, as appellative ; and two con- sonants have sometimes this power, in opposition to derivation, as adversative and augmentative, from adverse and argument. Indicative and interrogative are likewise exceptions, as they do not follow the verbs to indicate and interrogate: but as they are grammatical terrås, they seem to have taken their accent from the secondary accent we sometimes give to the Latin words indicativus and interrºgativus (see the word ACADEMY.), Words ending in ary, ery, or ory, have generally the accent on the root of the word; which if it consists of three syllables, must necessarily be accented on the first, as contrary, treachery, factory, &c.; if of four or five, the accent is generally on that syllable which has the accent in the related or kindred words; thus expostulatory has the accent on the same radical syllable as ex- postulate; and congratulatory as congratulate : interrogatory and derogatory are exceptions here, as in the termination ative; and if pacificatory, sacrificatory,” significatory, vesicatory, &c. have not the accent on . the first syllable, it seems to arise from the aversion we seem to have at placing even the secondary accent on the antepenultimate a, (which we should be very apt to do if the principal accent were on the first syllable) and the difficulty there would be in pronouncing such long words with so many unaccented syllables at the end, if we were to lay the accent on the first. Words ending in ctive have the accent regularly on the penultimate syllable, except adjective, which, like indicative, being a grammatical word, seems to have taken its accent from the secondary stress of the Latin adjee- tivus (see ACADEMY 3) and every word ending in tive, preceded by a consonant, has the accent on the penultimate syllable likewise, except substantive; and, perhaps, for the reason just given. After all, it must be owned, that words ending in ative and atory are the most irregular and desultory of any in the language; as they are generally accented very far from the end, they are the most diſficult to pronounce; and therefore, whenever usage will permit, we should incline the stress as much as possible to the latter syllables: thus refractory ought never to have the accent on the first syllable * These words ought certainly to be accented alike; and accordingly we find Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Bar- clay, and Mr. Smith, place the accent on the second syllable; but though Fenning accents significatory in the same manner, he places the accent on the antepenultimate of pacificatory; and Kenrick likewise accents ...ie second syllable of significatory but the first of pacificatory ; the Öther orthäepists who have not got these words have aveided these iſ:- ccasistencies. 60 º ENCLITICAI, ACCENT. but refectory, with the accent on the first, is a school term, and, like substantive, adjective, indicative, and interrogative, must be left in quiet possession of their Latin secondary accent. Enclitical flecent. s 513. I have ventured to give the name of enclitical to the accent of certain words, whose termina tions are formed of such words as seem to lose their own accent, and throw it back on the last sy!. lable of the word with which they coalesce, such as theology, orthography, &c. The readiness with which these words take the antepenultimate accent, the agreeable flow of sound to the ear, and the tunity it preserves in the sense, are sufficient proofs of the propriety of placing the accent on this sy:- lable, if custom were ambiguous. I do not remember to have heard the accent disputed in any word ending in ology; but orthography is not unfrequently pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, like orthodoxy. The temptation we are under to discover our knowledge of the component parts of words, is very apt to draw us into this pronunciation; but as those words which are deri- ved from the Greek, and are compounded of Aoyoº, have universally given into this enclitical accen- tuation, no good reason appears for preventing a similar pronunciation in those compounded of 2 gaga, as by placing the accent on the antepenultimate syllable the word is much more fluent and agreeable to the ear. It is certain, however, that, at first sight the most plausible reasoning in the world seems to lie against this accentuation. When we place the accent on the ſirst syllable, say our opponents, we give a kind of subordinate stress to the third syllable graph ; by which means the word is divided into its primitives o£50; and yeºbo, and those distinct ideas it contains are preser- ved, which must necessarily be confounded by the contrary mode; and that pronunciation of com- pounds, say they must certainly be the best which best preserves the import of the simples. 514. Nothing can be more specious than this reasoning, till we look a little higher than lan- guage, and consider its object; we shall then discover, that in uniting two words under one accent, so as to form one compound term, we do but imitate the superiour operations of the mind, which, in order to collect and couvey knowledge, unites several simple ideas into one complex one. “The end of language,” says Mr. Locke, “is by short sounds to signify with ease and despatch general concep- “tions, wherein not only abundance of particulars are contained, but also a great variety of inde- “pendent ideas are collected into one complex one, and that which holds these different parts to- “gether in the unity of one complex idea, is the word we annex to it.” For, as Mr. Locke con- tinues, “Men, in framing ideas, seek more the convenience of language and quick despatch by “short and comprehensive signs, than the true and precise nature of things; and therefore, he “who has made a complex idea of a body with life, sensº, and motion, with a faculty of reason “joined to it, need but use the short monosyllable, man, to express all particulars that corres: “pond to that complex idea.” So it may be subjoined, that in framing words for the purpose of immediate communication, the end of this communication is best answered by such a pronuncia- tion as unites simples into one compound, and at the same time renders the compound as much a simple as possible : but it is evident that this is dome by no mode of accentuation, so well as that which places the accent on the antepenultimate syllable of the words theólogy, orthógraphy; and therefore that this accentuation, without insisting on its superiour harmony, must best answer the great end of language. (328.) 515. This tendency in our language, to simplify compounds, is sufficiently evident in what nume- rous catalogue of words, where we à the long vowel of the simple changed into a short one in the compound, and by this means losing much of its original import to the ear ; thus breakfast, shepherd vineyard, meadow, Shadow, zealous, hea, ken, calley, cleanse, cleanly (meat,) forehead, wilderness, bewilder, kin- dred, hinder, knowledge, darling, fearful, pleasant, pleasure, whitster, whitleather, seamstress, stealth, wealth, health, wisdom, wizard, parentage, lineage, children, pastu, gosling, collier, holidal, Christmas, Michaelmas, windlass, cripple, hinder, stripling, starling, housewife, husband, primer, peascod, fieldfare, birth from bear dearth from dear, weary from wear, and many others, entirely lose the sound of the simple in their com- pound or derivative. 516. The long i in white, when a simple, is almost universally changed into a short one in proper names, as Whitchurch, IWhitefield, Whitbread, Whitlock, Whitaker, &c. for compendiousness and despatch being next in importance to perspicuity, when there is no danger of mistake, it is no wonder that the organs should fall into the shortest and easiest sounds. 517. It must, however, be observed, that this tendency to unite simples into a compound, by }lacing an accent exactly where the two words coalesce, is still subservient to the laws of harmony The Greek word Jokso, which signifies to opine, and ſrom which the last syllables of orthodoxy are de- rived, was never a general subjunctive word like aoyos and yaqſa ; and even if it had been so, the as- semblage of consonants in the letter a would have prevented the ear from admitting an accent on the syllable immediately preceding, as the 3 would, by this means, become difficult to pronounce. Placing the accent, therefore, on the first syllable of orthodoxy, gives the º: an opportunity of laying a secondary stress upon the third, which enables them to pronounce the whole with distinct. ness and fluency: thus Galaxy and Cachery, having the accent on the first syllable, are very difficult to pronounce; but this difficulty is removed by placing the accent a syllable higher in the words apoplexy, atarary, and anorexy. * º 518. But the numerous classes of words that so readily adopt this enclitical accent, sufficiently prove it to be agreeable to the genius of our pronunciation. This will more evidently appear by ad- ducing examples. Words in the following terminations have always the accent on that syllable where the two parts unite, that is, on the antepenultimate syllable: In logy, as apology, ambilogy, genealogu, &c. In graphy, as geography, orthographu, historiography, &c. In phagus, as sarcophagus, ichthiojºngus, androphagus, &c. In loquy, as obloquy, sºliloqui, ventriloquy, &c. In strophe, as catastrophe, apostrophe, anastrophe, &c. In mueter, as geometer, burometer, thermometer, &c. In gonal, as diagonal, octagonal, pºlygonal, &c. - In vorous, as carnivorous, granivorous, piscivorous, &c. In (erous, as bacciferous, coccaferous, somniſerous, &c. In ſtuous, as superfluous, mellifluous, fellifluous, &c. Influent, as mellifluent, circumfluent, interfluent, &c. In vomous, as ignicomous, flammivomous, &c. SECONDARY ACCENT 61 In parous, as viviparous, oviparous, deiparous, &c. In cracy, as theocracy, aristocracy, democracy, &c. In gony, as theogony, cosmogonu, he ragony, &c. In plony, as symphony, cacophony, colophony, &c. In machy, as theomachy, logomachy, scomachy, &c. In nomy, as oeconomy, astronomy, Deuteronomy, &c. In tomy, as anatomy, lithotomy, arteriotomy, &c. In scopy, as metoposcopy, deuteroscopil, aeroscopy, &c. In pathy, as apathy, artipathy, idiopathy, &c. In mathy, as opsimathy, polymathy, &c. &c. &c. zº 519. Some of these Greek cornpounds seem to refuse the antepenultimate accent, for the same reason as orthodoxy; such as necromancy, chiromancy, hydromancy, and those terminating in archy, as hierarchy, oligarchy, patriarchy, all of which have the accent on the first syllabie, which gives the or- gans time to recover their force upon the third, and to pronounce the two consonants with much more ease than if the accent immediately preceded them ; but periphrasis and untiphrasis, besides their claim to the accent of their originals, readily admit of the accent on the second syllable, be- cause the consonants in the two last syllables do not come together, and are therefore easily pro- nounced after the accent. Words of more 'ham two syllables ending in ogue, as pedagogue, dialogue, &c. have the accent on the antepenultimate. Orthiepi, having no consonant in the antepenultimaté syllable, maturally throws its accent on the first See MonoMACHY 520. By this view of the enclitical terminations we may easily perceive how readily our language falls into the antepenultimate accent in these compounded polysyllables; and that those terminations which seem to refuse this accent, do it rather from a regard to etymology than analogy: thus words ending in asis, as periphrasis, apophasis, hºtpostasis, antiperistasis, &c. have the autepenultimate accent of their originals. The same may be observed of those ending in esis, as hypothesis, antithesis, parenthe sis, &c.; but exegesis, mathesis, auresis, cutochrests, paracentesis, aposiopesis, have the accent on the pe multimate syllable, because the vowel in this syllable is long in Greek and Latin. But all words end ing in osis have the accent on the penultimate, except metamorphosis and apotrueosas, which desert the accent of their Latin originals, while those in ysis are accented regularly on the antepenultimate in Greek, Latin, and English, as analysis, paralysis, &c. We may note too, that every s in all these ter Iminations is sharp and lºssing. See the words Exostosis and Apotheosis 521. Words of three syllables ending in ato: have the accent on the penultimate, as spectator, col Bator, delator, &c. except orator, senator, legator, and barrator But words in this termination of more than three syllables, though they have generally the accent on the penultimate, are subject to a diver sity not easily reduced to the rule thus navigator, propagator, dedicator, &c. are sometimes pro nounced with the accent on the first syllable, and sometimes on the third : but as these words may be pronounced with an accent on both these syllables, it is of less consequence on which syllable we place the accent, when we use only one. (528.) . The general rule certainly inclines to the penulti mate accent; but as all these words are verbal nouns, and, though generally derived from Latin words of the same terminations, have verbs corresponding to them in onr own language it is very natural to preserve the accent of the verb in these words, as it gives an emphasis to the most signi ficant part of them: thus equivocator, p varicator, dedicator, might be regularly formed from the verbs to equivocate, to prevaricate, and to dedicate; and, agreeably to analogy, would have been writteu equiv ocater, prevaricater, and dedicater; but an affectation of preferring every analogy tº our own, has given these words a Latin termination, which answers no purpose, but to involve our language in absurdi ties; but the ear, in this case, is not quite so servile as the eye: and though we are obliged to write these words with or , and not er, we gel rally hear them pronounced as if they were formed from our own verbs, and not from Latin nouns in afor. But when the word has no verb in our own language to correspond to it, the accent is then placed with great propriety upon the a, as in Latin. thus viola- tor, instigator, navigaton, &c. ought to have the accent on the first syllable ; and emendator, gladiutor, adulator, &c. on the last but one Af SECONDARY ACCENT. 522. Hitherto we have considered that accent only, which uecessarily distif.guishes one syllable in a word from the rest: and which, with very little diversity, is adopted by all who speak the En- glish language. 523. The secondary accent is that stress we may occasionally place "pon another syllable, besides that which has the principal accent, in order to pronounce every part of the word move distinctly, forcibly, and harmoniously. Thus this accent may be placed on the first syllable of conversution, cem- wnendation, &c. 524. ... There are few authors who have not taken notice of two accents upon some of the longer polysyllables, but none have once hinted that one of these is not essential to the sound of the word they seem to have supposed both accents equally necessary, and without any other difference than that one was promounced more forcibly than the other. This mistake arose from a want of studying the speaking voice. A knowledge of this would have told them, that one accent only was essential to every word of more than one syllable, and that the secondary stress might, or might not, be adopt- ed, as distinctness, force, or harmony, should require: thus complaisant, contrabaºud, caravan ; and vic lin, partisan, artisan, courtesan, metaphysick, have frequently an accent on the first, as well as on the third syllable, though a somewhat less forcible one. The same may be observed of repartee, referee, ivateer, domineer, &c.; but it must still be observed, that though an accent be allowable on the first syllable of these words, it is by no means necessary; they may all be pronounced with one accent, and that on the last syllable, without the least dev’ation from propriety . 525. In order to give some idea of the nature of the secondary accent, let us suppose, that, in give. ing our opinion of an astronomical argument, we say, “It is a direct demonstråtion of the Copernican system.’ In this sentence, as an accent is necessarily upon the last syllable of direct, we seldom lay a stress ca. the first syllable of demonstration, unless we mean to be uncommonly emphatical; but in tlye follº. ing sentence ū. QUANTITY. “It is a démonstrátion of the Copernican system.” Here, as mo accented word precedes demonstration, the voice finds a rest, and the ear a force, in placing an accent on the first, as well as on the third syllable. 520. But though we may, or may not, use the secondary accent at pleasure, it is by no means a matter of indifference on what syllable we place it this is fixed with as much certainty as the place of the principal accent itself; and a wrong position of one would as much deraege the sound of the word, as a wrong position of the other: and it must be carefully moted, that though we lay no stress upon the syllable which may have the secondary accent, the consonants and vowels have exactly the same sound as if the doubtful syllable (as it may be called) were accented. Thus, though I lay no stress upon the second syllable of negociation, pronunciation, ecclesiastick, &c. the c and s go into the Scund of sh and zh, as if the secondary accent were on the preceding syllable. (357) (451) (459.) $27. It may be observed, in the first place, that the secondary accent is always two syllables, at least, distant from the principal accent thus in demonstration, lamentation, provocation, &c. the secon- dary accent is on the first syllable, and the principal on the third ; and in arteriotomy, meteorology, and hypochondriacul, the secondary accent is on the first, and the principal on the fourth syllable: and in # yerd indivisibility we may place two secondary accents, one upon the first, and the other on the third. 528. In the mext place it may be observed, that though the syllable on which the principal accent is placed, is ſixed and certain, yet we may, and do frequently make the secondary principal, and the principal secondary: thus caravan, compluisunt, violin, repartee, referee, privateer, domineer, courtezan, ar- tizan, charlatan, may all have the greatest stress on the first, and the least on the last syllable, without any violent offence to the ear: nay, it may be asserted, that the principal accent on the first syllable of these words, and mone at all on the last, though certainly improper, has nothing in it grating or discordant; but placing an accent on the second syllable of these words would entirely derange them, and produce an intolerable harshness and dissonance. The same observations may be applied to demonstration, lamentation, provocation, nutrigator, propagator, alligator, and every similar word in the language. But, as we have observed, No. 526, the consonants, t, d, c, and s, after the secondary ac- cent, are exactly under the same predicament as after the primary; that is, if they are followed by a diphthong or diphthongal vowel, these consonants are promounced like sh; tsh, zh, or j, as sententi- osity, partiality, &c. (526.) QUANTITY. 529. In treating this part of pronunciation, it will not be necessary to enter into the nature of that quantity which constitutas poetry ; the quantity here considered will be that which relates to words taken singly ; and this is nothing more than the length or shortness of the vowels, either as they stand alone, or as they are differently combined with the vowels or consonants. (63.) 530, Quantity, in this point of view, has already been fully considered under every vowel and diphthong in the language. What remains to be said on this subject is, the quantity of vowels under the scondary accent. We have seem that vowels, under the principal accent, before the diphthongs ia, e, eou, ion, are all long, except i. (507.) That all vowels are long before the terminations itſ and ety, as deity. piety, &c. (511 ;) that if one or more consonants precede these terminations, every pre- ceding accented vowel, except the a in scarcity ard rarity, signifying uncommonness, is short but u : and that the same analogy of quantity is found before the terminations ick and ical, and the mumerous en- clitical terminations we have just been pointing out. Here we find custom conformable to analogy • and that the rules for the accent and quantity of these words admit of scarcely any exceptions. In other parts of the language, where custom is more capricious, we latt still discover general rules; and there are but very few words in which the quantity of the vowel under the principal ac- cent is not ascertained. Those who have but a common share of education, and are conversant with theinronunciation of the capital, are seldom at a loss for the quantity of the vowel under that accent which may be called principal ; but the secondary accent in tile longer polysyllables does hot seem to decide the quantity of the vowels so invariably , Mr. Sheridan divides the words degluti- £ion, depravation, degradation, dereliction, aud democratical, into de-giu-ti-tion, de-pra-va-tion, de-gra-da-tion, de-re-lic-lion, and de-mo-crat-i-cal; while Dr. Kenrick more accurately divides them in deg-lu-te-tion, dep-ra-va-tion, deg-ra-da-tion, and dem-o-crat-i-cal; but makes not any distinction between the first o in grofºrmation and arofane arodigality and arodigious ororogction and prorogue, though he distinguishes this letter in the first syllable of progress, and that in progression ; and though Mr. Sheridan divides re- frograde into ret-ro-grade, he divides retrogradation, retrogression, retrospect, retrospection, and retrospective, into re-tro-g-a-da-tion, re-tro-gres-sion, re-tro-spect, re-tro-spec-‘ion, and re-tro-spec-tive. At the first sight of these words we are tempted to prefer the preposition in a distinct syllable, as supposing that mode to convey more distinctly each part of the word , but custom at large, the best interpreter of nature, soon ſets us see that these prepositions coalesce with the word they are prefixed to, for reasons greatly superiour to those which present themselves at first. (514.) If we observe the ten- dency of prontinciation, with respect to inseparable prepositions, we shall find, that those compound words which we adopt whole from other languages, we consider as simples, and pronounce them without any respect to their component parts; but those compounds which we form ourselves re- tain the traces of their formation, in the distinction which is observable between the preposi- tive and radical part of the word: thus retrograde, retrogression, retrospect, and retrospective, coming compounded to us from the Latin, ought, when the accent is on the preposition, to shorten the vow- ei, and unite it to the root, as in res-ur-réc-tion, rec-ol-lec-tion, prep-a-si-tion, &c.; while re-commit, re- convey, &c. being compounds of our own, must preserve it separate. 53i. From what has been observed, arises this general rule: where the compound retains the pri- mary sense of the simples, and the parts of the word are the same in every respect, both in and out of composition, then the preposition is pronounced in a distinct syllable ; but when the compound departs ever so little from he literal, sense of the simples, the same departure is observable in the pronunciation; hence the different syllabication and pronunciation of re-com-ºnence and recºgn-ined, the forrier signifies a repetiton of a commencement, but the latter does not imply a repetition of a commendation : thus re-petition would signify to petition again ; while rep-etition signifies only an ite; etion of the same act, be it what it will. The same may be observed of the words re-create, and rer-reate, re-formation and ref-ormation. 532. That this is perfectly agreeable to the nature of the language, appears from the short pro: sºunciation of the vowel in the first syllable of preface, prelate, prelude, prologue, &c. as if divided QUANTITY. . . . . . . . 6. into preface. pre-ale, prel-ude, prol-ogue, &c. It is much to be regretted, however, that this shor sound of the penultimate vowel has so much obtained in our language, which abounds too much ir these sounds; nor can etymology he always pleaded for this promiumciation ; for in the foregoing words, the first vowel is long in the Latin priefatio, praelatus, praeludium, though short in prülogus for though in words from the Greek the preposition apo was short, in Latin it was generally long. and why we should shorten it in progress, project, &c. where it is long, in Latin, can only be ac counted for by the superficial application of a general rule, to the prejudice of the sound of ou. language. (543.) - 533. It will be necessary, however, to observe, that in forming a judgment of the propriety o these observations, the nicest care must be taken not to confound, those prepositions which are un der the primary and secondary accent, with those which immediately precede the stress; for pre clude, pretend, &c. are under a very different predicament from prologue, preposition, &c.; and th very same law that obliges us to pronounce the wowel short in the first syllable of prov-i-dence i.º. and prof-a-ºglion, obliges us to pronounce the vowel open, and with some degree o ength in pro-vide, pro-voke, and profane. The same may be observed of the e in re-pair and rep-a ratiºn, re-ply and rep-li-cation, re-meat and repre-tition, the accent making the whole difference betwee: the quantity of the vowei in one word and the other. - 3. 534. The only exception to the shortening power of the 'secondary accent is the same as tha which prevents the shortening power of the primary accent, (503,) namely, the vowel was in lucu bration, or when any other of the vowels are succeeded by a semi-comsonant diphthong, (196:) thū mediator and mediatorial have the e in the first syllable as long as in mediałe deviction has the e in th first syllable as long as in deviate, notwithstanding the secondary accent is on it, and which woui infallibly have shortened it, if it had not been for the succeeding diphthong ia; and even this diph thong in gladiator has not the power of preserving the first syllable long, though Mr. Sheridan b. his marking it, has made it so. . - 535. From what has been seem of accent and quantity, it is easy to perceive how prone our lam guage is to an antepenultimate accent, and how naturally this, accent shortens the vowel it falls up on: may, so great a propensity have vowels to shrink under this accent, that the diphthong itself, i. some words, and analogy in others, are not sufficient to prevent it, as valiant, retaliate. Thus, by th subjoining only of al to nation, with the a long, it becomes national, with the a short, though contrar. to its relation with occasion and congregation, which do not shorten the 3 upon being made occasional an congregational: in like manner the acquisition of the same termination to the word nature, makes i nat-º-ral; but this, it may be presumed, is derived from the Latin naturalis, and not from adding a to the English word, as in the foregoing instances ; and thus it comes under the shortening powe of the antepenultimate accent, notwithstanding the semi-consonant diphthong w, . - 536. The same shortening power in the antepenultimate accent may be observed in rational an ratiocinate, where the first 6, in the first word, and the o in the second, are short. The first a in th second word is short also by the power of the secondary accent; though Mr. Sheridan has, in m opinion, very erroneously divided ratiocination into ra-sho-sy-na-shun ; that is, into a syfiable less tha if ought to have, with the o long instead of short. • - - 537. The accent on the Latin antepenultimate seemed to have something of a similar tendency for though the great difference in the nature of the Latin and English accent will allow us to a gue from one to the other, but in very few circumstances, (503,) yet we may perceive in that a cent, so different from ours in general, a great coincidence in this particular; namely, its tendenc to shorten an antepenultimate syllabie. Bishop Hare tells us, that “Quae acuuntur in tertia ab e. “trema, interdum acuta corripiunt, si positione sola longa sunt, ut 6ptime, sérvitus, përçelim, Pámph “lus, et pauca alia, quo Cretici mutantur, in Amapestos. Idem factum est in néutiquam, licet inc “piat diphthongo.” De Metr. Comick, pag, 62. Those words which have the acute accent on the ai tepenultimate syllable, have sometimes that syllable shortened, if it was only long by position, Öptime, sérvitus, përçelim, Pámphilus, and a few others, which by this means are changed from Čr tick to Amapestick feet; nay, néutiquam undergoes the same fate, though it begins with a diphthon - - t & SYLLABICATION. - 538. Dividing words into syllables is a very different operation, according to the different en proposed by it. The object of syllabication may be, either to enable children to discover the sour of words they are unacquainted with, or to show the etymology of a word, or to exhibit the exa pronunciation of it. - 539. When a child has made certain advances in reading, but is ignorant of the sound of man ef the longer words, it may not be improper to lay down the common general rule to him, that consonant between two vowels must go to the latter, and that two consonants coming together mu be divided. Farther than this, it would be absurd to go with a child; for telling him that compoun must be divided into their simples, and that such consonants as may begin a word may begin a s lable, requires a previous knowledge of words, which children cannot be supposed to have ; a which, if they have, makes the division of words into syllables unnecessary. Children, theréſo may be very usefully taught the general rule abovementioned, as, in many cases, it will lead the to the exact sound of the word, as in pro-vi-ded : and in others, it will enable them to give a go guess at it, as in de-li-cate; and this is all that can be expected. for when we are to form an u known compound sound, out of several known simple sounds; (which is the case with childre when we wish them to find out the sound of a word by spelling it;) this, I say, is the only meth that can betaken. a • * * : - - - . 540. But an etymological division of words is a different operation ; it is the division of a pers acquainted with the whole word, and who wishes to convey by this division, a knowledge of its cº stituent parts, as ortho-graphy, theo-logy, &c. - - 544. In the same manner; a person, who is pre-acquainted with the whole compound sound o word, and wants to convey the Sound of each part to one unacquainted with it, thust divide it is such partial sounds as, when put together again, will exactly form the whole, as on-thog-ra-p the-ol-3-gy, &c. This is the method adopted by those who would convey the whoſe sound, by giv slistinctly every part; and, when this is the object of syjabication, Dr. Löwth's rule is certainly be followed. “The best and easiest rule,” says the learned bishop, “for divi ding the syllables “spelling, is, to divide them as they are naturally divided in a right prostinciation, without regard “ the derivation of words, or the possible combination ºf consoriantă, at the beginning of a syllabl Introduction to Eng. Gram. pag. 7 - * - - - T - 54 SYLLABICATION 542. In this view of syllabication we consider it only as the picture of actual pronunciation; but may we not consider it as directed likewise by some laws of its own. Laws, which arise out of the very nature of enunciation, and the specifick qualities of the letters? These laws certainly direct us to separate double consonants, and such as are uncombinable from the incoalescence of their sounds: and if such a separation will not paint the true sound of the word, we may be certain that such sound is unmatural, and has arisen from caprice: thus the words Chamber, Cambridge, and Cambrick, must be divided at the letter ºn, and as this letter, by terminating the syllable according to the set- tled rules of pronunciation, shortems the vowel—the general pronunciation given to these words must be absurd, and contrary to the first principles of the language. Angel,” ancient, danger, man- ger, and ranger, are under the same predicament; but the paucity of words of this kind, sofar from weakening the general rule, strengthen it. See CHANGE. § * 543. By an induction which demonstrates the shortening power of the antepenultimate accent, has been shown the propriety of uniting the consonant to the vowel in the first syllable of demonstra- tion, lamentation, propugation, &c. we thus decide upon the quantity of these vowels, which are so um- certain in our best dictionaries; and may we not hope, by a similar induction, and with the first principles of language in view, to decide the true, genuine, and anºlogical sound of some words of another kind which waver between different promunciations * The antepenultimate accent has un- questionably a shortening power; and I have not the smallest doubt that the penultimate accent has a lengthening power: that is, if our own words, and words borrowed from other lauguages of two syllables, with'but one consonant in the middle, had been left to the general ear, the accent on the first syllable would have infallibly lengthened the first vowel. A strong presumption of this arises from our pronunciation of all Latin dissyllables in this manner, without any regard to the quanti ty of the original, (see DRAM1A,) and the ancient practice of doubling the consonant when prece: ded by a single vowel in the participial terminations, as to begin, beginning, to regret, regretted; and I believe it may be confidently affirmed, that words of two syllables from the Latin, with but one consonant in the middle, would always have had the first vowel long, if a pedantick imitation of Latin quantity had not prevented it. (See DRAMA.) . Let an Englishman, with only an English education, be put to pronounce zephyr, and he will without hesitation, pronounce the e long; as in zenith : if you tell him the e is pronounced short in the Latin zephyrus, which makes it short in En glish, and he should happen to ask you the Latin quantity of the first syllable of comick, mimick, so- lace, &c. your answer would be a contradiction to your rule.—What irrefragably proves this to be the genuine analogy of English quantity, is the different quantity we give a Latin word of two sylla: bles when in the nominative, and when in an oblique case: thus in the first syllable of stolus and momen, which ought to be long, and of mise, and opius which ought to be short, we equally use the common long sound of the vowels. but in the oblique cases, sideris, nominis, mºseri, oneris, &c. we use quite another sound, and that a short one : and this analogy runs through the whole En- glish pronunciation of the learned languages. (533) (535. 544. But the small dependence of the English quantity on that of the Latin will be best seen by a selection of words offwo syllables, with the accent on the first, and but one consonant in the middle, and comparing them with the Latin words from which they are derived. Snglish dissyllables which have but one consonant, or a mule and liquid in the middle, and have the first sylla- #. accented, contrasted with the Latin words from which they are derived, marked with their respective quantities. *. Words in which the first vowel in both languages is long: • It is highly probable that it. Hen Jonson's time, the a in this word was pronounced as in ºn, sirce he classes *to show the short sound of a with art, act, and apple-Gramasuar, pica, pica. pénal, poenalis. drāma, - drātua. final, finalis. 1ābra, lābra, läbra. spinal, spinălis. ºriº hydra. trinal, trinus. -- &ra, sºfa. höral, hóra. Strâta, Strâta. º thdral, • thūra. , Icon, 'ukar. .. flóra), flörålis. stipend, stipendium. nāsal, nāsūs. mótice, mótitia. fătaſ, fătălis. frāgrance, frăgro. nátal, nātālis. license, licentia. vital, vitălis. crèdence, crédentia năval, năvălis fémale, * fºemina. rival, rivälis edile, aedilis. Öval, ūvălis. féline, fêlimus. idol, idółum. rāšure Jrāsāra. grécism, gracismus fibre, fibra, fibra. pagan, paganus. mêtre, mêtrum, métrum Ömen, omen. māture, nātūra. siren, Sirén. gº placate, placătus. siphon, olºow, siphon primate, primâtus. cólon, xoxon, colon. climate, clima. démon, daemon. librate, Hibratus. hâlo, hâlo. vibrate, vibro, vſbro. Sólo, Sólo. private, privătus. tyro, tiro. cérate, Cérátus. sólar, söläris. finite, finitus. lázar, lāzārus. lèvite, Hêvita. söber, sobrivº. mātive, nátivus. tyger, tigris, tigris. mötive, Inêtivus. &ther, aether. vötive, vötivus Öker, *Xºt. vöcal, vöcalis. mirner, mimus. prédal, praeda. Căper. capparis. SYLLABICATION. f}, régal, flávour, fêces, mânes, iris, crisis, grätis, égress régress, tygress, rêbus, bölus, réflex, prefix, phénix, mātrix vārix, syrinx, māgick jº, } } wiper, prétor, s limous, Spinous, vinous, crêbrous, fêtus, ëdict 2 sÉcret, fibre, frägrant, cógent, möment, púment, digest, sub. réflux, tröphy, chêly, spiny, chāry, quéry, glöry, Störy, vipera. praetor. Jimósus. spinósus. winósus. crêber. foetus. £dictum. sécrétus. fibra, fibra. frāgrams. cógent. mömentum, pönens. digestus. réfluxus. réfluxus. tröphaeum. trophaeum. chéle. spina. cărus. quaere. łória. história. Words in which the same vowel is short in both languages. sábine, fämine, rāpine, påtine, tribune, stäture, réfuse, päiate, Sénate, âgate, tribute, minute, stätute, viºlue, stätue, mönarch, stömach, epôch, pólish, fämish, përish, pärish, răvish, cörivath, ëpick, tönick, Cönick, töpick, tröpick, cynick, státick, critick, métal, rébel, mödel, cömel, châpel, mövei, ; vigi sºrii 2 rigour, vålour, cölour, tênour, dółour. hönour, âloes, rélict, prophets cómet, planet, tênet, täpet, hihit, sábíui. ſämes. rāpina. pâtina. tribinus. stätära. réfüsus. pălătum. sénātus. ächâtes. tribàtio. minūtus. stätätus. vålor. stättia. mönarcha. stömachus. epêcha. pólitas. fämes. pério. påröchia. rapio. cörinthus, ëpiciis. tönſcus. cönicus. töpicus. lögick ; règălis. légălia. ſlāvūs. faeces. mānés. & iris. sº *pſok, crisis. grätis. égressus. régréssus. regrèssus. tigris, tigris rébùs. bölus, bolus. præceptum, iênus. päpa. climax réflexus. réflexus. praefixum. phoenix. mātrix. vārix. syrinx, autivá. māgicus. trägicus. lógica. cölicus. chrönicus lyricus. räbidus. ãcidus. placidus. rigidus. călidus. vâlidus. gélidus ëlidus. söffdus. timidus. rápidus. säpſius. ; těpidus. nitidus. décás. mëthôdus. pälätium. âmictus. călix, mălitia. ânisum. imägo. reſtigium. frågilis. fèurilis, fébrilis. glūbülus. mācāla. latāmūs. flicum. cávillor, diábolus. âtömus. söphisma. minus, ilümen. ëbèmus. platina. rübicula. cüminum. lâtinus. cávea. såbina, tröpicus. cynicus. státicus. criticus. métallum. rêbelio. mödrilus. cámelus. căpella. nëvellus. sigillum yigilia. stérilis. rigðr. vålor. cöior. tênor. döför. hönör, ălăes. réiictus. prºpnétis cörméta. planéta. těmčo. tàpes. hāhſtars (; SYLLABICATION. cölumn, cölumpa. placit, plicitum drăgon, dräco. täcit, täcitus căvern, căverna. vömit, Vömo, tàvern, täberma. mérit, méritum. säturn, säturnus. tälent, s tälentum. vicar, wfcárius. pâterit, sº pâteo. schölar, schöläris. mödest, mödestus. slåver, sāliva fºrest, förestum. prêper, prüprius. nëphew, nëpos. zéphyr, zèphyriis. sīnew, sinuo. liquor, liquor. möney möneta. vigour. vigor stºidy. stidium. Words in which the same vowel is long in English, and short in Latin: timid, tümidiis. såtan, såtan. Cömö, cöma. hymen, hymen. quðta, qūota. trident, tridens. tripod, tripus... trigon, trigon. ...” sèquentia. mêgro, niger. cădence, cauens. héro, héros. silence, silentium. pólar, pöläris. mönade, mönas. pāper, päpyrus. tröchee, tröchaeus. Våpour, väpär. sâtire, sätyrā. fêver, fêbris, fºlbris. väcate, väco. frăgor, frågor. căvate, căvo. rigour, rigor. dātive, dătivus. ichor, *AAp. triumph, triumphus. âchor, ăchor. al, föcus. Săpor, sāpār. löcal, löcălis. těpor, tépôr. grégal, grégalis. fävour, fävör. chöral, chöriis. låbour, läbär. nival, niyālis. Ödour, Ödör. Iäbel, låbellum trémour, trèmèr. libel, libellus. väpour, väpär. Sérum, sèrum. pêdal, pēdàlis. forum, förum. pétal, pé , làpis, lipis, \ récent, récens bāsis, bāsīs. décent, décens. phāsis, qaak. régent, régens schêsis, exºrk, schésis. client, cliens. thésis, Biºlº, thesis. silent, silentium. tripos, tripos. parent, .. pårens. focus, föcús. F. adj. teo. £röc tis, Cr§cſis. * tent, tens. mödus, mödiis. potent, pêtens. genus, géntis. gèrent, gérens. sinus, * siniis. #: Å. Cºlºſs gårum. quent, quent. flºº, scăber. séquent, sèquens. notus, nötus. säcrist, säcer ëpact, s'ºratºr&t. löcust, löcilstä. röset, rösa, phâlanx, tº- witcant, väcans. ãpex, :r. sécant, sècans. călix, călix. vágrant, tº *:::: - tºrant, tyrannus, ārynx, º blåtant, blåtérans. E. tºvº. nátant, nátans. Önyx, Üayz. Words in which the same vowel is short in English, and long in Latin civick civicus. legate, " legitus. mimick, mimicus. ate, grânătus. &thick, ’18tni. grâmite, grânătus. täbid, tābſdus. º, spinăchia. frigid, frigidus. dish, rádiz. squalid, squalidus. planish, planus. §crid, âcer. yānish, VăneşGö. #rid, àridus. finish finio. flörid, flörſöus. punish, púaio. rörid, rörfdus. flöurish, flório. fêtid, foetidus. möurish, mūtrio. livid lividus. cömick, Cömlcus. Jºã, vividus. cöral, córällium. fºcund, făcăndus möral mörålis. fºcund, foectindus trºme, trºma. prébend, prºběnda civil, civilis. sèlace, somtium. huen, linum. préface, praefatie séven, sèptém. Simice, piimax, flörin, flörentis. SYE,LABICATION £ º pēnance, pºema. résin, résina. flörence, flörentia. rösin, résina. prêvince, prüvincia. måtin, mātūtīnus prüduce, próductio. sölemn, sólēmnis. fläbile, flābīlis. fêion, fêlonia. děbile, débilis. mêlon, mêlo. grânule, grämälum. lémons, lémónes. promise, promitto. ëcho, êchó, hºw. céruse, cerúSSa. bishop, episcopus. lêper, lêpra, lêpra. F. #. primer, primitius. Imit, limitatio préffer, préfero. spirit, spiritus. river, rivuS. visit, visito, séver, séparo. pêdant, paedāneus. ckāmour, clámör. clément, clémens. éthicks, '#8ixn. cêment, C321116; htunſ. cräsis, cräsis. présent, præsens. prêcess, processus. prêtest, prètestor. spirits, spiritus. hly, lilium. trăject, trăjectus filly, fila. project. prüjectus. véry, vérô prüduct, productus. city, Civitas. crédit, créditus. privy, privus. 545. In this view of the Latin and English quantity, we see how uncertain it is to argue from the former to the latter ; for though the Latin accent is frequently a rule for placing the English accent, as in words derived whole from that language, as abdomen, acumen, &c. (503,) or preserving the same number of syllables, as in impudent, elegant, from impudens, elegans, &c. (503) yet the quantity of the Latin seems to have no influence on that of the English. In words of two syllables, where one con- sonant comes between two vowels, as focus, basis, local, &c. though the vowel in the first syllable is short, in Latin, it is long in English ; and inversely, florid, frigid, livid, &c have the vowels in the first syllable short, though these vowels are long infloridus, frigidus, lividus, &c.; so that if any thing like a rule can be formed, it is, that when a word of three syllables in Latin, with the two first short, is anglicised by dropping the last syllable ; we shorten the first syllable of the English dissyllable, amless it ends with the vowel u. (535.) Thus we see the shortening power of our English antepenul- timate accent, which shortens every antepenultimate vowel but u in our pronunciation of Latin words; as in mimicus, gividus, &c. and continues its shortening power in the penultimate accept of these words when anglicised into mimick and vivid ; and hence it is that the short quantity of the first vowel in dissyllables is become so prevalent in our language, to the great detriment of its sound, and the disturbance of its simplicity. - It may be necessary, in the next place, to take a view of such words as are either of Saxon or French original, or not so lºſſeſ; derived from the Latin, as to be influenced by its quantity. Dissyllables with but one consonant in the middle, having the first syllable pronounced long sūfa, aºra, Hilach, söphi, āga, bifold, triglyph, kāli, épha, dótard, gårish, rébeck, gåla. dótage, zénith, cöpal, º coping, i. gäbel, navel, egre, osom, gravy, hāzel, cipher, räven, ivy, . föcil ſäther éven, . házy :*2 - 2 - 3 - 7 evil, såker, zéchin, nizy, âcorn, Öker, bāson, clover, māson, stöker, căpon, sizer, dădo, täper, āpron, mädir, ságo, tôper, iron, tābour, brăvo, wāter, gléby, wäges, tröchar, wäver, hôly, bölis, pólar, !éver, Zány, tophet, grócer, ūver, tiny, £gret, spider, rigoi, pöny, rôlant, cíder, túken, Crößy, pilot, wäfer, mēgrim, töry, bórax, wäger, bésorm, misy, bäby. * Pissyllables with but one consonant in the middle, having the first syllable pronounced short börough, drivei, flágon, gènet, sèraph, swive!, wägon, cláret, rélish, hövel, tålon, cióset, blêmish, gróvel, . ténon, civet, bânish, shövel, héron, trivet, dámask, drāzel, bārom; rivet, frèlick, måmage, Sírup, cövet, médal, bûrage; ičcher, fágot, shěkei, visage, wittlier, bigot, âmel, rāvage, gáther, jigot, . chisel, sävage, Íñi iſ:#", Spigot, gävei, rivage, r; ther pivot, ëphod, tráviše, nètlier, désert, bázard, träverse. i:iiiser , cövert, QUANTITY OF THE UNACCENTED WOW ELS hāgard, räfuse, wither. christ. dizard, frigate, thither, rövost, lizard, shëriff, tither, #mot, vizard, trāvail, Öther, shādow wizard, përil, möther, widow, bödice, včnom, smöther, höne bålance, Wöman, pöther, cömely vålance, riven; siker, mány, dámage, slöven, clèver, cöny, º Öven, nëver, būry, grävel, sätin quiver, büsy, bèvil, bāvid. cöver, bévy, lčve!, răvin, höver, Iévy, rével, spävin, "mänor, tºvy, snive!, plévin, căract, privy, rive!, cövin, vàlet, pity. From the perusal of this sciection we see a great majority of words where the ſirst vowel is sound ed short, and therefore, to some inspectors it may seem improbable that the original tendency of our Saxon language was to the long quantity of the penultimate vowel. , But, as Mr. Nares very judiciously observes, “the rule is sufficiently general to be admitted, and is undoubtedly founded “in the nature of our pronunciation " for which he quotes Dr. Wallis, who says, “Hac videtur genui- “na linguæ nostra ratio antiqua.” Elements of Orth&epſi, page 225. 546. Those who have made the progress of languages their study, will observe, it is presumed, that the broad sounds of vowels change to the slender,” the difficult consonants to the easier, and the loug vowels to short ones. This, it is imagined, will be found to be true in all languages, as well as our own ; and stºcł; alteration seems founded in the nature of man and of society. The next object to understanding a language being despatch, it is no wonder that short sounds have beer encroaching on us, and depriving us of the tune of our words for the sake of gaining time. This is appal ent in the abbreviation of simples when compounded, as in knowledge, shepherd, &c. (518 but as it is the business of art to correct and regulate the eccentricities of nature and the excesses of custom, it should be the care of every philosophick grammarian to keep his eye upon the original genius and general scope eſ his language, and to suffer custom to depart as little from them as possible. But although no inconsistency or want of analogy can alter any pronunciation which is once acknow- ledged and settled, yet when a pronunciation is wavering, consistency, analogy, and general prin- ciples, ought to decide against a great unajority of mere fashion and caprice. Thus have I endeavoured to give a distinct view of the correspondence between the accent and quavitity of the learned languages and our own ; and to rescue a plain Englishman (who, as Ben Jonson says of Shakspeare, has little Latin and less G. eek,) from the supercilious criticism of those Greeklings and Latinitasters, who are often remarkably ignorant of their own language, and yet frequently decide upon its accent and quantity, because they have a smattering of Greek and Las fin. If the question turns upon the accent of an English word, the Latin word it is derived from is immediately produced, and sentence passed without appeal: and yet if the Englishman were to ask the rule on which this decision is founded, the scholar would, in all probability, be at a loss to tell him. Has every English word, he might say, the same accent as the Latin "vord from which it is derived 2 This the scholar could not answer in the affirmative, as the least -ecollection would tel) him that parsimony, utrimony, &c. cannot be accented after the fatin parsimonia, acrimonia, &c. as the flatin is never accented higher than the antepenultimate. But perhaps the English word is adopted whole from the Latin. Here is undoubtedly a fair pretence for pronouncing it with the Jatin accent ; and yet we see how many exceptions there are to this rule (see No. 503, b.) Or perhaps, the Finglish word, though anglicised, retains the same number of syllables. This, indeed, Jaay be said to be a general rule for preserving the Latin accent, but so general as to be neglected in a thousand instances, (See No. 503, f, g, h, , k.) But if the scholar, as is often the case, had słłes quantity and accent together, and infers the English quantify from the ſatin ; the Jºnglish scho- jar needs only to refer him to the selections here given, (No. 544, 545,) to show the imanity of such a plea. Upon the whole, therefore, I flatter myself that men of learning will be gratified to see the subject in a clearer point of view than any in which it has ever been exhibited; and the plain English scholar will be indebted to me for giving him as clear and distinct an idea of the connec- tion between the Greek and Latin accent and quantity, and the accent and quantity of his native iongue, as if he had Homer and Horace by heart; and for placing him out of the reach of those pert minor criticks, who are constantly insulting him with their knowledge of the dead languages. Of the Quanti'ſ of the Unaccented Powels not in the same Syllulle with Consonants. 547 Accented syllables, as we have before observed, (179,) are so strongly marked as to be easily comprehended when they are once settled by custom or analogy ; but those immediately i;3fore or after the accent are in a state of uncertainty, which some of our best judges find them- telves unable to remove. Some grammarians have called all the open vowels before or after the accent short, though the ear so evidently dictates the contrary in the u in utility, the o in tºwe, &c. Some have saved the imselves the trouble of farther search by comprehending these vowels under the epithet obscure; nay, so unfixed do the sounds of these vowels seem, that Pr. Henri, k, whose Rheiðricul Dictionary shows he was possessed of very great philological abilities, seeins as much at a lºss about them as the meanest granimalian in the kingdom; for when he colºr:; to mark the sound of the vowel o in the ſirst syllable of a series of words with the accent on 4;re second, he makes the o in promulge, propel, and prolia, long as they ought to be ; and the same letter in proboscis, proceed, and procedure, short. Dominion, domestick, donation, and domain, are mark- ed as if pronounced doin-inion, dom-estick, dom-ation, and dom-aia, with the o short; while the first of gocility, potential, and monotony, have the o marked long, as in donor, polent, and mollish ; though it is * Aliotini, pro usu, abusus & inveteratus error nobis obtruderetur. Olim enim pro mutatione sonorum mutaliantul & litera : & si quando consuetudo aliquid mutasset, scribendi quoque modus statiºn variabatur. Untie quium apud En trium & l'autum Sort & Sºrvos diceretur & scriberetur, postea multis aurium deliciis o vocali rejecta, quod vastus illiu wide, etur sonus, w lifera substituta est, & Sono expressa; ita ut eorum loco Swnt & Servus prolaºuin & $griºtur', 's ałºld Mekerchi Brugensis De Vet, et Rect. Pronun. Linguæ Graecae Commentarius r NOT UNITED TO CONSON ANTS. 63. tertain to a demonstration, that the etymology, accent, and letters, being the same, the same sound must be produced, unless where custom has precisely marked a difference; and that the first sylla: bles of promulge, mronel, and prolir, and those of proboscis, proceed, and procedure, have no such dif ſerence, seems too evident to need proof.” - 548. I know it may be demanded with great plausibility, how do I know that there is not this very inconsistency in custom itself? What right have I to suppose that custom is not as vague and capricious in these syllables as in those under the accent P. To which I answer: if custom has deter- mined the sound of these vowels, the dispute is at an end. I implicitly acquiesce in the decision; but iſ professors of the art disagree in their opinions, it is a shrewd sign that custom, is not alto. gether so clear in its sentence; and I must insist on recurring to principles till custom has unequi- vocally decided. 549. Every vowel, that is neither shortened by the accent, nor succeeded by a double consonant, naturally terminates a syllable : and this terminating vowel, though not so properly long as if the accent were on it, would be very improperly termed short, if by short, as is often the case, be meant shut. (65.) According to this idea of syllabication it is presumed that the word opinion would fall in to three distinct parts, and every part be terminated by a consonant but the first, thus o-pin-ion. 550. But it may be demanded, what reason is there in the nature of the thing for dividing the word in this manner, rather than into op-in-ion, where a consonant ends every syllable 2 In this, as in many other cases of delicacy, we may be allowed to prove what is right, by first proving what is wrong. Every ear would be hurt, if the first syllable of opinion and opulence were pronounced ex- actly alike ; op-in-ion would be as different from 0-pin-ion, as 0-pulence from op-u-lence, and eonse- quently a different syllabication ought to be adopted; but as opulence is rightly divided into op-ti- tence, opinion rººt be divided into o-pin-ion ; that is, the b must be necessarily separated from the p, as in o-pen ; for, as was before observed. every vowel pronounced alone has its open sound, as no- thing but its junction with a consonant can shut it, and consequently unaccented vowels not me- cessarily ioined to a consonant are always open . , therefore, without violating the fundamental laws of pronunciation, opinion must necessarily be divided into o-pin-ion and not op-in-ion, and the o pronounced as in the word open, and not as in optilence ; which was the thing to be proved. 351. If these reasons are valid with respect to the vowel in question, they have the same force with respect to every other vowel not shut by a consonant throughout the language. That the Yow- els in this situation are actually open, we may easily perceive by observing that vowel, which, from its diphthongal and semi-consonant sound, is less liable to suffer by obscure pronunciation thar any other. The letter u, in this situation, always preserves itself full and open, as we may observe in uti.ity, luxubration, &c. The o the most open of all the simple vowels, has the same tendency in obedience, opake, position, &c. the e in the first syllable of event, in the second of delegate, the first and third of evangelist, in the second of gaiety, nicely, &c., the a in the first of abate, and the Fecond of probable, &c. and the i in nullity, his unaccented letter being no more than e, and this sound when long, corresponding exactly with its short sound, which is not the case with any ºf the other vowels, (65) (66) the difference between the long and short, or open and shut sound of this letter, is less perceptible than in any other: yet we may easily perceive that a delicate pronunciation evidently leaves it open when unaccented in indivisibility, as this word would not be jºstly pronoun- ced if the i in every syllable were closed by a consonant, as if divided into in-div-is-ah-il-it-y, the first, third, and fifth syllables, would, indeed, be justly pronounced according to this division, as these have all accentual force, which shuts this vowel, and joins it to the suct eeding consonant ; but in the second, fourth and sixth syllables, there is no such force, and consequently it must remain open and unconnected with the consonant; though, as was before observed, the long and short sound of this vowel are so mear each other, that the difference is less perceived than in the rest. Every ear would be displeased at such a pronunciation as is indicated by ut-tuſ-lit-ſ, luc-cub-bra-tion, op-pin-ion, pos-ition, er-rent, er-ran-gel-ist, ab-bate, prob-bah-ble, &c.; but for exactly the same reasons #. the vowels out of the stress ought to be kept open in these words, the slender i must be kept open in the same situation in the word in-di-vis-i-bil-i-ty, and every similar word in the language.f 552. From all this it will necessarily follow, that the custom adopted by the ancients and mo- derms of joining the single consonant to the latter vowel in syllabication, when investigatiug the um- known sound of a word, has its foundation in reason and good sense ; that the only reason why vowels are short and shut, is their junction with a consonant; so those that are not joined to conso- nants, when we are uot speaking metrically, cannot be said to be either short or shut. and that as all accented vowels, when final or pronounced alone, have their open sound, so those vowe is that are alone or final in a syllable, must necessal ily retain their open sound likewise, as nothing ºut uniting instan- taneously with the succeeding consonant can shut them : and though nothing but a delicate ear will direct us to the degre of openmess with which we must pronounce the first unaccentcd o in docility, domestick, potential, proceed, monasti, k, monotonil; Sºc. we may be assured that it is exactly under the same predicament, with respect to sound, in all these words: and as they ean never be pronounced short and shut, as if written dossility, dommestick, &c. without hurting the dullest car; so the e in event, evangelist, &c. and the i in the third syllable of whili'y, and in the second, fourth, and sixth, of indivisibility, can never be sounded as if joined to the consonant without offending every delicate ear, and over turning the first principles on pronunciation. 553. The only considerable exception to this general rule of syllabication which determines the sound of the unaccented vowels, is when e succeeds the accent, and is followed by r as in literal, ge- neral, miserſ, &c. which can never be pronounced lit-e-ral, gem-e-ral, mis-e-, y, &c. without the appear- ance of affectation. In this situation we find the r corrupts the sound of the e, as it does that of * I am aware that this ingenious writer seems to avoid this inconsistency, by premising, in his Rhetorical Gram- mar, page 43, that he has sometimes marked the o in words beginning with a preposition with the oratorial, and some times with the colloquial pronunciation: thus, in commune, comm.uiucate. &c. the oratorial sound is given as in the first syllable of common, while the colloquial sound changes the o into u, as if the words were witten unimune, cummunicate. &c : but the distinction in these examples does not touch the point: here there is a change only of one short sound ſur another, and not any promiscuous use of a long and sholt, or open and shut sound of the same istter. Dr. Kenrick hint self, when he marks the o in poboscis, proceed, and procedure, dues not adopt the short w, as he does in commune, com- municate, &c.; nor is he aware of the essential difference with les] ect to the quantity of the vowel, in the double consº- rant in one set of words, and the single cºme in the other. - # It is plai 1 that Mr. Sherican conside, ed the unaccented vowel , whether ending a syllable, or joined to the suc, ceeding consonant, as standing for the same sound ; for we see him sometimes making use of one division, and somº- times of another: thus lie divides the word ‘li-wet-sw-ly with th ten minatin: the penalti u ate syllable, and wººti-ter-rit-s-s with the same i united to the consonant. The same variety takes place in the wolds di-cis-i-Öst-i-ty and in-di-vu.k. biſ-it-y, while Dr Kenrick divides ałł wolds of this term.uation egºal ly in the ſo nºt manner. * *I6 - QUANTITY OF UN ACCFNTED WOWELS, every other vowel when in a final unaccented syllable. For this consonant being nothing more than ajar, it ul.avoidably mixes with the e in this situation, and reduces it to the obscure sound of short #. (418,) a sound to which the other unaccented vowels before r have sometimes so evident a ten- ency 554. An obscure idea of the principles of syllabication just laid down, and the contradiction to them perceived in this exception, has made most of our orth&epists extremely wavering and uncer- tain in their division of words into syllables, when the unaccented e has preceded r, where we not enly find them differing from each other, but sometimes even from themselves: Sheridan Kemrick. Scott. Perry. miz-ur-ubl, ** mis-e-ra-bl, mis-er-a-lile, miz-zur-y, mis-er-y, mis-e-ry, mis-e-ry, sur-dzhur-y, sur-ge-ry, sur-ge-ry, surg-e-ry, sor-cer-y, sor-ce-ry, sor-ce-ry, sor-ce-ry, rob-bur-y, º, * rob-be-ry, Jore jer-y, for-ge-ry, for-ge-ry, forg-e-ry, slave-er-y, sld-ve-ry, sla-ve-ri, sla-ve-ry, ma-pur-y, kna-ve-ry, Jena-be-ry, knav-e-ry, bra-vur-y, - bra-ve-ry, brav-e-ry, cook-er-y, sºmºmº amº cook-e-ry, cook-e-ry, rook-ur-y, rook-er-y, rook-e-ry, rook-2-ry, im-midzh-ry, im-u-ger-y, int-a-ger-y, im-a-ge-ry, ..flum-mur-y, _flum-mer-y, jium-ma-ry, flum-mer-y, mune-mur-y, muni-mer-y, ?nurn-ºne-ry, mum-me-ry, 2nwr-dur-ur, ºf ºmºmºmº ºmºmº mur-der-er, mur-der-er, mur-dur-ws, mur-der-ows, mur-der-ows, fine-ur-y, ** ji-ne-ry, fine-ry, gun-nur-y, gun-ner-y, g?!??-ne-rº), gun-ne-ry, dan-je-rus, dar-ger-us, dam-ger-ows, dan-ger-ous, wo-sifer-us, vo-cif-e-rous, vo-ciſ-er-ous, vo-ciſ-e-rous, som-ºf-fer-us, som-ºf-e-rus, som-ºf-er-ows, som-nif-e-rous, nu-mer-us, nu-me-roºs, nu-me-rous, 777t-me-rous, tn-nu-mur-ws, pros-per-us, in-nu-me-rous, pros-per-ous, int-nu-me-rous, pros-per-ous, Żm-pros-pur-ws, tºº--ºss wn-pros-per-Ous, un-pros-per-Ous, ut-ter-ehl, gº-º-º-mº zit-ter-a-ble, ut-ter-a-ble, un-ut-ter-ebt, wn-ut-ter-a-ble, un-ut-ter-a-ble. Y y 555. I have been the more copious in my collection of these varieties, that I might not appear to have taken the advantage of any oversight or mistake of the press: nor is it any wonder when the principles of syllabication so strongly incine us to leave the vowel e, like the other vowels, open be. fore a single consonant ; and the ear so decidedly tells us, that this letier is not always open when preceded by the accent, and followed by r, it is no wonder, I say, that a writer should be perplexed, and that he should sometimes incline to one side, and sometimes to the other. I am conscious I have not always been free from this inconsistency myself. The examples therefore which I have selected, will, I hope, fully justify me in the syllabication I have adopted ; which is, that of sometimes separating the e from the r in this situation, and sometimes not. When solemn and deliberate speaking has seemed to admit of lengthening the e, I have sometimes made it end the syllable; when this was not the case I have sometimes joined it to the r , thus, as e in the pe- nultimate syllable of incarcerate, rever berate, &c. seems, in solemn speaking, to admit of a small de gree of length and distinctness, it ends a syllable; but as no solemnity of pronunſ jation seems to admit of the same length and openness of the e in tolerate, deliberate, &c., it is united with r, and sound- ed in the notation by short u. It ought, however, to be carefully observed, that though the e in this situation is sometimes separated from the r, there is no speaking, howevel deliberate and solemn, that will not admit of uniting it to r, and pronouncing it like short u, without offending the nicest and most critical ear. 556. It must also be noted that this alteration of the sound of e before r, is only when it follows the accent, either primary or secondary, (522) (530;) for when it is in the first syllable of a word, though unaccented, it keeps its true sound; thus, though the e is pronounced like u in atter, alteration, &c. yet in perfection, terrifick, &c. this letter is as pule as when the accent is on it in perfect, terrible, &c. 557. Something like the corruption of the sound of unaccented e before r, we may perceive in the colloquial pronunciation of the vowel o in the same situation ; and accordingly we find our best orthóepists differ in their notation of this letter: thus memory, memorable, immemorable, memo- rably, memorize, have the o pronounced like short u by Mr Sheridan and Mr. Scott; and memo- randum, with the o, as in open ; while Dr. Kenrick gives the o in all these words the sound it has in the conjunction or. Mr. Sheridan marks the unaccented o in corporal, corporale, and corporation, Hike the o in open ; but Mr. Scott pronounces this o in corporal, corporate, and corporation, like short u, and the same letter in incorporate, and incorporation, like Mr. Sheridan ; and Dr. Kenrick, like the o in the former instances. Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott are uniform in their pronunciation of the same vowel like short u in armour, armorer, armory, pillory, suasory, persuasory, allegoru, 'compulsory, cursory, and predatory ; while Dr. Kenrick pionounces the o in armour and armory, like the o in open, and the same letter in pillory, allegory, and cursory, like the o in or, mor, &c. This diversity, among ood judges, can arise from nothing but the same uncertainty of the sound of this letter that we iave just observed of the e, but if we marrowly watch our pronunciation, we shall find that the un- accented o may be opened and lengthened, in deliberate speaking, without hurting the ear, which is not always the case with e : and this has induced me generally to separate the o from the succeeding r when immediately following the accent ; though I am sensible that the rapidity of colloquial speak- mg often reduces it to short u without offending the ear: but when the o is removed more than one syllable from the accent, the most deliberate speaking generally lets it slide into the other vowel for which reason I have commonly marked it in this manner. See CoMMAND. 558. It may, perhaps, appear to some of my readers, that too much time has been spent upon these nice distinctions of sound, in which judges themselves are found to disagree ; but when we con- wider how many syllables in the language are unaccented, and that these syllables are those in } NOT UNITED TO CONSONANTS. 71 which the peculiar delicacy of the pronunciation of natives consists; when we reflect ºn the neces . sity of having as distinct and permanent sounds as possible, to which we may refer these fleetinſ : and evanescent ones, we shall not look upon an attempt to arrest and investigate then as a useles à part of philology. - * * 559. A TABLE of the SIMPLE and DIPHTHON’GAL WOWELS referred to by the Figures ou ºr º the Letters in this Dictionary. ENGLISH SOUNDS. FRENCH SOUNCS. 1. A The long slender English a, as in fate, pá-per, &c. (73.) é in fle, épée. 2. A. The long Italian a, as in får, fa-ther, pa-pá, mam-mä. (77.) a in fable, rable. 3. 3. The broad German a, as in fåll wall, wä-ter (83.) 6 in 6 ge, Châlons. 4,-6. The short sound of the Italian a, as in fåt, māt, már-ry. (81.) a in fat, matin. 1. &. The long e, as in mê, hère, mē-tre, mē-dium. (93.) i in mitre, epitre. 2. č. The short e, as in mét, lét, gét. (95.) e in mette, nette. .* 1. i. The long diphthongal i, as in pine, t-tle (105.) ai in laique, naif. 2. l. The short simple i, as in pin, tit-tle. (107.) i in inné, tittré. 1. &. The long open o, as in nô, note, no-tice. (162.) o in globe, lobe. 2. 8. The long close o, as in móve, prêve, (164.) ou in nouvoir, pouvoir 3. 8. The long broad o, as in nôr, för, Ör; like the broad A. (167.) o in or, for, encor. 4. 6. The short broad o, as in nôt, hôt, göt. (163.) o in hotte, coºle 1. &. The long diphthongal u, as in thbe, cèbe, cè-pid. (171.) iou in Cioutat, chicºurme. 2. &. The short simple u, as in tºb, cºp, süp (172.) eu in neuf, veuf. l 3. 5. The middle or obtuse u, as in bºll, fūll, pâll, (173.) ou in boule, foute, poule. 87. The long broad 6, and the short 1, as in Öil. (299.) of in cycloide, heroique. 85. The long broad 8, and the middle obtuse ê, as in thbū, pöänd.(313.) aoſ in ſlotte. Th The acute or sharp th, as in think, thin. (466.) Ta. The grave or flat th, as in this, that (41,) (50) (469.) 560. When G is printed in the Roman character, it has its hard sound in get, gone,'8w. as go, give, geese, &c., when it has its soft sound it is spelled in the notation by the consonant J, as ; ginger, ji-ant, jin-ger The same *.* observed of S the Roman Lharacter denotes its ard * in sin, sun, &c, as so, sit, sense, &c.; its soft sound is spelled by z as rose, raise, &c. roze, faze, &c. - .* ADVERTISEMENT. In the course of a critical investigation of the powers of the letters in the foregoing Principles, there is scarcely a word of any difficulty or diversity of sound which has not been noticed : the true pronºunciation, with the reasons and authorities for it, pointed out , so that if the inspector should not meet with sufficient information in the Dictionary under the word, let him consult the Principles under the vowel, diphthong, or consonant, he wishes to be explained, it is highly probable he will meet with the satisfaction he requires Thus to know something more concerning the g in the word inpugn, which some speakers pronounce and others suppress, let him look into the Principles under the letter G, No. 386, and he will find additional observations to those in the Dictionary un tler the word. It is true that most of these doubtful, as well as other words, are referred to the Principles; but if this reference should by chance be omitted, it is hoped that this Advertisement will supply the deficiency A CRITICAL PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY AND EXPOSITOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. The figures refer to the numbers in the Principles of Pronunciation prefixed to this Dictionary, where the different sounds of the letters are explained at large. Thus 73 refers to the first sound of the letter A ; 93 to the first sound of the letter E, and so of the rest. The figures over the letters refer to the vowels in the words at the top of the page; and the indea. Tº before these words refers to the table of simple and diphthongal sounds, where the different sounds of the vowels are exhibited at one view. [[P 559 refers to the table in page 71 A Thus * WIS 559. Fâte 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 ; , mé 93, mét 93, pine 105, pīn 107; né 162, m3ve 164, nôr 167, mét 163; tābe 171, túb 172, būll 173; Śil 299 ; pöönd 313; thin 466, THis 469. The first letter of the alphabet, 73. A, 2 an article set before mouns of the singular number; a man, a tree. Before a word begin- ning with a vowel, it is written am, as an ox. A is sometimes a moun, as great A. A is pla- ced before a participle, or participial moun: gone a º come a begging. A has a sig- nification denoting proportion: the landlord hath a hundred a year. jº The change of the letter a into an before a vowel or mute h for the sake of sound, seems to deserve more attention than has generally been given to it by any of our grammarians, and will therefore be considered under the ar- ticle in ; which see. Of the Alphabetical Pronunciation of the Letter A. So many profound and ingenious observations have been made upon this first step to litera- ture, that volumes might be filled with the eru- dition that has been lavished on this letter alone. The priority of place it claims, in all alphabets, has made it so much the object of attention, that philologists suppose the founda- tion of learning but weakly laid till the natural : civil history of the first letter be fully set- tled. But, however deep have been their researches into the origin of this letter, we find no author in our language has hitherto attempted to set- tle the disputes that have arisen between the natives of England, Ireland, and Scotland, about the true sound of it, when called by its name. Instead, therefore, of tracing this char- acter through the circles of Gomer, the Egyp- tian Hieroglyphics, the mysterious Abraxas, or the Irish Ogum, I shall endeavour to obvi- ate a difficulty that frequently arises when it is pronounced in the Hornbook: or, in other words, to inquire what is the true name of the first letter of the English alphabet—whether we are to say Aye, B, C ; .3h, B, C ; or .3v, And first, it will be necessary to consider the ma- ture of a vowel; which grammarians are gene- rally agreed in defining to be “a simple arti- “culate sound, formed by the impulse of the “ voice by the opening only of the mouth in a “ particular manner.” Now, as every vowel by itself is sounded long, as nothing but its junction with a consonant can make it other- wise, it is natural, when pronouncing this vow- el alºne to give it the long open sound but as A this long open sound is threefold, as heard in face, father, and water, a question arises, which cf these long sounds shall we adopt as a com- mon name to the whole species of this letter 2 The English make choice of the a in face, the Irish of that in futher, and the Scotch of that in water. Each party produces words where the letter a is sounded in the mammer they con- tend for; but when we demand why one should have the preference, the controversy is com- monly at an end; any farther reasons are either too remote or too insignificant to be pro- duced ; and indeed, if a diversity of names to vowels did not confound us in our spelling, or declaring to each other the component letters of a word, it would be entirely needless to en- ter into so trifling a question as the mere name of a letter ; but when we find ourselves unable to convey signs to each other on account of this diversity of names, and that words themselves are endangered by an improper, utterance of their component parts, it seems highly incum- bent on us to attempt a uniformity in this point, which, insignificant as it may seem, is undoubt- edly the foundation of a just and regular pro- nunciation. The ſirst rule for maming a letter, when pronoun ced alone, seems to be this: Whatever sound we give to a letter when terminating a syllable, the same sound ought to be given to it when pronounced alone; because, in both cases, they have their primary, simple sound, uninflu- emced by a succeeding vowel or consonant; and therefore, when we pronounce a letter alone, it ought to have such a sound as does not suppose the existence of any other letter. But wherever a terminates a syllable with the accent upon it, (the only state in which it can be said to be pure,) it has always the English sound of that letter. The only exceptions to this rule are, the words fu-ther, ma-ster, and wa- ter; and that these are derely exceptions, ap- pears from the uniformity with which the ais pronounced otherwise in parent, papal, taper, fatal, &c. The other vow eſ. have their names exactly similar to the sound they have in a similar situation, as the e like that in me-grin, the i like the i in ti-tle; the o as the o in no-ble, and the w like the u in tu-tor. Thus, as it ap- pears from the general analogy of pronuncia, tion, that the sound, of the a, which the Eng- lish adopt, is the only one that does not neces- sarily suppose the existence ºf any other sound, it inevitably follows that theirs only is the pro- per appellation of that tetter. A ABB [[3° 559.—Fâte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mēt;—pine, pīn;– But there is another analogy by which we may determing the true sound of the vowels when pronounced singly ; and that is, the sound they have when preserved long and open by the final e. Thus we call the letter e by the sound it has in theme, the letter i as it sounds in time, the let- tero as heard in tone, and the u as in tune ; and why the letter a should...not be pronounced as heard in face, cannot be conceived ; as each of the other vowels has, like a, a variety of other sounds, as they are united with letters which, in some measure, alter their "uality. In consequence of entertaining a different idea of the a, when pronounced in the alphabet, we see the natives of Ireland very prone to a different pronunciation of the words where this letter oc- curs ; and, indeed, it is quite consistent with their doctrine of the sound of a, that the words parent, papal, taper, and futul, should be pro- nounced puh-rent, pah-pal, tah-per, and full-tºl. We find the Scotch likewise inclinable to the same pronunciation of a, when in words, as when alone. Thus we hear Sawtan, for Satun. sawcred for sacred, and lºng-ity for leity ; and this is perfectly consistent with the mammer in which they pronounce the letter a, when alone there is no medium. ( this ſe not the triae pronun- ciation of these wºrds, tire a is certainly to be sounded as the Fºr glish do : for, whenever the English give the Italian sound, as it may be calicq, to the a, except in the words fººther and master, it is always in consequence of its jºinction with some consonant, which deter:nia;es it to that sound ; as in monosyliables terminating in r, as bar, car, /ür; but where it is not affected by a succeeding consonartt, as in the words ºutreat, papal, malal, ſittal, we then hear it pronounced as the slender English tº, both in and out of coin- position. It will, perhaps, be objected, that the most ſee- quent short sound of 3, as heard in cott, rat, ºntº, carry, marry, parry, is the short sound of the Italian a in #. cur, man’, par, and not the short sound of the g in care, marº, and ſpare : but it may be answered, that this want of corres- pondence between the name of the letter, and whemost frequent short sound, is common to the rest of the vowels: for the o, as heard in cot, not, rol, is not the short sound of the o in coat, note, wrote, but of the tº in water, or of the diphthongs in caught, navight, and wrought; and if we ought to call the a, ah, because its short sound corresponds to ah, for the very same rea- son we ought to call the o, øw ; and a similar alter- ation must take place with the rest of the vow- els. As therefore, from the variety of sounds the vowels have, it is impossible to avoid the in- convenience of sometimes sounding the letter one way in a syllable, and another way in a word, we must either adopt the simple long sound when we would pronounce the letter alone, or invent new names forevery different sound in a different word, in order to obviate the difficulty. It must not be dissembled, however, that the sound of a, when terminating a syllable not under the accent, seems more inclined to the Irish than the English a, and that the ear is less disgusted with the sound of Ah-mer-i-cah than of A-mer-i-cay : but to this it may be answered, that letters not under the accent, in a thousand instances deviate from their true sound ; that the vowel a, like several other vowels in a final syllable not accented, has an obscure sound, bordering on w; but if the a, in this situation, were pronounced ever so distinctly, and that this pronunciation were clearly the a in father, it would be nothing to the purpose: when the a is pronounced alone, it may be said not only to be a letter, but a distinct character, and a noun substantive; and, as such, has the same force as the letters in an accented syllable, The letter a, therefore, as the first character in the alpha bet, may always be said to have the accent, and oright to have the same long, open sound, as is given to that letter when accented in a syllable, and not influenced in its sound by any preced ing or succeeding consonant. We may therefore “nclude, that iſ all vowels when pronounced alone, are accented and long, if spelling he the prorituaciation of letters alone, (as it wottlit be absurd to suppose ourselves ac- quainted with the different consonants that de- termine, the sound of the vowels before they are pronounced.) it follows, that in spelling, or re- peating the component parts of a word, we ought to give those parts their simple and un- combined sound: but there is no uncombined sound of the vowel a, except the slender sound contended for, unless in the words father and nºtsfºr ; and therefore, when we repeat letters singly, in order to declare the sound of a word, we must undoubtei", give the first letter of the aip'lah, at the sound we ever give it in the first syllable of the runnerous class la-dy, pa-gan, rºtº-soºt, hºt-sºn, &c. Thus, after placing every objection in its stron. gest ight, and deducing our arg.ºnents from the simpiest and clearest principles, finis important Gilestion sº ens at last decided in favour of the Łnglish , who, independ, it of the arguments in their favour, may be pressanied to have a natu. ral right to determine the name of the letter in question, though it has been so often litigated by their formidable and learned, though junior relations. For though, in some cases, the na tives of Ireland and Scotland adhere rather more closely to analogy than the English thern selves, yet in this we find the English pronounce perfectly agreeable to rule ; and that the slen der pronunciation of the letter q, as they pro houlice it in the alphabet, is no móre than giv ing it that simple sound, it ever has, when un Connected with vowels or consonants that alter its power. ABACUS, #3-käs. s. [Latin.] A counting table, tº tºp peringst linember of a column. * B.", FT, 3-bift'. aš. 545. From the fore part of a s}:ip, towards the sievin. To 5 A* :)(33, 3-bän"dān. v. a. To give up, re sigii, or qi, it ; to desert; to forsake. 165 ABAN!20N E3), š-bändänd, par. 362. Given up forgākei: ; corrupted in the highest degree. ABAN #90 X Yi},NT, a-ijän'dān-inënt. s. Thie act of ab, Indoniina. AB HTiCi) i, ATICN, fib-ār-iſk-tº-:#'shān. s. 200 That species of articulation that has manifest h) of 10 h. To ABASE, #-bāse'. v. a. press, to bring Jow. ABASEMENT, A-bāsemènt. s. The state of being brought low ; depression. To ABASH, -bāsii'. v. a. To make ashamed. To ABATE, a-bäte'. v. a. 545. To lessen, to di- minish. To ABATE, 3-bite'. v. m. To grow less. ABATEMENT, 3-bäte'mént. s. The act of aba ting; the sum or quantity taken away by the act of abating. ABATER, fl-bºtör. s. 98. The agent or cause by which an abatement is procured. ABB, fib. s. The yaru on a weaver's warp ABBACY, abbā-sè. s. 542. The rights, possess- ions, or privileges of an abbot. ABBH SS, fib'běss. s. The superior of a nun nery. ABBEY, or ABBY, fib'bé. s. 270. A monastery of religious persons, whether men or women. ABBOT, ab'büt. s. 166. The chief of a convent of Illen. + To ABBREVIATE, Ab-bré'vé-āte. v. a. To shor- ten, to cut short. 505. To cast down, to de- ABBREVIATION, ab-brè-vé-à'shºn, s. The act of shortening .# ABJ ABO 3 —mö, móve, mêr, mēt;—tºbe, tºb, būll;—öīl;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. ABBREVIATOR, fib-bré-vé-à'tár. s. One who " abridges. 521. ABBREVIATURE, fib-bré'vé-4-tshöre. s. 461. A mark used for shortening To ABDICATE, fib'dè-kāte. v. a. right, to resign. 503 , , ABDICATION, ab-de-kå'shôn. s. dicating, resignation. ABDICATIVE, fib'dè-că-tív. a. 512. That which causes or implies an at dication. Pr. Johnson places the accent on the first syllabie of this word, and Mr. Sheridau and Mr. Perry, on the second. The former is, in my opinion, the most correct. ABDOMEN, ab-do'mén. s. 503. A cavity com- monly called the lower venter or belly. 521. ABDOMINAL, Ab-döm'mè-mål, ABDOMINOUS, fib-dón'mè-näs. al. Relating to the abdomen. To ABDUCC, Åb-dûse'. v.a. To draw to a different part; to withdraw one part from another. ABDUCENT, #b-dû'sént. a. Muscles abducent serve to open or pull back divers parts of the body. ABDUCTOR, #b-dàk’tör. s. 166. The muscles which draw back the several members. ABED, 3-béd'. ad. In bed. ABERRANCE, ºb-êr'hānse. s. the right way, an errour. ABERRANCY, ab-êr'rán-sé. s. The same with Aberrance. ABFRRANT, ab-êr'rānt. a. Wandering from the right or known way. ABERRAfióN, abºrasa&n. s. viating from the common track. ABERRING, #1-3r'ring. part. 410. Going astray. To ABERUNC ATE, ab-ê-rün'kitc. v. a. T'io pull up by the roots. 9ºl. To ABET, fl-bêt' v. a. To push forward another; to support him in his designs, by connivance, encouragement, or help. ABETMENT, #-bêt'mént. s. The act of abetting. ABETTER, or ABETTOR, 3-bêt’tár. s. He that abets ; the supporter or encourager of another. H66. 4f 8. ABEYANCF, 3-bā'ānse. s. The right offee sim- ple lieth in abe, ance, when it is all only in the remembrance, intendment, and cousideration of the law . To A BiłOR, ab-hör'. v. a. 163. rimony to lo vihe. To give up The act of ab- A deviation from The act of de- AB . Of RENCE, ab-hôr'ränse, 2 S AšíðiðföNöY, is-njºš. § 5. The act of abhorri ig , detestation. ABHORRENT, ab-hăr' &nt a. 363. Struck with abhorrence ; contrary to, foreight, inconsistent with. ABHORRER, fib-lºr'rär. s iſ 3. A hater, detester. To ABIDE, 3-bide. v. m. To dweli is a place, not to remove : to bear or support the consequences of a thing. It is used with the particle with, be- fore a person, and ut on ºn before a piace. ABIDER, 3-bl’dër, s 93. The person that abides or dweils in a place. ABIDING, 3-bi'dºng. s. 410. Continuance. ABJECT, ab'íčkt. a. 492. Mean or worthless; contemptible, or of no value. ABJECT, Šbjêkt. s. A man without hope. To AB3ECT, fib-jékt'. v. a. 492. To throw away. ABJECTEDNESS, Ab-jékt-8d-nēss. s. The state of an apiect ABJPCTION, fib-jék'shān. s. Meanness of mind; servility ; baseness. ABJECTLY, * ad. 452. In an abject iſlanner; meanty. ABJECTNESS, fibjékt-nēss. s. Servility, inean- Illé'SS. ABILITY, fi-bil'è-të. s 482. The power to do any thing; capacity, qualification. When it has the plural mtimber, abilities, it frequently signifies the faculties or powers of the mind. To ABJURE, Ab-jūre'. v. a. To hate with ac- || To swear not to do - something; to retract, or recant, a position upon oat?. ABJURATION, fib-jū-rá'shôn. s. The act of ab- juring ; the oath taken for that end. Tö ABLACTATE, fib-lák'tate. v. a. To wean from the breast. 91. ABLACTATION, fib-lāk-tä'shön. s. One of the methods of grafting. ABLAQUEATION, āb-lā-kwé-à'shāra. s. The practice of opening the ground about the roots of trees. 534. t ABLATION, fib-lä'shën. s. The act of taking a WaW. ABLATIVE, fib'lä-tív. a. 158. That which takes away ; the sixth case of the Latin nouns. ABLE, #'bl. a. 405. Having strong faculties, or great strength or knowledge, riches, or any other power of mind, body, or fortune; having power sufficient. AB,B-BoDIED, à-bl-böd'did. a. Strong of body } Q9. To ABLEGATE, fib'lè-gāte. v. a. To send abroad upon some employment. ABLEGATION, fib-lè-gū'shām. s. A sending abroad. ABLENESS, A'bl-nēss. s. Ability of body, vig- our, force. ABLEPSY, ab'lép-sé. s. 482. Want of sight. ABſ. UENT, ab'lú-ênt. a. That which has the power of cleaning. # ABLUTION, Ab-lèshán. s. The act of cleans- 111g. To ABNEGATE, fib'né-gāte. v. a. To demy. 91. ABNEGATION, ab-nē-gū'shôn. s. Denial, re. Inunciation, $. A BOARD, 3-bórd’. ad. 295. In a ship. ABOBE, A-bêde'. s. Habitation, dwelling, place of residence ; stay, continuation in a place. AB0DEMENT, fl-bóde'mént. s. A secret anti- cipation of soiaething future. To ABOLISH, fl-böl'lish. v. a. To annul; to put an end to ; to destroy. ABOF.jSHABLE, #-böl'lish-ā-bl. a. That which may be abolished. AbºlishER, à-böl'lish-àr s. 91. He that abol- 1S IlêS. ABOLISHMENT, fl-böl'lish-mént. s. The act of abolishing. ABOLITION, ab-ê-lish'ên. s. 544. The act of abolishing. ABOMINABLE, A-böm'ê-nā-bl. a. Hateful, de- testable. AROMINARLENESS, fl-bóm'è-nā-bl-nāss. s. 501 The quality of being abominable; hatefulness, odiousness. ABOMINA BLY, 3-böm'é-nā-blé. ad. Most hate. fully, odiously. To ABOMINATE, fl-bóm'è-māte. v. a. To ab- hor, detest, hate utterly. ABOMINATION, 3-böm-è-mâ'shān. s. Hatred, detestation. * ABORIGINES, ab-ê-ridje'é-nēz. s. The earliest inhabitants of a country. ABORTION, a bór'shôn. s. The act of bringing § untimely ; the produce of an untimely Jirth. ABORTIVE, fl-bër’tív. s. 157. That which is born before the due time. ABORTIVE, 3-bór’tív. a. Brought forth before the due time of birth; that which brings forth nothing. ABORTIVELY, fl-bór'tív-lè. ad. Born without the due time; immaturely, untimely: A BORTIVENESS, #-bór'tiv-nēss. s. The state of abortion ABORTMENT: ā-börtmént. s. The thing brought foºth out of time; an untimely birth. ABOVE,3-bäv'. prep. 165, Higher in place; higher in rank, power, or exºellence; beyond, more than }, too proud for, too high for. * ABOVE, fl-búv', ad. Over head; in the region; of heaven. * | ABS 4 ABS [G 539-Fāte, far, fall, fat;-mé, mét;—plme, pin 5– ABOVF. ALT., á-bāv-àll'. In the first place; chiefly. ABOVE-BOARD, 3-bäv'bórd. In open sight; without artifice or trick. ABOVE-CITED, 3-bäv'sj'téd. Cited before. ABOVE-GROUND, 3-bäv'größnd. An expression used to signify, that a man is alive; not in the Trave. Aśvā.MENTION ED, 3-báv'm&n-shūnd. See ARove-crter). To ABOUND, 3-bäänd'. v. m, 545. To have in great plenty, to be in great plenty. ABOUT, fl-bóüt'. prep. 545. Round, surround- ing, encircling; near to ; concerning, with re- gard to, relating to ; engaged in, employed upon ; appendant to the person, as Clothes, &c.; relating to the person, as a servant. ABOUT, 3-böut'. ad. Circular y ; in circuit ; nearly ; the longest way, in opposition to the short straight way; to bring about, to bring to the point or state desired ; as, he has brought about his purposes; to come about, to coine to some certain state or point; to go about a tiling, to prepare to do it. ABRACADABRA, fib-rá-kā-dāb'rá. stitious charm against agties. To ABRADE, fl-bråde'. v. a. To rub off, to wear away from the other parts. ABRASION, fl-brå'zhàm. s. a rubbing off. ABREAST, fl-brèst'. ad. 545. Side by side. To A BRIDGE, fl-bridje. v. a. To make shorter in words, keeping still the same substance; to contract, to diminish, to cut short; to deprive ot. ABRIDGED OF, fl-bridjd' àv. Deprived of, de- barred from. 359. An ABRIDGER, A-bridjôr s. He that abridges, a shortener; a writer of compendiums or abridg- ments. ABRIſ)GMENT, fl-bridge'mént. s. The contrac- tion of a larger work into a sanall compass a diminution in general. ABROACH, 3-bröfsh’. ad. 295. In a posture to run out; in a state of being diffused or propa- gated. ABROAD, 3-bråwd', ad, 295. Out of the house; in another country;, without, not within. To ABROGATE, #5'í Ó-glute. v. a. To take away from a law in force; to repeal, to annul. 91. ABROGATION. #1,-16-gå'shūm. s. The act of abrogating; the repeal of a law. i ABRUPT, fib-rūpt. a. Broken, craggy ; sudden, without the customary or proper preparatives. ABRUPTION, Ab-rêp'shôn. s. Violent and sud- den separation. ABRUPTLY, fib-räpt'lè. ad. Hastily, without the due forms of preparation. ABRUPTNESS, Ab-räpt'néss. s. An abrupt man- mer, haste, suddenness. ABSCESS, ‘īb'séss. s. A morbid cavity in the body. To ABSCJND, fib-sind'. v. a. To cut off. ABSCISSION, Ab-sizh'âm.s. The act of cutting oſſ; the state of being cut off. §§’ i have differed from Mr. Shelidan in mark- ing the ss in this word, and, I think, with the best usage on my side. Though double s is al- most always pronounced sharp and hissing, yet when a sharp s precedes, it seems more agree- able to the ear to pronounce the succeeding s flat. Thus, though the termination ition is al- ways sharp, yet because the s in transition is necessarily sharp, the t goes into the flat sound, as if written transizhion, which see. To ABSCOND, fib-skönd'. v. a. To hide one's getſ. ABSCONDER, Ab-skön'dèr. s. The person that absconds. ABSENCE, ab'sénse. s. The state of being ab- sent, opposed to p.esence; inattention, heed- lessness, neglect of the present object. ABSENT, fib in mind, imattentive. A super- The act of rubbing, s&nt. a. 492. Not present; * | To ABSENT, ab-sémt'. v. a. To withdraw, to forbear to come into presence. ABSENTEF, Ab-sén-tê'. s. A word used com- monly with regard to Irishmen living out of their country. ABSINTHIATED, Ab-sin'thé-à-téd. p. Impreg. nated with wormwood. To Assist, āb-sist'. v. m. To stand off, to leave Oi!, To ABSOLVE, #b-zólv’. v. a. 448. To clear, to acquit of a crime in a judicial sense; to set free from an engagement or promise; to pronounce a sin remitted, in the ecclesiastical sense. ABSOLUTE, fib'sé-lète. a. 448. Complete, ap- plied as well to persons as things; uncondition al, as an ahsolute promise; not relative, as abs solute space , not limited, as absolute power- See IXom Estic. ABSOLUTELY, fib'só-lôte-lè. ad. Completely, without restriction ; without condition; pe- rempforw, positively. ABSOLUTEN ESS, #b'sö-lôte-néss. s. Complete- mess; freedom from dependence, or limits; despotism. ABSOLUTION, 3b-sö-à'shön. s. Acquittal; the remission of sins, or of penance. ABSOLUTORY, ab-soi'ā-tär-ré. a. That which absolves. [[j' In the first edition of this Dictionary I fol- lowed the accentuation of Johnson and Ash in this word, and placed the stress upon the first syllable, contrary to what I had done some *. before in the Rhyming Dictionarv, where had placed the accent on the second, and which was the accentuation adopted by JMr. Sheridan. Upon a nearer inspection of the ama- logies of the language, I find this the preferable mode of marking it, as words in this termi- nation, though very irregular, generally follow the stress of the corresponding noun or verb ; and consequently this word ought to have the same accest as absolve, which is the more im- mediate relation of the word in question, and not the accent of absolute, which is the most distant. 512. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Entick, and JVares, have not inserted this word ; and Mr. § ºry improperly accents it upon the third syllable. ABSONANT, fib'sé-mânt. a. 544. Contrary to T{*...] SO1). ABSONOUS, ab'sé-nós. a. Absurd, contrary to réâSOH. To ABSORB, Ab-sörb'. v. a. To swallow up ; to suck up. ABSORBENT, ab-sér'běnt. s. A medicine that sucks up humours. ABSORPT, Ab-sårpt'. p. Swallowed up. ABSORPTION, #b-sårp'shēn. s. The act of swallowing up. To ABSTAIN, ab-stäme'. v. m. To forbear, to de- ny one's self any gratification. ABSTEMIOUS, #b-stè'mé às a. Temperate, so. ber, abstinent. / ABSTEMIOUSLY, ab-stèmè-às-lè. ad. Tempe- rately, goberly, without indulgence. Aś. āb-stè'mē-ăs-nēss. s. 534. The quality of being abstemious. ABSTEYTION, ab-stén'shäu. s. The act of hold- ing off. To ÁBSTERGE, ab-stèrje'. v. a. To cleanse, by wiping º AB3'ſ ERGENT, Ab-stér'jént. a. Cleansing; hav- ing a cleansing quality. To ÁBSTERSE, Ab-stérse'. v. a. To cleanse, to purify. ABSTERSION, fib-stèr'shôn. s. cleausing. ABSTERSIVE, ab-stér'sív. a. 428. That has the quality of absterging or cleansing. ABSTINENCE, 3b'sté-nēnse. s. Forbearance of }. thing; fasting, or forbearance of necessary QO(4. The act of ACA & ACA —nö, móve, nár, nét;—túbe, tib, būll;—ö... ;-pôānd;—thin, this. ABSTINE, NT,áb'stè-nēnt. a. Thatuses abstinence. To ABSTRACT, fib-stråkt'. v. a. To take one thing from another; to separate ideas ; to re- duce to an epitome ABSTRACT, fib-stråkt'. a. Separated from some- thing else: generally used with relation to men- tal perceptions. ABSTRACT, #b'stråkt. s. 492. A smaller quan- tity, containing the virtue or power of a great- er; an epitome made by taking out the princi- pal parts. - ABSTRACTED, fib-stråk’téd. p. a. Separated; refined, abstruse; absent of mind. ABSTRACTEDLY, fib-stråk'téd-lè. aſſº. With ah- straction; simply; separate from alf contingent circumstances. ABSTRACTION, Áb-stråk'shūm. s. The act of abstracting ; the state of being abstracted. ABSTRAC five, abstråktiv. a. Having the power or quality of abstracting. f ABSTRACTLY, ab-stråkt'lé. ad. In an abstract Iłłańſſler”. ABSTRUSE, Ab-stråse'. a. 427. Hidden; diſſi- cult; remote from conception or apprehension. ABSTRUSELY, fib-strèse'lè. ad. Obscurely, not plainly, or obviously. ABSTRUSENESS, Ab-ströse'méss. s. Difficulty; obscurity. ABSTRUSITY, Ab-strú'sè-té. s. 511. mess ; that which is abstruse. To ABSUME, fib-stime'. v. a. To bring to an end by gradual waste. AšščRij, āb-sård’. a. Inconsistent; contrary to I ea SOH. ABSURDITY, &b-sår'dè-té. s. 511. The quality of being absurd ; that which is absurd. ABSURDLY, fib-stird'é. ad. Improperly, unrea- sonably. ABSURDNESS, ab-sºrd'néss. s. The quality of being absurd ; injudiciousness, impropriety. ABUNDANCE, 3-bün'dánse. s. Plenty ; great numbers; a great quantity; exuberance; more than enough. ABUNDANT, fl-bán'dānt. a. Plentiful; exube- rant; fully stored. ABUND ANTLY, 3-bêm'dānt-lé, ad. . In plenty ; amply ; liberally ; more than sufficiently. To ABUSE, A-büze'. v. a. 437. To make an ill use of ; to deceive, to impose upon ; to treat with rudeness. ABUSE, 3-bise'. s. 437. The ill use of anything; a corrupt practice; bad custom ; seducement; unjust censure, rude reproach. Aºi. ā-bū'zār. s. He that makes an ill use; he that deceives ; he that reproaches with rudeness. ABUSIVE, a-bii'siv. a. 428. Practising abuse; containing abuse ; deceitful. ABUSIVELY, fl-bū'siv-lè. ad. Improperly ; by a wrong use ; reproachfully. To ABUT, 3-bät'. v. m. obsolete. To end at ; to border upon ; to meet ; or approach to. ABUTMENT, #-Lāt'mént. s. That which abuts, or borders upon another. ABYSS, #-biss'. s. A depth without bottom; a great depth,; a gulf. ACACIA, fi-kä'shē-ă. s. 505. A drug brought from Egypt. A&MIAL, āk-à-dè'mē-ăl. a. Relating to an academy. ACADEMAN, flk-à-dèmè-án. s. A scholar of an academy or university. ACADEMICAL, Šk-à-dém'mè-kāi. a. Belonging to an university. & ACADEMICK, ak-à-dém'ik s. 508. A student of an university. ACADEMICK, flk-kā-dém'ik. a. Relating to an university. à. * T f * ACADEMICIAN, āk-kā-dè-mish'ān s. The member of an academy. ā-kād'dè-mist, ACADEMIST, or, S. Akā-dihºst. S The member of an academy. Abstruse- ACADEMY, } ā-kād'dè-mé, or, S. āk’ā-démè. : An assembly or society of men, uniting for the promotion of some art; the place where scien- ces are taught ; a place of education, in con tradistinction to the universities or public schools. [[5 Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word was an ciently and properly accented on the first syl lable, though now frequently on the second That it was accented on the first syllable till within these few years, is pretty generally re- membered ; and if Shakspeare did not, by po- etical license, violate the accentuation of his time, it was certainly pronounced so two cen- turies ago, as appears by Dr. Johnson's imita- tion cf him: “Our court shall be a little academy, “Still and contemplative in living arts.” Love's Labour's Lost. And in Ben Jonson's JNew Inn we find the same accentuation : “Every house became , “An academy of honour, and those parts “We see departed.”— But the accentuation of this word formerly, on the first syllable, is so generally acknowledged, as not to stand in need of poetic authority The question is, whether this accentuation, or that which places the stress on the second syl lable, is the most proper ? To wave, therefore the authority of custom, which precludes aii reasoning on language, and reduces the dispute to a mere matter of fact, it may be presumed that whatever is agreeable to the most general usage of the language in similar words, is the most proper in this ; and if it appears that ge- neral usage, in similar words, is in favour of the old pronunciation, it must certainly, for that reason, be allowed to be the best. And first it may be observed, that as our language is almost as averse to the accent on the last syllable, as the Latin, it is a general custom with us, when we adopt a word from the Latin, and abridge it of one or two of its syllables, to realove the accent at least a syllable higher than it was in the original language, that the accent, when the word is naturalized, may not rest on the last Thus of Homerus, we make Hômer; of Virgilius, Virgil, and of Hon ätius, Hörace: Hyacinthus altered to Hy'acinth, removes the accent two syllables higher ; aud carremji.io, become céré. nonſ, does the same ; and no law, that I know of, forbids us to accent academia, or it you will Akadºxia, when turned into academy, on the first syllable, as it was constantly accented by our aucestors; who, receiving Greek through the medium of Latin, generally pronounced Greek words according to the Latin analogy, and therefore necessarily placed the accent of acadenia on the third syllable, which, when re- duced to academy, required the accent to be re- moved higher. But how, it will be said, does this account for placing the accent on the first syllable of the English wond acaden, lather than the second P To this it may be answered, that the number less instances of preference given by the accent to the first syllable in similal words, such as melancholy, parsimony, dilatory, &c. might be a sufficient authority without any other reason. But, perhaps, it will be pardoned me if I go farther, and hazard a supposition that seems to account for the very common practice of placing the accent of so many of the longer polysylla- bles from the Latin on the first or second syllary ble. Though in the Latin there never was: more than one accent upon a word, yet, in our pronunciation of Latin, we commonly place an ACC / ACC - º --- Twº w 6 . - [[F 559–Fête, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—pine, pin;– accent on alternate syllables, as in our own words; and when the }. word, by being an- Jicised, becomes shorter, the alternate accent ecomes the principal. Thus, in pronouncing the Latim word academia, the English naturally +lace an accent on the first and third syllabłe, 'as if divided into &c-a-dº-mi-u ; so that when the word becomes anglicised into de-a-de-mi, the first syllable retains thu accent it had when the word was Latim. Oil the other hand, it may be conjectured with some probability, that a fond- ness for pronouncing like the French has been the occasion of the alteration. As the Inglish ever suppose the French ple, e the accent on the last syllable, in emdeavourias tº prouounce this word after their mammer, the ress int'st naturally fall of the second and last syllables, as iſ divided into 9-cººl-a-mie ; and from an imi- tation of this, it is probable, the present pro- nunciation of the word was produced. Thus we have a very probable eason why so many of our longer words from the Latin are accent ed so near the beginning ; as, in this mode of pronouncing them, they seem to retain one of the accents of the original. Hence the ion 2 train of words, rotuntury, comp ºſe, desp ſt', e. admirable, &c. have the accent on the first sylla- ble, because in pronouncing the words volunta- rºws, comparabilis, disputabilis, adua; abilis, &c. we commonly lay a stress upon tile fit st; as will as the third syllable. As to the analogy, as Mr. Sheridan pretends, of promouncing this won d -with the accent on the second syllable, because words ending in my have the accent on the aute- enultimate, nothing can be more ill-founded True it is, that words of this termination never have the accent ou the penultimate ; but that, for this reason, they must Ilect ssarily have the accent on the alatepenultinate, I can lot well comprehend. If polºgum , Geco omi , astrongmu, &c. 513. have their accept on the art ºpeniniti- mate, it arises from the nature of the teriuina- tions; which being, as it were, a species, and applicable to a thousand other words, have, 11%e togy and graphy, “he ºccent always on the pre- ceding syllable ; which seems best to uniic the compound into one won d: but academy being a simple, is subject to no such rule, and seems naturally to incline to a different analogy of ronunciation. Thus 'Dr. Johnson seeins to ave decided justly in saying the word academu ought to have the accent on the ſinst syllable ; though present usage, it must be confessed, seems to lead to the contrary pronunciation. ACANTHUS, fl-kān'thäs. s. 470. The lacrb bears- foot. ACATALECTIC, ā-kāt-à-lèk'tºk. s. A verse which ha§ the complete number of syllables. To ACCEDE, ak-séde'. v. n. To be added to; to come to. To ACCELERATE, fik-sé!’lār-šte. v. a. To make uick, to hasten, to quicken motion. ACCELERATION, flk-sºl-lār-à'shôn. s. The act of quickening motion ; the state of the body ac- celerated. 553. To ACCEND, a.k-sćnd. v. a. Oil flie. ACCENSHON, flk-s&m'shān, s. The act of kin- dling, gr the state of beiig, kindled. ACCENT, #k'sént. s. 486. The manner of speak- ing or pronouncing; the marks made upon syl- lables to regulate their pronunciation ; a modi- fication of the voice, expressive of the passions or Rentiments. To ACCENT, flk-sént' v. a. 492. To pronounce, to speak words with particular regard to the graininatical marks or rules; to write or mote the accents. ACCENTUAL, Šk-sén'tshū-āl. a. Relating to ac- cents, 463. w * - To kindle; to set '[[; This word is in no English Dictionary I have met with 3 but, conceiving its formation to be , A. perfectly agreeable to the analogy of English adjectives, and finding it used by several very respectable authors, I have ventured to insert it Mr. Foster, in his Essay on Accent and Quam- tity, says, “When a high note succeeds a low “one, or rises above the grave toile of voice, “ the perception of it is sudden and instanta- * neous, before the continuance of the note is “ deter mined one way or the other for long or “short. This I more clearly conceive, than I can “perhaps express. I can however engage to Llake “ it perceptible to a common Englishearin any “ G1 cek word, according to its present accentua. “mark.” And Dr. Galley, in his Dissertation against Greek Accents, makes use of the same word, where he says, “ For if ºrogot means, ac- “cording to Mr. Foster, that oratorical or com- mom discourse differs from music only in the number of sounds, i. e. that the former has ‘ only four or five notes, but that the latter has many more, then the accentual pronunciation of a Gheck sentence will not diſler from the singing of the same sentence, when set to four or five corresponding notes in music, i. e. it * will in bºth cases he a song.” ſo ACCENTUATE, ak-sém'tshū-āte. v. a. 461. To place the accent properly. ACCENTUATION, ak-sém-tshū-à'shūm. s. The at f of placing the accent in pronunciation; or w iting. To ACCEPT, flk-sépt'. v. a. To take with plea- sture, to receive kindly. ACCEPTABILITY, Šk-sép-tá-billé-té. s. The quaſity of being acceptable. ACCEPTABLE, ak'sép-tá-bl. a.Grateful; pleasing J sº Within these twenty years this word has shill ect its accent ſton, the second to the first sy liable. There are now few polite speakers who do not pronounce it ac'ceptable; and it is much to be egretted that this pronunciation is be one so general ; for where consonants of so different an organ as p and t are near the end of a word, the word is pronounced with much more dificulty when the accent is removed higher than when it,is arrested by these letters ; for, in this case, the force which accompanies the accent facilitates the organs in their tranisi- tion from the formization of the one letter to the other. As mature, therefore, directs us to place the accent upon these consonants in all words ending in aſ twe, eſtive, icture, octive, and uctive &cºlle, ectable, octable, and actible ; so we ought to listen to the same voice in pronouncing uſ repla- ble, suscephble, corruptible, with the accent on the second syllable. See Commendable. ACCEPTABLENESS, #k'sép-tá-bl-néss. s. The quality of being acceptable; ACCEPTABLY, ak'sép-tá-blé. ad. table manner. ACCEPTANCE, flk-sép'tänse: S. Reception with approbation ACCEPTATION, flk-sép-tä'shān. S. Reception, whether good or bad; the meaning of a word, ACCEPTER, flk-såp'tūr. s.98. The person that a CC COfs. ACCEPTION, flk-sép'shán. s. The received sense of a word ; the meaning ACCESS, #k-séss'. s. The way by which any thing may be approached; the means, or liberty, of approaching either to things or men; in- crease, enlargement, addition; the returns or fits of a distemper. [[; This word is sometimes heard with the accent on the first syllable. “Hail, water-gruel, healing power, “Of easy access to the poor!” º But this pronunciation ought to be avoided as contrary to analogy, and the general usage of the language; as may be seem in Johnson under Sº The In an accep- the word. ACCESSARINESS, a.k'sés-sà'rè-nēss, s, stºie of being accessary. . * ACC 7 * ACC g "Acciºğiox , àk-såsh'âm. s. ACCESSARY, flk'sés-sà-ré. s. He that, not being the chief agent in a crime, contributes to it. . . ACCESSARY, fik'sés-sà-ré.a. Joined to, addi tional; helping forward. ACCESSIBLE, ak-sés-'sè-bl. a. That which ma . be approached. 4- Increase by soine- thing added ; the act of coming to, on joiniºg one's self to, as, accession to a confederaç, ; the act of arriving at, as, the king’s accession to the throne. ACCESSORILY, ak'sés-sà-ré-lè. ad. In the man- mer of an accessory. ACCESSORY, filt'sés-sà-rè. a. 557. Joined to another thing, so as to increase it; additional. ACCEDENCE, flk'sè-dénse. s. The listle book containing the first rudiments of grammar, and explaining the properties of the eight parts of speech. * AöößNT, āk'sè-děnt. s. The property or quality of any being which may be separated from it, at least in thought ; in grammar, the property of a word; that which happens un-ſ foreseen ; casualty, chance. ACCIDENTAL, ak-sé-dén'tál. s. A property non- essential. ACCHD ENTAL, flk-sè-dén'tál. a. IIaving the quality of an accident, non-essential ; casual, fortuitous. happening by chance. ACCHI}}}NTALLY, ak-sé-dén'tál-lè. ad. Casually, fortuitously. * - ACCIDENTALNESS, flk-sè-dén'tāl-nēss. S. The quality of being accidental. ACCIPIENT, #k-sºp'pë-ênt. s. A receiver. To ACCITE, flk-site'. v. a. To call ; to summon. ACCLAIMI, flk-kläme'. s. A shout of praise; ac- clamation. ACCLAMATION, flk-klä-mâ'shēn. s. applause. ACCLIVI TY, flk-kliv'vé-té. a. 511. The steep- ness or slope of a line inclining to the horizon, reckoned upwards; as, the ascent of an hiſ is the acclivity, the descent is the declivity. ACCLIVOUS, a.k-kli'vils. a. 503, h. Rising with a slope. To ACCI,0Y, al-klóē'. v. a. 329. To ſill up, in an ill seatse; to fill to satiety To ACCOIL, #k-kóil'. v. n. 299. To crowd; to keep a coil about ; to bustle ; to be in a hurry. ACCOł, ENT, flk'kö-lént. s 54 f. , A borderer. ACCOMMOſ) ABLE, ak-köm'mô-dà-bl. a That which may be fitted. Shouts of l k To ACCOMMODATE, ak-köm'mô-dºte. v. a. 91. To supply with conveniencies of thy kind ACCOMMODATE, flk-köm'mô-dāte. a. Suit- able, fit. 91." ACCOMMODATELY, flk-köm'mô-dºtte-lè, ad. 91. Suitably, fitly. ACCOMMODATION, fil-köm-mö-dà'shôn. s. Provision of conveniencies; in the plural, con- veniencies, things requisite to ease or refresh- ment; composition of a difference ; reconcilia- tion; adjustment. ACCOMPANABLE, äkkâmpā-nā-bl. a. Sociable. ACCOMPANIER, flk-kām"pā-nē-ăr. s. The per- son, that makes part of the company ; coin- panion. To ACCOMPANY., ák-küm'pā-nē. v. a. To be with another as a companion; to join with, 165. ACCOMPLICE, ak-köm'plis. s. 142. An associate, a partaker, usually in an ill sense ; a palther, Or Co-Operator. To ACC0MPLISH, flk-köm'plish. v. a. To com- plete, to execute fully, as, to accomplish a de- sign; to fulfil, as a prophecy; to adorn, or fur- mish either mind or º; gº ACCOMPLISHED, flk-köm'plish-Éd. p. a. Com- plete in some qualification ; elegant, finished in respect of embellishments. Ağıºğ. āk-köm'plish-ör. s. The per- son that aggomplishes. . ACCOMPLISHMENT, flk-kém'plish-mênt. s. —nó, móve, nér, nôt;—túbe, tāb, büll ;-&il;-pôānd;—thin, This. ACCURACY, flkſkú-rá-sè s, Completion, full performance, perſection, com. pletion, as of a prophecy; embellishment, ele- gance, ornament of mind or body. ACCOMPT, ak-köünt'. s. 407. An account, a rºckoning. % CCOMPTANT, flk-köän'tánt. s. c, imputer. 412. To ACCORD, #k-körd'. v. a. To make agree, to adjust one thing to another. * fo ACCORD? §k-körd'. v. n. To agree, to suit one with another. * VCCORD, flk-körd'. s. A compact, an agree. ment ; concurrence; union of mind; harmony, symmetry. ACCORDANCE, flk-kör'dānse. s. Agreement with a person 5, conformity to something. ACCORDANT, #k-kör'dānt, a. Willing, in good humour. ACCORDING, #k-kör'ding. p. In a manner suit- able to ; agreeable to ; in proportion; with re- gard to. • ACCORDINGLY, flk-körding-lè. ad. Agreea bly, suitably, conformably. To ACCOST, Ak-köst'. v. a. To speak to first; to address; to salute. ACCOSTARLE, ak-kös'tá-bl. a. 405. access, familiar. ACCOUNT, fik-köänt'. s. 407. A computation of debts or expenses; the state or resuit of a coin- putation; value or estimation; a narrative, re- lation ; the relation and reasons of a transac- tion given to a person in authority; explana- tion, assignment of causes. To ACCOUNT, Ak-köänt'. v. a. To esteem, to think, to hold in opinion; to reckon, to com- pute; to give an account, to assign the causes; to make up the reckoning, to answer for prac. tice; to hold in esteem *A ACCOUNTABLE, flk-köün'tā-bl. a. Of whom an account may be required; who must an swer for. * ACCOUNTANT, #k-l.éân'tänt. a. to , respons th!e for. - ACCOUNTAN 1, §k-köän tint. s. A computer a man Sºulietl or employed in accounts. ACLOUNT-BOOK, ak-köünt'bóók. s. A book Containing accounts. To ACCOUPLE,... àk-kāppl. v. a. To join; to ink together. 314. To ACCOURT, ak-kört'. v. a. 318. To enter tain with courtship, or courtesy. To ACCOUTRE, ak-köö'túr. v. a. To dress; to equip. 315. ACCOUTREMENT, Ak-köö'tär-mént. s. Dress, eq;ilpage, trappings, ornaments. ACCREDITFI), āk-ki édit-éd. adj Of allowed reputation ; confidential. JMason. w ACCRETION, ak-kré'shán. s. The act of grow. ing to another, so as to increase it, ACCRETIVE, āk-krétiv. a. 158' Growing that which by growth is added. ... To ACCROACH, #k-krótsh'. v. a. To draw to one as with a hook. 295. To ACCRUE, ak-kroë'. v. n. 339. To accede to, to be added to ; to be added, as an advan- tage or improvement; in a commercial sense, to be produced, or arise, as profits. ACCUBA TION, 3k-kū-bä'shūm. s. The ancient posture of leaning at meals. To ACCUMB, Ak-kåmb'. v. a. 347. To lie at the table according to the ancient manner. A reckoner, Easy of Accountable Tu ACCUM ULATE, āk-kū'indi-lāte. W. di. Tºo pile up 3 to heap together. 91. r ACCUMULAT.ON, Tak-kū-mü-IA'shôn. s. The act of accumulating ; the state of being accu- mulated. * ACCUMULATIVE, #k-kū'mū-lä-tív. a. That’ which, accumulates; that which is accumula- ted. 157. -- ACCUMULATOR, flk-kā'mū-lä-tär, s. He that aggumulates; a gathereror heaper together. 52 Exactness, nicety. g # *- ACR" flºº 559–Fâte, ſār, fill, ſāt;—mē, mét;—pine, pīn;– ACCURATE, #k'kū-råte a. 91. Exact, as op- posed to negligence or ignorance; exact, with- out, defect or failure. 2. ' ACCUTATELY, #k'kū-räte-lè. ad. Exactly ; without errour; micely. - ACCURATENESS. ākkö-rate-nēss. s. ness, nicety. To ACCURSE, #k-kārse'. v. a. misery. - - ACCURSED, flk-kār'sšd. part. a. 362. That which is cursed or doomed to misery; execra- ble, hateful, detestable. ACCUSABLE, #k-kū'zā-bl. a. 405. That which may be censured ; blameable ; culpabie. ACCUSATHCºV, #k-kū-zà'shān. s. The act of ac- cusing, the charge brought against any one. ACCUšštív E, iſſkºzálūy. . . terº of grain- Imar, the fourth case of a noum. ACCUSATORY, #k-kū'zā-tó-ré. a. That which produceth or containeth an accusation. 512. To ACCUSE, flk-küze'. v. a. To charge with a crine; to blame or censure. ACCUSER, Ak-kū'zār. s. 93. He that brings a charge against another. To ACCUSTOM, #k-kās’tàm. v. a. To habitu- afe, to initre. ACCUSTOM ABLE, filt-käs’tām-má-b}. a. Bone by long custom or habit ACCUSTOMA BH.V., ák-kás'īām-à-biè. ad. A. c- cording to custom. - ACCUSTOMANCE, Šk-kāstām-mänse. s. Cus- tom, habit, use. ACCOS'i'Gyi ARILY, flk-küş'tärn-mâ-rè-18. ad. In a customary manner. ACCUSTO%3ARY, #k-kästäm-mā-rè. a. Usual, practised. 512. ACCUSTOMED, flk-kās’tām-éd. a. According to custom; frequent; nsual. 362. - ACE, &c. s. Ali unit; a single point in cards or dice ; a smali quantity. ACERBITY, 3-sér'bè-té. s. 511. A rough sour taste; applied to men, sharpness of temper. To & CERVATE, 3-sér'väte. v. a. 93. To heap upon. - A CERVATION, fis-Ér-vä'shāa. s. 527. Heaping together. ACESCENT, #-sés'sént. a. That which has a tendency to sourness or acidity. ACETOSE, fis-à-töse'. a. 427. That which has in it acids. - ACETOSITY, #s-&-tós'é-té. s. 511. The state of being acetose. Á0 ETOUS, fl-sé'tás. a. 314. Sour. ACPi£, #ke. s. 355. A continued pain. fo ACHE, Ake. v. n. To be in pain. To ACHIEVE, At-tshëve'. v. a. To perform; to finish. 257. An ACHIEVER, Ét-tshë'vár. s. forms what he endeavours. - - An ACHIEVEMENT, fit-tshëve"mént. s. The performance of an action; the escutcheon, or ensigns armorial. ACHOR, Aſkör. s. 166. A species of the herpes. ACID, fis'sid, a. Sour, sharp. ACIDITY, fl-sid'dè-té. s. 511. IłęSS, ACIDNESS, fis'síd-nēss. s. The quality of being acid. - ACIDUL.A., á-sid'dā-lè. s. 199 Medicinal springs -Y 4. * * ** Exact- To doom to He that per- Sharpness, sour- impregnated with sharp particles. º To ACEſ) ULATE, fl-słd'âû-lāte. v. a. To tinge with acids in a slight degree.91. To ACKNOWLEDGE, flk-nēllédj. v. a. To own the knowledge of; to own any thing or person in a particular character; to confess, as, a faultº to own, as, a benefit. 328. º A. C&NOWLEDGING, flk-möl'ſédj-ing. a. Grate- ful, A. KNOWLEDGMENT, flk-nēl'édje-mênt. s. * . See KNow LEDGE. Concession of the truth of any position; confession of a fault; castfession of a benefit received. ACME, ak'mè. s. The height of any thing more especially used to denote the height of a distemper. At Of..O'THIST, #-köl'ló-thist. s. One of the iowest order in the Roman church. * ACOLYTE, flk'ó-lite. s. 544. The same as Acol. of hist. * ACONi's E, flk'kö-nite. s. 155. The herb wolf's. bane. In poetical language, poison in general. ACORN, A'körn. s. The seed or fruit borne by the oak. r ACOUSTICKS, fl-köä'stſks. s. 313. The doc trime or theory of sounds; medicines to help the hearing. *. To ÁCQUAINT, ik-kwänt'. v. a. To make fa- iniliar with ; to inform. 202. * * ACQUAINTANCE, ak-kwºn'tánse. s. The stata of being acquainted with ; familiarity ; know. ledge ; familiar knowledge; a slight or initial Knowledge, short of friendship ; the person with whom we are acquainted, without the intimacy of friendship. ACQUAINTED, a.k-kwān'téd. a. Familiar; well known. ACQUEST, flk-kwóst'. s. “Acquisition; the thing gained. To ACQUESCE, flk-kwe-Šss'. v. n. To rest in, or remain satisfied. ACQUIESCENCE, #k-kwº-éss'épse. s. A silent appearance of content; satisfaction, rest, con tent ; suinºission. ACQUIRAB},{C, Åk-kwi'rā-bl. a. Attainable. 405. To ACQUIRE, #k-kwire'. v. a. To gain by one's labour or power. . . AC&JIRED, flk-kwi'réd. particip. a. Gained by one's self. 362. 4. An ACQUIRER, Šk-kwi'rür. s. 98. that acquires; a gainer. An ACQUIREMENT, ak-kwire'mént. s. That which is acquired; gain ; attainment. ACQUISHTION, -āk-kw8-zish'shān. s. The act of acquiring...the thing gained ; acquirement. A CºtſISITVE, file-kwiz'zē-tív. a. That whicº, is acquired. 157. ACQUEST, #k-kwist'. s. Acquirement; attainment To ACQUiT, ak-kwit. v. a. 415. To set free, to clear from the charge of guilt, to absolve ; to ciear from any obligation ; the man hath ac- quitº himself well, he discharged his duty. ÁCGiji'TÉNT, flk-kwit.'mént. s. The state of being acquitted, or act of ºn; s a deliver- The person ACQūT'ſ Ai, Šk-kwit’tál. s. 157. ance from an offence. To ACQUITTANCE, #k-kwit’tänse. v. m. To procure an acquittance ; to acquit. ACQUETTANCE, ak-kwit’tänse. s. The act of discharging from a debt; a writing testifying the receipt of a debt. º ACRE, Aſkär. s. 98, 416. A quantity of land, con- taining in length , forty perches, and four in breadth; or four thousand eight hundred and forty square yards. + º ACRIſ), ák'krid. a. Of a hot biting taste. ACRIMONHOUS, #k-krè-mö'mē-ăs. ā. Sharp, cor- rosive. 31.4. - ACRIMONY, #k'krè-mö-nē. s. 557. Sharpness, corrosiveness; sharpness of temper, severity. See Do MEST1c. - - * ACRITUBE, Šk'krä-tūde. s. An acrid taste; a biting heat on the palºtte. a ACROAMATICAL, Šk'krô-á-mât’tè-kāl. . a. 509 Of or pertaining to deep learning. ACROSī’IRE, Élºi-rö-spire. s. 151. A shoot or sprout from the end of seeds. ** e. ACROSłłłED, flkſkrö-spl-réd. part, a. Having sprouts. 362. * ACROSS, fl-kröss”. ad. Athwart; laid over some- thing so as to cross it. * An AćROSTICK, #-kröss’tik. s. A poem, in which the first letter of every line being taken, makes up the name of the person or thing on which the poem is written ADA 9 ADE — no, móve, när, nét ;-túbe, túb, o ACT, flkt v. n. To be in action, not to rest. #: ACT, Akt. v. a. To perform a borrowed char- acter, as a stage player; to produce effects in some passive subject. ACT, Akt. s. Something done, a deed ; an ex- ploit, whether good or ill; a part of a play, during which the action proceeds without inter- ruption ; a decree of parliament. .. ACTION, #k'shān, s. 290. The quality or state of acting, opposite to rest; an act or thing done , a deed ; agency, operation; the series of events represented in a fable; gesticulation; the accordance of the motions of the body with the words spoken; a term in law. ACTIONABLE, #k'shān-ā-bl., a. That which ad- mits an action in law; punishable. 5. ACTION-TAKING, flk'shān-tà'king. a. Litigious. ACTIVE, #k’tív. a. 151. That which has the power or quality of acting ; that which acts, opposed to passive; busy, engaging in action, opposed to idle or sedentary; nimble, agile, quick; in grammar, a verb active is that which signifies action, as, I teach. ACTIVELY, #k’tív-lè. ad. Busily, nimbly. ACTIVENESS, aktív-néss. s. Quickness; nim- bleness. ACTIVITY, file-tiv'é-té. s. 515. The quality of being active. ACTOR, flk'tár. s. 93, 418. He that acts or per- forms any thing ; he that personates a charac- ter; a stage player. ACTRESS, flk'tréss. s. She that performs any thing ; a woman that plays on the stage. ACTUAL, Šk'tshū-ál. a. 461. Really in act, not merely potential; in act; not purely in specu- lation. ACTUALITY, ak-tshā-āl'lè-té. s. The state of being actua l. ACTUALLY, flk'tshū-āl-lè. ad. In act, in effect, really. ACTUALNESS, flk'tshū-āl-néss. s. The quality of being actual. ACTUARY, flk'tshū-à-rè. s. The register or offi- cer who compiles the minutes of the proceed- ings of the court. To ÁCTUATE, ak'tshū-āte. v. a. To put into action. ACTUOSE, flk-tshū-6se'. a. Having the power of action.,...ish, Šee TUMULosº. To ACUATE, flk'êt-àte, v. a. 91. To sharpen. ACULEATE, fl-kū'lē-ăte. a. 91. Prickly; that which terminates in a sharp point. ACUMEN, fl-kū'mén. s. 503, h. A sharp point ; figuratively ; quickness of intellect. AööMiN *ED, ā-kā mé-nā-têd. p. a. Ending in a point; sharp pointed. ACUTE, fl-küte'. a. Sharp, opposed to blunt; ingenious, opposed to stupid ; acute disease, any disease which is attended with an increas- ed velocity of blood, and terminates in a few days; acute accent. that wnich raises or sharp- ens the voice. ACUTELY, fl-kūte'lé. ad. After an acute man- ner ; *ś. ACUTENESS, 3-küte'néss. s. Sharpness; force of intellects; violence and speedy crisis of a malady. ; sharpness of sound. ADACTED, fl-dák’téd. part. a. Driven by force. ADAGE, fid'àje, s 90. A maxim, a proverb. ADAGIO, 3-dajë-6 s. A term used by musicians, to mark a slow time. ADAMANT, fid'à-mânt. s. A stone of impene: ; trable hardness; the diamond ; the load-stone. ADAMANTEAN, Ad-à-mân-té'âm. a. Hard as adamant. 3 # ADAMANTINE, fidsä-mán'tin.’a. Mäde of ad- ant; having the qualities of adamant, .# ardness, indissolubili #. Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry, iformly pronounce the last syllable of this 'word as it is here marked, and W. Johnston pnly so as to º with line. 140. büll;-&il,—pôānd;—thin, THIs. ADAM’s-APPLE, fid'âmz-áp'pl. s. A prominent part of the throat. To ADAPT, 3-dàpt'. v. a. To fit, to suit, to pro- OrtiC}). ADAPTATION, fid-āp-tä'shôn. s. The act of fitting one thing to another; the fitness of one thing to another. 527. w ADAPTION, fl-dáp'shān. s. The act of fitting. To ADi), ād. v. a. To join something to that : which was before. To ADDECIMATE, fid-dés'sè-māte. v. a. To take or ascentain tithes. 91. To ADDEEM, fid-dèèm'. v. a. To esteem, to ac- COUnt. ADDER, fid'dër. S. 98,418. A serpent, a viper, a poisomous reptile. ADDER's-GRASS, fid'dārz-gräss. s. A plant. ADDER's-TONGUE, ad'dörz-täng. s. herb ADDER's-WORT, #d'dārz-wärt. s. An herb. AºELE, ād'dè-bl. a. 405. Possible to be ad- ded. ADDHBILITY, fid-dé-billè-té. s. The possibility of being added. 511. ADDICE, addis's ſº. A kind of ax, corrupt- ly pronounced adz. To ADDICT, ad-dikt'. v. a. To devote, to dedi- cate: it is commonly taken in a bad sense, as, he addicted himself to vice. ADDICTEDNESS, #d-dik’těd-néss. s. The state of being addicted. ADDICTION, Ad-dikshön. s. The act of devoting; the state of being devoted. An ADDITAMENT, ad-dit’ā-mént. s. Addition; the thing added. Aſ) DITION, ad-dish'shān. S. 459. The act of adding one thing to another; the thing added; in arithmetic, addition is the reduction of two or more numbers of like kind together into one sum or total. ADDITIONAL, fid-dish'shān-āl. a. That which is added. ADD{TORY, fid'dè-tó-rè. a. 512. That which has the power of adding. ADDLE, fid'd!. a. 405. Originally applied to eggs, and signifying such as produce nothing : * transferred to brains that produce no thing. ADDLE-PATED, fiddl-pá-téd. a. Having bar- ren brains. wº To ADDRESS, #d-dréss'. v. a. To prepare one's self to enter upon any action ; to apply to an- other by words. ADDRESS, #d-dréss'. s. Verbal application to any one ; courtship; manner of addressing an- other, as, a man of pleasing address; skill, dex- terity ; manmer of directing a letter. ADDRESSER, fid-drés'sár. s. 98. The person that addresses. To ADDUCE, fid-dûse'.v.a.To bring something forward in addition to something already pro- duced. [[ī’ This word, though constantly arising in con- versation, has not yet found its way into any of our Dictionaries. It is, however, legitimate- ly formed, and has a distinct and specific sig- nification, which distinguishes it from conduce, induce, produce, and reduce, and has therefore, a just title to become a part of the language. The Ağ of it is a sufficient authority. DUCENT, fid-dû'sént. a. A word applied to those muscles that draw together the parts of the body. A. To ADDULCE, ad-dālse. v. a. To sweeten. ADEMPTION, Á-dém'shôn. s. 412. Privation. ADENOGRAPHY, fid-dé-nóg'grá-fé s - A trea- tise of the glands. 518. ADEPT, fi-dépt'. s. He that is completely skilled in all the secrets of his art. ADEQUATE, fid'é-kwāte. a. 91. Equal to, pro- portionate. ADEQUATELY, fid'ê-kwäte-lè. ad. In an ade, quate manner; with exactness of proportion. - } AI).j °, AHDM } {} ^, ADEQUATENESS, fidè-kwäte-néss. s. The state of §". exactness of proportion. To ADHERE, fid-hére'. v. n. To stick to ; to remain firmly fixed to a party, or opinion. ADHERENCE, ad-hérènse. s. The quality of adhering ; tenacity; fixedness of mind, attach- ment, steadiness. ADHERENCY, ad-hè'rén-sé. s. 182. The same with adherence. ADHERENT, ad-hérént. a. Sticking to; united with. ADHERENT, ad-hé'rént. s. A follower, a parti- Sºl, * ADHERER, ad-hè'ràr. s. 98. He that adheres. ADHESION, Ad-hé'zhàn. s.451. The act or state of sticking to something. ADHESIVE, ad-hè'słv. s. 158, 428. Sticking, tenacious. To ADHIBIT, ad-h?b'bit. v. a. To apply; to make use of. AbHIBITION, Ád-hè-bish'sbütt. s. Application, use. 507. ADj ACENCY, #d.jà'sén-sé. s. 182. The state of lying close to another thing. ADJACENT, ad-jä'séat. a. Tying close, bor- dering upon something. ADJACENT, #d-jä'séut. s. next any other. ADIAPHOROUS, #-dā-āf'fö-rås. a. Neutral, ADHAPHORY, #-dè-à:"18-rè. s. 534. Neutrality, indifference. To ADJECT, ad-jéki'. v. a. to. ADJECTION, #3 jčk'shām. s. The act of ad- jecting, or adding ; the thing adjected, or § {{Cię(1. A}}JECTITIOU8, Added, thrown in. ADJECTIVE, #djêk-tív. s. 512. A word added to a noun, to signify the addition or separation of some quality, circumstance, or manner of being ; as, goºd, bad. ADJ ECTIVFLY, adjék-tiv-lè. ad. After the manner of an adjective. ADIEU, #-dà', ad. 284. Farewell. To ADJOIN, ad-jóła'. v. a. 299. To join to ; to unite to ; to put to. To Ai}JOHN, adjöin'. v. m. To be contiguous to. To ADJOURN, #d-jörn'. v. a. 314. To put off to another day, naming the time ADJOURNMENT, Adjörn'mént. s. A putting off till another day. ADIPOUS, #d'dè-pâs. a. 314. Fat. ADIT, fid'ít. s. A passage under ground. ADITION, ad-ish'shôn. s. 459. The act of going to another. To ADJUDGE, #d-jädje'. v. a. To give the thing controverted to one of the parties; to sentence to a punishment ; simply, to judge, to decree. ADJUDICATION, Éd-jū-dè-kå'shān. s. The act of granting something to a litigant. To ADJUDICATE, adjū'dé-kāte. v. a. To ad- judge. To ADJUGATE, adjū-gāte. v. a. 91. To yoke to. ADJUMENT, fidjū-mênt. s. Help. ADJUNCT, adjänkt. s. Something adherent or united to another. ADJUNCT, Édjänkt. a. Immediately joined. That which lies To add to, to put 3. * * * ād-jék-tish'īāS. a. ADJUNCTION, #d-jänk'shôn. s. The act of adjºining...the thing adjºined. AñjöNöfive, adjöniº, s. 158. He that #: that which is joined. ADJURATION, fid-jū-rå'shān. s. The act of proposing an oath to another ; the form of oath proposed to another. To ADJURE, fid-jūre'. v. a. . To impose an oath upon another, prescribing the form. & To ADJUST, Éd-jāst'. v. a. To regulate, to put in order ; to make conformable. ADJUSTMENT, #d-jāst'mént, s, Regulation, [[G 559–Pâte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;-pine, pīn;– | the act of putting in method ; the state of be- ing put in method. . ; A}}} UTANCY, Éd'jū-tán-sè. s. office of an adjutant; JMason. ABJUTANT, adjū-tànt. s. 503, k. A petty of ficer, whose duty is to assist the major, by dis- tributing pay, and overseeing punishment. To Ai}JUTF, ad-jūte'. v. a. To help, to coo Cºjº". ADJUTQR, #d jātār, S., 98, 166. A helper. ADJUTORY, fidjū-tär-ré. a. 512. That which hojps. 557. Abjöv ANT, adjö-vānt. a. Helpful, useful. To ADJUWATE, fidjà-väte. v. a. To help, to further. 503, ſº ADMEASUREMENT, #d-mézh'êre-mênt. s The act or practice of measuring according to rule. | ADMENSURATION, #d-mén-shū-rå'shām. s. 452 The act of measuring to each his pari. ADMIN; CLE, fid-min'ê-ki, S. 405. Help, support. ADMINICUſ, AR, Éd-mé-nik'ê-lär. a. That which ives help. 448. To ABMINISTER, Éd-rašm'ais-tär. v. a. To give; to afford ; to supply ; to act as the minister or agent in any employment or office ; to perform the office of an administrator. 98. To APMINISTRATE, ad-min'nis-träte. v. a. 91. The same as administer. ADMINISTRATION, fid'mīn-nîs-trä'shān. s. 527 The act of administering or conducting any employment: the active or executive part of government; those to whom the care of pub fic affairs is committed. A}}]VHNISTRATHWE, ad-min'nis-trä-tív. a. 157. That which administers. A}}MINISTRATOR, Éd'rn?n-nºs-tråſtår. s 98, 527. He that has the goods of a man dying in- testate committed to his charge, and is ac- countable for the same ; he that officiates in divine rites; he that conducts the government. ABMiſſis'TRATRIX, #d'mºn-nîs-trä'tríks. s. 527. She who administers in consequence of a wiłł ADMINISTRATORSHIP, ād'mºd-mis-trä'tūr- * The military skilful arrangement ** shºp. s. The office of administrator. A}}{\{{RABiH), ád'me-rá-bl. a, 405. To be ad mired, of power to excite wonder ADMIRA.Bf5.NESS, fid'mè-rá-bi-nēss. A}}MIRA5ii,iTY, Éd'mè rā-but-iè-tê. 511, 527. rabie. ADMIRABLY, ble ſnaº her ADMIRAL, #d'mè-rál. s. An officer or magis- trate that has the government of the king's navy; the chief commander of a fleet ; the ship which carries the admiral. *- Aï)MHRALSHIP, fid'mè-rāi-ship'. s. The office of admiral. ADMIRALTY, #d'mè-1ái-té. s. The power, or officers, appointed for the administration of na- vai affairs. | This word is frequently pronounced as if written admircitry, with an º', in the last syllable; nor is this mispronunciation, however impro- per, confined to the lowest order of the people. The same may be observed of Major <y. ADMIRATION, #d-mè-rå'shēn. S. Wonder; the act of admiring or wonº i ag. To ADMIRE, ad-mire'. v. a. To regard with wonder ; to regard with iove. ADMIRER, ad-mi'răr. s. 98. The person that wonders, or regards with admiration ; a lover. ADMIRINGLY, ad-miring-lè, ad. With admi- ration. ADMISSIBLE, Éd-mis'sé-bl. a. 405. That which may be admitted. l ADMISSION, Éd-mish'shūn. s. The act or prac- tice of admitting; the state of being admitted } admittance ; the power of entering ; the al % lowance of an argument. ; s. The quality or state of being admi ãd'mè-rá-blé. ad. In an admira ADS ADV 11 —no, mēve, nér, nét ;—túbe, túb, būll;—öfl;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. To ADMIT, ad-mit'. v. a. To suffer to enter; to suffer to enter upon an office ; to allow an ar- ent or position, to allow, or grant in general. AñMITTABLE, fid-mit’tá-bl. a. Which may be admitted. ADMITTANCE, fid-mit’tänse. s. The act of ad- mitting; permission to enter; the power or right of entering ; custom ; concession of a po- sition. To A.DMIX, 3d-miks'. v. a. To mingle with something else. ADMIXTION, fid-miks'tshön. s. The union of one body with another, * ADMIXTURE, ad-miks'tshūre. s. 461. The body mingled with another. To AñMONISH, #d-món'nish. v. a. To warm of a fault, to reprove gently. . ADMONISHER, ad-mân'nish-àr. s. The person that puts another in mind of his faults or duty. ADMONISHMENT, ad-mön'nish-mênt. s. Ad- monition, notice of faults or duties. ADMONITION, #d-mö-m?sh 'ſin. s. The hint of a fault or duty ; counsel, gentle reproof. ADMONITIONER, ad-mö mish'ên-àr. s. A ge- neral adviser. A ludicrous term. ADMONITORY, fid-möm'né-ièr-ré. a. That which admonishes. See Bosſ ESTic. To ADMOVE, Éd-móðve'. v. a. thing to another ADMURMURATION,ád-măr-mū-rå'shân. s. The act of murmuring to another. ADO, fl-dóó'. ..s. Trouble, dºculty; bustle, tu- mult, business; more tumult and show of bu- siness than the affair is worth. ADOLESCENCE, ād-o-lès'sense. ADOLESCENCY, #d-ö-lès'sem-sè. The age succeeding childhood, and succeeded by puberty. , 530. To ź ā-dópt'. v. a. To take a son by choice; to make him a son who is not so by birth ; to place any person of thing in a nearer relation to something else. ADOPTEDLY, 3-dóp'téd-lè. ad. After the man- mer of something aſiopted. ADOPTER, 3-dàp'tár. S. 98. He that gives some one by choice the rights of a son. ADOPTION, fl-dép'shān. s. 459. The act of adopting ; the state of being adºpted. ADößTIVE, A-dóptiv. a. 157. He that is adop- ted by another; he that adopts anºther. ADORABLE, fl-dò'rā-bl. a. 405. That which ought to be adored. ADORABLENESS, fl-dò'rá bl-nēss. S. Worthi- mess of divine honours. ADORABLY, fl-dò'rā-blé. ad. thy of adoration. ADORATION, ad-dò-rå'shân. s. The external homage paid to the Divinity; homage paid to persons in high place or esteem. To ADORE, 4-dòrc'. v. a. To worship with ex- ternal homage. ADORER, 3-dò'rür s. worshipper, To ADORN, fl-dórn'. v. a. 167. To dress; to deck the person with ornaments; to set out any place onsthing with decorations. ADORNMENT, fl-dòrn'mént. s. Ormament, em- bellishment. ADOWN, fl-dóün’. ad. 323. ound. Añº, ā-dööm'. prep. Down towards the ground. AjjREAD, 3-dréd'. ad. 234. In a state of fear ADRIFT, #-drift'. ad. Floating at random. ADROIT, fl-drójt’. a. 305, Active, skilful. ADROITNESS, #-dröft'néss. s. Dexterity, readi- mess, at tivity. º ADRY, à-dii'. ad. . Athirst, thirsty. ADSCITITIOUS, fid-sé-tish'ís. a. That which is taken in to complete something else. 314. ADSTRICTION, ad-strik'shān, s The act of binding together To bring one In a mammer wor- 98. He that adores; a Down, on the To ADVANCE, fid-vánse'. v. a. 78. To bring forward, in the local sense; to raise to prefer. ment; to aggrandize; to improve; to forward, to accelerate; to propose; to offer to the pub- lic. To ADVANCE, fid-vánse'. v. n. To come for- ward; to make improvement. ADVANCE, fid-vánse'. s. 79. The act of coming forward ; a tendency to come forward to maeet a lover ; progression, rise from one point to another ; improvement; progress towards per- fection. ADVANCEMENT, fid-vámse’mént. s. The act of coming forward; the state of being advanced' preferment; improvement. ADVANCER, ad-vān'sár, s 98. A promoter: forwarder. ADVANTAGE, fid-ván'tädje. s. 90. Superiority; superiority gained by stratagem ; gain ; profit; preponderation on one side of the comparison. To ADVANTAGE, fid-ván'tädje. v. a. To benefit; to promote ; to bring forward. ADVANTAGED, #d-ván'tā-jéd. a. Possessed of advantages. 362. ADVANTAGE-GROUND, Ad-ván'táje-gröänd. s. Ground that gives superiority, and opportuni- ties of annoyance or resistance. ADVANTAGEOUS, #d-ván-täjäs. a. Profitable, useful, opportune. ADVANTAGEOUSLY, #d-ván-têitis-lè. ad. Con- veniently, opportunely, profitably. ADVANTAGEOUSINESS, fid-ván-täjäs-nēss. Profitableness, usefulness, convenience. To ADVENE, Éd-vème'. v. m. To accede to some thing; to be superadded. *ADVENIENT, ad-vé'né-ént. a. Advening, su. per added. ADVENT, #d'vént. s. The name of one of the holy seasons, signifying the coming ; that is, the coming of our Saviour; which is made the subject of our devotion during the four weeks before Christmas. ADVENTINE, Éd-vén'tin. a. 140. Advertitious that which is extrinsically added. ADVENTITIOUS, #d-vén-tish'és. a. That which advenes ; extrinsically added. ADVENTIVE, ad-vén'tív. s. , 157. The thing or person that comes from without. | ADVENTUAL, fid-vén'tshā-āl. a. 461. Relating to the season of Advent. ADVENTURE, Éd-vén'tshāre. s. 461. An acci. dent, a chance, a hazard; an enterprise in which something must be left to hazard. To ADVENTURE, ad-vén'tshūre. v. n. To try the chance ; to dare. ADVENTURER, Éd-vén'tshūr-àr. s. He that seeks occasions of hazard ; he that puts him- self in the hands of chance. 98. A}}VENTUROUS, ad-vén'tshūr-às. a. He that is inclined to advertures ; daring; courageous ; fºll of hazard ; dangerous. ADVENTUROUSLY, ad-vén'tshūr-üs-lè. Boldly, dariagły. Ajºſº, ād-vén'tshör-såm. a. The same with adventurous. ~ ADVENTURESOMENESS, ad-yén'tshār-sām- néss. S. 461. The quality of being adventure- SO}]]{2. ADVERB, fid'vérb. s. A word joined to a verb or ; adjective, and solely applied to the use of qua- lifying and restraining the latitude of their sig- mification. ADVERBIAL, fid-vér'bé-ál. a. That which has the quality or structure of an adverb. - ADVERBIALLY, #d-vér'bè-āl-lè. ad. In the man- ner of an adverb. ADVERSABLE, ad-vér'sā-bl. a. 405. Contra- TV to. ADVERSARY, fid'vér-sà-ré s. 512. An opponent, antagonist, enemy. Atwººivºrº.d, a. A word which S. ad. makes some opposition or variety 51? ADV AEG 12 [[3° 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit;-mê, mēt;—pine, pīn;– ADVERSE, id'vérse. a. Acting with contrary di- rections, calamitous, afflictive; opposed to pros- €I'OtuS. ADVERSITY, fid-vér'sè-té. s. 511. Affliction, calamity; the cause of our sorrow ; misfortune; the state of unhappiness; nuisery. ADVERSELY, advérse-lè. a. Oppositely, unfor- tunatelv. To ADVERT, Éd-vért'. v. n. regard : to observe. AñVERTENCE, advár'ténse. s. Attention to ; regard to. ADWERTENCY, fid-wºr'tén-sé. s. The same with advertence. To ADVERTISE, fid-vár-tize'. v. a. To inform another; to give intelligence; to give notice of any thing im public º, jz-má ād-vér'tly-mént. ADVERTISEMENT, & Åd-vér-tize'mént. : S. Intelligence; infermation ; notice of any thing published in a paper of intelligence. As nouns ending in ment always follow the accentuation of the verbs from which they are formed, we frequently hear advertisement taxed with the grossest irregularity for having the accent on a different syllable from advertise.— The origin of this irregularity seems to have arisen #. a change which has taken place in the pronunciation of the verb since the noum has been formed, advertºse and chastise were, in Shakspeare's time, both accented on the Je- multimate, and therefore advertusement and chus- tisement were formed regularly from them. “Wherein he did the King his lord advertise.” HEN. VIII. “My grief cries louder than advertisement.” Much ADo, &c. * Oh, then how quickly should this arm of mine, “Now pris'ner to the palsy, clustise thee.” Rich ARD II. “And chastisement doth therefore hide its head.” JUL. CAESAR. But since that time the verbs advertise and chas- tise have fallen into an analogy more agreeable to verbs of the same form—for the verbs to omise, proctise, franchise, mortase, and diver 'se, are the only words where the termination ase has not the accent either primary or seconda- ry; and if an alteration must be made to rec on- cile the pronunciation of the simple wid; that of the compound, we should find it much easier to change advértisement and chistºsement into twº- vertisement and chastisement, than advertese and chastise into advertise and cluístise ; but the irreg- ularity seems too invete, aie to admit of any alteration. ADWERTISFR, Éd-vér (i'zār. s. 98. He that gives intelligence or information; the paper in which advertisements are published. ADWERTISING, Éd-vér-ti'zing. a. Active in , giving intelligence, monitory. To ADVESPERATE, Éd-vés'pë-räte. v. m. To draw towards evening. 91. ADVICE, Éd-vice'. s. 499. Counsel, instruction, notice ; intelligence. Advić-BöAT, adºlcebète. s. A vessel em. loyed to bring intelligence. WISEABLE, ad-vi'zā-bl. a. 405. Prudent; fit to be advised. ADVISEABLENESS, fid-wl'zā-bl-nēss. s. The quality of being adviseable, To ADVISE, fid-vize'. v. a. 437. To counsel; to ... inform; to make acquainted: To ADVISE, fid-vize'. v. n. 499. To consult, as, he advised with his companions; to consider; to deliberate. ADVISED, Ad-vi'zéd, part. a. 362. Acting with deliberation and design; prudent, wise ; per- formed with deliberation ; acted with design. ADVISEDLY, Éd-vi'zād-lè. ād. 364. Deliberately; urposely; by design; prudently. AB; ESS, ădºzédºness. s. 365. Delib. eration, cool and prudent procedure, To attend to ; to ADVISEMENT, ad-vlze'mént. s. Counsel; in formation ; prudence, circumspection. ADVISER, Ad-vi'zār. s. 98. The person that ad- vises ; a counsellor. ADULATION, Ad-jū-lä'shān, s. 294. Flattery, high compliment. ADUE, ATOR, fid-jū-läſtºr. s. 521. A flatterer. ADULATORY, fidjū-lä-tár'rè. a. Flattering. 512 See D.) M3 STIC. A!) ULT, a-dûlu'. a. infancy. * A}}ULT, fl-dûlt'. s. A person above the age of infancy, or grown to some degree of strength. Anºs ESS, fl-dûlt'néss. s. The state of being a (til it. To Al).ULTER, 3-dāl'tár. v. a. 98,556. To com- mit adultery with another. A DULTERANT, fl-dál'tūr-ànt. s. The person or thing which adulterates. To ADULTERATE, fl-dál'tàr-āte. v. a. To com- mit adultery; to corrupt by some foreign ad- mixture. 91. ADULTERATE, fl-dál'tär-àte. a. 91. Tainted with the guilt of adultery; corrupted with some foreign admixture. ADULTERATENESS, fl-dál'tūr-àte-nēss. s. 91, 98, 559. The quality or state of being adulter ate. ADULTERATION, fl-dál'tūr-à'shān. s. The act of corrupting by foreign mixture ; the state of being Contaminated. ADULTERER, 3-dà'tär-àr. s. 98. The person guilty of adultery. ADULTERESS, 3-dà!'tär-Šss. s. A woman that commits adultery. ADULTERINE, 3-dāl'tūr-ime. s. 149. A child born of an adulteress. ADULTEROUS, fl-dāl'tūr-às. a. 314. Guilty of adultery. ADULTERY, fl-dál'tár-é. s. 556. The act of vio- lating the bed of a married person. ADUMBRANT, ad-àm'bränt. a. That which gives a slight resemblance. To ADUMBRATE, fid-àin'bråte. v. a. To shadow out; to give a slight likeness; to exhibit a faint resemblance. 91. ADUMBRATION, fid-àm brå'shēn. s. The act of giving a slight and imperfect representation ; a faint sketch. ADUNATION, Ád-ö-mâ'shēn. s. The state of be ing united, union. ADUNCITY, 3-dàn'sè-té. s. 511. hooked ness. ADUNQUE, #-dànk’. a. 415. Crooked. AP)WOCACY, fid'vö-kā-sè. s. 546. Windication, defence; apology. ADVOCATE, adºvo-kāte. s. He that pleads the cause of another in a court of judicature; he that pleads any cause, in whatever mammer, as a controvertist or vindicator. ADVOCATION, fid-vö-kä'shām. s. The office of pleading ; plea, apology; ADVOLATION, ad-vé-lä'shôn. s. The act of fly- ing to something. A576ix ºffo S. a-völð'shôn. s. tolling to someºning. ADVOUTRY, fid-véâtré. s. 313. Adultery. ADVOWEE, ad-váà-èë'. s. He that has the right of advowson. ADVOWSON, ad-vää'zān. s. 170. A right to pre- se: t to a benefice. To A DURE, fl-dûre'. v. n. To burn up. Aijū ST, fl-dist’. a. Burnt up, scorched; it is ge- nerally now applied to the , humours of the bod Aºted, ā-dàst'éd. a. Burnt, dried with fire. ADUSTIBLE, fl-dás'té-bl. a. 179. That which may be adusted, or burnt up. ADUSTION, 3-dàs'tshön. s.464. The act of burn- ing up, or drying. AEGYPTIACUM, ift -tiâ-cöm. 460. s. An oint- ment consisting of hoſley, verdigris, and vine gar, Grown up; past the age of Crookedness, The act of AFF AFF 13 —nö, mêve, nár, mēt;—túbe, túb, būll;-&l;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. AERIAL, #-É'rè-āl. a. Belonging to the air, as consisting of it; inhabiting the air; placed in the air; high, elevated in situation. º AERIE, &rè's. A nest of hawks and other birds of prey. - Aśgy, ā-ār-61'lò-jë. s. 556. The doctrine of the air. AEROMANCY, &’ār-ó-mân-sè. s. 519. The art of divining by the air. Ağ. ā-ār-ám’mè-tré s. 518. The art of measuring the air. AERONAUT, A'êr-ö mäwt. s. through the air. Mason. AEROSCOPY, #-àr-ös'kö-pè. s. 518. The obser- vation of the air. AETHIOPS-MINERAL, &'thè-àps-min'ār-rál. s. A medicine so called, from its dark colour, made of quicksilver and sulphur ground together in a marble mortar. AETITES, &-ti'téz. s. Eagle-stone. AFAR, fl-ſår". ad. At a great distance; to a great distance. p AFEARD, 3-férd'. participal a. Frightened, ter- rified, afraid. AFER, A'för... s. 98. The south-west wind. AFFABILITY, #f-fā-bil'lè-té. s. Easiness of man- ners; courteousness, civility, condescension. AFFABLE, fif'fā-bl. a. 405. Easy of manners, courteous, complaisant. AFFABLENESS, fif'ſé-bl-nēss'. s. Courtesy, aſ- fability. AFFABLY, fif'fā-blé, ad. Courteously, civilly. AFFABROUS, #f'fā-brås. a. Skilfully made, complete. AFFAIR, fif-fare'. s. Business, something to be managed or transacted. To AFFEAR, #f-fére'. v m. 227. To confirm, to establish. AFFECT, af-fékt'. s. tion. To AFFECT, fif-fékt'. v. a. To act upon ; to pro- duele effects in any other thing ; to move the passions; to aim at ; to aspire to ; to be fond of; to be pleased with ; to love; to practise the appearance of any thing, with some degree of hypocrisy; to imitate in an unnatural and con- strained manner. AFFECTATION, fif-fék-tä'shān s. The act of making an artificial appearance; awkward imi- tation. AFFECTED, fif-fék’těd participial a. Moved, touched with affection : studied with over-much care; in a personal sense, full of affectation, as, an affected ladv. AFFECTEDLY, #f-fök’téd-lè. ad. In an affected manner, hypocritically, AFFECTEDNESS, fif-fék'téd-nēss. s. The qua- lity of being affected. AFFECTION, fif-fék'shôn. s. The state of being affected by any cause, or agent; passion of any kind ; love, kindness, good will to some person. AFFECTIONATE, #f-fék'shān-āte. a. Full of affection, warm, zealous; fond, tender. AFFECTIONATELY, &f-fék'shān-àte-lè. ad. 91. Fondly, tenderly. AFFECTIONATENESS, #f-fék'shān-āte-nēss. s. Fondness, tenderness, good will. AFFECTIONED, iſ-fék'shānd. a. Affected; conceited ; inclined ; mentally disposed. 359. AFFECTIOUSLY, fif-fék'shäs-lè. ad. In an af. fecting manner. - AFFECTIVE, affék’tív. a. That which affects, One who sails which # touches. AFFECTUOSITY, fif-fék-tshū-6s'sè-té. s. Pas- sionateness AFFECTUOUS, #f-fék'tshū-às. a. Full of pas- sion. 464. To AFFERE, fif-fére'. v. a. A law term, signify. ing to confirm. AFFIANCE, fif-fi'ānse. s. . A marriage contract, trust in general ; confidence ; trust in the di- wine promises and protection, Affection, passion, sensa- To AFFIANCE, affi'ānse.º. a. To betroth, to bind any one by promise to marriage; to give COIII] (16 Ince. AFFIANCER, fif-fi'ān-sår. s. He that makes a contract of marriage between two parties. AFFIDATION, fif-fé-dà'shān. AFFIDATURE, #f-fé-dà'tshūre. S. Mutual contract; mutual oath of fidelity. AFFIDAVIT, #f-fé-dà'vít. s. A declaration upon oath. AFFRED, Af-fi'éd. participial a. Joined by con- tract, affianced. 362. AFFILIATION, #f-ff-lè-à'shān. s. Adoption. AFFINAGE, affè-mâje. s.90. The act of refining metals by the cupel. AFFINED, #f-fi'néd. a. 362. Related to another AFFINITY, àf-fin'né-té. s. 511. Relation by mar riage; relation to, connection with. To AFFIRM, fit-férm'. v. n. 108. To declare; to assert confidently; opposed to the word deny. AFFIRM, fif-férm'. v. a. To ratify or approve a former law, or judgment. AFFIRMABLE, fif-fér'mā-bl. a. That which may be affirmed. AFFIRMANCE, #f-fér'mänse. s. Confirmation, oppoſed to repeal. AFFIFMANT, af-ſér’mánt. s. The person that affirms. AFFIRMATION, Áf-fér-mâ'shām. s. The act of affirming, or declaring ; opposed to negation; the position affirmed ; confirmation ; opposed to repeal. AFFIRMATIVE, #f-fér'má-tív. a. 153. That which affirms; opposed to negative; that which can or may be affirmed. AFFIRMATIVELY, fif-fér'má-tiv-lè. ad. On the positive side, not negatively, AFFIRMER, af-fér'mür. s. 58. The person that affirms. To º FIX, #f-fiks'. v. a. To unite to the end; to Siłł)] O ill. AFFIX, af'fiks, s.492. A particle united to the end of a word. AFFIXION, fif-fik'shān s. The act of affixing; the state of being affixed. AFFLATION, fif-flá'shēn. s. Act of breathing upon any thing. AFF LATUS, fif-flá'tàs. S. Communication of the power of prophecy. To AFFLICT, fif-flikt'. v. a. To put to pain; to rieve ; to torment. AFFLICTEDNESS, #f-flik’téd-nēss, s. Sorrow- fulness, grief. Aºi. āf-fliktúr. s.98. The person that ałill CiS, AFFLICTION, fif-flik'shām. s. The cause of pain or sorrow ; calamity; the state of sorrowful- mess, misery. AFFLICTIVE, fif-fliktív. a. 158. Painful, tor- ####, AFFLUENCE, fif'flû-énse. s. The act of flowing . tiny place; concourse; exuberance of riches; enty. AF F ºßN CY, fif'ſlö-én-sè. s. The same with a filuence. AFFLUENT, fif'ſlº-émt. a. Flowing to any part; abundant, exuber ant, wealthy. AFFLUENTNESS, #f'flû-émt-néss. s. The quality of being affluent. | AFFLUX, affláks. s. The act of ſlowing to some º: ; affluence ; that which flows to any place. AFFLUXION, Śf-flák'shôn. s. ing to a particular place; that which flows from one place to another. To AFFORD, fif-fôrd'. v. m. To yield or produce, to grant, or confer any thing; to be able to sell ; to be able to bear expenses To AFFOREST, #f-íðr'rèst. v. a. 109, 168. To turn ground into forest. * To AFFRANCHISE, fif-från'tshiz. v. a. 146 To make free. The act of flow- : " . AFT AGG " 14 * - To AFFRAY. Af:frā'v. a. To fright, to terrify. AFFRAY, #f-frå'. s. A tumultuous assault of one or more persons upon others. AFFRECTION, fif-frik'shôn. s. The act of rub- bing one thing upon another. To AFFRIGHT, fif-frite'. v. a. To affect with fear; to terrify. AFFRIGHT, affrite'. s. 393. Terror, fear. AFFRIGHTFUL, if-frite'föl. a. Full of affright| ' or terror; terrible AFFRIGHTMENT, fif-frite'mént. s. The impres- sion of fear; terror ; the state of fearfühness. To AFFRONT, fif-frænt'. v. a. 165. To meet face to face; to encoutiter; to provoke by an open insult ; to offend avowedly. AFFRONT, fif-frånt'. s. Insult offered to the face; outrage ; act of contempt. AFFRONTDR, if-frén'tár. s.98. The person that affronts. AFFRONTING, fif-fran'ting. part. a. That which has the quality of affronting, To AFFUSE, $f-fúze'. v. a. To pour one thing upon another. AFFUSION, if-fi'zhēn. s. The act of affusing To AFFY, affi'. v. a. To betroth in order; In 31'- riage. To AFFY, fif-fi. v. m. To put confidence in; to put trust im, AFIELD, fl-fééld’. ad. 275. To the field. AFLAT, fl-flåt, ad. Ilevel with the ground. AFLQAT, fl-flöte", ad 295. Floating. AFOOT, #-fút'. ad. 307. On foot, not on horse- back ; in action, as, a design is afoot. AFORE, fl-före prep. Before ; nearer in place to any thing ; sooner in time. AFORE, fl-fôre' ad. In time foregone or past; first ºf the way; in front, in the fore part. AEOREGOING, 3-fore'gó-ing. part. a. Going before. AFOREHAND. #-fôtehånd, ad. By a previous provision; provided, prepared ; previously itted. AFOREMENTIONED, fl-fore’mën'shônd. a. 362. Mentioned befºre. AFORENAMEO, fi-fôre'mā'méd. a. fore 362. A FORESAIF) ā-fôre'säde. a. Said before. AFORETIME, fl-fôre'time. ad. In time past. AFRA if), ā-fråde'. participial a. Struck with fear; ten riſied ; fearful. AFRESH, A-frèsh', ad, Anew, again. AFRONT. a-frånt'. ad. 165. In font; in direct gºtº AFTER, fiftár. prep. 98. Following in place; in pursuit of; behind; posterio, ºn trinº ; accord- ing tº; in imitation of AFTER, fif'tūr. ad. In succeeding time; follow- ing another. Afférages, āftār-ājëz. s. Succeeding times, §§ AFTERALL, aftār-âll’. ad. At last, in fine, in , conclusion. 4. AFTERBERTH, fiftār-bêrth. s. The secundine. AFTERCLAP, aftār-kláp.s.. Unexpected event happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end. AFTERCOST, #f'tūr-köst. s. The expense in- curred after the original plan is executed. AFTERCROP, fiftār-krôp. s. Second harvest. AFTERGAME, fif"târ-gāme. s. Methods taken after the first turn of affairs. AFTERMATH, aftār-máth. s. rass mown in autumn. AF"TERNOON, #f'tūr-möön'. s. The time from the meridian to the evening. AFTERPAINS, fif'tūr-pânez. s. birth. AFTERTASTE, fiftār tāste. s. Taste remaining upon the tongue after the draught. AFTERTHOUGHT, aftār-thawt. s. Reflections after the act, expedients formed too late. AITERTIMES. āftār-timez. s. Succeeding times. Named be- Second crop of Pains after * [; 559–Fâte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—pine, pin;– | AFTERWARD, fiftār-ward. ad. 88. In succeed Th i # time. * |AF ERWIT, fiftār-wit. s. Contrivance of ex- pedients after the occasion of using them is past. * AGAIN, fl-gén'. ad. 206. A second time; once more , back ; in restitution; besides; in any other time or place; twice as much ; marking the same quantity once repeated; again and again ; with frequent repetition. ſº We find this word written according to the general pronunciation in the Duke of Bucking- ham's verses to Mii. Pope : “f little thought of iaunching forth agen, “A taidst advent'rous rovers of the pen.” AGAINST, fl-génst'. prep. 206 Contrary, oppo- site, in general ; with conuary motion or tend- ency, used of material action; opposite to ; in place ; in expeciation of. AGAPE, 3-gåpe' ad. 75. Staring with eagerness. —See GAP E. AGARICK, fig'ā-rjk. s. A drug of use in physic, and the dying trade. AGAST, i-gåst’. a. Amaze. AGATE, fig at. s. 91. A precious stone of the low est class. AG ATY, fig'à-té. a. Partaking of the nature of agate. To AGAZD, àg-àze'. v. a. To strike with amaze- FYlent. * AGE, #je. s. Any period of time attributed to something as the whole, or part of its duration; a succession or generation of men ; the time in which any particular man, or race of men, liv- ed, as, the age of heroes; the space of a hun- dred years; the latter part of life, old-age : in law, in a man the age of twenty-one years is the full age ; a woman at twenty-one is able to alienate her iands. * AGED, Ajšd. a. 363. Old, stricken in years. AGEDLY, Ajéd-lè. ad. After the manner of an aged person. AGEN, 3-gén’. ad. 206. Again, in return. AGENCY, ajén-sè. s. The-quality of acting; the state of being in action; business performed by an agent. AGENT, a jënt. a. Acting upon, active. AGENT, a jênt. s. A substitute, a deputy, a factor; that which has the power of operating, AGGENERATION, fid-jën-áēr-à'shôn. s. The state of growing to another body. To AGGERATE, adjūr-āte. v. a. To heap up.– See Ex AGGER ATE. To AGGLOMERATE, fig-glöm'már-āte. v. a. To ather up in a ball, as thread. AGGLUTINANTS, fig-glū'té-nānts, s. Those medicines which have the power of uniting parts together. Tà AGGLUTINATE, ag-glū'tè-nāte. v. n. To unite one part to another. AGGLUTINATION, fig-glö'tè-nā'shān. s. Union, cohesion. AGGLUTINATIVE, fig-glū'tè-nā-tív. a. That which has the power of procuring agglutination. G). To AGGRANDíZE, fig'grän-dize. v. a. 159. To make great; to enlarge ; to exalt. AGGRANDIZEMENT, figgrän-dize-mênt. s See AcADEMY. The state of being aggrandized AGGRANDIZER, aggrän-dize-àr. s. The per- son that makes another great. To AGGRAWATE, fig'grá-väte. v. a. 91. To make heavy, in a metaphorical sense, as, to aggra- vate an accusation ; to make any thing worse AGGRAVATION, fig-grá-vá'shôn. s. The act of aggravating; the circumstances which height- en guilt or calamity. AGGREGATE, fig'grè-gāte. a. 91. Framed by the collection of particular parts into one mass AGGREGATE, fig'grè-gāte. s. The result of the conjunction of many particulars. To AGGREGATE, fig'grè-gāte. v. a. To collect AG ſt AIR 15 —ně, mêve, nor, nôt;—täbe, tab, together; to heap many particulars into one Tºa SS. } AGGREGATION, fig-gré-gå'shôn. s. The act of collecting many particulars into one whole the whole composed by the collection of many par- ticulars; state of being collected. To AGGRESS, fig-gréss'. v. m. To commit the first act of violence. AGGRESSION, fig-grésh’īn. s. Commencement of a quarrel by some act of iniquity. AGGRESSOR, fig-grés'sér. s. 98. The assaulter or invader; opposed to the defendant. 418. AGGRIEVANCE, fig-gré'vänse. s. Injury, wrong. To AGGRIEVE, fig-grève'. v. a. To give sorrow; to vex; to impose; to hurt in one’s right. 275. To AGGROUP, fig-gróóp'. v. a. To bring to- ether into one figure. AGHAST, fl-gåst'. a. Struck with horror, as at the sight of a spectre. AGILE, fijil. a. 140 Nimble, ready, active. AGILENESS, #j'íl-néss. s. Nimbleness, quick- ness, activity. . AGILITY, à-jíl'è-té. s. 511. Nimbleness, quick- mess, activity. To AGIST, fl-jist'. v. a. To take in and feed the cattle of strangers in the king's forest, and to gather the money. AGISTMENT, #j-ist'mént. s. Composition, or In earn rate. AGITABLE, #j'ê-tá-bl. a. That which may be put in motion. To AGITATE, #j'é-täte. v. a. 91. To put in mo- tion ; to actuate ; to move, to affect with per- turbation ; to bandy; to discuss; to controvert. Ağſ'TATION, fij-à-tä'shôn. s. The act of moving any thing ; the state of being moved; discus. sior ; controversial examination; perturbation; disturbance of the thoughts; deliberation; the State of being consulted upon. AGITAT. R., áj-&-täſtär. s. 521. He who mana- ges affairs. AGLET, fig'lét. s. A tag of a point carved into some representation of an anima] ; the pen- da’its at the ends of the chives of flowers. Aſ MINAL, fig'mè-mál. a. Belonging to a troop. AGNAIL, fig'måle. s. A whitlow. AGNATION, Ág-nā’shūm. s. Descent from the same father, in a direct male lime. AGNITION, fig-mish'ên. s. Acknowledgment. To AGNIZE, fig-nize'. v. a. To acknowledge ; to own. AGNOMINATION, fig-nóm-mè-mâ'shān. s. Allu- sion of one word to another. AGNUS CASTUS, ag'nās-căs’tãs. s. The chaste tree. AGO, fl-gö ad. Past; as, long ago; that is, long time has passed since. AGQ3; #-gēg', ad. In a state of desire AGOING, fl-gö''ng. ad. 410. In action. AGONE, fl-gón’. ad. Ago, past. AGONISM, fig'ó-nīzm. s. 548. Contention for a prize. AGONISTES, fig-à-nis'téz. s. ... A prize-fighter; one that contends at a public solemnity for a prize. To AGONIZE, fig'ê-nize. v. n. To be in exces- sive pain. AGONY, fig'ê-nē. s. 548. The pangs of death ; any violent pain of body or mind. AGOOD, fl-gūd ad. In earnest. To AGRACE, fl-grâce'. v. a. To grant favours to. AGRARIAN, fl-grä'rè-án. a. Relating to fields or grounds. To AśE, ā-grèze'. v. a. To daub, to grease. To AGREE, *:::::: v. m. To be il, concord; to yield to ; to settle terms by stipulation; to settle a price between buyer and seller; to be ef the same mind or opinion; to suit with. AGREEABLE, A-grèë'à-bl. a. Suitable to, con- AIRING, Ar sistent with ; pleasi ng. AGREEABLENESS, A-grééâ-bl-ness. s. Con- ~, büll;-&fl;- (165nd;—thin, THIs. sistency with, suitableness to ; the quality of pleasing. AGREEABLY, fl-grééâ-blé. ad. Consistently with, in a manner suitable to. AGREED, 3-grééd'. part. a. Settled by consent. AGREEINGNESS, #-gréé'ing-nēss. s. Consig- tence, suitableness. AGREEMENT, fl-gréé'mént. s. Concord; re- semblance of one thing to another; compact, bargain. AGRICULTURE, fig'ré-căl-tshūre. s. 462. Til- lage, husbandry. AGRIMONY, figré-mân-nē. s. 557. The name of a plant. AGROUND, fl-gröänd’. ad. 313. Stranded, hin- dered by the ground from passing farther, hindered in the progress of affairs. AGUE, A'güe. s. 335. An intermitting fever, with cold fits succeeded by hot. * AGUED. #'gi-Éd. a 362, 359. Struck with the ague, shivering. AGUE-FIT, 3'g'e-fit.s. The paroxysm of the ague. AGUE-TREE, Agüe-trèë. s. Sassafras. * AGUISH, #'gū-ish. a. Having the qualities of ' an ague. AGüíSHNESS, à'gū-ish-néss. s. resembling an ague. AH, 3. interjection. A word noting sometimes dislike and censure; most frequently compas- sion and complaint. AHA, AHA, a-hă'. interjection. mating triumph and contempt. AHEAD, fi-héd’. ad. Further onward than an- other. AHIGHT, fl-hite'. ad. Aloft, on high. To AID, Ade v a 202 To help, to support, to SUICCOtú”. AID, &de. s. Help, support; in law, a subsidy AIDANCE, Ade'ānse. s. Help, support. AIDANT, #deflat, a Helping, helpful. AHD-DE-CAMP, Ade-dé-kāwng'. s. An Ófficer who attends the General that has the chief com- mand of the army, to carry his orders to the inferiour officers. Ash. [*This word, like most other military terms from the French, is universally adopted; but the polite pronunciation of the nasal vowel in the last syllable is not to be attained by a mere Englishman. See EN core. Aſīā, śār. s. A helper, an ally. AIDLESS, Adelēss. a. Helpless, unsupported. To AIL, &le. v. a. To pain, to trouble, to give pain ; to affect in any manner. AIL, Ale. s. 202. A disease. Aij MišNī, âle'mént. s. Pain, disease. AILING, Ale'íng. participial a. Sickly. To AIM, Ame. v. a. 202. To endeavour to strike with a missile weapon ; to point the view, or direct the steps towards any thing ; to endeav our to reach or obtain ; to guess. AIM, ame. s. The directio of a missile weapon, the point to which the thing thrown is directed an intention, a design; the object of a design conjecture, guess. A AIR, are. s. 202. The element encompassing the earth ; a gentle gale; music, whether fight Or serious; the mien, or manner, of the person; an affected or laboured manner of gesture; ap- pearance. To AIR, are. v. a. To expose to the air; to take the air; to warm by the fire. AIRBLADDER, are blåd-dār. s. A bladder fill- ed with air. AIRBUILT, Arebilt. a. Built in the air. AIR-DRAWN, Are'dràwn. a. Painted in air. AIRER, fire'ér. s. 98. He that exposes to the air AIRHOLE, are hôle. s. A hole to admit air. ATRINESS, Are'énéss, s. Exposure to the air lightness, gaiety, levity. WG, § s. 410 - A short jaunt. AIRLESS, &reláss. a. Without communication with the free air. The quality of A word inti- * ALí ALD y Jº * g. * , i.Tº. --- 16 '. [[G 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fit ;—me, mét;—pine, pīn;– AIRLING, fire'ling. S. 410. A young gay person. AIRPUMP, Are'pâmp. s. A machine by means of which the air is exhausted out of proper ves- sels. AIRSHAFT, are shäft. s. A passage for the air into mines. AIRY, are’é. a. Composed of air; relating to the air; high in air: light as air, unsubstan- tial; without reality, vain, trifling; gay, spright- ly, full of mirth, lively, light of heart. AISLE, ſle. s. 207. The walk in a church. AIT, Ate. s. 202. A small island in a river. To AKE, #ke. v. n. 355. To feel a lasting pain. AKIN, 3-kin’. a. Related to, allied to by blood. ALABASTER, fil’ā-bás-tár. s. 98. A kind of soft marble, easier to cut, and less durable, than the other kinds. ALABASTER, fil’ā-bás-tár. a. 418. Made of al- abaster. ALACK, fl-lāk'. interjection. Alas, an expres- sion of sorrow. * ALACKADAY, fl-lāk'ā-dà'. interject. A word noting sorrow and melancholy. OUSLY, fl-lāk ré-ás-lè. ad. Cheerfully, without dejection. ALAC ALACRITY, fl-lāk'krè-té. s. 511. Cheerfulness, Sprightliness, gaiety. ALAMODE, al-ā-möde'. ad. According to the fashion. ALAND, fl-länd'. ad. At land, landed ALARM, fl-lärm'. s. A cry by which men are summoned to arms; motice of any danger ap- proaching; a species of clock; any tumult or disturbance. To ALARM, fl-lärm'. v. a. To call to arms: to surprise with the apprehension of any danger ; to disturb, ALARMBELL, fl-lärm'béll. s. The bell that is rung to give the alarm. ALARMING, 3-lär'ming. particip. a. Terrifying, awakening, surprising. ALARMPOST, fl-lärm'pëst. s. The post appoint- ed to each body of men to appear at. ALAS, fl-lās' interjection. A word expressing lamentation; a word of pity. ALATE, fl-lāte'. ad. ... Lately ALB, alb. s. A surplice. AL3EIT, al-bê'ít. ad. 84. Although, notwith- standing. ALBUGINEOUS, #1-bū-jīn'ê-às, a. an albugo. ALBUGO, al-bê'gö. s. 84. A disease in the eye, by which the cornea contracts a whiteness. ALCAHEST, al'kā-hést. s. 84. An universal dissolvent. ALCAID, al-cºde'. s. 84. The government of a castle ; in Spain, the judge of a city. ALCANNA, fll-kān'nā. s. 84. An Egyptian plant used in dying. ALCHYMICAL, al-kim'mé-kál. a. Relating to alchymy. ALCHYMICALLY, .1-kim'mè-kāl-lè. ad. In the manner of an alchvnist. ALCHYMIST, al'ké-mist. s. 84. One who pur- fines or professes, the science of alchymy: ALCHYMY, fil’kè-mè. s. 84. The visionary chymistry, which proposes the transmutation of metals; a kind of mixed metal used for spoons. ALCOHOL, #1'kö-hôl. s. 84. A highly rectified spirit of wine. ALCOHOLIZATION, #1'kö-hôl-è-zā'shām. s. The act of alcoholizing or rectifying spirits. To ALCOHOLIZE, fil’kö-hô lize. v. a. To rec- tify spirits till they are wholly dephlegmated. Aſſºo.R. ăl'kö-rán. s. 84. The book of the Mahometán precepts, and credenda; now more Ağ erly called the Koran. * *- COVE, al-köve' s. A recess, or part of a chamber, separated by an estrade, in which is laced a bed of state * ALDER A, dör. s 84. A tree having leaves re- sembling those of the hazel. Resembling ALDERMAN, #1'dār-mân. s. The same as see nator ; a governor or magistrate. ALDERMANLY, #1'dār-mân-lè, ad. Like an alderman. * ALDERN, #1'dàrn. a. 84, 555. Made of alder. ALE, &le, s. A liquor made by infusing malt in hot water; and then fermenting the liquor. ALEBERRY, Ale'bér-ré. s. A beverage made by |...}; ale with spice and sugar, and sops of JR'éâlû. *LEBREWER, Alebröð-ör. s. One that pro- fesses to brew ale. ALECONNER, Ale'kön-nār. s. An officer in the lity of London to inspect the measures of pub lic houses. ALECOST, Ale’köst. s. An herb. ALECTRYOMANCY, fl-léctré-à-mām-sè. Di- vination by a Cock. ALECTOROMANCY, fl-léc'tó-rö-mân-sè. Di vination by a Cock, ALEGAR, fillè-gūr. s. 98,418. Sour ale. ALEHQQF, Aleſhööf. S. Ground ivy. ALEHQUSE, Ale'hôāse. s. A tippling house. ALEHOUSEKEEPER, Ale’hôāsē-kè-pâr. s. He that keeps alé publickly to sell. ALEKNIGHT, Ale'nite. s. A pot companion, a tippler; Qbsolete. Ahºbick, à-lém'bik. s. A vessel used in dis- tilling. AğTH, A-length. ad. At full length. ALERT, fl-lért'. a. Watchful, vigilant; brisk, pert, petulant. ALERTNESS, 3-lért'néss. s. The quality of be- ing alert ; pertness. ALFWASHED, Ale'wósht. a. 359. Soaked in ale ALEWIFE, ale'wife. s. A woman that keeps an alehouse. ALEXANDERS, #1'légz-àn'dārz. s. The name of a plant. ALEXANDER'S FOOT, #1'légz-ān'dörz-fôt'. s. 478. The name of an herb. ALEXANDRINE, fil-légz-án'drºn. s. 150. A kind of verse borrowed from the French, first used in a poem called Alexander. This verse con- sists of twelve syllables. ALEXIPHARMICK, fl-lék-sè-fár'mſk. a. That which drives away poison ; antidotal. ALEXITERRCAL, 3-lék-sè-tér'ré-kál. 509. 8. ALEXITFRICK, à-lék-sè-tér'rik. o That which drives away poison. ALGATES, al'gates, ad. On any terms: al- though. Obsolete. ALGEBRA, filjé-brå. s. 84. A peculiar kind of arithmetic. ALGEBRAICAL, fil-jè-brā’é-kál. ; ALGEBRAICK, al-jë-brā’īk. &l. Relating to algebra. ALGEBRAIST, fil-jë-brā‘ist. s. . A person that understands or practises the science of algebra, ALGID, filjid, a. 84, Cold, chill. ALGIDITY, al-jid'dè-té. s. 511. Chilness, cold ALGIFICKäljff'fik. a. 509 That which pro- duces cold. ALGOR, #1'gór. s. Extreme cold, chilness. [[G. The o in the last syllable of this word es capes being pronounced like u from its being Łękitº º,#. ALG M, fil'gó-rīzm. 557. g ALGORITHM, *. }s. Arabic words used to imply the science of numbers. . . . ALIAS, A'lè-ás. ad. A Latin word, signifying otherwise. ALIBLE, al'è-bl. a. 405. Nutritive, nourishing. ALIEN, Ale'yān. a. 505. Foreiºn, or not of the i. family or land; estranged from, not al- ied to. * ALIEN, Ale'yen. s. 113,283. A foreigner, not a denison, a stranger; in law, an alien is one º in a strange country, and never enfran- Jhised. ALIENABLE, Aleyén-ā-bl., a. That of which the property mav be transferred. ALK º ALL 17 —mö, mêve, nor, nôt;—túbe, tºb, būll;-āl;—pôānd,—thin, 1 His To ALIENATE, Aleyān-āte. v. a. To transfer the property of anything to another ; to with- draw the heart or affections. [[; There is a strong propensity in undisciplined speakers to pronounce this word with the ac- cent on € in the penultimate; but this cannot be too carefully avo.ded, as all the compounds of alien have invariably the accent on the first syllable. But whether the a in this syllable be long or short, is a dispute among onr best Or- théepists. Mr. Perry, Mr. Buchanam, W. John- ston, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Elphinstone, join it with the consonant, and make it short ; but Mr. Sheridan separates it from the l, and makes it long and slender: and though Mr. Elphin- stone's opinion has great weight with me, yet I here join with Mr. Sheridan against them all ; not only because I judge his pronunciation of this word the most agreeable to the best usage, but because it is agreeable to an evident rule which iengthens every vowel with the accent on it, except i when followed by a single conso- mant and a diphthong. See Principles, No. 505, 534. “O ! alienate from Heav'n, O spir’t accurst!” JMilton's Par. Lost, b. c. 877. ALIENATE, file yén-àte. a. Withdrawn from ; Stranger to. * AñºríðN, àle-yén-à'shán. s. The act of transferring property; the state of being alien- ated ; change of affection. To ALIGHT, i-lite'. v. a. To come down; to fall upon. ALIKE, A-like’. ad. With resemblance, in the Salºne Iſlanller. ALIMENT, al'ké-mênt. s. Nourishment, nutri- ment, food. ALIMENTAL, fil-lè-mén'tál. a. That which has the quality of aliment, that which nourishes. AL MENTARINESS, āl-lè-mén'tā-ré-nēss. s. The quality of *:::: alimentary. ALIMENTARY, Śl-lè-mén'tā-ré. a. That which belong-, to aliment; that which has the power of ####. ALIMENTATION, fil-lè-mén-tä'shôn. s. The uslity of nourishing. ALIMONIOUS, fil-lè-mö'nè-às a. That which mourishes. (* ALIMONY, fillé-mân-nē. s. 546. Legal propor- tion of the husband's estate, which, by the sen- tence of the ecclesiastical court, is allowed to the wife upon the account of separation.—See Dom Estick. ALIQUANT, allé-qwānt. a. Parts of a number, which will never make up the number exactly; as 3 is an aliquant of 10, thrice 3 being 9, four times 3 making 12. ALIGUOT, #1'lè-qwāt, a , Aliquot parts of any number or quantity, such as wiłł exactly mea- sure it without any remainder; as, 3 is an ali- quot part of 12 ALISH, Ale?sh. a. Resembling ale. ALIVE, fl-live'. a. In the state of life; not dead; unextinguished. undestroyed, active; cheerful, Sprightly: it is used to add emphasis; as, the best man alive. ALKAHEST, al'ká-hést. s. 84. An universal dis- solvent, a liquor. ALKALESCENT, al-kā-lès'sént, a. That which has a tendency to the properties of an alkali. ALKALI, §i'kā-lè. s. 84. A peculiar substance, which has a urinous, burning, and caustick taste, and a strong tendency to colnbination. When united with acids, it forms a mild alka- line salt. Parkes' Chymistry. ALKALINE, al'kā-lin. a. 150. That which has the qualities of alkali. To fºLIZATE, âl-kāl'lè-zāte. v. a. To make &IIIłę. ALKALIZATE, fil-kállè-zāte. a. That which has the qualities of alkali. ALKALIZATION, fll-kā-lè-zú'shön. s. The act of alkalizating: C ALKANET, al'kā-nét. s. The name of a plant ALKEKENGI, fll-kè-kënjë. The winter cherry, a genus ofplºt; ALKERMFS, al-ker’mèz. s. A confection where of the kermes berries are the basis. ALL, alſ. a. 77. Tº whole number; every one, the whole quantity; every part. ALL, all. s. The §: ; every thing. ALL, all. ad. Quite, completely; altogether, wholly. ALL-BF.ARING, all-ba'ring. a. Oníniparous. ALL-CI15. ERING, all-tshë'rºng. a. That which gives gaiety to all. Afi-CôNùùERİNG, all-cºnk'köring. a. 334. That which subdues every thing. ALL-DEVOURING, all-dò-vööring. a. That which eats up every thing. a ALL-FOURS, all-fôrz'. s. A low game at cards, layed by two. Aś, ãºl-hâle'. s. All health. ALL-HALLOWN, all-hăl'lúm. s. The time about All-Saints day. ALL-HALLOWTIDE, all-hálló-tide. s. The term near All-Saints, or the first of November. ALL-HEAL, all-héle'. s. A species of iron-wort. ALL-JUDGING, all-jādjing. a. That which has the sovereign right of judgment. ALL-KNOWING, Bl-nó'ing.a. Omniscient,allwise. ALlºists, àil-séé'ing. a. That beholds eve- ry thing. ALſ.-SOULS DAY, all-solz-dà'. s. The day on which supplications are made for all souls by the church of Rome; the second of November ALL-SUFFICIENT, all-såſ-fish'ént. a. Suffi- cient to any thing. ALL-WISE, ăil wize. a. Possessed of infinite wisdom. To ALLAY, fil-lā'. v. a. To mix one metal with another, to make it fitter for coinage; to join any thing to another, so as to abate its quali- ties; to quiet, io pacify, to repress. ALLAY, fil-lā'. s. 320. The metal of a baser kind mixed in coins, to harden them, that they may wear less; any thing which, being added, abates the predominant qualities of that with which it is mingled. ALLAYER, Al-lā'ār. s. The person or thing which has the power or quality of allaying. ALLAYMENT, Él-ā'iménê s. That which has the power of allaying. ALLEGATION, fli-lè-gå'shām. s. Affirmation declaration; the thing alleged or affirmed ; an excuse, a plea. To ALLEGE, fil-lédje'. v. a. To affirm, to declare, to maintain ; to plead as an excuse or argument ALLEGEABLE, fil-lèdje'à-bl. a. That which may be alleged. Aºi. âl-lédie'mént. s. The same with allegation. ALLEGER, fil-lèdje'âr. s. He that alleges. ALLEGIANCE, fil-lè'jānse. s. The duty of sub- jects to the government. Alº âl-lè'jānt. a. Loyal, conformable to the duty of allegiance. Aſſºon CK, jºik, a. Not real ; not iteral. ALLEGORICAL, fil-lè-gôr'ré-kál. a. In the form of an §§ ; not literal. ALLEGORICALLY, &l-lè-gör'ré-kāl-lè. ad. Af- ter an allegorical manner, To Al LLGORIZE, alºlé-gó-rize. v. a. To turn into an allegory, to form an allegory ALLEGORY, à l'è-gór-rè. s. 557. A ſigurative Giscourse, in which something is intended that is not contained in the words literally taken. ALLEGRO, fil-lè'gró. s. word denoting in musick a sprightly motion it originally means ay, as in Milton. ALLELUJAH, al-lè-lè'yā. s. A word of spirit- ual exultation ; Praise God. To ALLEVIATE, fil-lève-äte. v. a. To make § to ease, to soften, 91. ALLEVIATION #l-lè-vē-ă'shôn. s. The act of ALL ALO 18 ‘t, IP 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mēt ;—pine, pſn;— making light ; that by which any pain is eased, or fault extenuated. ALLEY, #1'lé. s. 270. A walk in a garden; a passage in towns, narrower than a street AiLIANCE, al-li inse. s. The state of connec- tion with another by confederacy; a league ; relation by marriage ; relation by any form of kindred ; the persons allied to each other. ALLICIENCY, Él-lish yén-sé. s. 113. The pow- er of attracting. To ALLIGATE, #1'lè-gāte. thing tº another. 91. ALLIGATION, fil-lè-gå'shān. s. The act of ty- ing together; the arithmetical rule that teaches to adjust the price of compounds, formed of several ingredients of different value. ALLIGATOR, al-ke-gā'för... s. 521. The croco- dile. This name is chiefly used for the croco- dile of America. ALLISION, Ál-lìzh’ān. s. The act of striking one thing against another. ALLITERATION, al-lit-ér-à'shán. s. The be- ginning two or more words with the same let- ter, to give them a sort of rhyming consonange somewhat similar to the termination of the ad- jective and substantive in Latin ; and used by the best writers. “ The bookful blockhead ignorantly read, “ With loads of learned fumber in has head.” Pope. ALLOCATION, Al-ló-kä'shôn. s. The act of it. ting one thing to another; the admission of an article in reckoning, and addition of it to the aCCount. ALLOCUTION, Al-lö-kū'shān. speaking to one another. ALLODIAL, fil-ló dé-āl. pendent. ALLODIUM, fil-lô"dē-ăm. s. Possession held in ab- solute independence, without any acknowledg- ment of a lord paramount. There are no al- lodial lands in Engkand. ALLONGE, fil-lānidje'. s. with a rapier. To ALLCO, Al-lóð'. v. a. To set on, to incite. ALLOQUY, àl'lö-kwé. s. The act of speaking to another. * To ALLOT, Al-lāt v. at To distribute by lot; to grant ; to distribute, to give each his share. ALLOTMENT, Al-iöt'mént. s. The part, the v. a. To tic one s. The act of a. Not feudal, inde- 165. A pass or thrust share. ALLOTTERY, &l-löttör-é. s. 555. That which is granted to any in a distribution. To ÁLLOW, Al-lāā'. v. a. To admit; to grant : to yield ; to permit 5 to gave to ; to pay to ; to make abatement. e ALLOWABLE, Al-lā'ā-bl. a. That which may be admitted without contradiction; lawful, not forbidden. ALLOWABLENESS, Al-lā'ā-bl-més. fulness, exemption from prohibition. ALLOWANCE, fil-lôā’ānse. s. Sanction; li- cense ; permission; an appointment for any use ; abatement from the strict rigour; a sum ranted weekly, or yearly, as a stipend. AïLOY, Śl-lèë'. s. 39. ... Baser metal mixed in coinage; abatement, diminution. To ALLUDE, Al-lāde'. v. n. To have some re- ference to a thing, without the direct mention. A.LUMINOR, Al-lā'mè-nēr. s. One wilo colours or paints upon paper or parchment. To ALLURE, Al-lāre'. v. a. To entice to any thing. AlºñEMENT, āl-lère'mént. s. Enticement, §epºtiºn, tº ſº ALLURER, Al-lā'rār. s. 98. Enticer, inveigler Aïitfirðiy, il·lúringie, ad. In an alluring manner, enticingly. * ALLURINGNESS, Al-lú'ring-més. . s. Entice- ment; temptation by proposing pleasure. Aſſiſſióñº", “A hint, an implica. troll. s. Law- ALLUSIVE, Al-lā'sív. a. 158, 428. Hinting at something. Al, LUSIVELY, Él-lū'siv-lè. ad. In an allusive Ill Kill 116°r. AL; USIVENFSS, Al-lā'sív-nēs. s. The quality of being allusive. ALLUVION, Al-lā'vé-ào. s. The carrying of any thing to something else by the motion of the water ; the thing carried by water To ALLY, al-Ji'. v. a. To unite by kindred, friendship, or confederacy; to make a relation between two things. ALLY, al-li'. S. See SURVEy. One united to some other by marriage, friendship, or confed- eracy. [; A few years ago there was an affectation of pronouncing this word, when a moun, with the accent on the first syllable; and this had an ap pearance of precision, from the general cus tom of accenting mouns in this manner, when the same word, as a verb, had the accent on the last, 492; but a closer inspection into the amalo- gies of the language showed this pronunciation to be impropei, as it interfered with an univer- sal rule, which was, to pronounce they like e in a final unaccented syllable. But whatever was the reason ºf this movelty, it now seems to have sub-ided and this worö is now gº nerally pro- nounced with the accent on the second ... as it is unifornily marked by all the Orthoëpists in our language. Aºi. âl-mā-kān'tūr. s. A circle drawn parallel to the horizon. ALMACANTER'S STAFF, al-mā-kān'tūrz-stäf s. An instrument used to take observations of the sun, about the time of its rising and set- ting. ALMANACK, ăl'mā-nāk. s. 84. A calendar. ALMANDINE, #1'mān-dime. s. 149. A ruby, coarser and lighter than the oriental. . ALMIGHTINESS, al-mi'té-nés. s. Omnipotence, one of the attributes of God. ALMIGHTY, al-mi'té. a. 84, 406. Of unlimited ower, omnipotent. The nut of the al- MOND, a mãìd. s. 401 mond-tree. ALMOND-TREE, &'mènd trèë. s. It has leaves and flowers very like those of the peach tree. ALMONDS, 3'môndz. s. The two glands of the throat; the tonsils. ALM ONER, #1'mô-mâr. s. 84. The officer of a 3rince, employed in the distribution of charity Af,MONRY, Al'môn-ré. s. The place where aims are distributed. ALMOST, AI'môst. ad. 84. Nearly, well figh, ALMS, Amz. s. 403. What is given in relief of the poor. ALMSBASKET, amz'bás-kit. . s. The basket in whicn provisions are Fº to be given away. ALMSDEED, Amz'dèèd, s. A charitable gift. ALMSGIVER, Amz'giv-àr. s. He that supports others by his charity. , , º Aſſºčğ. âmz'höäse. s. An hospital for the OOI". º AśMAN, âmz'mán. s. A man who lives upon alms. ALMUG-TREE, #1'måg-tréé. s. A tree mentioned in scripture. ALNAGER, #1'nā-jūr. s. 88. A measurer by the ell; a sworn officer, whose business formerly was to inspect the assize of woollen cloth. ALNAGE #. S. 90 Ell-measure. AïNičifºlie. s. Almight is a great cake of wax, with the wick in the midst. e ALOES, #162e. s. A precious wood used in the east for perfumes; a tree which grows in hot countries; a medicinal juice extracted from the common aloes tree. [[F This word is divided into three syllables, by Mr. Sheridan, and but into two by Dr. Kemrick, Mr. Perry, Mr. Scott, and W. Johnston. The i...teris, in my opinion, preferable My reason ALT : ; I9 AMA —nó, mêve, nôr, nôt;—täbe, túb, būll;—öll;---pôānd;—thin, this. is, that though this plural word is perfectly Latiu, and in that language is pronounced in three syllables; K. as we have the singular aloe in two syllables, we ought to form the plu- ral according to our own analogy, and pro- nounce it in two syllables likewise.—See AN- TIPU DIES. ALOETICAL, al-6-Ét'é-kál. a. Consisting chiefly of aloes. ALGFT, 3-löft'. ad. On high, in the air. ALOFT, 3-lôft'. prep. Above. - ALOGY, #1'ó-jë. s. Unreasonableness; absurdity. ONE, fi-lôme'. a. 545. Single; without com-f AL any, solitary. Afºxê. à-lóng'. ad. At length; through any space measured lengthwise ; forward, onward; in C ºmpany with. ALOU F, 3-lôof'. ad. At a distance. ALOUD, fl-lääd'. ad. Loudly, with a great noise. ALOW, fl-ló'. ad. In a low place, not aloft. ALPHA, al'fö. s. 84,545. The first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering to our A ; therefore used to signify the first. ALPHABET, al'fö-bét. s. The letters, or elements of speech. ALPHABETICAL, fil-fé-bêt’tè-kál. a. According to the series of letters. ALPri ABETICALLY, fil-fé-bêt’té-kāl-lè. ad. Ac- cording to the order of the letters. AºN , àl’pin’. a. 140. Belonging to the Alps. sh. ALREADY, fil-réd'dé. ad. 84. At this present time, before the present. ALS, als. ad. Also, ALSO, alº.o. ad 84. In the same manner, like- W1S6. ALTAR, #1'tör. s. 84,98. The place where offer- ings to Heaven are laid; the table in Christian churches where the communion is administered. ALTARAGE, #1'tūr-āje. s. 90. An emolument from oblations at the altar. ALTAR-CT,0TH, #1'tūr-clöth.s. The cloth thrown over the altar in churches. To ALTER, #1'tūr. v. a. 418. To change, to make otherwise than it is. To ALTER, al'tūr. v. m. To become otherwise than it was ; to be changed, to suffer change. ALTER ABLE, al'táe-à-bi. a. That which inay be altered or changed. ăl'tár-à-bi-ciés. s. ALTERABLENESS, The quality of being alterable. ALTERABLY, al’tſir-à-blé. ad. In such a man- ner as may be altered. ALTERANT, #1'tūr-ànt. a. 555. That which has the power of producing changes. ALTERATION, al'tūc-à'shēn. s. The act of alter- ing or changing ; the change made. ALTERATIVE, Śl tăr-à-tiv. a. Medicines called alterative, are such as have no intmediate sensi- ble operation, but gradually gain upon the con- stitution. .* ALTERCATION, Al-tär-kä'shān. S. Debate, con- troversy. 84. [[; The first syllable of this word, and of the six- teen that follow it, except ulhough, are subject to a double pronunciation, between which it is not very easy to decide. There is a general rule in the language, that l, followed by ano- ther consonant, gives the preceding a its broad sound, as in sult. This rule is subject to several exceptions 84; and if we take in these words into the exceptions, there is some doubt of the exceptions’ becoming the general rule. But thea in question is now so generally pronounced, as in the first syllable of alley, valley, &c. that we should risk the imputation of inaccuracy to sound it otherwise. Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Scott, are uniformly for this latter sound of a. Mr. Perry marks all in the same manner, except altercate, and alie, ca. ºort, and W. Johnston has only the words altercut.0 , and cº- ternative, which he pronounces in tie ſoil. manmer. It is certain that the for 1.er was the true Anglosaxon sound, and it is highly proba- ble that the latter has only obtained within these few years, in words obviously derived from the Latin as these are; but there seems to be a gross- hess in one sound, and a neatness in the other, . which has so decidedly given one of them the Y’eferen Ce ALTERN, #-térn’. a. 84,98. Acting by turns. ALTEXNACY, al-tér'må-så. s. 84. Action per- formed by turns. ALTERNATE, fll-tér'nāte. a. 91. Being by turns, P eciprocal. To ALTERNATE, al-tér'nāte.v. a. 91. To perform alternately ; to change one thing for another reciprocaily. ALTERN *ELY, āl-têr'nāte-lè. ad. In recipro- cal succession. ALTERNATENESS, fll-tér nåte-nēs. s. The quality of being alternate. * ALTERNATION, fil-tūr-mâ'shôn. s. The recip- rocal succession of things. 555. ALTERNATIVE, Al-têr'má-tiv. s. 153. The choice given of two things, so that if one be rejected the other must be taken. ALTERNATIVELY, al-tér'aă-t?v-jë.ad. By tur reciprocallv. ALTERNATIVENESS, fil-têr'má-tiv-nēs. s. ALTERCATION. The quality or state of alternative. ALTERNITY, fll-tér'né-té. s.93. Reciprocal cession, vicissitude. ALTHOUGH, al-THò'. conj. 84. Notwithstand- ing, however. * ALTILOQUENCE, fil-tillö-kwänse. s. Pompous language. 98. ALTIMETRY, fil-tim'mè-trè. s. 518. The art of taking or measuring altitudes or heights. ALTISONANT, Él-tis'só-mânt. a. 518. figh sound- ing, pompous in Sound. ALTITUDE, #1'tè-túde. s. Height of place, space measured upward; the elevation of any of the heavenly bodies above the horizon, situation with regard to lower things ; height of excel- lence ; highest point. AftöGETHER, ăl-tó-gēTH tr. ad. Completely, , without restriction, without exception. ” 3. ALUDEL, fli'ā-dëi. s. Aludels are subliming pots used in chyinistry, fitted into one another with- out iuting. ALUM, ai'lúm. s. A kind of mineral salt, of an acid taste. ALUXi-STONE, #1'lúm-stöne. s. used in surgery. ALUMNOUS, al-Rū'mè-mâs. a. Relating to alum, or consisting of alum. ALWAYS, aiwāze. ad. 84. Perpetually; through- out all time : constantly, without variation. A stöne or calx AM, ama. The first person of the verb To be. AMABſ LITY, am-a-oil'è-té. s. 511. Loveliness. 527. * AMADETTO, #m-à-dét’tó. s. A sort of pºar. AMAſ)0T, film'3-dót. s. 503. A sort of pear. AM! AHN, 3-mâne'. ad. With vehemence, with vigour. AMALGAM, 3-mâl'gám. 's AMALG AMA, a-măI'gā-mă. e The mixture of metals procured by amalgama- tion. 84. AMALG AMATION, 3-mâl-gā-mâ'shān. s. 34. See ALTERATION.—The act or plactice of analga- mating inetals. To ARIXLCAMATE, A-mál'gā-mate. v. n. To unite ve, eſs with quicksilver. AMAND.A.TIOX, aim-àn-dà'shān. S. The act of sending on a nuessage. 527. A33ANUEX.S. 3, ..min-i-án'sis. s. A person who wn ites whºut another dictates. AM Ai:AN i H, &m ā-ránth. s. The name of a plant; in poetry. in imaginary flower unfading. A31A RAI I N i.ain-a-rºll thin. a. Consisting # thaal auths -0. t 1. wº. • . º, AMB **. AME 20 - ‘i. 3. |Tâ’ Mr. Sheridan, M. Scott, and Mr. Perry, pronounce the i in the last syllable of this word . . short, as it is liere marked. AMARITUDE, 4-mâr'rè-tūde s. 31. AMASMENT, #-más'mánt. s. mulation. Bitterness. A heap, an accu- son, but undoubtedly ought to have double s as well as Jessinent, embossment, and embarrassment. To AMASS, fl-más'. v. a. To collect together into ... one heap or mass : to add one thing to another. To AMA'ſ E, A-mite'. v. m. To terrify, to strike with horrour. AMATEUR, film-à-tūre'. s. ticular pursuit or system ; not a professor. AMATORY, an ā-tū-ré. s. 512. Relating to love. tº * * *}{20. Aºuai, ām-à-tó'rè-ál. a. Concerning love. sºlſ|{SO??. - AMAUROSIS, #m-àu-ró's?s. s. 520. A dimness of sight, not from any visible defect in the eye, but from some disteniperature in the inner parts, occasioning the representations of flies and dust floating before the eyes. R AMAZE, A-mâze'. v. a. To confuse with errour; to put into confusion with wonder; to Ylt jºo perplexity. * GE, fl-mâze'. s. Astonishment, confusion, *r of far or wonder. %E}}{.Y., á-mâ'zéd-lè. ad. 364. Confusedly, T & II: & Zºº; tı tº int. *AZEDIN ESS, fl-m?'zād-nēs. s. 365. The State of being amazed, wonder, confusion, AMAZEMENT, a-mâze'mént. s. Confused ap- prehension; extreme fear, horrour; extreme de- jection ; lieight of admiraticin; wonder at an unexpected event. - AMAZING, 3-mâ'zing. part. a. Wonderful, as- tonishing. - AMAZINGLY, 3-má'zing-lè. ad. To a degree that may excite astonishment. AMAZON, fim'à-zām. s. 106. The amazons were a race of women famous for valour; a virago. [[j'. This word has the accept on the first sylla- ble, contrary to the Latin original, which has it on the second; while the following word flm- * bagés has the same penultimate accent as in Latim. AMBAGES, Am-bājāz. s. 503. words, a multiplicity of words. AMBASSADE, flin-bás-sàde'. s. Embassy. Not in use. As - AMBASSATBOR, #m-bás'sä-dàr. s. A person sent in a public manner &om one sovereign power to another. 413.−See Honouſ R. AMBASSADRESS, am-bás'sá-drés. s. The lady of an ambassador; a woman sent on a nes- Sagº, - AM3ASSAGE, âm'bás-sàje. s. 90. An embassy. AMBER, fim’bàr. s. 98. A yellow transparent substance of a gummous. or bituminous con- sistence. AMBER, #m'bár. a. Consisting of ambor. AMBER-DRINK, &m'bár-drink. s. Drink of the colour cf amber. AMBERGRIS, Ambār-grèse. s. 112. A fragrant drug that melts almost like wax, used both as a perfume and a cordial. AMBER-SEED, $n'bār-sèèd. millet. AMBER-TREE, fim'bār-tröé. s. A shrub whose beauty is in its small evergreen leaves. AMBIDEXTER, aim-bê-déx'tér. S A man who has equally the use of both his hands ; a man who is eqaaliy ready to act on either side in A circuit of s. Tesembles party disputes. . . . - * Aśiry, ºn tº des terrºts, s. The quality of being able equally to use both hands ; dº.ble dealing. [G 559–Fâte, far, fail, ſāt;—mè, mét;-phe, pin;– fl. 5’ This word is spelled with one s by Dr. John- A lover of any par- AMBIDEXTROUSNESS, flm-bé-déx'trös-nāg s. The quality of being ambidextrous. AMBIENT, fim'bé-ént. a. Surrounding, encom 3.SSill ºr. A fióü. âmbè-gū. s. An entertainment con- sisting of a medley of dishes. \ AñíčićUity, ām-bê-gū'é-té. s. of meaning.: uncertainty of signification. AMBIGUOUS, #m-bigº-ºs. a. Doubtful, having two meanings ; using doubtful expressions. AMBIGUOUSLY, am-b'g'à-às-lè. ad. In an am | biguous manner, doubtfully. |AMBIGUOUSNESS, am-bºg'à-ès-nés, s. Uncer tainty of meaning; duplicity of signification. AMI}; i.06Y., ám-billó-gé. s. 518. Talk of anī- biguous signification. AM BILOQUGUS, #m-bíl'ió-kwás. a. Using am- biguous expressions. 518. AMIBIS,00UY , śin-bíl'ö-kwé. s. à in-b expression. Doubtfulness I | Ambiguity of ..?sh. AMBIT, fimbit. s. any thing. AMBITION, #m-bjsh'ên. s. 507. The desire of preferment or honour; the desire of any thing reat or excellent. AMBITHOUS, #m-bjsh'ês. a. 459. Seized or touched with ambition; desirous of advance- ment; aspiring.. . AM. BiFIOUSLY, fim-bish'ês-lè. ad. With eager- mess of advancement or preference. AMBITIOUSNESS, fini-bish’és-nés. s. The quali- ty of being ambitious. AMBITUDE, #m'bè-túde. s. 463. Compass, cir- cuit. To AMBLE, firm'bl. v. n. 405. To move upon an ambie, to pace ; to move easily ; to walk daintily. AMBLE, im'bl. s. 405. An easy pace. AMBLER, fimblår. s , 98, . A pacer. AMBLINGLY, fim'lling-lè. ad. With an am. bling movement. AMPROSIA, im-bró'zhē-ă. s. 505. The ima- ginary food of the gods; the name of a plant [[j'. Mr. Sheridam has promounced this and the following word am-bro-sha, and &n-bro-shal. Dr Kenrick has divided them into the same num- ber of syllabies, but has given the s the flat as- piration, like zh. That this is the true sound, see letter S, No. 453; and that these words ought to be divided into four syllables, see Syl labication, No. 542, 543. AMBROśIAL, #m-bró'zhē-ăl. a. Partaking of the nature or quality of ambrogia ; delicious. AMBRY, am'bré. s. The place where alms are distributed; the place where plate, and utensils for house-keeping, are kept. AMBS-ACE, amez-àse'. s. 347. A } The compass or circuit of ! g > AMBH)2XTRC JS, fim-bé-déx'trºs a. Having, with equal facility, the use of either hāº; double dealing, practising on both sides. A at €S. - - AMBULATION, fim-bê-lè'shān. s. The act of walking. AMBULATORY, fim’bà-la-tár-rè. a. That which Jhas the power or faculty of walking. 512. AM BURY, &m'bū-ré. s. A bioody wart on a horse's body. AMBUSCA}}E, àm-bès-kāde'. s. A ºte Sta- tion in which men lie to surprise others. AMBUSCADO, fim-bês-kā'dö. s. 77. A private ost, in order to surprise AM BUSH, Am"băsh. 3. 175 The post where sol- diers or assassins are placed in order to fall un- expectedly upon an enemy; the act of surpri- sing another, by lying in wait; the 2tate of ly- ing in wait. e AMBUSHED, Am'biish-Éd. a. 359. Placed in am bush. AMBUSHMENT, im'biish-mént. s. Ambush, Suro 1":Se. AMºrios, ām-bás'tshön. s. 464. A burn, a scald. AMEL, fini’īnāl. s. ſhe matter with which the double ace, variegated works are overlaid, which we call enamelled * AMO AMU 21 AMEN, A'mēn’. ad. A term used in devotions, by which, at the end of a prayer, we mean, so be it; at the end of a creed, so it is. W = This is the only word in the language that has necessarily two consecutive accents.-See Principles, No. 491. AMENABLE, fl-mê'nā-bl. a. 405. Responsible, subject so as to be liable to account. AMENANCE, A-mé'nānse. s. Conduct, beha- V1 Our. -> To AMEND, 3-ménd'. v. a. To correct ; to change any thing that is wrong ; to reform the life; to restore passages in writers which the copiers are supposed to have depraved. To ÁMEND, A-ménd'. . v. n. To grow better. AM:NOMENT, *::::::::::::::...#": from bad for the better reformation of life; re- covery of health ; in law, the correction of an errour committed in a process. AMENDER, A-mém'dár. s. 98. The person that amends anything. NDS, fl-ménds'. s. Recompense, compe: - sation. * AMENJTY, fl-mém'nè-té. s. 511. Agreeableness of situation. To AMERCE, fl-mérse'. v. a. To punish with a fine or penalty. * Aś. ā-mér'sár. s. 98. He that sets .. fine upon any misdemeanor, AMERCEMENT, A-mérse'mént. s. The pecu- miary punishment of an offender. AMES-ACE, amez-Ace'. s. Two aces thrown at the same time on two dice. AMETHODICAL, 3-mê-thód'é-kál. a. Out of method, irregular. AMETHYST, im'è-thist. s. A precious stone of a violet colour, bordering on purple. AMETHYSTINE, Ém-è-this'tin. a. 140. Resem- bling an amethyst. AMIABLE, #'mè-à-bl. a. 405. Lovely, pleasing, worthy to be loved; pretending love, showing love. AMIABLENESS, A'mè-à-bl-nēs. s. Loveliness, power of raising love. AM? ABLY, #'mè-à-blé. ad. In such a manner as to excite love. AMICABLE, fim'mè-kā-bl. a. 405. kind. AMICABLENESS, fim'mè-kā-bl-nés. s. Friend- liness, good will, AMICABLY, fim'é-kā-blé. ad. In a friendly way. AMICE, fim'mis. s. 142. The first or undermost Wº of * habit. AMID, 3-mid'. re AMIDST, 3-midst'. prep. Jn the midst, middle; mingled with ; surround- ed by ; among. AMISS, fl-mis'.Tad. Faultily, criminally; wrong, not according to the perfection of the thing; impaired in health, Friendly, AMISSION, fl-mish'ên. s. Loss. To AMIT, fi-mit’. v. a. To lose. AMITY, fim'mè-té. s. 511. Friendship. AMMONUA, fim-mö'né-á. s. Wolatile alkali. Parkes' Chumistry. º/ AMMONIAC, Åm-mê'né-āk. s. 505. A gum ; a salt. & SAI, AMMONºAC, Åm-mö'mè-āk. s. A combina- tion of muriatick acid with volatile alkali. Parkes' Chymistry. AMMONIACAL, fim-mê-mi'ā-kāl. a. Iłaving the nature of ammoniac salt. 506. AMMUNITION, #m-mê-mish'Én. s. SiOrèS. AMMUNITION-BREAD, fim-mê-nish'ºn-bréd. s. Bread for the supply of armies. AMNESTY, Ém'nés-té. s. An act of oblivion. AMNION, amºné-án. ; S AMNJOS, #m'nè-ös. 166. & The innermost membrane with which the foetus in the womb is immediately covered. AMOMUM, fi-mö'mām. s. A sort of fruit. Military —né, mēve, nãr, nôt;—töbe, tºb. büll ;-—pôānd;—thin, THIs. AMONG, #-mâng'. " AMöNěší, amºngst: ; prep. 165. Mingled with ; conjoined with others, so as to make part of the number. AMQRIST, am'º-rºst. s. An inamorato, a gallant AMCROUS, &m'ö-rås. a. 544. Enamoured; mat urally inclined to love; fond; belonging to love. AMotorsy, âm'ö-rås-le. ad. Fondly, loving- y. º AMC-ROUSNESS, #m'ó-rás-nēs. s. Fondness, lov Ingness. AMoñi, ā-mört'. ad. Depressed, spiritless. AMORTIZATION, 3-mör-tê-zá'shôn. AMOR A JA EMENT, 3-mör'tiz-mênt. # be right or act of transferring lands to mort- ! ſh' thil. To AMORTISE, A-mörtz. v. n. 140. To alien lands or tenements to any corporation. [[G. I have made the last syllable of this word short, contrary to Mr. Sheridan's pronuncia- tion of it, not only because it is so pronounced by Mr. Scott and Mr. Kenrick, but because it is agreeable to the general rule. To AMOVE, à-móðve. v. a. To remove from a ost or station ; to remove, to move, to alter. To A MOUN iſ, fi-mêünt'. v. m. To rise to in the accºmułative quality. AMOUN £, ā-mêtuit'. s. The sum total. AMOUR, 3-móðr'. s. An affair of gallantry; an intrigue. AMPHIBIOUS, fim-fib'é-às. a. That which can live in two elements. AMPHIBIOUSNESS, #m-fib'é-às-nēs. s. The quality of being able to live in different ele- Inents. AMPHIBOLOGICAL, firm-fé-bê-lodjè-kál. a. 509 I)oubtful. * AMPHIBOLOGY, #m-fé-bölöjë. s. Discourse of ºncertain meaning. AMP5+1 BOLO{jS, Am-fib'bö-lás. a. Tossed from one to another. AMPH. SBAENA, alm-ſis-bê'nā. s. 92. A serpent Supposed to have two heads. AMPHITHEAT 1: E, fim-fé-thé'ā-tär. s. 516. A building in a circular or oval form, having its area encompassed with rows of seats one abov anow), “r. AMPLE, ampl. a 405, Large, wide, extended, great in bulk; unlimited ; without restriction; liberal, large, without parsimony; diffusive, not contracted. AMPLENESS, Ém'pl-nés. s. ality. To AMPLIATE, fim'plé-āte. v. a. To enlarge, to extend. AMPLIATION, Ám-plé-à'shôn. s. Enlargement exaggeration ; diffuseness. 10 AMPLIFICATE, am-pîif'é-kāte. v. a. To en large, to amplify. AMFLIFICATION, fim-plē-ſè-ká'shān. s. En ºnent ; extension; exaggerated represen- ãi RO}} AMPLIFIER, implè-fl-ºr. s. 93. One that ex- agget ates. & To AMPLIFY, 'm'piè-fi. v. a. 183. To enlarge; to exaggerate anything; to improve by new ad Čiltions. To AMPLIFY, fim'plè-fi. v. n. To lay one's self out in diffusion; to form pompous representa- tions. AMPLETUDE, fim plē-tūde. s. Largeness, greatness; copiousness; abundance, AMi Pi, Y, &m'pſe. ad. Largely; liberally; copi ously, T *PUTATE, âm'pë-täte. v. a. To cut off a {{?. 2. AM.PUTATION, #m-pâ-tă'shön, s. The opera- tion of cutting of a limb, or other part of the Largeness, liber- ody. Aºit LET, im'' lét. s. A charm, a thing hung a- bout the neck, for preventing or curing a disease. ANA ANA 2? [[j 559—Fâte, fºr, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—pine plm;- To AMUSE, A-mâze'. v. n. To entertain the mind with harmless trifling; to engage the at- tention ; to deceive by artful management. AMUSEMENT, 3-mâze’mént. s. at which annu ZeS ; ente" tº ; tıment. AMUSER, A-mih'zār. s. He that amuses, AMUSIVE, A-mâ'słv. ad :58, 428. That which has the power of amusing. Añºf Xi. AfE, a ligāālāte. a. Made of al- monds. AMYGDAI IN E, 3-m?g'dā-line. a. 149. Reseul- biing almonds. AN, fin. article. One, but with less emphasis ; any, or some. {j #. and finite, aud, as it may be called, the euphonic article, is said by all our grammarians to be used before a vowel on h \, , it tº ; but no notice is takeu of using a instead of it before what is called a tºwel, as, a useful book, a useful ceremony, a sure; , &c. nor is a y mention made of its constant usage before h when it is not mute, if the accº 1,i of the word be on the second syllable, as, d', heroic action, an historical aſ count, Tils want of acci tº acy arises from a want of analyzing the vowels, and not attending suffi- ciently to the influence of accent on pronume .4. tion. A proper investigation of the pov, e, of the vowels would have informed our Gram-na- rians, that the lettel it, when long, is not so properly a vowel as a semi-consonant, and perfectly equivalent to commencing , 8 ; and that a feeling of this has insensibly influenced the best speakers tº prefix a to it in their con- versation, while a confused idea of the general rule arising from an ignorance of the nature of the jºi. generally induced them to prefix an to it in writing. The same observations at , applicable to the h., The ear alone tells us, that before he ow, historical, &c. the an ought invariably to be used; but by not discovering that it is the absence of accent on the h that makes an admissible in these words, we are apt to prefix un to words where the h is sound- ed, as, an horse, an house, &c. and thus set our spoken and written language at variance. This seems better to account for the want of accina- cy in this article than a conjecture I once heard from Dr. Johnsom, that our ancestors, particu- larly m the time of the Spectator, where this misapplication of the article frcquently occurs, did not pronounce the h at the beginning of words so often as we do. However this may be, it secrms necessary to a correctness of lan- guage to make our orthography and pronuncia- tion as consistent as possible. fol which pur- pose it may not be useless to attend to the follow- ing general rules. The article.ſi must be used be- fore all words beginning with a consonant, and before the vowel u when iºng : and the article .ſht must be used before all words beginning with a vowel, except long w 3 before words be- ginning with h mute, as, an hour, an heir, &c. or before words where the his not mute, if the ac- cent be on the second syllable, as, an heroic ac- tion, an historical account, &c. For the few woºds ii, our language where the h is mute, see this letter in the Principles, No. 394 : and for a Just idea of the letter u, and the reason why it ad- mits of an before it, when long, see Princip, es, No. 8, and the notes upon it. AN ACAM PTICK, fin-à-kām'tik. a. Reflecting, or reflected. ANACAMPTICKS, fin-ā-kām'tiks. s. The doc- trime of reflected light, or Catoptricks. ANACATHARTICK, fin-ā-kā-thar'tik.s. Any me- dicine that works upwards. ANACHORITE, fin-āk'ö-rite. s. 155. A monk who leaves the convent to a more solitary life. ANACHRONISM, fin-ak'k.rö-mism. s. An errour in computing time. ANACLATICS, fin-à-kläi'iks. S refracted light; dioptricks, The doctrine of ANADIPLOSIS, #m-à-dè-plò'sſs.s. Reduplication a figure in rhetorick. 520. ANAGRAM, flu'à-grām. s. A conceit arising from the letters of a name transposed so as to form some other word or sentence. ANAGRAMMATISM, 3n-á-grám’mā-tlsm. s.434. The ºf or practice of making anagrams. As AGRA’jºtist, an-a-grim'māºtist. s. A * maker of aviagrams. to ANAGRAMMATIZE, an-á-grämmä-tizev.n. 159. Tº make anagi ams. A NALEPT ICK, fin-à- p tik. a. Comforting, cor- m aborating. AN ALOGICAL, fin-à-lèdje”-kál. Used by way of anal gy. ANALOGIC ALLY, fin-à-lödje'é-kāl-A. ad. In an analogical manner; in an analogous manner A.NALOGICALNESS, an-á-lódje'é-kāl-nés. s. The quality of being analogical. To AN, ; LOGIZE, à-mâI'lò-jize. v. a. To explain by way of analogy. ANALOGOUş, A-málló-gºs. a. 314. Having analogy, having something parallel. § AN ALOGY, 3-liál'lò-jë. s. between things º Stances , 1 effects. ANALYSIS, fl-nāl'1é-sis. s. 520. A separation of any compound into its several parts; a solution of any thing, whether corporal or mental, to its first elements. '...NALYTICAL, An-á-lit'té-kāl, a. That which re selves any thing into first principles; that which proceeds by amalysis. ANALYTICALLY, fin-à-lit'té-kāl-lè. ad. The manner of resolving compounds into the simple - constituent or component parts. To ANALYZE, fin'ā-lize. v. a. To resolve a com pound into its first principles. ANALYZER, fin'ā-li-zár. s. 98. That which has the power of analyzing. ANAMORPHOSIS, fin-à-mör-fô'sfs. s. Deforma- tion ; perspective projection, so that at one point o' view it shall appear deformed, in an cther an exact representation. [[G I have accented this word on the penultimate, as Dr. Johnson and Mr. Sheridan have done ; as it is a technical word, and not naturalized like metamorphosis.-See Principles, No. 520 ANANAS, a-nā'más, s. The pine apple. A NAPHORA, fl-nāſ'fö-rá. s. 92. A figure when several clauses of a sentence are begun with the -same word. ANARCH, fin?rk. s. 353. An author of confusion. ANARCHIAL, à-uár'kē-ă]. a. Confused, without rule. ANARCHIC, Å-nār'kík. a. Anarchial. JMason. ANARCHY, fin'ar-kè. s. Want of government, a state without magistracy. ANASARCA, fin-à-sar'ká. s.92. A sort of dropsy, where the whole substance is stuffed with pitui- tous humours. ANASTROPHIE, fl-nās'trö-fé. s. 518. A figure whereby words, which should have been prece- dent, are postponed. ANATHEM A, #-nāth'ê-mâ. s. 92. A curse pro- nounced by ecclesiastical authority. AN ATHEMATICAL, fin-à-thè-mât'é-kāl. a. 509. That which has the properties of an anathema. ANATHEMATIC #P. ân-á-thè-mât'é-kāl-lé. ad. In an ana, hematical manner. To & YATHEMA ſiZE, an-áth'é-mă-tize. v. a. To pronounce accursed by ecclesiastical authority. ANATIFEROUS, an-à-tíf'ſé-rūs. a. Producing ducks. ANATOCISM, 3-nāt’t', '2m. s. The accumulation of interest upon in . . . st. ... . . e ANATOMICAL, an-à-toux'é-kāl, a Relating or belonging to anatomy, proceeding upon Prºin. ciples taught in anatomy. d ANATOA11öALLY, an-à-töm'ê-kāl-lè. ad. In an anatomical manner. 8. 518. Resemblance regard to some circum- ANATOMilST, fl-nāt'ò mist.s. He that studies the ANG ANſ 23 -nē, mêve, nèr, nét;—túbe, fūb, būll;—öll;-pôānd;—thin, THIs. structure of animal bodies, by means of dissec- tion. t To ANATOMIZE, A-mättö-mize. v. a... To dis- sect an animal; to lay anything open distinctly, and by minute, parts. ANATOMY, 3-nāt'ö-mè. s. 518. The art of dis- Hermaph- secting the body, the doctrine of the structure skeleton ; a thin meagre person. ANCESTOR, an’sés-tär. s.98. One from whom ANCESTREL, an’sés-trél. a. Claimed from an- CeStors. ancestors; the honour of descent ; birth, ANCHENTRY, anºishén-tre, s. Antiquity of a ANCHOR, Ank’ār. s. 353,418. A heavy iron, to hold the ship, by being fixed to the ground; any To ANCHOR, fink'Ér. v. n. 166 To cast anchor; to lie at anchor; to stop at ; to rest on. ' cast anchor ºpon; the anchors of a ship ; a duty §§ for anchoring in a port. fastness of the anchor ANCHORED, fink'âr-réd. part. a. 353. Held by ANCHORE’ī; ank'ê-rêt. ANCHORITE, fink'ê-rite. 155. ANCHOVY., án-tshö'vé. s. A little sea-fish, much used by way of sance, or seasoning. old, that has been of long duration; past, former. ANCIENT, Ane'tsmént. s. The flag or streamer ANCIENT, Ane'tshent. s. The bearer of a flag, now ensign. A NCIENTNESS, Ane'tshēnt-nés. s. Antiquity ANCIENTRY. Ane'tshēn-tré. s. The honour of § ANCILLARY, fin'sillā-rè. a. handmaid. Mason. AND... ànd. conjunction. The particle by which sentences on terms are joined. a fire-grafe, in which the spit tºrns. ANi)ROGYN AL, fin-drödje'é-i, ... a. AN}}ROGINALLY, an-drödje'ê-mâl-lè. ad. With two, Seves rodite. 432. re ANDROPHACUS, fin-dröf'á-gās. s. A canni, a!. ANECDOTE, ānāk-dòtc. s. Something yet un- ublished ; secret history. Relative to anecdotes. JMason. ANEMOGRAPHY, fin-è-mög'grä-fé. s. The des- ANEMOMETER, in-è-möm’mè-tér. s. 518. An in- strument contrived to measure the wind. ANEMOSCOPE, 3-ném'ö-sköpe. s. A machine invented to foretel the changes of the wind. ing; about; over against; opposite to. Aś. još of the body; the act of dividing any thing ; a a person descends. ANCESTRY, fin sés-tré. s. Lineage, a series of family; properly ancientry. º which confers stability. ANCHORAGF, ank'êr-Adje. s 90. Ground to ANCHOR-HULD, .##". The hold or the anchor. ; s. A recluse ; a hermit. ANCIENT, Ane'tshent. a. 542. Old, not modern; of a ship. ANCIENTLY, Ane'tshēnt-lè. ad. In old times. ancie.ht lineage. [[š’ See MAXILLARy and PAP11.L.ARY. ANDIRON, and’i-àrn. S. 417. Irons at the end of roditical; partaking of both sexes. ANDROGY US, fin-drödje'é-mâs. s. Annerm ph- Plur. Androphagi ANECDOTíCAL, fin-èk-dót'é-kál. a. cription of the winds. 518. ANEMONE, fl-ném'ö-mè. s. The wind flower. ANENT, fi-mênt'. prep. A Scotticism. Concern- arteries, in which they become excessively di- Hated. ANEW, a-nā’. ad. Over again, another time; newly, in a new manner. ANFRACTUOUSNESS, fin-fråk'tshū-às-nēs. s. 461. Fulness of windings and turnings. ANGEL, anejčí #2, See Change ºriginally a messenger; a spirit employed by God º man affairs. angel is sometimes used in a bad Subservient as a A disease of the sense, as, angels of darkness; in the style of love, a beautiful person; a piece of ancient money. Aśshot, Anejé!-shöt. s. Chain-shot. ANEELICA. ān-jël'é-kā. s.92. The name of a plant. ANGELICAL, fin-ſ31’é-kál. a. 509 Resembling angels ; partaking of the nature of angels; be longing to angels. t ANGELICALNESS, fin-jël’lè-kāl-nés. s. Excel- lence more than human. ANGELICK, fin-jël'iik. a. 508. Angelical; above human. ANGELOT, Anjê-löt. s. A musical instrument, somewhat resembling a lute. ANGER, fing'går. s. 409, 98. Anger is aneasiness upon the receipt of auy injury; smart of a sore. To ANGER, fing'går. v. a. To provoke, to enrage. ANGERLY, ##". ad. In an angry manner. ANGſočRAPHY, Amjélèg'grafés.” A descrip- tion of vessels in ... body. ANGLE, fing'gl. s. 405. The space intercepted between two lines intersecting each other ANGLE, fing'gl. s. An instrument to take fish, consisting of a rod, a line, and a hook. To ANGä, änggi ... a to fish with a rod and hook; to try to gain by some insinuating arti- fices. ANGLE-ROD, fing'gl-röd. s. The stick to which the fisher's line and hook are hung. ANG},ER, fing'glár. s. 98. He that fishes with an angle. ANG},ICISM, fing'glè-sizm. s. An English idiom. ANGO3ER, Ang'gö-bár. s. 98. A ' 'ºd of pear. ANGRILY, fing'gré-lè. ad. In an e gry manner. A NGRY, fing'gré a. 409. Touched with anger; having the appearance of anger; painful, in- i. g ANGUISH, fing'gwish. s 340. Excessive pain either of nină or body. ANGUISHED, Ang'gwish-Éd. a. aimed. 359. ANG!"LAR, fing'gū-lär. a. 98. Having angles or COTúðrS. e ANGULARITY, fing-gū-lär'è-té. s. The quality of being angular. ANGHT, ARLY, fing'gè-lār-lè. ad. With angles ANGULARNESS, fing'gū-lār-nēs. s. The quality of being angular. ANGULATED, ang'gà-la-téd. a. Formed with “agles. A. GULOUS, fing'gū-lás. a. 314. Hooked, angu- all". ANGUST, fin-gūst . a. 409, 93. , Narrow, strait. ANGüštafićN , Ab-gès-tà shēn. s. The act of making narrow ; the state of being narrowed. A W HELATEON, An-hè-lä'shºu, s The act of * * * *t, * : AN HELOSE, an-he-lèse'. a. Out of breath. ANIENTED, an’é-én-têd. a. Frustrated. ANIGHTS, 3-,ites'. ad. In the night-time. ANIL, an’ſ. s. The shrub from whose leaves and stalks indigo is prepared. ANTIENEğātiºnes. 2 . ANILITY, fi-millè-té. 5 * The old age of woman. ANIMABLE, fln't-mâ-bl. a. 405. That which may be put into life. ANIMADVERSION, fin-è-mād-vèr'shān. s. Re- proof; severe censure; observation. ANIMADVERSIVE, #m-è-mād-vér'sív. a. That has the power of judging. 42 To ANIM §§r' 4. Excessively 530. 428. , àm-è-mād-vért'. v. a. To con- sider . to ºbserve ; to pass censures upon. ANIMADVERTER, fin-è-niād-vér’túr. s. He that passes censures, or observes upon. ANIMAL, an’é-māl. s. A living creature; corpo- real. by a º of contempt, we say a stupid man is an animal. f ANIMAL, An'ê-māl. a. That which belongs or re- lates to animals; animal is used in opposition to spiritual ANN ANS * 3 k . [[3’559–Fâte, far, fall, fåt;—mè, mét;—plme, pīn;– ANIMALCULE, fin-è-mál'kåle.s. A small animal. II. This word is derived from the French, and forms its plural by addings; but this plural is sometimes expressed by the Latin word animal- ºtla, which being mistaken for a singular by those who have but a faint memory of 15, acci. dence, is sometimes made plural by the chaºs of 3 into a diphthong: bot it ought to be re- membered, thā’ animalcule in the singular, mak' s animalcºl. in the plural, wº hout alſº ad. dit,” al syllable, and that whº singula of uni- 1. 4 is animalculum, AN/MALITY, An-è-mâl'è-té. s. The state of ani- inal existence. To ANIMATE, in'é-māte. v. a. To quicken; to make alive : to give powers to ; to encourage , to incite. ANIMATE, fln'A-mate. a. mal life. 91. ANIMATED, ân'ê-mă-têd, part. a. Lively, vigo- TOlış. ANIMATION, Án-è-mâ'shôn. s. The act of ami- ºating or enlivening ; that which animates; the state of being enlivened. ANIMATIVE, $n'é-mă-t?v a. 157. power of giving life. Asimº...tar. s. 521. gives life. ANIMOSE, fin-è-mêse'. a. 427. Full of spirit, hot. ANIMOSITY, fin-è-niès'sé-té. s. A chemence of hatred;, passionate malignity. A NISE, &n'n's. s. 140 Å species of anium or parsley, with large sweet scented seeds. ANKER, finkör. s. 38,409. A liquid measure the fourth part of the awm. ANKLE, fink ki. s. 405. The joint which joins the foot to the l ANº-Bon 2, fink'kl-böne. s. The bone of the * Ilkle. ANNALIST, An'nāl-list. s. A writer of animals. ANNALS, fin'nālz. s. Histories digested in the exact order of time. ANNATS, fin'nits. s. First fruits. To ANNEAL, an-nēle'. v. a. To heat glass. that the colours laid on it may pierce through; to heat any thing in such a manner as to give it the true temper. To ANNEX, An-nēks'. v. a. To unite to at the end ; to unite a smaller thing to a greater. ANNEXAFION, An-nēk-sà shēn. s. Corjunction; addition ; union ; coalition. ANNEXION, in nákshön. s. The act of annex- II] * AN gEXIMENT, an-néks'mênt. s. The act of ań. nexing ; the thing annexed. ANNI ABLE, fin-mi'hé-lä-bl. a. That which mºy be put out of existence. To º ILATE, fin-n!'hé-lāte. v. a. To reduce to nothing, to destroy ; to annul. [3’ Englishmen who have been bred in foreign Seminaries, where they pronounce the i in Łatin like e, generally pronounce this word as if writ- ten an-ne-he-late, because they pronounce the Latin word from which it is derived it the same manner: but Englishmen, educated in their own country, pronounce the 1, when it ends a syllable, with the accelt on it, both in Latin and Fnglish, as it is here marked. ANNIHILATION, An-ni-hè-14'shôn. s. The act of reducing to nothing; the state of being re- dueed to nothing; * ANNIVERSARY, fin-nē-ven sā-, - A day cele- brated as it returns in the course of the year; the act ºf celebration of the anniversary. ANNIVERSARY, fin-né-yér sá-rè. a. Returning with the revolution of the year; annual ANNO DOMINI, fin’mö-dôm'é-né. In the year of our Lord. ANNOLiS, fln'nö-lis. s. An American animal, like a lizard. ANNOTATION, fin-nó-tà'shön. s Explication; note. tº- Alive, ſo sessing ani- That has the That which $ º, ANNOTATOR, fin-nó-tä'tár. s. 521. A writer of notes ; a commentator. To ANNOUNCE, an-nóñnse'. v. a. To publish to proclaim ; to declare by a judicial sentence. To ANNOY, an-nóē' v. a. 329. To incommode, {{) V ex . ANNQY, an-nº'. s. Injury, molestation, ANNOYANCE, fin-nóē’ānse. s. That which an tºys 3 the act of annoying. ANNOYER, fin-nóé àr s. 98. The person that annoys ANNUAL, in nē-ii. a. That which comes yearly, tiić ( , hich is reckoned by the wear: that which last only a year. ANN i \LLY, fin'nā-āl-lè. ad. Wear. ANNUIT ANT, fin-mâ'é-tänt. s. He that possesses 3r recei.es an annuity. ANNUITY, fin-nē'é-té. s. A yearly rent to be paid for term of life or years ; a yearly allowance. To. ANNUL, in-nēl'. v., a. To make void; to nul- lity ; to reduce to nothing. AN NúLAR, ân'nā-lär. a. 83. Having the form of & I ling. ANNULARY, &n'nā-lā-rè. a. Having the form of * Fingºs. ANNU LET, fin'nº-lét. s. A little ring. To AN.V.UMERATE, fin-mü'mè-räte. v. a. To add to a former numb ºr. 91. ANNUMERATION, fin-rº-mê-rà'shön. s. Addi- tion io a former number. To ANN UN CIATE, an-nān'shē-ăte. v. a. To gºing tudings. 91, 337, i96. ANNUN §§§-DAY, fin-nān-shē-ă shön-dà. s. The day celebrated by the Church, in melaory of the Angei's salutation of the Blessed Virgin, So's munzed on the twenty-fifth of March. ANODYNE, fin'ó-dine. a. That which has the pºwer of mitigating pain. . To ANOINT, fl-nółnt'. v. a To rub over with unctuous matter; to consecrate by unction. ANOINTER, indinºr The person that Yearly, every anoints. t ANOMALISM, fl-möm'à-līzm. s. Anomaly, ir- regularity. Aśīštical, ā-nóm-à-lis'té-kál. a. 509. Irregular. ANOMALOUS, #-uðm'à-lás. a. Irregular; devia- ting from the general method or analogy of things. Ağalously, à-nēm'fl-lès-lè. ad. Irregu- RITRW . AºALY, à-nöm'à-lè. s. Irregularity; devia- tion 1 rom rule. - ANOMY, finº-mè. s. Breach of law. ANON, 3-nón", ad. Quickly, soon; now and them. ANONYMO: JS, 3-nón'ê-mâs. a. W anting a name. ANO.NYMOUSLY, fl-nón'ê-mâs-lè. ad. Without a Ilarſh e ASNQREXY, fin'hô-rék-sè. s. 513. Inappetency. ANOTHER, in-àth'êr. a. 98. Not the same, one more; any other; not one's self; widely differe:1° * ANSATEºin'sł-téd. a. Having handles. To ANSWER, fin'sèr. v. n. 475, 98. To speak in return to a question; to speak in opposition; to be accountable for; to give an account; to cor- respond to, to suit with , to be equivalent to , to sati fy any claim or petition; to stand as opposite or correlative to soruething else; to bear proportion to; to succeed; to produce the wished event; to appear to any call, or authori- tative summons. * , ºr ºf tº ANSWER, An'sør. s.475. That which is said in return to a question, or position ; a confutation of a charge. ANSWERKBLE, an’sér-à-bl. a. .475. That to which a reply may be made; obliged to give an account; correspondent to ; proportionate to equal to. ANSWERABLY, an’sfir-à-blé. ad. In due pro- portion; with proper correspondence; suitably, ANT ANT 25 —no, mēve, nár, nāt;-täbe, tab, būlī;-&il;-pöðnd;—thin, this. ANSWERABLENESS, fin sār-ā-bīnés. s. The § of being answerable. ANSWERER, fin'stir-fir. s. 554. He that answers; he that manages the controversy against one that has written first. ANT, fint. s. An emmet, a pismire. ANTBEAR,ānt'báre.s.Ananimalthatfeedsonants. ANTHILL, ant'hill. s. The small protuberance of earth in which ants make their nests. ANTAGONIST, fin-tág'ó-nist. s. One who com- texads with another ; an opponent; contrary to. To ANTAGONIZE, fin-tág'6-mize. v. m. To con- tend against another. ANTANACLASIS, flut-à-nā-klä'słs. s. A figure in rhetorick, when the same word is repeated in a different manner, if not in a contrary signi- fication: it is also a returning to the matter at the end of a long parenthesis. ANTAPHRODITICK, fint-à-frô ditſik. a. Effica- cious against the venereal disease: ANTAPOPLECTICK,ánt-àp-pô-plék’tík.a. Good against an º ANTARCTICK, fin-tärk'tik. a. Relating to the southern pole. - ANTARTHRITICK, #nt-ār-thritſik. a. Good against the gout. ANTASTHMATICK, fint-àst-mât'ík. a. Good agains: the asthma. ANTEACT, fin'té-ākt. s. A former act. ANTEAMBULATION, fin-tê-ām-bā-lä'shān. A walking before. To ANTECEDE, fin-tê-sède'. v. a. To precede; to go before. ANTECEDENCE, fin-tê-sè'dénse. s. The act or state of going before. ANTECEDENT, fin-té-sé'dént. a. Going before; S. preceding. ANTECEDENT, fin-tê-sè'dént. s. That which goes before ; in grammar, the noun to which the relative is subjoined. ANTECEDENTLY, fin-té-sé'dént-lè. ad. Pre- viously. ANTECESSOR, fin-tê-sés'sär. s. One who goes before, or leads another. ANTECHAMBER, fin'te-tshām-bär. s. The chamber that leads to the chief apartment. See CHAMBER. To ANTEDATE, fin'té-dāte. v. a. To date earlier than the real time; to date something before the proper time. ANTEDILUVIAN, fin-té-dé-lè'vé-án. a Ex- isting before the deluge; relating to things ex- isting before the deluge. ANTELOPE, fin'té-lópe. s. or wreathed horms. ANTEMERIDIAN, Án-tê-mè-ré'dé-án. a. 294, 376, 507. Being before noon. ANTEMETICK, fint-ê-métik. a. That has the power of§§"; or stopping vomiting. ANTEMUNDANE, fin-tê-mân dàne. a. That which was before the world. ANTEPAST, fin'té-pâst. s. A fore-taste. ANTEPENULT, fin-tê-pè-målt'. s. The last syllable but two. ANTEPILEPTICK, int-ép-è-lép'tík. a. A me- dicine against convulsions. To ANTEPONE, fin'té-pône. v. a. one thing to and ther. ANTEPREDICAMENT, fin-tê-prè-dik'ā-mênt. s. Something previous to the doctrine of the predicaments. ANTERIORITY, fin-tê-rè-ör'è-té. s. the state of being before. ANTERIOUR, fin-tê'rè-àr. a. Going before. [[P Now more commonly and better written AN- TERIOR, ANTES, fin'téz. s. Pillars of large dimensions that su § the front of a building. ANº. MACH, fin-té-stöm'êk. s. that leads into the stomach. 166. ANTHELMINTHICK, #m-thèl-mfn'thik. a. That which kills worm, A goat with curled To prefer Priority; A cavity HANTIPATHETICAL, an ANTHEM, an'thém. s. A holy song ANTHOLOGY, fin-thélº-jë. s. 518. A collec- tion of flowers; a collection of devotions; a collection of poems. ANTHONY'S FIRE, an’tó-méz-fire'. s. Alcind of erysipelas. ANTHRAX, #n'thráks. A scab or blotch which burns the skin. ANTHROPOLOGY, an'thrö-pôl'ö-jë. s. The doctrine of anatomy. ANTHROPOPHAGF, an'thrö-pôf'à-ji. s. Man- eaters, cannibals. ANTHROPOPHAGINIAN, #n'thrö-pôf'ā-jin'é-án. s. A ludicrous word, formed by Shakspeare from §§ S. ANTHROPOPHAGY, an'thrö-pôf'ā-jë. s. The quality of eating human flesh. ANTHROPOSOPHY, fin'thrö-pós'ö-fé. s. The knowledge of the nature of man. ANTHYPNofićk,"änthip-motik. a. That which has the power of preventing sleep. ANTIACID, #m'té-ás'íd. s. Alkali. - ANTICHAMBER, fin'té-tshām-bär. s. Corrupt- ly written for antechamber.—See CHAMBER. ANTICHRISTIAN, fin-tê-kris'tshön, a. Oppo- site to Christianity. ARºSM, ân-tê-kris'tshān-izm. s. Opposition or contrariety to Christianity. ANTICHRISTIANITY, "ån-tê-kris-tshē-ăn'è-té s. Contrariety to Christianity. To ANTICIPATE, fin-tisſè-pâte. v. a. To take something sooner than another, so as to pre- vent him ; to take up before the time; to fore- taste, or take an impression of ...; which is not yet, as if it really was ; to preclude. ANTICIPATION, #n'tis-sé-på-shön. s. The act of taking up something before its time; fore- taste. ANTICK, #n'tik. a. Odd; ridiculously wild. ANTICK, fin'tík. s. . He that plays anticks, or uses odd gesticulation; a buffoon. ANTICKLY, fin'tºk-lè. ad. ... With odd postures. ANTICLIMAX, fin-tê-kli'måks. s. A sentence in which the last part is lower than the first; opposite to a climax. re ANTICONVULSIVE, #m-tê-kön-väl'słv. a. Good against convulsions. ANTICOR, fin'té-kör. s. 166. A preternatural swelling in a horse's breast, opposite to his heart. ANTICOURTIER, fin-tê-köre'tshār. s. One that opposes the court. ANTIDOTAL, fin'té-dò'tál. a. Having the pow- er or quality of counteracting poison. ANTIDOTE, fin'té-dòte. s. A medicine given to expel poison ANTIFEBRiff, An-te-fébril. a. 140. Good §§ fevers. ANTILOGARITHM, fin-té-lèg'à-rithm. s. The complement of the logarithm of a sine, tangent, Or Secant. ANTIMONARCHICAL, finité-mö-nār'kè-kál. a. Against government by a single person. Jº ANTivio'íAï, ºne ài a." Made of an- timony. ANTIMONY, fin té-mân-è. s. 546. Regulus of, is a brilliant, brittle metal, of a dusky white colour and is destitute of ductility. Parkes' Chymistry, The sulphurel of antimony resembles a mass of little shining veins or threads like needles, brit- tle as glass. ANTiNEPHRITICK, an-te-me-fritik. a. Good against diseases of the reins and kidneys. ANTINOMY, fin-tin'6-mé. s. 518. A contra- diction between two laws. ANTIPARALYTICK, fin'té-pār-à-litſik. a. Effi cacious against the palsy. tê-pá-thét'é-kál. a. Hav- ing a natural contrariety to any thing, ANTIPATHY, fin-tip'à-thè. s. 518. A natural contrariety to any thing, so as to shun it invo, untarily: opposed to sympathy. ANT" API 26 I, 559–Fate, far, fall, fat;-mé, mét;—pine, pin;– ANT/PERISTASIS, #n'té-pè-ris'tá-sis. s. 520. The opposition of a contrary quality, by which the quality it opposes becomes ...; tened. ANTIPESTILENTIAL, fin'té-pés-tê-lém-shāl. a. Efficacious against the plague. ANTIPHON, fin'té-föm. s. Alternate singing. §§§ ân-tíf'ö-nē. s. An echo. The 3. - t method of singing by way of response. Ash and Mason. ANTIPHRASIS, fin-tif'frå-sis. s. 519. The use of words in a sense opposite to their ſheam- IIM&R. - AşfiPodal, ān-tºp'o-dál. a. 518. Relating to the antipodes. ANTIPODES, fin-tip'ó-dèz. s. Those people who, living on the other side of the globe, have their feet directly opposite to ours. {i,j We frequently hear disputes whether this word should be pronounced in four syllables, as it is here, with the accent on the second ; or in three, as if divided into.an-ti-podes, with the ac- cent on the first syllable, and the last rhyming with abodes. To solve the difficulty, it must be observed, that the word is pure Latin; and that when we adopt such words into our own lan- guage, we seldom alter the accent. If, indeed, the singular of this word were in use like safel- lule, 155, then we ought to form the plural re- gularly, and pronounce it in three syllables only; but as it is always used in the plural, and is per- fect Latin, we ought to pronounce it in four. “To counterpoise this hero of the mode, “Some for remown are singular and odd; “What other men dislike is sure to please, Of all mankind, these dear antipodes : “Through pride, not malice, they run counterstill, “And birth-days are their days of dressing ill.” Young's Love of Fame. ANTIPOPE, fin'té-pôpe. s. He that usurps the opedom. Ağ. IPTOSIS, fin-tip-tê'sis. s. 520. A figure in grammar, by which one case is put for another. ARTIqtjARY, ân'té-kwā-rè. s. A man studious of antiquity To ANTIQUATE, fin'té-kwāte. v. a. To make obsolete. *** * * ANTIQUATEDNESS, fin'té-kwā-téd-nēs. s. The state of being obsolete. ANTIQUE, fin-téék’. a. 112. dern ; of genuine antiquity ; o ANTIQUE, fin-téék'. s. remain of ancient times, ANTIQUENESS, fin-téék.'més. s. of being antique. ANTſºtſity, in tikkwe-té. s. Old times; the ancients; remains of old times ; old age. ANTISCORBUTICAL, Auſtè-skör-bū'té-kāl. Good against the scurvy. ANTISPASIS, fin-ts'pá-sis. s. of any humour. ANTISPASMODICK, in'té spāz-möd'ik. a. That which has the power of relieving the cramp. ANTISPASTICK, fin-tê-spås’tlk, a. , Medicines which cause a revulsion. ANTISPLENETICK, #n'té-splén'é-tik. a. Effi- cacious in diseases of the spleen. ANTISTROPHE, fin-tis' tró-fé. s. In an ode sung in parts, the second stanza of every three. ANTISTRUMATICK, fln'té-strö-mât'ík. a. Good against the king's evil; Aśīš. ăn tith'é-sls. cóntrast. ANTITYPE, fln'tè-tipe. s. That which is re- ser bled or shadowed out by the type. A term of #3; ANTITYPföAL, an-tº-tip'é-kál. a. That which § the type. ANTIVENEREAL, an’té-vé-nē-rè-ál. a. § the venereal disease ANTLEtt, int'lär. s. Ancient, not mo- fold fashion. An antiquity; a The quality à. The revulsion S. Opposition ; Good Branch of a stag’s holds. ANTCECI, §n-téé's]. s. 296. Those inhabitants of the earth who live under the same meridian, at the same distance from the equator; the one towards the north, and the other to the south. ANTONOMASIA, fin-tó-nó-mâ'zhē-ă. s. 453. A form of speech, in which, for a proper name, is put the name of some dignity. º: say the Orator for Cicero. 92, ANTRE, fin'tūr. S. 416. A cavern, a den. ANVIL, fin'vil. s. The iron block on which the Smith lays his metal to be forged; anything on which blows are laid. ANXIETY, fing-zl'è-té. s. 479, 480. Trouble of mind about some future event; solicitude; de- pression ; lowness of spirits. ANXIOUS, fink'shās, a 480. Disturbed about some uncertain event; careful; full of inquie tude. ANXIOUSLY, fink'shôs-lè. ad. Solicitously, un- uietly. AśSNEss, ânk'shôs-nēs. s. The quality of being anxious. ANY, &n'né. a. 89. Every, whoever, whatever. AONIAN, A-6'nè-án. a. Belonging to the hill Par- * the supposed residence of the Muses. } S/l. AORIST, A'ê-rist. s. Indefinite. A tense in the Greek language. AORTA, fl-örtà. s.92. The great artery which rises immediately out of the left ventricle of the heart. APACE, fl-pâse'. ad. Quick; speedily; hastily. APART, fl-párt'. ad. Separately from the rest in place ; in a state of distinction, at a distance; retired from the other company. APARTMENT, fl-párt'mént. s. A room; a set of rooms. APATHY, fip'à-thé. s. Exemption from passion. APE, Ape. s. A kind of monkey; an imitator. To APE, Ape. v. a. To imitate, as an ape imitates human actions. APEAK, 3-pêke', ad. In a posture to pierce the ground. APEPSY, fip'ép-sé. s. 503. A loss of matural con- COction. APERIENT: ā-pérè-ént. a. Gently purgative. APERITIVE, fi-pér'é-tív. a. That which has the #. of opening. APERT, fl-péſt'. a. Open. APERTION, 3-pér'shön. s. An opening, a pass- § a gap; the act of opening. APERTLY, fl-pért'lé. ad. "Openly. APERTNESS, fi-pért'nés. s. Openness. APERTURE, ap'fir-tshūre. s. 460,463. The act of opening; an open Fº Aºûts à-pét'à-lès. a. 314. Without flower £8.VeS. APEX, #'pěks, s. The tip or point. APHAERESIS, a-fér'é-sfs. s. 124. A figure in grammar that takes away a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word. APHELION, fl-fé'lē-ăn. s. That part of the orbit of a planet, in which it is at the point remotes1 from the sun. APHILANTHROPY, fif'é-lán'thrö-pé. s. Want of love to mankind. APHORISM, fif'é-rizm. s. 503. A maxim; an un- connected position. f APHORISTICAL, af-6-1 is té-kál. a. Written ic Separate unconnected sentences. APHORISTICALLY, #f-ó-ris’té-kāl-lè. ad. In the form of an aphorism. APHRODISHACAL, fif'frö-dè-ziá-kál. ; 3. APHRODISIACK, #f'fro-dizh'è-āk. * 451. Relating to the venereal disease. APLARY, A'pë-à-ré. s. 534. The place where bees are kept. AF4 ECE, 3-pêèse', ad. To the part or share of {*:ACh, APISH, Apish. a. Having the qualities of an ape; imitative; foppish ; affected; silly; triflin wantom ; playful, APO APP 27 —no, mäve, nár, nôt;—túbe, tib, būll;-ößl ;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. APISHLY, Aſpish-lè ad. In an apish manner. APISHNESS, Aſpish-nēs. s. Mimickry; for pery. APITPAT, fl-pît'pät. ad. With quick palpitation. APOCALYPSE, fl-pók'à-lips. s. Revelation; a word used only of the sacred writings. APOCALYPTICAL, 3-pôk-à-lip'té-kál. a. Con- ining revelation. APOCOPE, 3-pók'ö-pè. s. A figure, when the last letter or syllable is taken away. APOCRUSTICK, #p-ö-krös’tík.a. Repelling and astringent. Aſſºfia, ā-pók'rè-fä. s. 92. Books added to the sacred writings, of doubtful authors, APOCRYPHAL, #-pók’rè-fäl. a. Not canonical ; of uncertain authority contained in the apoc- rypha. APOCRYPHALLY, fl-pók'rè-fāl-lè. ād. Un- certainty. 4, APOCRYPHALNESS, 3-pôk'rè-fāl-nés. Un- certainty. APODICTICAL, fip-ó-dikté-kál. a. Demonstra- tive. APODIXIS, fip-ó-dík'sfs. s. 527. Demonstration. APOGAEON, ap-º-jé'ón. 527. S APOGEE, ap'ó-jé. 503. º A point in the heavens, in which the sºn, or a planet, is at the greatest distance possible from the earth in its whole revolution. APOLOGETICAL, fi-pôl-ó-jété-kál. APOLOGETICK, 3-pôl-ó-jét'ík. That which is said in defence of any thing. APOLOGIST, fl-pôl'ö-jíst. s. One who makes an apology. To APOLOGIZE, 3-pôl' 6-jize. v. m. To plead in favour. APOLOGUE, ap'ö-lög. s. 338, 503. Fable, story contrived to teach some moral truth. APOLOGY, 3-pôl'ö-jë. s. 518. Defence, excuse. APOMECOMETRY, fip'ö-mè-köm'mè-trè. s. 527. The art of measuring things at a distance. APONEUROSIS, ā-pôn-nērºsis. s. An expan- sion of a nerve into a membrane. APOPHASIS, fl-pôf'à-sis. s. 520. A figure by which the orator seems to wave what he would §§ insinuate. APOPHLEGMATICK, ap-à-flég'má-tik. a. 510. Drawing away phlegm. APOPHLEGMATISM, fip-ó-flèg'má-tizm. s. A medicine to draw phlegm. APOPHTHEGM, fip'ö-thèm. s. 503. A remarkable saying. Afºgº, à-pôf'é-jë. s. That part of a column where it begins to spring out of its base; the spring of a column APOPHYSIS, fl-péſ'é-sis. s. 520. The prominent arts of some bones; the same as process. APOPLECTICAL, fip-ó-plékſtè-kāi. : 3. APOPLECTICK, ap-à-plék’tík. Relating to an apoplexy. APOPLEXY, fip'5-plék-sè. s. 517. A sudden de- rivation of all sensation. APORIA, 3-pô'rè-á. s. 505,92. A figure by which the speaker doubts where to begin. APORRHOEA, ap-pôr-ré'â. s. 92. Effluvium, em- anation. APOSIOPESIS, 3-pôzh-é-ó-pê'sts. s. 520. A form of speech, by which the speaker, through some affection or vehemency, breaks off his speech. 526. APOSTACY, fl-pós'tá-sé. s. Departure from what a man has professed ; it is generally applied to religion. Ağre, āp-pós'tate. s. 91. One that has for- saken his religion. APOSTATICAL, fip pès-tät'è-kál. a. After the manner of an apostate. To APOSTATIZE, fi-pös’tá-tize. v. m. To forsake one's religion. S. To APOSTÉMATE, fl-pés'té-māte. v. n. 91 To swell and corrupt into matter. APOSTEMATION, 3-pôs-tê-mâ'shön. s. The gathering of a hollow purulent tumour }* APOSTEME, fip'ö-stème. s. 503. A hollow swell- ing, an abscess. APQSTLE, 3-pós'sl. s.472, 405. A person sent with mandates, particularly applied to them whom our Saviour deputed to preach the gos, pei. [[G. This word is sometimes heard in the pulpit, as if divided into a-po-stle; the second syllable like the first of po-et. If the long quantity of the o, in the Latin apostolus, is urged for a sim- ilar length of the j apostle, let us onl turn to No. 537 of the Principles, and we shaft see the futility of arguing from the Latin quan- tity to ours. If these reasons are not satisfac- tory, it is hoped that those who are abettors of this singular pronunciation will alter e-pis-tle into e-pi-stle, the second syllable like pie, and then their reasoning and practice will be uni. form. APOSTLESHIP, 3-pès's]-ship. s. The office or dignity of an apostle. APOSTOLICAL, ap-ès-tól'é-kál. a. Delivered by the apostles. APOSIOLICALLY, Ép-ös-tól'è-kāl-lè ad In the manner of the apostles. APOSTOLICK, ap-ès-töllik. a. 508 Taught by the apostles. APOSTROPHE, fl-pós'trö-fé. s. 518. In rheto- rick, a diversion of speech to another person than the speech appointed did intend or require; in grammar, the contraction of a word by the use of a comma, as tho' for though. To APOSTROPHIZE, fl-pés'trö-fize. v. a. To address by an apostrophe. APOSTUME, fipº-stème. s. 503. A hollow tu- mour, filled with purulent matter. APOTHECARY, fl-pôth'é-kā-ré. s. A man whose employment it is to keep medicines for sale. 470. [[ī’There is a corrupt pronunciation of this word, not confined to the vulgar, as if it were written .#potecary. APOTHEGM, ap'ê-thém. s. 503. A remarkable saying. APOTHEOSIS, fip-ó-thè'ó-sis. s. Deification. [[; This word, like Metamorphosis, has deserted its Latin accentuation on the penultimate sylla- ble, and returned to its original Greek accent on the antepenultimate. See Principles, No. 503, page 56. The other words of this termin- ation, as Anadiplosis, Antiptosis, &c. retain the Latin accent, though all these words in Treek have the accent on the antepenultimate. This accentuation on the antepenultimate is so agree- able to the genius of our own tongue, that it is mo wonder it #sºso prevalent. Johnson, Sheri- dan, Kenrick, Ash, Scott, Buchanan, Bailey, and Perry, have adopted it as I have done ; and only Smith, Barclay, and Entick, accent the penultimate. So eminent a poet as Garth ap- proves of the choice I have made, where he says, “ Allots the prince of his celestial line ** An apotheosis, and rites divine.” APOTOME, fl-pôt'ö-mè. s. The remainder or difference of two incommensurable quantities. APOSEM, #p'ö-zém. s. 503. A decoction. To APPAL, fip-pâll'. v. a. 406. To flight, to de- press. [[; Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word might more properly have been witten flypale ; and we find Bacon, in his History of Henry VII. actually writes the compound appulement.— Whether Johnson founds his opinion upon the pale colour which fear generally produces, or upon the derivation of the word from the French ppalir, it cannot be certainly known; but this is certain, that this word has been so often rhymed with all, ball, fall, &c. that such a change as Dr. Johnson recommends would be attend- ed with no small inconvenience. It may be observed too, that spelling this word with single 1 as he has done, is at valiance with its general pronunciation: for one l, when final, does not APP «º C) 8 APP [[G 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit;-mè, mét;—pine, pīn;– in oaden the a like that in all, but leaves it in the sound of that vowel in fal-low, tul-low, &c. Considering therefore that the pronunciation of this word is so irrevocably fixed, it is but borrowing an 1,from the Latin Palleo to make the sound and the spelling exactly correspond. We are often fond of lieglecting the French for the Latin etymology when there is no necessi- $y, in the present case such a preference would be commendable. APPALEMENT, ap-pâll'mént. s. impression of fear. APPANAGE, fip'pā-nāje. s. 90, 503. Lands set # for the maintenance of younger child, en. APPARATUS, ap-pā-rātās. s. Those things which are provided for the accomplishment of any purpose ; as, the tools of a trade, the fur- , , niture of a house; equipage, show. APPAREL, fip-pār'él. s. Dress, vesture; exter- mal habiliments. To APPAREL, ap-pár'él. clothe ; to cºver, 9. deck. APPARENT, fip-pâ'rént. a. Plain, indubitable; sceming, not real; visible; open; discoverable; certain, not presumptive. AºNTLY āp-pâ'rént-lè ad. Evidently; openly. APPARITION, fip-pá-rish'ên. s. Appearance, visibility; a visible object ; a spectre, a walk. ing spirit; something only apparent, not real; the visibility of some luminaiy. APPARITOR, fip-pár'é-tár. s. 98. The lowest officer of the ecclesiastical court. To ARPAY, ºp-pâ'. v; a., To satisfy. To APPEACH, Śp-pèëtsh'. v. a. To accuse; to censure ; to reproach. APPEACHMENT, fip-pèëtsh'mént. s. Charge exhibited against any man. To APPEAL, Ép-pèle'. v. m. To transfer a cause from one to another; to call another as witness. APPEAL, fip-pèle'. s. A removal of a cause from an inferiour to a superiour court; in the common law, an accusation; a call upon any as witness. APPEALANT, Ép-péI'lánt. s. He that appeals. To APPEAR, fip-père'. v. n. To be in sight, to be visible; to become visible as a spirit; to ex- hibit one's self before a court; to seem, in op- osition to reality; to be plain beyond dispute. APPEARANCE, ap-pê'ränse. s. The act of con-ing into sight; the thing seen; semblance, not reality; outside show ; entry into a place or company; exhibition of the person to a court; resence, mien ; probability, likelihood. PEARER, ap-pê'rár. s. 98.**The person that appears. AºAsABLE, āp-pê'zā-bl. a. 405. Reconcile- able. APPEASABLENESS, Ép-pê'zā-bl-nēs. s. Re- ºś. To APPEASE, fip-pèze'. v. a. To quiet; to put in a state of peace; to pacify ; to reconcile. APPEASEMENT, ap-pèze'ment. s. A state of peace. Y APPEASER, fip-pê'zār. s. 98. He that pacifies, he that quiets disturbances. APPELLANT, #p-pel'lánt. s. A challenger; one that appeals from a lower to a higher power. APPELLATE, fip-péI'lāte. s. 91. The person appealed against. * APPELLATION, fip-pél-lä'shān, s. Name APPELLATIVE, fip-pél’lā-tiv. s. 157. A name common to all of the same kind or species; as, man, horse. tº APPELLATIVELY, fip-pél’lā-tiv-lè. ad. Accord- ing to the manner of mouns appellative. Ağığ. āp-pél’lā-tūr-rè. a. That which contains an appeal. 512. APPELLEE, ap-péſ-lè'. s. One who is accused. To APPEND, apºpénd.y.a. To hang anything upon another; to add to something as an ec. cessory, Depression ; v. a. To dress, to • APPENDAGF, ap-pên'dāje. s. 90. , Something added to amouher thing, without being necessa. §§ its essenge. APPENDANT, fip-pên'dánt. a. Hanging to some- thing else; anmexed ; concomitant. APPENDANT, fip-pên'dānt. s. An accidental or adventitious part. To APPENDICATE, fip-pên'dè-kāte. v. a. 91 To add to another thing. APPENDICATION, fip-pên-dè-ká'shān s. 459 . Annexiom. APPENDIX, Ép-pên'diks. s. Something appen- ded or added ; an adjunct or concomitant. To APPERTAIN, ap-pèl-tāme'. v. n. To belong to as of right ; to belong to by nature. APPERTAINMENT, fip-pér-tāne'mént. s. That which belongs to any rank or dignity. APPERTENANCE, ãp-pér’tè-mânse. s. That which belongs to another thing. º APPERTINENT, #p-pér'iè-nēnt. a. Belonging, APPETENCE, fip'pë-ténse. * s: źftNjº Carºlesire. APPETIBILITY, fip-pêt-tê-bī'é-té. s. The qual- ity of being desirable. APPETIBLE, Ép'pë-tê-bl. a. 405. Desirable. APPETITE, ap'pë-tite. s. 155. The matural de- sire of good; the desire of sensual pleasure ; violent longing ; keenness of stomach ; hunger. APPETITIQ., áp-pē-tish'ºn. s. bºſ. Desire. APPETITIVE, Appè-tê-tiv. a. That which de- SlreS, To APPLAUD, fip-plawd'. v. a. To praise by clapping the hands; to praise in general. APPLAUDER, fip-plav'dár. s 98. He that raises or commends. PLAUSE, Ép-plawz'. s. Approbation loudly expressed. APPLAUSIVE, fip-plaw'siv. a. Applauding. JMason. APPLE, fippl. ... s. 405. The fruit of the apple- tree ; the pupil of the eye. APPLEWOMAN, fip'pl-wim-àm. s. A woman that sells apples. APPLIABLE, fip-pli'ā-bl. a. 405. That which may be applied. APPLIANCE, fip-plī’ānse. s. The act of apply- ingº, the thing applied. APPLICABILITY, fip'plé-kā-bil'é-té. s. The qual- ity of º fit to be applied. APPLICABLE, applé-kā-bl. a. That which may be applied. APPLICABLENESS, fipplé-kā-bl-nēs. s. Fit. mess to be applied. APPLICABLY, #p'plé-kā-blé. ad. In such man- wer as that it may be properly applied. APPLICATE, fipplé-kāte. s. 9ſ. A right lime drawn across a curve, so as to bisect the diam- eter. APPLICATION, Áp-plé-kä'shēn. s. The act of . applying any thing to another; the thing appli- ed; the act of applying to any person as a peti- tioner ; the employment of any means for a certain end ; intenseness of thought, close stu- dy; attention to some particular affair. APPLICATIVE., ápplé-kā-tív a. Belonging to application. 512. APPLICATORY, fip'plè-kā-tär-rè. a. Belonging to the act of applying 512 To APPLY. i. v. a. To put one thing to an- other; to lay medicaments upon a wound ; to make use of as relative or suitable; to put to a certain use ; to fix the mind upon, to study; to have recourse to, as a petitioner ; to ply, to keep at work. To APPQINT âp-pºint...v. a. To fix any thing; to establish any thing by decree ; to furnish in all points ; to equip. APPOINTER, ap-pôia'tar. s. 98. He that set- tles or fixes º APPOINTMENT, ap-półnt'mènt. s. Stipulation | decree; establishment; direction; order; equip- APP APT 29 —no, mēve, nár, nôt;—tube, tºb, būll;-&il;-pôānd;—thin, THIs. ment • furniture; an allowance paid to any ſºlº. To APPORTION, Áp-père'shān. v. a. To set out injust proportions. APPORTIONMENT, Ép-pôre'shān-mémt. s. A dividing into portions. To APPÖSE, fip-pôze'. v. a. To put questions to: APPOSITE, fip'pë-zit. a. 156. Proper; fit; well §§ APPOSITELY,áppô-zit-lè. ad. Properly; fitly; suitablv. AğENESS, fippó-zit-nēs. s. Fitness; pro- riety; suitableness. tº ~ 8 A #ſº , àp-pô-zish'ân. s. The addition of new matter; in grammar, the putting of two nouns in the same case. To APPRAISE, #p-präze v. a. To set a price upon an §§ APRRAISEMENT, fip-präze’mént. s. The act of appraising; a valuation. & APPRAISER, fip-prä'zār. s. 98. A person ap- pointed to set a price upon things to be sold. To APPRECIATE, fip-prè'shē-ăte. v. a [EP This word is not in Johnson ; and Bailey, who has it, seems not to have given its present signification, for he explains it, “to set a high value or esteem upon any thing ;” for my recol- lection fails me, if it has not been generally used in the sense of the French word it comes from, Apprécier, to appraise, to rate, to value, to declare the just price of any thing, as nearly synonymous to the English word, to estimate. APPRECIABLE, fip-pré'shē-ă-bl. a. II; This word is the genuine offspring of the former; and if we admit the parent, we can- not refuse the child, especially as the latter seems of more use than the former ; for though we may pretty well supply the place of appre- ciate by estimate, we have not so good a word as appreciable to express the capability of being es- timated. To APPREHEND, ap-prè-hénd'. v. a. To lay hold on; to seize, in order for trial or punish- ment; to conceive by the mind; to think on with terrour; to fear. g APPREHENDER, fip-prè-hén'dár. s. One who apprehends. APPREHENSIBLE, fip-prè-hén'sé-bl. a. 160. That which may be apprehended or conceived. APPREHENSION, fip-pré-hém'shān. s. The mere contemplation of things ; opinion ; senti- ment; conception ; the faculty, by which we conceive new ideas; fear; suspicion of some- thing ; seizure. APPREHENSIVE, fip-prè-hén'sív. a. Quick to understand ; fearful. 158. & APPREHENSIVELY, fip-prè-hén'siv-lè. ad. In an apprehensive manner. . APPREHENSIVENESS, #p-prè-hén'słv-nés. s. The quality of being apprehensive. APPRENTUCE, fip-prén'tis. s. 140. One that is bound by covenant to serve another mian of trade, upon condition that the tradesman shall, in the mean time, endeavour to instruct him in bis art. 142. To APPRENTICE, apprén'tis. v. a. To put out to a master as an apprentice. APPRENTICEHOOD, fip-prén'tís-hăd. s. The ears of an apprenticº's servitude: APPRENTICESHIP, ap-prén'tis-ship. s. The years, which an apprentice is to pass under a master. & To APPRIZE, Ép-prize'. v. a. To inform. To APPROACH, ap-prºtsh', v.in. To draw near locally; to draw meat, as time; to make a pro- gress towards, mentally. ~! --- & To APPROACH, fip-protsh'. v. a. To bring lear to. T APPROACH, fip-prêtsh'. s. . The act of drawing near: access; means of advancing. APPRQACHER, apprè'tshör. s. 98. The per- son that approaches, *~. APPROACHMENT, fip-prètsh'mént. s. The act of coming near. APPROBATION, fip-prè-bä'shān. s. The act of approving, or expressing himself pleased; the liking of any thing; attestation; support. Arº O, , #p-prôöf. s. Commendation. Ob- Sotete. To APPROPINQUE, ap-prè-pink'. v. n. To draw near to. Not in use. --> APPROPRIABLE, fip-prè'pré-à-bl. a. That which may be appropriated. To APPROPRIATE, ap-prè'prè-āte. v. a. 91. To consign to some particular use or person; to claim or exercise an exclusive right; to make peculiar; to aunex; in law, to alienate a be- ineſſ Ce. APPROPRIATE, fip-pró'prè-āte. . a. 91. Pecu. liar ; consigned to some particular. APPROPRIATION, ap-prè-prè-à'shön, s. The application of something to a particular pur- pose ; the claim of any thing as peculiar ; the fixing of a particular signification to a word: in law, a severing of a benefice ecclesiastical to the proper and perpetual use of some religious house, or dean and chapter, bishoprick, or col- lege. APFROPRIATOR, ap-pro-prè-Atăr. s. He that is possessed of an appropriated benefice. 98. APPROVABLE, fip-próðvá-bl. a. That which merits approbation. APPROVAL, Šp-próó'vál. s. Approbation. APPROVANCE, fip-próð'vänse. s. Approbation. JNot in use. To APPROVE, fip-próðv'. v. a. To like, to be pleased with ; to express liking ; to prove , to show; to experience; to make worthy of ap- probation. APPROVEMENT, fip-prèóv'mént. s. Approba- tion, liking. APPROVER, ap-préðvár. s. 98. He that ap- proves; he that makes trial : in law, one that, confessing felony of himself, accuses another To APPROXIMATE, fip-prôks'è-māte. v. n. 91. To approach ; to draw mear to. [[F This word, as a verb, is not in Johnson ; but its very frequent use among good writers and speakers is a sufficient authority for its inser- tion here, without the trouble of searching for a precedent. APFROXIMATE, fip-pröks'è-māte. a. Near to APPROXIMATION, flip-prôk-sè-mâ'shân. s. Ap- proacn to any thing ; continual approach near- er still, and nearer to the quantity sought. AFPljišš, āp'pëlse. s. The act of striking against any thing. APPURTENANCE, fip-pâr'tè-mânse. s. That which belongs to something else which is con- sidered as the principal. Alsh. APRICOT, or APRICOCK, Aprè-kót. s. A kind of wall fruit. [[F The latter manner of writing this word is rown vulgar. APRIL, a pril. s. The fourth month of the year, January counted first. APRON, A'púrn s 417. A cloth hung before, to keep the other dress clean, or for ornament. APR&N, A'pårn. S. 417 A piece of lead which covers the touch-hole of a great gun. APRONED, a púrnd, a 462. Wearing an apron. APSIS, Ép'sfs, s. The higher apsis is denomina- or perigee. APT: āpt. a. Fit ; having a tendency to ; inclin- ed to ; led to ; ready, quick, as, an apt wit: qualified far. To APTATE, ap'täte. v. a. 91... To make fit APTITUDE, fip’tè-túde. s. Fitness; tendency’ pertinently, readily ; acutely; as, he disposition. iusti ustly : fºi his business very aptly APTLY, fipt'lé, ad. Properly ; fitly; p APTNESS, ãpt'nés. s. Fitness; suitableness; ,” ted aphelion, or apogee ; the lower, perihelion, % ARC ARC 30 * [[G 559–Fâte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—pine, plm;- disposition to any thing ; quickness of appre- hension ; tendency. APTOTE, fip'töte. s. clined with cases. AQUA, #'kwá. s. 92. Water. AQUA-FORTIS, flk-kwā-fôr'tís. s. A corrosive liquor made by distilling purified nitre with sul- huric acid. AQUA-MARINA, flk-kwā-má-ri'nā. s. The Beryl. AQUA-VITAE, flk-kwā-vi’té. s. Brandy. AQUATICK, fl-kwāt'ík. a. That which inhabits water; that which grows in the water. AQUATILE, ak'kwā-til a. 145. That which in- babits the water. 503 AQUEDUCT, flk'kwë-dûct. s. made for carrying water. AQUEOUS, Akwá-às. a. 534. Watery. AQUEOUSNESS, Aſkwé-ás-nés. s. Waterish- IlêSS f AQUILINE, flk'wé-lin. a. 145. Resembling an eagle when applied to the mose, hooked. AqtföSE, ā-kwöse’. a. Watery. AQUQSITY, ā-kwós'è-té. s. 511. Wateriness. ARABLE, fir’â-bl. a. 405, Fit for tillage. [[; The a in the first syllable of this word has the short sound as much as if the r were double. The same may be observed of every accented a before r, followed by a vowel. 81. 168. ARABICK,ārā-bik. a. Of Arabia - written in its language. JMason. Aº , à-ră'nè-às a. Resembling a cob- web ARATION, fl-rá'shān s. The act or practice of ploughing ARATORY, firã-tär-rè. a. 512. That which con- tribs' tes to tillage ARBALIST, fir'bā-list. s. 503. A cross-bow. ARBITER, fir'bé-tär... s. 98. A judge appointed by the parties, to whose determination they vo- luntarily submii; a judge. ARBITRABLF, ar'bè-trá-bl. a. ending upon the will Ağı. är"bft'trā-mênt. s. Will; de- termination ; choice. ARBITRARILY, fir'bè-trā-ré-lè, ad. With no despotically ; abso- other rule than the will ; lutely. ARBITRARINESS, Arbè-trá-rè-nés. s. Despot- icalness. ARBITRARIOUS, fir-bê-trä'ré-ás. a. Arbitrary, depending on the will. ARBITRARIOUSLY, fir-bê-trä'rè-ès-lè. ad. Ac- cording to mere will and pleasure. ARBITRARY, fir'bè-trá-ré. a. Despotick, abso- lute ; depending on no rule; capricious. To ARETTRATÉ Ārbē-trate y a 9ſ. To de- cide, to determine ; to judge of. ARBITRATION, fir-bé-trä'shôn. s. The deter- mination of a cause by a judge mutually agreed on by the parties. AREITRATöR, ār-bê-trä'tär, s 521. An extra- ordinary judge between party and party, cho- sen by their mutual consent ; a governor; a A moun which is not de- A conveyance Arbitrary, de lº he that has the power of acting by is own choice; the determiner. ARBITRESS, ar'bè-trés. s. A female arbiter. .Ash. ARB4TREMENT, #r-bit'trè-mênt. s. determination ; compromise. ARBORARY, ar'bó-rá-rè. a. 512. ing to a tree. ARBORET, ºr'bö-ret. s. A small tree or shrub. ARBORIST, fir'bó-rfst. s. A naturalist who makes trees his study. ARBOROUS, Arbo-rūs. a. 314. Belonging to trees ARBOUR, fir'bár. s. 314. A bower. ARBUSCLE, #1'bás-sl. s. 351, 405. Any little shrub. ARBUTE, fir-bête'. s. Strawbery-tree. Aºk s. A segment, a part of a circle ; ºn t! I'Cºl. Decision, Of or belong-l te ARCHIDIACONAL, 3r-kè-di-ák'ê-nāl. . a. - Be- ARCADE,%r-kade'. s. A continued arch. ARCANUM, àr-kā'nām. s. 503. (Plural arcana.) A secret. ARCH, artsh.. s. Part of a circle, not more than the half; a building in form of a segment of a circle, used for bridges; vault of heaven; a chief. To ARCH, ärtsh. v. a. To build arches; to cover with arches. ARCH, artsh; a. Chief, of the first class; wag- gish, mirthful. ARCHANGEL, Ark-ānejél. s. 354. One of the lſº order of angels. [[; The aecent is sometimes on the first syllable, though not so properly. ARCHANGEL, Ark-ānejël. s. A plant, dead mettle. ARCHANGELICK, Ark-ān-jël'lik. a. Belonging to archangels. ARCHBEACON, artsh-bê'km. s. The chief place of prospect, or of signal. ARCHBISHOP, artsh-bishºp. s. 354. A bishop of the first class, who superintends the conduct wof other bishops, his stuffragans. ARCHBISHOPRICK, artsh-bishºp-rik. s. The state, province, or jurisdiction of an archbishop. ARCHCHANTER, Artsh-tshān'tör. s. The chief chanter. ARCHDEACON, artsh-dè'km. s. One that sup- plies the bishop's place and office. ARCHDEACONRY, 3rtsh-dè'km-ré. s. The office or jurisdiction of an archdeacon. ARCHDEACONSHIP, artsh-dé'km-ship. s. The office of an archdeacon. ARCHI}UKE, #rtsh-dāke'. s. princes of Austria and *ś ARCHDUCHESS, Artsh-dûtsh’és. s. The sister or daughter of the archduke of Austria. ARCHPHILOSOPHER, 3rtsh-fé-lès'ö-fär. s Chief philosopher. ARCHPRELATE, 3rtsh-prél’lāte. s. 91. Chief prelate. Aºsbyteſ, ãrtsh-prés'bè-tér s. Chief resbyter. ARCHAIOLOGY, ar-kā-616-jë. s. A discourse of ##6 ARCHAIOLOGICK, 3r-kā-6-lödjik. a. Relating to a discourse on antiquity. ARCHAISM, 3r'ká-ism. s. 353. An ancient hrase. , Aſſºp, ärtshéd, part. a. Bent in the form of an arch. [[5 Words of this form are colloquially pronoun- ced in one syllable; and this syllable is one of the harshest that can be imagined, for it sounds as if written artshi. 359. ARCHER, Artsh'Ér. s. bow. ARCHERY, artsh'êr-é. s. The use of the bow; the act of shooting with the bow ; the art of an archer. ARCHES-COURT, Artsh'éz-kört. 5. The chief and most ancient consistory that belongs to une archbishop of Canterbury, for the debating of A title given to He that shoots with a | spiritual causes. Algº, âr'kè-tipe. s. 354. The original | *- of which any resemblance is made. ARCHETYPAL, 3r-kè-tipál. a. Original. ARCHEUS, fir-ké'às. s. 353. A power that pre- sides over the animal occouomy * longing to an archdeacon. ...” | ARCHIEPISCOPAL, ār-kè-e-piskö-pâl, a. 354 Belonging to an archbishop. 3. ARCHITECT, fir'kè-tékt: s. 3%. A professor of the art of building; a builder; the contriver of # # | ARCHITECTIVE, 3r-kè-ték'tív. a. That per- forms the work of architecture. .# ARCHITECTONICK, #r-kè- ték-tón'nik. a. 508 That which has the power or skill of an archis teCt, ARI Aſt Mi 31 ARCHITECTURE, fir'kè-ték-tshöre. s. 461. The art or science of building; the effect or per- formance of the science of building. ARCHITECTURAL, 3r-kè-ték'tshū-rál. a. Be- longing to architecture. Muson. ARCHITRAVE, 3r'kè-trâve. s. That part of a column which lies immediately upon the capi- tal, and is the lowest member of the entabla- ture. ARCHIVES, 3r'klvez. s. 354. The places where records or ancient writings are kept. ARCHWISE, 3rtsh'wize. a. 354. In the form of an arch. *g ARCTATION, 3rk-tä shön. s. Confinement. ARCTICK, Ark'tik. a. Northern. ARCUATE, 3r'kā-āte. a. 91. Bent in the form of an arch. ARCUATION, 3r-kā-ā'shán. s. The act of bend- ing any thing ; incurvation; the state of being bent; curvity, or crookedness. ARCUBALISTER, 3r-kā-bál'ſs-tár. s. bow man. ARDENCY, ar'dém-sè. s. Ardour, eagerness. ARDENT, ar'dént. a. Hot, burning, fiery; fierce, vehement ; passionate, affectionate. Anºntºy, âr'dént-lé, ad. Eagerly, Affection- ately. ARDOUR, fir'dár. s. 314. Heat; heat of affec- tion, as love, desire, *:::: ARDUITY, ar-dà'é-té. s. Height, difficulty. ARDUOUS, arjū-às. a. 293, 376. Lofty, hard to climb ; difficult. ARDUOUSNESS, firjö-às-nés. s. 293, 376. º difficulty. ARE, #r. 75. The plural of the present tense of the verb To be. AREA, A'rè-à. s. 70,545, 534. The surface contain- ed between any lines or boundaries; any open surface. To AREAD, fi-rèèd' v. a. To advise; to direct. Little used. AREFACTION, Ár-rè-fék'shön. s. growing dry; the act of drying. To AREFY, fir'rè-fl. v. a. To dry. ARENACEOUS, fir-8-mâ'shēs. a. 527. Sandy. ARENOSE, fir-º-nºse'. a. 527. Sandy. ARENULOUS, fl-rén'ê-lâs. a. Full of small sand, gravelly. AREOPAGITE, A-rè-öp'ā-jite. s. 156. A judge of the court of Areopagus. JMason. AREOTICK, A-ré-Öt'ík. a. 534. Such medicines as open the pores. ARGENT, Arjént. . a. Having the white colour used in the armorial coats of gentlemen, knights, and baronets; silver, bright like silver. ARGIL, Arjil. s. Potter’s º ARGILEAéoùs, a jīlāshās, a Clayey, con- sisting of argil or potter's clay. ARGILLOUS, fir-jíl'lús. a. 314. Consisting of clay, clayish. ARGOSY, 3r'gó-sè. s. 503. A large vessel for merchandise ; a carack. To ARGUE, ar'gū. v. m. 335. To reason; to offer reasons; to persuade by argument; to dispute. ARGUER, firgü-čir. s. 98. A reasoner, a dis- tuter. AğıENT, âr'gū-mênt. s. A reason alleged for or against any thing ; the subject of any discourse or writing ; tı.e contents of any work summed up by way of abstract; controversy. AğNº. ār-gū-mén'tál. a. Belonging to argument. ARGUMENTATION, flr-gū-mén-tä'shön. s. Rea- soning ; the act of º.; ARGUMENTATIVE, 3r-gū-mên'tá-tiv. a. 512. Consisting of argument; containing argument. ARGUTE, fir-gūte'. a. Subtile, witty, sharp, shrill. ARID, fir'rid. a. 81. Dry, parched up.–See AR- Alb L.E. ARIDITY, fl-rid'dé-tê. s. 511. Drymess, siccity; a kind of insensibility in devotion. A cross- The state of —nó, mövé, nër, mēt ;-túbe, túb, büll –éil;-pôānd —thin, This ARIES, a re-ez. s. The ram, one of the twelve signs of the zodiack. To ARIETATE, fl-ri'é-täte. v. n. 91. To butt like a ram. [[: I have, in this word, followed Dr. Johnson, in placing the accent on the second syllable, and not on the first, according to Mr. Sheridan, and Pr. Ash; but I do not very well know for what reason, unless it be that words of this ter- mination derived from the Latin generally pre- serve the accent of the original. See Principles: No. 503, b s ARIETATION, 3-rl-ć-tä'shān. s. The act of but- ting like a rain ; the act of battering with an engine called a ram ARIETTA, fl-ré-että. s. 534. A short air, song, Or turke. º ARIGHT, fl-rite'. ad. 393. Rightly, without er- rour; rightly, without crime; rightly, without failing of the end designed. ARIOLATION, #-ré-Ö-lä'shām. s. 534. Sooth- sº To ARISE, fl-rize'. v. m. pret. arose, part. arisen. To mount upward as the sun, to get up as from sleep, or from rest; to revive from death; to enter upon a new station ; to commence hos- tility. ARISTOCRACY fir-fs-tók'krä-sè. s. That form of government which places the supreme pow- er in the nobles. ARISTOCRAT, fir-is-tó-krät'. s. Aristocracy. JMason. ARRSTOCRATICAL, fin-ris-tó-krät’té-kāl. a. 544 Relating to aristocracy. ARISTOCRATICALNESS, ar-ris-tó-krät’tè-kāl- nés. s. An aristocratical state. ARITHMANCY, fl-rithmān-se. s. A foretelling of fºrture events by numbers. ARITHMETICAL, fir-ith-mêt’té-kāl. a. Accord ing to the rules or methods of arithmetick, 52. ARITHMETICALLY, fir-fth-mêt’té-kāl-lè. ad. In an arithmetical manner is ARITHMETICIAN, fl-rith-mè-tish'âm. s. A mas- ter of the art of numbers. ARITHMETICK, fl-rith'mè-tík. s. The science of numbers ; the art of computation. [[: There is a small, but a very general deviation from accuracy in pronouncing this word, which lies in giving the first i the sound of short e, as if written arethmetick. As this inaccuracy is but trifling, so it may be restified without any great singularity. ARK, firk. s.-See Art. 77. A vessel to swim upon the water, usually applied to that in which Noah was preserved from the universal deluge; the repository of the covemaut of God with the Jews. ARM, arm. s.-See Art. The limb which reach- es from the hand to the shoulder; the large bough of a tree; an inlet of wº. from whe sea ; power, might, as the secular firm. To ARM, arm. v. al-See Art. To furnish with armour of defence, or weapons of offence ; to plate with any thing that may add strength ; to furnish ; to fit up. To ARM, firm. v. n.—See Art. to provide against. ARMADA, 3r-mâ'dā. s. See Lumbago. An ar- mament for sea. ARMADILLO, ar-mâ-dilló. s. A four-footed animal of Brasil. ARMAMENT, ar'má-mênt. s. 503. A naval force. ARMATURE, 3r'má-tshöre. s. 461. Armour. ARMENTAL, 3r-méntil, à ARMENTINE, Armén-time. 149. & Belonging to a drove or herd of cattle. ARMGAUNT, firm'gánt. a. 214. Slender as the arm : or rather, slender with want. ARM-HOLE, firm'hôle. s. The cavity under the shoulder. gº ARMIGEROUS, 3r-m'djūr-rūs. a. Bearing arms. A favourite of To take arms" * ARR § 32 ART t In 559–Fate, far, fall, rat-me, mét;-pine pin;– ARMILLARY, fir"mil-lā-ré. a. bracelet.—See MAxILLABy. ARMILLATED, ir'míl-iā-téd. a. bracelets, ARMINGS, firm'íngz. s. The same with waste- clothes. ARMIPOTENCE, 31-mip'6-ténse. s. Power in war 518. ARMIPOTENT, fir-mip'6-tént. a. Mighty in War. Amystice, âr'mè-stís. s. 503. A short truce. 42. ARMLET, firm’lét. s. A little arm ; a piece of armour for the arm ; a bracelet for the arm. ARMONIACK, ar-mö'né-āk, s. 505. The name of a salt. ARMORER, 3r'már-àr. s. 557. He that makes armour, or weapons ; he that dresses another lºl alſTºGullſ. Resembling a Wearing ARMORIAL, 3r-mö'rè-ál. a. Belonging to the arms or escutcheon of a family. ARMORY, 3r'mār-e. s. 557. The place in which arms are deposited for use; armour; arms of defence ; ensigns armorial. ARMOUR, ar'môr. s. 314. Defensive arms. ARMOUR-BEARER, ar’mār-bäre'âr. s. He that carries the armour of another. ARMPIT, firm'pit. s. The hollow place under the shoulder. ARMS, 3rmz. s. 77. Weapons of offence, or ar- mour of defence ; a state of hostility ; war in general; action ; the act of taking arms; the #" armorial of a family. ARMY, fir'mé. s. 482. A collection of armed mea, obliged to obey their generals; a great number. AROMATICAL, fir-6-mât'é-kál. AROMATICK, fir-à-mât'ík. 527. d. Spicy, fragrant, strong scented. AROMATICKS, ar-o-mât'íks. s. 527. Spices. AROMATIZATION, fir-6-māt-ê-zá'shān. s. The act of scenting with spices. To AROMATIZE, fir' 6-mā-tlze. v. a. To scent with spices; to impregnate with spices; to scent, to perfume. alº , à-róze'. 554. The preterit of the verb IS®. Amºnd, ā-röünd'. ad. In a circle, on every S1016. AROUND, 3-röünd'... prep. 545. About. To AROUSE, fl-róüze'. v. a. To wake from sleep ; to raise up ; to excite. AROW, fl-rö’. ad. 545. In a row. AROYNT, fl-rölnt'. ad. Be gone, away. ARQUEBUSE, ar'kwé-bös. s. A hand gun. ARQUEBUSIER, §r-kwe-bás-èèr'. s. A soldier armed with an arquebuse. 275. ARRACK, ar-råk', 's. A spiritous liquor. To ARRAIGN, fir-rane'. v. a. To set a thing in order, in its place: a prisoner is said to be ar- raigned, when he is brought forth to his trial: to accuse, to chargº with faults in general, as in controversy ori, Satire. ARRAIGNMENT, fir-ráne'm&nt. s. The act of arraigning; a charge. To ARRANGE, fir-ranje'. v. a. To put in the #º order fºr any purpose. A NGEMENT, fir-ranje'mént. s. The act of putting in proper order; the state of being ut in order. NT, fir’rānt. a. 81, 82. Bad in a high degree. ARRANTLY, fir’rānt-lè. ad. Corraptly, shame- fully. Ağs, är'rás. s... 81, 82. Tapestry. ARRAUGHT, fir-rawt', ad. Seized by violence. Out of use. ARRAY, ‘ār-rá'. g. Dress; order of battle; in law, the ranking or setting in order. To ARRAY, fir-rā’. v. a. To put in order; to deck, to dress. |ARROW, fir'rð. s. 327. AKRAYERS, 3r-rā'ārz. s. Officers, who ancient- ly had the care of seeing the soldiers duly ap ointed in their armour. ARREAR, fir-réér’ s That which remains be- hind unpaid, though due. ARREARAGE, fir-réé'răje. s. 90. The remain- der, of an account. ARRENTATION, fir-rém-tä'shān. s. The licen- sing an owner of lands in the forest to enclose Ağrıºğuş, ār-rép-tish'âs. a. Snatched away ; crept in Pºiº ARREST, fir-rést'. s. In law, a stop or stay; an arrest is a restrainf of a man's person; any caption, To ÁRREST, fir-rést'. v. a. To seize by a man date from a court; to seize any thing by law, to seize, to lay hands on ; to withhold, to him- der ; to stop motion. ARRIERE, fir-rèèr'. s. ITV, Ağision, ār-rízh'ân. s. 451. A smiling upon ARRIVAL, 3r-rk'vál. s. The act of coming to any lace ; the attainment of any purpose. IVANCE, fir-ri'vänse. s. Company coming To ARRIVE, fir-rive'. v. n. To come to any place by water; to reach any place by travel- to reach any point; to gain any thing' ling ; *; To ODE, fir-röde'. v. a. To gnaw or nib- bl €. ARROGANCE, 3r'rö-gänse. ! s ARROGANCY, fir'rö-gān-sé 5 * The act or quality of taking much upon one's Sel1. AºANT, âr'rö-gānt. a. 81, 82. Haughty, proud. ARROGANTLY, fir'rö-gānt-lè. ad. In an arro- gant manner. ARROGANTNESS, gance. To ARROGATE, fir’rö-gāte. v. a. 91. To claim vainly ; to exhibit unjust claims. ARROGATION, fir-rö-gå'shān. s. in a proud manner, ARROSION, fir-rö'zhàn. s. 451. A The last body of an ar- är'rö-gānt-nés. s. Arro- A claiming gnawing. e The pointed weapon which is shot from a bow. ARROWHEAD, fir'rö-héd. s. A water plant. ARROWY, fir'rö-é. a. Consisting of arrows. ARSE, firse, s, , The buttocks. ARSE-FOOT, #rs'fät. s. A kind of water fowl ARSE-SMART, 3rs'smårt. s. A plant. ARSENAL., ár'sè-mál. s. A repository of things requisite to war; a magazine. ARSENICAL, ar-sén'é-kál. a. Containing arse nick. ARSENICK, 3rse'nik. s. A mineral substance; a violent corrosive poison. |ART, art. s.77. The power of doing something not taught by nature and instinct; a science, as the liberal arts; a trade; artfulness, skill, dex- terity, cunning. [[G. As a before r, followed by a vowel, has the short or fourth sound, so when it is followed by a consonant it has the long or second sound. ee ARABLE, 81, 168. ARTERIAL, Ar-tê'rè-ál. a. That which relates to the artery; that which is contained in the artery. AºkiotoMy, ār-tê-rè-öt’tó-mé. s. The ope- ration of letting blood from the artery; the cut- ting of an artery. 518. º ARTERY, artăr-è. s. 555. An artery is a comi- cal canal, conveying the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. p ARTFUL, art'ſtil, a. 174. Performed with art; artificial, not natural ; cunning, skilful, dex- terous. ARTFULLY, Art'ſtil-lè, ad. With art, skilfully. ARTFULNESS, art'ſtil-nēs. s. Skill, cunning ARTHRITICK, Ar-thritik. 509. a. Gouty ARTHRITICAL, ºr-thrit'é-kál. e y's relating to the gout; relating to joints, ASC ASI 33 —no, móve, nôr, nôt;—túbe, tib, būll;—öll;-pôānd;—thin, THIs. ARTICHOKE, 3r’té-tshöke. s. This plant is very like the thistle, but hath large scaly heads § like the come of the pine-free. ARTICK, 3r'tik. a. properly ARCTICK.North- ©rn. ARTICLE, 3r’té-ki. s. 405. A part of speech; as the, an ; a single clause of an account, a particular part of cny complex thing: term ; stipulation; point of time; exact time. To ARTICLE, 3r'té-kl. v. n. 405. To stipu- late ; to make terms. ARTICULAR, ar-tik'ê-lär. a. Belonging to the oints. TICULATE, fir-tík'ê-lāte. a. 91. Distinct; branched out into articles. To ARTICULATE, 3r-tík'ê-lāte. v. a. 91. To form words; to speak as a man ; to draw up in articles: to make terms. ARTICULATELY, ar-tº-late-lè, ad. In an articulate voice. ARTICULATENESS, Ar-tík'à-lāte-més. s. The quality of being articulate. ARTICULATION, 3r-tík-º'-lä'shön. s. The juncture, or joint of bones; the act of forming words; in botany, the joints in plants. ARTIFICE, 3r'té-És. s. 142. Trick, fraud, Stratagem ; art, trade. ARTHFjößR, ār-tíf'fé-stir. s. 98. An artist, a manufacturer; a forger, a contriver; a dex- terous or artful fellow. ARTIFICIAL, 3r-té-fish'âl. a. Made by art, not natural ; fictitious, not genuine ; artful, contrived with skill. ARTIFICIALLY, fir-tº-fish'âl-lè. ad. Artfully, with skill, with good contrivance ; by art; not naturally. ARTIFICIALNESS, Śr-tê-fish'āl-nēs. s. Art- fulness. ARTILLERY, 3r-tillār-rè. . s. 555. Weapons of war; cannon, great ordnance. ARTISAN, Ar-tê-zán'. s. 528. Artist; profes- Sor of an art; manufacturer; low tradesman. ARTIST, Artist. s. The professor of an art; a skilful man, not a novice. ARTLESSLY, 3rt'lés-lè. ad. In an artless man- ner 3 naturally ; sincerely. ARTLESS, #rt'lés. . a. Unskilful : without fraud, as an artless maid; contrived without skill, as an artless tale. To ARTUATE, 3r'tshū-āte. v. a. 91. 461. To tear limb from limb. ARUNDINACEOUS, fl-rūn-dè-mâ'shās. a. Of or like reeds. 292. ARUNDINEOUS, fir-àn-dīn'ê-ūs. a. Abound- ing with reeds. AS, #z. conjunct. 423. In the same manner with something else; like, of the same kind with ; in the same degree with ; as if, in the same manner; as it were, in some sort ; while. at the same time that ; equally ; how, in what manner; with, answering to like or same: in a reciprocal sense, answering to As ; answering to Such ; having So to answer it, in the condi- tional sense; answering to So conditionally : As for, with respect to ; As to, with respect to; As well as, equally with : As though, as if. ASAFCETIDA, as-sà-fét'é-dà. s. A gum on resin brought from the East-Indics, of a sharp taste, and a strong offensive smell. ASARABACCA, as-sà-rá-bäk'kä. s. The name of a plant. se ASBESTINE, fiz-bés'tin. a. 140. Something incombustible. ASBESTOS, az-bés'tūs. s. 166. A sort of native fossile storie, which may be split into threads and filaments, from one inch to ten inches in length, very fine, brittle, yet some- what tractable. It is endued with the wondel - ful property of remaining unconsumed in the fire, which only whitensit ASCARIDES, As-kār'é-dºz, s. the rectum, Little worms in To ASCEND, as-sénd'. v. m. . To mount up wards; to proceed from one degree of know ledge to another, to stand higher in genealo gy. To ASCEND, fis-sénd'. v. a. To climb up any whing. \SCENDANT, fis-sàn'dämt. s. The part of the ecliptick, at any particular time above the hori- zon, which is supposed by astrologers to have great influence; height, elevation ; superiori- ty; influence ; one of the degrees of kindred reckoned upwards. ASCENDANT, fis-sén'dánt. a. Superiour, pre: dominant, overpowering; in an astrological sense, above the horizon. ASCENDENCY, fis-sém'dém-sè. s. Influence, C.Wer. ASCENSION, fis-sém'shôn. s. 451. The act of ascending or rising ; the visible elevation of our Saviour to Heaven; the thing rising of mounting. ASCENSION DAY, is-sén'shān-dà'. s. The day on which the ascension of our Saviour is commemorated, commonly called Holy Thurs- day ; the Thursday but one before Whitsuntide. ASCENSIVE, fis-sen'siv. a. 158. In a state of ascent. ASCENT, fis-sént'. s. Rise, the act of rising the way by which one ascends ; an eminence or high place. * To ASCERTAIN, fis-sér-tºne'. v. a." To make certain, to fix, to establish ; to make confident. ASCERTAINER, fis-sér-tà'nār, s. The person that proves or establishes. - ASCERTAINMENT, fis-sér-tāne'mént. s. A settled rule; a standard. ASCETICK, fis-sét'ik. a. , 509. , Employed wholly in exercises of devotion and mortifica- tion. ASCETICK, fis-sét'ík. s. He that retires to de- votion; a hermit. ASCITES, fis-sl'téz. s. A particular species of dropsy ; a swelling of the lower belly and de- pending parts, from an extravasation of water, ASCITICAL, Šs-sít'è-kál. 507. D ASCITICK, #3-sit'ík. . Lºrop- sical, hydropical. an ASCITITIOUS, As-sè-tish'ês. a. Supplemental; additional. ASCRIBABLE, fis-kri'bā-bl. a. 405. That which may be ascribed. To ASCRIBE, as-kribe'. v. a. To attribute to as a cause; to attribute to as a possessor. ASCRIPTION, as-krip'shôn. s. The act of as- cribing. º ASCRIPTITIOUS, as-krip-tish'ês. a. That which is ascribed. ASH, fish. s. A tree. \SH-COLOUREi), āsh'kål-ūrd. a. Coloured between brown and gray. 362. ASHAMED, fl-shā'méd. a. 359, 362. Touch- ed with shame. ASHEN, ash'shén. a. wood. ASHES, Ash'iz. s. 99. The remains of any thing burnt; the 1 emains of the body. ASH-WEDENESDAY, fish-wänz'dā s. The first day of Lent, so called from the ancient custom of sprinkling ashes on the head. ASHLAR, fish'lär. s. Free stones as they come out of the quarry. ASHLERING, fish'īār-ing... s. 555. Quarteriug in garrets. A term in building. ASHORE, #-shöre'. ad. On shore, on the land. to the shore, to the land. ASH WEEI), āsh'w ééd. s. An herb. ASHY, fish'é. a. Ash-coloured, pale, inclined to a whitish gray. ASIDE, #-slde’. ad. To ome side; to another art ; from the company. - ASINARY, fis's&-mâ-rè. a. Belonging to an ess ASININE, fissè-nine. a. ſ.49. Belonging to an ass, 103, 359. Made of aslſ ASP ASP 34 [I3° 559–Fâte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét, pine, pin,_ To ASK, Ask. v. a. 79. To petition; to beg; to demand; to claim; to inquire; to question ; §§§ , A: CE, & y & AşkäijRöß, ; *skänse'. ; ad. 214. Side- ways, obliquely. ASKAUNT, #-skånt'. one side. ASKER, ask'êr. s. ASKER, fisk’âr. s. ASKEW, 3-skú'. ad. contemptuously. To ASLAKE, i-släke'. v. a. slacken. ASLANT, fi-slänt'. ad. side. ASLEEP, fl-slèëp'. ad. Sleeping; into sleep. Alope, ā-slópe'. ad. With declivity; oblique- y. ASP, or ASPICK, fisp, or āspík. s. A kind of serpent, whose poison is , so dangerous and quick in its operation that it kills without a pos- sibility of applying any remedy. Those that are bitten by it, die by sleep and lethargy. ASP, fisp. s. A tree. ASPALATHUS, as-pâl'à-thãs. s. A plant call- ed the wood of Jerusalem ; the wood of a cer- tain tree. ASPARAGUS, fis-pár'á-gās, s. plant. . {}_j This word is vulgarly pronounced Sparrow- grass. It may be observed, that such words as the vulgar do not know how to spell, and which . no definite idea of the thing, are fre- . y changed by them into such words as they do know how to spell, and which do convey some definite idea. The word in question is an instance of it: and the corruption of this word into Sparrowgrass is so general, that asparagus has an air of stiffness and pedantry. See LAN- TERN. ASPECT, fis'pěkt. s. Look, air, appearance ; countenance ; glance, view ; act of beholding ; direction towards any point; position; disposi- tion of any thing to something else ; relation; º, of a planet to other planets. [[G” This word, as a moun, was universally pro- nounced with the accent on the last syllable till about the middle of the seventeenth century. It grew antiquated in Milton's time, and is now entirely obsolete. Dr. Farmer's observations on this word, in his no less solid than ingenious Essay on The Learning of Shakspeare, are so curious, as well as just, that the reader will, J doubt not, be obliged to me for quoting them. “Sometimes a very little matter detects a for- “gery. You may remember a play called the {{ §le Falsehood, which Mr. Theobald was “ desirous of palming upon the world for a post- “humous one of Shakspeare; and I see it is “classed as such in the last edition of the Bod- “leian catalogue. Mr. Pope himself, after all “ the strictures of Scriblerus, in a letter to “Aaron Hill, supposes it of that age; but a “ mistaken accent determines it to have been “written since the middle of the last century: “This late example “Of base Henriquez, bleeding in me now, “From each good aspect takes away my thust.” And in another place, “You have an aspect, Sir, of wondrous wis. dom.” “The word aspect, you perceive, is hele accented “on the first syllable,which, I am confident, in any “sense of it, was never the case in the time of “Shakspeare ; though it may sometimes ap- “ pear to be so, when we do not observe a pre- “ceding Elision. * Some .#. professed imitators of our old poets “ have not attended to this and many other “ minutive: I could point out to you several per- * ſofiñauces iu the espective styles of Chaucer, ad, 214. Obliquely, on 98. Petitioner; inquirer. A water-new t. Aside ; with contempt ; To remit, to 78. Obliquely, on one The name of a *ºstºyº “Spenser, and Shakspeare, which the imitated : bard º not possibly have either read or Construcd. This very accent hath troubled the annotators “ on Milton. Dr. Bentley observes it to be a “ tone different from the present use. Mr. Man- “waring, in his Treatise of Harmony and Num- “ bers, very solemnly informs us, that this “ verse is defective both in accent and quantity. “His words here ended ; but his meek aspec, “Silent, yet spake.” Here, says he, a syllable is acuted and long, “whereas it should be short and graved f" And a still more extraordinary gentleman, one “Green, who published a specimen of a new “ version of the Paradise Lost, into blank verse, “‘ by which that amazing work is brought some- “what nearer the summit of perfection,' begins “with correcting a blunder in the fourth book, ——“The setting sun “Slowly descended, and with right aspect— “Levell'd his evening rays.” JNot so in the new version: “Meanwhile the setting sun descending slow- “Levell'd with aspect right his ev'ning rays.” “Enough of such commentators.-The celebrated “ Dr. Dee had a spirit, who would sometimes “condescend to correct him, when peccant in “quantity; and it had been kind of him to have “a little assisted the wights above mentioned.— * Milton affected the antique; but it may seem “more extraordinary, that the old accent should “be adopted in Hudibras.” To ASPECT, fis-pékt'. v. a. 492. To behold. ASPECTABLE, as-pék’tá-bl. a. 405. Visible. ASPECTION, as-pék'shán. s. Beholding; view, ASPEN, aspén. s. 103. A tree, the leaves of which always tremble. ASPEN, fis'pěm. a. Belonging to the asp-tree, made of aspen wood. ASPER, fis'për. a. 98. , Rough, rugged. To ASPERATE, fis'pë-räte. v. a. 91. To make rough. [P # is word, and those that succeed it of the same family, seem to follow the general rule in the sound of the e before r when after the ac- cent; that is, to preserve it pure, and in a sepa- rate syllable.—See PRINCIPLES, No. 555. . . ASPERATION, fis-pê-rà'shán. s. A making rough. ASPERIFOLIOUS, as-pér-è-fô'lē-ăs. a. Plants, so called from the roughness of their leaves. ASPERITY, fis-pér'é-té. s. Unevenness; rough- mess of surface; roughness of sound; rough- mess, or ruggedness of temper. ASPERNATION, as-pér-mâ'shūm. s. disregard. Aśs, ăspè-rås. a. Rough, uneven. . Tô ASPERSE, as-pêrse'. v. a. fº bespatter with censure or calumny. . . ſº tº º Lº ASPERSION, as-pér'shān. s. A sprinkling; cal- umny, censure. tº & ASPHALTICK, as-fal'tik. a. 84. Gummy, bitumi In OllS. ASPHALTOS,3s-fäl'tūs.s. A bituminous, inflam- mable substance, resembling pitch, and chief- ly found swimming on the surface of the Lacus Asphaltites, or Dead Sea, where anciently stood the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. . ASPHALTUM, #s-fältäm. s. A bituminous stone found near the ancieut Babylon. ASPHODEL, fis'fö-dèl. s. Day-lily, ASPICK, Aspik. s. The name of a serpent. To ASPIRATE, as pè-räte. v. a. To pronounce with full breath, as hope, not ope, 91. * ASPIRATE, aspé-räte. a. 91, 394. Pronounced with full breath. * . . . ASPIRATION, as pè-rá'shūm. s. A breathing after; an ardent wish; the act of aspiring, or desiring something º the pronunciation of a vowel with full breath. { & { & { & Neglect, To ASPIRE, fis-pire'. v. m. To desire with eager ASS ASS 35 —mö, móve, mêr, mēt;—täbe, tib, bāli;-&il –pôānd;—thin, This. ness, to pant after something higher; to rise §§ - ASPORTATION. §s-pôr-tä'shān. s. A carrying away. ASQUINT, fl-skwint', ad. Obliqtely, not in the straight line of vision. ASS, fiss. s. An animal of burden; a stupid, heavy, dull fellow ; a dolt. To ASSAIL, fis-sàle'. v. a. To attack in a hostile 1 manner; to assault; to fall upon ; to attack with argument or censure ASSAILABLE, fis-sà’lā-bl. a. 405. That which may be attacked. ASSAILANT, as-sà'lánt. s. He that attacks. ASSAILANT, fis-sà'lánt. a. Attacking, invading. ASSAILER, fis-sà'lúr. s. 98. One who attacks another. e e ASSAPANICK, fis-sà-pán'nik. s. The flying squir- rel. ASSASSIN, 3s-sås'słm. s. A murderer; one that kills by sudden violence, i To ASSASSINATE, As-sås'sè-nāte. v. a. 91. To murder by violence; to way-lay; to take by treachery. ASSASSINATION, fis-sås-sé-mâ'shán. s. The act of assassinating. ASSASSINATOR, As-sås'sè-nā-tár. s. Murderer; man-killer. * ASSATION, fis-sà'shán. S. Roasting. ASSAULT, as-sàlt'. s. Storm, opposed to sap or siege ; violence; invasion, hostility, attack: in law, a violent kind of injury offered to a man's person. To ASSAULT, fis-sålt', v. a. To attack; to invade. ASSAULTER, fis-sàlt'ár. s. One who violently assaults another. ASSAY, fis-sà'. s. Examination : in law, the ex- amination of measures and weights used by the clerk of the market; the first entrance upon any thing ; attack; trouble. To ASSAY, fis-sà. v. a. To make trial of ; to apply to, as the touchstone in assaying metals; to try, to endeavour. ASSAYER, fis-såſår. s. 98. An officer of the mint, for the due trial of silver. - ASSECTATION, fis-sék-tà'shán. s. Attendance. ASSECUTION, fis-sè-kö'shām. s. Acquirement. ASSEMBLAGE, fis-sém'blådje. s. 90. A collec- tion; a number of individuals brought together. To ASSEMBLE, fis-sém'bl. v. a. 405. To bring together into one place. To ÁSSEMBLE, fis-sém'bl. v. m. To meet to- ether. Aśvibly, ăs-sém'blé. s. A company met to- ether. ASSENT, fis-sént'. s. The act of agreeing to any thing; consent, agreement. To ASSENT,ás-sént'. v. n. To concede, to yield to. ASSENTATION, fis-sén-tä'shôm. s. Compliance with the opinion of another out of flattery. ASSENTMENT, fis-sént'mént. s. Consent. To ASSERT, fis-sért'. v. a. To maintain ; to de- fend either by words or actions; to affirm ; to claim : to windicate a title to. AššER'rióN, äs-sér'shām. s. The act of asserting. ASSERTIVE, fis-sér'tiv. a. 158. Positive, dog-f matical g ASSERTOR, fis-sér'tár. s. 98. Maintainer, vindi- cator, affirmer. To ASSERVE, fis-sérv'. v. a. To serve, help, or second. Tº ASSESS, fis-sés'. v. a. To charge with any cer- tain sum. ASSESSION, Ás-sésh'âm. s. A sitting down by one. ASSESSMENT, fis-sés'mênt. s. The sum levied on certain property; the act of assessing. ASSESSOR, assés'sør. s.98. The person that sits by the judge; he that sits by another as next in dignity; he that lays taxes. © ASSETS, #s'séts. s Goods sufficient to dis- charge that burden which is cast upon the ex- ecutor or heir. - To ASSEVER, 3S-sév'ér. 93. To ASSEVERATE, as-sàv'é-räte. 91, 555. : W. 3, To affirm with gº solemnity; as tºpon oath. ASSEVERATION, Ás-sév-è-rå'shön. s. Solemn affirmation, as upon oath. ASSHEAD, is'héd. s. A blockhead. ASSIDUITY, fis-sà-dû'è-té. s. Diligence. ASSIDUOUS, #3-sidjū-às. a.29%, 376. Constant in anplication. ASSIDUOUSLY, is-sidjū-ös-lè. ad. Diligently, continually. ASSIENTO, fis-sà-àn'tó. s. A contract or con- vention between the kings of Spain and other powers, for furnishing the Spanish dominions in America with slaves To ASSIGN, fis-sime'. v. a. To mark out; to ap- point; to fix with regard to quantity or value; to give a reason for: in law, to appoint a depu ty, or make over a right to another. ASSIGNABLE, fis-sime'4-bl. a. That which may be assigned. ASSIGNATION, fis-s?g-nā’shān. s. An appoint. ment to meet, used generally of love appoint- ments : a making over a thing to another. ASSIGNEE, as-sà-mê'. s. He that is appointed or deputed by another to do any act, or per- form any business, or enjoy any commodity. ASSIGNER, is-si'nār, s. "99. He that assigns. ASSIGNMENT, #5-slne'mènt, s. Appointment of one thing with regard to another thing or person : in law, the deed by which any thing is transferred from one to another. ASSIGNS, fis-shnz'. s. Those persons to whom any trust is assigned. This is a Law term, and always used in the plural, . As, a legacy is left to a person's heirs, administrators, or assigns. ASSIMILABLE, fis-sim'º-lä-bl. a. That which may be converted to the same mature with some- thing else. To ÁŠsimii, ATE, ăs-s?m'ê-lāte. v. a. 91. To convert to the same nature with another thing; to bring to a likeness, or resemblance. ASSIMILATENESS, fis-sim'mè-lāte-nés. s. Like- TheSS. ASSHMILATION, fis-sim-mê-lä'shān. s. The act of converting any thing to the nature or sub- stance of another; the state of being assimila ted ; the act of growing like some other being. To ASSIST, fis-sist'. v. a. To help. ASSISTANCE, fis-sis’tänse. s. Help ; furtherance. ASSISTANT, as-sistänt. a. Helping; lending aid. ASSISTANT, fis-sistänt. s. A person engaged in an affair, not as principal, but as auxiliary or ministerial, ASSIZE, fis-size'. s. A court of judicature held twice a year in every county, in which causes are tried by a judge and jury; an ordinance or statute to determine the weight of bread. To ASSIZE, fis-size'. v. a. To fix the rate of any thing. ASSIZER, fis-si'zār. s. An officer that has the care of weights and measuret. ASSOCIABLE, fis-sà'shë-à-bl a. That which may be joined to another, To ASSOCIATE, fis-só'shē-ăte. v. a. 91. To unite with another as a confederate; to adopt as a friend upon equal terms; to accompany. ASSOCHATE, fis-só'shē-ăte a. 91. Confederate. ASSOCIATE, fis-sà'shē-ăte. s. A partner; a confederate ; a companion. ASSOCIATION, fis-sà-shē-ă'shūm. s. Union ; conjunction ; society; confederacy; partner ship ; connection.—See PRCNUNCIATION. ASSONANCE, fis'sö-nánse. s. Reſerence of one sound to another resembling it. Assºnſ, âsso-nānt, a Resembling another 8Ol! II (1. To ASSORT, As-sört'. v. a. To range in classes. To ASSOT, as-sàt'. v. a. To infatuate. To ASSUAGE, As-swāje'. v. a. 331. To mitigate, to soften , to appease; to pacify; to ease. AST AT 36 [[; 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—pine, pīn;– ASSUAGEMENT, fis-swāje'mént. s. What mit- igates or softems. **. ASSUAGER, fis-swäjär. s. 98. One who paci- fies or appeases. ASSUASIVE, as-swä'siv. a. 158, 428. Soften- ing, mitigating. To ASSUBJUGATE, fis-sàbjà-gāte. v. a. To subject to. 91. ASSUEFACTION, as-swe-fik'shôn. s. The state of being accustomed. ASSUETUDiº, äs'swe-tide. s. 334. Accustom- anſ.G, Custom. To ASSUME, fis-stime'. v. a. 454. To take ; to take upon one's self; to arrogate; to claim or seize unjustly ; to suppose something without proof; to appropriate. tº Why Mr. Sheridan should pronounce this word and the word consume without the h, and prestſme and resume, as if written pre:hoom and re:hoom, is not easily conceived; the sought to be aspirated in all or none.—See Principles, 454, 478, 479. ASSUMER, fis-sà'már. s. 98. An arrogant man. ASSUMING, fis-sà'ming, particip. a. Arrogant, haughty. ASSUMPSIT, fis-sàm'sit. s. A voluntary prom- ise made by word, whereby a man taketh upon him to perform or pay any thing to another. ASSUMPTION, Ás-sàm'shāmr. s. The act of taking any thing to one's self; the supposition of any thing without farther proof; the thing supposed ; a postulate ; the taking up any per- son into heaven. ASSUMPTIVE, fis-sàm'tív. a. 157. That which is assumed. ASSURANCE, fish-shū'ränse. s. Certain ex- pectation ; secure confidence ; trust; freedom from doubt; certain knowledge ; firmness; undoubting steadiness; confidence; want of modesty; ground of confidence ; security giv- en; spirit, intrepidity ; testimony of credit ; conviction ; insurance. To ASSURE, fish-shūre'. v. a. 455. To give con- fidence by a firm promise; to secure another; to make confident; to exempt from doubt or fear ; to make secure. ASSURED, fish-shū'réd, or ās-shūrd. particip. a. 359. Certain, induſbitable ; certain, not doubt- ing ; immodest, viciously confident. ASSUREDLY, fish-shū'réd-lè. ad. 364. Certain- ly, indubitably, ASSUREDNESS, fish-shū'réd-nēs. s. 365. The state of being assured, certainty. To terrify ; to ASSURER, ash-shū'rür. s. He that gives as- ASTERISK, astē-risk. s. A mark in printing,as”. a kind of opal sparkling like a star. Ash. sound and a cough. ; a. Troubled with an asthma. To ASTERT, fl-stért'. v. a. for astonished. ASTONISHINGNESS, fis-tón'nish-ing-nēs. s. ment, confusion of mind, surance; he that gives security to make good any loss. ASTERISM, fis’té-rism. s. A constellation. ASTERITES, fis-tér-l'téz. s. A precious stone; ASTHMA, fist'mä. s.47ſ. A frequent, diſficult, and short respiration, joined with a hissing ASTHMATICAL, fist-mât'é-kāl ASTHMATICK, fist mät'ík. 509. ASTERN, fl-stérn', ad. In the hinder part of the ship, behind the ship. startle; to fright. ASTONIED, 3-stön'ê-éd. part. a. A word used To ASTONISH, fis-tón'nish. v. a. To confound with fear or wonder; to amaze. Quality to excite astonishment. ASTONISHM'CNT, as-tón'ísh-mént. s. Amaze- To ASTOUND, as-tóänd'. v. a. to confound with fear or wonder, To astonish; ASTRAfDiE, a stradii ad 405, with one's! Pegs across any thing * ASTRAGAL, fis'trá-gāl. s. 503 A little round member, in the form of a ring, at the tops and bottoms of columns. ASTRAL, fis'trál. a. Starry, relating to the StarS. ASTRAY, 3-strà.. ad. ... Out of the right way, To ASTRICT, fis-trikt'. v. a. To contract by application, ASTRICTION, fis-trik'shān. s. The act or pow er of contracting the parts of the body. Aiºlve, äs-triktív. a. 158. Stiptick, binding. ASTRICTORY, fis-trik’tár-ré. a. , Astringent. ASTRIDE, fl-stride'. ad. . With the legs open. ASTRIFEROUS, #s-trif'é-rås. a. Bearing, or having stars. To AšfRiNGE, as-trinje'. v. a. To make a con- traction ; to make the parts draw together. ASTRINGENCY, is-trinjén-sè. s. The power of contracting the parts of the body. ASTRINGENT, fis-trim.jént. a. Binding, cone tracting. ASTROGRAPHY, fig-trög'rā-fé. s. 518. The sci- ence of describing the stars. ASTROLABE, fis'trö-lâbe. s. An instrument chiefly used for taking the altitude of the pole, the sun, or stars, at sea. ASTROLOGER, fis-tröl'ó-jör. s. One that, sup- posing the influence of the stars to have a causa; ower, professes to foretell, or discover events. ASTROLOGIAN, fis-trö-lèjè-án. s. Astrologer ASTROLOGICAL, fis-trö-kādjè-kál. 509 ASTROLOGICK, fis-tro .5d.jík. Relating to astrology, professing astrology. ASTRöföölöAiii., §§ tº lººkaličić. In an astrological manmer. To ASTROLOGIZE, fis-trölö-jize. v. n. To prac tise astrology. ASTROLOGY, fis-trölö-jë. s. The practice of foretelling things by the knowledge of the stars. ASTRONOMER, 3S-trón'hô-mâr. s. He that studies the celestial motions. ASTRONOMICAL, fis-trö-nóm'é-kál. 509. ASTRONOMICK, #s-trö-möm'ík. & Belonging to astronomy. ASTRONOMICALLY, fis-trö-nóm'è-kāl-lè. a. In an astronomical manner. ASTRONOMT, fis-tröm'mô-mè. s. A mixed ma- thematical science, teaching the knowledge of the celestial bodies, their magnitudes, motions, distances, É; eclipses, and order. 518. ASTRO-THEOLOGY, fis'trö-thè-ôl-ö-jë. s. Divi- nity founded on the observation of the celestial bodies. ASUNDER, fl-sån'dār ad. 98. Apart, separate ly, not together. ASYLUM, 3-si'lúm. s. A sanctuary, a refuge [[G’ Nothing can show more plainly the tenden- cy of our language to an antepenultimate ac- cent than the vulgar pronunciation of this word, which generally places the accent on the first syllable. This is however an unpardonable of. ence to a Latin ear, which insists on preserv ing the accent of the original whenever we adopt a Latin word into our own language without alteration.—See Principles, No. 503. ASYMMETRY, fl-sim'mè-iré. s. Contrariety to symmetry ; disproportion. AšYWipfot'E, j. s. Asymptotes are right lines which approach nearer and nearer to some curve, but which would never meet. [; I have preferred Dr. Johnson's accentuation on the first syllable, to Mr. Sheridan's and Dr Ash's on the second. iº ASYNDETON, a-sin'dè-tón. s. A figure in gram mar, when a conjunction copulative is omitted AT, fit. prep. At before a place notes the near ness of the place, as a man is at the house be fore he is in it; At before a word ; time, notes the co-existence of the time wi the event; At before a superlative adjective implies in the state, as at most, in the state of ATR ATT $º 35 —ub, mēve, nér, nét;—täbe, tab, būll;—öil;—pôānd;—thin, this. niost perfection, &c. At signifies the particular condition of the person, as at peace; At some- times marks employment or attention, as he is at work; At is sometimes the same with fur- mished with, as a man at arms; At sometimes notes the place where any thing is, as he is at home ; At sometimes is nearly the same as In, moting situation; At sometimes seems to signi- fy in the power of, or obedient to, as at your service ; At all, in any manner. ATABAL, Ét'à-bál. s. A kind of tabour used by the Moors. ATARAXY, fit’tá-råk-sè. s. 517. Exemption from vexation, tranquillity. ATHANOR, fith'à-nēr. s. 166. A digesting fur- nace to keep heat for some time. ATHEISM, Atne-ism. s. 505. The disbelief of a God. ATHEIST, A'thé-ist. s. One that denies the exist- ence of God. ATHEISTICAL, A-thè-is té-kál. a. Given to athe. ISII] ... IIITI)10llS. ATHEISTICALLY, 3-the-istè-kāl-lè. ad. In an atheistical manner. ATHEISTICALNESS, #-thè-is'té-kāl-nēs. s. The # of being atheistical. A #é. -thè-istik a. Given to atheism. ATHEOUS, #'thè-às. a. 505. Atheistick, godless. ATHERöMA, ăth-&-ró'mä. s. 527. A species of Wen. ATHEROMATOUS, #th-8-röm'â-tãs. a. Having the qualities of an atheroma or curdy wen. ATHIRST, A-thärst', ad. 108. Thirsty, in want of drink. ATHLETICK, #th-létik. a. 500. Belonging to rºling; strong of body, vigorous, lusty, ro- ust. ATHWART, 3-thwärt'. to any thing ; throug ATILT, fi-tilt'. ad. With the action of a man prep. Across, transverse l. making a thrust; in the posture of a barrel; raised or tilted behind. ATLAS, fit’lās. s. A collection of maps; a large square folio; sometimes, the supporter of a building ; a rich kind of silk. ATMöSãňňRE, ât'más-fére. s. The air that en- compasses the solid earth on all sides. ATMOSPHERICAL, fit-más-fér'é-kāl. a. Be- longing to the atmosphere. ATOM, it’tàm. s. 166. Such a small particle as cannot be physically divided ; anything ex- tremely small. ATOMICAL, fl-töm'è-kāl. n. Consisting of atoms; relating to atoms. ATOMIST, it’tó-mist. s. One that holds the atomical philosophy. ATOMY, fit'0-mê. s. An atom. To ATONE, 3-tone'. v. m. To agree, to accord; to stand as an equivalent for something ; to an- swer for. To ATONE, fl-töne'. v. a. To expiate. ATONEMENT, 3-tone mént. s. Ágreement, con- cord; expiation, expiatory equivalent. ATQP,3-tóp', adº, Qn the top, at the top. ATRABILARIAN, at-trä-bê-lá'rè-án. a. choly. 505. d. ATRABILARIOUS, at-trā-bê-lá'ré-3s. a. Melan- cholick. ATRABILARIOUSNESS, fit-trā-bê-lä'rè-às-nés. s. The state of being melancholy. ATRAMENTAL, Št-trā-men'tál. a. Inky, black. ATRAMENTOUS, fit-trā-mém'tàs. a. Inky, black. ATROCIOUS, fl-trô'shās. a. 292. Wicked in a high degree ; enormous. AT Óðiðūšīy, à-trö'shūs-lè. ad. In an atro- CiOUIS IſlalīlīCI’. 4 ATROCIOUSNESS, fl-trö'shôs-nēs. s. The qua- lity of being enormously criminal. aiº, à-trós'sè-té. s. 511. Horrible wick- €SS. - ATROPHY, attrö-fé. s. Want of nuurishment; a disease. p Melan-F | To ATTACH, 4t-tätsh'. v. a. To arrest; to take win ; to gain over; to enamour; to fix to one's interest. regard. To ATTACK, fit-ták'. v. a. To assault an ene-" my ; to begin a contest. ATTACKER, fit-ták'àr. s. 98. The person that attacks. to overtake : to come to ; to reach ; to equal. To ATTAIN, fit-táme'. v. n. To come to a certain ATTAINABLE, at-táne'à-bl. a. That which may be obtained, procurable. - The uality of being attainable. ATTAINDER, fit-tºne'dár. s. 98. ATTAINMENT, fit-táne'mént. s. That which is attained, acquisition ; the act or power of at- To ATTAINT, fit-tänt”. v. a. To attaint is parti cularly used for such as are found guilty of ATTAINT, fit-tänt”. s. Any thing injuricus, as illness, weariness; stain, spot, taint. imputation. To ATTAMINATE, fit-tám’é-nāte. v. a. To cor To ÁTTEMPER, fit-têm'për. v. a. To mingle, to weaken by the mixture of something else; to to fit to something else. To ATTEMPERATE, fit-tém'pë-räte. v. a. To To ATTEMPT, fit-têmt'. v. a. 412. To attack, to venture upon ; to try, to endeavour. an endeavour. 4. ATTEMPTABLE, fit-témt’tá-bl. a. Liable to at- ATTEMPTER, at-têmt’tör. s. The person that attempts ; an endeavourer. the mind upon ; to wait on ; to accompany 3 to be present with, upon a summons; to be ap- To ATTEND, fit-ténd'. v. n. To yield attention ; to stay, to del, waiting on another ; service ; the persons wait- ing ; a train ; attention, regard. one that belongs to the train ; one that waits as a suitor or agent; one that is present at any ATTENDER, fit-tén'dër. s. 98. Companion, as- sociate. ATTENTATES, at-tán'tätes. s. Proceedings in a court after an inhibition is decreed. ing or heeding. . ATTENTIVE, at-tên'tiv. a. 158 Heedful, re. §§ ATTENTIVENESS, at-tén'tiv-nes. s. Heedful- ATTENUANT, fit-tén'ā-ānt. a. Endued with the ower of making thin or slender. slender. ATTENUATION, at-tén-è-à'shām. s. The act of ATTER, it’túr. s.98. Cor atter. To ATTEST, fit-têst'. v. a. To bear witness of, or apprehend; to seize; to lay hold on ; to ATTACHMENT, fit-tätsh'mént. s. Adherence; ATTACK, fit-ták'. s. An assault. To ATTAIN, fit-táne'. v. a. To gain, to procure; state ; to arrive at ATTAINABLENESS, fit-táme'à-bl-nēs. s. tainting in law ; taint. The act of at- taining. some crime or offence ; to taint, to corrupt. ATTAINTURE, at-táne'tshūre. s.461. Reproach, rupt. JNot used. regulate, to soften ; to mix in just proportions; proportion to something 555. ATTEMPT, fit-tént'. S. 412. An attack; an essay; tºmpts ºr attacks. To ATTEND, fit-ténd'. v. a. To regard, to fix pendant to ; to be consequent to ; to stay for ATTENDAN ë. āt-tén'dänse. s. The act of AïčN DANT, fit-tén'dānt. s. One that attends; thing ; a concomitant ; a consequent. ATTENT, āt-tánt. a. Intent, attentive. ATTENTION, #t-tén'shān. s. The act of attend- gardful. ATTENTIVELY, At-tén'tiv-lè. ad. Heedfully, ness, attention. ATTENUATE, fit-tén'ā-āte. a. 91. Made thin, or making any thing thin or slender. to witness : to call to witness. AVA AVE 38 [[G 559. -Fate, far, fall, fit, -mé, mét;—pine, pīn;– ATTESTATION, at-tés-tà'shôn. s. Testimony, evidence. ATTIGUOUS, fit-tig'à-às.a. Hard by. To ATTINGE, fit-tînje'. v. a. To touch Te ATTIRE, āt-tiré. v. a. To dress, to array. ATTIRE, fit-tire'. s. Clothes, dress; in hunting, the horns of a buck or stag ; in botany, the flower of a plant is divided into three parts, the impalement, the foliation, and the attire. ATTIRER, fit-ti'răr. s. One that attires another, a dresser, ATTITUDE, fitté-tūde, s. A posture; the pos- ture or action in which a statue or painted #3; is placed. A. OLENT, fit-tól'lént. a. That which raises or ifts up. ATTORNEY, fit tër'ně. s. 165. Such a person as by consent, cominandment, or request, takes heed to, sees, and takes upon him the charge of other men's business, in their absence ; one who is appointed or retained to prosecute or defend an action at law ; a lawyer. ATTORNEY SHIP, at-tár'né-ship. s. The office of an attorney. ATTORNMENT, &-törn’mánt. s. A yielding of the tenement to a new lord. To ATTRACT, fit-tråkt'. v. a. To draw to some- thing ; to allure, to invite. ATTRAC'il CAL, fit-trák’tè-kál. a. ower to draw. ATTRACTION, fit-trák'shôn. s. The power of drawing any thing; the power of alluring or §§ ATTRACTIVE, fit-träktív. a. 158. Having the power to draw any thing ; inviting, alluring, enticing. ATTRACTIVE, at-träktiv. s. That which draws or incites. ATTRACTIVELY, at-trāk tāv-lè, ad. With the ower of attracting. Afth Active NES$, at-trak'iiv-nēs. s. The ### of being attractive. ATTRACTOR, at-tråk’tár. s.98. The agent that attracts. ATTRACTATION, fit-trāk-tà'shēn. s. handling. ATTRAHENT, attrá-hént. s. 503, f. That which draws. ATTRIBUTABLE, fit-trib'ê-tá-bl. a. That which may be ascribed or attributed. To ATTRIBUTE, at-trib’ (ite. v.a.492. To ascribe, to yield; to impute, as to a cause. ATTRIBUTE, fittré-bête. s 492. The thing attri- buted to another; quahty adherent; a thing belonging to another, an appendant ; reputa- tion, honour. ATTRIBUTION, at-trè-ba'shôn. s. Commenda- tion. ATTRITE, fit-trite'. a. Ground, worn by rubbing. ATTRITENESS, fit-trite'nés. s. The being muc WOrn. {} ATTRITION, fit-trish'êm. s. 507. The act of wear- j things by rubbing ; grief for sin, arising only from,the fear of punishment ; the lowest degree of repentance. To ATTUNE, fit-tūne'. v. a. To make any thing musical ; to tune one thing to another.—See slightly. to habit, Having the Frequent TUNE. ATWEEN, 3-tw8én’. ad. or prep. Betwixt, be- tWeen. ATWIXT, 3-twikst'. prep. In the middle of two things. To ºil, à-våle'. v. a. To profit, to turn to pro- fit; to promote, to prosper, to assist. AVAIL, #-våle'. s. Profit, advantage, benefit. AVAILABLE, fl-vā'lā-bl. a. Profitable, advan- tageous; powerful, having force. Aºi NESS, #-vā'lá-bl-nēs. s. Power of romoting the end for which it is used. a; Y, fl-vā’lā-blé, ad. Powerfully, pro- , fitably AVAILMENT, 3-vāle'mént. s. Usefulness, advaj. tage. To KVALE, à-vale'. v. a. To let fall, to depress AVANT-GUARD, 3-vānt'gård s. The van. AVARICE, av’ā-ris. s. 142. Covetousness, insat:- able desire * AVARICIOUS, #v-á-rish'ês. a. 292. Covetous. AWAR#CIOUSLY, fly-à-rish'ês-lè. ad. Covetously AWARICIOUSNESS, fiv-à-rish'ês-mês. s. The quality of being avaricious. *** * AWAUNT, fl-vānt'. interject. 216. A word of ab horrence, by which any one is driven away. AUBURNE, #w'bárn a. Brown, of a tan colour AUCTION, awk'shön. s. A manner of sale in which one person bids after another; the thing sold by auction. AUCTION ARY, #wk'shān-á-rè. a. Belonging to 3.11 all Ctl{yū. g AUC IONEER, Awk-shān-ºër’. s. that manages an auction. 275. AUCTIVE, Tâwk'tiv. a. 158. Of an increasing quality. JWot used. AUCUPATION, #w-kū-pâ'shān, s. Fowling, bird- catcluma. , AUDACIOUS,aw-dà'shôs. a.292. Bold, impudent. AUD.ACIOUSLY, #w-dà'shās-lè. ad. Boldly, im- §§y * - 3. " Aſſºciousness, "àw-dà'shôs-nés. s. Impu- €hCe. AUDACITY, aw-dás'ê-tè. s. 511. Spirit, boldness. AUDIBLE, aw"dē-bl. a. 405. That which may be Šiš. ed by hearing; loud enough to beheard. Aöðiði.E.Näss, àwº-times, sº capableness of fiting heard. AüßY, âw'dè-blé, ad. In such a manner as to be heard. AUDIENCE, Św'dè-énse. s. 293, 294 The act of hearing; the liberty of speaking granted, a hearing; an auditory, persons collected to hear; the reception of any man who delivers a solemn In 62SSage AUDIT, #w dit. s. A final account. To AUDIT, Aw'dit. v. a. To take an account finally AUDITION, Św-dish'ên. s. 507. Hearing. AUDITOR, Aw'dè-tūr. s. 98, 503, b. A hearer; a person employed to take an account ultimately, a King's officer, who, yearly examining the ac- counts of all under officers accountable, makes }}}} general book. AUDITORY, aw'dé-tūr-lè. a. 557. That which has the power of hearing. AUDITORY, Aw'dè-tūr-rè. s. An audience, a col- lection of pergons assembled to hear; a place where lectures are to be heard. Alpiness, âw'dé trés. s. The woman that ea I S. To AVEL, #-vél'. v. a. . To pull away. AVEMARY, A-vé-mâ'rè. s. A form of worship in honour of the Virgin º AVENAGE, fiv'ên-idje. s.90. of oats paid to a landlord. To AWENGE, 3-vénje'. v. a. The person A certain quantity To revenge; to unish. AWENGEANCE, 3-vénjánse. s. 244. Punishment. AWENGEMEN £, à-vénje'mént. s. Wengeance, TeVeil ge. sº AWENGER, 3-vén'ièr. s. Punisher; revenger, taker of vengeance. AVENS, av'énz. s. Herb Bennet. AVENTURE, fi-vén'tshūre. s. 461. A pnischance, causing a man's death, without felöny. AVENUE, fiv'ê-mâ. s. 335, 503. A way by which any place may be entered; an alley, or walk of trees before a house.—See REVENUE. To AVER, 3-vér'. v. a. To declare º: AvīRAGE, avār āje. s. 30, 555. That duty or service which the tenant is to pay to the King; a medium, a mean proportion. tº AVERMENT, a-vér’mént. s. Establishment of any thin º evidence. Ağ. , à-vér'nāt. s. A sort of grape AWO AUT 39 –nó, móve, nôr, nôt;—túbe, tib, bill;—öfl;- påånd,—thin, this. To AVERRUNCATE, fiv-ér-rüng'kâte. v. a. To root up. 91,408. AVERSATION, fiv-ér-sà'shān s Hatred, abhor- rence. AVERSE, fl-vérse'. a. Malign, not favourable ; not pleased with, unwilling to. AVERSELY, fl-vérse'lè. ad. Unwillingly ; back- wardly. AVERSENESS, fl-vérse'nés. s. Unwillingness; backwardness AVERSION, fl-vér'shôn. s. Hatred, dislike, de- testation ; the cause of aversion. To AWERT, 3-vért'. v. a. To turn aside, to turn off, to put by. AUGER, aw'går. s. 98,166. A carpenter's tool to bore holes with. AUGHT, #wt. pronoum. 393. Anything. ! [[P This word is not a pronoun, as Dr. Johnson has marked it, but a substantive. To AUGMENT, awg-mént'. v. a. To increase, to make § €r Or ºn Ore. To AUGMENT, awg-mént'. v. m. To increase, to grow bigger. AUGMENT, awg'mént. s. 492. Increase ; state of increase. AUGMENTATION, awg-mém-tä'shām. s. The act of increasing or making bigger; the state of being made bigger; the thing added, by which another is made bigger. AUGUR, Aw'gár. s. 98, 166. One who pretends to predict by the flight of birds. To AUGUR, Św'går. v. m. To guess, to conjec- ture by signs. To AUGURATE, aw'gī-räte. v. n. 91. To judge by §ºf AUGURATION, #w-gū-rå'shān. s. The practice of au #. Ağ. , àw'går-àr. s. 555. The same with augur: AUGURIAL, #w-gū'ré-ál. a. Relating to augury. AUGURY, aw'gī-rè. s. 179. The act of prognos- ticating by omens; the rules observed by au- urs; anomen or prediction. AUGUST, aw-gāst'. a. 494. Great, grand, royal, magnificerit. AUGUST, aw'gåst. s. . The name of the eighth month from January inclusive. AUGUSTNESS, #w-gåst'més. s. look, dignity. Avºy, à'vé-à-rè. s. 505. A place enclosed to keep birds in. AVIDITY, fl-vid'ê-té. s. Greediness, eagerness. AVITOUS, fiv'é-tás. a. 503, 314. Left by a man's ancestors. JNot used. To AWIZE, #-vize'. v. a. To counsel; to bethink himself, to consider. AULD, awld...a. Qld. Not used. AULETICK, #w-lét'ík. a. 508. Belonging to pipes. AULICK, aw'lik. a. Belonging to the court. AULN, awn. s. A French measure of length, an ell. To AUMAIL, aw-male'. v. a. To variegate. AUNT, Ént. s. 214. A father or mother's sister. AVOCADO, fiv-ó-kā'dó. s. A plant.—See LUM- BAGO. To AWOCATE, fiv'vö-kāte. v. a. 91. To call a WaW. AWOCATION, fiv-vö-kä'shôn. s. The act of call- ing aside ; the business that calls. To AWOID, fl-vöid'. v. n. 299. To shun, to es- cape ; to endeavour to shun ; to evacuate, to quit. 4. - To AWOLD, 3-vöid'. v. n. To retire ; to become void or vacant. Elevation of AVOIDABLE, fl-völd'à-bl. a. That which may be avoided or escaped. AVOIDANCE, 3-véïd'änse. s. The act of avoid- ing ; the course by which anything is carried off. AVOIDER, fi-vöjd'ér. S. 98. The person that shuns any thing ; the person that carries any thing away; the vessel in which things are carried away. * y AWOl DLESS, fl-völd'lés. a. Inevitable AVOIRDUPOIS, flv-Ér-dû-pöſz'. a. 302. A kind of weight, of which a pound contains sixteen ounces, and is in proportion to a pound Troy as 17 to 14. AWOLATION, fly-6-lä'shán. s. The flying away. To AWOUCH, a vöätsh' v. a. To affirm, to maintain ; to produce in favour of another; to vin'ticate, to justify. AWOUCH, 3-véâtsh'. s. dence. AWOUCHABLE, fl-vöätsh'ā-bl. a. That may be avouched. |AVQUCHIER, 3-yôātsh'ér. s. He that avouches. To AWOW, 3-véâ'. v. a. To justify, to declare openly. AWOWABLE, 3-vöū‘ā-bl. be openly declared. AWOWAL, 3-véā'āl. s. Justificatory declaration AWOWEDLY, a-vöö'éd-lè, ad. 364. In an avow- ed manner. 313 Declaration, evi a. That which may |AWOWEE, fiv-öä-è'. s. He to whom the right of advowson of any church belongs. AWOWER, fl-vöä'âr. s. 98. He that avows or justifies. AWOWRY, fl-vöö'rè. s. Where one takes a dis- tress, the taker shall justify for what cause he took it; which is called his avowry. AWOWSAL, 3-vöä'zál. s. 442. A confession. AWOWTRY, fi-yôā'tré. s. Adultery. AURATE, aw'räte. s. A sort of pear. AURELIA, fiv-ré'lē-ă. A term used for the first apparent change of the eruca or maggot of any species of insects ; the chrysalis. AURICLE, #w'rè-ki. s. 405. The external ear; two appendages of the heart, being two mus- cular caps, covering the two ventricles thereof. AURICULA, #w-rik Š-lä. s. Bear's ear ; a flower. AURICULAR, #w-rik'ê-lār a. Within the sense or reach of hearing ; secret, told in the ear. AURICULARLY, aw-rik'ê-lār-lè. ad. In a secret IIlºilhè?". AURI FEROUS, #w-rif'fé-rás. a. That which produces gold. AURPGATION, #w-rè-gå'shán. s. The act of driving carriages. .Not used. AURIST, aw'rist. s. One who professes to cure disorders of the ear. Jīsh. AURORA, aw-ró'rá. s. 545. A species of crow foot; the goddess that opens the gates of day, poetically the morning. AUSCULTATION, aws-kāl-tà'shôn. s. A heark- eming or listening to. AUSPICE, aw’spis. s. 140, 142. The omens of any future undertaking drawn from birds; pro- tection, favour shown ; influence, good deriv- ed to others from the piety of their patron. AUSPICIAL, #w-spish'īl. a. 292. Relating to §§§ AUSPICIOUS, #w-spish'ês. a. 292. With omens of success ; prosperous, fortunate, favourable, kind, propitious; lucky, happy, applied to #8 º AUSPICIOUSLY, aw-spish'ês-lè. ad. Happily, §§§ AUSPICIOUSNESS, aw-spish'ās-nēs. s. Pros- perity, happiness. AUSTERE, a w-stère'. a. Severe, harsh, rigid; Sour of taste, harsh. AUSTERELY, #w-stère'lé, ad. Severely, rigidly AUSTERENESS, #w-stère nés. s. Severity strictness, rigour; roughness in taste. AUSTERITY, aw-stér'ê-té. s. 511. Severity, mortified life, strictness; cruelty, harsh disci- line. ,-- AUSTRAL, #ws'trál. a. Southern. AUSTRINE, aws'tria. a. 140, . Southern. AUTHENTiCAL, aw-thén'té-kál. a. Authen tick. 509. AUTHENTICALLY, #w-thén'té-kāl-lè. ad. With circumstances requisite to procure authority. AUTiíENT1CALNESS, Św-thén'té-kāl-nēs. The quality of being authentick, genuineness. Si. AUT AXE 4I) [[ 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—pine, pin;– To AUTHENT (CATE, #w-thén'té-kāte. To establish any thing by authority. , 91. [[3’ I have inserted this word without any pre- cedent from our other Dictionaries ; but it is, in my opinion, sufficiently established by good usage to give it a place in all of them. AUT ENfićriy. âw-thén-tís'sè-té. s. Autho- rity, genuineness. AUTHENTICK, #w-thén'tík. a. That which has everything requisite to give it authority. AUTHENTICKLY, Šw-thén'tík-lè. ad. After an authentick manner. º AUTHENTICKNESS, #w-thén'tík-nēs. s. Au- thenticity. AUTHOR, #w'thär. s. 98, 418. The first be- gimmer or mover of any thing; the efficient; he that effects or produces any thing; the first writer of anything ; a writer in general. AUTHORESS, âwhárºs. s. A female writer. AUTHORITATIVE, #w-thár'é-tá-tív. a. Hav- ing due authority; having an air of authority. AUTHORITATIVELY, aw-thór'ê-tá-tiv-lé. ad. In an authoritative manner, with a show of au- thority; with due authority. AUTHORITATIVENESS, àw-thór'é-tº-tiv-nēs. §,Authºritative appearance. AUTHORITY, #w-thèr'è-té. s. Legal power; influence, credit; power, rule; support, coun- tenance; testimony, credibility. {{PThis word is sometimes pronounced as if writ- ten autority. This affected pronunciation is traced to a gentleman who was one of the greatest ornaments of the law, as well as one of the politest scholars of the age, and whose au- thority has been sufficient to sway the bench and the bar, though author, authentic, theatre, the- ory, &c and a thousand similar words where the th is heard, are constantly staring them in the face The public ear, however, is not so far vitiated as to acknowledge this innovation; for though it may with security, and even approbation, be pronounced in Westminster Hall, it would not be quite so safe for an actor to adopt it on the W. a. Stage. Jknow it will be said, that autoritas is better La- tim, that the purer Latin never had the h; and that our word, which is derived from it, ought, on that account, to omit it. But it may be ob- served, that, according to the best Latin critics, the word ought to be written auctoritas, and that, according to this reasoning, we ought to write and pronounce auctority and auctor; but this, I presume, is farther than these innovators would choose to go. . The truth is, such singularities of premumciation should be left to the lower or- der of critics; who, like coxcombs in dress, would be utterly unnoticed if they were not distinguished by petty deviations from the rest of the world. AUTHORIZATION, #w-thé-rè-zà'shôn. s. Es- tablishmert by authority. To AUTHORIZE, Aw'thó-rize. v. a. To give au- thority to any person; to make any thing legal; to establish any thing by authority ; to justify, to prove a thing to be right; to give credit to any person or thing. AUTOCRASY, #w-tók'rå-så. s. 518. Indepen- dent power. * AUTOCRATRICE, aw-tók'rā-tris. s. absolute sovereign. Mºson. AUTOGRAPH, #w'tó-gráf. s. A particular per- son's own writing, the original. Of t AtīogºpijcXi,"äw.ºgräf &kál. one's own writing. AUTOMATICAL, ºw-tê-mât'é-kál. a. Iłaving the power of moving itself. AUTOMATON, fiv-tóm'à-tön. s. A machine that hath the power of motion within itself. A female 3. AUTOMATOUS, #w-töm'ā-tês. a. Having in itself he power of motion. AUTONOMY, #w-tön'hô-mè. s. 5,13. The liv- ing according to one's own mind and prescripe tion. JNot in use. AUTOPSY, aw’tóp-sé. s. Ocular demonstra- tion. AUTOPTICAL, Aw-tóp'té-kál. a. Perceived by one's own § AUTOPTICALLY, #w-tóp'té-kāl-lè. ad. By means of one's own eyes. AUTUMN, #w'tūm. s. 411. The season of the § between summer and winter. AUTUMNAL, Św-tám'nāl. a. Belonging to au- tumn. AVULSION, Á-vål'shôn. s. The act of pullurg one thing from another. AUXESIS, awg-zè'sis. s. 478, 520. Amplifica- tion. AUXILIAR, #wg-zil’yār, 478. AUXILIARY, #wg-zīlyā-rè. } s, and a. Helper, assistant; helping, assisting. AUXILIATION, awg-zil-é-à'shān. s." Help, aid. To AWAIT, 3-wate'. v. a. To expect, to wait for ; to attend; to be in store for. AWAIT, 3-wate'. . s. Ambush. To AWAKE, A-wäke'. v. a. To rouse out of sleep to raise from any state resembling sleep; to put into new action. To AWAKE, 3-wake'. sleep, to cease to sleep. ā-wäke'. v. n. To break from AWA E, a. Without sleep, not Słę801 Ingſ. To AWAKE.N., á-wā'km. 103. See Aw AKE. To Awaiti, #wºrd v. To adjudge; to give any thing by a judicial sentence; to judge, to determine. AWARD, 3-ward'. s. termination. AWARE, 3-ware'. a. Vigilant, attentive. To AWARE, fl-wäre'. v. m. To beware, to be cautious. AWAY, à-wā ‘ ad. Absent, from any place or person; let us go ; begone; out of one's own power. AWE, Šw. s. Reverential fear; reverence. To AWE, #w. v. a. To strike with reverence, or fear. * AWEBAND, #w'bánd. s. A check. AWFUL, Św'föl a. 173, 406. That which strikes with awe, or fills with reverence; wor shipful, invested with dignity; struck with awe timoro.us d aCl. AWFULLY, aw'föl-lè. In 3rl ner. e AWFULNESS, Aw'ful-nēs. . s. The quality of . striking with awe; solemnity; the state of be- ing struck with awe. AWHILE, fl-hwile'. ad. 397. Some time. AWKWARD, #wk'ward. a. 475. . Inelegant, unpolite, untaught; unready, unhardy, clumsy. perverse, untoward. âwk'wfºrd-lè. ad. Judgment, sentence, de- In a reverential AWKWARDLY, Clumsily, unreadily, inelegantly. AWKWARDNESS, awk'ward-nēs. s. Imele. gance, want of gentility, clumsiness. AWL, fill. s. A pointed instrument to bore holes. AWLESS, #w'lés, a. Without reverence; with- out the power of causing reverence. - AWME, Św m. s. A butch measure answering to what in England is called a tierce, or one- seventh of an English tun. AWNING, aw'ning. s. 410. A cover spread over a boat or vessel to keep off the weather. AWOKE, A-wºke’. The preterit of Awake. . AWORK, 3-wark'. ad. 165. On work, in a state of labour. AWORKING, 3-wark'ing, ad. Wºrking. g º º AWRY, #-ri'. ad. 474. Not in a straight di- rection, obliquely; asquint, with oblique vision not level, unevenly; not equally between two In the state of poiuts; tıot in a right state, perversely. : AKE, aks. s. An instrument consisting of s use to head, with a si.arp edge. BAC BAG 4 I * —mö, mêve, nãr, nôt;—täbe, tib, bill;-≪—pôānd;—thin, This LAR, #ks'zll-lär, 478. c #####, àks'zil-lā-ré. } , a. Belonging to the armpit.—See MAXILLARY. AXIOM, flk'shām. s. 479. A proposition evi- deat at first sight. AXIS, #k'słs. s. The line, real or imaginary, that passes through any thing, on which it may Aššica as 3. 's g g tº 3. Aššīāšº, ºl-tree, $ 5. The pin which passes through the midst of the wheel, on which the circumvolutions of the wheel are per- formed. AY, Aé, ad. 105. Yes. - ºf See Directions to Foreigners prefixed to this Dictionary, page 11. AYE, Aë. ad. ways, to eternity, for ever aſſººn, he'gréén. s. The same with house- k £ek. AYRY, A'rè. . a. See AIRy. AZIMUTH, #z'è-mäth. s. The azimuth of the sun, or of a star, is an arch between the meridi- an of the place and any given vertical line; magnetical azimuth, is the arch of the horizon contained between the sun's azimuth circle and the magnetical meridian; azimuth compass, is an instrument used at sea for finding the sun's ##". azimuth. E, & AZU 'zhèure. a. 484, 461. Blue, faint blue. JºJº, Mººr, Zºº.JºJº, ſº-Jº", "Jº", "Jº"Jº-º-º/*, *, * B. BAA, bá. s. .77. The cry of a sheep. To BAA, bá. v. n. To cry like a sheep. To BABBLE, báb'bi. v. n. 405. To prattle like a child; to talk idly; to tell secrets ; to talk much. BABBLE, bābbl. 3. ... Idle talk, senseless prattle. BABBLEMENT, bāb'bl-mênt. s. Senseless {#. BABBLER, bāb'blår. ss. 98. An idle talker, a teller of secrets. BABE, bābe. s. An infant. BABERY, bā'bár-ré. s. 555. Finery to please a babe or child. BABISH, bābīsh. a. Childish. BABOON, UA-bóón', s. A monkey of the largest kind. BABY, bà'bé. s. vulgarly bābbé. A child, an infant; a small image in imitation of a child, which girls play with, BACCATED, bák'kā-téd. a. Beset with pearls; having many berries. BA: NALIAN, bāk-kā-nā'lē-ăn. s. A drunk- 3.FO}. BACCHANALS, bäkkā-mälz. s. The drunken feast of Bacchus. BACCHANTES, bäk-kān'téz. s. The mad priests of Bacchus. JMason. BACCHUS BOLE, bák'kås-bèle. . s. A flower, not tall, but very full and broad leaved. Bºrous, bāk-slf'é-rås. a. 555. Berry- £arºſłº. Bºfor, bâtsh'ê-lär. s. A man unmarried; a man who takes his first degrees; a knight of the lowest order. ...:”; BACHELOR'S BUTTON, bâtsh'é-lärz-bºt'in. s. 170. § an herb. BACHELORSHIP, bátsh'é-lār-ship. s. The con- dition of a bachelor. BACK, bāk. s. The hinder part of the body; the outer part of the hand when it is shut; the rear; the place behind ; “the part of any thin out of j. ; the thick part of any tool, oppose to the edge. BACK, bāk. ad. To the place whence one came; backward from the present station; behind, not coming forward; toward things past; again, in return; again, a second time. To BACK, bák, # a. To mount a horse 3 to H H break a horse; to place upon the back to main tain, to strengthen ; to justify, to support; to Second. To BACKBITE, bák"bite. v. a. To censure or reproach the absent. BACKBITER, bák'bi-tár. s. A privy calumniator, censurer of the absent. Bººpoon, bäk'dóre. s. The doorsbehind tho Qll Se. BACKED, bákt. a. 359. Having a back. BACKFRIEND, bák'frénd. s. An enemy in se. Cret. BACKGAMMON, bāk-gām'rºn. s. A play or game with dice and tables. 166. BACKHOUSE, bák'hôāse. s. The buildings be hind the chief part of the house. BACKPIECE, bák'pěèse. s. The piece of ar. mour which covers the back. BACſ(ROOM, bák'rööm. s. A room behind. BACK3IDE, bák'side. s. The hinder part of any thing; the hind part of an animal; the yard or ground behind a house. To BACKSLIDE, bāk-slide'. v. p. 497. To fall off. |G I have in this word preferred Dr. Johnson's accentuation on the second syllable, to Mr. Sheridan's on the first; for the reasons, see Principles under the number marked. Dr. Ash, Entick, Scott, and Perry, are on the side of Mr. Sheridan; and Dr. Johnson and W. John ston only on that which I have chosen; but Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Ash, by marking the noun backslider with the accent on the second syllable, as it is always heard, have betrayed their pronunciation of the verb; for one of these modes must be wrong, as the vertial noun must unquestionably have the same accent as the verb, BACKSLIDER, bäk-sli'dár. s. 93. An apostate. BACKSTAFF, bák'stáf. s. An instrument use. ful in takiºg the sun's altitude at sea. BACKSTARS, bāk'stärz. s. The private stairs in the house. BACKSTAYS, bák'stāze. . s. Ropes which keep the mast from pitching forward, BACKSWORD, bák'sórd. s. A sword with one sharp edge. BACKWARDS, bák'wºrdz. ad. 83. With the back forwards; towards the back; on the back; from the present station to the place behind; regressively; towards something past; out of the progressive state; from a better to a worse State ; past, in time past. BACKWARD, bák"wārd... a. Unwilling, averse; hesitating; sluggish, dilatory; dull, not quick, or apprehensive. BACKWARD, bák'wºrd. , s: The things past. BACKWARDLY, bák"wārd-lè. ad. Unwillingly, aversely. BACKWARDNESS, bák'ward-nēs. s. Dulness, , sluggishness. BACON, bà’km. s. 170. The ſlesh of a hog salted and dried. BAD, bād. a. Ill, not good ; vicious, corrupt; unfortunate; unhappy; hurtful; unwholesome ; siek. BADE, bâd, 75. The preterit of Bid. BADGE, bädje. s. 74. A mark or cognizance worm ; a token by which one is known; the mark of any thing. To BADGE, bādje. v. a. To mark, BADGER, bādjär. s. 93. A brock, an animal. BADGER, . bādjör. s. One that buys corn and victuals in one place, and carries it into an- other. BADLY, bád'Hé, ad. Not well. BA])NESS, bād'aés. s. Want of To BAFFLE, Läf'fl. v. a. 405. confound; to crush. BAFFLER, bäf 'flár. s. 98. He that baffles. BAG, bāg. s. A sack, or pouch; that part of an- imals in which some particular juices are con: º qualities. o elude ; to tained, as the poisons of vipers; an ornament º BAL BAN 42. É. of silk tied to *. . a term used to , signity quantities, as a bag of pepper. . To §§, bāg. v. a. To put into º: ; to load with a bag. To BAG, bás. v. n. To swell like a full bag. BºreLLE, bāg-à-tél'. s. A triſle. Not En- glºSft. - BAGGAGE, bāg'gidje. s. 90. The furniture of an army; a worthless woman. BAGNIO, bán'yö. s. 388. A house for bathing and sweating. - BAGPIPE, bāg'pipe. . s. A musical instrument, consisting of a leathern bag, and pipes. BAGPIPER, bāg'pl-pár. s. 98. One that plays on a bagpipe. BAIL, bále. s. Bail is the freeing or setting at liberty one arrested or imprisoned upon action either civil or criminal, under security taken for his appearance. To BAIL, bále. v. a. to admit to bail. BAILABLE, bà’lā-bl. a. 405. at liberty by bail. - BAILIFF, bā'iff. s. A subordinate officer, an of- ficer whose business it is to execute arrests; an under Steward of a manor. BAILIWRCK, ba'lé-w?k. s. risdiction of a bailiff. To ºrſ , bäte. v. a. To put meat to tempt ani- H}}3 |S. - To BAIT, báte. v. a. To set dogs upon. To BAIT, b%te. v. m. To stop at any place for refreshment; to clap the wings, to flutter. BAIT, báte s. Meat set to allure animals to a snare ; a temptation, an enticement; a refresh- ment on a journey. BAIZE, bāze. s. A kind of coarse open cloth. To BAKE, bake. v. a. To heat any thing in a close place ; to dress in an oven ; to harden in the fire ; to harden with heat. To BAKE, báke. v. m. To do the work of ba- king. - Fºot SE, bāke'hôāse. s. A place for baking bread. - BAKER, bà'kår. s. 98. He, whose trade is to To give bail for another; That may be set The place of the ju- bake. BALANCE, bái'länse. s. A pair of scales ; the act of comparing two things ; the overplus of weight; that which is wanting to make two parts of an account even ; equipoise; the beat- ing part of a watch : in astronomy, one of the signs, Libra. To jº, bál'lánse. v. a. To weigh in a balance ; to counterpoise; to regulate an ac- count ; to § that which is wanting. 2 To BALANCE, bál'länse. v. n. To hesitate, to fluctuate. BALANCER, bál'lān-sår. s. The person that weighs. BALĀSS RUBY, bálás-rū'bé. s. A kind of Ruby. BALCONY, bāl-kö'né. s. A frame of wood, or stone, before the window of a room. BALD, bâwld. a. Without hair; without matu- ral covering; unadorned; inelegant; stripped; without digni II; 559—Fâte, fär, fall, fat;-mê nét ;—pine, pln;— - BALK, bâwk. s. Disappointment when least ex- pected. - To BALK, bāwk. v. a. 402. frustrate ; to miss anything. - BALKERS, bâw'kärz, s., 98. Men who give a sign which way the shoal of herrings is. BALL, bâwl. s. 33, 77. Amy thing made in around form ; a round thing to Fº with ; a globe; a globe borne as an ensign of sovereignty, any part of the body that approaches to roundness. BALL, bâwl. s. An entertainment of dancing BALL AD, bālīād. s. A song. BALEAD-SINGER, bál’lād-sing-ăr. s. One whose employment is to sing ballads in the streets. BALLAST, bál'lást. s. 88. Something put at the bottom of the ship to keep it steady. BALLETTE, bällét. s. A dance. - BALLOON, bál-lóón'. s. A large round short- necked vessel used in chymistry; a ball placed on a pillar; a ball of pasteboard, stuffed with combustible matter, which is shot up into the air, and then bursts; a large hollow ball of silk filled with gas, which makes it rise into the air. BALLOT, bāI'låt. s. 166. A little ball or ticket used in giving votes; the act of voting by ballot. To BALLOT, bällät. v. m. To choose by ballot. BALLOTATION, bál-lò-tà'shán. s. The act of Yºting by ballot, To disappoint, to | BALM, bám. s. 403. The sap or juice of a shrub, remarkably odoriferous; any valuable or fra- grant ointment; any thing that sooths or miti- ates pain. |BALM, bâm. s. The mame of a plant. BALM OF GILEAD, bám of gil’yād. s. The juice drawn from the balsam tree; a plant hav- ing a strong balsamick scent. - BALMY, bám'é. a. 403. Having the qualities of balm; producing balm; soothing, soft; fra- grant, odoriferous ; mitigating, assuasive. BKi NEARY, bāînéâre s. A bathing-room. BALNEATION, bâl-nē-ă'shân. . s. The act of bathing. BALNEATORY, bálně-à-tär-rè. a. Belonging to a bath. 512, 557. º tº tº BALSAM, bāvl'sámi. s. 83. A resinous juice, odoróus and pungent. BALSAM-APPLE, bâwl'sém-áp-pi. s. An Indian Fº BALSAMICAL, bâl-sām'è-kāl 84. ; BALSAMICK, bál-sām'ík. 509. Of the nature of balsam, mitigating. BALUSTRADE, bál-ás-träde'. s. Rows of little pillars called balusters. [[ī’ This word is often corrupted into banisters, as the banisters of a staircase. - Balustrade means the row of small pillars sup- porting the guard of a staircase, taken collec- tively; as a colonnade means a collection of co- lumns in regular order; but, besides this collec- tive term, there is the distributive Balusters- meaning either the whole of the balustrade, or any part of it; as each of the small pillars that compose it may be called a baluster. BAMBO0, bám-böö' -, An Indian plant of the reed kind. - ty. - - BNº. bāwl'dār-dāsh. s. Rude mix-Éto BAMB00ZLE, bām-böö'zl. v. a. To deceive ture. - BALDLY, bāwld'lè. ad. Nakedly, meanly, in- elegantly.__ BALDMONY, bāwld'mān-mé. s. lant. Bºness, bāwld'nés. s. The want of hair; the loss of hair; meanness of writing. BALDRICK, bāwī'drík. s. A girdle; the zodi- Gentian, a ack. BALE, bāle. s. A bundle of goods. - BAL.FUL, bále'föl. a. Sorrowful, sad ; full of mischief. - BALEFULLY, bále'föl-lè. ad. mischievously. BALK, bāwk. s. 402, 8%. A great beam. Sorrowfully, BAEK, bāwk. s. A ridge of iaiad Îeft unploughed. to impose upon. A low word. BAMB00ZLER, bâm-böö'zlăr. s. A cheat. BAN, bán. s. Publick notice given of any thing a curse; excommunication ; interdiction; Ban of the Empire, a publick censure by which the privileges of any German prince are suspended. BANANA TREE, bá ná'nā-trèë. s. Plantain. BAND, bánd. s. A tye, a bandage : a chain by which any animal is kept in restraint; any union or connection ; any thing bound round another; a company of persons joined toge- ther; a particular kind of neckcloth worn chiefly by the clergy: in architecture, any flat low moulding, fascia, face, or plinth. To BAND, bánd. v. a. To unite together into one body or troop ; to bind over V " " band. -. BAN BAR 43 —no, move, nôr, nôt;—túbe, tàb, būll;-&il;—pôānd;—thin, THIS. BANDAGE, bán'didje. s. 90. Something bound over another; the fillet or roller wrapped over a wounded member. - BANDBOX, bánd'bóks. s. A slight box used for bands and other things of smail weight. . . . JBANDELET, bán'dè-lét, s. Any flat moulding Bºardi. - , bán'dit. BANDITTO, bán-dit’tö. s. An outlawed robber. BANDITTI, bán-dit’té. s. A company of outlawed robbers. - - BANDOG, bán'dóg. s. A mastiff. BANDOLEERS, bán-dò-lèërz'. s. Small wooden cases covered with leather, each of them con- taining powder that is a sufficient charge for a musket. - , BANDROL, bánd'röll. s. Alittle flag or streamer. BANDY, bán'dè. s. A club turned round at bot- tom for striking a ball. - To BANDY, bán'dé. v. a. To beat to and fro, or from one to another; to give and take recipro- cally ; to agitate ; to toss about. BANDYLEG, bán'dè-lég. s. A crooked leg. BANDYLEGGED, bán'dè-légd. a. Having crook- ea legs. 362. - - - BANE, bâne. s. Poison ; mischief; ruin. To BANE, bâme. v. a. To poison. BANEFUL, bāne'fül. a. BANEFULNESS, bāme'föl-nés. s. Poisomousness; destructiveness. - BANEWORT, bánewärt.s.88. Deadly mightshade. To BANG, báng. v. a. 409. To beat; to thump; to handle roughly. BANG, báng, s. A blow, a thump. To BANISH, bán'nish. v. a. To condemn to leave his own country; to drive away. BANISHER, bán'nish-àr. s. He that forces an- other from his own country. BANISHMENT, bán'nish-mémt. s. The act of banishing another; the state of being banished; 6x119. BANK, bánk. s. 409. The earth rising on each side of a water; any heap of earth piled up ; a bench of rowers ; a place where money is laid up to be called for occasionally; the company of persons concerned in managing a bank. To BANK, bánk. v. a. To lay up money in a bank; to enclose with banks. BANK-BILL, bánk'bill. s. A note for money laid up in a bank, at the sight of which the money is paid. BANKER, bánk'âr. s. 98. One that trafficks in money. BANKRUPT, bánk'råpt. a. In debt beyond the power of payur ent. - BANKRUPTCY, bánk’rāp-sè. s. 472. The state of a man broken, or bankrupt; the act of de- claring one’s self bankrupt. . HANNER, bán'nār. s. 98. A flag; a standard; a streamer borne at the end of a lance. - BANNERET, bán'nār-Ét. s. A knight made in the field. - BANNEROL, bán'nār-róle. s. 555. A little flag or streamer. . - BANNIAN, bán'yān. s. A man's undress, or morning gown. BANNOCK, bán'nāk. s. 166. A kind of oaten or pease-meal cake. . - BANQUET, bänk'kwét. s. 408. A feast. To BANQUET, bänk'kwét. v. n. 409. To feast, to fare daintily. BANātīf; bank'kwätºr. s. A feaster; one! that lives deliciously; he that makes feasts. BANÇUET-HOUSE, bánk'kwét-höäse. & BANQUETING-HOUSE, bánk'kwét-īng-hôāse. 5 s. A house where banquets are kept. BANQUETTE, bänk-két'. s. A smalſ bank at the foot of the parapet. BANSTICKLE, bán'stik-kl. s.405. A small fish; a stickleback. r To HANTER, bán'tūr. v a, 98. To play upon, to Tāli V. - z Poisonous ; destructive.]] BANTER, bán'tár. s. Ridicule, raillery. - BANTEREF, bán'tūr-àr. s. One that banters, BANTLING, bánt'Ifng. s. A little child. BAPTISM, bāp'tizm. s. Baptism is given by wa ter, and that prescript form of words which the church of Christ doth use : baptism is often taken in Scripture for sufferings. BAPTISMAL, bāp-tíz'mál. a. öf or pertaining to baptism. - - BAPTIST, bāp'tist. s. . He that administers bap- tiSIm. BAPTISTERY, báp'tis-tūr-è. s. 555. The place where the sacrament of baptism is administered. To BAPTIZE, bāp-tize'. v. a. To christem; to ad- minister the sacrament of baptism. - BAPTIZER, bāp-ti'zār. s.93. One that christens; one that administers baptism. BAR, bár. s. 77. A piece of wood laid cross a passage to hinder entrance; a bolt to fasten a door; any obstacle ; a rº, k or bank at the en- trance of a harbour; amy thing used for pre- vention ; the place where causes of law are tri- ed; an enclosed place in a tavern where the housekeeper sits: in law, a peremptory excep- tion against a demand or plea : any thing by which the structure is held together:bars in mu- sick, are strokes drawn perpendicularly across the lines of a piece of musick, used to regulate the beating or measure of musical time. To BAR, bár. v. a. To fasten or shut any thing with a bolt, or bar; to hinder, to obstruct; to prevent ; to shut out from ; to exclude from a claim ; to prohibit; to except; to himder a suit BARB, bárb. s. Any thing that grows in the place of the beard; the points that stand back- ward in an arrow ; the armour for horses. BARB, bárb. s. A Barbary horse. To BARB, bárb. v. a. To shave, to dress out the beard ; to furnish the horse with armour; to jag arrows with hooks. |BARBACAN, bárbā-kān.s. A fortification placed before the walls of a town; an opening in the wall through which the guns are levelled. BARBADOES CHERRY, bār-bādās-tshër’rè. s. 166. A pleasant tart fruit in the West Indies. BARBARIAN, bār-bā'rè-án. s. A manuncivilized, a Savage; a foreigner; a man without pity. BARBARICK, bār-bár'ík.a. Foreign, far-fetched. BARBARISM, bár'bá-rizm. s. of arts; want of learning; brutality; savage. mess of manners; incivility; cruelty; hardness of heart. BARBARITY, bār-bár'ê-té. s. Savageness; inci- ... vility ; cruelty, inhumanity; impurity of speech. To BARBARIZE, bár'bá-rize. v. a. To make bar- barous Mason. . - BARBAROUS, bár'bá-rºs. a. 314. Stranger to civility, savage, uncivilized; unacquainted with arts; cruel, inhuman. BARBAROUSLY, bár'bā-rás-lè. ad. Without knowledge of arts; in a manner contrary to the rules of speech ; cruelly, inhumaºnly. BARBAROUSNESS, bár'bá-rás-nēs. s. Incivility - ; cruelty. of manners; impurity of language l A term for To BARBECUE, bár'bé-kū. v. a. §§ hog whole. , BARBECUE, bár'bè-kū. s. A hog dressed whole. BARBED, bár'béd, or bârb’d. 362. a. Furnished . with armour; bearded, jagged with hooks. BARBEL, bárbl. s. 102,405. A kind of fish found in rivers. BARBER, bárbër. s. 98. A man who shaves the beard. . . . BARBERRY, bár'bér-ré. s. Pipperidge bush. BARD, bárd, s. 77. A poet. BARE, bare. a. Naked, without covering; un- covered in respects; unadorned, plain, simple ; A form of speech contrary to the purity of language ; ignorance. i detected, withoutěoncealment; poor, without . plenty ; mere ; threadbare, much wºrn united with any thing else . . . To BARE, bare. v. a. To strip. not BAR. BAR 44 [[G 559–Fâte, fir, fall, fit;-mê, mét;—pine, plm;— by E. bäre, preterit of To BEAR. Almost obso- efe. BAREBONE, bārebène. s. A very lean person. BAREFACED, bare-fiste'. a. 359. With the face naked, not masked ; shameless, unreserved. BAR.EFACEDLY, bºre-fé'séd-lè. ad. Openly, shamelessly, without (iisguise. 364. BAREFACEi)NESS, bare-ſà'sédnés. Effrontery; assurance ; audaciousness. 365. BAREFOOT, bāre'füt. a. Without shoes. HARE FOOTED, bàre'í út-éd. a. Without shocs. BAREH FA ) ED, bare'héd-dād. a. Uncovered in Tºšpect: BARELY, bºre'lè. ad. Nakedly, merely, only. BARENESS, bāre'nés. s. Nakedness; leanness; poverty ; meanness of clothes. Bºis , bár'gin. s. 208. A contract or agree- ment concerning sale ; the thing bought or sold ; stipulation. + To BARGAIN, bár'gin v. n. To make a contract for sale. BARGAINEE, bár'gīn-nēē'. s. Iſe or she that ac- cepts a bargain. BARGAINER, bár'gīn-nār. s. 93. The person who proffers or makes a bargain. BARGE, bälje. s. A boat for pleasure, a boat for burden. 4. BARGER, bārjār. s.98. The manager of a barge. BARK, bárk. s. The rind or covering of a tree ; a small ship. . To BARK, bärk. v. a. bark. To BARK, bárk. v. m. To make the noise which - a dog makes ; to clamour at. BARKER, bār'kår. s. 98. One that barks or cla- mours ; one employed in stripping trees. * RARKY, bār-kè. a. Consisting of bark. - BARLEY, bár'1é. s. 270. A grain, of which malt is made. BARLEYBRAKE, bárTè-bräke. s. A kind of ru- ral play. BARIEYCORN, bár'lè-körn. s. A grain of bar- cy. - BARM, bárm. s. Yest, the ferment put into drink to make it work. BARMY, bár'mè. a. Containing barm. BARN, bárn. s. A place or house for laying up any sort of grain, hay, or straw. BARNACILE, bár'nā-kl. s. 405. A bird like a goose, fabulously supposed to grow on trees; a species of shell-fish. BAROMETER, bā-röm'mè-tūr. s. 518. An instru- ment for measuring the weight of the atmos- phere, and the variations in it, in order chiefly to determine the changes of the weather. BAROMETRICAL, bār-6-mét’trè-kāl. a. Rela- ting to the barometer. 509, 515. BARON, bár'rán. s. 166. A degree of mobility next to a viscount : baron is one of the judges in the court of exchequer: there are also barons of the cinque ports, that have places in the lower house of parliament: baron is used in law for the husband in relation to his wife. BARONAGE, bár'rān-adje. s. 90. The dignity of a baron. . BARONESS, bár'rān-ès. s. 557. A baron's lady. BARONET, bár'rán-Ét. s. 557. The lowest de- gree of honour that is hereditary; it is below a baron, and above a knight. . - BARONY, bárrān-e. s. 557. That honour or lord- ship that gives title to a baron. BAR §§ bár'rô-sköpe. s. An instrument to show the weight of the atmosphere. . . BARRACAN, bár'rā-kān. c. A strong thick kind of camelot. - BARRACK, bár'råk. s. diers. BARRATOR, bár'rā-tár. s. A wrangler, and en- courager of lawsuits. - BARRA TRY, bár'rà-trè. s. Foul practice in law. BARREL, bär'ril. s 99. A round wooden vessel to be stopped close; a vessel containing liquor; To strip trees of their Building to lodge sol- any thing hollow, as the barrel of a gun; a cy. linder. - To BARREL, bár'ril. v. a. To put any thing in a barrel. - - BARREN, bár'rén; a. Not prolifick; unfruitful, not fertile, sterile; not copious, scanty; un- meaning ; uninventive, dull. - #. bár'rém-lè, ad. Unfruitfully. BARRENNESS, bár'rén-nēs. s. Want of the power of procreation; unfruitfulness, sterility want of invention ; want of matter: in theolo- gy, want of sensibility. BARRENWORT, bár'rèn-wart. s. A plant. BARRFUL, bár'föl. a. Full of obstructions— properly BARFUL. BARRICADE, bār-ré-käde'. s. A fortification made to keep off an attack; any stop, bar, ob- struction. To BARRICADE, bár-ré-käde'. v. a. To stop up {l OāSSagºe. * BARRICAD0, bār-ré-kā'dó. s. A fortification, a bar.—See LUMBAG9. To HARRICADo. bār-ré-kā'dó. v. a. To fortify, to bar. --- BARRIER, bár'rè-àr. s. 98. A barricade, an en- trenchment; a fortification, or strong place; a stop, an obstruction; a bar to mark the limits of any place ; a boundary. [[º Pope, by the license of his art, pronounced this word in two syllables, with the accent on the last, as iſ written bar-réer. “Twixt that and reason what a nice barrier : “For ever sep'rate, yet for ever near.” - Essay on JMan, Ep. i.v. 215 And yet in another part of his works he places the accent on the first syllable, as we always hear it in prose. -- “Safe in the love of Heav'n an ocean flows “Around our realm, a barrier from the foes.” BARRISTER, bár'r's-tūr. s. A person qualified to plead the causes of clients in the courts of justice. - BARROW, bár'rö. s. the hand, as a hand-barrow. - BARSHOT, bár'shôt. s. Two bullets or half-bul. lets joined by a bar, and used chiefly at sea to cut down the masts and rigging of s #: To BARTER, bartūr v. nº. To traffick by ex- changing one commodity for another. To BARTÉÉ, bäriär va. To give anything in exchange. . - Any carriage moved by BARTER, bártúr. s. The act or practice of traf. ficking by exchange. - BART R, bár'tūr-àr. s. He that trafficks by exchange. - BARTERY, bártär-ré. s. 555. Exchange of com- modities. - BARTRAM, bár'trâm. s. A plant, pellitory. BARYTONE, bár'ê-tôme. s. - [[; A word with the grave accent on the last syl- lable. If the inspector does not know what is meant by the grave accent, it may be necessary to inform him, that writers on the Greek ac- cent tell us that every syllable which has not the acute accent has the grave; and as there could but be one syllable acuted in that language, the rest must necessarily be grave. What these ac- cents are has puzzled the learned so much that they seem neither to understand each other nor themselves; but it were to be wished they had kept this distinction into acute and grave out of our own language, as it is impossible to an- nex any clear ideas to it, except we consider the grave accent merely as the absence of the acute, which reduces it to no accent at all. If we divide the voice into its two leading inflec- tions, the rising and falling, and call the former the acute and the latter the grave, we can anz BAS BAT 45 -nē, mēve, nár, nôt;—túbe, túb, bill;—öll;-pôānd;—thin, Tais, ...nex distinct ideas to these words: and perhaps it is an ignorance of this distinction of speaking sounds, and confounding them with high and Iow, or loud and soft, that occasions the confu- sion we meet with in writers on this subject.— See Elements of Elocution, page 60. Also obser-# Vations on the Greek and Latin Accent and Quantity, at the end of the Key to the Classical Pronunciation of Greek and Latin Proper Maines. BASALTES, bā-sål'téz. s. A kind of rock, never fºund in layers, but standing upright, Ash. ASE, bāse. a. . Mean, vile, worth;ess; disinge- nuous, illiberal, umgenerous; of low station, of mean account; base-born, born out of wed- lock: applied to metals, without value: applied to sounds, deep, grave. BASE-BORN, bāsebörn. a. Born out of wedlock. BASE-COURT, bāse'kört. s. 3.9%ar court. BASE-MINDEF), bäse-mind'éd, a. Mean spirited. BASE-VIOL, běše-vi'āl. s. 166. An instrument used in concerts for the base sound - BASE, bāse. s. The bottom of anj thing; the pedestal of a statue ; the bottom of a cone; stockings; the place from which racers or tiit. ers run; the string that gives a base sound ; an old rustick play. - . BASELY, bāse'ſé, ad, Meanly, dishonourably; in bastardy, as basely born. BASENESS, bāse'nés. s. Meazaness, vileness of metal; bastardy; deepness of sound. BASHAW, bāsh-àw'. s. Among the Turks, the viceroy of a province. - BASHFUL, bāsh'fill. a. Afodest, shamefaced, shy. BASHFULLY, bāsh'fül-lè. ad. Timorously, mod- estly. BASHFULNESS, bāsh'föl-nēs. s. Modesty, fool- ish or rustick shame. BASIL, báz'ii. s. The name of a plant. BASILICA, bā-zil'è-kā. s. The middle vein of the al"Iſl. BASILICA, bā-zil'è-kā. s. The basilick vein. BASALICK, bà-zú'lik. a. Belonging to the ba- silica. BASILICK, bā-zil'Ék. s. large hall. - BASILICON, bā-zii'é-kön. s. A compound of hog's fat, rosin, and bees’-wax. * BASILISK, báz'ê-lisk. s. A kind of serpent, a cockatrice, said to kill by looking. He is called Basilisk, or little king, from a comb or crest on his head; a species of cannon. BASIN, bā’sm. s. 405. A small vessel to hold wa- ter for washing, or other uses; a small pond; a part of the sea enclosed in rocks; any hollow , place capacious of liquids; a dock for repair- ing and building ships; Basins of a Balance, the same with the scales. BASIS, bà'słs. s. The foundation of anything; the lowest of the three principal parts of a column; that on which any thing is raised ; the pedestal; the ground-work. To BASK, bäsk. v. a. 79. To warm by laying out in the heat. ** BASK, bäsk. v. n. To lie in a place to receive heat. BASKET, bás'kit. s. 99. A vessel made of twigs, rushes, or splinters. BASKET-HILT, bás'kít-hilt. s. 99. A hilt of a weapon so made as to contain the whole hand. BASKET-WOMAN, bás'kít-wiłm-èn. s. 166. A woman that plies at market with a basket. BASS, base. a. properly BASE. In musick, grave, deep. ~, BASS-VIOL, bāse-vi'āl. s. 166. See BASE-vior. BASS, bás. s. A mat used in churches. BASS-RELIEF, bäs-ré-lèëf". s. Sculpture, the figures of which do not stand out from the ground in their full proportion. BASSET, bás'sſt. s. 99. A game at cards. BASSQON, bás-sóón'. s. A musical instrument of the wind kind, blown with a reed. The basilick vein; a * viieness ; BASTARD, bästärd. s. 88. A person born of a ºvernán Qut of Wedlock; any thing spurious. BASTARD, bästärd, a Begotten out of wed. lock ; spurious, supposititious, adulterate. To BASTARDIZE, bästär-dize. v. a. To con vict of º a bastard ; to beget a bastard. BASTAR#Di, Y, bás'tārd-lè, ad, in the manner of a bastard. - * - BASTARíXY, bás'tär-dé. s. An unlawful state of . birth, which disables a child from succeeding to an inheritance. * * To BA$3’E, bāste. v. a. To beat with a stick; to drip butter upon meat on the spit; to sew slightiy. BASTINADE, bás-té-nāde'. Q . Aº BASTúAſ)0, bás-tê-nā’dó. ; s. The act of beat- ing with a cudge ; a Turkish punishment of béating an offender on his feet. To BAºNAſſº, bás-tê-mădeſ. TW. &. To BASTINA330, bás-tê-mâ'dó. & bāstsłón. s. 291. A huge mass of To beat.—See LUMBAGo. BASTION, earth, usually faced with sods, standing out . from a rampart ; a bulwark. > BAT", bät. s. "A heavy stick.’ - - BAT, bät. s. An animal having the body of a mouse, and the wings of a bird, not with feath- ers, but with a sort of skin which is extended. It brings forth its young as mice do, and suc kłes them. BAT-FOWi.ING, bât'föü-ling, s. Bird-catching in the night-time. - BATA3íž, bāſtā-bl. a. 405. Disputable. Bata- bie ground seems to be the ground heretofore in question, whether it belonged to England or Scotland. BATCH, bátsh. s. The quantity of bread baked at a time; any quantity made at once. BATE, báte. s. Strife, contention, 4. To BATE, bâte. v. a. To lessen anything, to retrench ; to sink the price; to lessen a de- mand; to cut off. & - BATEFUL, báte'fäl. a. Contentious. BATEMENT, báte'měnt. s. Diminution. BATH, báth. s. 78. A Bath is either but or cold, either of art or nature ; a vessel of hot water, in which another is placed that requires a softer beat than the naked fire; a sort of Hebrew measure, containing seven gallons and four bints. To BATHE, bârge. v. a. 467. To wash in a bath; to supple or soften by the outward application of warm liquors; to wash with anything. To BATHE, bāThe, v. m. To be in the water. BATING, bā'ting. prep. 410. Except. . . . BATLET, bātlét. s." A square piece of wood used in beating linen. BATOON, bā-tóón'. s. A staff or club ; a trun- cheon or marshal’s staff. BATTAILOUS, bât’tà-läs. a. Warlike, with mi- Hitary appearance. - - Bºº A, bāt-táleyā. s. 272. The order of attle. | $XTTALION, bat-talyān. s. 272,507. A division of an army, a troop, a body of forces; an army. To BATTEN, bât’tn. v. a. 103 To fatten, to make fat; to fertilize. º To BATTEN, bát’tm. v. n. 103. To grow fat, To BATTER, bāţ'tár, y, a. 98. To beat, to beat down; to wear with beating; to wear out with service. # BATTER, bât'tär. s. dients beaten together. BATTERER, bättär-rêr. s. He that battera. BATTERY, báttàr-ré. s. 555 The act of bat tering; the instruments with which a town is battered; the frame upon which cannons are mounted: in law, a violent striking of any man BATTLE, báttl. s. 405. A fight; an encounter between onposite armies; a body of forces the main body of an army. A mixture of several ingre- * | To BATTLE, bát’tl. v. m. To contend in fight. | ~ * BEA 46 BEA [[ 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit;- mè, mét;—pine, pin ,- BATTLE-ARRAY, bát’tl-ār-rå. s. order of battle. BATTLE-AX, bāt’tl-āks. s. A weapon; a bill. BATTLE-DOOR, bât'tl-dòre. s An instrument with a round handle and a flat blade, to strike a ball or a shuttlecock. BATTLEMENT, bát’tl-mênt. g. A wall with open places to look through or annoy an enemy. BATTY, bát’té, a, Belonging to a bat. BAWAROY, bá-vá-röé'. s. A kind of cloke. BAUBEE, bāw-bèë'. s. In Scotland, a halfpenny. BAWIN, bāv'ín. s. A stick like Jhose bound up in faggots. BAWBLE, bāw'bi. s. 405. A gewgaw, a trifling piece of finery, BAWBLING, bāw'bling. a. 410. Triſling, con- temptible. BAWCOCK, bâw'kök. s. A fine fellow. l BAWD, bāwd, s. A procurer or procuress. To BAWD, bāwd. v. n. To procure. BAWDILY, bāw'dè-lè. ad. Obscenely. BAWDINESS, bāw'dé-nés. s. Obsceneness. BAWDRICR, bāw'drík. s. A belt. BAWDRY, bāv'dré. s. A wicked practice of bringing whores and rogues together; obscenity. BAWDY, bāv'dè. a. , Obscene, unchaste. BAWDY-HOUSE, bāv'dè-höäse. s. A house where traffick is made by wickedness and de- bauchery To BAWL, ball. v. n. To hoot, to cry out with great vehemence; to cry as a froward Child. To BAWL, ball. v. a. To proclaim as a crier. BAWREL, bâw'ril. s. 99. A kind of hawk. BAWSIN, bāw'sin. s. A badger. BAY, bá. a. 220. A colour. BAY, bā. s. An opening into the land. BAY, bā. s. The state of any thing surrounded by enemies. BAY, bá. s. In architecture, a term used to sig- nify the divisions of a barn or other buildings. Bays are from fourteen to twenty feet long. BAY, bā. s. A tree. BAY, bā. s. An honorary crown or garland. To BAY, bā. v. n. To bark as a dog at a thief; to shut in. BAY SALT, bā'sält. s. Salt made of sea water, evaporated by the heat of the sun. BAY WINDOW, bā'win'dó. s. A window jutting outward.—See Bow WINDow. BAYARD, bā'yård. s. A bay horse. BAYONET, bāyān-mét. s. A short sword fixed at the end of a musket. [; This word is very frequently pronounced bagonet, but chiefly by the vulgar. BDELLIUM, dél'yūm. s. An aromatick gum brought from the Levant.—See PNEUMATIck. To BF, běé. v. n. To have some certain state, condition, quality, as the man is wise: it is the auxiliary verb by which the verb passive is form- ed: to exist, to have existence. REACH, béétsh. s. 227. The shore, the strand. BEACHED, bětsh'éd. a. Exposed to the waves. BEACHY, běštsh'é. a. Having beaches. BEACON, bě'km. s. 170. Something raised on an eminence, to be fired on the approach of an enemy; marks erected to direct navigators. BEAD, běde. s. 227. Small globes or balls strung upon a thread, and used by the Roman Catho- licks to count their prayers; little balls worn a- bout the neck for ornament; any globular bodies. BEAD-TREE, běde'tréé. s. The nut of this tree is, by religious persons, bored through, and lºs beads, whence it takes its name. BEAffif, bèdl. . s. 227, 405. A messenger or servitor belonging to a court; a petty officer in arishes. Błºśīl, bède'rôle. s. A catalogue of those who are to be mentioned at prayers. BEADSMAN, běédz'mām. s. A man employed in º for another. © BEAGLE, bé'gl. s. 227, 405. A small hound with which hares are hunted. Array, or BEAK, běke. s. 227. The bill or horny mouth of a bird; a piece of brass like a beak, fixed at the head of the ancient gallies; any thing end- ing in a point like a beak. * BEAKED, békéd, or bekt. a. 362. Having a beak. BEAKER, bě'kär...s.,98. A cup with a spout in the form of a bird’s beak. BEAL, běle. s. 227. A whelk or pimple. BEAM, běme. s. 227. The main piece of timber that supports the lofts of a house ; any large and long piece of timber; that part of a balance, to the ends of which the scales are suspended ; a cylindrical piece of wood belonging to the loom, on which the web is gradually rolled as it is wove; the pay of light emitted from some iuminous body. BEAM-TREE, běme'trèë. s. Wildservice. BEAMY, bé'mé. a. Radiant, shining; emitting beatns; having horms or antlers. BEAN, běne. s. 227. The common garden bean; the horse bean. BEAN-CAPER, běne'kā-pár. s. A plant. To BEAR, bāre. v. a. 240. To carry as a burden to convey or carry ; to carry as a mark of au- thority ; to carry as a mark of distinction ; to support, to keep from falling; to carry in the mind, as love, hate ; to endure, as pain, without sinking; to suffer, to undergo; to produce, as fruit; to bring forth, as a child; to support any thing good or bad; to behave; to impel, to urge, to push ; to press; to bear in hand ; to amuse with faise pretences, to deceive ; to bear off, to carry away by force; to bear out, to support, to maintain. To BEAR, bare. v. n. 73. To suffer pain ; to be patient; to be fruitful or prolifick; to tend, to be directed to any point; to behave ; to be sit- uated with respect to other places; to bear up, to stand firm without falling; to bear with, to endure an unpleasing thing. BEAR, bāre. s. 73. A rough savage animal ; the name of two constellations called the Greater and Lesser Bear: in the tail of the Lesser Bear is the Pole star. BEAR-BIND, bārebind. s. A species of bind- weed. * BEAR-FLY, bare'fli. s. An insect. BEAR-GARDEN, bàregår-dn. s. A place in which bears are kept for sport ; any place of tumult or misruhe. BEAR'S-BREECH, barz'britsh. s. The name of a plant. e BEAR’S-EAR, bārz'êèr. s. The name of a plant, The Auricula. BEAR’S-FOOT, bárz'ſfit. s. A species of helle bore. BEARS-WORT, bārz'wart. s. 165. . An herb. BEARD, béérd'. s. 228. The hair that grows on the lips and chin; sharp prickles growing upon the ears of corn ; a barb on an arrow. [[F This word, as Dr Kenrick observes, is fre- quently pronounced so as to rhyme with herd : , but I am of his opinion that this pronunciation is improper. Mr. Scott and Mr. Perry give it both ways. Buchanan sounds it short, like Mr. Sheridan. W. Johnston makes it rhyme with laird, a Scotch lord: but Mr. Elphinstone, who is the most accurate observer of pronunciation I ever met with, gives it as I have done. The stage has, in my opinion, adopted the short sound of the diphthong without good reason, nd in this instance ought not to be followed; as the long sound is not only more agreeable to analogy, but to general usage. I am glad to find my opinion confirmed by so good a judge as Mr. Smith; and though the poets so often sacrifice pronunciation to rhyme; that their au- thority, in these cases, is not always decisive, yet, as Shakspeare says on another occasion, “ They still may help to thicken other proofs | “ Thät do demonstrate thinly.”—Othello. BEA BED 47 —nó, móve, nãr, nôt;—túbe, tab, būll;—öíl;—pôānd;—thin, This. * Rail'd at their covenant and jeer'd * Their reverend persons to my beard.” * Hudibras. * Some thin remains of chastity appeard * Ev’n under Jove, but Jove without a beard.” The impropriety of pronouncing this word as it is heard on the stage, will, perhaps, appear more perceptible by carrying this pronuncia- tion into the compounds, as the false sound of great may be detected by the phrase Alexander the Great 241. “. Old prophecies foretel our fall at hand, “When bearded men in floating castles land. * And as young striplings whip the top for sport, ** On the 3.á, pavement of an empty court, * The wooden engine flies and whirls about, * Admir'd with clamours of the beardless rout.” Dryden. To BEARD, béérd. v. a. To take or pluck by the beard; to oppose to the face. BEARDED, běrd'éd. a. Having a beard; hav- ing sharp prickles, as corn; barbed, or jagged. BEARDLESS, béérd'lés. a. Without a beard; youthful. BEARER, bāre'âr. s. 98. A carrier of any thing ; one employed in carrying burdens; one who wears any thing ; one who carries the body to the grave; one who supports the pall at a fune- ral ; a tree that yields its produce; in architec- ture, a post or brick wall raised up between the ends of a piece of timber. Bººie , bare'hārd. s. A man that tends ČáFS. BEARING, bare'ſng. s. 410. The site or place of any thing with respect to something else; ɺ: mien, behaviour. BEARWARD, bäre'wärd. s. A keeper of bears. BEAST, běést. s. 227. An animal distinguished from birds, insects, fishes, and man; an ir- rational animal, opposed to man; a brutal sa- Wage IIlaſt. BEASTLINESS, běést'lè-nés. s. Brutality. BEASTLY, běést'lè. a. Brutal, contrary to the nature and dignity of man; having the nature or form of beasts. To BEAT, bête. v. a. 227, 233. To strike, to knock; to punish with stripes; to mark the time in musick ; to give repeated blows ; to strike ground, to rouse game; to mix º by long and frequent agitation; to batter with en- gines of war; to make a path by treading it 5 to conquer, to subdue, to vanquish ; to harass, to over-labour ; to depress; to deprive by vio- lence ; to move with fluttering agitation; to beat down ; to lessen the price demanded ; to beat up; to attack suddenly ; to beat the hoof, to walk, to go on foot. |G’ The past time of this verb is by the English uniformly pronounced like the present. Nay, except in solemn language, the present, preter- it and participle are exactly the same ; while the Irish, more agreeably to analogy, as well as utility, pronounce the preterit as the noum bet, a wager; and this pronunciation, though contrary to English usage, is quite conforma- ble to that general tendency observable in the preterits of irregular verbs, which is to shorten the vowel that is long in the present, as eat, ate, (often promounced et 3) hear, heard ; deal, dealt; mean, meant; dream, dreamt ; &c. 'To BEAT, bête. v. m. To move in a pulsatory manner; to dash, as a flood or storm ; to knock at a door; to throb, to be in agitation ; to fluc- tuate, to be in motion ; to try in different ways, to search ; to act upon with violence; to enforce by repetition. BEAT, bête. s. A £troke, or a striking. BEATEN, bé'tm. particip. 103. From BEAT. BEATER, bě'túr. s. 98. An instrument with whº, thing is beaten ; a person much giv- ^ 31OWS, BEATIFICAL, bě-à-tif'é-kál. BEATIFICK, bě-à-tiſ'ík. 509. $te Blissful. It is used only of heavenly fruiti after death. BEATIFICALLY, bě-à-tíf'è-kāl-lè. ad. In such a manner as to complete happiness. BEATIFICATION, bě-āt'è-fé-kå'shön. s. Beati- . fication is an acknowledgment made by the Pope, that the person beatified is in heaven, and therefore may be reverenced as blessed. To BEATIFY, bě-āt'é-fi. v. a. 183. To bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment. BEATING, º: s. 410. Correction by blows. BEATITUDE, bě-āt'ê-tūde. s. Blessedness, fe- Ticity happiness; a declaration of blessedness made by our Saviour to particular virtues. BEAU, bě. s. 245,481. A man of dress. BEAVER, běé'vár. s. 227, 98. An animal, other wise named the castor, amphibious, and remark- able for his art in building his habitation; a hat. of the best kind; the part of a helmet that covers the face. & BEAVERED, běé'värd. a. 362. Covered with a beaver. º BEAUISH, běish. a. 245. Befitting a beau, ſop pish. $ BEAUMONDE, bě-mónde'. s. The fashionable world. JMason. ſº BEAUTEOUS, bū'tshe-às. a. 263. Fair, elegant . kin iO TITI, * BEAUTEOUSLY, bū'tshë-às-lè. ad. In a beau- teous manner. BEAUTEOUSNESS, bū'tshë-ſis-nés. s. The state of being beauteous. BEAUTIFUL, bū'té-föl. a. Fair. tº BEAUTIFULLY, bū'tè-fāl-lè, ad. In a beautiful Iſldinner. BEAUTIFULNESS, bū'tè-ſål-nés s. The quali- ty of § beautiful. To BEAUTIFY, bū'té-fl. v. a. 183. To adorm, to embellish. BEAUTY, bū'té. s. That assemblage of graces which pleases the eye; a particular grace; a beautiful person. BEAUTY-SPOT, bū'té-spöt. s. A spot placed to heighten some beauty. * BECAFICO, běk-à-fé'kö. s. 112. A bird like a mightingale, a fig-pecker. To BECALM, bě-kām'. v. a. 403. To still the elements; to keep a ship from motion; to qui- et the mind. BECAME, bě-kāme'. The preterit of Become. BECAUSE, bě-käwz'. conjunct. For this rea- son; for; on this account. To BECHANCE, bě-tshānse'. v. n. To befal, to happen to. 352. To BECK, bék. v. a. To make a sign with the head. BECK, bék. s. A sign with the head, a mod; a nod of command. To BECKON, bék'km. v. m. 170. To make a S19 Il, To #CLIP, bé-klip'. v. a. To embrace. To BECOME, bě-kām'. v. a. To enter into some state or condition; to become of, to be the fate *of, to be the end of. To BECOME, bě-kām'. v. a. To appear in a manner suitable to something; to be suitable to the person ; to befit. º, BECOMING, bě-kām'ming, part. . a. That which seases by an elegant propriety, grace- ful. 410. s BECOMINGLY, bě-köm'ming-lè, ad. After a . becoming manner. BECóWiiWGNESS, be-kām‘ming-nēs, s, Ele. #;" congruity, propriety. BEſ), béd, s. Something made to sleep on ; lodging; marriage; bank of earth raised in a garden; the channel of a river, or any hollow , the place where any thing is generated; a la er, a stratum; To bring to BEd, to deliver of a BEE BEG 48 [G 559.—Fâte, far, fall, fit;-mê, mét;—pine, pin;– child; To make the BED, to put the bed in or- der after it has been used. To BED, běd., v. a. To go to bed with; to be jBE placed in bed; to be made partaker of the bed; to sow, or plant in earth; to lay in a place of rest; to lay in order, in strata. To BED, béd. v. m. To cohabit. To BEDABBLE, bě-dāb'bl. v. a. To wet, to be- sprinkle. - To BEDAGGLE, bě-dāg'gl. v. a. To bemine. To BEDASH, bě-dāsh'. v. a. To bespatter. To BEDAWB, bě-dàwb'. v. a. To besmear. To BEDAZZLE, bě-dāzzl. v. a. To make the sight dim by too much lustre. BEDCHAMBER, béd'tshāme-bár. s. The cham- ber a #: to TeSt. BEDCLOTHES, béd'clèze. s. Coverlets spread over a bed. BETDING, béd'ding. s. 410. The materials of bed 8. D80. To BEDECK, bě-dék', v. a. To deck, to adorn. To BEDEW, bě-dû'. v. a. To moisten gently, as with fall of dew. BEDFELLOW, béd'fél-ló. s. the same bed. To BEDIGHT, bě-dite'. v. To adora, to dress. To BEDIM, bě-dim'. v. a. To obscure, to cloud, to darken. One that lies in 8. To BEDIZEN, bě-di'zn. v. a. 103. To dress out. A low term. BEDLAM, béd'lúm. s. 83. A mad-house; a madman BEDLAMITE, béd'1%m-ite. s. 155. A madman. BEDMAKER, béd'mā-kār. s. A person in the universities, whose office it is to make the beds. BEDMATE, béd'māte. s. A bedfellow. BED MOULDiNG, běd'môld-ing. s. A particu- lar moulding. BEDPOST, běd'pëst. s. The post at the cor- ner of the bed, which supports the canopy. BºssER, bèd'près-sàr. s. A heavy, lazy CHOW. To BEDRAGGLE, bé-drág'gl. v. a. To soil the clothes. 405. To BEDRENCH, bé-drénsh'. v. a. To drench, to soak. BEDRID, bédrid. a. Confined to the bed by age or sickness. BEDRITE, běd'rite. s. marriage bed. To BEDROP, be-drºp. v. a. To besprinkle, to mark with drops. BEDSTEAD, běd'stěd. s. The frame on which the bed is placed. BEDSTRAW, béd'stråw. s. der a bed to make it soft. BEDSWERVER, béd'swór-vár. s. false to the bed. BEDTIME, béd'time. s. The hour of rest. To BEDUNG, bě-dàng'. v. a. To cover with dung. Tº B£DUST, bě-dàst'. v. a. To sprinkle with ust. BEDWARD, běd'wärd. ad. Toward bed. To BEDWARF, bé-dwārf'. v. a. To make little, to Stunt. BEDWORK, běd'wärk. without toil of the hands. BEE, běč. s. The insect that makes homey; an industrious and careful person. BEE-EATER, béé'è-tºr. s. A bird that feeds upon bees. BEEFLOWER, běš'flöä-fir. s. foll-stones. BEE-GARDEN, běč'gār-dn. s. to set hives of b^es in. BEE-HIVE, běč'hive. which bees are kept. BEE-MASTER, běč'más-tär, s, bees. BEECH, bětsh, a, A tree, The privilege of the The straw laid un- One that is s. Work performed A species of 103. A place s. The case, or box in One that keeps ! BEECHEN, běé'tshn. a 103, Consisting of the wood of the beech } ſ: 5. The flesh of black cattle pre- pared for food; an ox, bull, or cow. It has the lural Beeves. BEEF-EATER, běéfè-túr. s. A yeoman of the guard.-Probably a corruption of the French word Beaufetier, one who attends at the side- board; which was anciently placed in a Beaufºt. BEEN, bin. The participle preterit of Tobe. [[; This word, in the solemn, as well as the fami- liar style, has shared the fate of most of those words, which, from their mature, are in the most frequent use. It is scarcely ever heard other- wise than as the moun bin, a repository for corn or wine, and must be placed among those devi- ations which language is always liable to ip such words as are auxiliary or subordinate to obhers; for, as those parts of bodies which are the most frequently handled grow the soonest smooth by constant friction, so such words as are in con- tinual use seem to wear off their articulations, and become more irregular than others. So low as the age of James the First, I have seen this word spelled Byls. BEER, běér, 8. Liquor made of malt and hops. BEET, béét... s. The name of a plant. BEETLE, béé't]. s. 405. An insect distinguish- ed by having hard cases or sheaths, under which he folds his wings; a heavy mallet. BEETLEBīū)WED, běé'ti-bröðd. a. Having rominent brows. 362. BEETLEHEADED, béé'tl-héd-Éd. a. Logger- headed, having a stupid head. BEETLEST UCK, běé'tl-stók. s. The handle of a beetle, • BEETRAVE, béét'râve. S. Beet. BEET-RADISH, bět'rād-1sh. BEEYES, béévz. s. Black cattle, oxen. To BEFALL, bé-ſåwl'. v. m. To happen to ; to COIſle tº päSS. To BEFIT, bě-fit'. v. a. To suit, to be suitable to. To BEFOOL, bé-fööl'. v. a. To infatuate, to fool. BEFORE, bě-fôre'. prep. Further onward in place; in the front of; not behind; in the presence of ; under the cognizance of; preced- ing in time; in preference to ; prior to ; supe- riot, r.to. BEFORE, bé-ſore'. ad. Sooner than; earlier in time, in time past 3 in some time lately past; previously to ; to this time ; hitherto; further onward in place. BEFOREHAND, bě-fôre'hānd, ad. In a state of anticipation of preoccupation ; previously, by way of preparation ; in a state of accumulation, or So as that more has been received than ex- ended; at first, before any tiling is done. BEFORETIME, bě-fôre'ſſime. ad. Formerly. To BEFORTUNE, bě-fôr'tshöne. v.m., 461. To betide. To BEFOUL, bě'ſéâl'. v. a. To make ſoul, to soil. To BEFRIEND, bé-fread'. v. a. To favour; to be kind to. To BEFRINGE, bě-filmje'. v. a. as with fringes. To BEG, běg. v. n. To live upon alms. To BEG, běg. v. a. To ask, to seek by petition; to take any thing for granted. To BCGET, bě-gēt'. v. a. To generate; to pro- ci eate; to produce, as eſfects; to produce, as accidents, BEGE'i'TER, bě-gét’túr. s. Creates, or begets. BłGGAR, bég'går. s. 418. One who liveikup- on alms; a petitioner ; one who assumes what he does not prove. To BEGGAR, Lég'går. v.a. To reduce to beg. gary, to impovelish; to deprive ; to exhaust. BEGGARLINESS, bég'går-lè-nēs. s. The state of heing beggarly. BLGGARI Y, běg'går-lé, a. Mean, poor, indigent. To decorate, 98. He that pro- IBEII BEL 49 —né, mäve, nôr, nét;—töbe; tāb, bill 5–öil;-pôānd;—thin, this. REGGARY, bég'gūr-e. s. Indigence. To BEGIN, bě-gin'. v. n. To enter upon some. thing new ; to commence any action or state ; to enter upon existence; to have its original : to take rise; to come into act. To BEGIN, bě-gin'. v. a. To do the first act of any thing; to trace from any thing as the first ground ; to begin with ; to enter upon. . BEGINNER, bě-gin'nār. s.'95. He that gives the first cause, or original, to any thing; an un- experienced attempter. tº º BEGINNING, bě-gin'ning. s. 410. The first origi- nal or cause; the entrance into act or being ; the state in which any thing first is; the rudi- | ments, or first grounds; the first part of any thing. To #IRD, bè-gērd. v. a. 160. To bind with a girdle; to surround ; to encircle; to shut in with a siege; to beleaguer. BEGEERBEG, bég'1ér-bég. s. The chief governor of a province among the Turks. To BEGINAW, bě-nāw'. v. a. To bite; to eat aWay. BEGONE, bě-gón’. interject. Go away; hence; away. BEGOT, bě-göt'. BEGOTTEN, bě-göttm. 103. The part. passive of the verb Beget. To BEGREASE, bé-grèze'. v. a. To soil or daub with fat matter. e To BEGRIME, bě-grime'. v. a. 160. To soil with dirt deep impressed, To BEGUILE, bé-gyle'. v. a. 160. To impose upon, to delude ; to deceive, to evade; to de- ceive pleasingly, to amuse. BEGUN, bě-gūn'. The part. passive of Begin. BEHALF, bě-häf'. s. 78,403. Favour, cause; vin- dication, support. To BEHAVE, ºve. v. a. To carry, to conduct. To BEHAWE, bě-háve'. v. n. To act, to conduct one's self. BEHAVIOUR, bě-hävelyār. s. 294. Manner of behaving one's self, whether good or bad; ex- ternal appearance; gesture, manner of action; elegance of manners, gracefulness; conduct, general practice, course of life; to be upon one's behaviour, a familiar phrase, noting such a state as requires great caution. To BEHEAD, bě-héd'. v. a. off the head. BEHELD, bě-héld'. Behold. BEHEMOTH, bě'hè-móth. s. The hippopotamus, or river-horse. BEHEST, bě-hést'. s. Command. BEHIND, bě-hind'. prep.–See WIND. At the back of another; on the back part; towards the back; following another; remaining after the departure of something else; remaining after the death of those to whom it belonged; at a distance from something going before; in- feriour to another. BEHIND, bě-hind'. ad. Backward. BEHINDHAND, bě-hind'hānd. ad. In a state in which rents or profits are anticipated; not upon equal terms, with regard to forwardness. To BEHOLD, bě-höld'. v. a. To view, to see. BEHOLD, bě-höld': interject. See, lo. BEHOLDEN, bě-hôl'dn. part. a. 103. Bound in ratitude. REHOLDER, bě-hôl'dár. s. Spectator. BEHOLDING, bě-hôl'ding a 410. Beholden. BEHOLDING, bě-hôl'ding. part. from the word lehold. Seeing, looking upon. BEHOOF, bé-hööf. s. Profit, advantage. To BEHOOVE, bě-hööv'. v. n. To be fit; to be meet. Used only impersonally with it, as it be- hooves. º º te ſº. This word is sometimes improperly written behove, and corruptly pronounced as rhyming with rope; but this is contrary to the analogy of words of this form §which preserve the same To kill by cutting Particip. passive from sound ; the sºboth in the noun and verb; as, proof, prove ; wife, wive : thief, thieve, &c. B£HööVišiji, bººfit. ºft. ; profit- able. BEHOOVEFULLY, bě-hööv 'föl-lè. ad. Profit- ably ; usefully. To BEHOWL, bé-hôāl, v. a. To howl at. BEING, běing. s. 410. Existence, opposed to non- entity ; a particular state or condition; the per- son existing. BEING, běing, conjunct. Since. BE IT SQ, běit-s0. A phrase, suppose it to be so ; let it be so. Tº BELABOUR, bě-lá'bár. v. a. To beat, to thump. - BELAMIE, běl'à-mé. s. A friend, an intimate BELAMGUR, bél’ā-móðr. s. A gallant, consort. BELATED, bě-là têd. a. Benighted. To BELAY, bº-lä'. v. a. To block up; to stop the passage; to place in ambush: To BELCH, bělsh. v. n. To eject the wind from the stomach; to issue out by eructation. BELCH, bělsh. s. 352. The action of eructation, a cant term for liquor. BELDAM, béI'dām. s. 88. An old woman; a hag. To BELEAGUER, bé-lègår. v. a. To besiege, to block up a place. BELEAGUERER, bé-lè'går-àr. s. One that be- sieges a place. BELFLOWER, bél'flöär. s. A plant. \ BELFOUNDER, bél'föän-dár. s. He whose trade it is to found or cast bells. BELFRY, bél'frè. s. The place where the bells are ſung To BELIE, bě-li'. v. a. To counterfeit, to feign, to mimick; to give the lie to, to charge with falsehood; to calumniate; to give a false régºre- sentation of any thing. BELIEF, bé-lèëf". s. &edit given to something which we know not of ourselves; the theologi- cal virtue of faith, or firm confidence of the truths of religion; religion, the body of tenets held; persuasion, opinion; the thing believed ; creed, a form containing the articles of faith. BELIEVABLE, bě-lèë'vá-bl. a. Credible. To BELIEVE, bé-lèëv'. v. a. To credit, upon the authority of another; to put confidence in the veracity of any one. To BELIEVE, bê-lèëv'. v. n. To have a firm per- suasion of any thing; to exercise thetheological virtue of faith. BELIEVER, bě-lèë'vár. s.98. He that believes or gives credit; a §: of Christianity. BELIEVINGLY, bé-lèë'ving-lè. ad. After a be- lieving manner. BELIKE, bé-like'. ad. Probably; likely; per haps; sometimes in a sense of irony. BELL, béll. s. A vessel, or hollow body of cast metal, formed to make a moise by the act of some instrument striking against it; it is used for any thing in the form of a bell, as the cups of flowers. BELLE, běll. s. A gay young lady. BELLES LETTRES, běl-'ét’túr. Polite litera- ture. BELLIGEROUS, bél-lidje'é-rås. a. 314, 518. Wa. §§ * - e. & wº BELLIGERANT, běl-lidje'é-rānt. a.518. Waging W8 r. BELLIPOTENT, bél-lip'pö-tént. a. 518. Mighty II]. War. To BELLOW, bělló. v. n. 327. To make a moise as a bull; to make any violent outcry; to vocif. erate, to clamour; to roar as the sea or the wind BELLOWS, bél'lús. s. The instrument used to blow the fire. + [E. The last syllable of this word, like that of Gallows, is corrupted beyond recovery into the sound of lus. BELLUINE, bél'lú-lme. a. 149. Beastly, brutal. BELLY, béliè. s. 182. That part of the bunran body which reaches from the breast to the BEN BEQ 50 - [[; 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fit;-mé, mét;—pine, pīn;– thighs, containing the bowels; the womb; that part of a man which requires food; that part of anything that swells out into a larger capacity; any place in which something is enclosed. To BELLY, bél’lè. v. m. To fiang out, to bulge Out. - BELLY ACHE, běl'lè-āke. s. 355. The cholick. BELLYBOUND, bél'lè-böänd. a. Costive. bºyful, bél'lé-ſăl. s. As much food as fills the elly. ' - . BELLY GOD, bé!'lè-göd. s. A glutton. BELMAN, béli'mām. s. 88. He whose business it is to proclaim anything in towns, and to gain attention by ringing his bell. BELMETAL, béli'môt.tl. s. 405. which bells are made. To BELOCK, bě-lök. v. a. To fastem. To BELONG, bè-lông'. v. n. To be the property of; to be the province or business of; to ad- here, or be appendant to ; to have relation to ; to be the quality or attribute of. t{ELOVED, bě-lây'éd. a. Dear. [[G. This word, when an adjective, is usually pro- nounced in three syllables, as a beloved son; and whén a participle in two, as he was much he- loved.—See Principles, No. 362. BELOW, bě-lò'. prep. Under in place, not so high 5 inferiour in dignity; inferiour in excel- lenge 3 unworthy of, unbefitting. BELOW, bě-lô", ad. In the lower place; on earth, in opposition to heaven; in hell, in the regions of the dead. To BELOWT, bê-lööt'. v. a. To treat with op. probrious language. BiºSWAGGER, běi-swäg'går.s. A whoremaster. BELT, bělt. s. A girdle, a cincture. BELWETHER, béll'wéïH-àr. s. A sheep which ièads the flock with a bell on his neck; hence, to bear the bell. To BEMAD, bě-măd'.v. a. To BEMIRE, bě-mire’ v. a. ber in the mirs. To BEMOAN, bé-même. v. a. wail. BEMOANER, bě-mö'nār. s. 98. A lamenter. To BEMOIL, bě-möll'. v. a. To bedrabble, to bemire. To BEMONSTER, bě-möns'tàr. v. a. To make monStrous. . y BEMUSED, bě-mâzd'. a. 359. Overcome with lmusing. - BENCH, bénsh. s. 352. A seat; a seat of jus- tice, the F. sitting upon a bench. d BENCHER, bén'shôr. s. 98. The senior members of the society of the inns of court. To BEND, běnd. v. a. To make crooked, to crook; to direct to a certain point; to incline; to subdue, to make submissive. . . To BEND, bénd. v. n. To be incurvated; to lean ºr jut over ; to be submissive, to bow. BEND, bénd.'s. Flexure, incurvation; the crook- ed timbers which make the ribs or sides of a ship. . BENDABLE, běn'dá-bl.a. 405. That may be bent. BENDER, běn'dár.'s. 98. The person who bends; the instrument, with which any thing is bent. BEND WITH, běnd'with. s. An herb. * BENEAPED, bé-nēpt'. a. 352. A ship is said to be beneaped, when the water does not flow high enough to bring her off the ground. BENEATH, bě-mèTHe'. prep. Under, lower in place ; lower in rank, excellence, or dignity; unworthy of BENEATH, bě-mèTHe'. ad. 467. In a lower place, under; below, as opposeſ to heaven. BENEDICT, bén'é-dikt. a. Having mild and sa- lubrious qualities. - - BENEDICTION, běm-è-dik'shān. s. Blessing, a decretory pronunciation of happiness ; the ad- vautage conferred by blessing; acknowledg- ments for blessings réceived ; the form) of insti- tuting asi abbot, The metal of * To make mad. To drag, or incum- To lament, to be- *s BENEFACTION, bém-è-fäk'shán. s. The act of . conferring a benefit; the benefit conferred. - BENEFACTOR, běn-è-fák'tár. s. 166. He that confers a benefit. - BENEFACTRESS, bén-è-fák'trås. s. A woman who confers a benefit. BENEFICE, béné-fis. s. 142. Advantage con- ferred on another. This word is generally . used for all ecclesiastical livings. BENEFICED, běn'é-fist. a. 352. a benefice. - BENEFICENCE, bě-nēf'è-sénse. s. goodness. BENEfféENT, bé-néfé-sånt. a. Kind, doing good BENEFICIAL, běn-e-fish'al. a. Advantageous, conferring benefits, profitable; helpful, medi- cinal. BENEFICIALLY, běm-è-fish'âl-lè. ad. Advan- tageously, helpfully. * BENEFICIAH.NESS bºn-è-fish'âl-nēs. s. Use- fulmess, profit. BENEFICHARY, běm-è-fish'yā-ré. a. 113. Hold- ing something in subordination to another. BENEFICIARY, běn-è-fish'yā-rè. s. 113. He that is in possession of a benefice. BENEFIT, běn'é-fit. s. A kindness, a favour conferred; advantage, profit, use. [[G. Benefit of Clergy in ſaw is a privilege former. ly allowed, by virtue of which a man convicted of felony or manslaughter was put to read in a Latin book of a Gothick black character; and if the Ordinary of Newgate said Legit ut Cleri- cus, i.e. he reads like a clerk, he was only burnt in the hand and set free, otherwise be suffered death for his crime.—Bailey. *. To BENEFIT, běn'é-fit. v. a. To do good to. To BENEFIT, běn'ê-fft. v. n. To gain advantage. To BENET, bě-nét'. v. a. To ensnare. BENEVOLENCE, bě-név'vé-lèse. s. Disposi- tion to do good, kindness; the good done, the charity given; a kind of tax. BENEVOLENT, bě-név'vö-lént. a. Kind, having good will. - $ BENEVOLENTNESS, bě-név'vö-lént-més. s. The same as benevolence. BEN&AL, bén-gäll. a. A sort of thin slight stuff BENJAMIN, bénºîă-min. s. The name of a tree. To BENIGHT, bě-hite'. v. a. To surprise with the coming on of night; to involve in darkness; to embarrass by want of light. BENIGN, bé-nine'. a. 385. Kind, generous, lib- eral ; wholesome, not malignant. - BENIGNITY, bě-nig'mè-té. s. Graciousness, ac tual kindness; salubrity, wholesome quality. BENIGNLY, bě-nine'lé, ad. Favourably, kindſy. BENISON, bén'nè-zm. s. 170,443. Blessing, benediction. BENNET, běn'nét. s. 39. An-herb. BENT, běnt. s. The state of being bent; degree of flexure; declivity ; utmost power; applica tion of the mind; inclination, disposition to- wards something; determination, fixed pur- pose; turn of the temper or disposition; ten- dency, flexion; a stalk or grass, called the Bent Q? &SS. B£NT, běnt. part. of the verb To bend. Made Crooked; directed to a certain point ; , deter- mined upon. BENTING TIME, běn'ting-time. s. The time when pigeons feed on bents before peas are ripe. To BENUM, bě-nām'. v. a. To make torpid; to stupify.—See to NUMB. * BENZOIN, běn-zółn'. s. A medicinal kind of re- sin, imported from the East Indies, and vulgar- ly called Benjamin. º To B.EPAINT, bě-pânt'. v. a. To cover with paint. To BEPUNCH, bě-pinsh'. v. a. To mark with pinches. - To BEQUEATH, bě-kwëTHe' v. a. 467. To leave Possessed of Active by will to another. \ BES BET 51 — no, móve, när, mēt;—täbe, túb, bāīl;-&il ;—pôānd ;—thin, this BEQUEST, bě-kwést'. s. 334, 414. Something Ieft by will. To BERATTLE, bě rāt’tl. v. a. BERBERRY, bár'bér-ré. s 555. sharp taste, used for pickles. To BEREAVE, bě-rève’. v. a. prive of; to take away from. . BEREFT, bě-réft'. Part, pass. of Bereave. BERG AMOT, bér'gä-mót. s. A sort of pear, com- monly called Bergamot; and vulgarly called Burgamee; a sort of essence or perfume, drawn from a fruit produced by ingrafting a lemon tree on a Burgamot pear stock; a sort of snuff. To BERHYME, bě-rime'. v. a. To celebrate in rhyme or verses. : ) BERLIN, bér-lin'.s. A coach of a particular form. BERRY, běr'rè. s. Any small fruit with many seeds. - To BERRY, běr'ré.v.m. To bear berriès. BERTRAM, bér'trâm. s. 88. Bastard pellitory. BERYL, běr'ril. s. A precious stone. To BESČREEN, bě-skréén'. v. a. To shelter, to conceal. - To BESEECH, bě-sèëtsh'. v. a. supplicate; to implore; to beg; to ask. . To BESEEM, bě-sèèm'. v. m. To become, to befit. To BESET, bě-sét'. v. a. To besiege, to hem in ; To rattle off. A berry of a To strip of, to de- To entreat, to to embarrass; to perplex; to waylay, to suf-; round; to fall upon, to harass. To BESHREW, bě-shröö' v. a. To wish a curse B #i #.º ill to. - - £, bě-side'. * #Esfīāś, besides. ; prep. At the side of another; near; over and above; not according to, though not contrary; out of, in a state of de- bé-side'. •. - - #5iijës, bè-sides'. } ad. Over and above ; not in this number, beyond this class. To BESIEGE, bé-sèëje'. v. a. To beleaguer, to lay siege to ; to beset with armed forces. BESIEGER, bě-sèéjàr. s.98. One employed in a siege. To BESLUBBER, bé-slâb'bár. v. a. To daub, to SIT) &lr. To BESMEAR, bé-smèër'. v. a. To bedawb ; to soil, to foul. . To BESMIRCH, bě-smértsh'. v. a. To soil to dis- colour. - To BESMOKE, bě-smöke'. v. a. To foul, with smoke; to harden or dry in smoke. * To BESMUT, bě-småt'. v. a. To blacken with smoke or soot." l - ' BESOM, bězúm. s. An instrument to sweep with. To BESORT, bě-sört'. v. a. To suit, to fit. BESORT, bě-sört'. s. Company, attendance, train. To BESOT, bě-söt'. v. a. To infatuate; to stupify ; to make to doat. * BESOUGHT, bě-såwt'. Part. pass. of Beseech; which see. To BESPANGLE, bě-spáng'gl. v. a. To adorn with spangles, to besprinkle with something shining. To #ATTER, bè-spát’tár. v. a. To spot or sprinkle with dirt or water. To #W. bé-spāwī'. v. a. To daub with Spittle. TěšPEAK, bë-spéék’. v. a. To order or en- treat any thing beforehand; to make way by a previous apology; to forebode; to speak to, to address; to betoken, to show. * { BESPEAKER, bé-spèë'kär. s. He that bespeaks any thing. • *. To BESPECKLE, bě-spék'kl. v. a. To mark with speckles or Spots. To BESPEW, bé-spú'. v. a. To daub with spew . Or VOmit. To BESPICE, bě-spice'. v. a. To season with spices. - , * To BESPIT, bé-spit: v. a. To daub with spittle. To BESPOT, bě-spôt’ v. a. To mark with spots, L To BESPREAD, bě-spréd'. v. a. To spread over To BESPRINKLE, be-sprink'ki.v.a. To sprinkle - OVer". To BESPUTTER, bé-spáttúr. v. a. To sputter over something; to daub any thing by sputter- Ing. BEST, běst. a. Most good. * BEST, běst, ad. In the highest degree of good. ness, fittest. To BESTAIN, bé-stāne'. v. a. To mark with stains; to spot. To BESTEAD, bě-stéd'. v. a. To to accommodate. BESTIAL, běs’tshö-āl, a. 464. Belonging to a beast; brutal, carnal. BESTIALITY, bés-tshē-ăl'è-té. s. beasts. profit; to treat, The quality of BESTIALLY, bés'tshö-āl-lè. s. Brutally. To BESTICK, bě-stik'. v. a. To stick over with any thing. To BESTIR, bé-stér'. v. a. 109. To put into vigor- OUIS action. To BESTOW, bě-stö'. v. a. To give, to confer upon ; to give as charity; to give is marriage ; to give as a present; to apply; to lay out upon , to lay up, to stow, to place. - BīsīāwīR, bestº. Gives, disposer. BESTRAUGHT, bě-stråwt'. particip. Distracted, \ mad. To BESTREW, bě-strö'. v. a. To sprinkle over. See STREw. - To BESTRIDE, bě-stride'. v. a. To stride over any thing; to have any ºthing between one's legs, to step over. - To BESTUD, bě-stád'. v. a. To adorn with studs. BET, bét. s. A wager. *t, - t To BET, bět. v. a. To wager, stake at a wager. To BETAKE, bě-täke'. v. a. To take, to seize; to have recourse to. - - - . To BETHINK, bě-think'. v. a. To recall to re- flection. To BETHRAL, bě-thråll'. v. a. 406. To enslave, to conquer. To BETHUMP, bě-th&mp'. v. a. To beat. To BETIDE; bé-tide'. A. m. To happen to, to be. fall, tº come to pass, to fall out. #####. ad. Seasonably; early ; soon, before long time has passed; early in the day. * To BETOKEN, bě-tô'km. v. a. To signify, to mark, to ºt ; to foreshow, to presignify BETONY, bétºtô-mè. s. A plant. - - | BETOOK, bě-tóók'. Irreg. pret. from Betake. To BETOSS, bě-tós'. v. a. To disturb, to agitate. To BETRAY, bě-trä'. v. a. To give into the hands of enemies; to discover that which has been intrusted to secrecy; to make liable to some thing incomvenient; to show, to discover. - BETRAYER, bě-trā'ūr. s. He that betrays, a traitor. To BETRIM, bě-trim'. v. a. to grace. t To BETROTH, bě-tröth'. v. a. To contract to any one, to affiance; to nominate to a bishop- rick g … To BETRUST, bě-tröst'. v. a. To intrust, to put into the power of another. BETTER, bét’tár. a. 98. Having good qualities in a greater degree than something else. BETTER, bét’tör... ad. Well in a greater degree To BETTER, béttúr. v. a. To improve, to melios rate ; to surpass; to exceed, to advance. BETTER, bétºtör. a. Superiour in goodness. BETTOR, bétºr. s. 166. One that lays bets or wagers. - - - - BETTY, bét’té. s. An instrument to break open doors. BETWEEN, bě-twečn'. prep. In the intermediate space. from one to another; belonging to tw in partmership; bearing relation to two; i. separation of one from the other. " ' To deck, to dress, BIC 5 -- U) BIG [j' 559.—Fâte, ſār, fºll, fat;-mê, mét;—pine, pīn;– RETWTXT, bě-twikst'. prep. Between. ###!" #bevil. s. 99. In masonry and join- 4? - ery, a kind of squarc, one leg of which is fre- quently crooked º - BEVERAGF, oévºr-idje. 90, 555. Drink, liquºr to be drunk. BEVY, bév'é. s. A flock of birds; a company, an assembly. - To BEWAIL, bě-wäle'. v. a. To bemoan, to ia- inent. To BEWARE, bé-wäre'. v. n. To regard with caution, to be suspicious of danger from. To BEWEEP, bě-wéèp'. v. a. To weep over or RH)OU!. To #wer, bè-wét'. v. a. To wet, to moisten. To BEWiLDER, bě-wil'dér. v. a. To lose in pathless places. to puzzlé. 515. To BEWITCH, bé-w?tsh'. v. a. witchcraft ; to charm, to please. BEWITCHERY, bé-witsh'êr-ré. s. Fascination, charm. 555. BEWITCHMENT, bě-witsh'mônt. s. Fascina. tiºn. - To BEWRAY, bě-rä'. v. a. 474. To betray, to discover perfidiously; to show, to make visible. BEWRAYER, bě-rā'ūr. s. Betrayer, discoverer. BEYOND, bé-yénd'. prep. Before, at a distance not reached; on the farther side of; farther orward than ; past, out of the reach of; above, exceeding to a greater degree than; above in excellence ; remote from, not within the sphere of; To go beyond, is to deceive. [CŞ. There is a pronunciation of this word so ob- viously wrong as scarcely to deserve notice; and that is sounding the o like a, as if the word were written beyond. Absurd and corrupt ås this pronunciation is, too many of the people of London, and those not entirely uneducated, are guilty of it. * . BEZOAR, bě'zère. s. A medicinal stone, for- merly in high esteem as an antidote, brought from the East-Indies. t BEZOARDICK, béz-ó-ár'dik. a. with bezoar. B: ANGULATED, bi-áng'gå-lä-têd. BIANGULOUS, bi-áng gº-ſås. 116. * two corners or angles. - BLAS, biás, S., 88. The weight lodged on one side of a bowl, which turns it from the straight line; any thing which turns a man to a partic- ular cotti'se : properision, inclination. To BAS, bi'âs. v. a. To incline to some side. BiH, bib. s. A small piece of linen put upon the breasts of children, over their clothes, . B1.BAC;OUS, bi-bä'shās. a. 118. Much addicted to drinking. ū Perhaps the first syllable of this word may be considered as an exception to the general rule. 117. - BIBBER, bib'bär. s. 98. A tippler. BiBLE, bi'bl. s. , 405. . The sacred volume, in which are contained the revelations of God. BIBLIOGRAPHER, bºb-lè-öggrä-fúr. s. A trans- criber. BIBLIOTHECAL, bib-lè-öth'é-kál. a. Belong- ing to a library. BIBULOUS, bib'-lás. a. 314. That which has the quality of drinking moisture. . - BJCAPSULAR, bi-kāp'shū-lär. a. 118, 552. A plant whose seed-pouch is divided into two parts. BiCE, bise. s. . A blue colour for painting. 3ICIPITAL, bl-sip'ê-tál. 118. Q 3ICIPITOUS, bi-sip'é-tês. heads ; it is applied to one of the muscles of the arm. - ſo BICKER, bik'kår. v. n. 98. To skirmish, to fight off and on ; to quiver, to play backward and forward. - BICKERER, bik'ºr-àr. s. 555. A skirinisher. }ICKERIN', bik').{irm. s. 98, 418. An iron ending S. To injure by Compounded ; a. Having a. Having two BICORNE, bi'körn. 118. BICORNOUS, bi-körnäs. ; horns. * . . . . BICORPQRAL, bi-kör'pë-rál. a. 118. Having two bodies. . . . To BłD, bid. V. a. To desire; to ask; to com- mand; to order; to offer; to proposé; to pro- nounce ; to declare ; to denounce. - BHDDEN, bid'dn. part, pass. 103. Invited; com- manded. r - 98. Bii) DER, bid'dār. proposes a price. BITºi SG, bid'ding. S. 410. Command, order. To Błł) E, bide. v.a. To endure, to suffer. To BIDE, bide. v. n. To dwell, to live, to inhabit; to remain in a place. - t Bº TAL, bi-dén'tál. a. 118. {{*eth . BIDING, bi'ding. S. 410. Residence BłENNiAſ, bi-án'riè-ál. a. 116. ance of two years. BiFR, béðr. s. 275. dead are carried to the grave. BIESTINGS, běés'tíngz. s. 275. The first milk given by a cow after calving. - BiFARHOUS, bi-fºrê-às, a. Twofold. - BIFF ROUS, bit"fê-rūs. a. 533. Bearing fruit twice a year. A [[G. We see that the antepenultimate accent on this word, as well as on Bigamy, and some oth- ers, has the power of shortening the vowel in the first syllable. 535. BHFID, bi'ſ id. 118. BłFHDATED, biſ'ſé-dà-téd. ing with a cleft. - B; FGH.D., bi'föld. a. Twofold, double. BIFORMED, bi'förmid. a. 362. Compounded of * two forms. rº BHFURCATED, bi-fôr'kā-téd. a. 118. Shooting out into two heads. - BIFURCATION, bi-fºr-kāshān, s. Division into a. Having two S One who offers or , habitation. Of the continu- * an º- ; a. 503, 535. Open- tWO. - - BIG, , big. a. Great in bulk, jarge; teeming, pregnant; full of something; distended, swoln ; great in air and mien, proud ; great in spirit, brave. - BiGAMEST, big'gä-mist. ‘s. One that has corn. mitted bigamy. w BiºAMY, big'gā-mè. s. 535, 503. The crime of having two wives at once. B{GBEA,i,j}\}, bºg'bél-lid. a. 282. Pregnant. £iššIN, big'gin. s. A child’s cap. BigH.W., big'íč. ad. Tumidly, haüghtily. BIGNESS, bigºnés, s. Greatness of quantity, size, whether greater or smaller. BiêGT, biggāt. s. 166. A man devoted to a certain party. BłęOTED, big'gāt-éd. a. Blindly prepossessed in favour of something. [[G. From what oddity I know not, this word is frequently pronounced as if accented, on the last syllable but one, and is generally found written as if it ought to be so pronounced, the t being doubled, as is usual when a participle is formed from a verb that has its accent on the last syllable. Dr. Johnson, indeed, has very judiciously set both orthography and pronun- ciation to rights, and spells the word with one t; though he finds it with two in the quotations he gives us from Garth and Swift. That the former thought it might be pronounced with the accent on the second syllable, is highly pre- sumable from the use he makes of it, where he says: - .” * Bigotted to this idol, we disclaim “Rest, health, and ease, for nothing but a name.” For if we do not lay the accent on the second syllable, here the verse will be unpardonably rugged. This mistake must certainly take its in a point. rise from supposing a verb which does not ex. Having two A carriage on which the W | BIN BIR 53 —no, mēve, nãr, nôt;—túbe, túb, būll;—öll;-pôānd;—thin, THIs. ist, namely, as bigot 3 but as this word is de- rived from a substantive, it ought to have the same accent; thus though the words ballot and billet are verbs as well as nouns, yet as they have the accent on the first syllable, the parti- cipial adjectives derived from them have only one t, and both are pronounced with the ac- cent on the first syllable, as balloted, billeted. Bigoted therefore ought to have but one t, and to preserve the accent on the first syllable. BIGOTRY, big'gāt-tré. s. 555. Blind zeal, pre- judice; the practice of a bigot. . BfGSWCLN, big’swóln. a. Turgid. BILANDER, jīā. s. 503. A small vessel used for the carriage of goods. BILBERRY, biſbér-ré. s. Whortie-berry. BILEO, billbò. s. A rapier, a sword. BILBOES, bilböze. s. 296. A sort of stocks. BILE, bile. s. A thick, yellow, bitter liquor, separated in the liver, collected in the gall- bladder, and discharged by the common duct. BILE, bile. s. A sore angry swelling. Improper- ly BoIL. ' To BILGE, bilje. v. n. 74. To spring a leak. BILIARY, bil’yarré. a. 113. Belonging to the bile. BILINGSGATE, billingz-gāte. s. Ribaldry, foul lan §§ g Bºğ , bi-ling'gwěs. a. r18. Having two tongues. BILIOUS, bílyús. 113. Consisting of bile. To BILK, bilk. v. To cheat, to defraud. BILL, bill. s. The beak of a fowl. BILL, bill. s. A kind of hatchet with a hooked 3. 3. point. BILL, bill. s. A written paper of any kind; an account of money ; a law presented to the par- liament; a physician's prescription ; an adver- tisement. To BILL, bill. v. m. To caress, as doves, by join- ing bills. To BILL, bill. v. a. To publish by an advertise- ment. BILLET, bíl'Ift. s. 99, 472, 481. A small paper, a note : Billet-doux, or a soft Billet; a love- letter. BILLET, billit. s. 99. A small log of wood for the chimney. To BILLET, billit. v. a. To direct a soldier where he is to lodge; to quarter soldiers. BILLIARDS, billyārdz. s. 113. A kind of play. [[ä’ Mr. Nares has very judiciously corrected a false etymology of Dr. Johnson in this word, which might eventually lead to a false pronun- viation. Dr. Johnson derives it from bal and yard, or stick to push it with. So Spenser— * With dice, with cards, with billiards far unfit, “With shuttle-cocks, unseeming manly wit.” Spenser, says Mr. Nares, was probably misled, as well as the Lexicographer, by a false notion of the etymology. The word, as well as the gaine, is French, billiard, and made by the ad- dition of a common termination, from bille, the term for the ball used in playing. |BILLOW, billó. s. A wave swollen. BILLOWY, bil'lò-è. a. Swelling, turgid. BIN, bin. s. A place where bread or wine is re- posited. BINACLE, bín'ā-kl. A sea term, meaning the compass box. [[F This word is not in Johnson ; and Dr. Ash and Mr. Smith, who have it, pronounce the i in the first syllable short. It is probably only a corruption of the word Bättacle. ! BINARY, bi'nā-rè. 118. Two, double. * To BIND, bind. v. a. To confine with bonds; to enchain; to gird, to enwrap ; to fasten to any thing; to fasten together; to cover a wound with dressings; to compel, to constrain; to oblige by stipulation; to confine, to hinder ; to make costive; to restrain; to bind to, to oblige to serve some one; to bind over, to oblige to quake appearance. * To BIND, bind. v. n. To contract, to grow stiff to be obligatory. BINDER, bind'âr. s. 98. A man whose trade it is to bind books; a man, that binds sheaves; a fillet, a shred cut to bind with. BiNîNG, binding sºlo." A bandage BHNDWEED, bind'wééd. s. A plant. BHNOCLE, bin'mô-kl. s. 405. A telescope fitted So with two tubes, as that a distant object may be seen with both eyes. [[G. The same reason appears for promouncing the i in the first syllable of this word short as in Bigamy. 535. BINOCULAR, bi-nók'ê-lär. a. 118. Having two eyes. 88, 98. Biºspher, bi-Ög'grå-ſår. s. 116. A writer Of HIVēS. BIOGRAPHY, bi-Ögſgrä-fé. s. 116. An histor- ical account of the lives of particular mem. 518. BIPAROUS, bip'pā-rås. a. 503. Bringing fortn two at a birth. iſi. This word and Bipedal, have the i long in Dr. Ash and Mr. Sheridan; but Mr. Perry makes the 3 in the first long, and in the last short: analogy, however, seems to decide in fa- vour of the sound I have given it. For though the penultimate accent has a tendency to length- en the vowel when followed by a single conso- nant, as in biped, tripod, &c. the antepenulti- mate accent has a greater tendency to shorten the vowel it falls upon.—See BIGAMY and TRI- POD. 503. BIPARTITE, bip'pār-tlte. a. 155. Having two correspondent parts. [[; Every orthūepist has the accent on the first syllable of this word but Entick, who places it on the second; but a considerable difference is found in the quantity of the first and last : Sheridan and 3. have them both long, Nares the last long, Perry both short, and Buchanan and W. Johnston as I have done it. The va rieties of quantity on this word are the more surprising, as all these writers that give the sound of the vowels make the first i in tripartite short, and the last long; and this uniformity in the pronunciation of one word ought to have led them to the same pronunciation of the other, so perfectly similar. The shortening power of the antepenultimate accent is evident in both 3. ** BIPARTITION, bi-pār-tish'én. s. The act of di- viding into two. BIPED, bi'pěd. s. 118. An animal with two feet. BIPEDAL, bip'pë-dāl. a. 503. Two feet in length. —See BIPARous. BIPENNATED, bi-pên'nā-téd, a. 118. Having two wings. , BIPETALOUS, bi-pêt’tá-läs. a. 118. Consisting of two flower-leaves. BIQUADRATE, bi-kwá'dräte. 91. } n BIQUADRATICK, bi-kwā-drát'ík. S. The fourth power arising from the multiplica- tion of a square by itself? / BIRCH, bártsh. s. 108. A tree. BIRCHEN, bár'tshm. a. 103,405. Maue of birch [[G. An Englishman may blush at this cluster of consonants 'for a syllable ; and yet this is un- questionably the exact pronunciation of the word; and that our language is full of these syllables without vowels—See Principles, No 103,405. - BIRD, bárd. s. 108. A general term for the feather kind, a fowl. To BIRD, bárd. v. m. To catch birds. BIRDBOLT, bárdbólt. s. A small arrow, BIRDCATCHER, bárd'kátsh-àr. s. 89. that makes it his employment to take birds. BIRDER, bárd'âr. s. 98. A bird-catcher. BIRDINGPIECE, bºrd'ing-pêse. s. A gun to shoot birds with. 2 . .” BIRDLIME, běrd'lime. s. A glittinous substance spread upon twigs, by which the birds that light upon them are entangled. * f see & .* BIT BLA 54 [[F 559.-Fåte, fir, fall, fit —mé, mét:~pine, pīn;— BIRDMAN, bºrd'mán. s. 88. A birdcatcher. BIRDSEYE, bárdz'i. s. A plant. BIRDSFOOT, bárdz'föt. s. A plant. BIRDSNEST, bárdz'mést. s. An herb. BiRDSNEST, bárdz'mést. s. The place where a bird lays her eggs and hatches her young. BIRDSTONGUE, bárdz'tūng, s. An herb. BIRGANDER, bér'gān-dár. s. A fowl of the oose kind. BIRTH, běrth. s. 108. The act of coming into life ; extraction, lineage; rank which is inher- ited by descent; the condition in which amy man is born ; thing born ; the act of bringing forth. BURTHDAY, běrth'dā. s. The day on which any one is born. BIRTHDOM, běrth'dām. s. Privilege of birth. BIRTHNIGHT, běrth'nite. s. The night in which any one is oorn. BIRTHPLACE, běrth'plase. s. Place where any one is born. BIRTHRIGHT, bérth'rite. s. The rights and privileges to which a man is born ; the right of the first-born. BIRTHSTRANGLED, běrth'străng-gld. a. Strangled in being born. 339. See B1RCHEN. BIRTHWORT, běrth'wärt. s. 166. The name of a plant. BISCUIT, bis'kít. s. 341. A kind of hard dry bread, made to be carried to sea ; a composition of fine flour, almonds, and sugar. To BISECT, bi-sékt'. v. a. 118, 119. To divide into two parts. BISECTION, bi-sék'shôm. s. 118. A geometrical term, signifying the division of any quantity into two equal parts. BISHOP, bish'êp. s. 166. One of the head order of the clergy. BlSHOP, bish'êp. s. of wine, oranges, and sugar. BlSHOPRICK, bish'up-rik. s. bishop. BISHOPWEED, bish'ép-wééd. s. BISK, bisk. s. Soup, broth. BISMUTH, biz'máth. s. A brittle metal, of a yel- lowish white colour, lamellated texture, and moderately hard. Parkes' Chymnistry. BISSEXTILE, bis-sékstil. s. 140. Leap year. [[G’ Mr. Scott places the accent on the first sylla- ble of this word ; Dr. Kenrick on the first and last; Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Johnson, W. Johnston, Dr. Ash, Buchaman, Perry, Eutick, and Bai- ley, on the second ; Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, and W. Johnston, pronounce the last i long, as in tile, But as the accent is on the second syllable by so great a majority, analogy determines the last i to be short. BISSON, bis'sán. a. 166. Blind. Obsolete. BISTORT, bis'tórt. s. A plant called snake-weed. BISTOURY, bistår-è. s. 314. A surgeon's in- strument used in making incisions. BIT, bit. s. The iron part of the bridle which is put into the horse's mouth. BIT, bit. s. As much meat as is put into the mouth at once; a small piece of any thing ; a Spanish West-India silver coin, valued at seven- pence halfpenny, sterling. To BIT, bit. v. a. To put the bridle upon a horse. BITCH, bitsh. s. The female of the dog kind; a vulgar name of reproach for a woman. To BITE, bite. v. a. To crush or pierce with the teeth ; to give pain by cold; to hurt or pail. with reproach ; to cut, to wound; to make the mouth smart with an acrid taste; to cheat, to trick. BITE, bite. s. The seizure of any thing by the teeth; the act of a fish that takes the bait; a cheat, a trick; a sharper. BITER, bi’tär. s. 93. He that bites; a fish apt to take a bait; a tricker, a deceiver. BITTACLE, bit’tá-ki. s. 405. A frame of timber A cant word for a mixture The diocese of a A plant. in the steerage, where the compass is placed More commonly BINAcLE. BITTER, bittàr. a. 98. Having a hot, acrid, bi- ting taste, like wormwood; sharp, cruel, severe" calamitous, miserable ; reproachful, satirical unpleasing or hurtful. BITTERGROUND, bittàr-gróünd. s. A plant BITTERLY, bit’tär-lè. ad. With a bitter taste . in a biting manner; sorrowfully, calamatously ; sharply, severely. BITTERN, bittàrn. s. 93. A bird with long legs, which feeds upon fish. BITTERNESS, bit.'tūr-nēs. s. A bitter taste; malice, grudge, hatred, implacability; sharp ness, severity of temper ; satire, piquancy, keenness of reproach ; sorrow, vexation, afflic- tion. BITTERSWEET, bittàr-swóēt. s. An apple which has a compounded taste. BITUMEN, bě-tū méu. s. 118, 503. The generic name of several inflammable bodies of differ- ent degrees of consistency, from perfect fluidity to that of a brittle, but very fusible, solid, and of little specifick gravity. Thacher's Dispensatory. [[ī’ This word, from the propensity of our lam- guage to the antepenultimate accent, is often pronounced with time stress on tire first syllable, as if written bifu-men ; and this last mode of sounding the word may be considered as the most common, though motthe most learned pro- numeiation. For Dr. Ash is the only on thºepist who places the accent on the first syllable ; but every one who gives the sound of the unaccent- ed vowels, except Buchanan, very improperly makes the i long, as in idle ; but if this sound be long, it ought to be slender, as in the second syllable of visible, terrible, &c. il 7, 551. BITUMINOUS, bě-tū'mè-mús. a. 118. pounded of bitumen. BIVALVE, bi'välv. a. 118. Having two valves or shutters, used of those fish that have two shells, as oysters BIVALWULAR, bi-vål'yū-lär, a. valves. BIXWORT, biks'wärt. s. An herb. B{ZANTINE, biz'ân-time. s. 149. A great piece of gold valued at fifteen pcunds, which the king offers upon high festival days. [; Perry is the only orthūepist who pronoun ces the last : in this won d short: and Đr. John- son remarks, that the first syllable ought to he spelled with y, as the word arises from the cus tom established among the emperors of Cou stantinople, anciently called ByzantiUM. To BLAB, blåb, v. a. To ſell what ought to be kept secret. To BLAB, blåb v. m. To tell tales. BLAB, blab. s. A telltale. , BLABBLR, blåb'bár. s. A tattler. BLACK, blåk. a. Of the colour of night, dark; cloudy of countenance, sullen; horrible, wick ed; dismal, mournful. BLACK-BRYONY, blåk-br'ê-nē. s. The name of a plant. BLACK-CATTLE, blåk'kāt-tl. s. and cows. BLACK-GUARD, hlāg-gård'. a. 332. A dirty fellow. A low term. BLACK-LEAD, blåk-lèd'. s. A mineral found in the lead mines, much used for pencils. ' BLACK-PUDDING, blåk-pâd'ding. s. A kind of food made of blood and grain. BLACKROD, blåk-röd'. s. The usher belonging to the order of the garter ; so called from the black rod he carries in his hand. He is usher of the parliament. BLACK, blåk. s. A black colour; mourning; a blackamoor ; that part of the eye which is black. To BLACK, blåk. v. a. To make black, to black- 611. BLACKAMOOR, blák'à-möre. s. A negro, Com- Having two Oxen, bulls BLA BLI 55 —nó, móve, nör, nöt;—túbe, tab, būll;—öíl;—pôānd;—thin, THIs BLACKBERRY, blák'bér-ré. s bramble ; the fruit of it. Bíº Bíšij, blåkbārd.'s. The name of a bird. To BLACKEN, blák'km. v. a. 103. To make of a black colour; to darken, to defame. To BLACKEN, blák'km. v. n. To grow black. BLACKISH, blák'ish. a. Somewhat black. BLACKMOOR, blåk'môre. s. A negro. BEACKNESS, blák'nés. s. Black colour; dark- II eSS. BLACKSMITH, blák smith. s. A smith that works in iron, so called from being very smutty. BLACKTAIL, blák’täle. s. The ruff or pope, A small fish. BLACKTHORN, blák'thórn. s. The sloe. BLADDER, blåd dàr. s. 98. That vessel in the body which contains the urine ; a blister, a ustule. BLADDER-NUT, blád'dār-nāt. s. . A plant. BLADDER SENNA, blåd'dár-sén'ā. s. A plant. BLABE, blåde. s. The spire of grass, the green shoots of corn. BLADE, blåde. s. The sharp or striking part of a weapon or instrument; a brisk man, either fierce or gay. BLADEBONE, blade'bóme. s. The scapula, or scapular bone. [[F Probably corrupted from Plutebone : Greek agwozººth. BiADEi), blå'déd. a. Having blades or spires. B LAIN, bºne. s. A pustule, a blistcr. BiºABLE, blå'mā-bl. a. 405. Culpable, faulty. BLAVIE ABLENESS, blå'mā-bl-nās. s. Fault. BLAME ABLY, blå'mā-blé. ad. Culpably. To Bſ.AMF, blame. v. a. To censure, to charge with a fault. Bºº, blånue. s. Imputation of a fault; crime, hurt. BJ, AMEFU L. blame'fºil. a. Criminal, guilty. Bł,AAi}ºſ, FSS, biàme'lés. a. Guiltless, innocent. }}LAMELFSLY, blåme'lés-lè. ad. Innocently. Bſ, AMELFSNESS, biàme'lès-mês. s. Innocence. Bł, AMER, blå'mår. S. 93. A censurer. LAMEWORTHY, blame'wār-THé. a. Culpa- ble, blameable. To BLANCH, blånsh. v. a. To whiten; to strip or peel such things as have husks; to obliterate, to pass over. BLANCHER, blán'shir. s. 98. A whitener. B LAND, blånd. a. Soft, mild, gentle. To BLANDISH, blán'dish. v. a. To smooth, to soften BLANDISHMENT, blån'dish-mént. s. Act of fondness, expression of tenderness by gesture; soft words, kind speeches; kind treatment. BLANK, blánk. a. White; unwritten; confused; without rhyme. BLANK, blånk. s. A void space ; a lot, by which nothing is gained ; a paper unwritten ; the point to which an arrow or shot is directed. BLANKET, blånk'ít. s. 99. A woollen cover, soft, and loosely woven; a kind of pear. To BLANKET, blånk'it. v. a. To cover with a blanket; to toss in a blanket. BLANKLY, blånk'lé. ad.In a blank manner, with aleness, with confusion. To BLASPHEME, blås-féme'. v. a. To speak in terms of impious irreverence of God; to speak evil of. To BLASPHEME, blås-féme'. v. n. To speak blasphemy. & BLASPHEMER, blås-fé'mör. s. A wretch that speaks of God in impions and irreverent terms. BLASPHEMOUS, blás-fé'más. a. Impiously irreverent with regard to God. [[; We sometimeshear this word pronounced with the accent on the second j. like blas- pheme; and as the word blasphemus in 1atin has the second syllable long, and the English word has the same number of syllables, it has as good a right to the accent on the second syl- A species of |To BLEAT, blète. lable, as Sonorous, Bitumen, Acumen, &c.; but placing the accent on the first syllable of bias phemous is by much the most polite; as, un fortunately for the other pronunciation, though a learned one, it has been adopted by the vul- gar. 503. BLASPHEMOUSLY, blås'fé-más-lè. ad. Im- piously, with wicked irreverence. BLASPHEMY, blås'fé-mê. s. Blasphemy is an offering of some indignity unto God himself. BLAST, blåst. s. A gust, or puff of wind; the sound made by any instrument of wind musick the stroke of a malignant planet. To BLAST, blåst. v. a. o strike with some sudden plague; to make to wither; to injure, to invalidate ; to confound, to strike with ter- TOX". BLASTMENT, blåst'mént. s. Sudden stroke of infection. BLATANT, blå'tánt. . a. Bellowing as a calf. To BLATTER, blåv'tár. v. n. To roar. BLAY, blå. s. A small whitish river fish; a bleak. BLAZE, blaze. s. A flame, the light of the flame; publication ; a white mark upon a |... horse. To BLAZE, blaze. v. m. To flame; to be con- spicuous. To BLAZE, blåze. v. a. To publish, to make known ; to blazon; to inflame; to fire. BLAZER, blå'zár. s. 98. One that spreads reports. { To BLAZON, blá'zn.v.a. 170. To explain, improper terms, the figures on ensigns armorial ; to deck, to embellish ; to display, to set to show; to ce- lebrate, to set out; to blaze about, to make publick. BLAZONRY, blå'zn-ré, s. The art of blazoning. To BLEACH, blèëtsh. v. a. To whitem. BLEAK, bléke. a. Pale; cold, chill. BLEAK, blèke. s. A small river fish. BLEAKNESS, blèke'més. s. Coldness, chilness. BLEAKY, blé'kè. a. Bleak, cold, chill. BLEAR, blèër. a. Dim with rheum or water; dim, obscure in general. BLEAREDNESS, blèë'réd-nēs. s. 365. The state of being dimmed with rheum. v. n. To cry as a sheep. BLEAT, blète. s. The cry of a sheep or lamb. BLEB, bléb. s. A blister. w To BLEED, blèëd. v. m. To lose blood, to run with blood; to drop as blood. To BLEED, blèèd. v. a. To let blood. To BLEMISH, blém?sh. v. a. To mark, with any deformity; to defame, to tarmish, with res- ect to reputation. BLEMISH, blém'ísh. s. A mark of deformity; a scar ; reproach, disgrace. To BLENCH, blénsh. v. m. 352. To shrink, to start back. To BLEND, blénd. v. a. To mingle together; to confound ; to pollute, to spoil. BLENT, blént. The obsolete participle of Blend. To BLESS, blés. v. a. To make happy, to pros- per, to wish happiness to another ; to praise, to glorify for benefits received. BLESSED, blés'séd. particip. a. 361. Happy, , §§ elicity. e BLESSEDLY, blés'séd-lè. ad. Happily. BLESSEDNESS, blés'séd-nés... s. Happiness, felicity, sanctity; heavenly felicity; Divine fa- WOULF. BLESSER, blés'słr. s. 98. He that blesses. BLESSING, blés'sing. s. 410. Benediction; the means of happiness; Divine favour. BLEST, blést. part. a. 361. Happy. BLEW, blå. The preterit of blow. BLIGHT, blite. s. 393. Mildew ; any thing nipping, or blasting. ſº To BLIGHT, blite. v. a. To blast, to hinder from fertilit?. BijSã, blind. a. Without sight, dark; intel * BLO 56 BLO [[š’ 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—plme, plm ;- lectually dark; unseen, º: ; dark, obscure. To BLIND, blind. v. a. To make blind; to dar- ken ; to obscure to the eye; to obscure to the tunderstanding. - BLINſ), blind. s. Something to hinder the sight; something to mislead. To BLENDFOLD, blind'föld. v. a. To hinder from seeing by blinding the eyes. BLINDFOLD, blind'föld. a. Having the eyes covered. BLINDLY, blindlé. ad. Without sight; im- plicitly, without examination ; without judg- ment or direction. BLINDMAN'S-BUFF, blind-mânz-báſ". s. play in which some one is to have his eyes co- vered, and hunt out the rost of the company. BLINDNESS, bilnd'hés. s. Want of sight; ig- norance, intellectual darkness. BLINDSIBE, blind-side'. s. Weakness, foible. BLINDWORM, blind'wärm. s. A smail viper, VerlofſſioUS. To BLINK, blink. v. n. scurely. ū’ This word has been used for some years, chiefly in Parliament, as a verb active; as when a speaker has omitted to take notice of some material point in question, he is said to blink the question. It were to be wished that every word which finds its way into that house had as good a title to remain there as the present word. It combines in its signification an omis- sion and an artful intention to omit; and as this cannot be so handsomely or so compreherrsively expressed by any other word, this word, in this sense, ought to be received. BLINKARD, blink'êrd. s. 98. bad eyes; * twinkling. BLISS, blis. s. The highest degree of happi- ness; the happiness of blessed souls ; felicity in general. BLISSFUL, blis'ſ ºl. a. degree. BLISSFULLY, blfs'fāl-lè. ad. Happily. BLISSFULNESS, blis'föl-nés. s. Happiness. BLISTER, blis’tár. s. 98. A pustule formed by raising the cuticle from the cutis; any swelling inade by the separation of a film or skin from the other parts. To wink; to see ob- One that has Happy in the highest To BLISTER, blis'tár. v. n. To rise in blisters. To BLISTER, blis'tūr. v. a. To raise blisters by some hurt. BLITHE, blithe. a. 467. Gay, airy. - * BLITHELY, blith'lé. ad. In a blithe loanner. [[G’ These compounds of the word blithe ought to be written with the final e, as blithely, blitiesome, &c. for as they stand in Johnson, the i might be pronounced short-See Introduction to the Rhyming Dictionary, Orthographical Apho- rism the 8th. BLITHENESS, blith'nés. ; BLITHESOMENESS, blith'säm-nés. S. The quality of being blithe. BLITHESOME, blith'sám. a. Gay, cheerful. To BLOAT, blóte. v. a. To swell. To BLOAT, blóte. . v. m. To grow turgid. BiößNÉšš, bištěd-nēs.” ." Tºdness; swelling. BLOBBER, blåb'bár. s. 98. A bubble. BLQBBERLIP, blób'bār-lip. s. A thick lip. BLOBBERLIPPED, blób'bár-lipt. Hav BLOBLIPPED, *:::::: 3. E13AW- ing swelled or thick lips. Błºść. blök, s. A short heavy piece of tim- ber; a rough piece of marble ; the wood on which hats are formed ; the wood on which cri- minals are beheaded ; an obstruction, a stop ; a sea term for a pulley; a blockhead. To BLUUK, bººk. v. a. fo shut up, to enclose. BLOCK-HOUSE, blók'hôāse. s. A fortress built to obstruct or block up a pass. Bºrn, blök tin' s. Tin pure or un- Yºlix60. A | ſ l BLOCKADE, blók-käde'. s. by shutting up the place. To BLOCKADE, blók-käde'. v. a. To shut up BLOCKHEAD, blók'héd. s. A stupid fellow, a dolt, a man without parts. BººkHEADED, blök-Łódéd. tl|l. BLOCKISH, blók'ish. a. Stupid, dull. BLOCKISHLY, blók'ísh-lé. ad. In a stupid Illa!?!]{2}^. BLOCKISHNESS, blók?sh-nēs. s. Stupidity BLOOD, blåd. s. 303. The red fluid that cir. culates in the bodies of animals; child; proge. ny ; family, kindred; descent, lineage ; birth, high extraction ; murder, violent death ; tem- per of mind, state of the passions; hot spark; math of fire. To Bí,000, blåd. v. a. To stain with blood ; to imure to blood, as a hound ; to heat; to exas. perate. Bí,00i)-BCLTERED, blåd'böl-tärd. a. Blood- sprinkled. & B},OOD-STONE, blåd'stème. s. The blood-stone is green, spotted with a bright blood-red. . B},OOD-THIRSTY, blåd"thärs-tê. a. Desirous to shed blood. BLOOD-FLOWER, blåd'flöör... s. 3. A plant, BLOODGUILTINESS, blåd'gilt-é-nēs. s. Mur- der, BLG{3D-HOUNI), blåd'hôānd. s. A hound that follows by the scent. BLOO}}}|{V, bād'é-lè. ad. Cruelly. BLOODENESS, blåd'é-nēs. s. The state of be- A siege carried on a. Stupid, iBLOTCH, blótsh. s. ing bloody. BLOODLESS, bl&dlás. a. Without blood, dead." without slaughter. | Bºdöß5, bad shéd. s. The crime of blood, or murder ; slaughter. •y Blºopsheddeh, blåd'shěd-dār. ere?". BLOODSHOT, blåd'shôt. ; a. Filled BLOODSHOTTEN, blåd'shôt-tn. * with blood bursting from its proper vessels. 103. BLOODSUCKER, blåd'såk-àr. s. A leech, a fly; any thing that sucks blood ; a murderer. BLOODY, blåd'é. a. Stained with blood; cruel, murderous. BLGOM, blóðm. s. A blossom ; the state of im- maturity. To Hºw, blööm. v. n. To bring or yield blossoms; to produce, as blossoms; to be in a state of youth. BLOOMY, blóðm'mè. a. Full of blooms; flow- er W. BLOSSOM, blós'sām. s. 166. The flower that rows on any plant. To BLOSSOM, blós's&m. v. m. To put forth blossoms. To BLOT, blót. v. a. To obliterate, to make writing invisible; to efface, to erase; to blur to disgrace, to disfigure; to darken, BLOT, blót. s. An obliteration of something written; a blur; a spot; a spot in reputation. A spot or pustule upon the skin. To BLOTE, blóte. v. a. To smoke, or dry by the smoke. BLOW, bló. s. 324. A stroke ; the fatal stroke a single action ; a sudden event; the act of a fly, by which she lodges eggs in flesh. To BLOW bló. v. m. To move with a current of air: This word is used sometimes imperson- all v with it; to pant, to puff; to breathe hard; to sound by being blown; to play musically by wind; to bloom; to blossom 3 to blow over, to pass away without effect; to blow up, to fly into the air by the force of gunpowder. To BLOW, bló. v. a. To drive by the force of the wind; to inflame with wind; to swell, to puff into size; to sound an instrument of wind mu- sick; to warm with the breath ; to spread by s Mur report; to infect with the eggs of flies; To blow BOA BO; t *} * 4 —mé, mēve, nãº; nºt;-tºbe, tab, bull;-öſl,—pößnd;—thin, this. out, to extinguish by wind ; To blow up, to raise or swell with breath ; To blow up, to destroy with gunpowder; To blow upon, to make stale. , hi,0WZE, blótszè. s. 323. A ruddy fat-faced wench ; a female whose hair is in disorder. ‘BJ.OWZY, blóš'zè. a. Sun-burnt, high-coloured. BLUBBER, blåb'bár. s. The part of a whale that contains the oil. To BLUBBER, blåb'bár. v. m. To weep in such a manner as to swell the cheeks. RLUDGEON, blådjön. s. 259. A short stick, with one end loaded. BLUE, blå. a. 335. One of the seven original colours. BLUEBOTTLE, blå"bēt-tl. s. A ſlower of the bell shape; a fly with a large blue belly. BLUELY, bià'lè. ad. With a blue colour. II. There is an inconsistency in spelling this and similar words with the silent e, and leaving it out in duly and trºly, which show show much pººr orthography still wants regulating, notwith- standing the labour and attention of Dr. Johai- SGº. y opinion is, that ta servile e ought to be omitted in these words : for my reasons, I must refer the inspector to the Introduction to the Rhyming Dictionary, Aphorism the 8th. Bºness, blå"nès. s. The quality of being blue. BLUFF, blåf a. Big, su, ly, b' stering. BLUISH, blå"sh. a. Blue in a smail degree. To BLUNDER, blån'dář. v. ix. 93. Toain'stake grossly; to err very widely; to founder, to stumble. #. To BLUNDER, blåå'dºr. v. a. ly, or blindlv. BFUNDER, biàn'dár. s. mistake. BLUN 1) FRBUSS, blán'dār-bês. s. is discharged with many bullets. BJ,UNDERER, b{{u}'dà, -ãº, s A blockhearl. BLUNDERHEAD, "blöm'dār-héd. s. A stupid fellow. BI,UNT, blånt. a. Dull on the edge or point, not sharp ; dull in understantling, not sittick; rough, not delicate; abrupt, not elegant. To BLUNT, biànt. v. a. To dull the edge or point; to repress or weaken any appetite. BLUNTLY, blånt'lè. ad. Without sharpness; coarsely, plainiy. BLUNTNESS, blånt'nés. s. Want of edge or point ; coarseness, roughness of maniivrs. BLUR, blår. s. A blot, a stain. To BLUR, biàr. v. a. stain. To BLURT, blårt. v. a. To let fly without think Ing. To BLUSH, blåsh. v. m. To betray shame or confusion, by a red colour in the cheeks; to carry a red colour. RLUSH, blåsh. s. The colour in the cheeks ; a red or purple colour; sudden appearance. KLUSHY, blósh'é. a. Having the colour of a blush. To BLUSTER, blås'tár. v. m. To roar, as a storm ; to bully, to puff. BLUSTER, blåstår. s. boast, boisterousness. BLUSTERER, blås’tär-àr. s. A swaggerer, a bully. #. B LUSTROUS, blås'trås. a. Tumultuous, noisy. B.), bě. interj. A word of terrour. H )AR, böre. s. 295. The male swine. B )ARD, běrd. s. . A piece of wood of more length aud breadth than thickness; a table, at which a council or court is held; a court of ju- , isdiction ; the deck or floor of a ship. ‘I g BOARD, běrd. v. a. To enter a ship by force; to attack, or make the first attempt ; to lay or jave with boards To BOARD, běrd. v. m. To live in a house, where a tertain rate is paid for eating. BOARD wages ºvºi. s.S9, Wages allow- To mix foolish- A gross or shameful A gun that To blot, to eſſace, to Roar, noise, tumult; & # ! ed to servants to keep themselves in victuals; |BOARDER, běr'dár.'s. One who diets with an other at a certain rate. BOARISH, běreish. a. Swinish, brutal, cruel. ' To BOAST, běst. v. m. To display one's own worth or actions. To BOAST, běst. v. a. To brag of; to magnify to exalt. BQAST, böst. s. A proud speech; cause of boast- Ing. BQASTER, běst'âr. s. A bragger. BOASTFUL, běst'ſtd. a. Ostentatious. BOASTINGLY, běsting-lè. ad. Ostentatiously, Bo AT, běte. s. 295. A vessel to pass the water | III. , BöATION, bě-à'shān. s. Roar, moise. |BQATMAN , běte'mán. s. 88. BOATSMAN, bětes'mán. e iłe that manages a boat. BOATSWAIN, bě'sm. s. An officer on board at ship, who has charge of all her rigging, ropes, cables, and anchors. [[; This word is universally pronounced in com- mon conversation as it is here marked: but iſ, reading it would savour somewhat of vulgarity to contract it to a sound so very unlike the or- thography. It would be advisable, therefore, in those who are not of the naval profession, where it is technical, to pronounce this word, when they read it, distinctly as it is written. To BOB, bāb. v. a. To beat, to drub ; to cheat; to gain by fraud. To 508, bób. v. m. To play backward and for- ward. |BOb, bāb. s. Something that hangs so as to play loose ; the words repeated at the end of a stan- za; a blow ; a short wig. & BOBBHN, bûbbin. s. A small pin of wood with a notch. BOBCHERRY, běb'tshér-ré. s. . A play among º children, in which the cherry is hung so as to bob against the mouth BOBTAIL, būb'tåle. s. Cut tail. BOBTAILED, běb'täl’d. a. 359. Having a tail Citt. BOBWIG, běb'wig. s. A short wig. To BODE, běde. V. a. To portend, to be the omen of. BODEMENT, běde'mént. s. Portent, omen. To BODGE, bědje. v. m. To boggle. BODICE, bād'dis. s. 142. Stays, a waistcoat quitted with whalebone. BODILESS, běd'dé-ſés. a. Incorporeal, without a body. BODILY, běd'dè-lè. a. Corporeal, containing body; relating to the body, not the mind; real, actual. * BODILY, běd'dé-lè. ad. Corporeally. BODKIN, bědºkim. s. An instrument with a small blade and sharp point; an instrument to draw a thread or ribbon through a loºp; an instru- ment to dress the hair. BODY, hēd'dé. s. The material substance of an animal; matter, opposed to spirit; a person; a human being ; reality, opposed to representa- tion ; a collective mass; the main army; the battle; a corporation; the outward condition; the main part; a pandect; a general collection, strength, as wine of a good body. BODY-CLOTHES, běd'dē-clöze. s. Clothing for horses that are dieted. * BOG, bāg. s. A marsh, a fen, a morass. jº BQG-TROTTER, běg'tröt-tár. s. One that lives in a boggy country. To BOG&i.e., bög'gl, v. n. 405. To start, to fly back; to hesitate. BOGGLER, běg'glár. s. Hlall, BQGGY, bāg'gè. a. 183. Marshy, swampy BQGHOUSE, běg'hôāse. s. A house of office. BOHEA, bě-hê'. s. A species of tea. * A doubter, a timorous To BOIL, bčíl. v. n. 299. To be agitated by heat & BOM BON 58 ał & to be hot, to be fervent; to move like boiling water; to be in hot liquor. To BOIL, běil. v. a. To seeth ; to heat by putting into boiling water; to dress in boiling water. BOILER, běil'âr. s. The person that boils any thing; the vessel in which any thing is boiled. BOISTEROUS, bčís’tér-às. a. Violent, loud, roar- §§ stormy; turbulent, furious ; unwieldy. BOISTEROUSLY, běistér-às-lè. ad. Violently, tumultuously. sº BOISTEROUSNESS, bčís’tër-ás-nēs. s. Tumul- tuousness, turbulence. Bºy, bölä-ré. a. Partaking of the nature of Oſse, BOLD, bold. a. Daring, brave, stout; executed with spirit; confident, not scrupulous ; impu- dent, rude; licentious; standing out to the view; To make bold, to take freedoms. To BOLDEN, bold'd’n. v. n. 103. To make bold. BOLDFACE, běld'fäse. s. Impudence, sauciness. BOLDFACED, bold'faste. a. Impudent. BOLDLY, běld'lè. ad. In a bold manner. BOLDNESS, bold'més. s. Courage, bravery ; ex emption from caution ; assurance, impudence. BOLE, běle. s. The body or trunk of a tree; a kind of earth; a measure of corn containing six bushels. BOLIS, bě'lis. s. Bolis is a great fiery ball, swiftly hurried through the air, and generally drawing a tail after it. BOLL, běle. s. 406. A round stałk or stem. BOLSTER, běle'stër. s. Something laid in the bed, to support the head ; a pad, or quilt; com- press for a wound. To BOLSTER, běle'står. v. a. To support the head with a bolster; to afford a bed to ; to hold wounds together with a compress ; to support, to maintain. BOLT, bělt. s. An arrow, a dart; a trunoerbolt; Bolt upright, that is, upright as an arrow, the bar of a door; an iron to fasten the legs; a spot or stain. To BOLT, běit. v. a. To shut or fastem with a bolt; to blurt out; to fetter, to shackle ; to sift, or separate with a sieve ; to examine, to try out ; to purify, or To BOLT, bolt. v. and suddenness. BOLTER, běl'tár. from bran. BOLTHEAD, bºlt'héd. s. A long straight-necked glass vessel; a matrass, or receiver. BÖLTING-HôUSE, bolting-hôāse. s. The place where meal is sifted. BOLTSFRIT, or BOWSPRIT, bě'sprit. s. A mast running out at the head of a ship, not standing upright, but aslope, BOLUS, bøTàs. s. A medicine made up into a soft mass, larger than pills. BOMB, bám. s. 165. A loud moise; a hollow iron oall, or shell, filled with gunpowder, and fur- mished with a vent for a fusee, or wooden tube, filled with combustible matter; to be thrown out from a mortar. [[; I do not hesitate to follow Tr. Kenrick and - Mr. Nares, in this word, and all its compounds, in giving the o its fourth sound, equivalent to the second sound of tt, though contrary to Mr. Sheridan's pronunciation, which makes it rhyme with Tom, from, &c. Dr. Johnson's derivation of the verb to bump, from the same origin as bomb, makes the pronunciation I have given more agreeable to analogy. BOMBCHEST, häm'tshést. s. A kind of chest filled with bombs, placed under ground, to blow up in the air. EQMB-KETCH, bºm'kétsh, Q S BOMB-WESSEſ, bám’vés-sél. 5 °. A kind of ship, strongly built, to bear the shock of a mortar. BOM BART), bām";ärd. rel for winc . purge. II. #. spring out with speed s. A sieve to separate meal S. A great gun ; a bar- | * To BOMBARD, būm-bärd'. v. a. To attack with bombs. BOMBARDIER, bām-bár-dèèr'. s. 275. The en gineer, whose employment it is to shoot bombs. BOMBARDMENT, būm-bärd'mént. s. An attack made by throwing bombs. BOMBASãº, būm-bā-zèën'. s. Aslight silken stuff BQMBAST, bºmbåst. s. Eustian; big words BOMBAST, bām’bàst . a. High-scanding. BOMBASTICK, būm-bás'tik. a. High-sounding, pompous. [; Dr. Ash is the only lexicographer who has inserted this word ; but I think its general usage entitles it to a place in the language, especially as it has the true adjective termination, and ré lieves us from the inconvenience to which our language is so subject, that of having the sub- stantive and adjective of the same form; and though, as bombust stands in Dr. Johnson, the substantive has the accont on the last syllable, and the adjective on the first, contrary, I think, to the analogy of accentuation, 494; yet this is but a bungling vºy of supplying the want of different words for different parts of speech.- See Bow I. BOMBULATION, běm-bū-lä'shôn. s. Sound, Yi OjS$*. BONAROBA, bě-nº-rö'bá. s. A whore. BONASUS, Łó-nā’sús. s. A kind of baffalo. BONCHRETIEN, bán-krè'tsheen. s. A species of pear. BOND, bºnd. S. Cords, or chains, with which any one is bound ; ligament that holds any thing together , union, connection; imprison ment, captivity; cement of union, cause of tinion ; a writing of obligation ; law by which any one is obliged. 90. BONDAGE, böm'däge. risonment. BÖNDMAIL), běnd'mäde. s. A woman slave. BONDMAN, būnd'mām. s. 88. A man slave. S. Captivity, im. BOND SERVANT, běnd'sér-vànt. s. A slave. BONI)SERVICE, běnd'sér-vis. s. Slavery. BONDSLAVE, běnd'slâve. s. A man in slavery BONDSMAN, běndz'mán. s 88. One bound for another. BONDWOMAN, běnd'wim-ºn. s. A woman slave. BONE, běne. s. The solid parts of the body or an animal ; a fragment of meat, a bone with as much flesh as adheres to it; To make no bones, to make no scruple ; dice. To BONE, běne. v. a. To take out the bones from the flesh. BONELACE, běne-läse'. s. Flaxen Iace. BONELESS, böne'lés. a. Without bones. To BONESET, böne'sét. v. m. To restore a bone out of joint, or join a bone broken. BONESETTER, bême'sét-tár. s. One who makes a practice of setting bones. BONFIRE, běm'fire. s. A fire made for triumph, [[º Mr. Sheridan pronounces this word bonefire, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and W Johnston, make the first syllable rhyme with don; and though in the first edition of this Dictionary I made it rhyme, with tun, I now refer the sound rh yming with don. BONGRACE, bán'grás. s. A covering for the forehead. BONNET, běn'nit. s. 99. A hat; a cap. BONNETS, běn'nits. s. Small sails set on the courses of the mizzen, mainsail, and foresail. BONNILY, běn'mè-lè, ad. Gaily, handsomely. BONNINESS, běn'nè-més. s. Gaiety, handsome 116SS. BONNY, běn’mè. a. Handsome, beautiful; gay, Inerry. BONNY-CLABBER, běn'né-klâb'bär. s. Sour buttermilk. BONUM MAGNUM, bě'nām-mág'nām. s. A reat plum. |BöNY, Gö'né, a Comsisting of bones; full of bones BOR Bor 53 —nó, móve, nºr, nāt; tıbe, tºb, bºll;—öſi ;—pöönd;—thin, Tars. BOOBY, běó'bè. s. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow. BOOK, běók. s. A volume in which we read or write; a particular part of a work; the legis- ter in which a trader keeps an account; In books, in kind remembrance; Without book, by memory. * º To BOOK, běčk. v. a. To register in a book. BOOK-KEEPING, běók'kéép-ing. s. The art of keeping accounts. BOOKBINDER, běčk'bin-dár. s. rofession it is to bind books. º BOOKFUL, běčk'föl. a. Crowded with undi- gested knowledge. BOOKISH, běók'fsh. a. Given to books BOOKISHNESS, běčk'ísh-nés. s. Over-studious- ReSS, BOOKLEARNED, běčk'lérn-éd. a. Versed in books. BOOKLEARNING, běčk'lérn-ing. s. Skill in literature; acquainted with books. BOOKMAN, běók'mán. s. 88. A man whose pro- fession is the study of books. BOOKMATE, báók'māte. s. School-fellow. BOOKSELLER, běók'sél-lär. s. A man whose professiºn it is to sell books. BOOKWORM, běók'warm. s. A mite that eats holes in books ; a student too closely fixed up- on books. BOOM, běóm. s. In sea language, a long pole used to spread out the clue of the studding sail; a pole with bushes or baskets, set up as a mark to show the sailors how to steer; a bar laid across a harbour to keep out the enemy. To BOOM, báóm. v. n. To rush with violence. BööN, ºn "A gift, a grant. BOON, béén. a. Gay, merry. BOOR, bºr. s. A lout, a clown. B0QRISH, béðr'ísh. a. Clownish, rustick. BOORISHLY, béðr'ísh-lè. ad. After a clownish {{#3 Ilſle!". ** BOORISHNESS, běór'ísh-nēs. s. of manuers. To BOOT, b%t. v. a. To profit; to advantage; to enrich, to benefit. B00T, běčt. s. Profit, gain, advantage; To boot, with advantage, over and above; booty, or plunder. BOOT, běöt. s. A covering for the leg, used by horsemen. BOOT, of a coach, béót. s. coach-box. BOOT-HOSE, béðt'hôze. s. Stockings to serve for boots. B00T-TREE, běóttrèë. s. Wood shaped like a leg, to be driven into boots for stretching them. B00T-CATCHER, běöt'kétsh-àr. s. The per- son whose business at an imm is to pull off the boots of passengers. BOſ TED, běót'éâ. a. In boots. BOOTH, béðTH. s. A house built of boards or boughs. Bööffiss, bóðt'lés. a. Useless, unavailing; without success. BOOTY, béâté. s. Plunder, pillage; things got- ten by robbery; To play booty, to lose by design. BOPEEP, bě-péép'. s. To play Bopeep, is to took out, and draw back, as if frighted. RORACHIO, bě-rât'tshö. s. A drunkard. BORABLE, běrá-bl. a. That may be bored. BORAGE, bár'idje. a. 90, 165. A plant. BORAX, bò'råks, s. A chymical salt, principal- ly found in the East-Indies, consisting of bo- racic acid united with soda. When impure, it is called tincal. Thacher. º: BORDEL, běr'dél. s. A brothel, a bawdy-house. BORDER, běr'dàr. s. 98. The outer part or edge of anything ; the edge of a country; the outer part of a garment adorned with needle- work, a bank raised round a garden, and set with flowers. sº To BORDER, bördür. v. m. To confine upon ; to approach nearly to, A man whose Coarseness The place under the To BORDER, běr'dër. v. a. To adorn with abor- er ; to reach, to touch. BORDERER, běr'dār-àr. s. 555. He that dwells on the borders. To BQRE, běre. v. a. To pierce in a hole. ..ºf To BORE, běre. v. m. To make a hole; to pash forward to a certain point. BQRE, bore. s. . The hole made by boring; the instrument with which a hole is bored ; the size of any hole. * BQRE, bore. The preterit of bear. BOREAL, bě'ré-āl. a. Northern. BOREAS, bě'ré-ás. s. The north wind. BQREE, bě-rèë'. s. A step in dancing. BORN, běrn. part. pass. Come into life. BQRNE, běrne, part. pass. Carried, supported. BOROUGH, bárró. s. 318,390. A town with a Corporation. To BORROW, běr'rö. v. a. To take something from another upon credit; to ask of another the use of something for a time; to use as one's own, though not belonging to one. BORROWER, bör'rô-ár. s. He that borrows : he that takes what is another’s. BOSCAGE, běs'káje. s. 90. Wood, or wood- lands. BQSKY, běskè. a. Woody. BQSOM, béð'zām. s. The breast, the heart; the innermost part of an enclosure ; the folds of the dress that cover the breast; the tender affec- ~" tions ; inclination ; desire: in composition, implies intimacy, confidence, fondness, as my bosom friend. [[G. This word is pronounced four ways, Bozum, Buzzum, and Boozam, the oo like u in bill; and boozvin, as ou in house. Sheridan and Scott adopt the third sound; Perry seems to mark the fourth ; Dr. Kenrick has the second and fourth, but seems to prefer the former; and W. Johnston has the second ; and that is, in my opinion, the most general: but the stage seems to have adopted the fourth sound, which has given it a currency among polite speakers, and makes it the most fashionable. Mr. Elphin- stone, a mice observer, as well as a deep inves- tigator, announces the second, but tells us that the third was the original pronunciation. To BOSOM, běó'zām. v. a. To enclose in the bosom; to conceal in privacy. BQSON, bo'sm . . s. 170, 103. Corrupted fro-n Boatswain, which see. BOSS, běs. s. A stud; the part rising in the midst of any thing ; a thick body of any kind. BOSSAGE, bás'sáje. 's. 90. Any stone that has a rojecture. §§§ º: S. º: A species of crowfoot. AL, bě-tán'é-kál. in or BOTANICK, bě-tán'nik. ; a. Relatil.g. to herbs; skilled in herbs. BOTANIST, bět'à-nist. s. 503, b. 543. One skill- ed in plants. BOTANOLOGY, bêt-àn-616-jë. s. A discourse upon plants. 518. BOTANY, bot’ā-nē. s. The science of plants; that part of Natural History which relates to vegetables. BOTCH, bětsh s. 352. A swelling, or eruptive discoleration of the skin; a part in any work ill finished; an adventitious part clumsily added To BOTCH, bětsh. v. a. To mend or patch clothes clumsily ; to put together unsuitably, or un- skilfully; to mark with botches. BOTCHY, bět'tshë. a. Marked with botches. BOTH, both. a. 46. The two. BOTH, both. conj. As well. t Bº böts. s. Small worms in the entrails of Ol'SeS. BOTTLE, bö'tl. s. 405. A small vessel of glass, or other matter; a quantity of wine usually put into a bottle, a quart; a quantity of hay or , grass bundled up. º To BOTTLE, bět’tl. v. a. To enclose in bottles: BOU BOW 60 [f 559. -Fāte, fir, fall, fat;-mè, mét;—plue, plu;- BOTTLEFLOWER, bötti-flöß-àr. 30'ſ TLESCREW, bêt’tl-skröö. s. ull out the cork. B0']"TOM, bět’tàm. s. 166. The lowest part of any thing; the ground under the water; the foundation, the groundwork; a dale, a valley ; the deepest part ; bound, limit; the utmost of any man's capacity; the last resort; a vessel for navigation; a chance, or security; a ball of thread wound up together. To BOTTOM, ºu'tám. v. a. To build up, to fix upon as a supwort; to wind ºpon something. To §§§. bót’tàm. v. n. To rest upon as its support. BOTTOMED, bºt’tàm'd. a. 359. Having a bot- toln. ROTTOMLESS, böt’tām-lés. a. Without a bot- tom, fathomless. BOTTOMRY, bět’tām-ré. s. The act of borrow- ing money on a ship's bottom. BOUD, běčid. s. An insect which breeds in malt. To BOUGE, báðdje. v. n. 315. To swell out, ROUGH, běči. s. 313. An arm or a large shoot of a tree. ROUGHT, bāvt. 319. Preter. of To buy. To BOUNCE, bànse. v. n. To fall or fly a- gainst any thing with great force; to make a sudden leap ; to boast, to bully. ROUNCE, běčnse. s. A strong sudden blow ; a sudden crack or noise ; a boast, a threat. BOUNCER, béân'sár. s. A boaster, a bukly, an empty threatener; a liar. 3OUND, běind. s. 313. A limit, a boundary ; a limit by which any excursion is restrained ; a leap, a jump, a spring; a rebound. To BOUND, böänd. v.a. To limit, to terminate; to restrain, to confine ; to make to bound. To BOUND, běšnd. v. n. To jump, to spri, g; to rebound, to fly back. POUND, běšnd. Participle passive of Bind. i80UND, běřind a. Destmed, intending to come to any place. BOUNDARY, bčān'dā-rè. s. Limit, bound. BOUNDEN, būān'dém. Participle passive of Bind. }:UUNDING-STONE, běšn'ding-stöne. ; BOUND-STONE, bčánd'stöne. 8. A stone to play with. BOONDLESSNESS, běčnd'lès-nés. s. Exemp- tio, from limits. RQUNDLESS, běšnd'ſés. a. Unlimited, uncon- fincó. }, UUN3'EOJS, běºn'tchē-ăs. a. 263. Liberal, kind, generous. BOUNTEQUSLY, běčn'tchē-ăs-lé. ad. Liberal- ty, generously. y EGUN TEOUSſ. ESS, běšn'tchē-ăs-nēs. s. Mu- niſicence, liberality. s. A plant. A screw to BOUNTIFUL, būn'tè-fäl. a. Liberal, generous, # munificent. BOUNTIFULLY, bětn'té-fúl-lè. ad. Liberally. 130UNTIFULNESS, běčn'té-fú)-nēs. s. The quality of being bountiful, generosity. B(jūNTIHEAD, běšn'té-héd. BOUNTIHOOI), běšn'tè-hūd. Goodness, virtue. BOUNTY, běřim'té. s. Generosity, liberality, mu- nificence. To BOURGEON, būrjān. v. n. 313, 259. To S. sprout, to shoot into branches. . BOURN, běrne. s. A bound, a limit; a brook, a tol’rent. Hijº I have differed from Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Ken- rick in the pronunciation of this word. They make it sound as if written boorn ; but if my memory ſail me not, it is a rhyme to mourn up- on the stage; and Mr. Garrick so pronounced it. * That undiscover'd country, from whose bourn ** No traveiler returns.' --Shakspeare's Hamlet. i am fortified in this pronunciation by the suſ- S, trages of Mr. Elphinstone, Mr. Nares and Mr. fruith • . W To BOUSE, běšze. v. m. To drink lavishly. BOUSY, böö'zé. a. Drunken. BOUT, běit. s. A turn, as much of an action as is performed at one time. º To BOW, bčá. v. a. To bend or inflect; to bend the body in token of respect or submission; to bend, or incline, in condescension; to depress, to crush. To BOW, běč. v. a. To bend, to suffer flexure, to make a reverence; to stoop ; to sink under pressure. BOW, běš. s. An act of reverence or submission. BOW, bě. s. An instrument of war; a rainbow ; the instrument with which string instruments are played upon ; the doubling of a string in a slipknot; Bow of a ship, that part of her which begins at the loof, and ends at the sternmost part of the forecastle. To BOW, bö. To bend sideways. [[5 While some words are marrowing and con- tracting their original signification, others are dividing and subdividing into a thousand differ- ent acceptations. The verb to bow, rhyming with cow, miglft originally signify flexure every way, and so serve for that action which made anything crooked, let its direction be what it would : but it appears certain, that at present it only means that flexure which is vertical, al,d which may be called a bowing down, but is by no means so applicable to that flexure which is sideways or horizontal, and for which, necessity seems insensibly to have brought the verb I have inserted into use. This verb seems accompanied by the word out as the other is by down, and we may say such a thing bows down, but another thing bows out, or swells sideways ; the first verb is pronounced so as to rhyme with cow, now, &c. and the last with go, no, &c. Mil- ton seems to have used the word with. this sound, where in his Penseroso he says– “And love the high embowed roof, “With antique pillars' massy proof.” But as nothing can tend more to the ambiguity of łanguage than to have words spelled in the same manner sounded differently in order to distinguish their meaning by their pronuncia- tion, I would humbly advise to spell the word bow, (to shoot with,) and the verb to bow (to bond sideways,) with the finale, this slight ad- dition will relieve a reader from the embarrass- ment he is under at first sight, where he is not thoroughly acquainted with the circumstances of a relation, and does not know how to pro- nounce the word till he has read the context For the propriety of this additional e, see the words Bowl and For M. º cannot refrain from quoting Mr. Nares on this word, as his opinion has great authority —“A “bow for arrows, and to bow, when it signifies “ merely to bend any thing, have ow like o iong. “This distinction I believe to be right, though “ our great Lexicographer has not noticed it “ He gives to bow, in every sense, the regular “sound of ou', (that is rhyming with cow.) But “ of this instance the first and fourth appear to “ be erroneous ; the third is doubtful ; and in “ the second, the word is used to express an in- “ climation of the body, but metaphorically ap- “ plied to trees. See the four instances from “Shakspeare, Dryden, and Irocke, under To “ bow, v. a. No. 1.” A want of attending to the different ideas the word bow conveys, as it is differently sounded, has occasioned the inconsistent sea terms ; the bow of a ship, rhyming with cow, and an an- chor, called the best bower, rhyming with hour ; and bow, in the word bowsprit, rhymińg with o, no, &c. Bôº, bò'bént. a. Crooked. BOW-HAND, bě'hānd, s. The hand that draws the bow. º BOW-LEGGED, běTégd. a. 359. Having crook- ed legs, * I { { * * BOW H HA 61 BOWELS, bčá'éls. s. Intestines; the vessels and organs within the body ; the immer parts of anything ; tenderness, compassion. BOWER, bºčár. s. 33. An arbour; it seems to signify, in Spenser, a blow, a stroke. BOWER, běš'âr. s. Anchor so called. BOW #Ry, böü'ār-rè. a. Full of bowers. BOWL, böle. s. A vessel to hold liquids; the hollow part of any thing; a basin, a fountain. —See the next word. BOWL, běle. s. Round mass rolled along the ground. [f Many respectable speakers, pronounce this word so as to rhyme with howl, the moise made by a dog. Dr. Johnson, Mr. º and Mr. Perry, declare for it; but Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Smith, pro- nounce it as the vessel to hold liquor, rhyming with hole. I remember having been corrected by Mr. Garrick for pronouncing it like howl; and am upon the whole of opinion, that pro- nouncing it as I have marked it, is the prefera- ble mode, though the least analogical. But as the vessel has indisputably this sound, it is rem- dering the language still more irregular to give the ball a different one. The inconvenience of this irregularity is often perceived in the word bow ; to have the same word signify different things, is the fate of all languages; but pro- nouncing the same word differently to signify different things, is multiplying difficulties with- out necessity; for though it may be alleged that a different pronunciation of the same word to signify a different thing is in some measure remedying the poverty and ambiguity of lan- age, it may be answered, that it is in reality increasing the ambiguity by setting the eye and ear at variance, and obliging the reader to un- derstand the context before he can pronounce the word. It may be urged, that the Greek and Latin languages had these ambiguities in words which were only distinguishable by their quan- tity or accent. But it is highly probable that the Greek language had a written accent to distinguish such words, as were pronounced differently to signify different things, and this is equivalent to a different spelling , , and though the Latin word lego signified either to read or to send, according to the quan- tity with which the first syllable was pro- nounced, it was certainly an imperfection in that language which ought not to be imita- ted. Ideas and combinations of ideas will al- ways be more numerous than words, and there- for , the same word will often stand for very dif- ferent ideas: but altefing the sound of a word without altering the spelling, is forming an un- written language. To BOWL,~böle. v. a. To play at bowls; to throw bowls at any thing. BOWLER, bě'lär. s. He that plays at bowls. BOWLINE, bū ‘lin. s. A rope fastened to the middle part of the outside of a sail. BOWLING-GREEN, bě'ling-gréén. s. A level Wiscº ºf ground; kept smooth for bowlers. BÖWMAN, bě'mān. S. 88. An archer. BOWSPRIT, bě'sprit. s. Boltsprit; which see. EOWSTRING, bě'string. s. The string by which the bow is kept bent. BOW-WINDOW, bě'win'dó. ſī; Dr. Johnson derives this word, and, perhaps, justly, from Bay-window, or a window forming a bay in the internal part of the room; but pres- ent custom has universally agreed to call these windows bow-windows, from the curve, like a bow, which they form by jutting outwards. How- ever original and just, therefore, Dr. Johnson's tierivation may be, there is little hope of a con- formity to it, either in writing or pronunciation, while there is apparently so good an etymology, both for sense and sound, to support the present Fractice –See To Bow. —né, móve, mêr, mēt;—töbe, tab, būd;—öl;—péând;—thin, THIS * BOWYER, bě'yår. s. 98. An archer, one whose trade is to make bows. BQX, běks. s. A tree 4 the wood of it. BOX, běks. S. . A case made of wood, or other matter, to hold any thing; the case of the mari- ner's compass; the chest into which money given is put ; seat in the play-house. To BOX, běks. v. a. To enclose in a box. Bº: º s. A blow on the head given with the 3. Il Cl. To BOX, běks. v. n. To fight with the fist. BOXEN, běk'sm. a. 103. Made of box, resembling box. BOXER, běks'âr. s. A man who fights with his fists. BOY, böé s. 482. A male child, not a girl ; one in the state of adolescence, older than an infant; a word of contempt for young men. BOYHOOD, běé'hād. s. The state of a boy. BOYISH, bāśish. Belonging to a boy; child- ish, trifling. BOYISHLY, běé?sh-lè. ad. Childishly, triflingly. BOYISHNESS, běé'īsh-nēs. s. Childishness, triflingness. BOYISM, běé'izm. s. Puerility, childishness. BRABBLE, bråb'bl. s. 405. A clamorous contest To BRABBLE, bråb'bl. v. n. To contest moisily BRABBLER, bráb'lär. s. A clamorous moisy fellow. To BRACE, bråse. v. a. To bind, to tie close with bandages; to strain up. BRACE, bråse. s. Cincture, bandage; that which holds anything tight; Braces of a coach, thick straps of leather on which it hangs; Braces in printing, a crooked line enclosing a passage, as in a triplet; tension, tightness. BRACE, brase. s. A pair, a couple. BRACELET, bråse'lét. s. An ornament for the à TITAS. [[G I have, in the pronunciation of this word made the a long and slender, as in brace, as I find it in Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Scott; and not short as in brass, as Mr Sheridan has marked it; and which, I believe, is the prevailing pronunciation in Ireland: for though many compounds shorten the vowel in the simple, as is shown at largé in the Principles of Pronunciation, 308, 515; yet I think such words are exceptions as are only diminutives, Kºš and feminines.-See PATRoNEss. BRACER, brå'sár. s. 98. A cincture, a bandage BRACH, bråtsh. s. 352. A bitch hound. #RAöäiki, brakyai. a. 353. Belonging to the 3.FITk. BRACHYGRAPHY, brá-kiggrä-fé. s. The art or practice of writing in a short compass. 353. BRACK, bråk. s. A breach. BRACKET, bråk'kit. s.99. A piece of wood fixed for the support of something. BRACKISH, bråkish. a.º. Salt, something salt BRACKISHNESS, bråk'ísh-nēs. s. Saltness. BRAD, bråd. s. A sort of nail to floor rooms with. To BRAG, bråg. v. A. To boast, to display osten- tatiously. BRAG, brăg. s. A boast, a proud expression; the thing buasted. BRAGGADOCIO, brăg-gā-dò'shë-6. s. A puffing, boasting fellow, BRAGGART, brăg'gårt. a. 88. Boastful, vainly ostentatious, BRAGGART, brăg'gårt. s. A boaster. BRAG GER, brăg'går. s. 98. A boaster. BRAGF.ESS, brăg'lés. a. Without a boast. BRAGLY, brăg'lë, ad. Finely. To BRA10, brāde. v. a. To weave together BRAID, bråde. s. A texture, a knot. BRAILS, brålz. s. Small ropes reeved through blocks. BRAIN, bråne. s. That collection of vessels and organs in the lead, from which sense and mo- tion arise ; the understanding. º To BRAIN, bråne, v. n. To kill by beating out the brain. S. & BRA BHE 62 º t; [[G 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit, mē, mét;—pine, pin,_ BRAINISH, bråne'ísh; a. Hotheaded, furious. BRAINLESS, bräne-lès. a. Silly. BRAINPAN, bråne'pán. s. The skull containing the brains. BRAINSICK, bråne'sík. a. Addleheaded, giddy. BRAINSICKLY, bråne'sſk-lè.ad. Weakly, head- ily. BRAINSICKNESS, bråne'sík-nēs. s. Indiscre- tion, giddiness. BRAKE, bräke. The preterit of Break. BRAKE, bräke. s. Fern, brambles. BRAKE, bräke. s. An instrument for dressing hemp or flax; the handle of a ship's pump , a baker's kneading-trough. BRAKY, brå'ké. a. Thorny, prickly, rough. BRAMBLE, bråm'bl. s. 405. Black-berry bush, dewberry bush, raspberry bush ; any rough Kºś shrub. BRAMBLING, bråm'bling. s. A bird; called also a mountain chaffinch. BRAN, bråm. s. The husks of corn ground. BRANCH, bräntsh. s. 352, 78. The shoot of a tree from one of the main boughs; any distant article; any part that shoots out from the rest; a smaller river running into a larger; any part of a family descending in a collateral line ; the offspring, the descendant; the antlers or shoots of a stag's horn. To BRANCH, bräntsh. v. m. To spread in branch- es; to spread into separate parts; to speak diffusively; to have horns shooting out. To ºff, bräntsh. v. a. To divide as into branches; to adorn with needle-work. * BRANCHER, brån'tshār. s. One that shoots out into branches; in falconry, a young hawk. BRANCHINESS, brán'shë-nés. s. Fulness of branches. BRANCHLESS, brånsh'íčs, a. Without shoots or boughs; naked. BRANCHY, brán'shë. a. Full of branches, spread- $ºlº. BRAND, bränd. s. A stick lighted, or fit to be lighted; a sword ; a thunderbolt; a mark made by burning with a hot iron. To BRAND, bränd. v. a. To mark with a note of infamy. BRANDGOOSE, bränd'góðs. s. A kind of wild fowl. To BRANDISH, brán'd?sh. v. a. To wave or shake; to play with, to flourish. BRANDLlNG, bränd ſing. s. A particular worm. BRANDY, brán'dè. s. A strong liquor distilled from wine. º BRANGLE, bräng'g!. S. 405. Squabble, wran- gle. To BRANGLE, bräng'gl: v. n. 405. To wrangle, to squabble. BRANK, bränk. s. Buckwheat. BRANNY, brån'né. a. Having the appearance of bran. BRASIER, brå'zhār. s. 283. A manufacturer that works in brass; a pan to hold coals. BRASIL, or BRAZR1, brá zèël'. s. An American wood, commonly supposed to have been thus denominated, because first brought from Brasil. BRASS, brås. s. A yellow metal, made by mix- ing copper with lapis calaminaris ; impudence. BRASSINESS, brås'sè-nés. s. An appearance like brass. BRASSY, brås'sé. a. Partaking of brass; hard as brass; impudent. BRAT, bråt. s. A child, so called in contempt; the progeny, the offspring. BRAVADO, brā-vā'do.'s. A LUMBAGo. º BRAVE, brăve. a. Courageous, daring, bold; gallant; having a noble mien ; magnificent, #º: excellent, noble - BRAVE, brăve. s. A hector, a man daring beyond prudence or fifthess ; a boast, a challenge. To BRAVE, brăve. v.a. To defy, to challenge; to carry a boasting appearance, boast, a brag—See BRAVELY, brăvelé. ad. In a brave manner, courageously, gallantly. BRAVERY, bº. S. 555. Courage, imagna mimity; splendour, maguificence; show, osten- tation: ; bravado, boast. BRAVO, brā’vö. s. Spanish. A man who mur ders for hire. To BRAWL, bråwl. v. m. To quarrel moisily and indecently; to speak loud and indeceatiy; to make a noise. BRAWL, bråwl; s.... Quarrel, noise, scurrility. BRAWLER, bråw'lär. s. A wrangler. BRAWN, bråwn. s. The fleshy or musculous part of the body ; the arm, so called from its being musculous ; bulk, muscular strength ; the flesh of a boar; a boar. BRAWNER, bråw'nār, s. A boar killed for the table. BRAWNINESS, bråw'mè-nēs. s Strength, hard- 1162.SS. BRAWNY, bråw ně. a. Musculous, ſleshy, bulky. To BRAY, brå. v. a. To pound, or grind smail. To BRAY, brå. v. m. To make a noise as an ass ; to make an offensive noise. BRAY, brå. s. Noise, sound. BRAYER, brā'ār. s. One that brays like an ass; with printers, an instrument to temper the ink. To BRAZE, bråze. v a. To solder with brass, to harden to impudence. BRAZEN, brå'zn. a. 103. Made , f brass; pro- ceeding from brass; impudent. To BRAZEN, brå'zn. v. m. To be impudent ; to bull v. BRAZENFACE, brå'zu-ſåse. s. An impudent wretch. BRAZENFACED, br','ºn-ſåste. a. 359. Im- pudent, shameless, |BRAZENNESS, brå'zm-nés. s. Appearing like brass; impudence. BRAZIER, braze'yūr. s. 283. See BRAs.II:R. BREACH, brēētsh. s. The act of breaking any thing ; the state of being broken ; a gap in a fortification made by a battery : the violation of a law or contract; difference, quarrel; in- fraction, injury. BREAD, bréd. s. Food made of ground corn, food in general ; support of life at large. BREAD CHIPPER, bréd'tship-àr. s. A baker's Servant. BREAD-CORN, bréd'körn, s, bread is made, BREADTH, brédth. s. The measure of any plain superficies from side to side. To BREAK, brake. v. a. 240, 242. To burst, or open by force ; to divide ; to destroy by vio- lence; to overcome, to surmount; to hatter, to make breaches or gaps in ; to C, ush or destroy the strength of the body; to sink or appal the spirit ; to subdue ; to crush, to disabie, to inca. pacitate; to weaken the mind; to talme, to train to obedience, to make bankrupt ; to crack the skin; to violate a contract or pro mise ; to infringe a law ; to intercept, to himder the effect of ; to interrupt ; to separate corn- pany ; to dissolve any union ; to open some- thing new ; To break the back, to disable one's fortune ; To break ground, to open trenches; To break the heart, to destroy with grief; To break the neck, to lux, or put out the neck joints; To break off, to put a sudden stop ; To break off, to dissolve; To break up to separate or disband; To break upon the whº el, to punish by stretching a criminal upon the wheel, and breaking his bones with bats; To break wind, to give vent to wind in the body. . . To BREAK, bräke. v. m. To part in two ; to burst by dashing, as waves on a rock 3 to open and discharge matter; to open as the morning; to burst forth, to exclaim; to become bank- rupt; to decline in health and strength; to make way with some kind of suddenness; te Corn of which BRE BRI G3 —né, mēve, nôr, nôt;—töbe, tàb, ball;-&il;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. couie to an explanation ; to fall out, to be friends no longer ; to discard; To break from, to separate from with some vehemence; To break • , to enter unexpectedly ; To break loose, to escape from captivity, To break off, to desist suddenly; To break off from, to part from with violence ; To break out, to discover itself in sudden effects; To break out, to have eruptions from the body ; To break out, to be- come dissolute; To break up, to cease, to in- termit ; To break up, to dissolve itself; To break up, to begin holidays; To break with, to part friendship with any. SREAK, bräke. s. State of being broken, open- ing ; a pause, an interruption ; a line drawn, noting that the sense is suspended. BREAKER, brá'kår. s. He that breaks any thing ; a wave broken by rocks or sand-banks. To BREAKFAST, brék'fäst. v. n. 234, 515. To eat the first meal in the day. BREAKFAST, brék'fäst. s. 88. The first meal in the day ; the thing eaten at the first meal ; a meal in general. BREAKNECK, bräke'nék. s. endangering the neck. BREAKPROMISE, bråke'prôm-is. s. One that makes a practice of breaking his promise. BREAM, brème. s. The name of a fish. BREAST, brést. s. The middle part of the hu- man body, between the neck and the belly ; the dugs or teats of women, which contain the milk ; the part of a beast that is under the neck, between d; fore legs ; the heart; the cou- science; the passions. To BREAST, brést. v. a. To meet in front. A steep place BREASTBONE, bréstºbóne. s. The bone of the breast, the sternum. BREASTHIGH, brésthi. a. Up to the breast. BREASTHOOKS, brést'hööks. s. With ship- wrights, the compassing iirabers before, that help to strengthen the stem and all the forepart of the ship. BREASTKNOT, brést'môt. s. A knot or bunch of ribands worn by the women on the breast. BREASTPLATE, brést'plate. s. Armour for the breast. BREASTPLOUGH, brést'plôā. . s. A plough used for paring turf, driven by the breast. BREASTWORK, brést'wark. s. Works thrown up as high as the breast of the defendants. BREATH, bréth. s. 437. The air drawn in and ejected out of the body; life; respiration; respite, pause, relaxation; breeze, moving air; a single act, an instant. To BREATHE, brèTHe. v. n. 437. To draw in and throw out the air by the lungs; to live ; to rest ; to take breath; to inject by breathing; to eject by breathing ; to exercise; to move or actuate by breath; to utter privately; to give air or vent to. BREATHER, bré'THär. s. or lives. BREATHING, bré'Thing. s. Aspiration; secret rayer : gº; place, vent. Błºś. bréth'lés. a. Out of breath, spent with labour ; dead. BRED, bréd. Particip. pass. from To breed. BREDE, brēde. s.-See BRAID. BREECH, brēētsh. s. 247. The lower part of the body; breeches; the hinder part of a piece of ordnance. To BREECH, brēētsh. v. a. 247. To put into breeches ; to fit any thing with a breech, as to breech a gun. BREECHES, britch'íz. s. 247. 99. The gar- ment worn by men over the lower part of the body; to wear the breeches, is, in a wife, to usurp the authority of the lusband. To #, brèëd. v. a. To procreate, to ge- nerate ; to occasion, to cause, to produce, to contrive, to hatch, to plot ; to produce, from one's self; to give birth to ; to educate. to quali- One that breathes, fy by education; to bring up, to take care of To BREED, brééd. v. n. & #: bring young ; to increase by new production ; tº be produced, to have birth ; to raise a breed. BREED. brēēd. s. A cast, a kind, a subdivision of species ; progeny, offspring; a number pro- duced at once, a hatch. BREEDBATE, brééd'bāte. s. One that breeds quarrels. “r BREEDER, brééd'àr. s. 98. That which pro- duces anything ; the person which brings up another; a female that is prolifick; one that takes care to raise a breed. BREEDING, bré'ding. s. Education, instruc tion ; qualifications; manners, knowledge of ceremony; nurture. BREEZE, brééz. s. A stinging fly. BREEZE, brēēz. s. A gentle gale. BREEZY, brèë'zé., ad, Fanned with gales. BRET, brét. s. A fish of the turbot kind, BRETHREN, br&TH'rém. s. The plural of brother. BREWIARY, brève'yā-ré. s. 507. An abridg- ment, an epitome; the book containing the daily service of the church of Rome. [[G. All our orthūepists but Mr. Perry pronounce the first syllable of this word long; but if au- thority were silent, analogy would decide for the pronunciation I have given. BREVIAT, brèveyāt. s. 113. A dium. BREVIATURE, brévelyā-tshūre. s. An abbre- viation. 465, 113. BREWITY, brév'è-té. s. 511. Conciseness, short- InéSS. To BREW, bróð. v. a. 339. To make liquors by mixing several ingredients; to prepare by mixing things together ; to contrive, to plot. To BREW, bróð. v. n. To perform the office of a brewer. BREWAGE, bróðidje. s. 90. Mixture of wa- rious things. BREWER, bróð'âr. s. A man whose profession it is to make beer. JBREWHOUSE, bróðhöäs. s. A house appro- riated to brewing. BREWING, bróð'ing. s. 410. Quantity of liquor brewed. BREWIS, bróð'ís. s. A piece of bread soaked in boiling fat pottage, made of salted ineat. BRIBE, bribe. s. A reward given to pervert the # To BRIBE, bribe. v. a. To give bribes. BRIBER, bri'bár. s. 98. One that pays for corrupt practices. BRIBERY, bribàr-ré. s. 555. The crime of iving or taking rewards for bad practices. BRICK, brſk. s. A mass of burnt clay; a loaf shaped like a brick. To BRICK, brik. v. a. To lay with bricks. BRICKBAT, brikſbät. s. A piece of brick. BRICKCLAY, brikklä. s. Clay used for making bricks. BRICKDUST, brik'dāst. s. Dust made by pound- ing bricks. BRICK-KILN, brikkfl. s. burn bricks in. BRICKLAYER, brik'là-àr. s. A brick mason. BRICKMAKER, brikſmå-kāº. s. One whose trade it is to make bricks. - BRIDAL, bridál. a. Belonging to a wedding nuntial. - Błºś. bride. s. A woman new married. BRIDEBED, bride'béd. s. Marriage bed.. BRIDECAKE, bride'kåke. s. A cake distributed to the guests at the wedding. - º BRIOEGROOM, bride'grööm. s. A new-marri- Biºen.bººn. , brkle'mén. *†nſ a BRIDEMAIDS, bride’mādz. ; s. The attend ants on the bride and bridegroom. short compen- A kiln, a place to BRIDESTAKE, bride'stäke. s. Apost set in the ground to dance round. BRI BRO 64 [[G 559 –Fâte, fir, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—plne, pīn;– BRIDEWELL, bride'wél. s. A house of correc- tion. BRIDGE, bridje. s. A building raised over wa- ter for the convenience of passage ; the upper part of the nose ; the supporter of the strings in stringed instruments of musick. To BRIDGE, bridje. v. a. To raise a bridge over any place. BRIDLE, bridl. s. 405. The headstall and reins by which a horse is restrained and governed ; a restraint, a curb, a check. To BRIDLE, bridl. v. a. To guide by a bridle ; to restrain, to govern. To BRIDLE, bridl., v. n. To hold up the head. BRIDLEHAND, brid]-hánd. S. The hand which holds the bridle in riding. BRIEF, brēēf. a. Short, concise ; contracted, Imall"FOW. BRIEF, brēēf. s. A short extract, or epitome ; the writing given the pleaders, containing the case ; letters patent, giving license to a charit- able collection; in musick, a measure of quan- tity, which contains two strokes down in beat- ing time, and as many up. Biš FLY, brèëf"lè., ad. Concisely, in few words. BRIEFNESS, brèëf"nés. s. Conciseness, short- In 68S. BRIER, bri'ār. s. 98, 418. A plant. Bºy, bri'ār-rè. a. 555. Rough ; full of Tier8. BRIGADE, brè-gåde'. s. 117. A division of forces ; a body of men, BRIGADIER General, brig-à-dèèr'. s. An officer next in order below a major-general. %5. BRIGANDINE, brig'ān-dime. 150. A light BRIGANTINE, brig'ān-time. !g vessel, such as was formerly used by corsairs and º: ; a coat of mail. [[G’ All our orthüepists sound the last i in this word long ; and yet my memory fails me if the stage does not pronounce it short ; a pronun- ciation to which the stage is very prome, as Wal- entine, Cymbeline, &c. are heard on the stage as if written Valentin, Cymbelin, &c. * You may remember, scarce three years are past, * When in your brigantine you sail'd to see * The Adriatick wedded by our Duke, “And I was with you.” Venice Preserved. BRIGHT, brite. a. Shining, glittering, full of light; clear, evident; illustrious, as a bright reign; witty, acute, as a bright genius. To BRIGHTEN, bri'tm. v. a. i03 To make bright, to make to shine ; to make luminous by light from without ; to make gay, or alert; to make illustrious ; to make acute. To BRIGHTEN, bri’tn. v. m. To grow bright, to clear up. BRIGHTLY, brite'lè. ad. Splendidly, with lustre. BRIGHTNESS, brite'nés. s. Lustre, splendour; acuteness. * Rºll ANCY, brilyān-sé. S. Lustre, splendour. BRILLIANT, bril’yānt. a. 113. Shining, spark- ling. BřiiaNT, brilyānt. s. A diamond of the finest cut. BRILLIANTNESS, brilyánt-nēs. s. Splendour, ustre. BRIM, brim. . s. The edge of anything; the up- per edge of any vessel; the top of any liquor; the bank of a fountain. To BRIM, brim v. a. To fill to the top. To BRIM, brim. v. n. To be full to the brim. BRIMFUL, brim'föl. a. Full to the top. BRIMFULNESS, brim'föl-nés. s. Fulness to the top. BºëR, brim'mår. s. A bowl full to the top. BRIMSTONE, brim'stöne. s. hur. BRIMSTONY, brim'stö-nē. a. Full of brimstone. BRANDED, brin'déd 8. Streaked, tabby. BRINDLE, brindl.'s. 405, 359. The state of be- ing brinded. Biº. brin'dld a. 405 Brinded, streaked. S, | BRINE, brine. s. Water impregnated with salt, the sea, tears. BRINEPIT, brine'pit. s. Pit of salt water To BRING, bring. v. a. 408,409. To fetch from another place; to convey in one's own hand, not to send ; to cause to come ; to attract, to draw along; to put into any particular state; to conduct; to induce, to prevail upon , To bring about, to bring to pass, to effect; To bring forth, to give birth to, to produce; To bring in, to reclaim ; To bring in, to afford gain; To bring off, to clear, to procure, to be acquitted; To bring on, to engage in action, To bring over, to draw to a new party; To bring out, to exhibit, to show ; To bring under to subdue, to repress; To bring up, to educate, to instruct ; To bring up, to bring into practice. BRINGER, bring'àr. s. 409. The person that brings anything. BRINISH, bri'nish. brine. salt. BRINISHINESS, bri'nish-nēs. s. Saltness. BRINK, brink. s. The edge of any place, as of a precipice or a river. BRINY, bri nè. a. Salt. BRISK, brisk. a. Lively, vivacious, gay; power- ful, spiritous ; vivid, bright. Bººker , bris'kit. s.99. The breast of an ani In ºt!. BRISKLY, brisk'lé. ad. Actively, vigorously. BRISKNESS, brisk'nés. s. Liveliness, vigour, quickness; gaiety. * BRISTLE, bris'sl. s. 405,472. The stiff hair of SWilhe. To BRISTLE, bris'sl. v. a. To erect in bristles To BRISTLE, bris'sl. v. n. To stand erect as bristles. BRISTLY, bris'lè. a. Thick set with bristles. BRISTOL STONE, bristól-stöne. s. A kind of soft diamond found in a rock near the city of Bristol. BRIT, brit. s. The name of a fish. BRITTI.E, brºt’tl. a. 405. Fragile, apt to break, a. Having the state of * Bºness, brit’tl-nés. s. Aptness to }l eak. BRIZE, brize. s. The gadfly. BROACH, brötsh. s. 295. A spit. To BROACH, brótsh. v. a. To spit, to pierce as with a spit; to pierce a vessel in order to draw the liquor; to open any store ; to give out, to utter any thing. BROACHER, brótsh'êr. s. or utterer of any thing. BROAD, bråwd. a. 295. Wide, extended in breadth; large; clear, open gross, . coarse , obscene, fulsome; bold, not delicate, not re- served. Biºp CLOTH, bråwd'clöth. s. A fine kind of ClOth. To BROADEN, bråw'dn. v. n. 103. To grow broad. BROADIY, bråwd'lè. ad. In a broad manner. BROADNESS, bråwd'hés. s. Breadth, extent from side to side ; coarseness, fulsomeness. BROADSIDE, bråwd'side. s. The side of a ship; the volley of shot fired at once from the side of a ship. BROAfşWORD, bråwd'sord. s. sword, with a broad blade. BROADWISE, bråwd'wize ad. 140. According to the direction of the breadth. & BROCADE, brö-käde'. s. A silken stuff varie- ated. g Béjà ADED, brö-kā'déd. a. Drest in brocade, woven in the manner of brocade. . BROCAGE, brökidje. s. 90. The gain gotter, by promoting bargains; the hire given for any unlawful office; the trade of dealing in of i things. tº Biºgeoil, brók'kö-lè. s. A species of cab- age. BROCH, brök. s. A badger A spit; an opener, A cutting BRO BUC 65 —né, mêve, nãr, nét;—túbe, túb, bill;—óil ;-pôānd; —thin, This. BROCKET, brök'kit. s. 99. A red deer, two years old. . Bºº, brèg. s. 337 A kind of shoe; a corrupt dialect. To BROIDER, bröð'dër. v. a. To adorn with fig- ures of needle-work. BROIDERY, bröé'dār-ré. s. 555. Embroidery, flower-work. BROIL, bröfl. s. A tumult, a quarrel. To BROIL, bröfl. v. a. To dress or cook by lay- ing on the coals. To BROIL, bröfl. v. m. To be in the heat. BROKE, bröke. Preterimperfect tense of the verb To break. To BROKE, bröke. v. n. To contract business for others. BROKEN, brö'km. 103. Part. pass. of Break. BROKEN.HEARTED, brö'kn-hár'tád. a. Hav- ing the spirits crushed by grief or fear. BROKENLY, brö'km-lè. ad. Without any regu- lar series. BROKER, brökör. s. A factor, one that does business for another; one who deals in old household goods; a pimp, a match-maker. BROKERAGE, brö'kār-idje. s. 90. The pay or reward of a broker. BRONCHOCELE, brón'kö-sèle. s. A glandular tumour on the forepart of the neck, between the windpipe and the skin; goitre. BRONCHI Nº. brón'ké-ál. & BRONCHICK, brón'lúk. § throat. BRONCHOTOMY, brón-köttö-mè. s. The oper- ation which opens the windpipe by incision, to prevent suffocation. 518. BRONSE, brönze. s. Brass; a medal. BROOCH, bröðtsh. s. A jewel, an ornament of jewels. To BROOD, bróðd. v. m. To sit on eggs, to hatch them ; to cover chickens under the wing ; to watch, or consider any thing anxiously; to ma- ture any thing by care. T; Hºooowººd. v. a. To cherish by care, to atch, BROOD, bróðd. s. Offspring, progeny; genera- tion ; a hatch, the number hatched at once; the act of covering the eggs. Bºº, bröö'dé. a. In a state of sitting on the eggs. BROOK.bröök. s. A running water; a rivulet. To BROOK, brö3k. v. a. To bear, to endure. To BROOK, bröök. v. n. To endure, to be con- tent. BROOKLIME, bröök'llme. s. A sort of water; an herb. BROOM, brööm. s. A shrub, a besom, so called from the matter of which it is made. BROOMLAND, brööm’lānd. s. Land that bears broom. BROOMSTAFF, brööm'stáf.s. The staff to which the broom is bound. BROOMY, bröö'mè. a. Full of broom. Bººth, bröth. s. Liquor in which flesh is boil- €0. BROTHEL, brôTH'él. BROTHEL-HOUSE, brôTH'él-hööse. S. A bawdy-house. BROTHER, bråTH'âr. s. 98. One born of the same father or mother; any one closely united; any one resembling another in manner, form, or profession; Brother is used in theological language, for man in general. BROTHERHOOD, bröth'īr-hăd. s. The state or quality of being a brother; an association of men for any purpose, a fraternity; a class of men of the same kind. BROTHERLY, brărh'âr-lè. a. Natural to bro- thers, such as becomes or beseems a brother. BROUGHT, bråwt. 393. Part, passive of Bring BROW, bröö, s. The arch of hair over the eye, forehead; the general air of the countenance ; a. Belonging to the the edge of any high place ls To BROWBEAT, bröö'bète. v. a. To depress with stern looks. BROWBOUND, bröö'böänd. a. Crowned. BRQWSICK, bröö'sík. a. Dejected. BROWN, brööm. a. The name of a colour. BROWNBILL, bröönbil. s. The ancient weapºn of the English foot. BROWNNESS, brööm'nés. s. A brown colour." Bºº STUDY, bröön-städ'dè. s. Gloomy medi- ałł OIRS. To BROWSE, brötze. v. a. To eat branches or shrubs. To BRUISE, bróðze. v. a. 343. To crush or mangle with a heavy blow. BRUISE, bróðze. s. A hurt with something blunt and heavy. BRUISEWQRT, bróðze'wärt. s. Comfrey. BRUIT, bróðt. s. 343. Rumour, moise, report. BRUMAL, bróð'mál. a. Belonging to the winter BRUNETT, bróð-nét'. s. A woman with a brown complexiom. BRUNT, bränt. s. Shock, violence; blow, stroke, BRUSH, bråsh. s. An instrument for sweeping or rubbing ; a rude assault, a shock. To BRUSH, bråsh. v. a. To sweep or rub with a brush; to strike with quickness; to paint with a brush. To BRUSH, bråsh. v. m. To move with haste; to fly over, to skim lightly. BRUSHER, bråsh'âr. s. He that uses a brush. BRUSHWOOD, bråsh'wóód, s. Rough, shrubby thickets. Bºy, brāsh'é. a. Rough or shaggy like a rū Sh. To BRUSTLE, brås'sl. v. n. 472. To crackle, BRUTAL, bróð'tál. a. 343. That which belongs to a brute; savage, cruel, inhuman. BiºArty,’” -täl'è-té. s. Savageness, chur!. IS in the SS. To BRUTALIZE, bröö'tá-lize. v. n. brutal or savage. BiºALLY , bróð'tāl-lè. ad. Churlishly, inhr- Influli V. BRUTE, bróðt. a. 339. Senscless, unconsciº s? savage, irrational ; rough, ferocious. BRUTE, bróðt. s. A creature without reason. BRUTENESS, bróðt'nés, s. Brutality. To ºfY, bróðt’tè-fi. v. a. To make a man a brute. BRUTISH, bróð'tish. a. Bestial, resembling a beast; rough, savage, ferocious; gross, carnal ; orant, untaught ign s biº. bröö'tish-lè. ad. In the manner of a brute. BRUTISHNESS, bróð'tish-nēs. s. Brutality, Savageness. BRYONY, briè-nē. s. A plant. BUB, bāb. s. Strong malt liquor. A low word. BUBBLE, bāb'bl. s. 405. A small bladder of wa ter; any thing which wants solidity and firm- ness; a cheat, a false show; the person cheated. To BUBBLE, bºb'bl. v. m. To rise in bubbles; to run with a gentle noise. To BUBBLE, bāb'bl. v. a. To cheat. BUBBLER, bāb"blër. S. 405. A cheat. BUBBY, bāb'bè. s. A woman's breast. A low word. BUBO, bū‘bö. s. The groin from the bending of the thigh to the scrotum: all tumours in that art are called Buboes. BUCANIERS, bāk-à-nēērz'. s. A cant word for the privateers, or pirates, of America, BUCK, būk. s. The liquor in which clothes are washed; the clothes washed in the liquor. BUCK, běk. s. The male of the fallow deer, the male of rabbits and other animals. To BUCK, běk v. a. To wash clothes. To BUCK, běk. v. n. To copulate as bucks and does. BUCKBASKET, böktós-két. s. The basket in which clothes are carried to the wash. BUCKBEAN, bák'bène. s. A plant, a sort of tre- foil To grow ºr BUI RUM 66 [[G 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fat;—mé, mét;—pine, ph;— BUCKET, būk'kit. s. 99. The vessel in which water is drawn out of a well; the vesselin which Water is carried, particularly to quench a fire. BUCKLE, bák'kl. s.405. A link of metal, with a tongue or catch made to fasten one thing to an- other; the state of the hair crisped and curled. • To BUCKLE, būk'kl. v. a. To fastem with a buckle ; to confine. To BUCKLE, būk'kl. v. n. To bend, to bow; To buckle to, to apply to ; To buckle with, to en- gage with. Röökiff, bākhār. s. A shield. BUCKMAST, bák'mäst. s. The fruit or mast of the beech tree. BUCKRAM, būk'röm. s. A sort of strong linen cloth stiffened with gun. BUCKSHORN-PLANTAIN, bákshörn-plän'tin. s. A # BUCKTHORN, bák't'hôrn. s. A tree. BUCOLICK, bū-köl'ík. s. A pastoral. [[5 From the tendency we lave to remove the accent to the beginning of such Latin words as we Anglicize by dropping the last syllable, we sometimes hear this word improperly accented on the first syllable.—See ACADEMy. The au- thorities for the accent on the second syllable are, Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Johnson, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, Dr. Kenrick, Bailey, Dr. Ash, and Entick; Buchanan stands alone for the accent on the first. BUP, běd.s. The first shoot of a plant, a germ. To BUD, būd. v. n. To put forth young shoots or germs; to be in the bloom. To BUD, būd. v. a. To inoculate. To BUDGE, bādje. v. m. To stir. BUDGE, bādje. a. Stiff, formal. BUDGER, bādjôr. s. One that stirs. BUDGET, bādjét. s. A bag, such as may be easily carried; a store, or stock. BUFF, báf. s. Leather prepared from the skin of the buffalo, used for waist bests, pouches, &c. a military coat ; yellow leather dressed with oil, prepared from the skins of deer or sheep. To BUFF, būf. v. a. To strike. A low word. BUFFALO, bāf"fá-ló. s. A kind of wild bull or COW. BUFFET, bāf'fit. s 99. A blow with the fist. BUFFET, bāf-fét'. s. A kind of cupboard. To BUFFET, bāf'fit. v. a. 99 To box, to beat. To BUFFET, báſ'ſſt. v n. To play a boxing match. BUFFETER, báſ'fit-tár. s. A boxer. Bººle, bāfā. . .05. The same with buf. falo.. BUFFLEHEADED, bàf'fl-héd éd. a. Dull, §§ BUFFOON, bāf-fööm'. s. A man whose profes. sion is to make sport by low jests and antick postures; a jackpudding ; a man that practises indecent raillery. BUFFOONERY, bāf-föön’ār-ré. s. The prac- tige of a buffoon; low jests, scurrile mirth BUG, bāg. s. A stinking insect, bred in old bousehold stuff. BUGBEAR, bāg'bäre. s. A frightful object a false terrour. BUGGINESS, bāg'gè-nēs. s. §§ inſected with bugs. BUGGY, būg'gé. a. 383. Abounding with bugs. BUGLE, bū'gſ. 40 * 5. BUGLEHORN, bā'gl-hörn'. horm. Bºº, bú'gl. s. A shining bead of black 3.SS. • BUGLE, biº'gl. s. A plant. BUGLOSS, bº'glós. s. The herb ox-tongue. To BUILD, bild. v. a. 341. To make a fabrick, or an edifice; to raise any thing on a support or foundation. To BUILI), bºld. v. n. To depend on, to rest on. BUILDER, bild'àr. s. 98. He that builds, an a chitect * The state of be- s. A hunting Bºping, bilding, s. 410. A fabrick, an edi- C6, BUILT, bºlt. s. The form, the structure. BULB, bālb. s. . A lound body, or root. BULBACEOUS, būl-bä'shās. a. The same with Bulbous. BULBOUS, būlbăs. a. 314. Containing bulbs. To BULGE, bālje. v. n. To take in water, to founder ; to jut out. BULK, búlk... s. Magnitude, size, quantity; the gross, the myº ; main ñº. BULK, būlk. s. part of a building jutting Out. BULKHEAD, bāīk-héd'. s. A partition made across a ship with boards. BULKINESS, būi’kè-nés, s. ture, or size BULKY, būl'ké. a. Of great size or stature. BULL, būl. s. 173. he male of black cattle in the scriptural sense, an enemy, powerful, and violent ; one of the twelve signs of the zo- diack; a letter published by the Pope; a blun der. BULLBAITING, būl’bà-ting. s. The sport of baiting bulls with dogs. BULL-BEGGAR, bū!'bèg-àr. s. Something ter rible to fright children with. BULL-DOG, būl'dóg. s. A dog of a particular form, remarkable for his courage. BULL, HEAD, būl'héd. s. A stupid fellow; the name of a fish. BULL-WEED, bāl'w8éd, s. Knapweed. BULL-WORT, bāl'wart. s. Bishops-weed. BULLACE, būl'l’s. s. 98. A wild sour plum. BULLET, būl'lit. s. 99. A round ball of metal. BUL.ION, bālyān. s. 113. Gold or silver in the lump unwrought, BULLITION, būl-lish'ên. s. 177. The act or state of boiling. BULLOCK, běi ſãk. s. 166. A young bull. BULLY, būl'lè. s. A noisy, blustering, quar -relling fellow. BULRUSH, bāl'rés.h. s. BULWARK, būl'wark. s. citadel; a security. s tº a º a tº BUM, bám. s. The part on which we sit; it is used, in composition, for anything mean or low, as bum-bailiff. tº Yº Q BUMBAILIFF, bām-bā'lff. s. A bailiff of the meanest kind, one that is employed in arrests. BUMBARD, bám'bárd. s.-See BoMBARD. BUMBAST, bām-bäst'. s. [[; A cloth made of patches ; patchwork; more roperly written Bombast, as derived by Mr. §. from Bombycinus, made of silk. BUMP, bámp. s. A swelling, a protuberance. To Éüíſº, bâmp. v. a-See BoMB. To make a loud noise. BUMPER, běm'për. s. 98. . A cup filled. [[F There is a plausible derivation of this word from the French Bon Pere, which, º the anti- clerical criticks, was the toast which the Monks gave to the Pope in a full glass. The farther a derivation is traced, the better it is liked by the common crowd of criticks; but Mr. Elphinstone, who saw farther into i. and French ety- mology than any author I have met with, cou- *...* with deriving this word from the word Bump, which, as a verb, signifies the ac- tion of some heavy body that makes a dense noise; and, as a noun, implies the general effect of such an action on the animal frame, which is a protuberance or swelling; and the swelling out of the liquor when a glass lºgº." the natural offspring of the substantive Hump. Dr. Ash, whose etymological knowledge seems vely extensive, gives this word the same deri. vation, but tells as that the word Bumpkin is of uncertain etymology; a little attention, how- ever, would, I think, have led him to the same origin of this word as the former; for the heavy Greatness of sta A large rush. A fortification, a and protuberant form of the rusticks, to whom BUR BUS 67 —no, mēve, nár, nôt;—tübe, tib, būll;-öll;-pôānd;—thin, this. this word is generally .#. might very ma- turally generate the appellation. Bºžiš. , bámp'kín. s. An awkward heavy rustick.-See BUMPER. BUMPKHNLY, běmp'kín-lè. a. manner or appearance of a clown. BUNCH, bánsh. s. 352. A hard lump, a knob; a cluster, a number of things tied together; any thing bound into a knot. BUNCHBACKED, bánsh'bákt. bunches on the back. BUNCHY, bán'shë. a. Growing into bunches. BUNDLE, bán'di. s. 405. A number of things º together; anything rolled up cylindri- Cal IV. To #NDLE, bún'dl. v. a. To tie in a bundle. BUNG, báng, s. A stopple for a barrelſ To BUNG, báng. v. a. To º BUNGHOLE, báng'hôle. s. The hole at which the barrel is filled. To BUNGLE, běng gl. clumsily. - To BUN &LE, büng'gl. v. a. To botch, to man- age gumsily. BUNGLE, běng'gl. IlešS. BUNGLER, báng'glär. s. A bad workman. Having the a. Having v. m. 405. To perform s. A botch, an awkward- BUNG: INGLY, būng'gling-lè. ad. Clumsily, awkwardly. BUNN, bán. s. A kind of sweet bread. BUNT, bànt. s. ... An increasing cavity. BUNTER, bán'tár. s. 98. Any low vulgar wo- }T13.H. BUNTING, bán'ting... s. , The name of a bird. BUOY, bööé. s. 346. A piece of cork or wood floating, tied to a weight. To BUOY, běóē. . v. a. To keep afloat. Bºey, búðé'ām-sè. s. The quality of loating. Bºr, bööé'ānt. a. Which will not sink. BUR, būr. s. A rough head of a plant. BURBOT, bár'bāt. s. 166. A fish full of prickles. BURDELAIS, bār-dè-lā’. s. A sort of grape. BURDEN, bár'dm. s. 103. A load; something grievous ; a birth ; the verse repeated in a song. To BURDEN, bár'dn. v. a. To load, to incumber. BURDENER, bár'du-àr. s. 98. A loader, an oppressor. BURDENOUS, bār'dn-ás. ressive ; useless. a. Grievous, op- BURDENSOME, bár'dn-såm. a. Grievous, troublesome. BURDENSOMENESS, bár'dn-sām-nés. s. Weight, uneasiness. BURDOCK, bár'dók. s.-See Dock. BUREAU, bū-rô'. s. A chest of drawers. BURG, bārg. s.-See BURRow. BURGAGE, běr'gädje. s. 90. er to cities and towns. BURGAMOT, bār-gā-mêt'. s. 63 F. * bûNET, or BURGONET, bár'gó-nét. s. A kind of helmet. BURGESS, bārjés. s. A citizen, a free man of a city ; a representative of a town corporate. BURGH, bārg. s. 392. A corporate town or borough. - BURGHER, bºrg'àr. s. One who has a right to certain §º in this or that place. 2 A tenure pro- A species of BURGHERSHIP, bár'går-ship. s. The privi- lege of a burgher. Bºº. bár'glä-rè. . s. Robbing a house by might, or breaking in with intent to rob. BURGOMASTER, bár'gó-más-tár. s. One em- loyed in the gº of a city. Bëº, bér'ré-āl. s. 178. The act of bury- ing, sepulture, interment ; the act of placing any thing under earth ; the church service for funerals. BURIER, bér'rè-àr. s. He that buries. BURINE, bū'rín, s. A graving tool. BURLACE, būr'Iäse, s. A sort of grape. To BURL, bārl. v. a. To dress cloth as fullers do. BURLESQUE, bār-iésk', a. 415. Jocular, tend ing to raise laughter. BURLESQUE, bār-lèsk'. s. Ludicrous language, To BURLESQUE, bár-lèsk'. v. a. To turn to ridicule. BURLINESS, bár'lè-nés. s. Bulk, bluster. BURLY, bár'ſé. a. Big of stature. To BURN, bárn. v. a. To consume with fire ; to wound with fire. - To BURN, būrn. v. n. To be on fire; to be in flamed with passion ; to act as fire. BURN, bárri. s. A hurt caused by fire. ; BURNER, būr'nār. s. A person that burns any thing. BùT, bár'nït. s. 99. A plant. . BURNING, bár'ning. s. 410. State of inflamma tion. BURNING-GLASS, bár'ming-glás. . s. A glass which collects the rays of the sum into a narrow compass, and so increases their force. To BURNISH, bár'n?sh. v. a. To polish. To BURNISH, bár'mish. v. m. To grow bright or glossy. - BURN išščR, bár'n?sh-àr. s. The person that burnishes or polishes; the tool with which book- binders give a gloss to the leaves of books: it is commonly a dog's tocth set in a stick. BURNT, bºrnt. Part. pass. of Burn. BURR, būr. s. The lobe or lap of the ear. BURREL, būr'ril. s. 99. A sort of pear. - BURROW, bár'ró. s. A corporate town, that is, not a city, but such as sends burgesses to the parliament; a place fenced or fortified; the holes made in the ground by comies. To BURROW, j v. n. To mine as comies or rabbits. BURSAR, bár'sár. s. 38. The treasurer of a col- lege. BüßE, bárse. s. An exchange where mer chants meet. To BURST, bárst, v. m. To break, or fly open ; to fly asunder ; to break away, to spring; to come suddenly; to begin an action violently. To BURST, būrst. v. a. To break suddenly, to make a quick and violent disruption. BURST, būrst. s. A sudden disruption. BURST, bárst. Part, a BURSTEN, bár'stn. 47%. &R’º, al. Diseased with a hernia or rupture. 405. BURSTNESS, būrst'nés. s. A rupture. BURSTWORT; börst'wart. s. An herb good against ruptures; BURT, bárt. s. A flat fish of the turbot kind. BURTHEN, bár'THn. s. 468.-See BURDEN. To BURY, bér'rè. v. a. 178. To inter, to put into a grave; to inter with rites and ceremonies ; to conceal, to hide. - BUSH, būsh. s. 173. A thick shrub ; a bough of a tree fixed up at a door, to show that liquors are sold there. BUSHEL, būshīl. s. 173. A measure contain- # §". , a strike. Bg łº S, būsh'é-nés. s. The quality of be ing bushy. BUSHMENT, bāsh'mént. s. A thicket. BUSHY, būsh'é. a. Thick, full of small branch- es; full of bushes. BUSILESS, biz'zé-lès. a. 178. At leisure. BUSILY, biz'zé-lè. ad. With hurry, actively. BUSINESS, biz'nés. s. 178. Employment, mul- tiplicity of affairs; an affair; the subject of ac- tion; serious engagement; right of action; a matter of question; To do one's business, to kill, destroy, or ruin him. BUSK, bāsk. s. A piece of steel, or whalebone, worn by women to strengthen, their stays. BUSKIN, bás'kín. g. A kind of half boot, a shoe which comes to the mid-leg ; a liind of º shoe worn by the ancient actors of tra: gedy. - 3. BUT * BY 68 [[ 559.—Fâte, far, fall, fit ;-mê, mēt;—pine, pīn;— BUSKINEI), bás'kínd. a. 359. Dressed in bus- kins. BUSKY, bás'kè. a. Woody. * , BUSS, bás. s. A kiss, a salute with lips; a boat for fishing. To BUSS, bás. v. a. To kiss. A low word. BUST, bàst. s. A statue representing a man to his breast. BUSTARD, běs'tórd. s. 38. A wild turkey. To BUSTLE, bás'sl. v. n. 472. To be busy, to Stir. BUSTLE, bás'sl. s. A tumult, a hurry. BUSTLER, būs'lär. s.98. An active stirring man. BUSY, biz'zè, a. 178, Employed with earnest- ness; bustling, active; meddling. To BUSY, biz'zé. v. a. To employ, to engage. BUSYBODY, biz'zè-bód-dé. s. A vain, meddling, fantastical person. UT, bát, conjunct. Except; yet, nevertheless; the particle which introduces the minor of a syllogism, now ; only, nothing more than ; an ; not otherwise than ; by no other means than ; if it were not for this ; however, howbe- it ; otherwise than ; even, not longer ago than ; yet it may be objected ; but for, had not this been. BUT-END, bát'énd'. s. The blunt end of any thing. BùùER, bât'tshör. s. 175. One that kills animals to sell their flesh ; one that is delight- ed with blood. To BUTCHER, būt'tshār, v. a. der. BUTCHERLINESS, būt'tshār-lè-nēs. s. A butch- erly manner. BUTC"HERLY, būt'tshār-lè. a. Bloody, barba- I’QUIS. BUTCHERY, būt'tshör-rè. s. The trade of a butcher; , murder, cruelty; the place where blood is shed. BUTLER, běit'lúr. s. 98. A servant employed in furnishing the table. BUTMENT, bát'mént. s. That part of the arch which joins it to the upright pier. BUTT, bát. s. The place on which the mark to be shot is placed ; the point at which the ea deavour is directed; a man upon whom the company break their jests. BUTT, būt. s. A vessel, a barrel containing one hundred and twenty-six gallons of wine. To BUTT, bāt. v. a. To strike with the head. BüTTER, būt’tár. s.93. An unctuous substance, rmade by agitating the cream of milk till the oil separates from the whey. To BUTTER, bát’tár. v. a. To smear, or oil with butter; to increase the stakes every throw. BUTTERBUMP, báttúr-bámp. s. A fowl, the bittern. BUTTERBUR, bàt’tàr-bdr. s. A plant. BUTTERFLOWER, bát’tär-flöu'ár. s. A yel- Iow flower of May. BUTTERFLY, bát’tàr-fil. s. A beautiful in- Sect. BUTTER\S, būt’tär-ris. s. An instrument of steel nsed in paring the foot of a horse. BUTTERMILK, báttàr-milk. s. The whey that is separated from the cream when butter is made. BUTTERPRINT, bát’tär-print. s. A piece of carved wood, used to mark butter. BUTTERTOOTH, bát’tär-tóóth. s. broad foretooth. BUTTERWOMAN, bět’tär-wām-án. s. A wo- man that sells butter. BUTTERWORT, bět'tūr-wart. s. A plant, sani- cle. BUTTERY, bºttàr-ré. a. Having the appear- ance or qualities of butter. BUTTERY, battār-rè. s. The room where pro- visions are haid up. BUTTOCK, bºt’ták. s. 166. The rump, the part uear the tail f tº t To kill, to mur- The great BUTTON, bát’tn. s. 103, 170. Any knob or ball the bud of a plant. To BUTTON, bět’tn., v. a. 405. To dress, to clothe 3 to fasten with buttons. * BUTTONHOLE, bát’tn-hôle. s. The loop in which the button of the clothes is caught. BUTTRESS, báttrfs. s. 99. A prop, a wall built to support another ; a prop, a support. To BUTTRESS, bát tris, y, a... To prop. BUXOM, bàk'sām. a. 166. Obedient, obsequious; gay, lively, brisk; wanton, jolly. BöxäMLY, bºsãmºre ad. Wantonly, amo- rously. BUXOMNESS, būk'sām-més. s. Wantonness. a ſºlor"OUISnéSS. To BUY, bl. v. a. To purchase, to acquire by Pºš a price ; to manage by money. To BU Y, bi. v. n. To treat about a purchase. BUYER, bi'ār. s. He that buys, a purchaser. To BUZZ,báz. v. n. To hum ; to make it noise like bees ; to whisper ; to prate. BUZZARD, báz'zárd. s. 88. A degenerate or mean species of hawk ; a blockhead, a durice. BUZZER, báz'zār. s. 98. A secret whisperer. BY, } i. ; prep. It notes the agent; it motes the instrument: it notes the cause ; it notes the means by which any thing is perform: ed; at, or in, moting place; it notes the sum of the difference between two things compared, not later than, noting time ; beside, noting passage ; mear to, in presence, moting proximi- ty ; before Himself, it notes the absence of all others; it is the solemn form of swearing; at hand; it is used in forms of obtesting ; by proxy of, noting substitution. [[; The general sound of this word is like the verb to buy ; but we not unfrequently hear it pronounced like the verb to be. This latter sound, however, is only tolerable in colloquial pronunciation, and them only when used as a reposition; as when we say, Do you travel by and or by water P But in reading these lines of Pope : “By land, by water, they renew the charge; “They stop the chariot, and they board the barge. Here we ought to give the word by, the sound of the verb to buy; so that pronouncing this word like be, is, if the word will be pardoned me, a colloquialism. BY, bi ad. Near, at a small distance; beside, passing; in presence. BY AND BY,'bī'ānd-bi'. ad. In a short time. BY, bl. s. Something not the direct and imme. diate §§§ of regard, as by the by. BY-CONCERNMENT, bi'kön-sérn’mént. s. Not the main business. BY-END, bi'énd'. s. Va'ntage. By-GöNE, bigºn', a. Past. BY-LAW, bi’lāw'. s. By-laws are orders made for the good of those that make them, farther than the publick law binds. BY-NAME, bi'nāme'. s. A nickname. BY-PATH, bi'päth'. s. A private or obscure ath. Bºspect, bi'rè-spékt'. s. Private end or W1éW. BY-ROOM, bi'rööm'. . s. A private room within. BY-SPEECH, bl’spèëtsh'. s. An incidental or casual speech. BY-STANDER, bi'stān'dár. s. A looker on, one unconcerned. Ji BY-STREET, bi'strèët'. s. An obscure street. BY-VIEW, bivºſ. s. Private self-interested pur- OSé. : BºwāLK, biwāwk'. s. Private walk, not the main road. BY-WAY, bi'w''. s. Bºwes T, bě-wést'. Ui, Private interest, secret ad- A private and obscure way a. Westward, to the West CAğ. CAL 69 —mö, móve, nár, nét, t'be, túb, bill;-öd;—pôānd;—thin, This BY WORD, biºwárd'. s. a term of reproach. sers----~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C. CAB, káb. s. A Hebrew measure, containing about three pints English. CABAL, º s. The secret science of the Hebrew rabbins; a body of men united in some close design ; intrigue. [[; The political signification of this word owes its original to the five Cabinet Ministers in Charles the Second's reign; Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington; and Lauderdale ; this Junto were known by the name of the Cabal; a word which the initial letters of their names happened to compose. To §. ká-bál'. v. n. To form close in- trigues. ** * * * CAEALIST, kābā-list. s. One skilled in the tra- ditions of the Hebrews. CABALLISTICAL, kāb-āl-listè-kál. CABALLISTICK, kāb-āl-lis'tík. thing that has an occult meaning., CABALLER, kā-bāl'lär. s. He that engages in close designs, an intriguer. CABBAGE, káb'bidje. s. 90. A plant. To CABBAGE, kāb'bidje. v. a. To steal in cut- ting clothes. * CABBAGE-TREE, kāb'bīdje-tréé. s. A species of palm-tree. CABBAGE-WORM, káb'blóje-warm. s. An in- Sect. CABIN, káb'bīn. , s A small room; a small chamber in a ship; a cottage or small house. To CABIN, kāb'bīn. v. m. To live in a cabin. To CABIN, kāb'bīn. v. a. To confine in a cabin. CABINED, káb'bind. a. 362. Belonging to a cabin. CABINET, kāb'fn-èt. s. A set of boxes or draw- ers for curiosities ; any place in which things of value are hidden; a private room in which consultations are held. CABINET-COUNCIL, káb'ín-Ét-köän'síl. s. A council held in a private manner. CABINET-MAKER, kāb'ín-Ét-mâ'kår. s. One that makes small mice work in wood. CABLE, kā'bl. s. 405. . The great rope of a ship to which the anchor is fastened. CACHECTICAL, kā-kāk’tè-kál. : Havin CACHECTICK, kā-kék'tík. & 8. an ill habit of body. r CACHEXY, kāk'kék-sè. s. 517. Such a distem- perature of the humours as hinders nutrition, and weakens the vital and animal functions. [; Mr. Sheridan is the only orthóepist who ac- cents this word on the first syllable as I have done ; and yet every other lexicographer, who has the word, accents Anorexy, , and Ar- tarazy, on the first syllable, except Mr. Sheri- dan, who accents Anorexy, and Bailey Atary on the penultimate.—Whence this variety and in- consisteney should arise, it is not easy to de- termine. Orthodoxy and Apºptºv had sufficient- ly chalked out the analogy of accentuation in these words. The termaitiations in axy and exy do not form a species of words j, may be called enclitical, like logy and graphy, 517, but seem to be exactly under the predicament of those Latin and Greek words, which, when adopted into English by dropping their last syllable, remove the accent at least two sylla- bles higher.—See ACADEMY. CACHINNATION, kāk-kin-nā’shūn. s. A loud laughter, 353. CACKEREL, kākār-fl. s. 555, 99. A fish. To CACKLE, kāk'kl. v. n. 405. To make - noise as a googe ; sometimes it is used for the noise of a hen; to laugh, to giggle. º, käkki. s." The voice ºf a goose or 4}\\ A saying, a proverb: ; a. Some- !CACKLER, kāk'lär. s. 98. A fowl that cackles CACQCHYMiCAL, kāk-kö-kłm'ê-kál. CACOCHYMICK, kāk-kö-kīm'ik. 353, 509. CACOCHYMY, käkkö-kīm-mè. s. A deprava. tion of the humours from a sound state, chiſm'y, Sheridan and Buchanan Cacoch'ymy, and Dr. Ash Cric'ochymy; and this last accentuation word Cachery—which see. CACODAEMON, kāk-6-dé'môn. s. An evil spirit; CACOPHONY, of words. To CACUMINATE, kā-kā'mè-māte. v. a. To CADAVEROUS, kā-dāv'è-rås. a. Having the ap- earance of a dead carcass. a kind of worm or grub. CADE, käde. a. Tame, soft, as a cade Iamb CADENCE, kā’děnse. & Čšiji Nöy. kā-dém-sè. { s. Fall, state of sink- verses, or periods; the tone or sound. CADENT, ka dént. a. Falling down. the youngest brother; a volunteer in the army, who serves in expectation of a commission. [[G. This word is only used by the vulgar in Lon. don, where it is not applied to any particular same sense as curmudgeon, and is corruptly pronounced as if written Codger. CADILL ACK, kā-dii’lāk. s. A sort of pear. CADUCEUS, kā-dà'shē-ăs. s. The rod or wand CADUCITY, kā-dà'sé-té. s. Tendency to fall. JMason. etry, by which a short syllable after a complete foot is made long; a pause in verse. CAG, kāg. s. A barrel or wooden vessel, con- taining four or five gallons. in which birds are kept; a place for wild beasts prison for petty malefactors. CAIMAN, kā’mān. s. 88. The American name of a crocodile. CAJOLER, kā-jö'lär. s. A flatterer, a wheedler. CAJOLERY, kā-jö'lār-ré. s. 555. Flattery. ble knave. CAKE, kāke. s. A kind of delicate bread; any To CAKE, kāke. v. n. To harden as dough in the oven. g gourd. CALABASH TREE, kālā-bāsh-tréé. s. A tree of which the shells are used by the negroes for CALAMANCO, kāl-ā-mâng'kö. s. A kind of woollen stuff. which, being mixed with coppel by melting them together, forms brass. CALAMITOUS, kā-ām'è-tàs. a. Miserable, in- volved in distress, unhappy, wretched. ry, distress. CALAMITY, kā-lām'è-té. s. Misfortune, cause a telltale, a tattier. } a. Haying the humours corrupted. [[f Johnson and Bailey accent this word Caco- I have adopted for reasons given under the the Devil. Ash. kā-köfð-né. s. 518. A bad sound make sharp or pyramidal. CADDIS, kād'dis. s. A kind of tape or riband ; CADE, käde. s. A barrel. ing, decline; the fall of the voice; the flow of CADET, kā-dét'. s. The younger brother ; -- CADGER, kédjär. s. A huckster. profession or employment, but nearly in the CADI, kā'dé. s. A magistrate among the Turks. with which Mercury is depicted. Ash. O CAESURA, sé-zú'rá. s. 479,480. A figure in po- CAFTAN, käſtän. s. A Persian vest or garment. CAGE, kāje, s. An enclosure of twigs or wire. tº. kāje. v. n. To enclose in a cage. To CAJOLE, kā-jöle'. v. a. To flatter, to sooth. CAITIFF, kłºń s. A mean villain, a despica- º a form rather flat than high. CALABASH, kál'ā-bāsh. s. A species of a large cups, as also for instruments of musick. CALAMINE, kál'â-mine. s. 149. An oré of zinc, CALAMiNT, kál'ā-mint. s. The name of a plant. CALAMITOUSNESS, kā-lām'ê-tás-nēs. s. Mise- | of misery. * : : CAL CAL 70 CALAMUS, kālā-mâs. s. A sort of reed or sweet scented wood, mentioned in Scripture. CALASH, kā-lāsh'. s. A small carriage of pleas- Ulre. CALCAREOUS, kāl-kā'rè-às. a. Partaking of the nature of lime. *, CALCEATED, kál'shë-à-têd. a. 450. Shod, fit- ted with shoes. & CALCEDONIUS, kāl-sè-dò'né-às. s. A kind of precious stone. CALCINATION, kāi-sé-nā’shān, s. Such a management of bodies by fire as renders them reducible to º". chymical pulverization. CALCINATORY, kāl-sin'-tūr-e. s. A vessel used in calciuation. Mr. Sheridan accents this word on the first ºl. and Dr. Johnson and Mr. Perry on the second. I prefer the same accent as on the verb To calcine. 512. To CALCINE, kāl-sine'. v. a. To burn in the fire to a calx or substance easily reduced to powder ; to burn up. To ČAf.cíniº, kāl-side'. v. n. To become a calx by heat. * To CALCULATE, kál'kū-lāte. v. a. To com- pute, to reckon ; to adjust, to project for any certain end. CALCULATION, kāl-kū-lá'shôn s. A practice or manner of reckoning, the art of numbering; the result of arithmetical operation. CALCULATOR, kál'kā-lä-tár. s. 521. A com- puter. CALCULATORY, kál'kè-lä-tàr-8. a. Belonging to calculation. 512. CALCULE, kál'kūle. S. Reckoning, compute. CALCULOSE, kál-kā-löse'. CALCULOUS, kāl'kū-lâs. §§ #9; CALCULUS, kál'kè-lås, s. The stone in the bladder. cºn , kāwl'drön. s. 166. A pot, a boiler, a kettle. CALEFACTION, kāl-e-fäk'shān. s. The act of §§ # the state of being heated. CALEFACTIVE, kāl-&-fäk'tív. a. That which 8. makes *ś thing hot, heating. cºac ORY, kāl-ć-fák'tár-à. a. That which eats To CALEFY, kāl'è-fl. v. n. 183. To grow hot, to be heated. CALENDAR, kálēn-dàr. s. 88. A register of the year, in which the months, and stated times, are marked, as festivals on holidays. To CALENDER, kál'én-dàr. v. a. To dress cloth. CALENDER, kāl'én-dòr. s. 98. A hot press, a ress in which clothiers smooth their cloth. CALENDERER, kál'én-dér-àr. s. The person who calenders. CALENDS, kāl'éndz. s. The first day of the month among the Romans. CALENTURE, kál'én-tshöre. s. 461. A dis- temper in hot climates, wherein they imagine the sea to be green fields. CALF, kāf. s. 401, 78. The young of a cow ; the thick, plump, bulbous part of the leg. CALIBER, kál é-bär. s. of the barrel of a gum. [; Mr. Sheridan accents this word on the se- cond syllable, and gives the the sound of double e like the French ; but Johnson, Ken- rick, Ash, Buchanan, Perry, and Entick, con- sider the word as £". anglicised, and place the accent on the first syllable as I have done. CALICE, kál's. s. A cup, a chalice. CALICO, kál'è-kö. s. An Indian stuff made of Cotton. CALID, kāl'íd. a. Hot, burning CALIDITY, kā-lid'dè-té. s. 511. Heat. CALIF º - ČAïith, kami : s. A title assum- The bore, the diameterſ ed by the successors of Mahomet among the Saracems. CALIGATION, kāl-lè-gå'shūm. s. Darkness. Obscure, dim cloudiness. CALIGNOUS, kā-ſidje'é-nās.a. CALIGINOUSNESS, kā-ltdje'é-nās-nēs. s. park. neSS. CALIVER, kál'é-vār, s. A handgun, a harque- buss, an old musket. To CALK, kāwk. v. a. To stop the leaks of a ship. cººkeR, kåw'kår. s. The workman that stops the leaks of a ship. To CALL, kāwl. v. a. 77 To name; to summon or invite; to convoke ; to summon judicially; in the theological sense, to inspire with ardours of piety; to invoke, to appeal to ; to proclaim, to publish ; to make a short visit; to excite, to put in action ; to bring into view ; to stigma- tize with some opprobrious denomination ; To call back, to revoke ; To call in, to resume money at interest ; To call over, to read aloud a list or master roll ; To call out, to challenge. CALL, kāwl. s. A vocal address; requisition divine vocation ; summons to true religion; an impulse ; authority, command; a demand, a claim , an instrument to call birds; calling, vo- cºyº. ; a nomination. ALL AT, 'l A* 2. CALLET, kál'iét s. A trull. CALLING, kāwl'ling. s. Vocation, proſession, trade ; proper station, or employment; class or persons united by the same employment or profession; divine vocation, invitation to the true religion. CALLIPERS, kál'lé-pârz. 98. with howed shanks. CALLOSITY, kāl-lós'sè-té. s. A kind of gwell- ing without pain. CALLOUS, kál'lás. a. , Hardened, insensible. CALLOUSNESS, kál'lás-nēs. s. Induration of the fibres ; insensibility. CALLOW, kál'ló. a. Unfledged, maked, want- ing feathers. CALLUS, kāl'lús. s. An induration of the fi- bres; the hard substance by which broken bones are united. CALM, kām. a. 80. Quiet, serene ; undisturb ed, unruffled. CALM, kām. s. pose. To CALM, kām. v. a. To still, to quiet; to pa- cify, to appease. CAUMER, kám'âr. s. 403. The person or thing which has the pº of giving quiet. CALMLY, kám'íð. ad. Without storms, or vio- lence; without passions, quietly. CALMN ESS, kam'nés. S. Tranquillity, sereni- ty; mildness, freedºm from passion. CALOMEL, kál'è-mél. s. A medicine prepared from mercury CALORIFICK, kāl-ó-rff'ík. a. That which has the quality of producing heat CALOTTE, kā-ſt'. s. A cap or coif. CALTROPS, kál'tröps. E. instrument made with three spikes, so that which way soever it falls to the ground, one of them points upright , a plant mentioned in Virgil's Georgick, under the name of Tribulus. To CALVE, käv. v. n. 78. To bring forth a calſ, spoken of a cow. To CALUMNIATE, kā-lôm'nè-āte. v. a. To slandei 3 CALUMN; ATION, kā-lām-nē-ă'shôn. s. A ma- licious and false representation of words or ac- t]{}t).S. O CALUMNIA'10R, kā-iöm'ne-à-tūr. s. 521. A forge of act usation, a slanderer, S Compasses Serenity, stillness; quiet, re- ušíčMišiotis, kā-jām'ué-às, a Slanderous, falsely reproachful. , kāl'èm-nē. s. Slander, false CALUMN charge. CAN CAN 71 —nó, móve, nãr, nét ;—täbe, tº b, CALx, kālks. s. Anything rendered reducible to powder by burning. CALYCLE, kál'é-ki. s. 405. A small bud of a lant. cºieu, kā-mâ'yöö. s. A stone with various figures and representations of landscapes, formed by nature. CAMBER, kām'bár. s. A piece of timber cut archwise. CAMBRICK, kāme'brik. s. 542. A kind of fine limen.—See CHAMBER. CAME, káme. The preterit of To come. CAMEL, kām'él. s.99. A beast of burden. . CAMELEOPARD, kā-mél'lö-pård. s. An ani- mal taller than an elephant, but not so thick. CAMELOT, # ––f CAMLET, kam !?t. S. 99, A kind of stuff originally made by a mixture of silk and camel's hair: it is now made with wool and silk. CAMERA. OBSCURA, kām'ê-rā-āb-skú'rá. s. An optical machine used in a darkened, chamber, so that the light coming only through a double ConvexFasº. objects opposite are represented inverted. CAMERADE.-See CoMRADE. CAMERATED, kām'êr-à-téd. a. Arched. CAMERATION, kām-èr-à'shán. s. A vaulting or arching. CAMISADO, kām-è-så'dö. s. 77. An attack made in the dark, on which occasion they put their shirts outward. * CAMISATED, kám'é-sà-téd. a. Dressed with the shirt outward. CAMLET, kám’lft. s. See CAMELot. CAMMOCK, kám’mäk. s. 166. An herb, petty whin, or restharrow. CAMP, kämp. s. The order of tents placed by armies when they keep the field. To CAMP, kámp. v. n. To lodge in tents. CAMPAIGN, kām-pâne'. s. 385. A large, open, level tract of ground; the time for which any army keeps the field. CAMPANIFORM, kām-pán'nè-förm. a. A term used of flowers which are in the shape of a bell. CAMPANULATE, kām-pān'ā-lāte. a. Cam- aniform chºirAL, kām-pés'trál. a. Growing in fields. CAMPHIRE, or CAMPHOR, kám'ſſr. . s. 140. A kind of resin produced by a chymical process from the camphire tree. CAMPHIRE-TREE, kám'fir-tréé. s. The tree from which camphire is extracted. CAMPHORATE, kām'fö-räte. s. 91. Impregna- ted with camphire. CAMPION, kám'pë-àn s. 166. A plant CAN, kām. s. A cup. To CAN, kän. v. m. To be able, to have power: it expresses the potential mood, as I can do it. CANAILLE, kā-nāle'. s. The lowest people. CANAKIN, kān'ā-kin. s. A small can to drink out of. JMason. CANAL, kā-nāl'. s. A basin of water in a gar- den; any course of water made by art; a pas- sage through which any of the juices of the body flow. CANAL-COAL. This word is corrupted into kén'nfl-köle. s. A fine kind of coal. CANALICULATED, kān-á-lik'é-lä-téd. a. Made like a pipe or gutter. cºś. kā-mâ'rè. s. Wine brought from the Canaries; sack. CANARY BIRD, kā-nā'ré-bard. s. An excellent singing bird. To CANCEL, kān'sil. v. a. 99. To cross a wri- ting ; to efface, to obliterate in general. cºś red. CANCELLATION, kān-sél-lä'shān s. An ex- , kān'sèl-lā-téd. a. Cross-bar- unging or wiping out of an instrument. cłºś, kamºrºs. 33. A crab-fish ; the sign böll;—6íl;—pôānd;—thin, Thus. of the summer solstice; a virulent swelling, or SOre. To CANCERATE, kān'sár-räte. v. n. 91. To be. COIſle a Cancer. CANCERATION, kān-sir-ra'shôn. s. A growing Call Cerous. CANCEROUS, kānsār-rås. a. Having the viru- lence of a cancer. CANCEROUSNESS, kängār-rås-nēs. s. The state of being cancerous. CANCRINE, $ºla. a. 140. Having the quali- ties of a crab. 403 CANDENT, kān'děnt. a. Hot. CANDICANT, lán'dé-känt. a. Growing white. CANDID, kān'did. a. White; fair; open, inge- RURORIS. CANDIDATE, kändé-dāte. s. A competitor, one that solicits advancement. CANDIDLY, kändid-lè. ad. Fº CANDIDNESS, kān'did-nēs. 3. In openness of temper. To CANDIFY, kān'dè-fi. v. a. To make white. CANDLE, kān'dl, s. 405. A light inade of wax or tallow, surrounding a wick of flax or cotton CANDLEBERRY. , kān'dl-bér-rè-trèë. s. Sweet-willow. CANDLEHOLDER, kán'dl-hôld-àr. s. He that holds the candle. cANEELIGHT kån'dl-lite. s. The light of a Candle. CANDLEMAS, kān'dl-mâs. s. 88. The feast of the purification of the Blessed Virgin, which was formerly celebrated with many lights in churches. CANDLESTICK, kān'dl-stík. s. The instrument that holds candles. CANDLESTUFF, kān'dl-stöf. s. Grease, tallow. CANDLEWASTER, kān'dl-väs-tàr. s. A spend- thrift CANDOCK, kān'děk. s. A weed that grows in I’IVerS. CANDOUR, kān'dār. s. 314. Sweetness of tem- per, purity of mind, ingenuousness. To CAN #. kån'dè. v. a. To conserve with su- gar; to form into congelations. To CANDY, kān'dé. v. n. To grow congealed. ANE, käne. s. A kind of strong reed; the plant which yields the sugar; a lance ; a reed. To CANE, käne. v. a. To beat with a cane or stick. CANICULAR, kā-nikº-lär. a. Belonging to the §§§ CANINE, kā-nine'. a. Having the properties of a dog. cRNišter, kán'ſs-tär. s.98. A small basket, a small vessel in which any thing is laid up. CANKER, kängkår. s. 409. A worm that preys upon, and destroys fruits; a fly that preys upon fruits ; any thing that corrupts or consumes ; an eating or corroding humour; corrosion, virulence; a disease in trees. To CANKER, lºng'kår. v. n. To To CANKER, käng'kºr. v. a. corrode; to infect, to pollute. ANKERBIT, käng'kār-bit. part. ad. Bitten with an envenomed tooth. CANNABINE, kān'nā-bine. a. 149. Hempen. CANNIBAL, kān'né-bál. s. A man-eater. CANNTBALISM, kān'né-bál-lzm. s. The man- ners of a cannibal. Mason. CANNIBALLY, kān'nè-bál-lè, ad. In the manner of a cannibal. CANNIPERS, kān'nè-pârz. s. , Callipers. CANNON, kān'nān. s. 166. A gun larger than can be managed by the hand. CANNON-BALL, kān-mân-bāwī'. : § CANNON-SHOT, kān-nān-shöt'. & The balls which are shot from great guns. To CANNONADE, kān-nān-nāde'. v. n. To play the great ; to attack or batter with cannon CANNONIER, kān-nān-nēēr'. s. The engineer that manages the cannon. 275. ingenuously. genuousness, #." corrupt. o corrupt, to *. * 3. # . CAN * 72 CAP [[f 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit;-mê, mét;—phne, pin;– CANNOT, kān'nāt. v. n. of Can and Not. To be unable. §§§ } kān-nóó'. s. A boat made by cut- ting the trunk of a tree into a hollow vessel. C N, kān'ān. s. 166. A rule, a law; law made by ecclesiastical councils; the books of Holy Scripture, or the great rule; a dignitary in cathedral churches; a large sort of printing letter. CANONESS, kān'ān-mès. s. In Catholick coun- tries, women living after the example of secular CàINOIn 8, CANONICAL, kā-nón'ê-kál. a. According to the canon; constituting the canon; regular, stated, $xed by ecclesiastical laws; spiritual, ecclesi- astical. CANONICALLY, kā-nón'è-kāl-lè. ad. In a man- ner agreeable to the canon. CANONICALNFSS, kā-nón'ê-kāl-nēs. s. The Quality of being canonical. CANONIST, kān'nān-mist. s. 166. A professor of the canon law. CANONIZATION, kān-nó-nē-zá'shūn. s. The act of declaring a saint. To CANONIZE, kān'nö-mize. v. a. To declare anv one a saint. CANONRY, kān'ān-rè. } S CANONSHIP, kān'ān-ship. & An ecclesiastical benefice in some cathedral or collegiate church. CANOPIED, kān'ā-pid. a. 282. Covered with a canopy. ciº, kån'ö-pè. s. A covering spread over the head. To CANOPY, kān'ā-pè. v. a. To cover with a canopy. CANOROUS, kā-nó'rås. a. 512. Musical, tuneful. CANT, känt. s. A corrupt dialect used by beg- ſº and vagabonds; a form of speaking pecu- iar to some certain class or body of men ; a whining pretension to goodness; barbarous jargon; auction. [# It is scarcely to be credited, that the writer in the Spectator signed T. should adopt a deri- vation of this word from one Andrew Cant, a Scotch Presbyterian Minister, when the Latin cantus, so expressive of the singing or whining tone of certain preachers, is so obvious an ety- mology. The Cant of particular professions is an easy derivation from the same origin, as it means the set phrases, the routine of profes- sional language, resembling the chime of a song. Quaint, from which some derive this word, is a much less probable etymology. To CANT, känt. v. n. To talk in the jargon of articular professions; to speak with a partica- artOne. To CANT, känt. v. a. To toss or fling away. CANTATA, kān-täſtä. s. Italian. A song. 77. &ANîAtićN, kāniāshān, s. The act of sing- ing. cºreR, kån'tàr. s. 98. A hypocrite; a short allop. cký #ARIDEs, kān-thár'é-déz. s. Spanish flies, used to raise blisters. CANTHUS, kān'thºs. s. The corner of the eye. CANTICLE, käntë-kl. s.405. A song; the Song of Solomon. CANTLE, kān't!. s. 405. A piece with corners. CANTLET, känt'l?t. s.99. piece, a fºagment. CANTO, kān'tö. s. A book or section of a poem. CANTON, kān'tán. s. 166. A small parcel or division of land; a small community, or clan. To CANTON, kān'tán. v. a. To divide into little arts. t Të CANTONIZE, kān'tūn-lze v. a. To parcel out into small divisions. CANVASS, kān'vás. s. A kind of cloth woven for several uses; solicitation upon an election. To CANVASS, Rán'vás. v. a. To siſt, to ex- alpine; to debate, to controvert. To CANVASS, kān'våg. v. n. To solicit. CANY, kā'ně. a. Full of canes, consisting of C8 in eS, CANZQNET, kān-zó-nét'. s. A little song. CAP, kāp. s. The ent that covers the head; the ensign of the cardinalate; the topmost, the * ; a reverence made by uncovering the e8. Cl. To CAP, kāp. v. a. To cover on the top; to snatch off the cap; To cap verses, to name lºately verses beginning with a particular etter. CAP-A-PIE, kāp-à-pê'. a. From head to foot. CAP-PAPER, kāp på-pâr. s. A sort of coarse brownish paper. CAPABILITY, kā-pā-błl é-té. s. Capacity. CAPABLE, kā'pá-bl. a. See IncAPABLE. En. dued with powers equal to any particular thing, intelligent, able to understand; capacious; able to receive ; susceptible; qualified for; hollow. CAPABLENESS, kā'pá-bl-nés. s. The quality or state of being capable. CAPACIOUS, kā-pâ'shës. a. Wide, large, able to hold much; extensive, equal to great design CAPACIOUSNESS, kā-pâ'shūs-nēs. s. The pow- e; of hºlding; largeness. To CAPACITATE, kā-pâs'è-täte. v. a. To enable; to qualify. CAPACITY, kā-pás'é-té. s. 511. The power of containing; the force or power of the mind power, ability; room, space ; state, condition character. CAPARISON, kā-pár'ê-sån. s. 170. A sort of cover for a horse. 443. To CAPARISON, kā-pār'é-sån. v. a. To dress in caparisons, to dress pompously. CAPE, kāpe. . s. Headland, promontory; the neck-piece of a cloak or coat. CAPER, kā'për. s. 98. A leap, or jump. CAPER, kā'për. s. An acid pickle. CAPER-BUSH, kā'për-bāsh. s. This plant grows in the South of France, the buds are pickled for eating. To CAPER, kā'për. v. n. To dance frolicksomely; to skip for merriment. CAPERER, kā'për-rár. s. 555. A dancer. CA PIAS, kā'pē-ăs. s. 88. A writ of execution. CAPILLACEOUS, kāp-pil-lä'shēs. a. The same with capiliary. cºplane, kāp-pil-läre'. s. Syrup of maiden- ! stil’. CAPILLAMENT, kā-pil’lā-mént. s. Small threads or hairs which grow up in the middle of a #0 W ºr. CAPILLARY, kāppil-lā-ré. a. Resembling hairs, small, minute. See PAPILLARY." CAPILLATION, kāp-pil-lä'shôn. s. A small ramification of vessels. CAPITAL, kāp'è-tál. a. 88, Relating to the head; criminal in the highest degree; that which affects life; chief, principal ; applied to letters, large, such as are written at the beginning or heads of books; Capital Stock, the principal or original stock of a trading company. CAPITAL, kāp'è-tál. s. The upper part of a pil- lar; the chief city of a nation. CAPITALLY, lº. ad. In a capital man € mer, so as to ct life, as capitally convicted. CAPITATION, kāp-&-tà'shön, s. Numeration by heads, CAPITULAR, kā-pitsh'ê-lär. s. 88. The body of the statutes of a chapter; a member of a chap- ter. 463. To CAPITULATE, kā-pitsh'-lāte, 91 v. n. To draw up any thing in heads or articles; to yield or surrender on certain stipulations. CAPITULATION, kā-pitsh-S-lä'shôn. s. Stipu- łation, terms, conditions. CAPIVI TREE, kā-pè'vé-trèë. s. A balsam tree, |CAPON, käſpn.g. 405, 170. A castrated cock. CAR CAR c. 73 —no, mēve, när, nét;—túbe, tib, būll;—öſl;—pôānd;—thin, THis ČAPONNIERE, kāp-pôn-nēēr'. s. A covered lodgment, encompassed with a little parapet. ... CAPöT, kā-pôt s is when one party wins all the tricks of cards at the game of Piquet. cAlice, kā-preëse', or kāp'rèèse. Freak, fancy, WI, Hºl. [[j'. The first manner of pronouncing this word is the most established; but the second does not want, its patrons. Thus Dr. Young, in his Love of Fame: - “'Tis true great fortunes some greatmen confer; * But often, ev’n in doing right, they err: “From caprice, not from choice, their favours come ; * They give, but think it toil to know to whom.” CAPRICIOUS, kā-prish'ês. a. Whimsical, fanci- ful. - CAPRICIOUSLY, kā-prlsh's-lè. ad. Whimsi. cally. CAPRICIOUSNESS, kā-prish’és-nēs. s. Humour, ... whimsicalness. CAPRICORN, kāp'pré-körn. s. One of the signs of the zodiack, the winter solstice. 4. ‘CAPHIOLE, kāp-rè-Öle'. s. Caprioles are leaps, such as horses make in one and the same place, without advancing forward. - CAPSTAN, kāp'stän. s. A cylinder with levers to wind up any great weight. CAPSULAR, kāp'shū-lär, 452. Q CAPSULARY, kāp'shū-lār-8. 5 a. like a chest. . i CAPSULATE, kāp'shū-lāte. , , CAPSULATED, kāp'shū-lä-téd. or in a box. W CAPTAIN, kāp'tin. s. 208. A chief commander; the commander of a company in a regiment; the chief commander of a ship; Captain Gen. eral, the general or commander in chief of an army. *. CAPTAINRY, kāp'tín-rè. s. The power over a certain district; the chieftainship. CAPTAINSHIP, kāp'tín-ship. s. The rank or post of a captain; the condition or post of a chief commander. CAPTATION, kāp-tä'shān, s. catching favour. CAPTION, kāp'shôn. s. The act of taking any person, CAPTIOUS, kāp'shôs, a. 314. Given to cavils, ... eager to object; insidious, ensnaring. CAPTIOUSLY, kāp'shôs-lè. ad. With an in- clination to object. w - CAPTIOUSNESS, kāp'shās-nēs. s. Inclination to object; peevishness. & To CAPTIVATE, kāp'té-väte v. a. To take pri- Somer, to bring into bondage; to charm, to SLID (IUlé. . CAPTIVATION, kāp-té-vá'shön. s. The act of taking one captive. CAPTIVE, kāp'tív. s. 140. One taken in war; _ one charmed by beauty. CAPTIVE, kāp'tiv. a. Made prisoner in war. CAPTIVITY, kāp-tív'é-té. s. Subjection by the _fate of war, bondage; slavery, servitude. CAPTOR, kāp’tör. s. 166. He that takes a prison- er, or a prize. * CAPT , kāp'tshöre. s. 461. tice of taking any thing; a prize. CAPUCHIN, kāp-ö-shēēn’. s. 112. A female gar- ment, consisting of a cloak and hood, made in imitation of the dress of capuchin monks. CAR, kär. s. 78. A small carriage of burden; chariot of war. * CARABINE, or CARBINE, kār-bime'. s. A small sort of fire-arms. • ? - tº Dr. Ash, Bailey, W. Johnston, , Entick, and Buchanan, accent Carabine on the last syllable, and Dr. Johnson and Mr. Perry on the first : while Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash, Buchanan, Dr. Johnson, and Bailey, accent Carbine on the first: but Mr. Scott, Entick, Perry, and Kenrick, Hollow ; a. Enclosed, The practice of The act or prac- raore properly º:the last. The reason is, that! if we accent Carbine on the first syllable, the last ought, according to analogy, to have the i short: but as the i is always long, the accent ought to be on the last syllable. 140. 1. CARBINIER, kār-bé-nēēr'. s. A sort of light horseman. CARACK, kär'äk. s. C fºllº. ARAT, * - CARACT, A weight of four grains; a manner of expressing the fineness of gold. - CARAVAN, kär'å vän. s. 524. A troop or body of merchants or pilgrims. º CARAVANSARY, kār-à-ván'sá-ré, s. A house built for the reception of travellers. CAR AWAY, kān'ā-wä. s. A plant, : CARBON ADO, kār-bó-mâ'dö. s. 92, Meat cut across to be broiled. 77. - - - To CARBONAD0, kār-bó-mâ'dó. v. a. To cit Ör hack-See LUMBAGo. 4. CARBUNCLE, kär’bànk-ki. s. 405. A jewel shining in the dark ; red spot or pimple. CARBUNCLED, kär"bănk-kid. a. Set with sºundes ; spotted, deformed with pimples. 362. - CARBUNCULAR, kār-bting'kā-kār. a. Red like a carbuncle' - CARBUNCULATION, kār-bting-kū-lä'shân. 3. The blasting of young buds by heat or cold. CARCANET, kär"kä-nét. s. A chain or cellar of jewels. . \,, ‘. . . CARCASS, kär'kás. s. 92. A dead body of an animal; the decayed parts of anything ; the main parts, without completion or orna- ment ; in gunnery, a kind of bomb. CARCELAGE, kär'sè-ſidje. s. 90. Prison fees. CARD, kärd. s. 92, . A paper painted with figures, used in games ; the paper on which the several points of the compass are marked un- der the mariner's needle; the instrument with which wool is combed. To CARD, kärd. v. a. To comb wool. . . . CARDAMOMOM, This word is commonly pro- nounced kär"dā-măm. s. A medicinal seed CARDER, kär'dár. s. 98. One that cards wool, one that plays much at cards CARDIACAL, kār-di'ā-kāl. A large ship of burden, : kär'ât. { S. CARDIACK, Kär"dē-ăk. a. Cordial, having the quality of invigorating. - CARDINAL, kärdè-nāl. a. 83. Principal, chief. - * CARDINAL, kär"dē-mál. s. One of the chief governors of the church. - - CARDINILATE, kär"dē-nā-lāte. * S CARDINALSHIP, kär"dē-nāi-ship. ; The office and rank of a cardinal. CARDMATCH, kärd'mätsh. s. A match made by dipping a piece of a card in melted sulphur a party at cards. t CARE, käre, s. Solicitude, anxiety, concern , caution; regard, charge, head in order to pre- servation ; the object of care, or of love. To CARE, käre. v. n. To be anxious or solici- tous, to be inclined ; to be disposed ; to be af. fected with. y - * CARECRAZED, käre'krāzd. a. 359. Broken with care and solicitude. - To CAREEN, kā-rèën'. up leaks, - CAREER, kā-rèèr'. s. The ground on which a race is run ; a course, a race, full speed, swift motion ; course of action. tº & To CAREER, kā-rèèr'. v. n. To run with swift. In Ott On. * CAREFUL, käre'föl. . a. Anxious, solicitous, full of concern; provident, diligent, cautions, watchful. & CAREFULLY, käre'föl-lè... ad. In that shows care; heedfully, watchfully. - CAREFULNESS, käre'fāl-nēs. s. Vigilance, "caution, s - v. a. To caulk, to stop CAR '74 CAR CARIOUS, kā'rè-às. CARIES, kā'rè-īz. s. ‘To CARK, kärk. v. n. CARMAN , kär'mán, s CARNEOUS, [].3° 559.-Fåte, fir, fill, fit CARELESLY, käre'lés-lè. ad. Negligently, ... heedlessly - CARELESNESS, käre'lés-nēs. s. Heedlesness, imattention. - CARELESS, käre'lés. a. Without care, with- out solicitude, unconcerned, négligent, heed- less, unmindful, cheerful, undisturbed ; unmov- ed by, unconcerned at. To CARESS, kā-rés. v. a. To endear, to fondle. CARESS, kā-rés'. s. An act of endearment. CARET, kā'rêt. s. A note which shows where something interlined should be read, as A. QARGQ, kärgå., S., The lading of a ship. CARIATIDEŠ, kā-rè-ât'é-déz. s. The Caria- tides in architecture are an order of pillars re- scimbling women. - CARICATURE, kārikā-tshºre'. 461. .. [* This word, though not in Johnson, I have not scrupled to insert, from its frequent and legitimate use. Baretti tells us, that the lit- eral sense of this word is certa quantita di munizi- one che si xuette mell' archibuso o altro, which in English, signifies the charge of a gun: but its metaphorical signification, and the only one in which the English use it, is, as he tells us, dichesi anche di ritratto ridicolo in cºli sensi grandemente accresciute i diffetti, when applied to paintings, chiefly portraits, that heighteni.ag of some fea- tures and lowering others, which we call in English overcharging, and which will make a very ugly picture, not unlike a handsome per- son: whence any exaggerated character, which is redundant in some of its parts, and defective in others, is called a Caricature. 99. Rotienness. JARIOSITY, kā-rè-ös'è-të. s. Rottenness. a. 314. Rotten. Care, anxiety. To be careful, to be CARK, Kärk, s. anxious. CARLE, kärl. s. A rude, brutal man ; churl. t;ARLINE THISTLE, kār-line-this's]. s. plant. CARLINGS, kärlingz. s. In a ship, timbers lying fore and aft. r 83. A man whose em- ployment it is to drive cars. CARMELITE, kär"mè-lite, s. 156. A sort of pear ; one of the order of White Friars. CARMINATIVE, kär, min’ā-tív. s. Carmina- tives are such things as dispel win, and pro- mote insensible perspiration. CARMINATIVE, kárºmin'ā-tív. a. to carminatives. 157. - CARMINE, kār-mine'. s. A powder of a bright red or crimson colour. Belonging II: Dr. Johnson, Sheridan, Ash, and Smith, accent this word on the first syllable ; but Mr. Nares, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, Perry, Buchau- an, and Entick, more properly on the last:—for the reason, see CARBINE. CARNAGE, kär'nidje. s. ock ; heaps of flesh. CARNAL, kär'nāl. a. 38. Fleshly, not spiritu- al; lustful, lecherous.” - - CARNALITY, kār-nāl'è-të. s. grossness of mind. CARNALLY, kär'nāl-lè. flesh, not spiritually. CARNALNESS, kär'nāl-nēs. s. 90. Slaughter, hav- Fleshly lust; ad. According to the - Carrºality. CARNATION, kär ałł'shēn. s. The name of the natural flesh colour. CARNELION, kār-nēleyān, s. 113. A pre- cious stone, more commonly written and pro- younced Cornelian. kár'nè-ás. a. Fleshy. To CARNIFY, kár'nè-fl. v. n. To breed flesh. CARNIVAL, Rär'hé-vää. s. Roman Catholick countries before Lent. - tº ARNIVORÚUS, kār-hiv'vè-rås. a. Flesh cat- ing. 518. cºnóšíTY, lººr-nós'sł, té. s I'leshy ex: re- scence. *. ''tle feast beld in ;—mē, mét;—pine, pin,_ CARNOUS, kär"măs. a. , 314. Fleshy CAROB, kā'rób. s. A plant. CAROL, kār'rál. s. 166. A song of joy and exultation ; a song of devotion. - To CARQL, kärrãº. v. n. To sing, to warble. To CAROL, kär'rül. v. a. To praise, to cele- brate. . - CAROTID, kā-röt'id. a. Two arteries whicu arise out of the ascending trunk of the aorta CAROUSAL, kā-röö'zál. s. 88. A festival. To CAROUSE, kā-rööz'. v. n. To drink, to quaff. Toºkouse, kä-rôāz'. v. a. To drink. CAROUSER, kā-röö'zār. s. 98. A drinker, a toper. CARP, kärp. s. A pond fish. gº To CARP, kärp. v. a. To censure, to cavil, , CARPENTER, kär'pën-tär s. 98. An artiſi- cer in wood. CARPENTRY, kār'pén-tré. s. The trade of a 98. A caviller. carpenter. CARPER, kär'pár. s. & & CARPET, kär'pit. s. 99. A covering of vari- ous colours; ground variegated with flowers; to be on the carpet, is to be the subject of cou- sideration. - * To CARPET, kär'p?t v. a. To spread with car- efS. * cºping, kär'plmg. part. a. 410 Captions, censorious. - CARPINGLY, kär'ping-lè. ad. censoriously. º CARRIAGE, kär'ridje. s. , 90. The act of car- rying or transporting ; vehicle : the frame up- on which cannon is carried ; behaviour; con duct ; management. tº CARRIER, kär'rè-àr. s. One who carries something; one whose trade is, to carry goods ; a messenger ; a species of pigeons. CARRION, kär'rè-àn. s. 166. The carcass of something not proper for food ; a name of re- proach for a worthſess woman ; any flesh so corrupted as not to be fit for food. - CARRION, kär'rè-àn. a. Relating to carcasses. CARROT, kär"rāt. s. 166. , A garden root, CARROTINESS, kär'rêt-ê-nēs. s. Redness of hair. CARROTY, kär'råt-ê. a. Spoken of red hair. To CARRY, kär'rè. v. a. To convey from a place; to bear, to have about one ; so, convey isy force; to effect any thing ; to behave, to conduct; to bring forward; to imply, to import ; to fetch and bring, as dogs ; To carry off, to kill; To carry on, to promote, to help forward ; To carry through, to support to the last. To CARRY, kär'rè. v. m. A horse is said to car- ry well when his neck is arched, and he holds his head high, * - CART, kärt. s. 92. A wheel, carriage, used. commonly for luggage ; the vehicle in which criminals are carried to execution. ** To CART, kärt. v. a To expose in a cart. . To CART, kärt. v. m. To use carts for carriage. CART-HORSE, kärt'hörse. s. A coarse un- wieldy horse. cºś. kärt-löde'. s. A quantity of any thing piled on a cart; a quantity sufficient to load a cart, - . . CARTWAY, kärt'wa. s. A way through which a carriage may conveniently travel. - CARTE-BILANCHE, kärt-blånsh'. . s. A blank paper; a paper to be filled up with such condi- tions as the person to whom it is sent thinks reper. s tº º c{{#, kār-té!'. s. A writing' containing stipulations; a convention between two bellig- erent powers, usually for the exchange or re- leasing of prisoners ; the ship or other vehicle used for the purpose. CARTER, kärt'Ér. s. a Čart. - ("AE, F: i_AGE, kär"té-ličje. s 90. A smooth and’ Captiously, 98. The man who drives CAS CAS 75 —no, móve, när, nét;—túbe, túb, bill:-3il;—päänd;—thin, THIs. solid body, softer than a bone, but harder than, a ligament. 4 º' * cºśīNEous, kärſtè-lā-jin'yūs. 113, ; 8. CARTILAGINOUS, kār-tê-lädje'é-nās, 314. § “ *Consisting of cartilages. e º CARTOON, kār-tóón'. s. A painting or drawing upon iarge paper. cºo: H, kār-tóótsh'... s. A case of wood three inches thick at the bottom, holding balls. C * fired out of a hobit or small mortar. A TRAGE, y e ; CARTRIDGE, ; kärtridje. 90. S. º A case of paper or parchment filled with gun- powder, used for the greater expedition in charging guns. | cºś kärt'råt. s. The track made by a cart wheel. CARTULARY, kär'tshū-lā-rè. s. 461. A place where papers are kept. cºśr. kärt'rite. s. A maker of carts. To CARVE, kärv. v. a. To cut wood, or stone ; to cut meat at the table ; to engrave; to choose one's own part. To CARWE, kärv. v. n. To exercise the trade of a sculptor; to perform at table the office of supplying the company. CARVER, kär'vár, s, 98. A sculptor; he that cuts up the meat at the table ; he that chooses for himself. calºg, kär'víng. s. 410. Sculpture, figures £áTVé{1. CARUNCLE, kär'ânk-kl. s. 405. A small pro- tuberance of flesh. 81. CASCADE, kás-kāde'. s. fall. £ASE, käse. s. A covering, a box, a sheath; the outer part of a house; a building unfur- mished. CASC-KNIFE, käse'nife. s. A large kitchen knife. CASE-SHOT, käse'shôt. s. Bullets enclosed in 3 C&Sé. CASE, käse. s. Condition with regard to out- ward circumstances ; state of things; in phy- sick, state of the body; condition with regard to canness, or health; contingence; question relating to particular persons or things; repre- *sentation of any question or state of the body, mind, or affairs; the variation of noums; In case, if it should happen. To CASE, käse. v. a. To put in a case or cover; to cover as a case; to strip off the covering. To CASEHARDEN, käse'hār-dn. v. a. To har- den on the outside. CASEMATE, käse'māte. s. arch of stone-work. CASEMENT, kāzemënt. s. A window opening upon hinges. jºšū, käse'wärm. s. A grub that makes itself a case. CASH, kāsh. S. Money, ready money. CASH-KEEPER, kāsh'kéép-àr. s. A man in- trusted with the money. CASHEWNUT, iºt. s. A tree, and its fruit. CASHIER, kā-shēēr'. s. 275. He that has charge of the money. Io CASHIER, kā-shēēr'. v. a. To discard, to dismiss from a post. C.A.S.K., käsk, s. A barrel. CASQUE, käsk. S. 415. A helmet, armour for the head. t; ASKET, kás'kit. s. 99. A small box or chest for jewels. d To CASSATE, kās'säte. v. a. 91. To vacate, to invałidate. cºatlos , käs-sà'shôn. s. WOIOf. CASSAWI, kás'sā-vé. 2. ' - 3 a n + . ČAššAbī, kás'sä-dā. S s. An American piant, CASSIA, kāsh'shē-ă. s. A sweet spice mention- ed by Moses. A cataract, a water- A kind of vault or A making null or CASSIOWARY, kāsh'shë-6-wā-rè, s. A large bird of pre y: icășººk Kässà, s. 166. A close garment. ºASSWEEP, kās'weed. s. Shepherd's pouch. To CAST, käst. v. a. 79. To throw with the hand ; to throw away, as useless or noxious; to throw dice, or lots; to throw in wrestling; to throw a net or snare; to drive by violence -of-weather; to leave behind in race; to shed, to let fall, to moult; to lay aside, as fit to be worn no longer ; to overweigh, to make to pre- poaderate, to decide by overbalancing; to com- pute, to reckon, to calculate; to contrive, to plan out ; to fix the parts in a play; to direct the eye to form a mould; to model, to form; To cast away, to shipwreck; to waste in pro- fusion ; to ruin ; To cast down, to deject, to . depress the mind; To cast off, to discard, to disburden one's self; to leave behind; To cast out, to turn, out of doors; to vent, to speak; To cast up, to compute, to calculate; to vomit. To CAST, käst. v. n. 92. To contrive, to turn the thoughts to ; to admit of a form by casting or melting , to warp, to grow out of form. CAST, käst. s. The act of casting or throwing, a throw ; state of amy thing cast or thrown; a stroke, a touch ; motion ºthe eye; the throw of dice; chance from the cast of dice; a mould, a form; a shade, or tendency to any colour; exterior appearance; manner, air, Inien; a flight of hawks. CASTANET, kās'tá-nét. s. Small shells of ivo- ry, or hard wood, which dancers rattle in their hands. CAST AWAY, kästä-wä. s. A person lost, or abandoned by Providence. CASTELLIN, kás-téI'lin. CASTELLAIN, käs’tél-läne. a castle. CASTER, kästör. s. A thrower, he that casts, a calculator, a man that calculates fortunes. To CASTIGATE, kás’tè-gāte. v. a. 91. To chas- tise, to chasten, to punish. CAşţičičN , käs-tê-gå'shôn. s. Penance, ºpine ; punishment, correction; emenda- #011. cºngat Of{Y, kás’tè-gå-tūr-š. a. Punitive. Căştilº-SOAP, kästeel-sºpe. s. A kind of S03 0. cºfing.NET, käs’tling-nét. s. A met to be thrown into the water by hand to catch fish. CASTLF, kás'sl. s. 472. A house fortified; Cas- tle; in the air, projects without reality. cººp, käs'sid, a. 405,472. Furnished with Cašties. CASTLING, käst'ſing. 5. An abortive. CASTOR, kás’tár. S. 93. A beaver. CASTQREUM, käs-tó'rè-àm. s. In pharmacy, a liquid matter enclosed in bags or purses, near the anus of the castor, falsely taken for his testicles. CASTRAMETATION, kás-trä-mè-tä'shān.s. The art or practice of encamping. To CASTRATE, kās'träte. v. a. To geld; to take away the obscene parts of a writing. ; S. Constable of CASTRATION, käs-trà'shān. S. The act of § &####, łkástil. s. 99. A mean or de- Accidentally; enerate kind of hawk. º CASTRENSIAN, käs-trém'shē-ăn. a. Belonging to a camp. . . . CASUAL, kāzb’ā-āl. a. 451, 453. Accidental, arising from chance. CASUAY.LY, kāzh' -āl-lè. ad. without design. --- CASUALNESS, kāzh'a-āl-nēs. s. Accidentalness. CASUALTY, kāzh'ê-āl-té. s. Accident, a thing Rºping by chamce. CASUIST, kāzlū-ist. s. One that studies and settles cases of conscience. CAT CAT 76 [; 559.-Fāte, far, fill, fat;-mé, mét;—pine, pin,_ CASUISTICAL, kāzh-à-lste-kál. a. Relating to cases of conscience. CASUISTRY, kāzh'ê-is-trè, s. The science of a casuist. CAT, kāt. s. A domestic animal that catches In 106. CAT, kāt. s. A sort of ship. p CAT-O’-NINE-TAILS, kāt-à-nine' tºlz. s. 88. A whip with nine lashes. CATACHRESIS, kāt-á-krè'sfs. s. 520. The a- buse of a trope, when the words are too far wrested from their native signification: as a voice beautiful to the ear. ÇATACHRFSTICAL, kāt-á-krés'té-kál. a. For- ced ; far-fetched. CATACLYSM, kātā-k!?zm. s. inundation. CATACOMBS, kāt'á-kómz. s. Subterraneous cavities for the burial of the dead. CATALECTIC, kāt-à-léktik. a. (In Poetry.) A verse wanting a syllable. Ash. CATALEPSIS, kāt à-lép'sis. s. A disease where- in the patient is without, sense, and remains in the same posture in which the disease seized him. CATALOGUE, kāt'à-lóg. s. 338. An enumera- tion of particulars; a list. CATAMOUNTAIN, kāt-à-möön'tin. s. animal resembling a cat. *CATAPiHRACT, kāt'à-fråkt. s. complete armour. CATAPLASM, kāt'à-plázm. s. A poultice. CATAPULT, kāt'à-pâlt s. 489. An engine used anciently to throw stones. CATARACT, kāt'à-råkt. s. on high, a cascade. CATARACT, kātā-råkt. s. An inspissation of the crystalline humour of the eye; sometimes a pellicle that hinders the sight. CATARRH, kā-tár'. s. A defluxion of a sharp serum from the glands about the head and throat, CATARRH AI, liá tar'rál. CATARRHOUS, kā-tár'rås. the catarrh, proceeding from a catarrh. CATASTROPHE, kā-tás'trö-fé. s. The change or revolution which produces the conclusion or final event of a dramatick piece ; a final event, generally unhappy. CATCAE, kāt'kālī. s. 406. A squeaking instru- ment used in the playhouse to condemn plays. [[f This word ought undoubtedly to be written with double *š. Principles of Pronuncia- tion, letter L, and Introduction to Rhyming Dictionary, Orthographical Aphorism To CATCH, kátsh. v. a 89. To lay hold on with the hand; to stop any thing flying; to seize any thing by pursuit ; to stop, to inter- rupt falling; to ensnare, to entangle in a snare ; to receive suddenly; to fasten suddenly upon, to seize; to please, to seize the affections, to charm ; to receive any contagion or disease. {{# This word is almost universally pronounced in the capital like the moun ketch : but this de- viation from the true sound of a is only tolera- ble in colloquial pronunciation, and ought, by correct-speakers, to be avoided even in that. To CATCH, kátsh. v. n. To be contagious; to spread infection. CATCH, kátsh, s Seizure, the act of seizing ; the act of taking quickly ; a song sung in suc- cession ; watch, the posture of seizing; an ad- vantage taken, hold laid on ; the thing caught; profit; a short interval of action; a taint, a slight contagion: any thing that catches, as a hook; a small swift-sailing ship. c3 f6HER, Kätshör. s." He that catches; that in which auy thing is caught. (ATCHI LY, kátsh'fil. s. plant, campion. CATCHPOLL, kátsh'pële. s. A serjeant, a bum- bailiff. CATCHWORD, kátsh'wórd, s. The word at the A deluge, an A fierce A horseman in A fall of water from ; a. Relating to corner of the page under the last line, which is repeated at the top of the text page. CATECHETICAL, kāt-ê-két'ê-kál. a. Consist- ing of questions and answers. CATECHETICALLY, kāt-ê-kēt'ê-kāl-e.ad. In the way of question and answer. To CATECHISE, kāt'è-kèze. v. a. To instruct by asking questions ; to question ; to interro- ate, to examine. 160. CATECHISER, kāt'é-kël-zár. s. 169. One who catechises. CATECHISM, kāt'é-kízm. s. A form of instruc- tion by means of questions and answers con- cerning religion. CATECHtST, kāt'è-kist. s. One whose charge i. to question the uninstructed concerning re- 18 10th. CATECHUMEN, kāt-e-kū'mén. s. One who is yet in the first rudiments of Christianity. 503 CATECHUMENICAL, kāt-ê-kè-mén'é-kál. a. 509. Belonging to the catechumens. CATEGORICAL, kāt-ê-gör'é-kál. a. Absolute, adequate, positive. CATEGORICALLY, kāt-ê-gór'ê-kāl-e. ad. Posi- tively, expressly. CATEGORY, kāt'é-gör-é. s. A class, a rank, an order of ideas ; predicament. cº ARIAN, kāt-ê-mâ'rè-án a. Relating to a .CH all]. To CATENATE, kāt'è-nāte. v. a. To chain. CAT ENATION, kāt-ê-nā'shán. s. Link, regular commection To CATER, kā'tár. v. n. 98. To provide food, to buy in victuals. CATER, kä'tár. s. The four of cards and dice CATER COUSIN, kā'tàr-kāz-zn. s. A petty fa- vourite, one related by blood or mind. CATERER, kā'tàr-(r. s. A purveyor. CATE,RESS, kā'tár-rés. s. A woman employed to provide victuals. cºrºß. kättär-pil-lär. s. A worm sus- tained by leaves and fruits; a plant. To CATERWAUL, kāt’tör-wāwl. v. n. 'ſo make a noise as cats in rutting time ; to make any offensive or odious moise. CATES, kåtes. s. Viands, food, dish of meat. cºlº, kât'fish. s. A sea fish in the West- Il CºllèS. CATGUT, kāt'gāt. s. A kind of cord or gut of which fiddle-strings are made ; a kind of can yº, follºdies work, , Æsh; . CATHARTICAL, kā-thár'tè-kál. ; a. Purgative. 9 A medicine CATH ARTICK, kā-thár'tik. CATH ARTICK, kā-thár'tík. s. 5 to purge downward. CATH ARTiCAENESS, Purging quality. CATHEAD, kāt'héd. s. In a ship, a piece of timber with two shivers at me end, having a rope and a block; a kind of fossil. CATHEDRAL, kā-thé'drál. a 88. Episcopal, containing the see of a bishop ; belonging to an episcopal church. CATHEDRAL, kā-thé'drál. s. 88, The head church of a diocese. CATHERINE-PEAR, kāth-ār-rín-páre'. s. An inferiour kind of pear. [[f This proper name ought to be written with an a in the second syllable instead of e, as it comes from the Greek Kašapoº, signifying pure. CATHETER, kāth'ê-tàr. s. 98. hollow and somewhat crooked instrument to thrust into the bladder, to assist in bringing away the Irine when the passage is j' CATHOLES, kāt'hölz. s. In a ship, two little holes astern above the gun-room ports. ká-thár'té-kāl-nés. s. CATHOLIUISM, kā-thóI'ê-sizm. s. Adherence to the Catholick Church. CATHOLICK, kāth'o-lik. a Universal or gene- ral. CATHOLICON, kā-thºl'è-kön. s. An universal medicine, CAU CEA —nó, mêve, mēr, nôt;—töbe, túb, būll ;—5. ;—pôānd ;—thin, THIs. CATKINS, kātkinz. s. Imperfect flowers hang- ing from trees, in manner of a rope or cat’s tail. CATLING, kāt'ling. s. A dismembering knife, used by surgeons; catgut, fiddle strings. CATMINT, kāt'mint. s. A plant. CATOPTRICAL, kāt-öp'trè-kál. a. Relating to catoptricks, or vision by reflection. CATOPTRICKS, kāt-öp'tríks. s. opticks which treats of vision by reflection. . . gATPIPE,Rātpipe. s. Catcal. CAT’S-EYE, kåts'i. s. A stone. CAT’S-FOOT, káts'föt s. Alehoof. CAT’S-HEAD, káts'héd. s. A kind of * CATSILVER, kát'sfl-vär. s. 98. A kind of fos- sil. - CAT’S-TAIL, káts’tále. s. A long round sub- stance that grows upon nut trees; a kind of reed. - CATSUP, universally pronounced kātsh'ép. s. A kind of pickle. - CATTLE, lº. s. 405. Beasts of pasture, not wild nor domestic. CAW ALCADE, käv'āl-käde'. s. 524. A proces- sion on horseback. CAVALIER, kāv-à-lèër'. s. 275. A horseman, a knight ; a gay, sprightly military man; the ap- pellation of the party of King Charles the Tirst. CAVALIER, kāv-à-lèër'. a... Gay, sprightly, war- like ; generous, brave; disdainful, haughty. CAVALIERLY, kāv-à-lèër’lé. ad. Haughtily, ar- rogantly, disdainfully. - - CAVALRY, kāvāl-ré. Horse troops. To CAVATE, kā'väte. v. a. To hollow. CAVAZION, kā-yá'zhàn. s. The hollowing of the earth for cellarage. - CAUDLE, kāw'dl. s. 405. A mixture of wine and other ingredients, given to women in child- bed. " . . CAVE, käve. s. A cavern, a den ; a hollow ; . . any hollow place. CAWEAT, kā’vé-āt. s. A caveat is an intimation given to some ordinary or ecclesiastical judge, motifying to him that he ought to beware how he acts. º CAVERN, käv'àrn. s. 555. A hollow place in the ground. r CAVERNED, käv'ärnd. a. 362. Fulf of caverns, hollow, excavated ; inhabiting a cavern. CAVERNOUS, kävárºs. a. 557. Full of cav- £iºn.S. TAWESSON, käv'és-sàm. s. 88. A sort of nose- band for a horse. - CAUF, kāwf. s. A chest with holes, to keep fish alive in the water. CAUGHT, kāwt. 213, 393. Part. pass, from To catch. - º CAVIARE, kā-véèr'. s. The eggs of a sturgeon salted. - . [[3: Either the spelling or the pronunciation of this word should be altered : we have no in- stance in the language of sounding are, ere: the ancient spelling seems to have been Caviare ; though Buchaman and Bailey, in compliance with the pronunciation, spell it Career, and W. Johnston, Cavear; and Ash, as a less usual spel- ling, Cavier ; but the Dictionary De la Crusca spells it Caviare. ; To CAVIL, käv'il. v. n. 159. To raise captious and frivolous objections. t * To CAVIL, käv’īl. v. a. To receive or treat with objections. CAVIL; kāvºl s. A false or frivolous objection. CAVFLLATION, kāv-il-lä'shān. s. The disposi- tion to make captious objections. CAVILLER, käv'vil-dr. s. An unfair adversary, & a captious disputant. CAVIf,LINGLY, käv'il-ling-lè, ad. In a cavil- ling manner. CAVILLOUS, käv'vil-lās; a. Full of objections. CAVITY; káv'è-té. s. 511. Hollowness, hollow. CAUK, kāwk. s. A coarse talky spar. That part of . CAUSELESSLY, kāwz'lés-lè. CAUL, kāwī. s. The met in which women en- close their hair, the hinder part of a woman's cap ; any kind of small net; the integument in which the guts are enclosed ; a thin membrane enclosing the head of some children when born. CAULIFEROUS, kāw-ºff'fé-rás. a. A term for such plants as have a true stalk. cºlowen, köl'lè-flöö-àr. s. A species of cabbage. CAUSABLE, kāw'zā-bl. a. 405. may be caused. CAHSAL, kāw'zāl, a Relating to causes. CAUSA),ITY, kāw-zál'è-tè.. s. The agency of a carise, the S. of causing. CAUSATION, kāw-zá'shôn. s. The act or pow er of causing. CAUSATIVE, kāw'zā-tiv. a. 157. es a cause or reason. . . . CAUSATOR, kāw-zá'tár. s. 521. A causer; an author. 98. - . . . CAUSE, kāwz. s. That which produces or ef- fects any thing, the efficient ; the reason, mo- tive to any thing ; subject of litigation ; party. To CAUSE, kāwz. v. a. To effect as an agent. ad. cause, without reason. " . CAUSELESS, käwz'lés. a. Original to itself; without just ground or motive. $ CAUSER, kāw'zár. s. 98. He that causes, the C §§ }. which an effect is produced. *— Ria R 5 kåw'zé. 3 CAUSEWAY, : käwz'wä. ; s. A way raised and, paved above the rest of the ground. . [* Br. Johnson tells us, that this word, by a false notion of its etymology, has been lately written causeway. It is derived from the French. chaussée In the Scripture we find it written. causey. “To Shuppim the lot came forth westward by “ the causey'—1 Chron. xxvi. 16. But Milton, Dryden, and Pope, write it causeway; . and these authorities seem to have fixed the, pronºunciation. This word, from its mistaken. C § y; may º with Lantern,--which see AUSTICAL, käws’té-kál. :---- CAUSTICK, käwstík. a. Belonging to medicaments which, by their violent activity and heat, destroy the texture of the part to which, they are applied, and burn it into an eschar, CAUSTICK, käwstík, s. application. CAUTEL, kāw'tél. s. Caution, CAUTELOUS, kāw’té-lès. wily, cumming. CAUTELOUSLY, kāwté-lès-lè. ad. Cunningly, slily, cautiously, warily. That which That express- Without A caustick or burning scruple. a. Cautious, wary;. CAUTERIZATION, kāv-têr-rè-zà'shôn. s. The act of burning with hot irons. To CAUTERIZE, kāw'tár-lze. v. a. To burn with the cautery. CAUTERY, kāw’tàr-rè. s. 555. Cautery is either actual or potential ; the first is burning by a. hot iron, and the latter with caustick medicines. CAUTION, kāw'shēn. s. Prudence, foresight, wariness; provisionary precept; warning. . To CAUTION, kāw'shôn. v. a. To warn, to give notice of a danger. - CAUTIONARY, kāw'shān-à-ré. a. Given as a pledge, or in security. - - CAUTIOUS, kāw'shôs, a. 292, Wary, watchful CAUTIOUSLY, kāw'słiès-lè. ad. In a wary Iłłą?) ſher. - CAUTIOUSNESS, kāw'shās-nēs. s. Watchful-, ness, vigilance, circumspection To CAW, kāw. v. n. To cry as CTO. W. CAYMAN, kā'mán. s. 88. Americau alligator;, or rocodile. t To CEASE, sése... v. n. To leave off, to atop, tº give over; to fail, to be extinct; to be at an engz. the rook, or, CEM 78 GEN ſſ; 559–Ft.te, far, fall, fit;-mé, mét;—pine, pla;- fo CEASE, sése. V. a. To put a stop to. CEASE, sºse. s. Extinction, failure. Obsolele. CEASELESS, sése'lés a. Incessant, perpetua', , continual. CECITY, sés'é-tê. s. 503. Blindness, privation of sight. [G’ I have given the e in the first syllable of this word, the short sound, notwithstanding the diphthong, in the original Calcitas; being coil- vinced of the shortening power of the antepen- ultimate accent of these words, 124, 511, and of the pre-antepenultimate accent of Cenatory and Prefutory. CECUTIENSY, sé-kū'shē-ăn-sè. s. of sight. CEDAR, sé'dár. s. 88. A tree; the wood of the cedar tree. To CEDE, sède. v. a. To yield ; to resign; to give up to another. CEDRINE, sé'drine. a. 140. Of or belonging to ... the cedar tree. To CEIL, sèle. v. a. a building. CEILING, sé'ling. s. The inner roof. CELANDINE, sélàn-dime, s. 149. A plant. CELATURE, séI'à-tshūre. s. 461. The art of engraving. g To ČížāRATE, sél'ić-bråte. v. a. To praise, to commend ; to distinguish by solemn rites; to mention in a set or solemn manner. 91. CELEBRATION, sé!-è-brå'shūm. s. Solemn per- formance, solemn remembrance ; praise, re- nown, memorial. ſ CELEBRIGUS, sé-lè'brē-ăs. a. 505. Famous, renowned. CELEBRIOUSLY, sé-lè'brè-ás-lè. ad. In a fa- In OUIS Illfill her. * CELEBRIOUSNESS, sé-lèbrè-às-nés. s. Re- nown, fame. cºuntry, sè-lèb'brè-tè. s. 511. Celebration, ałłłę. CELERIACK, sé-lè'rè-āk. a. Turnip-rooted celery. cELERITY, sé-lèr'rè-té. s. Swiftness, speed, velocity. CELERY, sélè-ré. s. § ronounced SALARY. CELESTIAL, sè-lès'tshāl. a. 272. Heavenly, relating to the superiour regions; heavenly, re- lated to the biessed state; heavenly, with re- spect to excellence. QELESTIAL, sé-lès'tshāl. s. 464. An inhabitant of heaven. CELESTIALLY, sé-lès'íshāi-lè, ad. In a heav- enly manner. To CELESTIFY, sé-lès'tè-fi. s. To give some- thing of a heavenly nature to any thing. CELIACK, sé'lè-āk.a. Relating to the lower belly. CELIBACY, sé!'ê-bā-sé. s. Single life. CELIBATE, sèl'è-bät. s. 91. Single life. CELL, sél. s. A small cavity or hollow place ; the cave or little habitation of a religious per- son; a small and close apartment in a prison ; any small place or residence. CELLAR, sé!'lär. s. 88. Aº under ground, where stores are reposited, where liquors are kept. CEELERAGE, séI'làr-idje. s. 90. The part of the building which makes the cellars. CELLARIST, sél’lār-ist. s. 555. The butler in a religious house. CELEULAR, sèl'lú-lär. a. cells or cavities. CELSITUDE, sé1'sè-tūde. s. Height. . . . CEMENT, sém mênt. s. 492. The matter with which two bodies are made to cohere ; bond of union in friendship. To CEMENT, sè-inënt'. v. a. To unite by means of something interposed. To CEMENT, sé-mênt'. v. m. To come into con- unction, to cohere. (C §NFAriès. sém-&n-tä'shön. s. The act of cementing Cloudiness To cover the inner roof of A species of parsley; cor- Consisting of little * CEMETERY, sém'mè-tér-è. s. the dead are reposited. CENATORY, sén'nā-têr-à... s. 505. Relating to §§Tië. CECITY. 512. CENOBITICAL, sèn-nó-bit'é-kál. a. Living in community. $ CENOTAPH, sén'6-táf. s. elsewhere buried. CENSE, sénse. s. Public rates. To CENSE, sénse. v. a. To perfume with odouls. CENSER, sén'sár. s. 98. The pan in which in cense is burned. CENSOR, sén'sör. s. 166. An officer of Rome who had the power of correcting manners; one who is given to censure. CENSORIAN, sén-sà'ré-án. a. Relating to the CèIn SOr. CENSORIOUS, gén-só'rè-ás. a. Addicted to censure ; severe. CENSORIOUSLY, sén-só'ré-ás-lè. ad. In a se- were reflecting manner. CENSöRiojšNěšš, sén-sore-as-nēs. s. Dis. position to reproach. CENSORSHIP, sén'sór-ship. s. 166. The office of a censor. A place where A monument for one CENSURABLE, sén'shū-rá-bl. a. Worthy of censure, culpable. CENSURABLENESS, sén'shū-rá-bl-més. s. Blameableness. CENSURE, sén'shūre. s. 452. Blame, repri- mand, reproach; judgment, opinion ; judicial sentence ; spiritual punishment. To CENStºr 2, sém'shūre. v. a. To blame, to brand publickly ; to comdemn. CENSURER, sén'shūr-àr. s. He that blames. CENSUS, sén'sés. s. An authentick register or enumeration of the inhabitants of a country made by publick authority. CENT, sént. s. A hundred, as five per cent; that is, five in the hundred ; the hundredth part of a dollar, in the currency of the United States. CENTAUR, sén'tàwr. s. A poetical being, sup- posed to be compounded of a man and a horse; the archer in the zodiack. CENTAURY, sén'tāw-rè. s. A p CENTENARY, sén'tè-nā-rè. s. a hundred. CENTENNIAL, sèn-tén'mē-ăl. a. a hundred years, Mason. CENTESEMAL, sén-tés'ê-mál. s. Hundredth, 83. CENTIFOLſoUS, sén-té-fô'lē-ăş. a. Having an hundred leaves. CENTIPEDE, sén'té-pêd. s. A poisomous insect [[j'. Biped and Quadruped are spelled in Johnson without the final e, while Solipede, Palmipede, Plumipede, Multipede, and Centipede, retain it. The orthography in this case is of importance to the pronunciation; and therefore as the words are of perfectly similar original, their spelling and pronunciation ought certainly to be alike. Biped and Quadruped are the words Inost in use ; and as they have omitted the fina! e, which there does not seem to be any reason to retain, we may infer, that the silent and in- sensible operation of custom has directed us to do the same by the rest of the words, and to pronounce the last syllable short.—See MILLE PEI) ES. CENTO, sén'tó. s. A composition formed by # scraps from different authors. QENTRAL; sén'trál. a. 38. Relating to the centre, CENTRE, sén'tár. S. 416. The middle. To CENTRE, sén'tär. v. a. To place on a centre, to fix as on a centre. To CENTRE, sén'tūr. v. n. To rest on ; to re- É on ; to be placed in the midst or centre. CPNTRICK, sén'trík. a. Placed in the centre. CENTRICAL, sén'trik-àl.a. Placed in the centre. *|† This word though in constant usage, is not in any of our iXictionaries. It seems to be per- feetly equivalent to Centrick; but custon, in time, generally either finds or makes a different shade lant. The number of Consisting of CER CHA 79 \ —no, move, när, nét;—töbe, tab, of meaning between words where no such dif- ference was perceived at first. CENTRIFUGAL, sén-trif'é-gál. a. Having the quality acquired by bodies in motion of reced- ing from the centre. CENTRIPETAL, sén-trip'º-tál. a. Having a ten- dency to the zentre. CENTRY, sén'tré. s. See SENTINEL. CENTUPLE, sén'tū-pl. a. 405. A humdredfold. To CENTUPLICATE, sém-tū'plê-kāte. v. a. To make a hundredfold. To CENTURIATE, sén-tū'rè-āte. v. a. To divide into hundreds. CENTURIATOR, sén-tū-ré-A'tàr. s. 521. A name given to historians, who distinguish times by centuries. CENTURION, sém-tê'ré-àm. s. A military officer, who commanded a hundred men among the Romans. CENTURY, sén'tshū-rè. s. 461. A hundred, usually employed to specify time, as the second Century. CEPHALALGY, séfä-lāl-jë. s. The headach. CEPHALICK, sé-f$1'lík, a 509. That which is medicinal to the head. CERASTES, sé-rås'téz. s. horns. CERATE, sé'rât. s. 91. An ointment made of wax and oil. CERATED, sé'rā-téd. a. Waxed. To CERE, sére. v. a. To wax. CEREBEL, sér'ê-bël. s. 503. Part of the brain. , CERECLOTH, gère'clöth. s. Cloth smeared over with glutinous matter. CEREMENT, sére'mént. s. Clothes dipped in melted wax, with which dead bodies were in- folded. CEREMONIAL, sér-è-mö'nē-ăl. a. Relating to ceremony, or outward rite; formal, observant of old forms. CEREMONIAL, sér-è-mö'nè-ál. g. Outward form, external rite; the order for rites and forms in the Roman church. CEREMONIALNESS, sér-rè-mö'nè-ál-nēs. s. The quality of being ceremonial. CEREMONIOUS, sér-è-mö'nè-às a. Consisting of Qutward rites; full of ceremony; attentive to the outward rites of religion; civil and for- mal to a fault. CEREMGNIOUSLY, sér-é-mö'mē-ăs-lè. ad. In a ceremonious manner A serpent having ; formally. º CEREMöNióüšNěšš, sérºnome-as-nēs. s.; Fondness of ceremony. CEREMONY, sér'é-mö-né. s. 489. Outward rite, external form in religion; forms of civility; outward forms of state. CERTAIN, sértin. a. 208. , Sure, indubitable; determined; in an indefinite sense, some, as a certain man told me this; undoubting, put past doubt. CERTAINLY, sér'tín-lè. ad. Indubitably, with- out question ; without fail. CERTAINTY, sértín-té. s. Exemption from doubt; that which is real and fixed. CERTES, sér’téz ad. Certainly, in truth. CERTIFICATE, sér-tiſ'é-két. s. 91. A writing made in any court, to give notice to another court of # thing done therein; any testimony. To CERTIFV, sér’tè-fl. v. a, . To give certain in: - formation of; to give certain assurance of. CERTIORARI, sér-shë.6-rā'rl. s. A writ issuing out of the Chancery, to call up the records of a cause therein depending. CERTITUDE, sér’tè-tède. s. doin from doubt., , , CERVICAL, sér'vé-kál. a. neck 4. CERULEAN, sè-rāqā-ān. 2 C#Rößöüš, sºº. § ed.— See EUROPEAN. CERULIFICK, sér-à-lifik. a. Having the power to produce a blue colour. Certainty, free- Belonging to the a. Blue, skycolour- * büll 3–87; ;—pöänd;—thin, THis CERUMEN, sé-rū'mén. s. The wax of the ear. See BITUMEN. CERUSE, sé'råse. s. White lead. [[ī I prefer Dr. Kenrick's, Mr. Perry's, and as far as I can guess by their accentuation, Dr Ash's and Bailey's pronunciation of this word, who make the first syllable long, to Mr. Sheri- dan's, Scott's, and Entick's, who make it short See §". 529. CES AREAN, sé-zā'rè-án. a. The Cesarean sec tion is cutting a child out of the womb. - CESS, sés. s. A levy made upon the inhabitants of a place, rated according to their property; an assessment; the act of laying rates. To CESS, sés. v.a. To lay charge on, to assess. CESSATION, sés-sà'shán. s. A stop, a rest, a yacation; a pause of hostility, without peace. CESSA wit, sås sºvit. A ºil. &#sšičiū’īy, sés-sé-bil'è-té. s. The quality of receding or giving way. CESSIBLE, sés'sè-bl. a. 405. Easy to give way CESSION, sésh'shāń. s Retreat, the act of giv § way 3, resignation. CESSIONARY, sésh'shé-6-nt-ré. a. Implying a resignation. Căşşīrī, sés'mént. s. An assessment or tax. CESSOR, sés'sár. g. 98, 166. He that ceaseth or neglecteth so long to perform a duty belonging to him, as that he incurreth the danger of law CESTUS, séstãs, s. The girdle of Venus. cºaceous, sè-tà'shës. a. 357. Of the whale iſ Ol, CHAD, or SHAD, shād, s. A sort of fish. To CHAFE, tshāte. v. a. To warm with rubbing, to heat; to perfume ; to make angry. To CHAFE, tshāfe. v. n. To rage, to ſret, to fame: to fret against any thing. CHAFE, tshöfe. s. A heat, a rage, a fury. (CHAFE WAX, tshāfe'wäks. s. An officer be. longing to the lord high chancellor, who fits the wax for the sealing of writs. CHAFER, tshāfe'êr. s. 98. An insect; a sort of ellow beetle. CHAFF, tshāf. s. The husks of corn that are separated by threshing, and winnowing; it is used for any thing worthless. To CHAFFER, tshāſ'för. v. n. To haggle, to bargain CHAFFERER, tshāf'för-àr. s. 81,162F. CHAFFINCH, tshāf'finsh. s. A bird so called. because it delights in chaff CHAFFLESS, tshāflés. a. Without chaff. CHAFF WEED, tshāf'wëèd. s. Cudweed. CHAFFY, tshāffè. a. . Like chaft, full of chaff. CHAFINGDISH, tshā'fing-dish. s. A vessel to make anything hot in; a portable grate forcoals CHAGRIN, shà-grèën'. v. a. Ill humour, vexation. ‘To CHAGRIN, shä-grèën'. v. a. To vex, to put out of temner, CHAIN, tshāne. s. A series of links fastened one within another; a bond, a manacle; a ſette, ; a line of links with which land is measured; a series linked together. To CHAIN, tshāne. s. To masten or link with a chain; to bring into slavery; to put on a chain; to unite. CHAINPUMP, tshāne'pâmp. s. A pump used in large English vessels which is double, so that one rises as the other falls. CHAIN SHOT, tshāne'shôt. s. Two bullets, or half bullets fastened together by a chain, which, when they fly open, cut away whatever is be- fore them. tº CHAINWORK, tshāne'wºrk. s. Work with open SQ& C628, cº, tshire. s. 52. A moveable seat; a seat of justice, or of authority; a vehicle borne by men ; a sedan. CHARMAN, tshāre'rnán. s. 88. . The president of an assembly ; one whose trade it is to carry # Chº? ". A buyer, bar- CHA CHA 80 [[f 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit;-mê, ſhët;—pine, pīn,-- CHAISE, shàze. s. A carriage either of pleasure or expedition. UG’ The vulgar, who are unacquainted with the spelling of this word, and ignorant of its French derivation, are apt to suppose it a plural, and call a single carriage a shay; and the Polite seem sometimes at a loss whether they should not consider it as both singular and plural , but the best usage seems to have determined it to be, in this respect, regular, and to make the plural chaises. CHALCOGRAPHER, kāl-köggrä-fôr. s. 353. An engraver in brass. CHALCOGRAPHY, kāl-kéggrä-fé. s. Engraving in brass. głłº. ; tshāl drón ; s. 417. A dry Eng -ti measure of coals, consisting of thirty- six bushels heaped up. The chaldron should §§ two thousand pounds. CHALICE, tshāl's s. 142. A cup, a bowl; the communion cup, a cup used in acts of worship. CHALICED, tshāl'list. a. 359. Having a cell or Cup. CHALK, tshāwk. s 402. A white fossil, usually reckoned a stone, but by some ranked among the boles. To CHALK, tshāwk. v. a. To rub with chalk ; to manure with chalk ; to mark or trace out, as with chalk. CHALK-CUTTER, tshāwk kåt-tár. s. that digs chalk. CHALKY, tshāwk'ké. a. Consisting of chalk; white with chalk ; impregnated with chalk. To CHAI.LENGE, tshāl'lénje. v. a. To call an- other to answer for an offence by combat; to call to a contest; to accuse ; in ń. to obiect to the impartiality of any one ; to claim as due ; to call one to the performance of conditions. CHALLENGE, tshāl'lénje. s. A summons to combat ; a demand of something as due ; in lº, an exception taken either against persons or things. , CHAff frºgFR, tshallen-jūr. s. One that de- sires or summons another to combat, one that claims superiority ; a claimant. CHALYBEATE, kā-lib'bè-ét. a. 91 ted with iron or steel. CHAMADE, shä-mâde'. s. The beat of the drum which declares a surrender. CHAMBER, tshāme'bār s. 542. An apartment in a house generally used for those appropri- ated to lodging ; any retired room , any cavity or hollow ; a court of justice ; the hollow part of a gun where the charge is lodged, the cavi- ty where the powder is lodged in a 1nine. {{G I have in this word departed from Mr. She- ridan and Dr. Kenrick, because l think the best usage has entirely departed from them. About thirty years ago the first syllable of Chamber was universally pronounced so as to rhyme with Palm, Psalm, &c.; but since that time it has been gradually narrowing to the slender sound of a in came, fume, &c. and seems now to be fully established in this sound. This, however, is to be regretted, as it militates with the laws of syllabication there are few words in the language which we c, nnot so divide into parts as to show by this division the quantity A man Impregna- of the vowels this word forms an exception, for mb, being uncombinable consonants, we cannot end the first syllable with a ; and if we join m to it, the a becomes short, and requires another sound. But if two such words as Cam and Bridge could not resist the blind force of custom, which has ior so many years reduced them. to Camb, wage, why should we wonder that Chamber and Cambrick, Tinmouth and Yarmouth, should yield to the same unrelenting tyrant f To CHAMBER, tshame'bár. v. a. To be wanton, to intrigue , to reside as in a chamber. cłºśń. tshāme'bār-àr, s. A man of in- trigue. CHAMBERFELLOW, tshāme'bār-fél-Iö. s. One that lies in the same chamber. CHAMBLRLAIN, tshāme'bār-lin. s. 208. I ord great chamberlain of England is the sixth offi- cer of the crown ord chamberlain of the household has the oversight of all officers be- longing to the king s chambers, except the pre- cinct of the bedchamber ; a servant who has the care of the chambers. CHAMBERLAINSHIP tshāme'bār-lin-ship. s. The office of a chamberlain. CHAMBERMAID, tshāme'bār-mâde. s. A maid whose business is to dress a lady. CHAMBREL of a horse, kám'bril. s. The joint or bending of the upper * of the hinder leg CHAMELEON, kā-mê'lè-án. s. A kind of liz. ard said to live on air, subject to occasional variations of colour. CHAMLET, kām"lit. s. See CAMELoT. CHAMOIS, shä-möè'. s. An animal of the goat kind, the skin of which made into leather is called Shammy CHAMOMJLE, kām'n-mile. s. 353. The name of an odoriferous plant. To CHAMP, tshāmp. v. a. To ºbite with a fre- quent action of the teeth ; to devour. To CHAMP, tshāmp. v. m. To perform frequent- ly the action of biting. CHAMPAIGN, shám-pâne'. s. A kind of wine. CHAMI AIGN, shám'påne. s. A flat open coun- try. CHAMPIGNON, shām-pin'yūn. s. A kind of mushroom. CHAMPION, tshām'pē-ăn. s. A man who un dertakes a cause in single combat ; a hero, a stout warrior. To CHAMPION, tshām'pë-án. v. a. To challenge. CHANCE, tshānse. s. 78, 79. Fortune, the cause of fortuitous events ; the act of fortune ; acci- dent ; casual occurrence, fººtuitous event, whether good or bad ; possibility of any oc- Currence. To CHANCE, tshānse. v. m. To happen, to fall Out. CHANCE-MEDLEY, tshānse-méd'lé. s. In law, the casual slaughter of a man, not altogether without the fault of a slayer. CHANCEABLE, tshān'sā-bl a. Accidental, CHANCEL, tshān'sél. s. The eastern part of the church, in which the altar is placed. CHANCELLOR, tshān'sél-lär. s. An officer of the highest power and dignity in the court where he presides, CHANCELLORSHIP, tshān'sél-lār-ship. s. The office of chancellor. CHANCERY, tshān'súr-è. s. The court of equity and conscience. CHANCRE, shänk'âr. s. 416. An ulcer, usually arising from venereal maladies. CH ANCROUS, shänk'rès. a. Ulcerous. CHANDELIER, shān-dé-lèër'. s. A branch for candles. CHANI, LER, tshānd'lúr s. An artisan whose trade is to make candles. To CHANGE, tshanje. v. a. 74. To put one thing in the place of another; to resign any thing for the sake of another; to discount a larger piece of money into several smaller; to giye and take reciprocally ; to alter ; to inend the disposition or mind. [j' }. word, with others of the same form, such as range, strange, mange, &c. are in the west of England, pronounced with the short sound of a in run, man, &c. The same may be ob- served o, the a in the first syllable of angel, ancient, &c. which, in that part of the *; sounds like the article an and this, though disagreeable to a London ear, and contrary to the best usage, which forms the only rule, is more analogical than pronouncing them as if written chainge, strainge, aincuent, angel, &c. for we find every other vowel in tuis situation short as revenge, hinge, spunge, &c. CHA CHA 81 —né, mēve, nár, nét ;—täbe, túb, būlī;-—pôānd;—thin, This, o CHANGE, tshānje. v. n. To undergo change, to suffer alteration. ÇHANGE, tshānje. s. An alteration of the state of any thing; a succession of one thing in the place of another; the time of the moon in which it begins a new monthly revolution ; novelty; an alteration of the order in which a set of bells is sounded ; that which makes a variety ; small *...; g CHANGEABLE, tshānje'ā-bl. a. Subject to change, fickle, inconstant ; possible to be changed ; having the quality of exhibiting dif- ferent appearances. CHANGEABLENESS, tshānje'à-bl-nēs. s. Sus- ceptibility of change; inconstancy, fickleness. CHANGEABLY, tshānje'ā-bl. ad. Inconstantly. CHANGEFUL, tshānje'ful. a. Inconstant, un- certain, mutable. CHANGELING, tshānje'ling. s. A child left or taken in the place of another ; an idiot, a na- tural ; one apt to change. CHANGER, tshānejūr. s. One that is employed in changing or discounting money. £HANNEL, tshān'nil. s. 99. The hollow bed of running waters; any cavity drawn long ways; a strait or narrow sea; a gut or furrow of a pillar. - To CHANNEL, tshān'n?l. v. a. To cut any thing in channels. To CHANT, tshānt. v. a. To sing; to celebrate by song ; to sing in the cathedral service. To CHANT, tshānt. v. n. 78. To sing CHANT, tshānt. s. 79. Song, melody. CHANTER, tshān'tūr. s. A singer, a songster. CHANTICLEER, tshān'té-klèër. s. The cock, from his crow. CHANTRESS, tshān'trés, s. A woman singer. CHANTRY, tshān'tré. s. Chantry is a church endowed with revenue for priests, to sing mass for the souls of the donors. CHAOS, kā'ös. 353. The mass of matter sup- osed to be in confusion before it was divided y the creation into its proper classes and ele- ments ; confusion, irregular mixture; any thing where the parts are undistinguished. CHAOTICK, kā-öttik. a. Resembling chaos, confused. To CHAP, tshöp. v. a. To divide the surface of the ground by excessive heat; to divide the skin of the face or hands by excessive cold. † The etymology of this word will not suffer us to write it chop ; and universal usage will not permit us to pronounce it chap so that it must be classed among those incorrigible words, the pronunciation and orthography of which must ever be at variance. - CHAP, tshöp. s. A cleft, a gaping, a chink. . CHAP, tshöp. s. The upper or under part of a beast's mouth. {XHAPE, tshāpe. s. The catch of any thing by which it is held in its place. CHAPEL, tshāp'él. s. A chapel is either adjoin- ing to a church, as a parcel of the same, or separate, called a Chapel of Ease. CHAPELESS, tshape'lés. a. Without a chape. CHAPELLANY, tshāp'pël-lén-né. s. A chapel- lany is found within some other church. CHAPLERY, tshāp'pé!-rè. s. The jurisdiction or bounds of a chapel. CHAPERON, shäp-ār-rðón'. s. A kind of hood or cap worn by the knights of the garter in the h. - habit of their order. As {{* For the pronunciation of the last syllable, see the word Encore. CHAPFALN, tshöp'fäln. a. Having the mouth shrunk.-See CATGAL. - CHAPLAIN, tshāp'lín. s. 208. He that attends the king, or other great person, to perform di- vine service. CHAPLAINSHIP, tshāp'lín-ship. The office or business of a chaplain ; the possession or revenue of a chap;| - --- & & *** * k. CHAPLESS, tshöp'les. a. Without any flesh about the mouth. CHAPLET, tshāp'lét. s. A garland or wreath to be worn about the head ; a string of beads used in the Roman church; in architecture, a little moulding carved into round beads. CHAPMAN, tsāāp'mān. S. 88. A cheapner, one that offers as a purchaser. CHAPS, tshöps. s. The mouth of a beast of , Pºž, the entrance into a channel. §§D, ; shop. ; part oftechap. Cracked, cleft. - CHAPTER, tshāp'tár.'s. A division of a book, an assembly of the clergy of the cathedral; the place in which assemblies of the clergy are {2}{1. - -- CHAPTREL, tshāp'tršl. s. The capitals of pil- lars, or pilasters, which support arches. CHAR, tshār. s. A fish ſound only in Winam- der-meer, in Lancashire. To CHAR, tshār. v. a. To burn wood to a black cinder. CHAR, tshāre. s. Work done by the day. To CHAR, tshare. v. n. To work at others' houses by the day. iſ iſ “ As the maid that milks, “And does the meanest chars.” g Shakspeare. In Ireland they seem to have retained the genu. ine pronunciation of this, as well as many other old English words; I mean that which is a- greeable to the orthography, and rhyming with tar. . In English it is generally heard like chair to sit on, and its compound char-women, like chair-woman. Skinner, I know, admits that the word may be derived from the iXutch keeren, to Sweep ; , and Junius spells the word chare, and tells us the Saxons have the same word spell- ed cypſie, signifying business or charge, but be its derivation what it will, either the orthogra- phy, or the pronunciation, ought to be altered ; for, as it stands at present, it is a singular and disgraceful anomaly. CHAR-WOMAN, tshāre'wām-án. s. hired accidentally for odd work. CHARACTER, kārāk-tár. s. 353. A mark; a Stamp, a representation ; a letter used in wri- ting or printing ; the hand or manner of wri- ting ; a representation of any man as to his personal qualities; an account of any thing as good or bad ; the person with his assemblage Of • A woman ualities. w To CHARACTER, kär'āk-tūr. v. a. To inscribe, to engrave. - - CHARACTERISTICAL, kār-āk-tê-ris'té-kál. CHARACTERISTICK, kār-āk-tº-ris'tik. 509, 5 ° Constituting or pointing out the true character. CHARACTERISTICALNESS, kār-āk-tê-ris'té kāl-nés. s. The quality of being peculiar to a character. CHARACTERISTICK, kār-āk-tê-ris'tfk. s. That which constitutes the character. To CHARACTERIZE, kārāk-tê-rize. v. a. To give a character or an account of the personal qualities of any man ; to engrave or imprint, to mark with a particular stamp or token. CHARACTERLESS, kär'āk-tūr-1és. a. With- out a character. CHARACTERY, kär'āk-tàr-ré. s. Impression, mark. CHARCOAL, tshār'kôle. s Coal made by burn- ing wood. - CHARD, tshārd. s. Chards of artichokes are the leaves of fair artichoke plants tied and wrapped up all over but the top, in straw; Chards of beet are plants of white beet trans- planted. - To CHARGE, tshārje. v. a. To intrust, to com- mission for a certain purpose ; to impute as a debt; to impute; to impose as a task; to accuse, to censure; to command; to fall upon, to at- tack to burden, to foad ; to fill ; te łoxd a gur, CHA CHA 89. [[F 559–Fâte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—plne, pīn;— CHARGE, tshārje. s. Care, trust, custody; pre- cept, mandate, command ; commission, trust conferred, office; accusation, imputation ; the thing intrusted to care or management; ex- pense, cost ; onset, attack, the signal to fall up- on enemies; the quantity of powder and ball put into a gun; a preparation or a sort of oint- ment applied to the shoulder-splaits and sprains Oi Hol'SéS. CHARGEABLE, tshārjā-bl. a Expensive, cost- !y ; imputable, as a debt or crime; subject to charge, accusable. CHARGEARLENESS, tshārjā-bl-nós s. Ex- pense, cost costliness. - CHARGEAB.Y, tshārjā-blé, ad. Expen- sively. CHARGER, tshārjār. s. 98. A large dish; an officer's horse CHARILY, tsh; 'ré-lè, ad. Warily, frugally. CHARINESS, thā'ré-nés. s. Caution, nicety. CHARIOT, tshāh 'ré-àt. s. 543. A carriage of pleasure, or state ; a car in which men of arms were anciently placed. [[G. If this word is ever heard as if written Char- rot, it is only tolerable in the most familiar pro- nunciation; the least solemnity, or even pre- cision, must necessarily retain the sound of i and give it three syllables CHARIoff; R, tsāār-rººt-teer'. s. He that drives the chariot. CHARIOT RACE, tshār'ré-āt-råse. s. A sport where chariots were driven for the prize. CHARITABLE, tshār'é, tà-bi, a. Kind in giving alms; kind in judging of others. CHARITABLY, tshār'é-tá-blé. ad. Kindly, libe- rally ; benevolently. CHARITY, j s. 160. Tenderness, kind- ness, love ; good will, benevolence ; the theo- logical virtue of universal love ; liberality to the poor; alms, relief given to the poor. To CHARK, tshārk. v. a. To burn to a black cinder. CHARLATAN, shár'ſä-tán. s. 528. A quack, a mountebank. CHARLATANICAL, shär-lä-tán'é-kál. a. Quack- ish, ignorant. CHARLATANRY, shärlä-tān-ré. s. Wheedling, deceit. CHARLES’S-WAIN, tshārlz'íz-wāme'. s. The northern constellation called the Bear. CHARLOCK, tshār'lök. s. A weed growing, among the corn with a yellow flower. CHARM, tshārm. s. Words or philtres, imagin- ed to have some occult power; something of power to gain the affections. To CHARM, tshārm. v. a. To fortify with charms against evil; to make powerful by charms ; to subdue by some secret power; to ... subdue by pſeasure. CHARMER, tshār"már. s. One that has the pow- er of charms, or enchantments ; one that captivates the heart. CHARMING, tshār'ming. particip. a. Pleasing in the highest degree. CHARMINGLY, tshār'ming-lè. ad. In such a manner as to please exceedingly. CHAIRMINGNESS, tshārming-nés. s. The power of pleasing. CHARNEL, tshār'aél. a. Containing flesh or Cal'CaSSéS. CHARNEL-HOUSE, tshár'nél-héâse. s. The place where the bones of the dead are reposited; CHART, kärt, or tshārt. s. A delineation of Coasts. bj” As this word is perfectly anglicised, by cut. ting off the a in the Latin Charta, and h; in the Greek Yapahº, we ought certainly to naturalize the initial letters by pronouncing them as in Charter, Charity, &c. but such is our fondness for Latin and Greek originals, that we catch at the shadow of a reason for pronouncing after these languages, though in direct oppºsition to the laws of our own. Thus we most fre- quently, if not universally, hear this word pro- nounced as Cart, a carriage, and perfectly like the French Carte. r CHARTER, tshār"târ. s. A charter is a written evidence; any writing bestowing privileges or rights ; privilege, immunity, exemption. CHARTER-PARTY, tshār"târ-pâr-té. s. A pa er relating to a contract, of which each party as a Copy. w CHARTERED, tshār"târd. a. 359. Privileged CHARY, tshā'ré. a. Careful, cautious. To CHASE, tshāse. v. a. To hunt; to pursue as, an enemy; to drive, CHASE, tshāse. s. Hunting, pursuit of any thing as game ; fitness to be hunted ; pursuit of an enemy; pursuit of something as desirable ; hunting match; the game hunted; open ground stored with such beasts as are hunted : the Chase of a gun, is the whole bore or length of a piece. CHASE-GUN, tshāse'gán. s. Guns in the fore part of the ship, fired upon those that are pur- sued. CHASER, tshā'sár. s. Hunter, pursuer, driver. CHASM, kāzm. s. 353. A cleft, a gap, an open- ing ; a place unfilled ; a vacuity. CHASTE, tshāste. a. Pure from all commerce of sexes; pure, uncorrupt, not inixed with bar- barous phrases; without obscenity ; true tº the marriage bed. To CHAŠTEN, tshāse’tn. v. a. 405. rect, to punish. This word is sometimes falsely pronounced with the a short, so as to rhyme with fasten, but it is exactly under the same predicament as the verb to haste, which, when formed into what is called an inchoative verb, becomes hasten, and with which chasten is a perfect rhyme. To CHASTISE, tshās-tize'. v. a. To punish, to correct by punishment ; to redudºto order or obedience. * . CHASTISEMENT, tshās'tiz-mênt. s. tion, punishment-See ADVERTISE. CHASTISER, tshās-ti'zár. s. A punisher, a cor rector. CHASTITY, tshās’té-té. s. 511. Purity of the body; freedom from obscenity, freedom from bad mixture of any kind. [[; I have in this word departed from Mr. She- ridan, and several other speakers, in the sound of the a in the first syllable, as no analogy can be clearer than that which prevails in words of this termination where the antepenultimate ac- cent always shortens the vowel. Thus, though the a, e, and i, are long in humane, serene, and divine, they are short in humanity, serenity, and divinity ; and unless custom clearly forbids, which I do not believe is the case, ; ought certainly to have the a as I have marked it. CHASTLY, tshāste'lè. ad. Without incontinence, urely, without contamination. In these words Dr. Johnson has very impro- perly omitted the silent e : they ought to be written chastely and chasteness.--See introduc. tion to Rhyming Dictionary, Orthographical Aphorism the VIIIth. CHASTNESS, tshāste'nés. s. Chastity, purity. To º, tshāt. v. n. To prate, to talk idly ; to rattle. CHAT, tshāt. s. Idle talk, prate. º CHATELLANY, tshāt’tél-lén-è. s. The district under the dominion of a castle. CHATTEL, tshātti. s. 405. Any moveable pos. SČSS}{}}. To CHATTER, tshättär. v. n. To make a noise as a pie, or other unharmonious bird ;...to make a noise by collision of the teeth; to talk idly cºr carelesly. º º CHATTER, tshāttúr. s. Noise like that of a pie or monkey ; idle prate. To cor. Correc {X}{ATTERER, tslättär-rár. g. An idle talker, CHE $3 CHE —no, móve, mār, nôt;—túbe, tib, CHATTY, tshāt’té. a. Liberal of conversation. JMason. CHAVENDER, tshāv'ín-dār. s. The chub, a fish. CHAUMONTELLE, shö-món-tél'. s. A sort of €2.1". T} CHAW, tshāw. v. a. See to CHFw. CHAWDRON, tshāw'drán s. Entrails. CHE, AP, tshëpe. a. To be had at a low rate : easy to be bad, not respected. To CHEAPEN, tshë'pn.v.a. 103. To attempt to urchase, to bid for anything; to lessen value. CHEAPLY, tshëpe'lè. ad. At a small price, at a low rate. CHEAPNESS, tshëpe'nés. s. Lowness of price. To CHEAT, tshēte. v. a. To defraud, to impose upon, to trick. CHEAT, tshēte. s. A fraud, a trick, an impos- ture, a person guilty of fraud. CHEATER,tshé'tör.s.95. One that practises fraud. To Cri ECK, tshék. v. a. To repress, to curb ; to reprove, to chide ; to control by a counter reck- oning". To CHECK, tshék. v. m. To stop, to make a stop; to clash, to interfere. CHECK, tshék. s. Repressure, stop, rebuff; re- straint, curb, government; reproof, a slight; in fa.conry, when a hawk forsakes the proper game to follow other birds; the cause of re- rºk# ; a draft on a Bank. O J. i. A ? p * To §: tshék'âr. To varie- gate or diversify, in the manner of a chess- board, with alternate colours. CHECKER-WORK, tshék'ār-wórk. s. Work va- ried alternately. CHECKMATE, tshëk'māte. s. The movement on the chess-board that puts an end to the game. CHEEK, tshēēk. s. The side of the face below the eve # general name among mechanicks for aim all those pieces of their machimes that are double. CHEEKTOOTH, tshēēk'tóóth. s. The hinder tooth or tusk. CHEER, tshēēr. s. Entertainment, provisions; invitation to gaiety; gaiety, jollity; air of the countenance; temper of mind. W. a. To CHEER, tshēēr. v. a. To incite, to encourage, || to inspirit; to comfort, to console, to gladden. To CHEER, tshēēr. v. n. To grow gay or glad- SOIſle. CHEERER, tshéé'för. s. Gladdener, giver of aiety CHEERFUL, tshēēr'föl, or tshér'föl. a. Gay, full of life; full of mirth ; having an appear- ance of gaiety. II; This word, like fearful, has contracted an ir- regular pronunciation that seems more expres- sive of the turn of mind it indicates than the long open e, which languishes on the ear, and is not a kin to the smartness and vivacity of the idea. We regret these irregularities, but they are not to be entirely prevented ; and as they sometimes arise from an effort of the mind to express the idea more forcibly, they should not be too studiously avoided; especially when custom has given them considerable cur- rency , which I take to be the case with the short pronunciation of the present word. Mr. Sheridan, and some other orthbepists seem to adopt the latter pronunciation; and W. John- ston, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry, the former; and as this is agreeable to the orthography, and it may be added, to the etymology (which in- dicates that state of mind which arises from being full of good cheer,) it ought, unless the other has an evident preference in custom, to be looked upon as the most accurate. 246, 247. CHEERFULLY, tshēēr'föl-lè. ad. Without de- # with gaiety. CHEERFULNESS, tshēēr'föl-nés. s. Freedom from dejection, alacrity; freedom fro gloomi- {{ſ}S$. bāli;—öll;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. CHEERſ, ESS, tshëèr'13s. a. comfort, or gladness. CHEERLY, tshēēr’lé. a. Gay, cheerful, not gioomy. CHEERLY, tsbèër’lé. ad. Cheerfully. CHEERY, tshëé'rè. a. Gay, sprightly. CHEESE, tshééze. s. A kind of food made by pressing the curd of milk. CHEESECAKE, tshēēzekäke. s. 247. A cake made of soft curds, sugar, and butter. CHEESEMONGER, tshëèze'mông-gēr. s. One The wooden case who deals in cheese. CHEESEWAT, tshēēze'vät. s. in which the curds are pressed into cheese. CHEESY, tshëé'zé. a. Having the mature or form of cheese. CHELY, kê'lè. s. 353. The claw of a shell-fish. To CHERISH, tshér'rish. v. a. To support, to shelter, to nurse up. CHERISHER, tshër’rīsh-ör. s. a supporter. CHERISHMENT, tshër’rīsh-mént, s. Encour. §: support, comfort. CHERRY, tshër'rè. cºlºny TREE, tshér'rè-trèë. ruit. CHERRY, tshër'rè. a. Resembling a cherry in colour. CHERRYBAY, tshër'rè-bà. s. , Laurel. CHERRYCHEEKED, tshér'rè-tshēkd. a. Hav. ing ruddy cheeks. CHERRYPIT, tshér'rè-pit. s. A child's play, in which they throw cherry-stones into a small hole. CHERSONESE, kêr'sö-nēs. s. 353. A peninsula. CHERUB, tshër’āb. s. A celestial spirit, which in the hierarchy, is placed next in order to the #### CHERUBICK, tshë-rū'bik. a. Angelick, relating to the Cherubim. CHERUBIM, tshér'ê-bim. s. The Hebrew plural of Cherub. [[; Those who understand no language but their own, are apt to commit an unpardonable fault with criticks, by mistaking this word for a sin- gular, and writing the plural Cherubims. Others are apt to commit a much greater fault, in speaking, which is that of forming an adjective from this word, as if written Cherubimical, or Cherubinical, instead of Cherubick. How hard is the fate of an Englishman, who, to write and speak lais own language properly, must not on. ly understand French, Latin, and Greek, but Hebrew also : CHERUBIN, tshér'â-bfn. a. Angelical. CHERWIL, tshér'víl. s. An umbelliferous plant. To CHERUP, tshér'âp. v. n. To chirp, to use a cheerful voice. CHESS, tshés. s. A nice and intricate game in imitation of a battle between two armies. CHESS-APPLE, tshés'äp-pl. s. Wild service. CHESS-BOARD, tshés"bórd. s. The board or table on which the game of chess is played. CHESS-MAN, tshés'mán. 88. A puppet for chess, CHESSOM, tshés'sám s. 166. Mellow earth. CHEST, tshést. s. A box of wood or other materials. CHESTED, tshést'éd. a. Having a chest. CHESTNUT, tshés'nāt. A. CHESTNUT-TREE, tshās'nāt-trèë. §. tree ; the fruit of the chestnut-tree ; the name of a brown colour. CHEVALIER, shev-à-lèër'. . s. 352. . A knight. CHEWAUX-DE-FRISE, shév-ó-dè-frèéze'. s. 352. A piece of timber traversed with wooden spikes, pointed with iron, five or six feet long; used in defending a passage, a turnpike, or tourniquet. CHEVEN, tshév'vn. s. 103. A river fish, the same with chub. CHEVERIL, tshëv'ér-fl. s. CHEVRON, tshëv'rán. In heraldry it represents two rafters of a house as they ought to stand. Without gaiety, An encourager, : s. A tree and CHI 84 CHI [[J’ 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fat;-mé, mét;—plme, pīn;– tshöö. ſo CHEW, tshāw. with the teeth, to masticate; to meditate, or ruminate in the thoughts; to taste without swallowing. Hºjº The latter pronunciation is grown vulgar. To CHEW, tshöö. v. m. To champ upon, to ruminate. CHICANE, shë-käne'. s. 352. The art of pro- tracting a contest by artifice ; artifice in, gene- ral. To CHICANE; shè-kåne'. v. n. To prolong a contest by tricks. CHICANER, shë-kā'nār. s. a wrangler. CHICANERY, shë-kā'nār-à. s. cºſtºn, , tsník. CHICKEN, tshik'in. 103,104. { s. The young of a bird, particularly of a hen, or small bird ; a word of tenderness; a term for a young irl. cáčKEN HEARTED, tshik?n-hār-téd. a. Cow- ardly, fearful. CHICKENPOX, tshikin-pôks. s. distemper. CHICKLING, tshik'ling. s. CHICKPEAS, tshik'pëze. s. CHICKWEED, tshik'wéèd. s. A plant. To CHIDE tshide. v. a. To reprove; to drive away with reproof; to blame, to reproach. To CHIDE, tshide. v. n. To clamour, to scold; to quarrel with ; to make a noise. CHIDER, tshi'dār. s. 98. A rebuker, a re- prover. CHIEF, tshēēf. a. Principal, most eminent ; eminent, extraordinary; capital, of the first order. CHIEF, tshēēf. s. 275. leader. CHIEFLESS, tshééflés. being without a leader. C#ffffy, tshërie ad. Principally, eminent- ly, more than common. CHIEFRIE, tshēēf'ré. s. the lord paramount. CHIEFTAIN, tshēēf'tin. s. 208. A leader; a commander ; the head of a clan. [; This word ought undoubtedly to follow cap- tain, curtain, villain, &c. in the pronunciation of the last syllable ; though, from its being less in use, we are not so well reconciled to it CHIEVANCE, tshéé'vänse. s. Traffick, in which money is extorted, as discount. CHILBLAIN, tshil'blåne. s. Sores made by frost. CHILD, tshild. s. An infant, or very young person ; one in the line of fºration, opposed to the parent ; any thing the product or effect of another: To be with child, to be pregnant. To CHILD, tshild. v. m. To bring children. Little used. CHILD-BEARING, tshild'bá-ring. The act of bearing children. CHILDBED, tshild'béd, s. man bringing a child. CHILD-BIRTH, tshild'hérth. s. bour. CHILDED, tshil'déd. a. Furnished with a child. Little used. e :HILDERMASS-DAY, tshfl'dér-más-dà'. s. The day of the week, throughout the year, an- swering to the day on which the feast of the Holy Innocents is solemnized. CHILDHOOD, tshild'hād. s. The state of in- fants, the time in which we are children ; the time of life between infancy and puberty ; the »roperties of a chiid CHILDISH, tshild'ſsh. a. Trifling ; becoming only children ; trivial, puerile. CHILDISHLY, tshild'ſsh-lé, ad. In a childish trifling way, . W. al. To grind A petty sophister, Sophistry, A pustulous A small chicken. An herb. A commander, a a. Without a head; A small rent paid to particip. The state of a wo- _Travail, la- CHILDISHNESS, tshild'ish-mês. s. Puerility triflingness ; hºrmlessness. CHILDLESS. tshild'lés. a. Without children CHILDLIKE, tshild'Ilke. a. Becoming or be- seeming a child. CHILHAEDRON, kil-ć-à-š'drón. s figure of a thousand sides. [[FThis word ought to have the accented elong not on account of the quantity in the Greek word, but because, where no rule forbids, we ought to make the vowel accented on the penul. timate, long. 542. 553. Jº. CHILIFACTORY, kil-e-fāk tē-rè. a. Making Chvle.—See CHY LIF Actory. - CHILIFACTIVE, kil-e-fák'tív. a. Making Chyle —See CHyLIF Act Ive. CHILIFICATION, kil-ć-fè-kå'shān, s. The act of making Chyle.---See CHyLIFICATION CHILL, tshil. a Cold, that which is cold to 'he touch; having the sensation of cold; de- pressed, dejected, discouraged. CHILL, tshil. s. Chilness, cold. To CHILL, tshil. v. a. To make cold ; to de- press, to deject ; to blast with cold. CHILLINESS, tshil'lè-nēs. s. A sensation of shivering cold. CHILLY, tshii'lè. a. Somewhat cold. CHILNESS, tshil'nés. s. Coldness, want of warmth. CHIME, tshime. s. The consonant or harmo, nick sound of many correspondent instruments, the currespondence of sound; the sound of bells struck with hammers ; the correspondence of proportion or relation. To CHIME, tshime. v. n. The sound in harmony to correspond in relation or proportion ; to agree 3 to suit with ; to jingle. To CHHME, tshime. v. a. #. make to move, or strike, or sound harmonically; to strike a bell with a hammer. CHIMERA, kê-mê'rá. s. 353, 120. wild fancy. CHIMERICAL, ké-mér'ré-kál. a. Imaginary fantastick. cºlºnically, kè-mér'ré-kāl-ć. ad. Wainly, wildly. CHIMNEY, thstm'ně. s. The passage through which the smoke ascends from the fire in the house ; the fireplace. CHIMNEY-CORNER, tshim'nè-kör'nār. s. The fireside, the place of idlers. CHIMNEYPIECE, tshin'nè-pèèse. s. The or namental piece round the fireplace. CHIMNEYSWEEPER, tshim'né-sweepár. s. One whose trade it is to clean foul chimmies of SOOt. CHIN, tshin. s. the under lip. CHINA, Ashá'mé, or thshi'nā. s. China warc, porcelain, a species of vessels made in China, dimly transparent. [[G. What could induce us to so irregular a pro- nunciation of this word is scarcely to be con- ceived. One would be apt to suppose that the French first imported this porcelain, and that when we purchased it of them we called it by their pronunciation of China (Sheen ;) but be ing unwilling to drop the a, and desirous of pre serving the #. sound of i, we awkwardly transposed these sounds, and turned China in- to Channee. This absurd pronunciation seems only tolerable when we apply it to the porce lain of China, or the Oranges, which are im- properly called China Oranges; but even in these cases it seems a pardonable pedantry to reduce the word to its true sound. * CHINA-ORANGE, tshā'nè-ör'ínje. s. The swee, orange. CHINA-ROOT, tshi'nā-rööt. s. A medicini, root brought originally from China. . CHL COUGH, tshin'köf. s. A violent ..., vain and The part of the face beneath º **-º convulsive cough w * CHO 85 CHO —né, mēve, nôr, nôt;—túbe, túb, būl —61;-pôānd;—thin, this. CHINE, tshine. . s. The part of the back, in which the backbone is found ; a piece of the back of an animal. To CHINE, tshine. v. a. To cut into chines. CHINK, tshink. s. A small aperture longwise. To CHINK, tshink. v. a. To shake so as to make a sound. To CHINK, tshink. v. n. each other. - CHINKY, tsh?nk'é. a. Full of holes, gaping. cºs, tshints. s. Cloth of cotton made in nqia. CHIOPPENE, tshöp-pène'. s. 112. A high shoe formerly worn by ladies. To CHIP, tship. v. a. To cut into small pieces. CHIP, tship. s. A small piece taken off by a cutting instrument. CHIPPING, tship'ping, s. CHIRAGRICAL, ki-räg'grè-kál. a. 120, 353. Having the gout in the hand. CHIROGRAPHER, ki-röggrä-fôr. s. He that exercises writing. CHIROGRAPHIST, ki-rög'grä-ſist. s. Chirog- rapher. CHIROGRAPHY, ki-röggrä-fé. s. The art of writing. 518. CHIROMANCER, kłr'A-mân-sår. s. One that foretels future events by inspecting the hand. CHIROM A NCY, kir'rö-mân-sè. s. 353, 519. The art of foretelling the events of life, by in- specting the hand. To, CHIRP, tshérp. v. m. To make a cheerful noise, as birds. CHIRP, tshérp. s. The voice of birds or insects. çHIRPER, tshér'për, s: , 89. One that chirps CHIRURGEON, ki-rárjö-àm. s. 353. One that cures ailments not by internal medicines, but outward applications, now written Surgeon ; a surgeon. CHIRURGERY, ki-rārjë-ré. s. The art of curing by external'applications, now written Surgeru. CHIRURGICAL, ki-rár'jè-kál. Be- CHIRURGICK, ki-rārjīk. 353. longing to surgery. CHISEL, tshīz'zil. s. 102, 99. An instrument with which wood or stome is pared away. To CHISEL, tshiz'zil. v. a. 102. To cut with a chisel. CHIT, tshit. s. A child, a baby; the shoot of corn from the end of the grain. To CHIT, tshit. v. m. To sprout. CHITCHAT, tshit'tshāt. 's Prattle, idle prate. CHITTERLINGS, tshittàr-lingz. s. The guts of an eatable animal ; the frill at the bosom of a shirt. 555. CHITTY, tshit'té. a. Childish, like a baby. CHIVALROUS, , tshiv'al-rás. a. Relating to chivalrv ; knightly, warlike. CHIVALRY, tsh?v'āl-rè. s. Knighthood, a mili- tary dignity ; the qualifications of a knight, as valour; the general system of knighthood. CHIVES, tshiva. s. The threads or filaments rising in flowers, with seeds at the end ; a spe- cies of small onion. CHLOROSIS, kló-ró'sis. s. 353. The green sick- IłęSS. To CHOAK, tshöke. v. a. See Choke. CHOCOLATE, tshök'ö-lāte. s 91 The nut of the cocoa-tree; the mass made by grinding the kernel of the cocoa-nut, to be dissolved in hot water; the liquor made by a solution of cho- colate. CHOCQLATE-HOUSE, tshök'ò-lāte-hööse. s. A house for ..". CHODE, tshöde. The old preterit from chide. Obsolete, CHOICE, tshölse. s. The act of choos'ng, elec- tion; the power of choosing ; care in choosing, curiosity of distinction; the thing chosen"; the best part of anything; several things proposed as objects of election. To sound by striking A, Iragment cut off. CHOICELESS, tshöfse'lés. a. Without the pow er of choosing. CHOICELY, tshöise'lé. ad. Curiously with ex- act Choice ; valuably, excellently. CHOICENESS, º: s. Nicetv, particu- lar value. CHOIR, kwire **, 356. An assembly or band r* - " -- s ; the singers in divine worship;. the part of the e”-rch where the singers are place To CHOKE, tshöke. v. a. To suffocate; to stop up, to ***ck up a passage ; to hinder oy ob- struction ; to snopress; to overpower. CHOKE, tshöke. s. The filamentous or capilla- ry part of an artichoke. CHOKE-PEAR, tshöke'påre. s A rough, harsh, unpalatable pear; any sarcasm that stops the mouth. CHOKER, tshö'kår. s. One that chokes. CHOKY, tshö'ké. a. That which has the power of suffocation. CHOLAGOGUES, kölä-gógz. having the power of purging bile. CHößR. kół'lär. s. he bile, the humour supposed to produce irascibility ; anger, rage CHOLERICK, köl’lār-rik. a. Abounding with choler; angry, irascible. CHOLERICKNESS, kóI'lār-rik-més s. Anger, irascibility, peevishness. CHOLICK.—See Collick. To CHOOSE, tshööze. v. a. I chose, I have chosen. To take by way of preference of sev- eral things offered ; to select, to pick out of a number; to elect for evernal happiness; a term of theologians [[3’ This word is sometimes improperly written chuse, which is a needless departure from its French etymology in Choisar, as well as from our own analogy in the preterit chose. To CHOOSE, tshööze. v. n. To have the power of choice CHOOSER, tshöö'zár. s. er of choosing, elector. º To CHOP, tshöp. v. n. To cut with a quick blow ; to devour eagerly ; to menace, to cut into small pieces ; to break into chinks. To CHOP, tshöp. v. n. To do any thing wit a a quick motion ; to light or happen upon a thing. To CHOP, tshöp. v. a. To purchase, generally by way of truck; to put one thing in the place of another; to bandy, to altercate. CHOP, tshöp. s. A piece chopped off; a small piece of meats, a crack, or cleft. CHOP-HOUSE, tshöp'hôāse. s. of entertainment. || Dr Johnson, in this definition, seems to have rated a chop-house too low, and to have had a Cook's Shop or an Eating House in his mind.— Since coffee-houses are become eating-houses and taverns, chop-houses are, perhaps, a little depreciated ; but this was not the case till long after Dr. Johnson's Dictionary was published; and I think they may still withc it any impro priety be called Reputable houses of ready enter tainment CHOPIN, tshö-pèën'. s , 12. A French liquid measure, containing nearly a pint of Winches- ter, a term used ºn Scotlar d for a quart of W1116 JneaSure. CHOPPING, tshöpping. a An epithet frequently applied to infants ºy way of commendation; meaning large or ‘well grow n. g CHOPPING-KNIFE, tshön'ping-nife. s. A knife used in chopping. CHOPPY, tshöpp A. a. Full of holes or cracks. CHOPS, tshöps. s. The mouth of a beast : the mouth of any thing ºn faumiliar language. CHORAL, kö'rál. a. $53. Sung by a choir. singing in a choir CHöäij, körd. s. The string of a musical in- strument: a right line, which joins the two ends f any arch of a circle. s. Medicines He that has the pow- A mez n house CHQICE, tshölse. a. Select, of extraordinary value; chary, frugal, careful. O To CHORD, körd, v.a. 355. To furnish withstrings \ CHR’ CHy 86 p. [[G 559–Fâte, far, fall, fat;-me, mét;—pine, pin;– CHORDEE, kêr-dèë'. s. fromum. CHORION, kö'ré Ön. s. The outward membrane that enwraps the foetus. CHORISTER, kwir'ris-tár.s.300,356. A singer m the cathedrals, a singing boy ; a singer in a Concert. 356. CHOROGRAPHER, kö-röggrä-fôr. s. He that describes particular regions of countries. CHOROGRAPHICAL, kór-rö-gråſ'é-kál. a. Des- criptive of particular regions. CHOROGRAPHICALLY, kêr-rö-gráf'é-kāl-lè. ad. In a chorographical manner. CHORQGRAPHY, kö-röggrä-fé. s. The art cf describing particular regions. CHORUS, kö’ is. s. 353 A number of singers, a concert ; the persons who are supposed to behold what passes in the acts of the ancient tragedy; ille song between the acts of a trage- dy; verses of a song in which the company join the singer. CHOSE, tshöse, The preter tense, from To choose. CHOSEN, tshö'zn. 103. The participle passive, from To choose. CHOUGH, tshāf. s. 314. A bird which frequents the rocks by the sea. To CHOUSE, tshöäse. v. a. CHOUSE, tshöäse. s. or sham. CHRISM, lyrizm. s. 353. Unguent, or unction To CHRISTEN, kris'sm v. a 472. To baptize, to ii,i ate 1,1to Christianity by water ; to name, to dem mimaje CHRISTENDOM, kris'sn-dām. s. The collective body of Christianity. CHRISTENING. kris'sn-ing. s. The ceremony of the first initiation into Christianity. CHRISTIAN, krist'yūm. s. 291. A professor of the religion of Christ. C#RišffAN , krist'yūm. a. 113. Professing the religion of Christ. CHRISTIAN-NAME, krist'y fin-nāme. s. The name given at the font, distinct from the sur- Iła Iſle. CHRISTIANISM, krist'yūn-izm. s. The Christian religion, the nations professing Christianity. Cññíši‘i’ANIT Y, kris-tshē-ăn'ê-té. s. The re- ligion of Christians. T O To ČáRišîăNižň, krist'yān-ize. v. a. make Christian. CHRISTIANLY, krist'yūm-lè. ad. Like a Chris- tian CHRISTMAS, kris más. s. 88, 472. The day on which the nativity of our blessed Saviour is cel- ebrated. CHRISTMAS-BOX, kris más-böks. s. A box in which little presents are collected at Christmas. The money so collected. CHROMATICK, krô-mât'ik. a. Relating to col- our; relating to a certain species of ancient chºical cºal N y r n' - & - §§§º" ; a 509. Relating to time; a chronical distemper is of long duration. CHRONICLE, krôn'3-kl, s. 353. A register or account of events in order of time; a history. 405. To CHRONICLE, krôn'é-kl. v. a. 405. To re- cord in chronicle, or history; to re-gister, to record. CHRONICLER, krôn'é-klär. s. 98. A writer of chronicles ; an historian. CHRONOGRAM, krôn'ö-gräm. s. An inscrip- tion including the date of any action. CHRONOGRAMMATICAL, krón-nó-gräm-mát'- è-kál...a...Belonging ig a chronºgram, CHRONOGRAMMATIST, krôn-nó-grám’må- tist. s. A writer of chronograms. CHRONOLOGER, krô-nól'löjär. s. He that studiºs or explains the science of computing ast time. cHºogical, krôn-nó-lödje'é-kál. a. Re- lating to the doctrine of time. A contraction of the To cheat, to trick. A bubble; a tool; a trick CHRONOLOGICALLY, krôn-nó-lödje'ê kāl-lè. ad. In a chronological manner; according to the exact series of time. CHRONOLOGIST, krô-nól'ö-jíst. s. One that studies or explains time. CHRONOI,00;Y, krô-nól'ö-jë. s. The science of computing and adjusting the periods of time. CHRöNöWiFTER,”hºmºmºtºr s. An in- strument for the exact mensuration of time. CHRYS ALIS, kris'sā-lis. s. 503. Aurelia, or the first apparent change of the maggot of any Species of insects. CHRYSG) Li TE, kris'só-lite. s. 155. A precious stone of a dusky green, with a cast of yellow CHUB, tshāb. s. A river fish ; the chevin. CHUBBED, tshāb'bid. a. 99. Bigheaded, like a chub. To CHUCK, tshök. v. n. To make a noise like a hen. To CHUCK, tshūk. v. a. To call as a hen calls º: young; to give a gentle blow under the Chill. CHUCK, tshāk s. The voice of a hen; a word of endearment. CHUCK-FARTHING, tshāk'fār-Thing. s. A play, at which the money falls with a chuck into the hole beneath. To CHUCKLE, tshāk'kl. v. n. 405. To laugh veheinently. To CHUCKLE, tshök’kl. v. a. To call as a hen; to cocker, to fondle. CHUET, tshöö'it. s. 99. Forced meat. Obsolete. CHUFF, tshöf. s. A blunt clown. CHUFFILY, tshöf'fé-lè. ad. Stomachfully. CHUFFL NESS, tshöffé-ués, s. Clownishmess. CHUFFY, tshöf'fé. a. Surly, fat. CHUM, tshöm. s. A chamber fellow. CHUMP, tshāmp. s. A thick heavy piece of wood, CHURCH, tshārtsh. s. The collective body of Christians ; the body of º adhering to one particular form of worship; tº place which Christians consecrate to the worship of God. To CHURCH, tshörtsh. v. a. To perform with any one the office of returning thanks after any signal deliverance, as child-birth. CHURCH-ALE, tshārtsh-àle'. s. A wake, or teast, commemoratory of the dedication of the church. CHURCH-ATTIRE, tshārtsh-āt-tire'. s. The habit in which men officiate at divine service. CHURCHMAN, tshārtsh'mām. s. 88. An eccle- siastick, a clergyman; an adherent to the Church of England. CHURCHWARDENS, tshārtsh-war'dnz. s. 103 Officers yearly chosen, to look to the church, churchyards, and such things as belong to both. CHURCHYARD, tshörtsh'yård. s. The ground adjoining to the church, in which the dead are buried ; a cemetery. CHURL, tshārl. s. A rustick, a countryman; a rude, surly, ill-bred man; a miser, a niggard. CHURLI §§. tshār"lish. a. Rude, brutal, harsh ; selfish, avaricious. CHURLISHLY, tshör'lish-lè. ad. Rudely, bru- tafly. cătălishNEss, tshār'lish-nés. s. Brutality, ruggedness of manner. CHURME, tshörm. s. A confused sound, a noise. Obsolete. CHURN, tshörn. s. The vessel in which the but- ter is, by agitation, coagulated. e To ğüßN ; W. a. To agitate or shake any thing by a violent motion; to make butter by agita- ting the milk - CHÚbrºwofM, tshār'wärm. s. An insect that turns about nimbly; called also a fancricket. CHYLAUEOUS, kº-lä'shäs. a. 180. Belonging to chvle. cłº, kile. s. 353. The white juice formed in the stomach by digestion of the aliment. CHYLIFACTION, kil-lè-fák'shôn. s. The act or process of making chyle in the body, CIC CIR 87 —no, mêve, när, nét;—túbe, túb, CHY LIFACTIVE, kil-lè-fák’tív. a. Having the ower of making chyle. C łºś. Hºkashan. s. The act of making chyle. & cłºśćATORY, kil-ć-fè-kā'tó-ré. a. Making chyle. Aº § §§º, §º Consisting of chyle. C y k m’ iº 4. q is- CHYMICK, kīm'mík. Made by chymis #y 3, elating to chymistry.,, CHYMICALLY, kim'mè-kāl-lè.ad. In a chymical Iſlanner. CHYMIST, k?m’mist. s. A professor of chymistry. [[ſ’ Scholars have lately discovered, that all the nations of Europe have, for many centuries past, been erroneous in spelling this word with a y instead of an e, that is, Chymist instead of Chemist ; and if we crave their reasons, they very gravely tell us, that instead of deriving the word from Xºzoc, juice, or from X's, Xava, or Xua, to melt, it is more justly derived from the Arabic kema, black. But Dr. Johnson, who very well understood every thing that could be urged in favour of the new orthºgraphy, has very judiciously continued the old, and indeed, till we see better reasons than have yet appear- ed, it seems rather to savour of an affectation of Oriental learning, than a liberal desire to rectify and improve our language. But let the word originate in the East or West, among the Greeks or Arabians, we certainly received it from our common Linguaducts, (if the word will be pardoned me,) the Latin and French, which still retain either the y, or its substitute i. Besides, the alteration produced a change in the pronunciation, which, from its being but slight, is the less likely to be attended to ; and there- fore the probability is, that, let us write the word as we will, we shall still continue to pro- nounce the old way; for in no English word throughout the language does the e sound like ty, or i short, when the accent is on it. This improvement, therefore, in our spelling, would, in all probability, add a new irregularity to our pronunciation, already incumbered with too many. Warburton, in his Edition of Pope's Works, seems to have been the first writer of mote who adopted this mode of spelling from Boerhaave, and the German criticks; and he seems to have been followed by all the inscrip- tions on the chymists shops in the kingdom. But till the voice of the people has more decidedly declared itself, it is certainly the most eligible to follow Dr. Johnson and our established wri- ters in the old orthography.—See Mr. Nares's English Orthūepy, page 285, where the reader will see judiciously exposed the folly of altering settled modes of spelling for the sake of far- fetched and fanciful etymologies. CHYMISTRY, kim'mis-trè. s. The science which enables us to discover the peculiar properties cé all natural bodies, either in their simple or com- pound state. Parkes' Chymnistry. CIBARIOUS, sl-bā'ré-às. a. 121. Relating to food. CICATRICE, or CICATRIX, sikā-tris. s. 142. The scar remaining after a wound; a mark, an impressure. CICATRISANT, sik-à-tri'zānt. s. An application that induces *. cicatrice. CICATRISIVE, sik-à-tri'sív. a. 158,428. Having the qualities properto induce a cicatrice. CICATRIZATION, sik-à-trè-zá'shān. s. The act of healing the wound; the state of being healed, or skinned over. To CICATRIZE, sikā-trize. v. a. To apply such medicines to wounds, ol ulcers, as skin them. CICELY, sis"lè. s. A sort of herb. To ClCURATE, sík'ê-räte. v. a. 91. To tame, to reclaim from wildness. 503. &ICURATION, sik-à-rá'snän. s. The act of ta- ming or reclaiming from wildness, de büll 5–&il —päänd;—thin, 1 tus. CICUTA, sé-kū'tā. s. 91. A genus of plants; was ter-hemlock. Mason. CIDER, si'dár. s. The juice of apples expressed and fermented. te CIDERIST, si'dār-ist. s.98. A maker of cider. CIDERKIN, si'dār-kin. s. The liquor made of the gross matter of apples, after the cider is pressed out. cº, sil'ya-ré, a 113. Belonging to the ey eit UIS. CILICIOUS, sé-lish'ês. a. 314. Made of hair. CIMETER, sim'ê-tár. s. 98. A sort of sword, short and recurvated. CINCTURE, sink'tshūre. s. 461. Something worn round the body; an enclosure; a ring or list at the top or bottom of the shaft of a column. CINDER, sin"dēr s. 98. A mass of any thing burnt in the fire, but not reduced to ashes; a hot coal that has ceased to flame. CINDER-WOMAN, sin'dār-wim-án. CINDER-WENCH, sín'dār-wénch. ; S A woman whose trade is to rake in heaps of ashes for cinders. CINERATION, sin &-rà shàm. s. of any thing by fire to ashes. CINERITſots, sin-º-rish’s a. Having the form or state of ashes. CINERULENT, sè-nér'º-lént. a. 121 Full of a SneS. CINGLE, sing'gl. s. 405. A girth for a horse CINNABAR, sín'nā-bär. s. f66. Wermilion, a min- eral consisting of mercury and sulphur. CHNN AMON. Sin'nā-mân. s. 166. #he fragrant back of a low tree in the island of Ceylon. CINQUE, sink. S. 415. A five, in backgammon. CH Yºº-roll. sink'föfl. s. A kind of five-leaved CHOWer. CINQUE-PACE, sink'påse. s. dance CINQUE-PORTS, sink"pörts. s. Those havens tl at lie towards France. CINQUE-SPOTTED, sink'spôt-téd. a. five spots. {XION, si'ān. s. 166. A sprout, a shoot from a plant; the shoot engrafted on a stock. CIPHER, si'ſér. s. 98. An arithmetical character, by which some number is noted, a figure; at. arithmetical mark, which, standing for nothing itself, increases the value of the other figures an intertexture of letters ; a character in gen- eral; a secret or occult manner of writing, of the key to it. To CIPHER, s!'för. v. n. To practise arithme- tick. To CIPHER, si'för. v. a. To write in occult characters. CIRCLE, sér'ki. s. 108, 405. A curve line con- tinued till it ends where it began, having all parts equally distant from a common centre ; the space included in a circular line; a round body, an orb ; compass, enclosure ; an assem- bly surrounding the principal person; a com- pany ; any series ending as it begins ; an in- conclusive form of argument, in which the fore- going proposition is proved by the following, and the following inferred from the foregoing; circumlocution. To CIRCLE, sér'kl. v. a. To move round any thing; to enclose, to surround; to confine, to * together. To CIRCLE, sér'kl. v m. To move circularly CIRCLED, sér'kld, a. 359. Having the form of a circle, round. CIRCLET, sér'klit. s. A little circle. CIRCLING, sér'kling, part. a. round. CIRCUIT, sér'kit. s. 341, 10G. The act of mov. ing round any thing ; the space enclosed in a circle; space, extent measured by travelling round ; a ring, a diadem; the visitation of ºne judges for holding assizes. The reduction A kind of grave Having Circular, |T5 '#3CRJET, sér'k?t. v. n To move circularly CIR CIRCUITER, sér'klt-tér. s. One that travels a circuit. - CIRCUITION, sér-kā-ish'ên. s. The act of go- ing round any thing ; compass, maze or argu- ºnent, comprehension - CIRCUITOUS, sér-kū'ê-tãs, a. sº tº 3072, - CIRCULAR, sér'kū-lär. a. 88, 418. Round, like a circle, circumscribed by a circle; successive to itself, always returning ; Circular Letter, a letter directed to several persons, who have the same interest in some common affair. CIRCULARITY, sér-kū-lär'é-té. s. A circular form. CIRCULARLY, sér'kè-lār-lè. ad. In form of a circle; with a circular motion. To CIRCULATE, sér'kū-lāte, v. n. 91. To move in a circle. - To CIRCULATE, sér'kū-lāte. v. a. To put about. CIRCULATION, sér-kū-lä'shām. s. Motion in a circle; a series in which the same order is al- ways observed, and things always return to the same state; a reciprocal interchange of mean- : tºº, Round about. Ił19'. . - CIRCULATORY, serkū-la-tár-e. a. Belonging to circulation ; circular, 512. - £IRCULATORY, sér'kū-lä-tār-e. s. A chymical vessel. - CIRCUMAMBIENCY, sér-kām-ám’bè-én-sè. s. The act of encompassing. CIRCUMAMBIENT, sér-kām-ām"bè-ént. a. Sur- rounding, encompassing. - To CIRCUMAMBULATE, sér-kām-ám’bà-lāte. v. m. 91. To walk round about. To CIRCUMCISE, sér'kām-size. v. a. To cut the prepuce, according to the law given to the eVVS. - - CIRCUMCISION, sér-kām-sizh'ón. s. The rite or act of cutting off the foreskin. --- To CIRCUMDUCT, sér-kām-dûktſ. v. a. To contravene ; to nullify. CIRCUMDUCTION, sér-kām-dák'shôn. s. Nul- _lification, cancellation ; a leading about. CIRCUMIFERENCE, sér-köm'fé-rénse. s. The periphery, the line including and surrounding any thing ; the space enclosed in a circle; the gºal part of an orbicular body; an orb, a CIF Cle. . CIRCUMFERENTOR, sér-kām-fé-rén'tár. s. 166. An instrument used in surveying, for measur- ing angles. 4 º' CIRCUMFLEX, sér'kém-fléks. s. An accent used to regulate the pronunciation of syllables iſ iſ All our prosodists tell us, that the Circum- flex accent is a composition of the grave and the acute; or that it is a raising ină falling of the voice upon the same syllable. If they are desired to exemplify this by actual pronuncia- tion, we find they cannot do it, and only pay us with words. This accent,therefore, in the ancient as well as rmodern languages, with respect to sound,” has no specifick utility. The French, who make use of this Circumflex in writing, appear, in the usual pronunciation of it, to mean nothing more than long quantity.—See BARYTON.—If the inspector would wish to see a rational account of this accent, as well as of the grave and acute, let him consult a work lately published by the Author of this Dictionary, called A Rhetorical Grammar, the third edition ; or, A Key to the Classical Pronunciation of Greek and Latin Proper JNames, - CIRCUM FLUENCE, sér-kām'flû-énse. s. enclosure of waters. . . - . £IRCUMFLUENT, sér-kām'flû-ént. a. Flow- ... nig round any thing: cłºś. sér-kām'flû-às. a. Environ- ing with waters. g - CIRCUMFORANEOUS, sér-kām-fô-rà'mē-ăs. a. .314, Wandering from house to house. ‘ſo CiRCUMFUSE, sér-kūm-fúze'. v . a. To pour round. - - An || [IS 559.--Fāte, far, fall, fat -mé, mét;—pine, pin;– CIRCUMFUSILF, sér-kān-fú'síl. a. 427. That Which may be poured round any thing. CIRCUMFUSION, sér-kām-fú'zhàm. s. The act of spreading round. - - To CIRCUMGIRATE, sér-kämjé-räte. v. n. To roll round. - . - CIRCUMGIRATION, sér-kām-jº-ra'shan. s. The act of running round. - CIRCUMJACENT, sér-kām-jà'sént. a. Lying round any thing. - CIRCUMITION; sér-kām-ish'an. s. The act of oing round. CIRCUMLIGATION, sér-kām-lè-gå'shôn. s. The act of binding round ; the bond with which any thing is encompassed. - - CIRCUMLOCUTION, sér-kām-lö-kū'shôn. s. A circuit or compass of words, periphrasis; the use of indirect expressions. CIRCUMLOCUTORY, sér-kām-lók'à-tó-rè. a. Depending on circumlocution. Mason, CIRCUMMGRED, sér-kām-mūrd'. a. Walled round. 359. - ClFCUMNAVIGABLE, sér-kām-nāv'é-gā-bl. a. That which may be sailed round. - To CIRCUMNAVIGATE, sér-kām-nāv'è-gāte. V. a. To sail round. - CIRCUMNAVIGATION, sér-kām-nāv-è-gå'shôn. s. The act of sailing round. CHRCUMPLICATION, sér-kām-piè-ká'shôn. s. The act of enwrapping on every side; the State of being enwrapped. - . . cºrolak, sér-kām-pô'lär. a. 418 Round the pole. CIRCUMPOSITION, sér-kām-pô-zish'an. s. The act of placing any thing circularly, CIRCUMRASION, sér-kām-rā'zhຠs. The act of shaving or paring round. CIRCUMROTATION, sér-kām-rö-tà'shön. s. The act of whirling round like a wheel. - CIRCUMROTATORY, sér-kām-ró'tá-tó-rè. a. Whirling round. Mason. ~ :- - To CiêUMSöRIBéjàm-skribe. v.a. To enclose in certain lines or boundaries; to bound, to limit, to confine. - - , - CIRCUMSCRIPTION, sér-kām-skrip'shān. S Determination of particular form or magnitude, limitation, confinement. CIRCUMSCRIPTIVE, sér-kām-skrip'tív. a, Enclosing the superficies. r CIRCUMišī’īCT, sérºmºspékt. a. Cautious, attentive, watchful. - - CIRCUMSPECTION, sér-kām-spék'shôn. s. Watchfulness on every side, caution, general attention: . CIRCUMSPECTIVE, sér-kām-spéktív. a. At- tentive, vigilant, cautious. CIRCUMSPECTIVELY, sér-kām-spéktív-lè; ad. Cautiously, vigilantly. CiRCUMSPECTiy, sérkām-spékt-lè, ad. Watchfully, vigilantly. - - UIRCUMSPECTNESS, sér'kām-spékt nés. s. Caution, vigilance. - - CIRCUMSTANCE, sér'kūm-stänse, s. Some- thing appendant or relative to a fact; accident sºmething adventitious ;, incident, event; con. dition, state of affairs. . . +. - To C1RCUMSTANCE, sér'kām-stänse. v. a. To place in particular situation, or relation to the things. - CIRCUMSTANT, sér'kām-stänt. a. Surround- Ing. - . . CIRCUMSTANTIAL, sér-kām-stán'shäl. a. Ac- cidental, not essential; incidental, casual ; full of small events, detailed, minute. * ... CIRCUMSTANTIALITY, sér-kām-stān-shē-ăl'è- té. s. The state of any thing as modified by its several circumstances. - il. 4. CIRCUMSTANTIALLY, sér-kān-stān'shāl-lé. ad. According to circumstances, not essential. ly ; minutely, exactly.__ iº. - TěcitºtivišîăNišTE, sér-kām-stān'shē-ăte. CIV CLA § {} —nó, mêve, née, mēt 3–túbe, tib, bū!! ;-&#;—pôānd;—ilin, ºcłs. trº º, a. Qi. To place in particular circumstances; to place in a particular condition. ‘go CIRCUMWALLATE, jãmºvăilate. v. .a. 91 To enclose round with trenches or fortiff- cations. CIRCUMWALLATION, sér-kām-väl-lä'shēn. s. The art or act of casting up fortifications round a place; the fortification thrown up round a place besieged. gº CIRCUMVECTION, sér-kām-vék'shôn. s. The act of carrying round ; the state of being car- ried round. . ł To CIRCUMVENT, sér-kām-vént'. v. a. To de- ceive, to cheat. . ; - CIRCUMVENTION, sér-kām-vén'shūm. Fraud, imposture, cheat, delusion. To CIRCUMVEST, sér-kām-vést'. v. a. To co- ver round with a §. to surround S. cifictiºwofºtfjºrkāmºhºn. s. The act of flying round. - ciº WE, sér-kām-völv’. v. a. To roll round. CIRCUMVOLUTION, sér-kām-vö-lú'shān, s. The act of rolling round; the thing rolled round | another. - P Ş CIRCUS, sér'kás. CIRQUE, sérk, 337. open space or area for sports. CIST, sist. s. A case, ti tegument, commonly the enclosure of a tumour. CISTED, sis’téd. a. Enclosed in a cist, or bag. CISTERN, sis'tárm. s. 98. A receptacle of water for domestick uses; a reservoir, an en- closed fountain; any watery receptacle. CISTUS, sistãs. s. Rockrose. § CIT, sit. s. An inhabitant of a city; a pert low townsman. CITADEL; sità-dél. s. CITAL, si'tál. . s. citation, quotation. - . CITATION, si-tä'shān. s. The calling a per- son before the judge ; quotation from another author; the passage or words quoted ; enume- ration, mention. - CITATORY, si'tá-tó-rè. a. 512. power or form of citation. iſo CITE, site. v. a. To summon to answer in a court; to enjoin, to cali upon, another autho- ritatively; to quote. CITER, sytër. . s. One who cites into a court; one who quotes. -º * CITESS, sít-tás". s. A city woman. CITHERN, sith firm. s. 98. A kind of harp. CITIZEN, sit'é-zm. s. 103. A freeman of a city ; a townsman, an inhabitant of a city. CITRINE, sit'rºn. s. 140. Lemon-coloured. CITRINE, sit'rin. s. 140. A species of crystal of an extremely pure, clear, and fine texture. CITRON, sitträn. 3. 415. A large kind of lemon ; the citron tree. One sort, with a point- ed fruit, is in great esteem. CITRON:WATER, sittrün-watūr. s. Aquavitae, distilled with the rind of citrons. - CITRUL, sit'trôl. s. A pumpion. CITY, sit’té. s. A large collection of houses and inhabitants ; a town corporate, that hath a bishop; the inhabitants of a city. CITY, sit të. a. Relating to the city. - CIVET, sīv'ít. S. 99. A perfume from the civet s. 415. An A fortress, a castie. Impeachment; summons, Having the Căt. CIVICK, sīv'ik. a. Relating to civil honours, not military. CIVIL, sív'il. a. Relating to the community, po- jitical ; not foreign, intestine ; not ecclesiasti- cal ; not military 5 civilized, not barbarous ; complaisant, gentle, well bred; relating to the ancient consular or imperial government, as civil law. CIVILIAN, sé-vilyān. s. 113, . One that pro- fesses the knowledge of the old Roman law; Civ ILITY, sé-vil'è-té. s. 511. Freedom from barbarity ; polities. complaisance, eleganceſ **, | |CLAD, kiād, part. pret. from Clothe. of behaviour; rule of decency, practice of po- Hiteness. - CIVILIZATION, s?v-é-lè-zà'shān. s. The state of being civilized, the art of civilizing. To CIVIf IZE, sivil-ize., v. a. To reclaim from say agenešs and brutality. - CIVILIZER, sīv'íl-ij-zăr. s. He that reclaims others from a wild and savage liſe. CIVILLY, sivil-lè. ad. In a manner relating to government ; politely, complaisantly, with- out rudeness. CLACK, kläk. s. Anything that makes a last- †º. moise ; the Clack of a mill, a bell that rings when more corn is required to be put in. . - To CLACK, kläk. v. m. To make a chinking noise ; to let the tongue run. : . {}othed, invested, garbed. To CLAIM, kläme. v. a. 202. To demand of ... right, to require authoritatively. - CLAIM, kläme, s. A demand of any thing as due ; a title to any privilege or possession in the hands of another : in law, a demand of any thing that is in the possession of another. CLAIMABLE, klämää-bl. a. That which may be démanded as due. - CLAIMANT, klä'mánt. s. He that demands any § as unjustly detained by another. CLAIMER, klä'már. s. 98. He that makes a demand. +. - CLAM, kläm. s. A bivalve shell-fish. - To CLAMBER, kläm'bár. v. m. To climb with difficulty. - To CLAMM, kläm. v. n. To tinous matter. - [[G. This word ought to be written with single in both from its derivation, and from a rule, that seems to have obtained in our language, name- ły, that monosyllables beginning with a con- Sonant do not double any consonant at the end, except f, l, and ‘s. The substantive Butt, and the verb to Buzz, seem the only exceptions. cºnness, kläm'mè-més. s. Wiscosity, vis- cidity. - CLAMMY, kläm'mé, a. Viscous, glutinous. CLAMOROUS, kläm'már-às. a. Vociferous, noisy. 555. , - " CLAMOUR, kläm'már. s. 418. Outcry, noise, exclamation, vociferation. To CLAMOUR, klän’mår. v. n. cries, to exclaim, to vociferate. CLAMP, klämp. , s: , A piece of wood joined to another to strengthén it; a piece of iron used to join stones together ; a quantity of bricks. To Ǻ klâmp. v. a. To strengthen by means of a clamp, r * - - CLAN, klän. s. A family, a race; a body or sect of persons. - CLANCULAR, liläng'kū Jūr. a. 83. Clandes- time, secret. cºstine, klän-dés'tin. a. 140. Secret, 1CiC1&I). CLANDESTINELY, klän-dés’tín-lè. ad. Se- cretly, privately. . CLANG, kläng, s. A sharp, shrill moise. To CLANG, kläng. v. m. To clatter, to make a loud shrill noise. CLANgoun, klänggår. s. 314. A foud shrill * SO tº ITO. CLANGOUS, kläng'gås. a. Making a clang. CLANK, klänk. s. "A loud, shrill, sharp noise. . To CLAP, kläp. v. a. To strike together with a quick motion ; to put one thing to another suddenly; to do anything with a sudden has sy motion ; to celebrate or praise by clapping the hands, to applaud; to infect with a venereal poison; To clap up, to complete suddenly. To CLAP, kläp. v. n. To move §: with a noise ; to enter with alacrity and briskness up- on any thing, to strike the hands together is applauss * * clog with any glu- To make out- CI, A CLE 90 ū3’ 559–Fate, far, fall, fit;-mê, mét;--phe, plm;— CI, AP, kläp. s. A loud noise made by sudden tollision, a sºldden or unexpected act or mo- tion ; an explosion of thunder, an act of ap- plause ; a venereal infection ; the mether part of the beak of a hawk. CLAPPER, kläp'për. s. 98. One who claps with his hands; the tongue of a bell. To CLAPPERCLAW, kläp'pār-klâw. v. a. To tongue-beat, to scold. low word. CLARENCEUX, or CLARENCIEUX, klär'- én-shū. s. The second king at arms: so nam- ed from the dutchy of Clarence. *CiAREoššćURE, klär ºskäre'. s. Light and shade in painting. CLARET, klä'rét. s." French wine. CLARICORD, klär'è-körd. s. A musical instru- ment in form of a spinet. CLARIFICATION, klär-è-fè-kā'shôn. s. The act of making any thing clear from impurities. To CLARIFY, klär'é-fi. v. a. , 511. To purify or clear; to brighten, to illuminate. CLARION, kläre'yān. s. 113, 534. A trumpet. CLARITY, klär'é-té. s. 511. Brightness, splen- dour. CLARY, klär'é. s. An herb. To CLASH, kläsh. v. m. To make a noise by mutual collision ; to act with opposite power, or contrary direction ; to contradict, oppose. To CLASH, kläsh. v. a. To strike one thing against another. CLASH, kläsh. s. A noisy collision of two bodies ; opposition, contradiction. CLASP, kläsp. s. A hook to hold any thing close ; an embrace. To CLASP, kläsp. v. a. To shut with a clasp; to catch hold by twining; to enclose between the hands ; to embrace; to enclose. Cl, ASPER, kläs'për. s. The tendrils or threads of creeping plants. CLASPKNiñº, klasp'nife. s. A knife which folds into the handle. CLASS, kläs. s. A rank or order of persons; a number of boys learning the same lesson; a set of beings or things. To CLASS, kläs. v. a. To range according to { i.; iº º of distribution X]. A AL, kläs'sé-kāl. g ČíAššičk, klä sii. R. Relating to antique authors ; of the first order or rank. CLASSICK, kläs'sile. s. An author of the first rank. CLASSIFICATION, kläs-sé-fé:ká'shôn. s. Rang- ing into classes. JMuson. CLASSIS, kläs’s’s. s. Order, sort, body. To CLATTER, klättär. v. m. To make a noise by knocking two sonorous bodies frequently to- gether; to utter a noise by being struck toge- ther; to talk fast and idly. To CLATTER, klättär, v. a. To strike any thing so as to make it sound ; to dispute, jar, or clamour. CLATTER, klättär. s. A rattling noise made by frequent coliision of somorous bodies ; any tumultuous and confused noise. CIAVATED, kläv’ā-téd. a. Knobbed. CLAUDE {T, kläw'dént. a. Shutting, enclos- III ºf . "To Šiaupicate, kläw'dè-kāte. v. n. To halt. CLAUD1CATION, kläw-dè-kä'shān. s. The habit of halting CLAVE, kläve. The preterit of Cleave. CLAVELLATED, kläv'él-lā-têd. a. Made with burnt tartar. . A chymical term. (;ſ. AVICLE, kläv'é-kl. s. 405. The collar-bone. CLAUSE, kläwz. s. A sentence, a single part of discourse, a subdivision of a larger sentence; an article, or particular stipulation: . CLAUSTRAL, kläws'trä. a. Relating to a cloyster. iXI, AOSURE, kläw'zhūre. s. 452. Confinement. {HLAW, kläw. s. The foot of a beast or bird arm- ed with slrarp nails; a band, in contempt. To CLAW, kläw. v. a. To tear with nails or claws; to tear or scratch in general; To claw off, to scold. CLAWBACK.Kläw'bák.s. A flatterer, a wheedler CLAWED, kläwd. a. 359. Furnished or armed with claws. CLAY, klä. s. Unctuous and tenacious earth. To CLAY, klä. v., a...To cover with clay. CLAY-COLD, klä'köld. a. Cold as the unani- mated earth. CLAY-FIT, klä'pit. s. A pit where clay is dug. CLAYEY, klä'é. a. Consisting of clay. CLAY MARL, klä'mârl. s. A chalky clay. CLEAN, klène. a. 227. Free from dirt or filth; chaste, innocent, guiltless; elegant, neat, not incumbered; not leprous. Cº. , klène. ad. Quite, perſectly, fully, com- pletely. Tô CLEAN, kléne. v. a. To free from dirt. CLEANLILY, klén'lé-lè. ad. 234. In a cleanly Iºla Ilſler. CLEANLINESS, klém'lè-nés. s. Freedom from dirt or filth; neatness of dress, purity. CLEANLY, klén'lè. a. 234. Free from dirtiness, pure in the person; that which makes cleanlı ness; #: immaculate ; nice, artful. CLEANLY, klēmelē. ad. 227. Elegantly, neatly CLEANNESS, klène'més. s. Neatness, freedom from filth; easy exactness, justness; natural, unlaboured correctness; purity, innocence. To CLEANSE, klänz. v. a. 515. To free from filth or dirt; to purify from guilt; to free from noxious humours; to frce from leprosy; to SCOUlr. CLEANSER, klēm'zár. s. 98. That which has the quality of evacuating. CLEAR, klēre. a. 227. Bright, pellºid, trans- parent; serene; perspicuous, not obscure, not ambiguous; indisputable, evident, undenlable; apparent, manifest, not hid ; unspotted, guilt less, irreproachable; free from prosecution, or imputed guilt, guiltless; free from deductions or incumbrances ; out of debt; unintangled at a safe distance from danger; canorous, sounding distinctly. CLEAR, klēre. ad. Clean, quite, completely. To CLEAR, klère. v. a. To make bright, to brighten ; to free from obscurity; to purge from the imputation of guilt, to justify ; tu cleanse; to discharge, to remove any incum- brance; to free ſrom any thing offensive ; to clarify, as to clear liquors; to gain without deduction. To CLEAR, klère. v. n. To grow bright, to re- cover transparency; to be disengaged from in- cumbrances, or entanglements. CLEARANCE, klè'ränse. s. A certificate that a ship has been cleared at the custom-house. ciºłł , klère'êr. s. Brightener, purifier, enlightener. & tº CLEARLY, klēre'lé. ad. Brightly, ſuminously: plainly, evidently; with discernment, acutely; without entanglement; without deduction or cost; without reserve, without subterfuge. CLEARNESS, klère'nés. s. Transparency, brightness; splendour, lustre; distinctness, erspicuity. cłºśīTED, klère-si’téd. a. Discerning, judicious. To CLEARSTARCH, klère'st&rtsh. v. a. To stiffen with starch. CLEARSTARCHER, klère'stårtsh-àr. s. One who washes fine linen. To CLEAVE, klēve. v. n. 227. To adhere, to stick, to hold to ; to unite aptly, to fit; to unite in concord ; to be concomitant. . . * * * * To CLEAVE, kleve. v. a. To divide with vio- lence, to split; to divide. To CLEAVE, kiève. v. n. To part asunder; to suffer division. CLEAVER, kièvär... s. 98. A butcher's instru inent to cut animals into joints. € Lºſ €LO {}} —nó, mêve, nár, mēt;—túbe, tab, būll,—ⅈ-pôānd;—thin, Tais. C LEF, klif. s. A mark at the beginning of the lines of a song, which shows the tone or key in which the piece is to begin. II + It is the common fault of Professions, liberal as well as mechanical, to vitiate their techni- cal terms. Thus, even without the plea of bre- vity, clef is changed by musicians into cliff. {*T, kléft. part, pass. from Cleave. Divi- d ed. CLEFT, kléſt. s. A space made by the separa- tion of parts, a crack; in farriery, clefts are cracks in the heels of a horse. - To CLEFTGRAFT, kléft'gráft. v. a. To engraft by cleaving the stock of a tree. CLEMENCY, klém'mén-sé. s. Mercy, remission of severitv. - CLEMENT, klém'imént. a. Mild, gentle, merciful.] 'I'o CLEPE, kièpe., v. a. To call, to name. See Yor, Epelo. Obsolete. CLERGY, klérjë. s. The body of men set apart by due ordination for the service of God. C#, ERGYMAN, klérjè-mân. s. 83. A man in holy orders, not a laick. CLERICAL, klér'é-kāl. a. Relating to the clergy. CLERK, klärk. s. 100. A clergyman ; a scholar, a man of letters; a man employed under an- other as a writer; a petty writer in publick offi- ces; the layman who reads the responses to the congregation in the church, to direct the rest. ČLERKSHIP, klärk'ship. s. Scholarship; the office of a clerk of any kind. - - CF.EVER, klév’ār. a. 98. Dexterous, skilful; just, fit, proper, commodious; well-shaped, handsome. - CLEVERLY, kiév’ār-lè. ad. Dexterously, fitly, handsomely. CLEV §s, klév’ār-nēs. s. Dexterity, skill. CLEW, klü. s. Thread wound upon a bottom ; a guide, a direction. - To CLEW, klü. v. a. To clew the sails, is to raise them in order to be furled. To CLICK, klik. v. m. To make a sharp, suc- cessive noise. - CLIENT, kil'ént. s. One who applies to an ad- vocate for counsel and defence ; a dependant. CLIENTED, kli'ém-téd. part. a. Supplied with clients. . CLIENTELE, kli-én-téle'. s. The condition or office of a client. CLIENTSHIP, kli'ént-ship. s. The condition of a client. - CLIFF, klif. s. A steep rock, a rock. CLIFT, klift. s. The same with cliff. CLIMACTER, kli-mák'tár. s. 122. A certain progression of years, supposed to end in a dam- gerous time of life. CLIMACTERICK, kljm-āk-tér'rik. 530. CLIMACTERICAL, klim-āk-tér'rè-kál. Containing a certain number of years, at the end of which some great change is supposed to befal the *}. - - - CLIMARE, klſ'māte. s. 91. A space upon the surface of the earth, measured from the equator to the polar circles; in each of which spaces the 3. longest day is half an hour longer than in that nearer to the equator. From the polar circles to the poles climates are measured by the in- crease of a month; a region or tract of land differing from another by the temperature of the air. CLIMATURE, kli'må-tshūre. s. 463. The same with climate. - CLIMAX, klimáks. s. Gradation, ascent, a figure in rhetorick, by which the sentence rises gra- dually. - To CLIMB, klime. v. n. place. To CLIMB, klime. v. a. To ascend. CLIMBER, klimár. s. One that mounts or scales any place, a mounter, a riser; i plant To ascend to any that creeps upon other supports; the game of ai To CLOISTER, klöfstär. v. a. particular herb. | To CLOSE, klöze. v. a CLIME, klime. s. Climate, region, tract of earth. - To CLINCH, klinsh. v. a. To hold in hand with the fingers bent ; to contract or double the fi:, . gers; to bend the point of a nail in the other side; to confirm, to fix, as To clinch an argu- ment. - . - - CLINCH, klinsh. s... A pun, an ambiguity. cºcher, kilnsh'âr. S. 93. A cramp, a hold. aSt. . . . . * To CLING, kling. v. n. To hang upon by twin- ing round; to dry up, to consistine. CLINGY, kling'é... a. Clinging, adhesive. CLINICAL, klän'ê-kál. - - - CLINICK, klin'īk. through sickness. To CLINK, klingk. v. 11. 400. tº g To utter a small interrupted moise. . $a. Keeping the bed CLINK, kängk. s. 409. A sharp successive noise. - CLINQUANT, klingk’ānt. a. Shining, glittering To CLIP, kiip. V. 3. | - To embrace, by throwing the arms round ; to cut with shears; it is par- ticularly used of those who diminish coin; curtail, to cut short; to confine, to hold. CLIPPER, klippár. s. by cutting. to wº One that debases coin cººd, Klipping. s. The part cut or clip- Ö • . . - e * ciº. klöke. s. cealmert. To CLOAK, klöke. v. a. to hide, to conceal. CLOAKBAG, klöke'bág. bag in which clothes are carried. 3. To cover with a cloak The outer garment; a con- s. A portmanteau, a CLOCK, kiök. s. The instrument which tells the hour; The clock of a stocking, the flowers & 2 or inverted work about the ankle ; a sort of . beetle. CLOCKMAKER, klók'mā-kār. s. An artificer whose profession is to make clocks. - - CLOCKWORK, klök'wark. s. Movements by Weights or springs. . CLOD), klöd. s. A lump of earth or clay; a turf, the ground ; any thing vile, base, and earthy; a dull fellow, a dolt. To CLOD, klöd. v. n. tions, to coagulate. . . . . To CLOD, klöd. y; a. To pelt with clods. CLODDY, klöd'dé., a, Consisting of earth or clods, earthy; full of clods, unbroken. - CLODPATE, klöd'pâte. * dolt, a thickskull. CEOBPATED, kiödpåtåd. a. Doltish, thought- *-* less. - -- * * . . CLODPOLL, klöd'pôle. s. A thickskull, a dolt. |To CLOG, klög. v. a. To load with something that may hinder motion; to hinder, to obstruct; to load, to burthen. . . . . . To CLOG, klög. v. n. To coalesce, to to be incumbered or impeded. . CLOG, klög. s. Any incumbrance hung to hin- der motion; a hindrance, an obstruction; a To gather into concre- s.” A ſtupid fellow, a adhere; # kind of additional shoe worn by women, to keep them from wet; a wooden shoe. CLOGGINESS, kläg'gè-nēs. s. The state of ‘oeing clogged - - CEOGGY: kiög'gé. a. 383. That which has the pówer of clogging up. . cłºś. s. ment; a peristile, a piazza. * - tº g To shut up in a religious house; to immure from the world. A religious retire cºrºnal, klöfs’tär-ál. a. 88. Solitary, re- tired. - - CLOISTERED, klöſs’tórd. part. a. Solitary inhabiting cloisters; built with peristiles or Hºf; - CLOfSTERESS, klöfs'trés. s. A nun. CLOMB, klöm. Pret. of To climb. To CLOOM, klööm. v. a. To shut, with viscous matter. - tº <57, To shut, to hy * CºLG) tegether, to conclude, to finish ; to enclose, to confine; to join, to unite fractures. To CLOSE, klóze. v. m. To coalesce, to join its own parts together ; To close upon, to agree upon ; To close with, or To close in with, to come to an agreement with, to unite with. CLOSE, klöse. s. A small field enclosed. CLOSE, klóze. s. The time of shutting up ; a grapple in wrestling; a pause or cessation; a conclusion or end. CLOSE, klöse. a. 437, 499. Shut fast; with- out vent, without inlet; confined ; compact, concise, brief, immediate, without any inter- vening distance or space; joined one to another; narrow, as a close alley; admitting small dis- tance ; hidden, secret, not revealed ; having the quality of secrecy, trusty ; reserved, covet- Güs; cloudy, without wandering, attentive ; full to the point, home ; retired, solitary ; se- cluded from communication ; dark, cloudy, not clear. CLOSEBODIED, klöse-bêdºid. a. 99. Made to fit the body exactly. CLOSEHANDED, klöse-hăn'déd. a. Covetous ; more commonly CLos EFISTED. CLOSELY, klöse'lé. ad. Without inlet or outlet; without much space intervening, nearly ; Se- cretly, slily ; without deviation. CLOSENESS, klöse'nés. s. The state of being shut; narrowness, straitness; want of air, or ventilation, compactness, solidity; recluseness, solitude, retirement ; secrecy, privacy; covet- ousness, sly avarice ; connection, dependence. CLOSER, kló'zār. s. A finisher, a concluder. CLOSESTOOL, klöse'stóól. s. A chamber im- plement. CLOSET, klóz'ít. s. 99. A small room of pri- vacy and retirement; a private repository of curiosities. To CLOSET, klöz'it. v. a. To shut up, or con- ceal in a closet; to take into a closet for a se- cret interview. - CLOSURE, klö'zhère. s. 452. . The act of shut- ting up ; that by which any thing is closed or shut; the parts enclosing, enclosure ; conclu- sion, end. CLOT, klöt. s. Concretion, grume: To CLOT, klót, v. m. To form clots, to hang together; to concrete, to coagulate. CI,0TH, Klöth. s. 467. Any * woven ſor dress or covering ; the piece of linen spread upon a table ; the canvass on which pictures are delineated; in the plural, dress, habit, garment, vesture. Pronounced Kloze. To CLOTHE, klöthe, v. a. 467. To invest with garments, to cover with dress; to adorn with dress; to furnisa or provide with clothes. Cioff{EŠ, klöze. s. Garment, raiment; those coverings of the body that are made of cloth. ... [.. This word is not in Johnson's Vocabulary, though he has taken notice of it under the word Cloth, and says it is the plural of that word. With great deference to his authority, I think it is rather derived from the verb to clothe, than from the noun cloth, as this word has its regular plural cloths, which plural regularly sounds the ih as in this, 467, and not as z; which is a cor- ruption, that, in my opinion, is not incurable. I see no reason why we may not as easily pro- nounce the th in this word as in the third per- son of the verb To clothe. - CLOTHIER, klóTheyèr. s. 113. A maker of cloth. CLOTHING, klóTheºng. s. 410. Dress, vesture, ariſºnents. - cíđEARER, klöth'shēēr-fir. s. One who trims the cloth. CLOTPOLI, kićt'pôle. s. Thickskull, blockhead. To CLOTTER, kiöttör. v. m. To concrete, to coagulate. - cºś. klöt’të. a. Full of clots, concreted. *LOUD, klööd. a The dark collection of wa- CLU [IF 559—Fate, fär, fall, fit;-mê, mēt ;—pine, pin;– pours in the air ; the veins or stains in stones, or other bodies ; any state of obscurity or darkness. To CLOUD, klööd., v. a. To darken with clouds; to obscure, to make less evident; to variegate with dark veins. To CLQUI), klóñd.y, n., To grow cloudy. CLOUH)BERRY, klöüd'bér-ré. s. A plant, called also Knotberry. CLQUIDCAPT, klóüd'kāpt. a. Topped with clouda. CLOUDCOMPELLING, klóñd'köm-pêl-ling. a. 410. An epithet of Jupiter, by whom clouds were supposed to be collected, CLOUDILY, klöäd'dé-lè. ad. With clouds, darkly ; obscurely, not perspicuously. CLOUDINESS, kiöä'dè-nēs. s. The state of being covered with clouds, darkness; want of brightness. - CLOſidfiss, Klöödlés. a. Clear, unclouded, luminous. CLOUDY, klääd'dé. a. Obscured with clouds, dark, obscure, not intelligible; gloomy of look, not open, net cheerful; marked with spots or VelthS. CLOUGH, or CLOFF, klöff. s. The cleft of a hill, a cliff; an allowance in weight. [j' When this word signifies a deep descent be- tween hills, it seems best to pronounce it so as to rhyme with plough; and when it means an allowance in weight, to rhyme it with enough : but this distinction of sound to distinguish the different meaning of a word, however plausible, is a great inconvenience in language. For the reason, see Bow L. - CLOVE, klöve. Preterit of Cleave. CLOVE, klöve. s. A valuable spice brought from Ternate ; the fruit or seed of a very large tree; some of the parts into which garlick separates. CLOVE-GILLYFLOWER, klöve-jīl'é-flöðr. s. A flower smelling like cloves. CLOVEN, kJó'vn. 103. Part. pret, from Cleave. CI.OVEN-FOOTED, klö'vn-fút-éd. Q CLOVEN-HOOFED, kló'vn-hööft. * Having the foot divided into two parts. CLOVER, kló'vár. s. A species of trefoil ; To live in clover, is to live luxuriously. CLOWERED, klövärd. a. 359. Covered with clower. CLOUT, klöät. s. A cloth for any mean use ; a patch on a shoe or coat; anciently the mark of white cloth at which archers shot; an iron plate to an axle-tree. To CLOUT, klöät. v. a. To patch, to mend coarsely ; to cover with a cloth; to join awk- wardly together. . . . CLOUTED, klää'téd. part. a. Congealed, co agulated. CLOUTERLY, klöö'tär-lè. a. Clumsy, awkward. CLOWN, klööm. s. A rustick, a churl; a coarse ill bred man. CLOWNERY, klöän'ār-ré. s. Ill breeding, churlishness. CLOWNISH, kläänish. a. Consisting of rusticks or clowns; uncivil, ill-bred ; clumsy, ungainly. CLOWNISHLY, kiöän'ish-lè. ad. Coarsely, rudely. CLOWNISHNESS, klößnish-nēs. s. Rusticity, coarseness; §3. brutality. CLowN’s-MUSTARD, klöänz-más’tärd. S. An herb. To CLOY, klöè. v. a. To satiate, to sate, to sur- feit ; to nail up guns, by striking a spike into the touch-hole. CLOYLESS, klöè'lés. a. cause satiety. - CLOYMENT, klóēmēnt. s. Satiety, repletion. CLUB, kläb. s. A heavy stick; the name of one of the suits of cards; the shot or dividend of a reckoning; an assembly of jovial fellows; con- currence, contribution, joint charge. To CLUB, kläb. v. p. To contribute to common expeuse; to join to one effect. That which cannot | COA COB 93 —mö, móve, nér, nôt,-tūbe, tab, būll;—óil;-pôānd;—thin, This. To CLUB, kläb. v. a. To pay a common reckon- ing. cłºńHEADED, Klabhéd éd. a. Having a thick head. CLUBLAW, kläblåw.s. The law of arms. . . . CLUBROOM, kläb'rööm. s. . The room in which a club or company assembles. To CLUCK, kläk. v. m. To call chickens, as a hen. CLUMP, klämp. s. A shapeless piece of wood; a small cluster of trees. CLUMPS, klämps. s. A numbskull. CLUMSILY, kläm'zé-lè. ad. Awkwardly. CLUMSINESS, kläm'zè-nēs. s. Awkwardness, ungainliness, want of dexterity. - CLUMSY, kläm'zè. a. Awkward, heavy, un- handw. CLUNG, kläng. The preterit and participle of Cling. ciºffer, klüs'tūr. s. 98. A bunch, a number of things of the same kind growing or joined together; a number of animals gathered to- gether; a body of people collected. - To CLUSTER, kläs’tár. v. n. To grow in bum- ches. To CLUSTER;, kläs'tūr. v. a. To collect any thing into bodies. - CitySTER-GRAPE, klás’tär-grâpe. s. The small black grape, called the currant. CLUSTERY, kläs’tàr-ré. a. Growing in clusters. To CLUTCH, klätsh. v. a. To hold in the hand; to gripe, to grasp ; to contract, to double the hand. , Cityto H, klätsh. s. The gripe, grasp, seizure; the paws, the talons. CLUTTER, klättör. hurry. To CLUTTER, klät’túr. v. n. To make a noise or bustle. CLYSTER, klis'tar. s. à l'UlS. To COACERVATE, kö-à-53r'väte. v. a. 91, 503, b. To heap up together. . . § 3. Every Dictionary but Entick’s has the ac- cent on the penultimate syllable of this word; and that this is the true accentuation, we may gather from the tendency of the accent to rest on the same syllable as in the Latin word it is derived from, when the same number of sylla- bles are in both ; as in coacervo and coacervate— See ARIETATE. - - COACERVATION, kö-ás-sér-vá'shēn. s. The act of heaping. - COACH, kötsh. s. A carriage of pleasure, or State. - To COACH, kótsh. v. a. To carry in a coach. COACH-BOX, kótsh'böks. s. The seat on which the driver of the coach sits. t COACH-HIRE, kótsh'hire. s. Money paid for the use of a hired coach. COACH-MAN, kötsh'mán. s. 88. The driver of a coach. - To COACT, kê ški'. v. n. To act together in concert. CQACTION, kā-āk'shān. s. Compulsion, force. COACTIVE, kö-āktiv. a. 157. Having the force 9f restraining or impelling, compulsory; acting In Concurrence. COADJUMENT, kö-ādjè-mênt. s. Mutual assist- alſº Cé. COADJUTANT, kö-ādjà-tānt. a. Helping, co- operation. COADJUTOR, kö-ād-jū'tör. s. 166. A fellow- helper, an assistant, an associate: in the canon law, one who is empowered to perform the du- ties of another. COADJUVANCY, kö-ádjà-vān-sé. s. Help, con- current help. COADUNITION, kó-ād-à-nish'ên. s. The con- junction of different substances into oue mass. To COAGMENT, kö-āg-mênt'. v. a. To congre- gate. S. 98. A noise, a bustle, a An injection into the COAGMENTATION, kö-āg-mén-tä'shôn. s. Coa- Cervation into one mass, union * COAGULABLE, kö-āg'à-iā-bl. a. That which is capable of concretion. To COAGULATE, kö-āg'à-lāte. v. a. 91. To force into concretions. To COAGULATE, kö-ág'à-lāte. v. n. To run into concretions. - COAGULATION, kö-āg-à-lä'shôn.s. Concretion, congelation ; the body formed by coagulation. COAGULATIVE, kö-ág'à-lä-tív. a. That which has the power of causing concretion. COAGULATOR, kó-ág'à-lä-tär. s. 521. That which causes coagulation. COAL, kóle. s. 295. The common fossil fuel; the cinder of burnt wood, charcoal. ' To COAL, köle. v. m. To burn wood to char- coal; to delineate with a coal. COAL-BLACK, köleb!āk. a. Black in the high- est degree. - COAL-MINE, kóle'mine. s. coals are dug. COAL-PIT, Wiepts. A pit for digging coals. cºstone, köle'störue. s. A sort of cannel CO3.H. - COAL-WORK, köle'wärk. s. where coals are found. COALERY, kó'lér-è. s. A place where coals are dug. To &ALEscE, kö-à-lès'. v. m. To unite in masses; to grow together, to join. COALESCENCE, kā-ā-lès'sénse.s. Concretion, t|1310|a. COALITION, kö-à-lish'êm. s. Union in one mass or body. - CQALY, kó'lé. a. Containing coal. A mine in which A coalery, a place |COAPTATION, kā-āp-tà'shôn. s. The adjustment of parts to each other. To dºğı. kô-árkt'. v. a. To straitem, to con- fine; to contract power. - COARCTATION, kö-árk-tä'shān. s. Confine, ment, restraint to a narrow space; contraction of any space ; restraint of liberty. COARSE, körse. a. Not refined; rude, uncivil; gross ; inelegant; unaccomplished by educa- tion; mean, vile. - CQARSELY, körse'lé, ad. Without fineness, meanly, not elegantly; rudely, not civilly; in- elegantlv. cöß. ESS, körse'nés. s. Impurity, unre- fined state; roughness, want of fineness; gross- ness, want of delicacy; rudeness of manners; meanness, want of nicety. COAST, köste. s. The edge or margin of the land. next the sea, the shore; The coast is clear, the danger is over. To §§§ köste. v. m. To sail by the coast. To COAST, köste. v. a. To sail by, or near a lace. cššER, kös’tár. s. He that sails timorously. near the shore. COAT, köte. s. The upper garment; petticoat, the habit of a boy in his infancy, the lower part of a woman's dress; vesture, as demonstrative of the office; the covering of any animal; any tegument; that on which the ensigns armorial are portrayed. w To COAT, köte. v. a. To cover, to invest. - COAT-CARD, köte'kärd. s. Now corrupted into Court-card. Mason. To COAX, köks. v. a. To wheedle, to flatter. COAXER, köks'âr. s. A wheedler, a flatterer. *COB, köb. s. The head of a top. g COB, kób. s. A sort of sea-fowl. º - COBALT, kó'bält. s. A whitish gray brittle metal, nearly resembling fine hardened steel. It is dif- ficult of fusion and oxidizement, and obedient to the magnet. Parkes' Chymistry. To CôBšif, kabbi. v. a. 305. To mend any | * coarsely; to do or make any thing clum. S1ty. ; COBBLER, köb'īār. g. 98. A mender of otº, *..., COC COE 9.4 [G’ 559-Fate, fir, ſåll, ſāt,-mê, mét;—pine, pim ;- shoes; a clumsy workman in general; any In ean perSOn. COBIRONS, köb'l-ūrmz. s. Irons with a knob at the upper end. - QQRISHOP, kó-bish ēp. s. A coadjutant bishop. QQBNUT, köb'nāt. s. A boy's game. COBSWAN, köb'swón, s. The head or leading SW3 in. COBWEB, kêb'wéb. s. The web or met of a spi- der; any snare or trap. COCCIFEROUS, kök-sif'fér-rås. a. Plants are so called that have berries. COCHINEAL, kötch'in-èël. s. 165. from which a red colour is extracted. QQQHLEARY, köklè-à-ré. a. 353. Screwform. COCHLEATED, kók'lé-à-téd. a. Of a screwed ...Q. turbinated form. COCK, kök. s. The male to the hen; the male of any small birds; the weathercock that shows the direction of the wind; a spout to let out water or any other liquor at will; the notch of an arrow ; the part of the lock of a gun that strikes, with flint; a cockboat, a small boat; a small heap of hay ; the form of a hat; the style of a diai; the needle of a balance; Cock- a-hoop, triumphant, exulting. To CQCK, kök, v. a. To set erect, to hold bolt upright; to set up the hat with an air of petu- lance; to mould the form of the hat; to fix the cock, of a gun for a discharge; to raise hay in small heaps. To COCK, kök. v. n. To strut, to hold up the head; to train or use fighting cocks, cºckade, kök-käde'. s. A riband worn in the lat. + COCKATRICE, kākā-trise. s. 142. A serpent supposed to rise from a cock's egg. CQCKBOAT, kök'böte. s. A small boat belong- §§ to a ship. COCKBROTH, kök'bröth. s. boiling a cock. An insect Broth made by COCKCROWING, kök'krö-ing. s. The time at which cocks crow ; early morning. Tº ºgker, kēk'kår. v. a. ulge. - COCKER, kök'kör. s. 98. One who follows the sport of cockfighting. QQQREREL, kök'kār-il s. 555. A young cock. COCKET, kök'kit. s. 99. A seal belonging to the king's custom-house; likewise a scroll of parchment delivered by the officers of the cus- tom-house to merchants as a warrant that their merchandize is entered. - £OCKFIGHT, kök'fite. s. A match of cocks. COCKHORSE, kök'hörse. a. On horseback, tri- umphant. COCKLE, kök'ki. s. 405. A small shell-fish. COCKLESTAIRS, kök'kl-stáres. s. Winding or spiral stairs. COCKLE, kök'kl. s. A weed that grows in corn, COTIA-roSe. *- To COCKLE, kök'kl. v. a. wrinkles. - COCKLED, kêk'kid. a. 359. Shelled or turbin- ated. COCKLOFT, kök'löft. s. The room over the garret. CööKMASTER, kökmås-tár.'s. One thatbreeds §§ cocks. COCKMATCH, kök'mátsh. s. Cockfight for a r12,62. cčğEy, kök'ně. s. 270. A native of Lon- don; any effeminate, low citizen. COCKPIT, kök'pft. s. The area where cocks fight; a place on the lower deck of a man of War. COCK'S-COMB, köks'kóme. s. A plant, louse- WOrt #s £0CK'S-HEAD, köks'héd. s. A plant, sainfoin, £OCKSPUR, kök’spör. s. Virginian hawthorn. A species of medlar. g:{)CKSURE, kök-shöðr'. a. Gonfidently certain. To fondle, to in- To contract into f l COCKSWAIN, kök'sm. s. The officer that has the command of the cockboat. Corruptly Corn-See BoATswain. * - t COCKWEED, kök'weed. s. A plant, dittander or pepperwort. COCOA, kökö. s. A species of palm-tree. QQQTILE, kök'til, a 140. Made by baking CQCTIQN, kök'shān. s. The act of boiling. COD, köd. Čáñfish, kódfish. & S. A sea fish. COD, köd. s. Any case or husk in which seeds are lodged. To COD, köd. v. a. To enclose in a cod. CODE, köde. s. A book; a book of the civil law CODICIL, köd'é-sil. s. An appendage to a will. CODILLE, kó-dil'. s. A term at ombre and quadrille. - To CODLE, köd'dl. v. a. 405. To parboil. [[G’ How Dr. Johnson could be guilty of so gross an oversight as to spell this word and its com- pounds with one d is inconceivable. By the general rule of English pronunciation, as the word stands here, it ought to be pronounced with the o long, the first syllable rhyming with go, no, and so. False and absurd, however, as this spelling is, the veneration I have for Dr. Johnson's authority forbids me to alter it in this Dictionary, though I shall mever follow it in practice. Perhaps the same veneration in- duced Mr. Sheridan to let this word stand as he found it in Johnson. Dr. Kenrick has ven- tured to insert another d in the verb , but in the substantive, derived from the presentg.º. Codling, lets it stand with one d. Some wiłł be apt to think that when d ends a syllable, and a consonant follows the d, which begins anoth- er, that the business is done, and that the quan- tity of the vowel is sufficiently secured: but this is a mistake; for unless we previously um derstand the simple, the oin the compound, by the general rule, must be long. Now the first principle of orthography is, that, if possible, the letters should of themselves point out the sound of the word, without the necessity of re- curring to etymology to find out the sound of the letters; and that we should never have re- course to etymology, but where fixing the sound would unsettle the sense. Thus Coddling, a kind of apple, ought to be written with double . d, both because it determines the sound of the o, and shows its derivation from the verb to Coddle. And Codling, a small cod-fish, ought to have but one d, because putting two, in or der to fix the sound of o, would confound it with another word. To write Saddler, there- fore, with one d, as we frequently see it on shops, is an errour against the first principles of spelling; as, without necessity; it obliges us to understand the derivation of the word before we are sure of its sound. The word Stabling and Stabler, for stable-keeper in Scotland, with the word Fabled in Milton, all present their true sound to the eye without knowing their primi- tives; and this essential rule has generated the double consonant in the participles and verbal nouns, beginning, regretted, complotter, &c. But this rule, rational and useful as it is, is a thou- sand times violated by an affectation of a know ledge of the learned languages, and an ignor ant prejudice against clusters of consonants, as they are called. Thus couple, trouble, double, tre- ble, and triple, have single consonants, because their originals in Latin and French have no more, though double consonants would fix the sound of the preceding vowels, and be merely double to the eye. CODLING, ködling. s. An apple generally cod- led; a small cod-fish. COEFFICACY, kö-éf'fé-kā-så. s. The power of several things acting together. COEFFICIE&CY, kö-àf-fish én-sè. s. Co-oper ation, the state of acting together to some sir:- gºe £11d. COG Q COH *...* 5. —nö, mêve, mār, nāt;-tūbe, túb, būll;—öfl;—pôānd;—thin, This. Č0EFFICIENT, kö-&f-fish ēnt. s. That which unites its action with the action of another.— See ErfAcE. COEMPTION, kö-ém'shán. s. 412. The act of buying up the whole quantity of anything. Cotºqū’Ajº, kºal. ‘a. Equal. ČößUAïity, ºgºlº s. The state of being equal. To COERCE, kö-érse'. v. a. To restrain, to keep in order by force. COERCIBLE, kö-ér'sè-bl. a. That may be re- strained ; that ought to be restrained. ' COERCION, kö-ér'shān. s. Penal restraint, check. COERCIVE, kö-ér'siv. a. That which has the power of laying restraint; that which has the . . . authority of restraining by punishment. cöği. kö-és-sém'shäl. a. Participa- ting of the same essence. . COESSENTIALITY, kö-és-sén-shē-ăl'è-té. s. Participation of the same essence. COETANEOUS, kö-&-tä'mē-ăs. a. Of the same age with another. . COETERNAL, kö-è-tér'mál. a. Equally eternal with another. ... * COETERNALLY, kö-è-têr'nāl-lè, ad. In a state of equal etermity with another. COETERNITY, kö-&-tér'nè-té. s. Having exis- tence from etermity equal with another eternal § QQEVAL, kö-è'vál. a. . Of the same age. CQEVAL, kó-É'vál. s. A contemporary. COEYOUS, kö-évés. a. Of the same age. To COEXIST, kö-ég-zist'. v. n. 478. To exist at the same time with another. ^. COEXISTENCE, kö-èg-zis'ténse. s. at the same time with another. COEXISTENT, kö-ég-zis'tént. a. Having exis- _tence at the same time with another. To COEXTEND, kö-éks-ténd'. v. a. 477. To ex- . to the same space or duration with an- Other. º COEXTENSION, kā-éks-tén'shūm. s. The state of extending to the same space with another. COFFEE, köffè. s. The coffee-tree; the ber- ries of the coffee-tree; a drink made by the infusion of those berries in hot water. t COFFEE-HOUSE, köf'fé-höäse. s. _where coffee is sold. COFFEE-MAN, köf'ſé-mân. s. 88. One that keeps a coffee-house.- *—- * *- COFFEE-POT, köffè-pôt. s. The covered pot in which coffee is boiled. CQFFER, köf'för. s. A chest generally for keeping money: in fortification, a hollow lodge- ment across a dry moat. - [I3’ I have in this word followed the general pro- nunciation, which I see is confirmed by Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Messrs. Perry, Scott, and Buchaman ; for as it stands in Mr. Sheri. dam with the o long, though not without re- spectable usage on its side, it is a gross irregu- !. which ought, if possible, to be reduced O rulie. - * . To COFFER, köf'för. v. a. To treasure up m chests. COFFERER, köffār-tr. s. 555. A principal officer of his majesty's court, next under the comptroller. \ + COFFIN, köffin. . s. The chest in which dead bodies are put into the ground; a mould of paste for a pye; Coffin of a horse, is the whole hoof of the foot above the coronet, including the coffin-bone. . . . * - To CQFFHN, köffin. v. a. To enclose in a coffin. To COG, kóg. v.a. To flatter, to wheedle; to ebtrude by falsehood; To cog a die, to secure Existence A house it, so as to direct its fall. To COG, kóg. v. n. To lie, to wheedle. COG, kóg. s. The tooth of a wheel, by which it acts upon another wheel. To COGITATE, ködje To COG, kêg. v. a. To fix cogs in a wheel. r $2.99 ERCY, köjén-sé. s. Strength, force. COGENT, köjēnt. a. Forcible, résistless, con. §§ * * * . COGENTLY, kö’jēnt-lé. ad. With resistless force, forcibly. - - CQGGER, kóg'àr. s. A flatterer, a wheedler. CQGGLESTONE, kög'gl-stöne. s. A little stone, CQGITABLE, kódje'é-tá-bl. a. 405. What may be the subject of thought. - täte. v. m. 91, To think. Cööſtafſon, kºujśāń. . Though. act of thinking ; purpose, reflection previous to action ; meditation. . COGITATIVE, kódje'é-ta-tív. a. Having the §§ of thought , given to meditation. COGNATION, kóg-mâ'shôn. s. Kindred, rela- tion, participation of the same nature. COGNISEE, kög-nē-zéé', or kön-è-zèë'. s.-See CoGNIZANCE. He to whom a fine in lands or tenements is acknowledged. t - COGNISOUR, kög-nē-zör', or kön-è-zör'. s. 314. Is he that passeth or acknowledgeth a fine. COGNITION, kög-nish'êm. s. Knowledge, com- plete conviction. • & COGNITIVE, kóg'né-tív. a. Having the power of knowing. COGNIZABLE, kóg'mè-zá-bl, or kön'ê-zā-bl. a. 405. That falls under judicial notice ; proper to be tried, judged, or examined. - - CQGNIZANCE, kógné-zánse, or kön'ê-zānse. s. Judicial notice, trial; a badge, by which any one is known. [* I have in this word and its relatives given the forensick pronunciation; but cannot help. observing, that it is se gross a departure fronn the most obvious rules of the language, that it is highly incumbent on the gentlemen of the law to renounce it, and reinstate the excluded gin its undoubted rights.-See AUTHORITY and CLEFF. COGNOMINAL, kög-nóm'ê-mál. a. H Same ſharne. ' - COGNOMINATION, kóg-nóm-è-nā'shôn. s: , A., surname, the name of a family; a name added: from any accident or oualitv COGNOSCENCE, kóg-nós-sénse. s. COGNOSCIBLE, kóg-nós'sé-bl. a. Having the Knowledge. That may tie known. - To COHABIT, kö-hâb'it. v. m. To dwell with another in the same place ; to live together as husband and wife. COHABITANT, kö-hâb'é-tánt. s. An inhabitant of the same place. COHABITATION, kö-hāb-ê-tà'shān. S. The state of inhabiting the same place with another: the state of living together as married persons. COHEIR, kö-àre'. s. One of several among whom an inheritance is divided. COHEIRESS, kö-à'ris s. 99. A woman who has an equal share of an inheritance. To COHERE, kö-hère'. v. n. To stick together; to be well connected ; to suit, to fit; to agree. OHERENCE, kö-hé'rènce. S - OHERENCY, kö-hérèn-sé. * That state of bodies in which their parts are joined together, so that they resist separation ; connection, dependency, the relation of parts, or things one to another; the texture of a discourse consistency in reasoning, or relating. . . 3 COHERENT, kö-hé-rênt. a. Sticking together; suitable to something else, regularly adopted; consistent, not contradictory. * * * OHESION, kö-hé'zhàn. s. The act of sticking together; the state of union; connection, de- pendence. - COHESIVE, kö-hć'siv. a. 158, 428. That has the power of sticking together. * COHESIVENESS, kö.hè'siv-nēs. s. The quality of being cohesive. iTo cóHißfºr kö-hibit. v. a. To restrain, to hinder- To COHOBATE, Röhö-bête, v, n. 91. To poux C{}L, COL 96 . . . . the distilled liquor upon the remaining matter, and distil it again. . . COHOBATION, kö-hô-bä'shān. s. A returning of any distilled liquor again upon what it was withdrawn from. COHORT, kó'hört. s. A troop of soldiers, com- taining about five hundred foot; a body of war- riors. - COHORTATION, lºë-hör-tà'shôn. s. Incite- Inent. - CQIF, köif. s. 344, 415. The head-dress, a cap. See QUomº; COIFED, köfft. a. 359. Wearing a coif. To COIL, köfl. v. a. To gather into a narrow Compass. COIL, köfl. s. Tumult, turmoil, bustle; a rope wound into a ring. CQIN, köln. s. A cormer, called often quoin. COIN, köin, s. Money stamped with a legal im- pression, payment of any kind. To COIN, köin. v. a. To mint or stamp metals for money; to forge any thing, in an ill sense. COINAGE, köfn'āje. s. 91. The act or practice of coining money; coin, money; the charges _ of coining money; forgery, invention. To, COINCIDE, kö-in-side'. v. n. To fall upon the same point ; to concur. - - COINCIDENCE, kö-ín'sè-dénse. s. The state of several bodies or lines falling upon the same point; concurrence, tendency of things to the same end. - COINCIDENT, kö-ſn'sè-dént. a. Falling upon the same point; concurrent, consistent, equiva- *. ent. - COINDICATION, kö-in-dé-ká'shôn. s. Many || symptoms betokening the same cause. COINER, köín'âr. s. 98. A maker of money, a minter; a counterfeiter of the legal stamp ; an inventor. To COJOIN, kö-jöfn'. v. n. To join with another. XOISTREL, köis'tril. s. A coward hawk. COIT, Köit. s. 344, 415. Any thing thrown at a certain mark-See Quoit. COITION, kö-1sh'ân. s. Copulation, the act of generation ; the act by which two bodies come together. - COKE, köke. s. Fuel made by burning pit-coal under earth, and quenching the cinders. COLANDER, kál'īān-dár. s. 165. A sieve through which a mixture is poured, and which retains the thicker parts. COLATION, kö-lä'shôn. s. The art of filtering ... or straining. COLATURE, kölä-tshūre. s. 461. The art of straining, filtration; the matter strained. COLBERTINE, kół-bér-téèn'. s. 112. A kind of lace worn by women. COLD, köld. a. Chill, having the sense of cold ; having cold qualities, not volatile ; frigid, with- out passion ; unaffecting, unable to move the passions; reserved, coy, not, affectionate, not cordial ; chaste; not welcome. COLD, köld. s. The cause of the sensation of cold, the privation of heat ; the sensation of cold, chilness ; a disease caused by cold, the obstruction of perspiration. - - COLDLY, köld'lé. ad. Without heat; without concern, indifferently, negligently. COLDINESS, köld'nés. s. Want of heat; uncon- cern; frigidity of temper; coyness, want of kindness ; chastity, COLE, köle. s. Cabbage. COLEWORT, köle'wärt. s. 165. COLICK, köl'ík. s. the colon; but loosely, any disorder of the stomach or bowels that is attended with pain. COLICK, köl’īk. a. Affecting the bowels. To COLLAPSE, kël-lāps'. v. m. To close so as that one side touches the other ; to fall toge- tºler. . COLLAPSION, köl-lāp'shān, s. The state of vessels closed; the act of closing or collapsing. Cabbage. [[G’ 559–Fâte, far, fall, fīt;-mê, mét;—plme, plm;— º It strictly is a disorder of { COLLAR, köllőr. s. 418, 83. A ring of metal put round the neck; the harness fastened about the horse's neck? To slip the collar, to disen. tangle himself from any engagement or diff; culty; A collar of brawn, is the quantity bound up in one parcel. - - COLLAR-BONE, köl'īār-bène. s. The clavicle, the bones on each side of the neck. - To COLLAR, köl'Iár. v. a. To seize by the collar, to take by the throat; To collar beef or other meat, to roll it up and bind it hard and close with a string or collar. To, COLLATE, köl-lāte'. v. a. To compare one thing of the same kind with another ; to collate books, to examine if nothing be wanting; to lace in an ecclesiastical benefice. COLLATERAL, köl-lāttér-ál. a. Side to side; running parallel ; diffused on either side; those that stand in equal relation to some an- Cestor; not direct, not immediate ; concurrent. COLLATERALLY, köl-lāt’tèr-āl-lè. ad. Side by side; indirectly ; in collateral relation. - COLLATION, £al-iāshān. s. The act of con ferring or bestowing, gift; comparison of one thing of the same kind with another: in law, collation is the bestowing of a benefice ; a re. aSt. cóñATITIOUs, köl-lā-tish’és, a. Done by the contribution of many. - COLLATOR, köl-lā'tár. s. 166. One that com- pares copies, or manuscripts; one who presents to an ecclesiastical benefice. CQLLAUD, köl-lāwd., v. a. To join in praising. Čóiffs&tif., ºffièg. .. 43.” A pºſſ office or employment. To §§§ , köl-lèég'. v. a. To unite with. To COLLECT, köl-lékt'. v. a. To gather toge- ther; to draw many units into one sum ; to gain from observation; to infer from premises; To collect himself, to recover from surprise. [[j'. In scarcely any part of the language does the imſluence of accent on the sound of the vowels appear more perceptibly than in the preposi- tional syllables Col, Com, Con, and Cor. When the accent is on these syllables, in College, Com- missary, Conclave, Corrigible, &c. &c. the o has distinctly its short sound. The same may be observed of this 0, when the principal accent is on the third syllable, and the secondary accent on the first 523: as in Colonnade, Commenda- tion, Condescension, Correspondent, &c. &c.; for in this case there is a secondary accent on the first syllable, which preserves the o in its true sound 522; but when the accent is on the se cond syllable, this vowel slides into a sound like short w, and the words To Collect, To Com- mit, To Convince, To Corrupt, &c. &c. are heard as if written Cullect, Cummit, Cunvince, Currupt, &c &c. It is true, that when these words are pronounced alone with deliberation, energy and precision, the o in the first syllable pre- serves nearly its true sound ; but this seems to slide insensibly into short w the moment we unite these words with others, and pronounce them without premeditation. The deliberate and solemn sound is that which I have given in this Dictionary: nor have I made any dii- ference between words where the accent is oil the second syllable; and why Mr. Sheridam, and those who have followed him, should in Combust, Commute, Complete, &c. give the sound of short o in from ; and in Command, Commit, Commence, &c. give the same letter the sound Cfshort u in drum, I cannot conceive ; they are all susceptible of this sound or none, and there- fore should all be marked alike. If custom be pleaded for this distinction, it may be observed that this plea is the best in the world when it is evident, and the worst when obscure. No such custom ever fell under way observation; I, have always heard the first syllable of compare and compel, of commence and compoſe, pronounced COL COL 97 —no, mēve, nér, né, -iùbe, túb, būll;—öil 3–päänd ;--titin, this. ulike, and have therefore made no distinction between them in this Dictionary. I have given them all the sound of the 0 in Comma; though I am sensible that, in colloquial pronunciation, they all approach nearer to the short u, and are similar to the same syllables in Comfort, Combat, &c. And it may be laid down as a ge- neral rule, without an exception, “that o in an * fºlitial syllable, immediately before the ac-1|, “cent, and succeeded by two uncombinable “ consonants, may, in familiar conversation, * be pronounced like the same letter in come, “dome,” &c COLLECT, kël’lékt. s. 493 Amy short prayer. COLLECTANEOUS, köl-lék-tä'mē-ăs. a. Ga- thered together. có.cº. kół-lék’tè-bl. a. That which may be gathered from the premises. - cºś. köl-lék'shôn. . s. The act of gathering together; the things gathered toge- ther, a consectary, deduced from premises. COLLECTITIOUS, köl-lék-tish'ês. a. Gather- ed together. re COLLECTIVE, köl-lék’tív. a. Gathered into one mass, accumulative; employed in deducing consequences ; a collective noun expresses a multitude, though itself be singular, as a coin- all W. cößctively, köl-lék’tiv-lè. ad. In a ge- neral omass, in a body, not singly. COLLECTOR, kół-lék’tör. s 166. a tax-gatherer. \ COLLEGATARY, köl-lég'à-tá-ré. s. A person to whom is left a legacy in common with one or *1101’é. - - COLLEGE, köl'lédje. s. .91. A community.; a society of men set apart for learning or reli- gion; the house in which the collegians reside. –See To Collect. COLLEGIAL, köl-lèjē-ăl. a. college. . - COLLEGIAN, köl-lèjē-ăm. s. An inhabitant of a college. COLLEGIATE, köl-lèjē-ăte. 91. Containing a college, instituted after the manner of a col- lege ; a collegiate church, was such as was built at a distance from the cathedral, wherein a number of Presbyters lived together. COLLEGIATE, köl-lèjé-āte. s. A member of a college, an university man. COLLET, köl'lit. s. 99. Anciently something that went about the neck; that part of a ring in which the stone is set. - To COLLIDE, köl-lide'. v. a. To beat, to dash, to knock together. - COLLIER, kölyör. s. 113. A digger of coals; a dealer in coals; a ship that carries coals. A gatherer, Relating to a COLLIERY, köl'yūr-e. . s. , 113. The place where coals are dug ; the coal trade. COLLIFLOWER, köl'lè-flöä-àr. s. A kind of cabbage. - COLLIGATION, kól-lè-gå'shān, s. A binding together. CößliviaTION, köl-lè-mâ'shôn. s. Aim. COLLINEATION, köl-lin-è-à'shôn. s. The act of aiming. - cºlºuable, köl-lik'wi-bl. a. Easily dis- SO1V6GH. COLLIQUAMENT, köl-lik'wa-mênt. s. The substance to which any thing is reduced by be- ing melted. COLLIQUANT, köl’lè-kwānt. s. That which has the power of melting. * To §oº. köl'lè-kwāte. v. a. 91. To melt, to dissolve. COLLIQUATION, köl-lè-kwä'shôn. s. The act of melting: a lax or diluted state of the fluids in animal bodies. * COLLIQUATIVE, köl-lik'wa-tiv. a. Melting, dissolvent. XOLLIQUEFACTION, köl-lik-w8-£ák' §§ : COLOURABLE, shěm. s. The act of meiting together - N. COLLISION, köl-ſizh'ên. 9 The act of striking two bodies together ; the state of being struck together, a clash. To COLLOCATE, köllö-kāte. v. a. 91. To place, to station. COLLOCATION, köl-lö-kå'shôn. s. The act of placing... the state of being placed. COLLOCUTION, köl-lö-kū'shôn. s. Confer. en Ce, Conversation. To COLLOGUE, kół-lèg'. v. n. 337. To whee. dle, to flatter. COLLOP, köl'lúp. s. 166. meat ; a piece of an animal. cößogº. köl-lò'kwé-âl. conversation or talking. COLLOQUY, köl'lö-kwé, versation, talk. lk Cóilitičí'ANöy, Köl-Aktān-se, s. Opposition of nature. . • COLLUCTATION, köl-lāk-ta'shäu. s. Contest, contrariety, opposition. To COLLUDE, kól-läde'. v. n. To conspire in a fraud. - COLLUSION, kół-lè'zhàn. s. A deceitful agreer ment or compact between two or more. COLLUSIVE, köl-lū'sív. a. 158, 428. Frau- dulently concerted. - COLLUSIVELY, köl-lū'sív lè. fraudulently concerted. COLLUSORY, köl-lä'sár-é. a. 557. Carry- ing on a fraud by secret concert. COLLY, köl'lé. s. The smut of coal. COLLYRIUM, köl-lär'rè-àm. s. 113. ment for the eyes. CQLMAR, kö1'már. s. A sort of pear. COLON, kó'tön. s. A point [:] used to mark a pause greater than that of a comma, and less than that of a period; the greatest and widest of all the intestines. COLONEL, kür'aël. s. of a regiment. - JG'. This word is annong those gross irregularities which must be given up as incorrigible. COLONELSHIP, kär'nél-ship. s. The office or character of colonel. ' - To COLONISE, kölö-nize. with inhabitants. COLONNADE, kół-ló-nāde'. s. A peristile of a circular figure, or a series of columns disposed in a circle; any series on range of pillars.-See To Collect. - COLONY, kël’ô-nē. s. A body of people drawn from the mother country to inhabit some dis. . tant place; the country planted, a plantation. CQLOPHONY, kö-iöf'o-nē. s. Itosin. Mason. COLOQUINTEDA, liél-ló-kwin'té-dā. s. € fruit of a plant of the same name, called bitter apple. It is a violent purgative. COLORATE, kölö-räte. a. 91. Colosured, dyed. - COLORATION, köl-&-rá'shān. s. The art or practice of colouring; the state of being co- A small slice of a. Relating to s. Conference, con- ad. In a manner An eint- The chief commander Ar" W. &. To plant . loured. || COLORIFICK, kêl-ló-rff'ik. a. That has the power of producing colours. COLOSSE, kó-jós'. " COLOSSUS, kö-iós'säs. enormous magnitude. COLOSSEAN, köl-lès-sè'án. See EUROPEAN. COLOUR, kül'lär. s. 165, 314. The appear- ance of bodies to the eye, hue, dye : the ap- pearance of blood in the face ; the tint of the painter; the representation of any thing super- ficially examined; palliation; appearairce, . false show ; in the plural, a standard, an en- sign of war. - To &oilotjä, kål'lúr. v. a. To mark with some hue or dye; to paliiate, to excuse ; so make kilºr-à-bl. s. A statue of a. Giant-like, -- a. Specietis, plausible, COM COM 98 • [[F 559—Fate, fºr fall, fat;-inë, mét;—pine, pin;– COLOURABLY, lº&l’lār-ā-blé. ad. Speciously, &# COLOURED, kállórd. part. a. 359. Streaked, diversified with hues. - - COLOURING, kál'lār-ing. s. 410. The part of the painter's art that teaches to lay on his co- tours. COLOURIST, kāl'lār-ist. s. A painter who ex- cels in giving the proper colours to his designs. cofotjRīEŠs, kū’īājës, a. transparent. COLT, kóit. s. ish fellow. To COLT, költ. v. a. To befool. Obsolete. CQLT'S-FOOT, költs'föt. s. A plant. . COLT'S-TOOTH, költs-tóöth'. s. An imperfect tooth in young horses; a love of youthful plea- SUire. COLTER, köl'tár. s. The sharp iron of a plough. COLTISH, költſish. a. Wanton. COLUMBARY, kó-lúm'bā-ré. s. igeonhouse. - &OLUMBINE, köl’ām-blime. s. 148. A plant with leaves like the meadow-rue ; the mame of a fe- male character in a pantomime. COLUMN, köl'lúm. s. 411. A round pillar; any body pressing vertically upon its base; the Hong file or row of troops; half a page, when divided into two equal parts, by a line passing through the middle. - COLUMNAR, kö-lām‘mār. 2 COLUMNARíAN, kól-ām-nā'ré-án. ; * Formed in columns. COLURES, kö-lürz'. s. Two great circles sup- osed to pass through the poles of the world. COMA, kò'mä. s. 91. A lethargy. Ash. COMATE, kö-mâte'. s. Companion. • COMATOSE, köm-à-töse'. a. Lethargick. Ash. COMB, köme. s. 347. An instrument to separate and adjust the hair; the top or crest of a cock; the cavities in which the bees lodge their honey. To COMB, kóme. v. a. To divide and adjust the hair; to lay any thing consisting of filaments smooth, as to comb wool. COMB-BRUSH, könebråsh. S. A brush to clean combs. COMBMAKER, kóme'mā-kār. s. One whose trade is to make combs. - To COMBAT, kām'bāt. v. n.165. To fight. To COMBAT, kám’bàt. v. a. To oppose.-See To CoLLECT. - COMBAT, kām'bāt. s. 88. Contest, battle, duel. COMBATANT, kām'bā-tánt. s. He that ſights with another, antagonist; a champion. COMBER, kò'mür. s. He whose trade is to dis- entañgie wool, and lay it smooth for the spinner, 'COMBINABLE, köm-bi'nā-bl. a. 405. Consistent. JMason. COMBINATE, köm'bè-nāte. a. 91. Betrothed, promised. cößtion, köm-bè-mâ'shön. s. Union for some certain purpose, association, league; union of bodies, commixture, conjunction; copulation of ideas. - f - To COMBINE, kêm-blime' v. a. To join together; to link in union; to agree, to accord; to join together, opposed to Analyse. To COMBINE, kêm-bine'. v. n. To coalesce, to unite each with other; to unite in friendship or design, often in a bad sense. COMBLESS, köm lés. a. Wanting a comb or A young horse ; a young fool- A dovecot, creşt. . - - CQMBUST, kêm-bāst'. a. A planet not above! eight degrees and an half from the sun, is said to be Combust.—See To Collect. COMBUSTIBLE, köm-bás'té-bl. a. Susceptible of fire. COMBUSTIBLENESS, Röm-būs'té-bl-nēs. s. Aptness to take fire. - - COMBUSTION, köm-bās’tshān. s. 291. Confla- ration, burning, consumption by fire; tumult, ºrry, hubbub, Without colour, |COM FLINESS, kām'ſé-nés. s. |CôMººfy. Köm'mè-tär-à.512. ; 3. To COME, kām. v. m. To remove ſtom a distant to a nearer place, opposed to Go; to draw near, to advance towards; to move in any manner towards another; to attain any condition; to happen, to fall out. To come about: to come to pass, to fall out, to change, to come round. To come again: to return. To come at: to reach, to obtain, to gain. To come by: to ob- tain, to gain, to acquire. To come in to enter, to comply, to yield, to become modish. To come in for: to be early enough to obtain. To come in to : to join with, to bring help. To comply with: to agree to. To come near: to approach in excellence. To come of: to pro- ceed, as a descendant from ancestors; to pro- ceed, as effects from their causes. To come off: to deviate, to depart from a rule, to escape. To come off from : to leave, to forbear. To come on : to advance, to make progress ; tu advance te combat; to thrive, to grow big. To come over: to repeat an act, to revolt. To come out: to be made publick, to appear upon trial, to be discovered. To come out with: to give venu to. To come to : to consent or yield; to amount to. To come to himself: to recover his senses. To come to pass : to be effected, to fall out. To come up : to grow out of the ground , to make appearance; to come into tise. To come up to : to a mount to, to rise to. To come up with : to overtake. To corne upon : to invade, to attack. To come : in futurity. CoME, kām, interj. Be quick, make no delay. COME, káin. A particle of reconciliation. “Come, come, at all I laugh he laughs no doubt.”—Pop E. COME}}IAN, kö-mè"dē-ăn. s. 293,376. A player or actor of comick parts; a player in general, an actress Or actor. - *: COMEDY, köm'mè-dè. s. A dramatick représen- tation of the lighter faults of mankind. Grace, beauty, dignity. - COMELY, kām"lé. a. 165. Graceful, decent. COMER, kám’már. s.98. One that comes. COMET, köm'ít. s. 99. - planetary region appearing suddenly, and again disappearing. - COMETICK, kö-mētik. 509. Relating to a comèt. COMF.T., kām'fit. s. 165. . A kind of sweetmeat. COMFITURE, kām'ſé-tshöre. s. 461. Sweetmeat To COMFORT, kām'fört. v. a. 165. To strength- en, to enliven, to invigerate ; to console, to strengthen the mind under calamity. COMFORT, kām'ſärt. s.98. Support, assistance; countenance; consolation, support under ca- lamity; that which gives consolation or sup port.—See To CoI.LECT., - - COMFORTABLE, kām‘fär-tá-bl. a. Receiving comfort, susceptible of comfort, dispensing comfort. - COMFORTABLY, kām'för-tá-blè. ad. With com fort, without despair. COMFORTER, kām'fár-tár. s. One that admin A heavenly body in the d isters consolation in misfortunes ; the title of the third person of the Holy Trinity ; the Para- clete. - - º COMFORTLESS, kām'fört lés. a. Without com- fort. COMICAL, köm'mè-kál. a. .."; mirth, merry diverting ; relating to comedy, befitting come- y. COMICALLY, köm mê-kāl-lè. ad. In such a manner as raises mirth; in a manner befitting comedy. * * * COMICALNESS, kóm’mè-kāl-nēs. s. The quali- ty of being comical. * COMICK, köm'mík. a. Relating to comedy raising mirth. . . COMING, kām'ming, s.410. The act of coin. ing, approach; state of being come, arrival. COMíNG-IN, kām-ming-in'. s. Revenue-income COM COM 99 —né, mēve, när, nét ;—täbe, tºb, būll;–871 :-pºnd ;—thin, this. - COMING, kām'ming.a. Forward, ready to come; future, to come. COMING, kám’ming. part. a. Moving from some other to this place ; ready to come. --- COMITIAL, kö-mish'âl. a. Relating to the as- semblies of the people. - COMITY, köm'ê-té. s. Courtesy, civility. COMMA, köm'má. s. 92. The point which de- notes the distinction of clauses, marked thus [,]. To COMMAND, köm-mänd'. v. a. 79. To govern, to give orders to ; to order, to direct to be done; to overlook; to have so suºject as that, it may be seen. * To COMMAND, .5m-mänd'. v. n. To have the suprême authority. COME,MAND, köm-mänd'. s. The right of com- manding, power, supreme authority; cogent' authori..., despotism; the act of commanding, order –Set, ' , "ot.I.Ect. : | ºf The propensity of the unaccented o to fall into the sound of short u is no where more per- ceptible ‘han in the first syllabies c.f words be- ginning with col, com, con, or cer, when the ac-l cent is on the second syllable. Thus the o in to collect and college ; ºn commend and comment; in connect and consul; in correct and corner, cannot be considered as exactly the same in all: the o in the first word of each of these pairs has cer- tainly a different sound from the same letter in the seeond; and if we appreciate this sound, we shall find it coincide with that which is the most|| nearly related to it, namely, the short u. I have not however ventured to substitute this u ; not that I think it incompatible with the most cor- rect and solemn pronunciation, but because where there is a possibility of reducing letters to their radical sound without hurting the ear, this radical sound ought to be the model; and the greater or lesser departure from it, left to the solemnity or familiarity of the occasion. To foreigners, however, it may not be improper to remark, that it would be always better for them to adopt the w instead of o ; this will secure them from the smallest impropriety, for natives only can seize such nice distinctions as some- times divide even judges themselves. Mr. She- ridan was certainly of opinion that this, unac- cented o might be pronounced like u, as he has so marked it in command, commence, commission, and commend ; though not in commender; and in compare, though not in comparative; but in al- most every other word where this o occurs, he has given it the sound it has in constant. Mr. Scott has exactly followed Mr. Sheridan in , these words; and Dr. Kenrick has uniformly marked them all with the short sound of o. Why Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott should make any difference in the first syllables of these words, where the letters and accents are exact- ly the same, I cannot conceive : these syllables may be called a species; and, if the occasion| were not too trifling for such a comparison, it might be observed, that as nature varies in in- dividuals, but is uniform in the species, so cus- tom is sometimes various in accented syllables, which are definitely and strongly marked, but commonly inore regular in unaccented sylla- bles, by being left, as it were, to the common operation of the organs of pronunciation.—See the words Coll. FCT and Dom ESTICE. COMMANDER, köm-mán'ilär. s. He that has the supreme authorify, a chief; a paving beetle, or a very great wooden mallet. - COMMANDERY, kām-mán'dār-ré. s. A body of the knights of Malta, belonging to the same flation. COMMANDMENT, kóm-mänd'mént. s. Man- date, command, order, precept; authority, power; by way of eminence, the precepts of the Decalogue given by God to Moses. COMMANDRESS, köm-mán'drés. s. A woman vested with supreme authority. COMMATERIAL, köm-mă-té'rè-ál. a. Consist ing of the same matter with another. . COMMATERIALITY, kóm-mă-té-ré-álē-té. s ...Resemblance to something in its matter. COMMEMORABLE, köm-mém'mô-rá-bl. a. De- ºf to be mentioned with honour. To COMMEMORATE, kóm-mém'mô-räte. v. a. 91. To preserve the memory by some publick act. COMMEMORATION, köm-mém-mö-rá'shôn. s. An act of publick celebration. - cºme MORATIVE, kém-mém'mô-rá-tív. thing. To COMMENCE, köm-ménse'. v. n. To begin, to make a beginning ; to take a new character. —See To Cold Ecºr. * * To COMMENCE, köm-ménse'. v. a. To begin, to make a beginning of, as to commence a suit. COMMENCEMENT, kóm-ménse'mént. s. Be- ginning, date; the time when degrees are taken In a university. t To COMMEND, köm-ménd'. v. a. To represent as worthy of notice, to recommend; to mem. tion with approbation; to recommend to re- membrance. à . 8 ſ köm'mén-dà-bl. COMMENDABLE, } *:::::::::::: a. Laudable, worthy of praise. - * [3 This word, like Acceptable, has, since Johnson wrote his Dictionary, shifted its accent from the second to the first syllable. The sound of the language certainly suffers by these transl- tions of accent. However, when custom has once decided, we may complain, but must still acquiesce. The accent on the second syllable of this word is grown vulgar, and there needs no other reason for banishing it from polite pronunciation. COMMENDABLY, köm'mén-dà-blé, ad. Laud ably, in a manner worthy of commendation. COMMEND4.M, kêm-mén'dām. s. A benefice, which being void, is commended to the charge of some sufficient clerk to be su plied. - - COMMENDATARY, köm-mén'dā-tá-rè. s. 512, O le who holds a living in commendam. - COMMEN OATION, kóm-mén-dà'shôn. s. Re- representation ; praise, declaration of esteem.—See To Col- commendation, favourable L ECT. COMMENDATORY, kām-mêm'dā-tär-rè. a. 512. Favourably representative; containing praise COMMENDEH, kêm-mén'dár. s. Praiser. . . . COMMENSALITY, kóm-mén-sål'è-té. s. Fel- lowship of table. , - COMMENSURABILITY, kóm-mén-shū-rá-bil'è të. s. Capacity of being compared with an other as to the measure, or of being measured by another. - COMMENSURABLE, köm-mén'shū-rá-bl. a 452. Reducible to some common measure, as a yard and foot are measured by an inch. COMMENSURABLENESS, kêm-mén'shū-rá- bl-nés. s. Commensurability, proportion. To COMMENSURATE, köm-mén'shū-räte. v. a. 91. To reduce to some common measure. . . COMMENSURATE, kêm-mén'shū-räte. a. 91. Reducible to some common measure ; equal, proportionable to each other. COMMENSURATELY, kóm-mên'shū-räte-lè. ad. With the capacity of measuring, or be. ing measured by some other thing. . . . CóñNišN SURATION, kóm-mén-shū-rå'shān. s Reduction of some things to some cominon II] eastºre. To COMMENT, köm'mént. v. n. To to write notes, to expound. tº COMMENT, köm'mént. s.498. Annotations on an author, notes, exposition. . COMMENTARY, köm’mén-tá-rè. s. An exposi. tion, annotation, remark; a memoir ; narra- five in familiar manner. - * a. Tending to preserve memory of any annotate, CóAI --- COM 100 tº [G 559.-Fúte, ºr, fall, fat;-mê, mét ;—pine, pīn;— COMMENTATOR, köm-mén-tà'tár. s. 521. Ex- ositor, annotator. - - cößNº. köm-mén'tár. S. An explainer, an annotator. COMMENTITIOUS, kóm-mén-tºsh'ês. a. vented, imaginary. - COMMERCE, kóm'mèrse. g. thing for another, trade, traffick. To COMMERCE, kêm-mérse'. v. n. intercourse. - tº Milton has, by the license of his art, accent- ed this verb according to the amalogy of dissyl- lable nouns and verbs of the same form. 492. “And looks commércing with the skies. “Thy rapt soul sitting in thy eyes.” Penseroso. But this verb, like º, Comment, would, in prose, require the accent on the first syllable as in the noun. Though Akenside has taken the same jºy with this word as Milton had done with at— - In- To hold the sober zeal “Of age comménting on prodigious things.” leas. of Imag. COMMERCIAL, kêra-mêr'shāl. a. Relating to commerce or traffick. COMMERE, kêm-măre'. s. French. A common mother. JWot used. - To COMMIGRATE, kêm'mè-gräte. v. m. To remove by consent, from one country to another. COMMIGRATION, kêm-mè-grä'shôn. . s. A re- ... moval of a people from one country to another. COMMINATION, kóm-mê-nā’shūm. s. A threat, a denunciation of punishment; the recital of God's threatenings on stated days. COMMINATORY, köm-min'nā-tūr-e. a. Denun- ... ciatory, threatening, 512. To COMMINGLE, köm-ming g!. v. a. To mix into one mass, to mix, to blend. To COMMINGLE, kóm-míng'gl. v. n. To unite with another thing. COMMINUIBLE, kām-min'-8-bi. a. Frangi- ble, reducible to powder. To COMMINUTE, kóm-mè-nāte' To grind, to pulverize. - - COMMINUTION, kóra-mê-nē'shôn. s. The act of grinding into small parts, pulverization. COMMISERABLE, köun-miz'êr-à-bl. a. Worthy of compassion, pitiable. , To COMMISERATE, köm-miz'êr-āte. v. a. 91. To pity, to compassionate. COMMISERATION, köm-m'z-ér-à'shān. s. Pity, compassion, tendermess, - COMMISSARY, köm'm{s-sār-à. s. An officer made occasionally ; a delegate, a deputy ; such as exercises spiritual jurisdiction in places of the diocese far distant from the chief city; an officer who draws up lists of an army, and regu- lates the procuration of provision.—See To XOLLECT. - COMMISSARISHIP, köm'm's-sār-Š-ship. s. The office of a commissary. - *. {}OMMISSION, kóm-inish'an. s. The act of in- trusting any thing;..a trust, a warrant by which any trust is held; a warrant by which a milita- ry office is constituted ; a charge, a mandate, office ; act of committing a crime; sins of com- mission are distinguished from sins of omis- sion ; a number of people joined in a trust or V. 3. office ; the state of that which is intrusted to a lıumber of joint officers, as the broad seal was put into commission ; the order by which aſ factor trades for another person. w To COMMISSION, körn-mºsh'ên. v. a. To em- ower, to appoint. - COMMISSIONER, kóm-mºsh’ān-Ör. s. 93. One included in a warrant of authority. - COMMISSURE, köm-mish'êre. s. Joint, a place where one Fº: is joined to another. To COMMIT, kêm-mit'. v. a. To intrust, to give in trust; to put in any place to be kept safe ; to send to prison, to imprison ; 'to per- petrate, to do a fairlt.—See To Col.Fct. Exchange of one | [[G’ This word was first used in Junius's Letter" in a sense unknown to our former English writers; namely, to expose, to venture, to hazard This sense is borrowed from the French, and has been generally adopted by subsequent writers. COMMITMENT, köm-m?t'mént. s. Act of send ing to prison, an order for sending to prison. COMMITTEE, köm-mit’té. s. Those to whom the consideration or ordering of any matter is referred, either by some court to whom it be- longs, or by consent of parties. [[; This word is often pronounced improperly with the accent on the first or last syllable. COMMITTER, köm-mít’tár. s. Perpetrator, he that commits. - COMMITTABLE, köm-mit’tá-bl. a. Liable to be committed. - To COMMIX, kóm-miks'. v. a. To mingle, to blend. COMMEXION, köm-mík'shūm. s. Mixture, in- corporation. ' j COMMIXTURE, köm-míks'tshöre. s. 291. The act of mingling, the state of being mingled , the mass formed by mingling different things, compound. The head-dress of COMMO DE, kóm-möde. s. WOlnen. COMMOBIOUS, kóm-mö'dè-às, or köm-mö'jē-ăs a. 293, 294, 376. Convenient, suitable, ac- commodate ; useful, suited to wants or neces- Sities. - COMMODIOUSLY, köm-mê'dē-ăs-lè. ad. Cons veniently ; without distress ; suitably to a cer- tain purpose. COMMODIOUSNESS, kóm-mö'dē-ăs-nēs. Convenience, advantage. - COMMODITY, kêm-möd'ê-té. s. Interest, ad- vantage, profit; convenience of time or place; wares, merchandize. COMMODORE, köm-mö-dòre'. s. The captain who commands a squadron of ships. [[: This is one of those words which may have the accent either on the first or last syllable, according to its position in the sentence. Thus we say, “The voyage was made by Cômmodore “Anson; for though he was made an admiral “afterwards, he went out as Commodóre.” 524, 528. - - - COMMON, köm'mán. a. 166. Belonging equal- ly to more than one; having no possessor or owner ; vulgar, mean, easy to be had, not scarce; publick, general ; mean, without birth or descent ; frequent, useful, ordinary; prosti. tute. - COMMON, köm'mām. s. An open ground equal ly used by many persons. - To COMMON, köm'mán. v. n. To have a joint right with others in some common ground. COMMON-LAW, köm'mān-lâw'. s. Customs which have by long prescription obtained the force of laws, distinguished from the Statute Law, which owes its authority to acts of parlia In 16 nt. - - - COMMON-PLACE, kêm-mân-place'. a. Ordi- marv. JMason. - COMMON. PLEAS, köm'mān-plééz'. s. The king's court now held in Westminster Hall, but anciently moveable. What is COMMONABLE, köm'mân-á-bl. a. held in coalmon. - COMMONAGE, köm'môn-Aje. s. 90. The right of feeding on a common. - CoMMöNāity, kömºnén-āl-té. s. The com mon people; the bulk of mankind. COMMONER, kóm'mân-ár. s. 98. One of the common people; a man not noble ; a member of the house of commons; one who kas a joint right in common ground; a student of the se- cond rank at the university of Oxford; a pres- titute. - COMMONITION, kêm-mê-n'sh'an. s. Advice, - warning. comi COM 101 —nó, mēve, nèr, mēt;—túbe, tàb, bill;-&il;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. - *COMMONLY, köm'mān-lè. ad. Frequently, usually. COMMONNESS, köm'mām-mês. s. Equal par- ticipation among many; frequent occurrence, frequency. 1 * * To &ºnPLACE, kém-mān-plase'. v. a. To reduce to general heads. - wº COMMONPLACE BOOK, köm-mān-plase'hôók. s. A book in which things to be remembered are ranged under general heads, COMMONS, köm'mânz. s. 166. The vulgar, the Rower people; the lower house of parliament, by which the people are represented; food, fare, diet. COMMONWEAL, köm-mān-wéèſ'.227,234. s. A COMMONWEALTH, köm'mān-wélth. * polity, an established form of civil life; the publick, the general body of the people; a gov- ernment in which the supreme power is lodged in the people, a republick. §§ These words have the accent either on the first or last syllable; but the former is accented more frequently on the last, and the latter" on the first.—See ComſyſopoRE. i COMMORANCE, kêm’mè-ränse. COMMORANCY, köm'rné-rām-sé. ; ing, habitation, residence. lºcóñóñāşfººmºnt.a. Resident, dwell. Ing. *~COMMOTION, köm-mö'shán. s. Tumult, dis- turbance, combustion ; perturbation, disorder § of mind, agitation. COMMOTIONER, kêm-mö'shān-ár. s. A dis- turber of the peace. . . - To COMMOVE, kóm-mööve'. v. a. to unsettle. Noto COMMUNE, köm-müue'. v. m. to impart sentiments mutually. - ÇOMMUNICABILITY, köm-mä-nē-kā-bíI'ê-té. s. The quality of being communicated. COMMUNICABLE, köm-mê'ué-kā-bl. a. That which may become the common possession of more than one; that which may be imparted, or recounted. COMMUNICANT, kām-mă'né-känt. s. One who is present, as a worshipper, at the celebration of the Lord's Supper. To C޺ičº. köm-mă'né-kāte. v. a.- See To CommAND. To impart to others what is in our own power; to reveal, to impart knowledge. ; .s. Dwell- To disturb, To converse, To COMMUNICATE, köm-mă'nè-kāte. v. n. 91.j To partake of the blessed sacrament; to have something in common with another, as, The houses communicate. COMMUNICATION, kóm-mê-nē-kå'shôn. s. The act of imparting benefits or knowledge; com- mom boundary or inlet; interchange of know- ledge; conference, conversation. - COMMUNICATIVE, kómi-müné-kā-tív. a. In- clined to make advantages common, liberal of knowledge, not selfish. COMMUNICATIVENESS, kém-mü'mè-kā-tiv- nés. s. The quality of being communicative. COMMUNION, köm-même'ván. s. Intercourse, fellowship, common possession ; the common or publick celebration of the Lord's Supper; a common or publick act; union in the corn- mon worship of any church. 113. - COMMUNITY, köm-mê'nè-té. s. The common- wealth, the body politick; common possession; frequency, commonness. COMMUTABILITY, köm-mü-tá-bii'ê-té. s. The quality ºf being capable of exchange. cóvivijñāšîă, Kämmää-bi. a. That may be exchanged for sqmething else. * COMMUTATION, köm-mê-fashān, s, , Change, alteration ; exchange, the act of giving one thing for another, ransom, the act of exchang- ing a corporal for a pecuniary punishmeat. COMMUTATIVE, kām-mü'tă-tív. a. 157. Rela- ^. five to exchange. To COMMUTE, köm-mête'. v. a. To exchange, to put, one thing in the place of another; to buy off, or ransom one obligation by another See To Co LLECT. To COMMUTE, köm-müte'. v. m. To atone, to bargain for exemption. *. - COMMUTUAL, köm-mū'tshū-ál. a. 461. Mutu ai, reciprocal. COMPACT, köm'päkt. s. 492. A contract, an accord, an agreement. t To, COMPACT, köm-päkt'. v. a. To join toge- ther with firmness, to consolidate; to make out of something; to league with ; to join together, to bring into a system. . - ČOMPACT, kām-pâkt. a. 494. Firm, solid, close, dense ; brief, as a compaet discourse., COMPACTEDNESS, köm-pák’téd-nés. s. Firm- mess, density. * COMPACTLY, köm-pâkt'lè. ad. Closely, dense. ly ; with meat'joining. * , , COMPACTNESS, kām-päkt'nés. s. Firmness, cłoseness. r COMPACTURE, kóm-pâk'tshöre. s. 461. Struc- ture, compagination. COMPAGES, kóm-pājés. s. A system of many parts united. - º CQMPAGINATION, kām-pād-jë-mâ'shôn. Union, structure. - COMPANION, köm-pán'yān. s. 113. One with whom a man frequently converses, a partner, ań, associate ; a familiar term of contempt, a fellow. | . * * COMPANIONABLE, kêm-pân'yūm-ā-bl. a. Fit for good fellowship, social. . . COMPANIONABLY, kè.n-páñ'yān-á-blé. ad. In a companionable manner. S. pany, train, fellowship, association. ! bled together; an assembly of pleasure; per- sons considered as capable of conversation ; fellowship; a number of persons united for the in joint trade or partnership ; abody corporate, a corporation ; a subdivision of a regiment o foot; To bear company, to associate with, to be a companion to ; To keep company, to fre- quent houses of entertainment. - To COMPANY, kámpá-nē, v. a. To accompany, to be associated with. Obsolete. To COMPANY, kámpá-mè. v. m. To associate one's self with. JWot used. . * COMPARABLE, kámpá-rá-bl. a. Werthy to be compared, of eqital regards—See AcADEMY, execution of any thing, a band; persons united COMPANIONSHIP, kóm-pán'yān-ship. s. Com- COMPANY, kám'pá-né.'s. 165. Persons assem- ACCEPTABLE, COMMENDABLE, and Incompart- ABLE. COMPARABLY, köm'pá-rá-blé. ad. In a man- ner worthy to be compared. * | UOMPARATIVE, kêm-pár'ā-tív. a. Estimated by Comparison, not absolute ; having the pow- er of comparing: in grammar, the compara- tive degree expresses more of any quantity in one thing than in another, as the right hand is the stronger. . - • COMPARATIVELY, kêm-pārā-tiv-lè. ad. In a State of Comparison, according to estimate made by comparison. . To COMPARE, kêm-páre'. v. a. To make on thing the measure of another, to estimate the relative goodness or badness.--See To Collect. CGMPARE, kêm-påre'. s. Comparative esti mate, comparison ; simile, similitude.—Se To CoMMAND. - COMPARISON, kêm-pár'é-sån. s. The act º comparing; the state of being compared; comparative estimate ; a simile in writing o speaking : in grammar, the formation of a adjective through its various degrees of signi fication, as strong, stronger, Stronges?. [[* I have inserted the vowel in the last syllable of this word, because in solemn pronunciation some speakers may think it proper to preserve º COM 10 COM 6) * If 559–Fate, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—pine, pin,_ it ; but in common and unpremeditated speak- - ing, I am convinced it falls into the genera, analogy, and is sunk as much as in Reason, Sea- son, prison, &c. 103, 170–See To Co.LECT. To §§§ köm-pārt', v. a. To divide. COMPARTIMENT, kêm-pārt'è-mént. s. A di- vision of a picture, or design. COMPARTITION, köm-pār-tish'ên. s. The act of comparting or dividing ; the parts marked out or separated, a separate part. COMPARTMENT, köm-párt'mént. s. Division. To CGIMPASS, kámpás. v. a. 165. To encir- cle, to environ, to surround; to obtain, to pro- cure, to attain ; to take measures preparatory to any thing, as to compass the death ºf the king. COMPASS, kām'púš. s. 88, 165. Circle, round; space, room, limits; enclosure, circum- ference ; a departure from the right line, an in- direct advance ; moderate space, moderation, due limits; the power of the voice to express the 10tes of musick; the instruments with which circles are drawn ; the instrument com- posed of a needle and card, whereby mariners Steel.” COMPASSION, köm-pāsh'ên. s. miseration, painful sympathy. To COMPASSEON, kām-pāsh'ên. v. a. To pity. JWot used. COMPASSIONATE, kóm-pāsh'ên-āte. a. 91. Inclined to pity, merciful, tender. - To COMPASSIONATE, köm-pāsh'ên-áte. v. a. 91. To pity, to commiserate. COMPASSIONATELY, köm-pāsh'Ém-àte-lè. ad. Mercifully, tenderly. - COMPATERNITY, kūm-pâ-tér'nè-té. s. The state of being a godfather. cóviñAtiśījā’īy, l:öm-pât-è-bil'è-té. s. Con- sistency, the power of co-existing with some- thing else. COMPAT:BLE, köm-pât'é-bl., a, Suitable to, fit for, consistent with ; consistent, agreeable. [; Mr. Nares observes that this word ought to be written Competible, because it comes from the | Eatin competo. . COMPATIBLENESS, köm-pât'é-bi-més. s. Con- sistency. - COMPATIBLY, köm-pâte-blé, ad. Fitly, suit- ably. cöºffatiBNT, köm-pâ'shént. a. Suffering to- gether. - CöMPATRIOT, kêm-pâtre-àt. s. 166. One of the same country. DOMPEER, kóm-pèèr'. s. Equal, companion, colleague. ſo COMPEER, kóm-pèër'. v. a. with, to mate. . .Not used. to COMPEL, köm-pél'. v. a. To force to some act, to oblige, to constrain ; to take by force or violence.—See To Col. LECT. COMPELLABLE, köm-pé!'là-bl. a. That may be ſo...ced. COMPELLATION, köm-pêl-lä'shán. s. The style of address, as Sir, Madam, &c. COMPELLER, köm-pé!'lär. s. He that forces another. DOMPEND, köm'pěnd. s. Abridgment, sum- mary, epitome. Pity, com- To be equal COMPENDHARIOUS, kām-pên-jè-à'rè-ás. a. 294. Short, contracted. . . - TOMPENDIOSITY, köm-péry.jë-ós'ê-té. s. 294. Shortness. ºn ºf e ºt - SOMPENDIOUS, kām-pên'jē-ăs. . a. Short, summary, abridged, comprehensive. - COMPENijLOUSLY, körn-pênjē-ăs-lè. ad. 294. Shortly, summarily. rt COMPENDIOUSNESS, köm-pênjē-ăs-nés. s. 294. Shortness, brevity. JOMPENDIUM, kêm-pênjē-ăna. . s. Abridg- ment, summary , breviate. " - COMPENSABLE, köm-pên'sā-bl. a. That which may be recompensed. ſo COMPENSATE, köm-pên'säte. v. a. 91. To recompense, to counterbalance, to counter. vail. . COMPENSATION, köm-pên-sà'shôn. g. Re- compense, something, equivalent. COMPENSATIVE, köm-pên'sä-tív "That which compensates. To COMPENSk, köm-pêmse'. v. a. To com- pensate, to counterbalance, to recompece, - COMPETENCE, köm'pë-tênse. COMPETENCY, kóm'pë-tén-sé, Such a quantity of any thing as is sufficient, fortune equal to the necessities of life; the pow er or capacity of a judge or court. º COMPETENT, köm'pë-tént. . a. Suitable, fit, adequate, proportionate; without defect or su- perfluity; reasonable, moderate; qualified, fit; consistent with. - - COMPETENTLY, köm'pë-tént-lè. ad. Reason ably, moderately ; adequately, properly. Cövääriäijº, ičmºbi, a suitable to, consistent with. COMPETIBLENESS, köm-pét'ê-bl-nēs. s Suit- ableness, fitness. - s. Rivalry COMPETITION, kóm-pè-tish'âm. Contest : claim of more than one to one thing. COMPETITOR, köm-pête-tär... s. A rival ; an opponent. - COMPILATION, köm-p 3. *-īā'shán. s. A collec- tion from various authors , an assemblage, a COaCel'Vation. To COMPLE, köm-pile'. v. a. To draw up from various/authors; to write, to compose. COMPILEMENT, kóm-pile'mént. s. of heaping up, COMPILER, kām-pi'lär. s. A collector, one who frames a composition from various authors. COMPLACENCE, köm-pla'sénse, COMPLACENCY, köm-pla'sén-sè. The act S. Pleasure, satisfaction, gratification ; civility, complaisance. COMPLACENT, köm-pla'sént. a. Civil, affa- ble, mild. To COMPLAIN, köm-plane'. v. n. To mention with Sorrow, to tament, to inform against. COMPLAINANT, kóm-plá'mánt. s. One who urges suit againist another. - COMPLAINER, kêm-plaſmár. s. One who com- plains, a larrienter. - COMPLAINT, köm-plant, s. Representation of pains or injuries; the cause or subject of complaint ; a malady, a disease; remonstrance againSt. CôMPLAISANCE, kom-ple-zānse. s. Civility, * desire of pleasing, act of adulation. COMPLAISANT, Tkém-plé-zánt'. a. Civil, de- sirous to please, - COMPLARSANTLY, kêm-plé-zánt'lé. ad. Civil ly, with desire to please, ceremoniously. COMPLAISANTNESS, köm-plé-zánt'nés. s. Ci vility. - To COMPLANATE, kām-plaſ To COMPLANE, kónn-piāne'. To level, to reduce to a fiat surface. COMPLEMENT, köm'plé-mênt. s. Perfection, fulness, completion ; complete set, complete provision, the full quantity. - COMPLETE, kām-pléte'. a. Perfect, full, with- out any defects ; finished, ended, concluded — See To Collect. * To COMPLETE, kām-piète to finish. - cºrely, köm-pléte'lè. ad. Fully, per- fectly. - COMPLETEMENT, kām-plétemént. s. The act of ºpleting: - COMPLETENESS, köm-plètenés. s. tion. COMPLETION, köm-plé'shūn. s. Accomplish nate. 503. W. a. W. 3, ment, act of fulfilling; utmost height, perfect State. t COMPLEX, köm'pléks. a. Composite, of many parts, not simple. t Perfec- To perfect, COM COM 103 —nó, mºve, nér, nôt;—täbe, tab, COMPLEXEDNESS, kêm-plék'séd nés. s. 365. Complication, involution of many particular parts in one integral. - COMPLEXION, kóm-plék'shēn. s. Involution of one thing in another; the colour of the ex- ternal parts of any body; the temperature of the body. . . COMPLEXIONAL, kóm-plék'shān-ál. a. De- pending on the complexiom or temperament of the body. * → COMPLEXIONALLY, kóm-plék'shān-ál-lè. ad. By complexion. - COMPLEXITY, kām-pléks'é-té. s. State of be- ing complex. Mason. - COMPLEXLY, kóm-plaks-lè. ad. In a complex mammer, riot simply. COMPLEXNESS, köm-pléks ºnés. s. The state of being complex. . . CóMPiñxURE, köm-pišk'shūre. s. 452. The involution of one thing with others. iſ; The s in the composition of c in this word, agreeably to analogy, goes into the sharp aspi- ration sh, as it is preceded by the sharp conso- mant k; in the same manner as thes in pleasure goes into the flat aspiration zh, as it is preced- ed by a vowel. 479. COMPLIANCE, kóm-pli'ānse. s. The act of yielding, accord, submission; a disposition to yield to others. - t COMPLIANT, kām-pli'ānt. a. Yielding, bend- ing ; civil, compiaisant. t To COMPLICATE, köm'plé-kāte. v. a. To en- tangle one with another, to join ; to unite by involution of parts; to form by complication of parts; to form by complication, to form by the union of several parts into one integral. COMPLICATE, köm'plé-kāte. a. 91. pounded of a multiplicity of parts. " COMPLICATENESS, köm'plé-kâte-nés. s. The state of being complicated, intricacy. COMPLICATION, kām-plé-kä'shôn. s. The act Com- of involving one thing in another; the integral || consisting of many things involved. COMPF, ICE, kónn'plis. s. One who is united with others in an ill-design, a confederate. [* This word is only in use among the lowest vulgar as a contraction of Accomplice. COMPLIER, kām-pli'ār. s. A man of an easy temper. - - COMPL}MENT, köm'plé-mênt. s. An act or expression of civility, usually, understood to mean less than it declares. To COMPLIMENT, kêm'plê-mênt. v. a. sooth with expressions ºf respect, to flatter. COMPLIMENTAL, kām-plè-mân'tál. a. Ex- ressive of respect or civility. cöß, köm-plé-mén'tāl-lè, ad. . . In the nature of a compliment, civility. COMPLIMENTER, köm'plé-mén-tár. s. One given to compliments, a flatterer. !- To COMPLORE, kóm-plôre'. v. m. To make lamentation together. - COMPLOT, köm'plôt. s. A confederacy in some secret crime, a plot. h # * I have in this word followed Mr. Sheridan's accentuation; as more agreeable to analogy than Dr. Johnson's, and have differed from both in the noun comport, for the same reason. 492. To COMPLOT, köm-plat'. v. a. To form a plot, to conspire. f COMPLOTTER, köm-plôttúr. s. tor, one joined in a plot. To COMPLY, köm-pli', v. n. To yield to, to be -obsequious to. COMPÖNENT, köm-pô'něnt a. That which constitutes the compound body. - - To COMPORT, köm-pôrt'. v. m. To agree, to suit. To Cºront, köm-pôrt' v. a. To bear, to £11C1All 3. e - cºront, köm'përt. s. 492. Behaviour con- Ct To A conspira- büll;-&fl;—päänd;—thin, THIs. COMPORTABLE, köm-pèr'tá-bl. a. Consistent. COMPORTANCE, köin-pôr'tánse s. Beha- WIOUlr. - COMPORTMENT, kóm-pôrt’mént. s. Beha- V10 ur. To COMPOSE, kām-pôze'. v. a. To form a mass by joining different things together; to place any thing in its proper form and me thod ; to dispose, to put in the proper state, to pºrt together a discourse or sentejice ; to constitute by being parts of a whole: to calm, to quiet; to adjust the mind to any business; to adjust, to settle, as to compose a difference; with printers, to arrange the letters: in musick, to form a tune froin the different musical notes —See To Collect. - COMPOSE}}, köm-pôzd', particip. a. Calm, seriotis, even, sober. , * . COMPOSEDLY, köm-pô'zéd-lè. ad. 364. Calm- ly, seriously. r - . COMPOSEDNESS, kām-pô'zéd-nēs. s 365. Se- dateness, calmness. t COMPOSER, kóm-pô'zār, s. An author, a wri- ter; he that adapts the musick to words. COMPOSITE, köm-póz'ft. a. 140. The Compo- site order in architecture is the iast of the five orders, so named because its capital is com- posed out of those of the other orders ; it is also called the Roman and Italick order. . COMPOSITION, kóm-pô-zish'ên... s. The act of forming an integral of various dissimilar parts; the act of bringing simple ideas intº complica- tion, opposed to analysis ; a mass formed by mingling different ingredients; the state of be- ing compounded, union, conjunction; the ar- rangement of various figures in a picture ; written work; the act of discharging a debt by paying part; consistency, congruity; in gram- mar, thé joining words together ; a certain me. thod of demonstration in mathematicks, which is the reverse of the analytical method, or of resolution, tº COMPOSTIVE, kön-póz'é-fiv. a. Compound- ed, ºr having the power of compositiding. COMPOSITOR, kām-póz'é-tár. s. #. that ranges and adjusts the types in printing. - COMPOST, köm'póst. s. Manure. COMPOSTURE, köm-pós'tshūre. s. 461. Soil, mantire. Not used. " . , COMPOSURE, köm-pº'zhère. s. 452. The act pf composing or indicting ; arrangement, com- bination, order; the form arising from the dis- position of the various parts; frame, make, re- lative adjustment; composition, framed dis- course ; sedateness, , calmness, tranquillity; agreement, composition, settlement . differ- €h CéS. - COMPOTATION, kêm-pô-tà'shôn. s. The act of drinking together. COMPOTATOR, köm-pô-tà'tär. s. drinks with another. COMPOTOR, köm-pô'túr. s. with another. [[F I have not found either of these words in any of our Dictionaries, and have ventured to place them here only as conversation words; the former as the more usual, the latter as more correct. They are meater expressions' than any in our language, and convey, a much less offensive idea, than a pot companion, a good fel- low, &c. &c. t To COMPOUND, köm-pôānd'. v. a. To mingle many ingredients together; to form one word from one, two, or more words; to adjust a dif- ference, by recession from the rigour of claims; to discharge a debt, by paying only part. To COMPOUND, köm-pöänd'. v. n. To come to terms of agreement, by abating something; to bargain in the lump. COMPOUND, köm'pöätad. a, 452. Formed out of many ingredients, not single composed of One that One that drinks two or more words. - COM CON 104 [5' 559–Fâte, far, fall, fat;-mé, mēt;—pine, pīn;– cGMPOUND, köm'pôānd. S. 492. The mass formed by the union of many ingredients. COMPOUNDABLE, Röm-pôān'dā-bl. a. Capa- ble of being compounded. COMPOUNDER, kôm-pôāu'dār, s One who endeavours to bring parties to terms of agree- ment : a mingler, one who mixes bodies. To COMPREHEND, köm-pré-hénd'. v. a. To comprise, to include ; to contain in the mind, to conceive. COMPREHENSIBLE, köm-prè-hén'sè-bl. a. In- telligible, conceivable. COMPRFHENSIBLY, köm-pré-hén'sé-blë, ad With great power of signification or under- standing. COMPREHENSION, köm-pré-hén'shān s. The act or quality of comprising or containing, in- clusion; summary, epitome, compendium: , knowledge, capacity, power of the mind to ad- mit ideas. COMPRF.HENSIVE, köm-prè-hén'słv’. a. Hav- ing the power to comprehend or understand . having the quality of comprising mach. COMPREHENSIVELY, köm-prè-hôn'sºv-lè. ad. In a comprehensive manner. COMPREHENSIVEN ESS, kām-prè-hén'siv-nēs. s. The quality of including much in a few words or narrow compass. To COMPRESS, kón prés'. v. a. a narrow compass ; to embrace. COMPRESS, köm'prés. s.492. Bolsters of limen Tag"S. COMPRESSIBILITY, köm-près-sà-billè-té. s. The quality of admitting to be brought by force into a narrower compass. COMPRESSIRLE, köm-près'sé-bl. a. Yielding to prossure, so as that one partis brought nearer to another. COMPRESSIBLENESS, kām-prés'sè-bl-nēs. Capability of being pressed close. COMPRESSION, §. s. The act of bringing the parts of any body more near to each other by violence. COMPRESSURE, kêm-prèsh'shºre. s. 452. The act or force of one body pressing against an- other. To COMPRINT, köm-print'. v. a. To print to- gether; to print another's copy, to the preju- dice of the rightful proprietor. To COMPRISE, köm-prize'. v. a. To contain, to include. COMPROBATION, köm-prè-bà’snán. s. Proof, attestation. COMPROMISE, köm'prè-mize. s. A mutual proinise of parties at difference to refer their controversies to arbitrators; an adjustment of a difference of parties by mutual concessions. To COMPROMISE, köm'prº-mize. v. a. To ad- just a compact by mutual concessions, to ac- cord, to agree. COMPROMISSORIAL, köm-prè-mis-só'ré-ál. a. Relating to compromise. COMPROVINCIAL, kêm-prè-vin'shál. s. Be- longing to the same province. COMPT, köänt. s. 407. Account, computation, reckoning, JNot º To Čöß. köönt. v. a. To compute, to num- ber. We now use To count. COMPTIBLE, kööm'tè-bl. a. Accountable, readv to give account. Obsolete. To COMPTROLL, kön-trôl'. v. a. 406. To con- , trol, to over-rule, to oppose. COMPTROLLER, kón-trö'lär. s. ervisor. \, cößollBRSHIP, kön-trö'lúr-ship. s. Su- §§§ºf & COMPULSATIVELY, köm-pâl'sā-tlv-lè. ad. By constraint. COMPULSATORY, köm-pâl'sä-tàr-è a. Having the force of compelling.—See Dom ESTICK. To force in to sy 35, Director, su- | 512. CöMPULSION, kām-pºl'shön. s. The act of &l. compelling to something, force; the state of being compelled COMPULSIVE, kêm-pâI'siv. a. Having the pow- er to compel, for cible. COMPULSIVELY, köm-pâl'sſy-lè. ad. By force, by violence. COMPULSIVENESS, köm-pâl'słv-nēs. s. Force compulsion. y COMPULSORILY, köm-pâl'sö-ré-lè. ad. In a compulsory or forcible manner, by violence. COMPULSORY, köm-pâl'sār-e.a. Having the power of compelling — See Dom Estick. 512. COMPUNCTION, ºn påug'shön. s. The pow- er of pricking, stimulation; repentance, con- trition. COMPUNCTIOUS, kêm-pông'shās. a. Repent- ant. COMPUNCTIVE, köm-pông'tív. a. Causing re- In Ol"Se. t COMPURGATION, kêm-pār-gå'shān. s. The practice of justifying any man's veracity by the testimony of another. COMPURGATOR, kêm-pār-gā'tár. s. One who bears his testimony to the credibility of another. COMPUTABLE, köm-pú'tā-bl. a. Capable of being numbered. {’OMPUTATION, köm-pú-tà'shôn. s. The act of reckoning, calculation; the sum collected or settled by calculation. To COMPUTE, köm-pâte'. v. a. calculate, to count. COMPUTER, köm-pâ'tör. s. CO talºt aht. COMPUTIST, köm'pë-tist. s. skilled in computation. COMFADE, kām'råde. s. 165 One who dwells in the same house or chamber; a companion, a artner. CON, kón. A Latin inseparable preposition, which, at the beginning of words, signifies union, as concourse, a running together. CON, kón. ad. An abbreviation of contra. On the opposite side, against another, as to dispute pro and com. To CON, kón. v. a. fix in the memory. To CONCAMERATE, kön-kām'è-räte. v. a. 91, 3. To arch over, to vault. To tº O'NCATENATE, kön-kāt'è-nāte. v. a. 91, To link together. To reckon, to Reckoner, ac- Calculator, one To know ; to study; to CONCATENATION, kón-kāt-ê-mâ'shôn. s. A series of links. CONCAVATION, kóng-kā-vá'shān. s. The act of making concave. [[5 As the secondary accent is on the first syllable of this word, and the m comes before hard c, it has the ringing sound as much as if the principal accent were upon it. 408, 409, 432. CONCAVE, köng'käve. a. 403, 409, 432. Hol- low, §: to COn Vex. CONCAVENESS, kóng'käve-nés, s. Hollow- TheSS. CONCAVITY, kön-kāv'è-té. s. Internal surface of a hollow spherical or spheroidical body. CONCAVO-CONCAVE, , kón-kā'vö-köngkäve. a. 408, Concave or hollow on both sides. CONCAVO-CONVEX, kön-kā’vö-kön'véks. *. Concave one way, and convex the other. CONCAVOUS, kón-kā'vås. . a. Concave. \ CONCAWOUSLY, kón-kā'vūs-lè. ad. With hol- lowness. To CONCEAL, kön-sèle'. v. a. To hide, to keep secret, not to divulge. CONCEALABLE, kūn-sè'lā-bl. being concealed. CONCEALEDNESS, kön-sé'léd-nēs. s. ty, obscurity. CONCEALER, kón-sé'lär. s. He that conceals any thing. CONCEALMENT, kên-sèle'mént. s. The act of hiding, secrecy; the state of being hid, pri- vacy; hiding place, retreat. a. Capable of Privi- ..ſº sº { CON CON 1 ().5 : -nē, móve, nár, nāt;—töbe, túb, būll;-öl;—pôānd;—thin, This To conCEDE, kön-sède'. v. a. To admit, to ant. cós CEIT, kón-sète'. s. Conception, thought, idea ; understanding, readiness of apprehen- sion ; fancy, fantastical notion; a fond opinion of one's self; a pleasant fancy; Out of conceit with, no longer fond of. To CONCEIT, kön-sète. believe. CONCEITED, kón-sé'téd. particip. a. Endow- ed with fancy; proud, fond of himself; opinion- ative. CONCEITEDLY, kön-sétéd-lè. ad. Fanciful- ly, whimsically. CONCEITEDNESS, kón-sè'téd-nēs. s. Pride, fondness of himself. CONCEITLESS, kón-sète'lés. a. Stupid, with- out thought. CONCEIVABLE, kön-sé'vá-bl. a. That may be imagined or thought; that may be under- stood or believed. CONCEIVABLENESS, kón-sè'vá-bl-nēs. s. The quality of being conceivable. CONCEIVABLY, kön-sé'vá-blé. ad. In a co.- ceivable manner. To CONCEIVE, kām-séve'. v. a. To admit into the womb ; to form in the mind; to compre- hend, to understand; to think, to be of opinion. To CONCEIVE, kön-sève'. v. m. To think, to have an idea of ; to become pregnant. CONCEIVER, kón-sè'vár. s. One that under- stands or apprehends CONCENT, kón-sént'. s. harmony ; consistency. To CONCENTRATE, kón-sén'träte. v. a. 91. To drive into a narrow compass ; to drive to- wards the centre. CONCENTRATION. kön-sén-trä'shān. s. Col- lection into a narrower space round the centre. To CONCENTRE, kön-sén'tár. v. n. 416. To tend to one common centre. To CONCENTRE, kón-sén'tūr. To tend towards one centre. CONCENTRICAL, kón-sén'trè-kál. CONCENTRICK, kón-sén'trfk. { d. Having one common centre. CONCEPTACLE, kón-sép'tá-ki. s. 405. That in which any thing is contained, a vessel. CONCEPTIBLE, kön-sép'té-bl. a. Intelligible, §§ to be understood. CONCEPTION, kên-sép'shān, s. The act of conceiving, or quickening with pregnancy; the state of being conceived ; motion, idea; senti- ments, purpose ; apprehension, knowledge ; conceit, sentiment, pointed thought. CONCEPTIOUS, kón-sép'shôs. a. Apt to con- cerve, §." CONCEPTIVE, kön-sép'tív. a. Capable to COHCeive. To CONCERN, kön-sérn'. v. a. To relate to ; to belong to ; to affect with some passion; to interest, to engage by interest; to disturb, to make uneasy. CONCERN, kön-sérn'. s. v. a. To imagine, to Concert of voices, W. a. Business, affair; in- terest, engagement, importance, moment; pas-, sion, affection, regard. CONCERNING, kön-sér'ming. prep. Relating to, with relation to. CONCERNMENT, kón-sérn’mént. s. The thing in which we are concerned or interested, busi- mess, interest; intercourse, importance; inter- position, meddling; passion, emotion of mind. To CONCERT, kön-sért'. v. a. To settle any thing in private, by mutual communication; to settle, to contrive, to adjust. CONCERT, kón'sért. s. Communication of de- signs; a symphony; many performers play- ing the same tune. cöğRººfton, kºn-ºr-tashan. s. strife, contention. gº CONCERTATIVE, kön-sér’tā-tlv. tious. () a. Conten- CQNCESSION, kön-sés'shān. s. The act of yield. ing ; a grant, the thing yielded. CöNCESSIONARY, ºn assian-ár-e.a. Given by indulgence. CóNćESSIVE, kón-sessiv. a. Yielded by way of concession. A., CONCESSIVELY, of concession. CONCH, köngk. s. 408. A shell, a sea shell. CONCHOID, kêng'köid. s. The name of a curve, the property of which is to approach perpetu ally nearer to a line, without ever being able to touch it. To CONCILIATE, kón-sityāte. v. a. 91, 113. To gain over, to reconcile. CONCILIATION, kön-sil-ć-à'shán. s. The act of gaining or reconciling. CóNčiūſāTöR, kºnºšiiąſtār. s. One that makes peace between others. CONCILIATORY, kān-sil'é-à-tär-8 a. Relating to reconciliation.—See Dom ESTIck. [[G’ Mr. Sheridan places the accent upon the a , in this word, but all our other orthūepists place it more properly upon the second syllable. 512. CONCINNITY, kön-sin'né-té. s. Decency, fitness. CONCINNOUS, kón-sin'nās. a. Becoming, pleasant. CONCISE, kön-słse'. a. Brief, short. CONCISELY, kön-sise'lè. ad. Briefly, shortly. CONCISENESS, kön-sise'nés. s. Brevity, short- heSS. CONCISION, kön-sizh'zhàm. s. Cutting off, ex- CISIOrl. CONCITATION, kön-sè-tä'shôn. s. The act of stirring up. CONCLAMATION, kêng-klä-mâ'shán. s. 408, An outcry. CONCLAVE, kóng'klâve. s. 408. Private apart- ment ; the room in which the cardinals meet, or the assembly of the cardinals ; a close as- sembly.—See To CollecT. To CONCLUDE, kón-kläde'. v. a. To collect by ratiocination, to decide, to determine; to end, to finish. To CONCLUDE, kón-kläde'. v. m. To perform the last act of ratiodination, to determine ; to settle opinion ; finally to determine ; to end. CONCLUDENCY, kón-klä'dén-sé. s. Conse- quence, regular proof. CONCLUDENT, kón-kſº'démt. a. Decisive. CONCLUSIBLE, kön-klū'zè-bl. a. 439. Deter- minable. CONCLUSION, kön-klū'zhēn. s. Determina. tion, final decision ; collection from proposi- tions premised, consequence; the close ; the event of experiment ; the end, the upshot. CONCLUSIVE, kón-klö'siv. a. 158,428. Deci- sive, giving the last determination ; regularly consequential. CONCLUSIVELY, kón-klū'sſy-lè. ad. Decisively. CONCLUSIVENESS, kön-klū'słv-nēs. s. Pow- er of determining the opinion. To CONCOAGULATE, köng-kö-ág'gū-lāte. v. a. 408. To congeal one thing with another. CONCOAGULATION, kêng-kö-āg-gū-jä'shām. s. A coagulation by which different bodies are joined in one mass. To CONCOCT, kön-kökt'. v. a. To digest by the stomach; to purify by heat. CONCOCTION, kön-kök'shān. s. the stomach, maturation by heat. CONCOLOUR, kön-kál'īār. a. Of one colour CQNCQMITANCE, kön-köm'ê-tänse, 2s CONCOMITANCY, kön-köm'è-tān-sè., § Subsistence together with another thi CONCOMITANT, kón-köm'è-tânt. a. ed with, concurrent with. CONCOMITANT, kön-köm'è-tánt. s. Compan- ion, person or thing collaterally gonnected. CONCOMITANTLY, kön-köm'ê-tánt-lè. ad. In company with others. To CONCOMITATE, kön-köm'é-täte v. a. To be connected with anything. h. kön-sés'siv-lè. ad. By way Digestion in In Sº, Conjoin & CON Yºº ºf * } . CON § 106 \ [IT 559–Fâte, far, fall, fåt;—mé, mét;--plme, pīn;– CONCORD, köng'körd. s. 408. Agreement be- tween persons and things, peace, union, harmo- ny, concent of sounds; principal grammatical relation of one word to another. CONCORDANCE, kón-kör'dänse. s. 496. Agree- ment; a book which shows in how many texts of scripture any word occurs. [I5 Johnson, Sheridan, Ash, Scott, Nares, Perry, Bailey, Entick, W. Johnston, Buchanan, and Kenrick, all concur in placing the accent on the second syllable of this word in both its senses; and every plea of distinction is trifling against all these authorities, and the discord- ance of the accent on the first syllable.—See To Bow L. CONCORDANT, kön-kör'dánt. a. Agreeable, agreeing. £ONCORDATE, kön-kör'dāte. g. 91. A com- act, a convention. CONCORPORAL, kön-kör'pë-rál. Of the same body. To CONCORPORATE, kón-kör'pë-räte. v. a. 91. To unite in one mass or substance. CONCORPORATION, kön-kör-pô-rá'shôn. s. Union in one mass. CONCOURSE, köngkörse. s. 408. The conflu- ence of many persons or things; the persons assembled ; the point of junction or intersec tion of two bodies. CONCREMATION, kêng-krè-mâ'shān. s. The act of burning together. CONCREMENT, Köngkré-mént. s. 408. The mass formed by concretion. CONCRESCENCE, kón-krès'sänse. s. The act or quality of growing by the union of separate warticles. To CONCRETE, kón-kiète'. v. n. To coalesce into One mass. To CONCRETE, kón-kréte'. v. a. To form by concretion. CONCRETE, kên-kréte'. a. 408. Formed by concretion ; in logick, not abstract, applied to a subject.—See Disc RETE. CONCRETE, kóng'krète. s. 408. A mass form- ed by concretion. CONCRETELY, kón-krète'lè. ad. In a manner including the subject with the predicate. CONCRETENESS, kön-kréte'més... s. Coagula- tion, collection of fluids into a solid mass. CONCRETION, kón-kré'shôm. s. The act of concreting, coalition; the mass formed by a coalition of separate particles. CQNCRETIVE, kón-krè'tív. a. Coagulative. CONCRETURE, kön-krè'tshūre. s. 461. A mass formed by coagulation. CONCUBINAGE, kön-kū'bè-nāje. s. 91. The act of living with a woman not married. £ON CUBINī, köng'kè-bine. s. 408. A woman kept in formication, a whore. [; Anciently this word signified a woman who was married, but who had no legal claim to any part of the husband's property. To CONCULCATE, kön-kāikāte. v. a. To tread or trample under foot. al. CONCULCATION, kóng-kāl-ká'shān. s. 403. Tramplmg with the feet. CONCUPISCENCE, kön-kö'pë-sénse. s. 510 Pºlº. desire, libidinous wish. CONCUPISCENT, kón-kū'pë-sént. a. Libidinous, Hecherous. CONCUPISCENTIAL, kön-kā-pē-sén'shäl. a. Relating to concupiscence. CCNCUPSCIBLE, kön-kā'pë-sè-bl. a. Impres- sing desire. To §§§, kön-kār'. v. n. 408. To meet in one point; to agree, to join in one action ; to be united with, to be conjoined ; to contribute to One COInžmon event. CQNCURRENCE, kön-kār'rénse, ; s. Unio CONCURRENcy, kón-kārrán-sā, ś , ” ” association, conjunction ; combination of ma- aw agents or circumstances assistance, help ; joint right commºn claim. CONCURRENT, kón-kār'r&nt. a. conjunction, concomitant in agency. CONCURRENT, kön-kār'rént. s. That which COn CºlfS. CONCUSSION, kón-kāsh'ên. s. The act of shaking, tremefaction. CONCUSSIVE, kón-kås'sív. a. Having the pow- er or quality of shaking. To CONDEMN, kón-dém'. v. a. To find guilty, to doom to punishment ; to censure to blame. CONDEMNABLE, kön-dém'má-bl. a. Blamea- ble, culpable. CONDEMNATION, kón-dém-nā'shôn, s. The sentence by which any one is doomed to pun- ishment. t CONDEMNATORY, kón-dém'nā-tär-É. a. Pass- ing a sentence of condemnation.—See Dom Es- TICK. 512. CONDEMNER, kön-dém'nār. s. 411. A blam- €”, a CenSurer. CONDENSABLE, kón-dén'sá-bl. a. That which is capable of condensation. To CONDENSATE, kön-dén'säte. v. a. 91. To make thicker. Acting in To CONDENSATE, kón-dén'säte. v. n To grow thick. CONDENSATE, kón dén'säte. a. 91. Made thick, compressed into less space. CON DENSATION, kön-dén-så'shán. s. The act of thickening any body; opposite to rarefac- tion. To CONDENSE, kón-děnse'. v. a. To make any bºdy more thick, close, and weighty. To CONDENSE, kón-dénse'. v. n. To grow clese and Weighty. QQNDENSE, kön-dénse', a. Thick, dense. . CONDENSER, kón-dén'sár. s. A vessel, wherein to crowd the air. CONDENSITY, kön-dén'sé-té. s. The state of being condensed. * To CONDESCEND, kón-dè-sénd'. v. n. To de- part from the privileges of superiority; to con- sent to do more than mere justice can require; to stoop, to bend, to yield. CONDFSCENDENCE, kön-dè-sén'dénse. s. Voluntary submission. CONDESCENDINGLY, kön-dè-sénd'ºng-lè. ad. By way of voluntary humiliation; by way of kind concession. CONDESCENSION, kón-dé-sém'shôn. s. Volun- tary humiliation, descent from superiority. See To CoI.LECT. w CONDESCENSIVE, kön-dé-sén'sív. a. Court €Old S. CONDIGN, kón-dime'. served, merited. CONDIGNNESS, kón-dine'nés. s. agreeableness to deserts. CONDIGNLY, kön-dime'lé. ad. Deservedly, ac- cording to merit. CONDIMENT, kón'dè-mênt. s. Seasoning, sauce. CONDISCIPLE, kön-dis-si'pl. s. A schoolfellow To CONDITE, kón-dite'. v.a. To pickle, to pre: serve by salts. CONDITION, kón-dish'ên. s. Quality, that by which any thing is denominated good or bad ; natural quality of the ſmind, temper, tempera- ment ; Štate, circumstances; rank; stipulation, terms of compact. CONDITIONAL, kón-dish'ên-ál. a. By way of stipulation, not absolute. a. CONDITIONALITY, kón-dish-8-6-nāl'è-té. s Limitation by certain terms. e CONDITIONALLY, kón-dish'ân-ál-è. ad. With certain limitations, on particular terms. ... CONDITIONARY, kón dish’īn-à-ré, a. Stipu- lated. CONDITIONATE, kón-dish'é-ó-māte. a. Estab- lished on certain terms. - CONDITIONEE), kón-dish'ênd. a. Having quali ties or properties good or bad. To §§§ kön-dèle', v. n. To lament with those that are in misfortune. a. 385. Suitable. de Suitableness CON (#9N 107 —no, mēve, nér, nét;—túbe, tºb, bāll —&l;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. To CONDOLE, kön-dòle'. v. a. To bewaſ, with another. e CONDOLEMENT, kón-dòle'mént. s. Grief, Sorro W. CONDOLENCE, kón-dò'lénse. s. Grief for the sorrows of another. CONDOLER, kón-dò'lär. s. One that laments with another upon his misfortunes. CONDONATION, kön-dò-mâ'shân. s. A pardon- ing, a forgiving. To CONDUCE, kónºdåse'. v. n. To promote an end, to contribute to. CONDUCIBLE, kön-dû'sè-bl. a. ower of conducing. cöß, kön-dà'sè-bl-nēs. s. The quality of contributing to any end. CONDUCIVE, kón-dû'słv. a. That which may contribute to anv end. Having the CONDUCIVENESS, kön-dû'słv-nēs. s. The quality of conducing. CONDUCT, kón'dökt. s. 492. Management, economy; the act of leading troops ; convoy ; a warrant by which a convoy is appointed; behaviour, regular life. To CONDUCT, kön-dākt'. v. a. To lead, to direct, to accompany in order to show the way; to at- tend in civility; to manage, as to conduct an affair; to head an army. CONDUCTITIOUS, kón-dāk-tish'ês. a. Hired. CONDUCTOR, kön-dāk’tár. s. 448. A leader, one who shows another the way by accompany- ing him; a chief, a general ; a manager, a di- rector; an instrument to direct the knife in cut- ting for the stone. cóNºticiſtESS, kön-dàktrés. s. A woman that directs. CONDUIT, kān'dit. s. 165, 341. A canal of pipes for the conveyance of waters; the pipe or cock at which water is drawn. CONDUPLICATION, kón-dû-plé-kå'shân. s. A doubling; a duplicate. CONE, #e. s. A solid body, of which the base is a circle, and which ends in a point. To CONFABULATE, kón-fúb'ū-lāte. v. m. To talk easily together, to chat. CONFABULATION, kön-ffib-à-lä'shôn. s. Easy conversation. CONFABULATORY, kón-ffib'êt-la-tár-è. a. 512. Belonging to talk—See Dom ESTIck. CONFARREATION, kón-far-rè-à'shán. s. The solemnization of marriage by eating bread to- gether To CONFECT, kón-fékt' v a. To make up into SWeetmeatS. CONFECT, kón'ſéku. s. 492. A sweetmeat. CONFECTION, kón-fék'shām. s. A preparation of fruit with sugar, sweetmeat; a composition, a mixture. CONFECTIONARY, kón-fék'shān-á-ré. s. The lace where sweetmeats are made or sold. CONFECTIONER, kān-fék'shôn-ār. s. One whose trade is to make sweetmeats. CONFEDERACY, kön-fédér-à-sè. s. League, union, engagement. To CONFEDERATE, kón-féd'ér-āte. v. a. 91. To join in a league, to unite, to ally. To CONFEDERATE, kón-féd’ér-āte. v. n. To league, to unite in a league. CONFEDERATE, kön-féd'ér-āte. a. 91. United in a league. CONFEDERATE, kón-féd'ér-āte. s. engages to support another, an ally. CONFEDERATION, kön-féd-ér-à'shān. s. League, alliance. To CGNFER, kön-fér'. v. n. To discourse with another upon a stated subject, to conduce to. To CONFER, kön-fér'. v. a. To compire; to ive, to bestow. CONFERENCE, kón'ſér-ēnse, s. 503. Formal discourse, oral discussion of any question ; an appointed meeting for discussing some point ; tomparison In this last sense little used. i One who CONFERRER, kön-fér'âr. s. He that confers, he that bestows. To CONFESS, kön-fés'. v. a. To acknowledge a Crime; to disclose the state of the conscience to the priest; to hear the confession of a penitent, as a priest; to own, to avow ; to grant. To CONFESS, kón-fés'. v. n. To make confes sion, as he is #" to the priest to confess. CONFESSEDLY, kön-fés'séd-lè. ad. 364. Avow. edly, indisputably. CONFESSION, kön-fésh'ân. s. The acknow- ledgment of a crime; the act of disburdening the conscience to a priest; a formulary in which the articles of faith are cºhprised. CONFESSIONAL, kón-fésh'ân-ái. s. The seat in which the confessor sits. CONFESSIONARY, kön-fésh'ân-á-ra. s. The seat where the priest sits to hear confessions. CONFESSOR, kón'ſés-sàr. s. One who makes profession of his faith in the face of danger; he that hears confessions, and prescribes penance; he who confesses his crimes. [[ī Dr. Kenrick says, this word is sometimes, but improperly accented on the first syllable; but it may be observed, that this impropriety is become so universal, that not one who has the least pretension to politeness dares to pro- nounce it otherwise. It is, indeed, to be regret- ted, that we are so fond of Latin originals as entirely to neglect our own; for this word can now have the accent on the second syllable, only when it means one who confesses his Crimes: a sense in which it is scarcely ever used. Mr. Sheridan and Entick have the ac cent on the first syllable of this word, Mr. Scott 2n the first and second ; Dr. Johnson, Mr Perry, Buchaman, W. Johnston, Ash, Bailey, and Smith, on the second : but notwithstanding this weight of authority, the best usage is cert tainly on the other side. CONFEST, kón-fést'. a. Concealed. [[G. Dr. Kemrick tells us, that this is a poetical word for Confessed ; and, indeed, we frequently find it so written by Pope and others: “This clue thus found unravels all the rest ; “The prospect clears, and Clodio stands confest.” But that this is a mere compliance with the prejudices of the eye, and that there is not the least necessity for departing from the common º See Principles of English Pronuncia- tion, No. 360. CONFESTLY, kön-féstlé. ad. Indisputably; roperly CoNFESSEDLy. 364. * CONTIDANT, kön-fé-dānt'. s. ed with private affairs. [[G’ This word, very unlike most others from the Same source, has been made to alter its Fre, ch orthography, in order to approach a little nearer to the English pronunciation of it. Some affected speakers on the stage pronounce the first syllable like cone, as it is imaºked in the first edition of Mr. Sheridan's Dictionary; aud this is perfectly of a piece with the affectation which has altered the spelling of the last. By Dryden and South, as quoted by Dr. Johnson We find this word spelled like the adjective cow, Jident; and it is more than probable that it. French pronunciation is but of late date; but So universal is its use at present, that a greater mark of rusticity cannot be given than to place the accent on the first syſłable, and to pro- nounce the last dent instead of dant. To CONFIDE, kön-fide'. v. n. To trust in. CONFIDENCE, kón'ſé-dénse. s. Firm belief of another; trust in his own abilities or fortune; vicious boldness, opposed to modesty; homest boldness, firmness of integrity; trust in the oodness of another. CONFIDENT, kón'ſé-dént. a. Assured beyond doubt; positive, dogmatical; secure of suc- Open, known, not A person trust CON CON 103 [[ 559–Fate, far, fºll, fat;-mé, mét;—plme, pīn;– cess; without suspicion, trusting without li- mits ; bold to a vice, impudent. UONF id:NT, kön"fê-dént. s. One trusted with secrets.—See ConFIDANT. * CONFIDENTIAL, kön-fé-dén'shāl. adj Worthy of confidence. CONFIDENTIALLY, kön-fé-dén'shāl-lè. ad. In a confidential manner. CONFIDENTLY, kón'fé-dént-lè. ad. Without gloubt, without fear; with firm trust; positive- ly, dogmatically. CONFIDENTNESS, kón'ſé-dént-nēs. s. As- Straßee. CQNFIGURATION, kón-fig-Ü-rà'shôn. s. The form of the Warious parts, adapted to each other; the face of the horoscope. To CONFIGURE, kön-fig'àre. v. a. To dispose into any form. CONFINE, kón'ſine. s. 140, 492. boundary, border, edge. [[G Dr. Johnson tells us, that the substantive confine was formerly pronounced with the ac- cent on the last syllable. The examples, how- ever, which he gives us from the poets, prove only that it was accented both ways. But, in- deed, it is highly probable that this was the case ; for instances are numerous of the pro- pensity of later pronunciation to place the ac- cent higher than formerly; and when by this accentuation a noun is distinguished from a verb, it is supposed to have its use—See Bowl. To CONFINE, kön-fine'. v. m. To border upon, to touch on different territories. To CONFINE, kön-fine'. v. a. To limit: to im- prison; to restrain, to tie up to. CONFINELESS, kón-fime'lés. a. unlimited. CONFINEMENT, kón-flne'mént. s. Imprison- ment, restraint of liberty. CQNFINER, kón-fi'nār. s. A borderer, one that lives upon confines; one which touches upon two different regions. CONFINITY, kón-fin'ê-tá, s. Nearness. To CONFIRM, kön-férm'. v. a. 108. To put past doubt by new evidence; to settle, to esta- blish; to strengthen by new solemnities or ties; to admit to the full privileges of a Christian, by imposition of hands. CONFIRMABLE, kón-fôr'má-bl. a. That which is capable of incontestible evidence. CONFIRMATION, kön-fºr-mâ'shān s. The act of establishing any thing or person; evidence, additional proof; an ecclesiastical rite. CONFIRMATOR, kón-fôr-mâ'tär s. tester, he that puts a matter past doubt. CôNikvisióRy, ºr "." Giving additional testimony.—See Dom ESTICK. 512. CONFIRMEDNESS, kön-férm'éd-nés. s. Con- firmed state. {{# This word ought to be added to those taken notice of Prin. No. 365. CONFIRMER, kön-fôrm’ār. s. One that con- firms, an attester, an establisher. CONFISCABLE, kön-fis'kā-bl. a. Liable to forfeiture. To CONFISCATE, kón-fis'kāte. v. a. To trans- fer private property to the publick, by way of §§ º &ONFISCATE, kón-fis'kåte, a. Transferred to the publick as forfeit. jº Dr. Kenrick blames Dr. Johnson for accent- ing this word on the second syllable, when the example he brings from Shakspeare accents it on the first ; but it may be observed, that as the verb ought to have the accent on the second syllable, the adjective, which is derived from it, ought to have the accent on the same syllable likewise ; and the example from Shakspeare must be looked upon as a poetical license. £ONFISCATION, kón-fis-kā'shān. s. The act of transferring the forfeited goods of criminals to publick use. Common Boundless, An at- CQNFITENT, kón'ſº-tént. s. One confessing CONFITURE, kón'ſé-tshöre. s. 463. A sweet. meat, a confection. To CONFIX, kön-fſks'. v. a. To £x down. CONFLAGRANT, kön-flá'grânt. a. Involved in a general fire. CONFLAGRATION, kön-flā-grá'shôn. s. Age- neral fire: it is taken for the fire which shali consume this world at the consummation. CONFLATION, kón-flá'shām. s. The act of blowing many instruments together; a casting or melting of metal. - CONFLEXURE, kön-flék'shūre. s.452. Abend- ing. To ČonFLICT, kön-flikt'. v. n. To contest, to struggle. CONFLICT, kón'ſlikt. s. 492. A violent colli sion, or opposition; a combat, strife, conten tion; struggle, agony. e CoNFLUENöß, kön'fit-énse. s. The junction or union of several streams; the act of crowd- ing to a place; a concourse; a multitude. CONFLUENT, kón'ſ 3-&nt. a. Running one in- to another, meeting. CONFLUX, kón'ſlāks. s. The union of several Currents; crowd, multitude collected. CONFORM, kön-fôrm'. a. Assuming the same form, resembling. To CONFORM, kón-fôrm'. v. a. To reduce to the like appearance with something else. To CONFORM, kön-fôrm'. v. n. To comply with. CONFORMABLE, kön-fôr'má-bl. a. Having the same form, similar; agreeable, suitable; Compliant, obsequious. CONFORMABLY, kón-fôr'mā-blé, ad. With conformity, suitably. CONFORMATION, kón-fôr-mâ'shān. s. The form of things as relating to each other; the act of producing suitableness, or conformity. CONFORMIST, kón-fôr'mist. s. One that com- plies with the worship of the Church of Eng. d 31ſt Ol. CONFORMITY, kön-fôr'mè-të. s. Similitude, re- semblance ; consistency. To CONFOUND, kón-föänd'. v. a. To mingle things; to perplex; to throw into consterna tion; to astomish, to stupify; to destroy. CONFOUNDED, kön-fôān'déd. par. a. Hate- ful, detestable. CONFOUNDEDLY, kön-fôān'déd-lè. ad. Hate- fully, shamefully. CONFOUNDER, kān-fôān'dār. s. He who dis- turbs, perplexes, or destroys. CONFRATERNITY, kön-frå-tér'né-té. s. A body of men united for some religious purpose. CONFRICATION, kón-fré-kå'shán. s. The act of rubbing against any thing. To CONFRONT, kön-frônt'. v. a. To stand a- gainst another in full view ; to stand face to face, in opposition to another; to oppose one evidence to another in open court ; to compare one thing with another. [I3’ In colloquial pronunciation this word has its last syllable sounded like the last of affront, but the second syllabie of confrontation ought never to be so pronounced. CONFRONTATION, kón-frón-tä'shön. s. The act of bringing two evidences face to face. To CONFUSE, kón-fúze'. v. a. To disorder, to disperse irregularly ; to perplex, to obscure; to hurry the mind. CONFUSEDLY, kón-fú'zād-lé, ad. 364. In a mixed mass, without separation; indistinctly, one mingled with another; not clearly, not plainly ; tumultuously, hastily. CONFUSEDNESS, kón-fú'zéd-nés s. 365. Want of distinctness, want of clearness. CONFUSION, kón-fú'zhàn. s. irregular mix- ture, tumultuous medley; tumult, indistinct combination ; overthrow, destruction ; aston- ishment, distraction of mind. CON CON 109 —mö, móve, mêr, mēt;—túbe, tºb, būll;—öll;—pôānd;—thin, TIIIs. conFUTABLE, kön-fú'tá-bl. a. Possible to be disproved. CONFUTATION, kön-ſà-tä'shöhe. s. The act of confuting, disproof. To CONFUTE, kón-fúte'. v. a. To convict of errour, to disprove. CONGE, or CONGEE, kön-jºë'. s. Act of re- verence, bow, courtesy; leave, farewell. To CONGEE, kön-jèë'. v. a. French To take leave. CONGE-D'ELIRE, kön-jè-dé-lèër'. s. The king's permission royal to a dean and chapter, in time of vacancy, to choose a bishop. To CONGEAL, kön-jèël'. v. a. To turn, by cold, from a fluid to a solid state; to bind or fix, as by cold. g To CONGEAL, kön-jèël’. v. n. To concrete by cold. , CONGEALABLE, kón-jèël’ā-bl. a. Susceptible of congelation. º CONGEALMENT, kón-jëèl'mént. s. formed by congelation. CONGELATION, kön-jè-lä'shān, s. State of be- ing congealed or made solid. - CONGENER, kön-jé'nār. s. 98. Of the same kind or nature. CONGENEROUS, kön-jën'ér-rūs. a. Of the same kind. CONGENEROUSNESS, kön-jén'ér-rès-mês. . s. The quality of being from the same origin- al. CONGENIAL, kön-jé'nè-âl. a. Partaking of the same genius, cognate. CONGENIALITY, kön-jè-nē-ăl'é-té. s. Cogma- tion of mind CöNGENTALNESS, kön-jénē-ăl-nés, s. Cogna- tion. CONGENITE, kón-jén'nit. a. 140, 154. Of the The clot A collec- same birth, connate. CONGER, kånggår. s. 409. The sea-eel. CONGERIES, kön-jé'rè-ès. s. A mass of small bodies heaped up together. To CONGEST, kön-jëst'. v. a. To heap up. CONGESTIBLE, kön-jëst'é-bl. a. That may be heaped up. * CONGESTION, kön-jëst'yan. s. 464. tion of matter, as in abscesses. CONGIARY, kón'jè-à-rè. s. A gift distributed to the Roman people or soldiery, - To CONGLACIATE, kón-gla'shē-ăte. v. n. 461. To turn to ice. - CONGLACIATION, kón-gla-shē-ă'shán. S. 403. Act of changing into ice. To CONGLOBATE, kān-glò'bâte. v. a. To ather into a hard firm ball. CONGLOBATE, kön-gló'bāte. a. 91. Moulded into a firm ball. - CONGLOBATELY, kên-glò'bâte-lè. ad. In a spherical form. CONGLOBATION, kón-glö-bà'shôn. s. 408. A round body. To CONGLOBE, kón-glöbe'. v. a. To gather into a round mass. - To CONGLOBE, kón-glöbe'. v. n. To coalesce into a round mass. To CONGLOMERATE, kön-glöm'êr-āte. . v. a. To gather into a ball, like a ball of thread. CONGLOMERATE, kön-glöm'ér-àfe, a. 91. Gathered into a round ball, so as that the fibres are distinct ; collected, twisted together. CONGLOMERATION, kön-glöm-ér-à'shán. s. Collection of matter into a loose ball; inter- texture, mixture. * To CONGLUTINATE, kön-glú'té-nāte. v. a. To cement, to re-unite. To CONGLUTINATE, kön-glú'tè-māte. v. n. To coalesce. - -- CONGLUTINATION, kón-glū-tê-mâ'shān. s. The act of uniting wounded bodies. CONGLUTINATIVE, kón-glū'té-nā-tiv. a. 91. Having the power of uniting wounds. cóNäfirfix'AtóR, Kön-giště nºtăr. s. 520, 166. That which has the power of uniting wounds. CQNGRATULANT, kön-grätsh'-lânt. a. 461 Rejoicing in participation. To CONGRATULATE, kón-grätsh'ê-lāte. v. a. 461. To compliment upon any happy event. To CONGRATULATE, kön-grätshö-lāte. v. n 461. To rejoice in participation. - CONGRATULATION, kón-grätsh-à-lä'shān, s. 462. The act of professing joy for the happi mess or success of another; the form in which joy is professed. - CONGRATULATORY, kón-grätsh'-lä-tär-à. a. 512. Expressing joy for the good of another. To CGNGREET, kön-gréét'. v. m. To salute reciprocally. To CONGREGATE, köng'grè-gāte. v. a. 408. To collect, to assemble, to bring into one place. - To CONGREGATE, kóng'grè-gāte. v. m. To assemble, to meet. CONGREGATE, kóng'grè-gāte. a. 91. Col- lected, compact. CONGREGATION, kêng-grè-gå'shôn. s. 408. A collection, a mass of various matters brought together; an assembly met to worship God in ublick. - CONGREGATIONAL, kóng-grè-gå'shān-nāl. a 88. Publick, pertaining to a congregation. CONJRESS, köng'grés. s. 403. A meeting, a shock, a conflict; an appointed meeting for settlement of affairs between different mations ; an assembly of Delegates. CONGRESSIVE, kön-grés'siv. a. Meeting, en- countering CösöRüßCE, köng'gri-ánse. s. 408. Agree- ment, suitableness of one thing to another. CONGRUENT, köng-grè'ênt. a. Agreeing correspondent. CONGRITITY, kön-grº-té. s. 408, Suitable ness, agreeableness; fitness ;, consistency. CONGRUMENT, kóng'grú-mênt. s. Fitness, adaptation. CONGRUGUS, kóng'grú-às. a. consistent with ; suitable to. CONGRUOUSLY, kóng'grè-ás-lè. ad. Suitably, ertinently. CONICAL, kón'ê-kál. CONICK, lºën'ik. form of a come. [[5 The o in the first syllable of this word is pro- nounced short, though it is long in its primitive cone, if we may be allowed to call come its primi- tive, and not the Latin Conus and Greek Kayo; ; in both which the o is long ; but Conus, or Koyukoç, whence the learned oblige us to de- rive our Conic, or Conical, have the o short as in the English words, and serve to corroborate the opinion of Bishop Hare with respect to the shortening power of the iatin antepenultimate accent. Ö3}. - CGNICALLY, kón'ê-kāl-ć. ad. In form of a come, CONICALNESS, kón'ê-kāl-nēs. s. The state or quality of being comical. CONICK SECTIONS, kón’īk-sék'shônz. s CO’SłCKS, kón'íks. • That part of geometry which considers the cone, and the cºurves arising from its sections. To CONJECT, kón-jékt'. v. n. To guess, to conjecture, JWot used, } CONJECTOR, kön-jék’tör. s. a conjecturer. CONJECTURABLE, kón-jêk'tshū-rá-bl. a. 161 Possible to be guessed. - CONJECTURAf, kön-jék'tshū-rál. a. Depend- ing on conjecture. w - CONJECTURA LITY, kón-jék-tshū-, ai'é-tê. s. That which depends upon guess. CONJECTURALLY, kön-jék'tshū-rál-ć. ad. By guess, by conjecture, CôNJECTURE, kön-jék'tshöre, s. 461. Guess, imperfect knowledge. - Agreeable to, : a. 509. Having the 166. A guesser - $. CON ' CON 1 10 ~$. # & to conjFCTURE, kön-jék'tshūre. v. a. To e ess, to judge by guess. C §cº. kön-jék'tshār-àr. s. A eSSEY. cósiº Rous, kö-mif'é-rås. a. Such trees are coniferous as bear a fruit, of a woody substance, and a figure approaching to that of a come. Of this j are fir and pine. To CONJOIN, kön-jöfn'. v. a. To unite, to con- solidate into one ; to unite in marriage ; to as- sociate, to connect. To CONJOIN, kön-jöfn'. v. n. To league, to unite. CONJOINT, kön-jönt'. a. United, connected. CONJOINTLY, kön-jöfnt'lé. ad. In union, to- §: CONJUGAL, kên'jū-gål. a. Matrimonial, be- longing to marriage. CONJUGALLY, kónjū-gāl-ć. ad. Matrimoni- ally, connubially. To CóNjööß, kónjū-gate. v. n. 91. To join, to join in marriage, to unite ; to inflect verbs. CONJUGATION, kön-jū-gA'shôm, s. The act of uniting or compiling things together ; the form of inflecting verbs; union, assemblage. CONJUNCT, kón-jänkt'. a. Conjoined, con- current, united. CONJUNCTION, kön-jönk'shān. s. Union, as sociation, league ; the congress of two planets in the same degree of the zodiack ; one of the parts of speech, whose use is to join words or sentences together. CONJUNCTIVE, kön-jönk'tív. a. Closely uni- ed; in grammar, the mood of a verb. ei a.éi. t CONJUNCTIVELY, kön-jānkºv-lè. tlhlon. CONIUNCTIVENESS, kön-jänk'tiv-nēs. s. The uality of joining or uniting. ad. Jointly, to- q CONJUNCTLY, kón-jänktlé. ether. CONJUNCTURE, kón-jöuk’tshūre. s. Combi- nation of many, circumstances; occasion, cri- tical time. CONJURATION, kón-jū-rá'shān, s. The form or act of summoning another in some sacled name; an incantation, an enchantment ; a plot, a conspiracy. To CONJURE, kón-jöre'. v. a. To summon in a sacred name ; to conspire. To CONJURE, kān'jär. v. n. 495. tise charms or enchantments. CONJURER, kānjūr-àr. s. 165. An impostor who pretends to secret arts, a cunning man ; a man of shrewd conjecture. In To prac- CONJUREMENT, kön-jère'mént. s. Serious injunction. CONNASCENCE, kón-nās'sénse. s. Common | birth, community, of birth. CONNATE kön-mâte'. a. 91. other. CONNATURAL, kón-nātsh'º-rál. a. 461. Suit- able to nature ; connected by nature ; partici- pation of the same mature. CONNATURALITY, kön-nātsh-ţ-rål'è-té. S. 462. Participation of the same nature. CONNATURALLY, kön-nātshº-rál-è, ad. By the act of nature, originally. 20NNATURALNESS, kón-nātsh'º-rál-nēs. s. Participation of the same mature, natural tºll Oil. o CONNECT, kön-nékt'. v. a. . To join, to link; to unite, as a cement ; to join in a just series of thought, as, the author connects his reasons well. o CONNECT, kön-nékt'. v. m. To cohere, to have Just relation to things precedent and sub- sequent. QNNECTIVELY, kön-néktiv-lè. ad. In con- junction, in union. o COXNEX, kön-nēks'. v. a. together. Born with an- To join or link [[3° 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit;—mé, mét;—pine, pīn;— CONNEXION, kön-nék'shôn. . s. Union, junc- tion; just relation to something precedent or subsequent. CONNEXIVE, kön-méks?v. a. Having the force of connection. CONNIVANCE, kön-ni'vánse. g. Voluntary blindness, pretended ignorance, forbearance. To CONNIVE, kön-nive'. v. m. To wink; to pretend blindness or ignorance. CONNOISEUR, kö-més-sàre'. s. critick. *. |→ This word is perfectly French, and though in very generai use, is not naturalized. The pro- mumciation of it given hei e is but a very awk ward ome, but, perhaps, as good a one as we have letters in our language to express it ; for the French eu is not to be found among any of our English vowel or diphthongal sounds, To CONNOTATE, kón'nó-täte. v. a. To desig- nate something besides itself. CONNOTATION, kön-nó-tà'shön. s. Implication of something besides itself. To CONNOTE, kön-nóte'. v. a. To imply, to be- token, to include. CONNUBIAL, kön-mö'bé-ál. a. nuptial, conjugal. CONOID, lº'ñó’d. s. A figure partaking of a come. CONOEDICAL, kö-nóſ"dē-kál. a. Approaching to a comick form. To CONQUASSATE, kön-kwás'säte. v. a. To shake, t, agitate. CONQUASSATION, köng-kwäs-sà'shān. s. 403. Agitation, concussion. To CONQUER, kónk'ār, or kön'kwär v. a. 415. To gain by conquest, to win ; to overcome, to subdue ; to surmount. [[; Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elphinstone, Mr. Nares, and W. Johnston, have adopted the first pro- nunciation of this word; but as it is a wanton departure from our own analogy to that of the French, and is a much harsher sound than the second, it were to be wished it could be re claimed ; but as it is in full possession of the stage, there is but little hope of a change To CONQUER, känk'âr. v. m. To get the victory, to ÖVerCOrne, CONQUERABLE, könk'âr-à-bl. a. Possible to be overcome. CONQUEROR, kónk'ār-àr. s. 415. A man that has obtained a victory, a victor; one that sub- dues and ruins countries. CONQUEST, kêng'kwést. s. 408,415. The act of conquering, subjection; acquisition by victory, thing gained ; victory, success in arms. CONSANGUINEOUS, kön-sång-gwin'né-às. a. Near of kin, related by birth, not affined by marriage. CONSANGUINITY, kön-sång-gwin'ê-té. s. Re- lation by blood. * CONSARCINATION, kón-sār-sè-mâ'shön. s. The act of patching together. CONSCIENCE, kón'shēnse. s. 357. The know- lege or faculty by which we judge of the good ness or wickedness of ourselves; justice, the estimate of conscience; real sentiment, private thoughts; scruple, difficulty. $ CONSCIENTIOUS, kön-shë-én'shās. a. Scrupu lous, exactly just. [; From an ignorance of the principles of pro- nunciation, we not unfrequently hear the se- cond syllable of this word sounded se, without the aspiration ; but this is the same incorrect- ness we sometimes hear in the word Pronun- ciation, which see. CONSCIENTIOUSLY, kön-shë-én'shôs-lè. ad, According to the dilection of conscience. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, kön-shë-Ém'shās-nés. s. Exactness of justice. cº SCHONABLE, kón'shön-ā-bl. a. Reason- able, just. CONSCIONABLENESS, kón'shān-á-bl-nés, s. Equity, reasonableness, A judge, a Matrimonial, CON CON 1 11 —né, mēve, när, nôt;—túbe, túb, būll;-&fl;—pôānd;—thin, this. CONSCIONABLY, kón'shān-à-blé. ad. Reason- ably, justly. º CONSCIOUS, kón'shôs. a. 357. Endowed with the power of knowing one's own thoughts and CONSERVANCY, kón-sér'vān-sè. s. Courts held by the Lord Mayor of London for the preser- vation of the fishery, are called Courts of Con- Sejº' (LºCº). ty actions; knowing from memory; admitted to CONSERVATION, kön-sér-vá'shön. s. The act the knowledge of any thing CöNscióüsſy, kón'shôjö, ad. With know- ledge of one's own actions. CONSCIOUSNESS, kên'shās-nēs. s. The per- of preserving, continuance; protection; pre- servation from corruption. CONSERVATIVE, kön-sér'vá-tív. a. Having the power of opposing diminution or injury. ceptions of what passes in a man's own mind; CONSERVATOR, kön-sér-vā'tár. s. 418. Pre- internal sense of guilt, or innocence. CONSCRIPT, kón'skript. a. Registered, enroll- ed; a term used in speaking of the Roman sen- ators, who were called Patres conscripti. CONSCRIPTION, kón-skrip'shām.s. An enrolling To CONSECRATE, kón'sè-kräte. v. a. To make sacred, to appropriate to sacred uses; to dedi- cate inviolably to some particular purpose; to canonize. CONSECRATE, kón'sè-kräte. a. 91. ted, sacred. * CONSECRATER, kón'sé-krá têr. s. One that performs the rites by which any thing is de- voted to sacred purposes. CONSECRATION, kön-sè-krä'shān. s. A rite of dedicating to the service of God; the act of de- claring one holy. CONSECTARY, kón'sék-tá-ré. a. Consequent, consequential. CONSECTARY, kón'sék-tá-ré. s. 512. Deduc- tion from prernises, corollary. CONSECUTION, kön-sè-kū'shān. s. Thain of consequences, chain of deductions; succession : in astrouomy, the month of consecution, is the space between one conjunction of the moon with the sum unto a mother. CONSECUTIVE, kön-sék'kū-tiv. a. Following in train ; consequential, regularly succeeding. Consecra- To CONSEMINATE, kón-sémè-mäte v. a. To sow different seeds together. CONSENSION, kón-sén'shān. s. Agreement, accord. CONSENT, kón-sént'. s. The act of yielding or consenting ; concord, agreement; coherence with, correspondence, tendency to one point; the correspondence which one part has with another, by means of some fibres and nerves common to them both. To CONSENT, kón-sént'. v. n. to co-operate with. CONSENTANEOUS, kón-sén-tä'mē-ăs. a. Agree- able to, consistent with. CONSENTANEOUSLY, kön-sén-tä'mô-ás-lè. ad. Agreeably, consistently, suitably. CONSENTANEOUSNESS, més. s. Agreement, consistence. CONSENTIENT, kón-sén'shô-ánt. a. ing, inited in Qpinion. CONSEQUENCE, kón'sè-kwénse. s. That which follows from any cause or principle; deduction, conclusion ; concatemation of causes and ei- fects ; importance, monient. CONSEQUENT, kón'sè-l, wēnt. a. Following by rational deduction; following as the effect of a CałlSe. CONSEQUENT, kón'sé-kwánt. s. Consequence, that which follows from previous propositions; effect, that which follows an acting cause. CONSEQUENTIAL, kön-sè-kw &n'shāI. a. Pro- duced by the necessary concatemation of effects to causes; conclusive. CONSEQUENTIALLY, kón-sè-kwán'shāl-lè. ad. With just deduction of consequences; by con- sequence, eventually; in a regular series. CONSEQUENTIALNESS, kón-sè-kwán'shāl- nés. s. Regular consecution of discourse. CONSEQUENTLY, kón'sé-kwáut-lè. ad. By consequence, necessarily ; in consequence, pur- suantly. CONSEQUENTNESS, kón'sé-kwánt-nés. s. Re- gular connection. CöNSERVABLE, k^n-sér'vá-bi a. Capable of being kept To agree to ; Agree- kön-sén-fa'nè-ás- serv ºr CONSERVATORY, kón-sér'vá-tán-á. s. 512. A lace where any thing is kept. CONSERVATORY, kón-sérvá-tär-à. a. 512. Having a preservative quality To constºwf, ºn-sérº. v. a. To preserve without loss or detriment; to candy or pickle fruit, , .. CONSERVE, kón'sérv. s. 492. A sweetmeat. made of the juices of fruit boiled with sugar. CONSERVER, kön-sér'vár. s. A layer up, a re. ositor ; a preparer of conserves. cöğssids. kön-sésh'shān. s. gether. CöNSESSOR, kón-sés'sør. s. 418. One that sits with others. To CONSIDER, kön-sid'âr. v. a. 418. To think upon with care, to ponder ; to have regard to; to requite, to reward one for his trouble. To CONSIDER, kón-sitº'àr. v. m. To think ma- turely ; to deliberate, to work in the mind. CONSIDERABLE, kón-sºd'àr-á-bl. a. Worth of onsideration ; respectable; important, º uable; more than a little, a middle sense be- tween little and great. CONSIDERABLENESS, kön-sid’ār-à-bl-nēs. g. 555. Importance, value, a claim to notice. CONSIDERABLY, kón-sid'àr-à-blé. ad. In a degree deserving notice ; importantly. CO WSIDERANCE, könsid'ârânse, S. Conside eration, reflection. CONSIDERATE, kón-sid'àr-āte. a. 91. Serious, prudent ; having espect to, regardful ; mod Grate. CONSIDERATELY, kön-sid'àr-àte-lè. ad. Calm ly, coolly. & CONSI #RATEN ESS, kón-sid’ār-àte-nés. s. 555. Prudence. CONSIDERATION, kón-sºld-àr-à'shán. s. The act of cousidering, regard, notice ; mature thought ; meditation; importance, claim to notice; equivalent, com’ensation; motive of action, influence ; reason, ground of conclud- ing : in law, Conside, ation is the material cause of a contract, without which no contract bindeth. CONSIDERER, kön-sid'êr-àr. s. 98. A man of reflection. To CONSIGN, kön-sine'. v. a. 385. To give to another any thing ; to appropriate; to make over; to transfer ; to commit, to intrust. To CONSIGN, kón-shme'. v. m. To yield, to sign,” to copsent to. Obsolete. CONSItx NATION, kön-sig-nā'shān. s. The act of con sigºg. CONSIGNME, NT, kön-sine’mént. s. The act of consigning ; the writing by which any thing is consiglued. x' CONSiMILAR, kón-sim'ê-lär. a. 38. Havings One Common resemblance, * To CONSIST, kön-sist'. v. m. To continue fixed, without dissipation ; to be comprised, to be contained in ; to be compºsed of; to agree. CONSISTENCE, kón-sis'ténse, {s State with CONSISTENCY, kön-sistén-sé. 5* * * respect to material existence ; degree of dense ness or rarity; substance, form ; agreement with itself, or with any other thing. *, CóNšištěNí, konºštěnt, a Not contradic- 13-y, not opposed ; firm, not fluid. CO NSISTENTLY kön-sistént-lè, ad. Without . contradiction, agreeal,iy. A sitting to- CQN . CON.” 112 [[3° 559.-Fåte, far, fall, fit CONSISTORIAL, kön-sis-tó'rè-ál. a. Relating to the ecclesiastical court. CONSISTORY, kón'sis-tūr-ré. s. 512. The place of justice in the ecclesiastical court; the assem- bly of cardinals; any solemn assembly. CONSOCIATE, kön-sè'shē-ăte. s. An accom- plice, a confederate, a partner. To CONSOCIATE, kön-so'shē-ăte. v. a. To unite, to join. To CONSOCIATE, kön-só'shē-ăte. v. m. To co- alesce, to unite. CONSOCIATION, kón-sö-shē-ă'shān. s. Alli- ance ; union, intimacy, companionship.–See PRONUNC1ATIon. CONSOLABLE, kön-sö'lä-bl. a. That which admits comfort. To CONSOLATE, kón'só-lāte. v. a. 91. To comfort, to console. Little used. CONSOLATION, kön-só-lä'shūm. s. Comfort, alleviation of misery. CONSOLATOR, kón'sø-lä-tár. s. 521. A com- forter. CONSOLATORY, kön-sål’lā-tär-à. s. 512. A . speech or writing containing topicks of comfort. [[Gº I have given the o in the second syllable of this word the short sound, as heard in solid; as it seems more agreeable to the analogy of words in this termination than the long o which Mr. Sheridan has given: for by inspecting the Rhyming Dictionary we shall see that every vowel, but u in the preamtepenultimate sylla- , ble in these words, is short. Dr. Kenrick and W. Johnston give the o the same sound as I have done. CONSOLATORY, kón-söl’lā-tär-à. a. Tending to give comfort. To CONSOLE, kón-söle'. v. a. To comfort, to cheer. CONSOLE, kón'sóle. s.492. In architecture, a part or member projecting in manner of a bracket. CONSOLER, kón-sölär. s. 98. comfort. CONSOLIDANT, kön-sól'è-dànt. a. That which has the quality of uniting wounds. To CONSOLIDATE, kón-sól'è-dāte. v. a. To form into a compact and solid body ; to har- den ; to combine two parliamentary bills, or two benefices into one. To CONSOLIDATE, kón-sól'è-dāte. v. n. To row hard, firm, or solid. cášoº. kön-sól-è-dà'shôn. s. The act of uniting into a solid mass ; the anmexing of one bill in parliament to another ; the com- cºśćNº. º: º OIlê. NSONANCE, kón'sø-mânse. §§§§§ {:... }s. Accord of sound ; consistency, congruence; agreement, concord. CONSONANT, kón'só-mânt. a. 503. Agreeable, according, consistent. . CONSONANT, kón'só-mânt. s. cannot be sounded by itself. CONSON ANTLY, kón'só-mânt-lè. ad. Consist- One that gives A letter which ently, agreeably. CöNšóNANTNESS, kón'so-nant-nēs. s. Agree. ableness, consistency. CöNšonóüškonºs. a. 503. Agreeing in sound, symphonious. CONSOPIATION, kön-sö-pè-à'shön. s. The act of laying to ; CONSORT, kón'sért. s. 492. Companion, part- ner; a number of instruments playing together, more properly written Concert; concurrence, URIll Oil. To CONSORT, kön-sört. v. n. To associate with. To CONSORT, kón-sört'. v. a. To join, to mix, to marry. He with his congorted Eve. To §§§ CONSORTABLE, kön-sör'tá-bl. a To be com- pared with, suitable. º y 2 w * e CONSORTION, kön-sèr'shôn s. society. CQNSPECTABLE, kön-spék’tá-bl. a Easy to e Seen. CONSPECTUITY, kön-spék-tū'è-tè. s. Sense of seeing. JNot used. cº sºon , kön-spér'shān. s. A sprink- ing about. CONSPICUITY, kön-spé-kū'é-té. s. Brightness, obviousness to the sight. CONSPICUOUS, kón-s, kº-às. a. Obvious to the sight, seen at distance; eminent, distin- uished. CONSPICUOUSLY, kón-spik'ê-às-lè. ad. Ob- viously to the view ; eminently, remarkably. CONSPICUOUSNESS, kón-spík'ê-ás-nés. s. Exposure to the view; eminence, celebrity. CôNšfift Acy, kón spir㺠. 'Iog. A plot, a concerted treason; an agreement of men to do any thing, in an evil sense; tendency of ma- my causes to one event. CONSPIRANT, kön-spirānt. a. Engaged in a conspiracy, plotting. CQNSPIRATION, kön-spè-rà'shām. s. A plot. CONSPIRATOR, kön-spir'â-tár. s. 110. A man engaged in a plot, a plotter. To CONSPIRE, kön-spire'. v. m. To concert a crime; to plot; to agree together, as all things Conspire to make him happy. cº SPIRER, kön-spirãr. s. A conspirator, a Otter. CONSTABLE, kān'stà-bl., s. 165. . A peace officer, formerly one of the officers of the state. Partnership, CON STABLESHIP, kån'stà-bl-ship. s. The office of a constable. CONSTANCY, köm'stān-sè. s. Umalterable continuance ; consistency, unvaried state; re- solution, steadiness; lasting affection. CONSTANT, kón'stänt, a. firm, not fluid ; un- varied, unchanged; firm, resolute ; free from change of affection; certain, not various. CöNSTANTiy, lºngtaº." . "tºably, perpetually, certainly, steadily. To CONSTELLATE, kön-stéliète, To To shine with one general light. To CONSTELLATE, kön-stél’lāte. v. a. unite several shining bodies in ene splendour. CONSTELLATION, kón-stël-lä'shān. s. A cluster of fixed stars ; an assemblage of splem- dours, or excellencies. CONSTERNATION, kön-stér-mâ'shôn. s. As- tonishment, amazement, terrour, dread. To CONSTiPATE, kón'stè-pâte. v. a. To crowd togethel into a narrow room; to thicken, to condense ; to stop by filling up the passages ; to make costive. CONSTIPATION, kön-stè-pâ'shön. s. The act of crowdiuganything into 'ess room; stoppage, obstruction; by plenitude. CONSTITUENT, kón-stítsh'ê-ént. a. 461. Ele- mental, essential, that of which any thing con- Sists. CONSTITUENT, , kón-stítsh'º-ént. s. The per- son or thing which constitutes or settles any thing ; that which is necessary to the subsist- ence of any thing ; he that deputes another. To CöNsitºrijiº, kön'stè-tête. v. a. To pro duce, to appoint ; to erect, to establish ; to depute. CONSTITUTER, kón'stè-tū-têr, s. He that constitutes or appoints. CONSTITUTION, kön-stè-tū'shán. s. The act of constituting, enacting, establishing ; state of being, natural qualities; corporeal frame ; tem- per of body, with respect to health ; temper of mind ; established form of government ; system of laws and customs; particular law, establish- ment, institution. CONSTITUTIONAL, kón-stè-tū'shān-ál. a. Bred in the constitution, radical; consistent with the constitution, legal. CON Śītū’īīvī. kön'stè-tà-tív. a. Elemental, W. H. (ºf) N. CON 1 13 —no, mêve, nãr, nét;—túbe, túb, būll;—óil;—pôānd;—thin, this. essential, productive ; having the power to enact or establish. To CONSTRAIN. kön-strâne'. v. a. To com- pel, to force to some action; to hinder by force; to necessitate ; to confine, to press. CONSTRAINABLE, kón-stră'nā-bl. a. Liable to constraint. CONSTRAINER, kön-stră'nār. s. He that constrains. - CONSTRAINT, kön-strānt'. s. Compulsion, violence, confinement. To CONSTRICT, kón-strikt'. v. a. To bind, to cramp. ; to contract, to cause to shrink. “ CONSTRICTION, kön-strik'shān. S. Contrac- tion, compression. cóšriº. kön-strik'tūr. s. 166. That which compresses or contracts. To CONSTRINGE, kön-strinje'. v. a To com- ress, to contract, to bind. CONSTRINGENT, kón-strinjênt. . a. Having the quality of binding or compressing. To CONSTRUCT, kön-strökt'. v. a. To build, to form. , CONSTRUCTION, kön-stråk'shān. s. The act of building ; the form of building, structure; the putting of words together in such a man- ner as to convey a complete sense ; the act of interpreting, explanation ; the sense, the mean- ing ; the manner of describing a figure in geo- metry. CON Štructive, Rön-ströktív. a. Tending to, or capable of construction. Ash. CONSTRUCTURE, kón-stråk'tshāre. s. 461. Pile, edifice, fabrick. To CóNšîăţi. kön'stró, or kön'stör. v. a. To interpret, to explain. - [j' It is a scandal to seminaries of learning that the latter pronunciation of this word should prevail there. Those who ought to be the guardians of propriety are often the perverters of it. Hence Accidence for Accidents, Prepostor for Prepositor, and Constur for Construe; for it must be carefully noted, that this last word is under a different predicament from those which]. end with r and mute e : here the vowel u must have its long sound, as in the word true; this letter *nºis sunk or transposed like ein Cen- tre, Sceptre, &c. CONSTUPRATE, kón'stä-präte. v. a. To vio- late, to debauch, to defile. CONSTUPRATION, kön-stè-prä'shān. s. Vio- lation, defilement. CONSUBSTANTIAL, kón-sāb-stán'shāl, a Ha- ving the same esseñce or substance; being of the same kind or nature. CONSUBSTANTIALITY, kón-sāb-stān-shē-ăI'é- të. s. Existence of more than one in the same substance. To CONSUBSTANTIATE, kón-sāb-stán'shē-ăte. v.a. To unite in one common substance ornature. CONSUBSTANTIATION, kön-sāb-stān-shë-à- shān. s. The union of the body of our blessed Saviour with the sacramental elements, accord- ing to the Lutherans. CONSUETUDE, kón'sw8-tºde. s. usage. Ash from Scott. CONSUL, kón'súl. s. The chief magistrate in the Roman republick; an officer commission- ed in foreign parts to judge between the mer- chants of his nation. CONSULAR, kón'shū-lär. a. 452. Relating to the consul. CONSULATE, kón'shū-lāte. s. 91. The office of consul. CON suship, kön'súl-ship. s. The office of COHSUll. To CONSULT, kön-sălt'. v. n. To take counsel together. To CONSULT, kön-sålt'. v. a. To ask advice of, as, he consulted his friends; to regard, to act with view or respect to ; to search into, to ex- amine, as, to coºp. an author, Custom, CONSULT, kón'sält, or kön-sålt'. s. The act of consulting ; the effect of consulting, determina- tion; a council, a number of persons assembled in deliberation. [[G. I am much mistaken if this word does not incline to the general analogy of accent in dis- syllable nouns and verbs, like insult. Poets have used it both ways; but the accent on the first syllable seems the most usual, as well as the most legitimate pronunciation. 492. CONSULTATION, kön-sål-tà'shôn. s. The act of consulting, secret deliberation; number of persons consulted together. CONSULTER, kön-stäſtör. s. 98. One that con- sults or asks counsel. CONSUMABLE, kön-sà'má-bl. a. Susceptible of destruction. To CONSUME, kön-sāme'. v. a. 454. To waste, to spend, to destroy. [[; The reason why the s in this word is pure, and in Consular it takes the aspiration, is, that in one the accent is on the syllable beginning with this letter; and in the other, on the pre: ceding syllable. 450. To CONSUME, kön-såme'. v. n. To waste away, to be exhausted. CONSUMER, kón-sú'mär... s. One that spends, wastes, or destroys anything. To CONSUMMATE, kön-såm'māte. v. a. 91. To complete, to perfect. CONSUMMATE, kön-såm'māte. a. Complete, perfect. [[G’ The propensity of our language to an ante- penultimate accentuation of simple words of three syllables makes us sometimes hear the accent on the first syllable of this word; but by no correct speakers. CONSUMMATION, kón-såm-má'shôn. s. Com- pletion, perfection, end; the end of the present system of things; death, end of life. CONSUMPTION, kön-stim'shôn. s. 412. The act of consuming, waste; the state of wasting or perishing; a waste of muscular flesh, attend. ed with a hectick fever. CONSUMPTIVE, kön-såm'tív. . o. Destructive, wasting, exhausting ; diseased with a consump- tion. CONSUMPTIVENESS, kön-såm'tiv-nés. s. Ten- dency to a .#. CONSUTILE, kên-så'til...a. 140. Sewed or stitch- ed together. To CONTABULATE, kón-táb'ê-lāte. v. a. To floor with boards. º CONTACT, kón'täkt. s. Touch, close union. CONTACTION, kön-ták'shān. s. The act of touching. CONTAGION, kön-täjë-àm. s. 542. The emis- sion from body to body by which diseases are Communicated ; infection, propagation of mis. chief; pestilence, venomous emanations. CONTAGIOUS, kön-täjë-às. a. 542. Infectious, caught by approach. CöNTAGſbüšNESS, kön-táje-às-nēs. s. The quality of being contagious. To"CöNTAIN, Könünº. v. a. To hold, as a vessel; to comprise, as a writing ; to restrain, to withhold. To CONTAIN, kön-tāne'. v. m. To live in con- tinence. CONTAINABLE, kön-tà'má-bl. a. Possible to be contained. To CONTAMINATE, kön-tám’é-nāte. v. a. To defile, to corrupt by base mixture. CONTAMINATE, kön-tám'ê-māte. a. 91. Pollu- ted, defiled. CONTAMINATION, kón-tām-è-mâ'shôn. s. Pol- lution, defilement. To CONTEMN, kón-tém'.v. a. 411. To despise, to Scorn, to neglect. CONTEMNER, kón-tém'nār. s. 411. One that Contemns, a despiser. To CONTEMPER, kön-tém'pår v. a. To mod- Crate CON *CôN 114 £ *- [[ 559.-Fāte, ſār, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—pine, pīn;— CONTEMPERAMENT, kön-tém'pār-à-mént. s. Pº of § §§ To CONTEMPERATE, kön-tém'për-āte. v. a. To moderate, to temper. * CONTEMPERATION, kön-tém-pār-à'shön. s. The act of moderating or tempering; propor- tionate mixture, proportion, To CONTEMPLATE, kón-tém'plate. v. a. To # to meditate. ºf There is a very prevailing propensity to pro- nounce this word with the accent on the first syl- lable; a propensity which ought to be checked #. every lover of the harmony of language. hat very singular analogy of our tongue, of placing the accent on the last syllable of the verb, and the first of the moun, 492, seems to have taken place chiefly for the convenience of forming participles, adverbs, and verbal nouns; which would be inharmonious and difficult to #. if the verb had the accent on the rst syllable. This analogy should teach us to avoid placing the accent on the first syllable of this amd similar verbs, however we may pro- nounce noums and adjectives ; for though to Cöntemplate with the accent on the first syllable is not of very difficult promunciation, yet Cóm- templating and Cöntemplatingly are almost un- pronounceable. To CONTEMPLATE, kön-tém'plate. v. n. To muse, to think studiously with long attention. CONTEMPLATION, kön-tém-pla'silän. s. Medi- tation, studious thought on any subject; holy meditation ; study, opposed to action. CONTEMPLATIVE, kön-tém'plä-tív. a. Given to thought, studious, employed in study ; hav- ing the power of thought. CONTEMPLATIVELY, kón templá-tiv-lè. ad. Thoughtfully, attentively. CONTEMPLATOR, kön-témplé-tär. s. 521. One employed in study. CONTEMPORARY, kön-têm'pó-rá-ré, a. Liv- ing in the same age ; ; born at the same time; existing at the same point of time. GONTEMPORARY, kón-tém'pë-rá-rè. s. 512. One who lives at the same time with another. To CONTEMPORISE, kón-tém'pó-rize. v. a. 153. To make contemporary. GONTEMPT, kön-témt'. s. 412. The act of despising others, scorn ; the state of being de- spised, vileness. GONTEMPTIBLE, kón-tém'tè-bl. a. Worthy of contempt, deserving scorn; despised, scorn- ed, neglected. p cóNTEMPTIBLENESS, kön-tém'tè-blºnés. s. The state of being contemptible, vileness, cheap- Iſle SS, GONTEMPTIBLY, kön-tém'tè-blé. ad. Meanly, in a mannel deserving contempt. CONTEMPTUOUS, kön-tém'tshū-às. a. 461. §ºrnful; apt tº despise. CONTEMPTUOUSLY, kön-tém'tshū-ás-lè. ad. With scorn, with despite. CONTEMPTUOUSNESS, kón-tém'tshū-às-mês. 3. §" to contempt. To CONTEND, kön-ténd'. v., n. To strive, to rºle in opposition ; to vie, to act in emu- atiott. To CONTEND kön-ténd'. v. a. To dispute any thing, to contest. CONTENDENT, kón-tén'dént s. Antagonist, opponent. cößER. kön-tén'dār. s. Combatant, champion. CONTENT, kên-tént'. a. Satisfied so as not to repine, eas V To to NTENT, kón-tént'. v. a. To satisfy so as to stop complaint; to please, to gratify. CONTENT, kön-tént'. s. Moderate happiness; acquiescence ; that which is contained, or in- cluded in anything; the power of containing, extent, capacity; that which is comprised in a writing in this sense used only in the plural, * and then it is sometimes accented on the first syllable. 493. CONTENTED, kón-tên'téd. part. a. Satisfied, at quiet, not repining. CONTENTION, kón-tén'shôn. s. Strife, debate, contest; emulation, endeavour to excel. CONTENTIOUS, kón-tén'shôs. a. Quarrelsome, iven to debate, perverse. CONTENTIOUSLY, kón-tén'shās-lè, ad. Per. versely, #: * coº; , kön-tén'shôs-nēs. s. Proneness to contest. CONTENTLESS, kön-tént'lés. a. Discontented, dissatisfied, uneasy. CONTENTMENT, kón-tént'mént. s. Acqui- escence without plenary satisfaction, gratifica- tion. CONTERMINOUS, kón-tér'mè-nēs. a. Border. lilº Ulſ)013. cöğäANEous, kön-tér-ră'né-às. a. Of the same country. To CONTEST, kón-tést'. v. a. 492. To dispute, to controvert, to litigate. To CONTEST, kón-têst'. v. m. contend ; to vie, to emulate, COXTEST, köniès sº. Dispute, difference, debate. CONTESTABLE, kón-tés'tá-bl. a. Disputable, controvertible. To strive, to CONTESTABLENESS, kón-tés'tá-bl.nés. s. Possibility of contest. To CONTEXT, kön-tékst'. v. a. To weave together. cöRTÉxt, kön'tékst. s. The general series of a discourse. CQNTEXT, kān-tékst'. a. Knit together, firm. CONTEXTURE, kön-téks'tshöre. s. 461. The disposition of parts one among another, the system, the constitution. CONTIGNATION, kón-tig-mâ'shān. s. A frame of beams or boards joined together; the act of framing or joining a fabrick. CONTIGUITY, kön-tê-gū'é-té. s. tact, nearness of situation. CONTIGUOUS, kön-tig'à-ós. a. Meeting so as to touch ; bordering upon. CONTIGUOUSLY, kön-tig'à-às-lè. ad. With. out any intervening space CONTIGUOUSNESS, kön-tig'ê-às-nēs. s. Close COnnection. CONTINENCE, kón'té-nēnse. R CONTINENCY, kón'té-mén-sè. S. Hºes straint; command of one's self; chastity in general ; forbearance of lawful pleasure; ... moderation in lawful pleasures. CONTINENT, kón'té-nēnt. a. Chaste, abstemi- ous in lawful pleasures; restrained, moderate, temperate. CONTINENT, kón'té-nēnt. s. Land not dis- joined by the sea from other lands; that which contains any thing. CONTINENTAL, kön-tè-nēnt'âl. adj. Relating to the Continent. To cºntinge, kön-tinje'. v. a. To touch, to Tea Cºl. CQNTINGENCE, kón-tínjënse, H CONTINGENCY, kón-timjén-sè. s. The ºy of being fortuitous, accidental possi- Dility. cöºingENT, kön-tinjént. a. Falling out by chance, accidental. CONTINGENT, kón-tin'jént. s. A thing in the hands of chance; a proportion that falls to any person upon a division. CONTINGENTLY, kón-tínjênt-lè. ad. Acci- dentally; without any settled rule. CôNTiNGENTNESS. ºn injêntºnés. s. Acci. dentalness. CONTINUAL, kön-tín'ê-ál. a. Incessant, proceeding without interruption; in law, a continual claim is made from time to time, Within every year and day. Actual con- CON CON 115 CONTINUALLY, kön-tin'ê-āl-lè. ad. Without ause, without interruption; without ceasing. CONTINUANCE, kón-tin'ê-ánse. s. Succession uninterrupted ; permanence in one state ; abode in a place ; duration, lastingness ; per- Severance. CONTINUATE, kón-tin'ā-āte. a. 91. Immedi- ately united ; uninterrupted, unbroken. CONTINUATION, kön-tîn-á-à'shūm. s. Pro- traction, or succession, uninterrupted. , CôNTintištivā, śāºv." s. An ex- ression noting permanence or duration. CONTINUATOR, kön-tîn-Öl-ā'tár. s. 521. He that continues or keeps up the series of suc- CeSS10n. To CONTINUE, kón-tin'ê. v. m. To remain in the same state; to last, to be durable; to per- Severe. To CONTINUE, kón-tín'ê. v. a. To protract, or repeat without interruption; to unite without a chasm, or intervening substance. CONTINUEDLY, kön-tin'ê-éd-lè. ad. Without interruption, without ceasing. CONTINUER, kön-tín'ê-àr. s. the power of perseverance. CONTINUITY, kón-tê-nā'ê-té. s. Connection, uninterrupted cohesion ; the texture or cohe- sion of the §: of an animal body. CONTINUOUS, kān-tín'êt-às. a. Joined together, without the intervention of any space. To CONTORT, kön-tört'. v. a. To twist, to writhe. CONTORTION, kön-tör'shôn. s. Twist, wry motion, flexure. CONTOUR, kön-töðr'. s. French. The outline, the line by which any figure is defined or ter- minated. CONTRABAND, kón'trā-bänd. a. 524. Prohibit- ed, illegal, unlawful. To CONTRACT, kön-träkt'. v. a. To draw to- gether, to shorten ; to bring two parties toge- ther, to make a bargain ; to betroth, to affi- ance; to get a habit of; to abridge, to epito- II]]|See To CONTRACT, kön-träkt'. v. n. To shrink up, to grow short ; to bargain, as, to contract for a quantity of provisions. CONTRACT, kón'träkt. s. 492. A bargain, a compact ; an act whereby a man and woman are betrothed to one another; a writing in which the terms of a bargain are included. tº Mr. Nares, in his English Orthüepy, page 338, has very properly criticised Dr. Johnson's observation on this word, where he says * Dr. ‘Johnson has accented this word on the last ‘ syllable, and has subjoined this remark, “an- * ciently accented on the first.” It is evident * that the whole article should be reversed : the “word should stand with the accent on the first, and the remark should be, “anciently ac- “cented on the last.” The justness of these ob- servations will appear from the quotations: This is the hand which, with a vow’d contráct, * Was fast belock'd in thine.”—Shakspeare. One that has . & I did ; and his contráct with Lady Lucy, And his contrict by deputy in France.”—Ib. But that the accent should now be placed on the first syllable, needs no proof but the gene- ral ear, and the general analogy of dissyllable mouns and verbs of the same form. 492. CONTRACTEDNESS, kón-trák’téd-nés. s. The state of being contracted. CONTRACTIBILITY, kön-trák-tê-bil'è-té. s. Pos- sibility of being contracted. CONTRACTIBLE, kên-trák'tè-bl. a. of contraction. CONTRACTIBLENESS, kón-trák'té-bl-nēs. s. The quality of suffering contraction. º Capable CONTRACTILE, kön-träk'tii. a. 145, 110. Hav- | ing the power of shortening itself. CONTRACTION, kón-trák'shān s. The act of contracting or shortening ; the act of shrinking or shrivelling ; the state of being contracted, or drawn into a narrow compass: in grammar, the reduction of two vowels or syllabies to one; abbreviation, as, the writing is full of Contraction is. CONTRACTOR, kön-trák'tör... s. One of the paties to a contract or bargain. To CONTRADICT, kön-trá-dikt'. v. a. To op- ose verbally, to deny ; to be contrary to. CONTRADICTER, kón-trä-dik’tár. s. One that contradicts, an opposer. * CONTRADICTION, kên-trá-dík'shān. s. Verbal opposition, controversial assertion; opposition; inconsistency, incongruity; contrariety, in thought or effect. CONTRADICTIOUS, kón-trá-dík'shôs. a. Filled with contradictions, inconsistent; inclined to contradict. CONTRADICTIOUSNESS,Kön-trá-dík'shôs-nés. s. Inconsistency. CONTRADICTORILY, kön-trā-dík'tär-à-lè. ad. Inconsistency with himself; oppositely to others. CONTRADICTORY, kön-trā-dik’tär-à. a. Op- posite to, inconsistent with : in logick, that which is in the fullest opposition. CONTRADICTORY, kón-trá-dik’tór-š. s. A pro- position which opposes another in all its terms, inconsistencv. CONTRADISTINCTION, kón-trá-dis-ting'shān. s. 408. Distinction by opposite qualities. To CONTRADISTINGUISH, kón-trá-dis-ting'- gwish v. a. To distinguish by opposite quali- tieS. CONTRAFISSURE, kön-trá-fish'shūre. s. 450, 452. A crack of the skull, where the blow was inflicted, is called fissure ; but in the contrary part, contrafissure. ..To CONTRAIND1CATE, kón-trā-jn'dè-kāte. v. a. To point out some peculiar symptom con trary to the general tenour of the malady. CONTRAINDICATION, kón-trá-in-dé-kå'shān s. An indication, or symptom, which forbids that to be done which the main scope of a dis- ease points out at first. CONTRAMUIRE, kón-trá-müre'. s. An outwai; built about the main wall of a city. CONTRANHTENCY, kön-trä-ni’tén-sé. s. Re . action, a resistance against pressure. CONTRAPOSITION, kön-trá-pô-zish'êm. s. A placing over against. CONTRAREGULARITY, kön-trá-rég-à-lär'è-tê S. Contrariety to rule. CONTRARIANT, kón-trä'rè-ánt. a. Inconsistents contradictory. CONTRARIES, kón'trá-riz. s. 99. Things of op- posite natures or qualities : in logick, proposi- tions which §estroy each other. CONTRARIETY, kön-trā-rl'è-té.s. Repugnance, opposition ; inconsistency, quality or position destructive of its opposite. CONTRARILY, kón'trā-ré-lè. ad. In a mannel contrary; different ways, in opposite directions. Little used. [[: This and the following word are by Dr. Johnson accented on the second syllable; no doubt from the harshness that must necessarily arise from placing the accent on the first, when so many unaccented syllables are to succeed. But if harmony were to take place, we should never suffer the stress on the first syllable of Contrary, from which these words are formed; but that once admitted, as it invariablv is b the best speakers, we should cross the most uni- form analogy of our language, if we accented the adverb differently from the substantive and the adjective; and therefore, however harsh they unay soul, d, these words muſt ºxgetºrily have the accent on i.e first syllab.3, -$ & ©cs- TRA R Ys *: $º CoN CON - 116 [; 559-Fāte, ſār, fall, fat;-mé, mét, pine, pla;- CONTRARINESS, kón'trá-rè-nés.s. Contrariety, Il opposition. CONTRARIOUS, kón-trá'rè-às. a. Opposite, re- pugnant. CONTRARIOUSLY, kön-trá'rè-ás-lè, ad. Oppo- sitely. CONTRARIWISE, kón'trá-rè-wize. ad. Con- Versely; on the contrary. CONTRARY, kón'trá-rè. a. Opposite, contradic- tory; inconsistent, disagreeing; adverse, in an opposite direction. [ä’ The accent is invariably placed on the first syllable of this word by all correct speakers, and as constantly removed to the second by the illiterate and vulgar. When common ears re- fuse a sound, it is a strong presumption that sound is not agreeable to the general harmony of the language. The learned often vitiate the natural taste for their own language by an at- fected veneration for others: while the illiter- ate, by a kind of vernacular instinct, fall into the most analogical pronunciation, and such as is most suitable to the general turn of the lan- guage. Anciently this word was most common- ly pronounced by the learned, as it is now by the vulgar, with the accent on the second sylla- ble; but nothing can be now more firmly estab- lished than the accent on the first syllable, and the other pronunciation must be scrupulously avoided.—See Contrº ARILY. CONTRARY, kón'trā-rè. s. A thing of opposite qualities; a proposition contrary to some other; in opposition, on the other side; to a contrary purpose. CONTRAST, kón'tråst. s. Opposition and dis- similitude of figures, by which one contributes to the visibility or effect of another. To CONTRAST, , kón-träst'. v. a. To place in opposition ; to show another figure to advan- §§ CONTRAVALLATION, kön-trá-vál-lä'shön. s. The fortification thrown up, to hinder the sal-l lies of the garrison. CONTRAVENE, kön-trá-vène'. v. a. To oppose, to obstruct, to baffle. CONTRAVENER, kön-trā-vè'nār. s. He who opposes another. CONTRAVENTION, kön-trā-vén'shôn. s. Oppo- sition. CONTRECTATION, kön-trék-tä'shôn. s. A touching. CONTRIBUTARY, kón-trib'-tá-rè. a. tribute to the same sovereign. To CONTRIBUTE, kón-tribºte. v. a. To give to Some common stock. To CONTRIBUTE, kön-trib'ête. v. m. To bear a art, to have a share in any act or effect. CONTRIBUTION, kón-trè-bū'shôn. s. The act of promoting some design in conjunction with 9ther persons; that which is given by several hands for some common purpose; that which is paid for the support of an army lying in a country. CONTRIBUTIVE, kön-trib'-tív. a. That which has the power or quality of promoting any pur- ose in concurrence with other motives. CONTRIBUTOR, kón-trib'ê-tūr. s. 166. One that bears a part in some common design. CONTRIBUTORY, kön-trib'ſſ-tūr-à. a. Promo- ting the same end- bringing assistance to some joint design. 512. * To CONTRISTATE, kön-tris'thte. v. a. To sad- den, to make sorrowful. JYot used. CONTRISTATION, kön-trfs-tä'shôn. s. The act of making sad, the state of being made sad. J\ot used. CONTRITE, kón'trite. a. 140. Bruised, much worn; worn with sorrow, harassed with the sense of guilt, penitent. {}_* This word ought to have the accent on the last syllable, both as it is an adjective, from Paying which is formed the abstract suistantive con- trileness, and as the accent on the first syllable has a tendency to shorten the i in the last. 140. Accordingly Dr. Johnson, Mr. Scott, and Bailey, g; the accent on the last syllable; but Mr. heridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Elphinstone, Dr. Ash, W. Johnston, Perry, Buchanan, and En- tick, place it on the first, with unquestionably the best usage on their side. * CONTRITELY, kón'trite-lè. ad. Penitently |CŞ As the adjective contrite, though contrary to analogy, seems to prefer the accent on the first syllable ; contritely and contriteness, must neces- sarily have the accent on the same syllable.— See ContRARILY. CONTRITENESS, kón'trite-nēs. s. Contrition, repentance. CONTRITION, kón-trish'ên. s. The act of grinding or rubbing to powder; penitence, sor- row for sin. CONTRIVABLE, kón-tri'vā-bl. a. be Fº by the mind, CONTRIVANCE, kön-trivānse. s. The act of contriving ; scheme, plan ; a plot, an artifice To CONTRIVE, kön-trive'. v. a. To plan out; to find out means. To CONTRIVE, kön-trive'. v. n. design, to § CONTRivf. ENT, kón-trive'mént. s. Inven- tion. CONTRIVER, kón-tri'vár. s. 98. An inventer. CONTROL, kón-tröll'. s. 406. A register or ac- count kept by another officer, that each may be examined by the other ; check, restraint; power, authority, superintendence. To CONTROL, lºn-tröll'. v. a. 406. To keep under check by a counter-reckoning; to go- vern, to restrain ; to confute. CONTROLLABLE, kön-tröll'à-bl. a. to control, subject to be over-ruled. CONTROLLER, kön-tröll'âr. s. One that has the power of governing or restraining. CONTROLLERSHIP, kón-tröll'êr-ship. s. The office of a controller. CONTROLMENT, kón-tröll'mént. s. The pow- er or act of superintending or restraining; re- straint; opposition, confutation. CONTROW §. kön-trö-vér'shāl. a. Rela- ting to disputes, dis utatious. CONTROVERSY, kön'trö-vér-sè. s. debate ; a suit in law ; a quarrel. To CONTROVERT, kón'trö-vért. v. a. To de- bate, to dispute any thing in writing. Possible to To form or Subject Dispute, |cóN'fröVERTIBīš, kön-trovértºl. a. Dis. putable. CONTROVERTIST, kón'trö-vér-tist. s. Dispu. tant, chiefly on religious subjects. [[; It is with'some surprise I have frequently ob- served those profound philologists, the Monthly Reviewers, write this word Controversialist. “He appears to be a sensible, ingenious, and “candid Controversialist: one who writes from a “regard to truth, and with the full conviction “ of his own mind.”—M. R. November, 1794. p. 346. But nothing is more evident than that every verbal noun ought to be formed from the verb, and consequently that to controvert ought to form controvertist. , Dr. Johnson has only produced the authority of Tillotson; to which I will beg leave to add a much better from the Idler, No. 19. It is common for controvertists, in the heat of disputation, to add one position to another till they reach the extremities of know- tinction. - CONTUMACIOUS, kón-tū-mâ'shôs. a. Obšti- CóNīdīAćióüsiş, ſºon-tū-mâ'shôs-lè. ad. Obstinately, inflexibly, perversely. Obstimacy, perverseness. tº CONTUMACY, kón'tū-må-så. s. 3. ledge, where truth and falsehood lose their dis- nate, perverse, stubborn. y f CONTUMACIOUSNESS, kón-tū-mâ'shôs-nés. s. perverseness: in law, a wilful contempt an CON 117 —mö, móve, nár, mēt;—túbe, túb, bill;-84;—pôānd;—thin, THIS. ~ āisobedience to any lawful summons or judicial cšiūMELIOUs, kön-tū-mê'ké-às. a. Re- proachful, sarcastick; inclined to utter re- proach ; productive of reproach, shameful. CöNTUMELIOUSLY, kón-tū-mêlé-ás-lè. ad. Re- proachfully, contemptuously. W. CONTUMEiiOUSNESS, kön-tº-mêlé-ās-nés. S. Rudeness, reproach. - CONTUMELY, kón'tū-mê-lè. s. Contemptuous- " ness, bitterness of language, reproach. . To CONTUSE, kön-tūze. v. a. 437. To beat to- gether, to bruise; to bruise the flesh without a breach of the continuity. - CONTUSION, kön-tū'zhàn. s. The act of beat- ing or bruising; the state of being beaten or bruised; a bruise. - º, º ºx CONVALESCENCE, kön-vá-lès'sénse. 510. ; S CONVALESCENCY, kón-vá-lès'sén-sè. sº Henewal of health, recovery from a disease. . CQNVALESCENT, kön-vá-lès'sént. a. Recover- H!TS. M. To Čonven E, kön-vène'. v. n. To come to- gether, to assemble. - TO CONVENE, kön-vène'. v. a. To call to- gether, to assemble, to convoke ; to summon judicially. * , CôNVENIENCE, kön-vé'né-Émse, : s. Fitness CONVENIENCY, kón-vé'mè-én-sé. § ; commodiousness, cause of ease, accommoda- tion ; fitness of time or placé. ". CONVENIENT, kön-vé'mè-Ént. a. Fit, suitable, YOOGT. cºntently, kön-vè'nè-ént-Jé. ad. Com- modiously, fitly. + - CöNVENT, kón'vént. s. An assembly of reli- gious persons; a religious house, a monastery, a nunnery. - To CONVENT, kón-vént'. v. a. 492. To call be- fore a judge or judicature. JVot in use. CONVENTICLE, kón-vén'té-ki. s. An assem- bly, a meeting; an assembly for worship ; a secret assembly. Hj In the first edition of this Dictionary H follow- ed Mr. Sheridan's accentuation of this word up- on the first syllable, as I apprehended it was more agreeable to polite usage, though less agreeable to the ear than the accent on the se- cond ; but from a farther inquiry, and a re- wiew of the authorities for both, I am strongly persuaded in favour of the latter accentuation. . For the former we have Sheridan, Ash, W Johnston, and Entick; and for the latter, Dr. Johnson, Kenrick, Nares, Scott, Perry, Buch- anán, and . Bailey. The other accentuation seems chiefly adopted by the poets, who should not be deprived of their privilege of altering the accents of some words to accommodate them to the verse : - “For 'twere a sin to rob them of their mite.” - Pope. CONVENTICLER, kón-vén'tik-lär, s : One that supports or frequents private, and unlawful as- semblies. * CONVENTION, kón-vén'shūn. s. The act of coming together, union, coalition ; an assem- bly ; a contract, agreement for a time. CONVENTIONAL, kön-vén'shān-ál. a. Stipula- ted, agreed on by compact CONVENTIONARY. kön-vén shēn-á-rè. a. Act- ing upon contract. CONVENTUAL, kón-vén'tshū-ál. a. Belonging to a convent, monastick. - CONVENTUAL, kön-vén'tshū-ál. s. . A monk, a nun, one that lives in a convent. To CONVERGE, kön-vérje'. v. m. To tend to one point from different places. CONVERGENT, kön-vérjént. CONVERGING, kön-vérjing. to one point from different places. CONVERSABLE, kön-vér'sā-bl. a. ... for conversation, fit for company. a. Tending Qualified : CONVERSABLENESS, kón-vèr'sá-bl-nég The quality of being a pleasing companion. CONVERSABLY, kön-vér'sá-blé. ad. In a con- versable manner. - -- T kön'vér-sånt - conversant, #: ; a. Ac- quainted with, familiar; having intercourse with any, acquainted ; relating to, concerning. S. [[G. There are such considerable authorities for each of these pronunciations as render a deci- sion on that ground somewhat difficult. Dr Johnson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, Buchanan, and Bailey, place the accent on the second syllable; and Mr. Nares, W. Johnston, and Exntick, accent the first. . Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott place it on both, and consequent- ly leave it undecided. Analogy seems to de- mand the stress on the second syllable; perhaps not so much from the relation the word bears to the verb io convérse, since it may possibly be derived from the noun cónverse, 492, as from the very general rule of accenting words of three syllables, that are not simples in our language, on the second syllable when two consonants occur in the middle. This rule, however, is frequently violated in favour of the antepenul. timate accent, (the favourite accent of our lan- guage,) as in Öggrandize, &mnesty, cháracter, cón- vertite, áncestor, māgistrate, prôtestant, &c.; and where there is but one consonant in the middle, nothing is more common than to find the accent of the dissyllable verb neglected, and the trisyl lable noun adopting the antepenultimate ac cent. Thus the words Confident, President, Pro. vident, &c. are not accented like the verbs, Con- fide, Preside, &c. &c. but are considered as sim- ples, and follow the general rule; which is, that all simples of three syllables, with but one consonant in the middle, have the accent on the first, and that the vowel in this syllable is short. 503. Upon the whole, therefore, since authori-. . ties are so equal and analogy so precarious, usage must be the umpire; and my observation fails me if that which may be called the best usage does not decide in favour of the accent on the first syllable. º CONVERSATION, kön-vér-så'shān. s. Fami- Har discourse, chat, easy talk, a particular act of discoursing upon any subject ; commerce, . intercourse ; familiarity; behaviour, manner of acting in common life. To CONVERSE, kón-vérse'. v. m. To coha- bit with, to hold intercourse with ; to be ac- quainted with ; to discourse familiarly upon any subject ; to have commerce with a different Sex. - CONVERSE, kón'vērse. S. 492. Manner of discoursing in familiar life; acquaintance, Co habitation, familiarity; with geometricians it means the contrary. [; it is highly probable that this substantive was anciently pronounced like the verb, with the accent on the second syllable; but nothing is jow better established than the accent on the first. Even the line of Pope, “Generous cénverse; a soul exempt from pride,” however rugged with the accent on the first syllable of this word, cannot with propriety be read otherwise. CONVERSELY, kön-vérse'lé. ad. With change of order, reciprocally. - CONVERSION, kön-vér'shān. s. Change from: ..one state into another, transmutation ; change from reprobation to grace; change from one religion to another. CONVERSEVE, kön-vér'siv. a. sociable. To CONVERT, kón-vért'. v.a. To change into another substance, to transmute; to change from one religion to another ; to turn from a bad to a good life; to apply to any use, to apº .* Conversable; propriate. * CON J 18 [[G’ 559-Fāte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—pine, pīn;– * To CONVERT, kön-vért'. .v. n. change, to be transmuted. CONVERT, kón'vért. s.492. . A person convert. ed from one opinion to another. CONVERTER, kön-vért'âr. s. One that makes ConvertS. CONVERTIBILITY, kón-vár-tê-bil'è-tê s. . The quality of ºš possible to be converted. CONVERTIBLE, kón-vár.'té-bl. a. Susceptible of change, transmutable; so much alike as that one may be used for the other. CONVERTIBLY, kón-vér'té-blé, ad. Recipro- cally. CONVERTITE, kón'vér-tlte. s. 156, 503. A con- Vert. CQNVEX, kón'véks. a. Rising in a circular form, opposite to concave. CQNVEX, kón'véks. s. A convex body. CONVEXED, kön-vékst'. part. 359. Protuber- ant in a circular form. CONVEXEDLY, kón-vek'séd-lè, ad. 364. In a convex form. CONVEXITY, kón-véks'é-té s. in a circular form. CONVEXLY, kön-véks'ké. ad. In a convex form. CONVEXNESS, kón-véks'més. s. Spheroidical rotuberance, convexity. CONVEXO-CONCAVE, kön-véks'ö-köngkäve. a. Having the hollow on the inside, corres- ponding to the external protuberance. To CONVEY, kön-vā'. v.a. 269. To carry, to transport front one place to another; to hand from one to another; to move secretly ; to transmit, to transfer, to deliver to another; to impart. CONVEYANCE, kön-vā'ānse. s. The act of re- moving any thing; way for carriage or trans- portation; the method of removing secretly ; the means by which any thing is conveyed; delivery from one to another ; act of transfer- To undergo a Protuberance ring property; writing by which property is transferred. CONVEYANCER, kón-vā'ān-sår. s. A lawyer who draws writings by which property is trans- ferred. CONVEYER, kön-vā'ār. s. One who carries or transmits any thing. To CONVICT, kön-vikt'. v. a. To prove guilty, to detect in guilt; to confute, to discover to be false. cºct. kön-víkt’. a. Convicted, detected in guilt. CöNWiCT, kön'víkt. s. 492. A person cast at € Oar. CONW1CTION, kên-vik'shán. s Detection of uilt; the act of convincing, confutation. CONWICTIVE, kón-vik'tív. a. 157. Having the power of convincing. To CONWINCE, kón-viuse'. v. a. To force an- other to acknowledge a contested position; to convict.—Sce To Collect. convinceMENT, kön-vinse'mént. s. Convic- tion. *— CONWINCIBLE, kön-vin'sè-bl. a. Capable of conviction ; capable of being evidently dis- roved. cöğINCINGLY, kön-vin'sing-lè. ad. In such a manner as to leave no room for doubt. CONWINCING NESS, kón-vin'sing-nēs. s. The ower of convincing. To CONWIVE, kön-vive'. v. a. To entertain, to cšVivº.º.d AL, kón-vivál. in or *CONWIVIAL, kón-viv'yāl. } a. 113. Relating to an entertainment, festal, social. CONUNDRUM, kó-nēn'dröm. s. quibble. To CONWOCATE, kón'vö-kāte. v. a. To call together. cößATION, kön-vö-kå'shān, s. The act * A low jest, a of calling to an assembly; an assembly; an as sembly of the clergy for consultation upon mat ters ecclesiastical. To CONVOKE, kón-vöke'. v. a. ther, to summon to an assembly. To CONVOLVE, kón-völv'. v. a. ther, to roll one part upon another. CONVOLUTED, kön-vö-lè'téd. part. a. Twist- ed, rolled upon itself. CONVOLUTION, kón-vö-lū'shān, s. The act of rolling any thing upon itself; the state of roll ing together in company. *. To CONVOY, kón-vöé'. v. a. To accompany by land or sea, for the sake of defence. CONVOY, kón'vöé. s. 492. Attendance at sea or on the road by way of defence; the act of attending as a defence. º CONUSANCE, kón'ê-sånse. s. Cognizance, notice. A law term.—See CoGNIZANCE. [[; Perhaps it may be pleaded by the gentlemen of the law, that this is the word they use ill- stead of Cognizance, and consequently, that the charge against them of mutilating that word falls to the ground. But it may be answered, that the second syllables of these words are so different as to leave us in no doubt which they make use of; and that the words Cognizable, Cognizor, and Cognizee, being pronounced by them without the g, are sufficient proofs of the justness of the accusation. To CONVULSE, kön-vålse'. v. a. To give an irregular and involuntary motion to the parts of any body. CONWULSION, kón-vål'shān. s. A convulsiou. is an involuntary contraction of the fibres and muscles; an irregular and violent motion, com- motion. e CONVULSIVE, kón-vål'sfv. a. 158,428. Giving twitches or spasmus. CONY, kān’mé. s. A rabbit, an animal that bur- rows in the ground. CONY-BURROW, kām'nè-bár-rö. s. A place where rabbits make their holes in the ground. To COO, köö. v. n. 10. To cry as a dove or pigeon. COOK, köök. s. 306. One whose profession is to dress and prepare victuals for the table. COOK-MAID, köökmåde. s. A maid that dresses TOVISIOllS. COOK-BOOM, köök'rööm. s. A room in which provisions are prepared for the ship's crew. To COOK, köök. v. a. To prepare victuals for the table COOKERY, kóók'âr-é. s. 555. The art of dress. ing victuals. COOL, kööl. a. 306. Somewhat cold, approach ing to cold; not zealous, not fond. COOL, kööl. s. Freedom from heat. To COOL, kööl. v. a. To make cool, to allay heat; to quiet passion, to calm anger. To COOL, kööl. v. m. To grow less hot ; to grow less warm with regard to passion. COOLER, kööl'ör. s. That which has the pow- er of cooling the body; a vessel in which any thing is made cool. COOLLY, kóði'lè. ad. cold ; without passion. COOLNESS, kööl'nés. s. Gentle cold, a soft or mild degree of coll; want of affection, disinchi- nation; freedom from passion. COOM, kööm. s. 306. Soot that gathers over an oven's mouth; that matter that works out of the wheels of carriages. tº o COOM, kööm. s. A measure of corn containing four bushels. COOP, kóðp. s. poultry or sheep. To COOP, kööp. v. a. compass, to Cage. e COOPEE, kóð-pèë'. s. A motion in dancing. COOPER, köö'për, s 98. One that makes coops or barrels. To call toge- To roll toge- Without heat, or sharp A cage, a pen for animals, as To shut up in a marrow COP COR 119 —mö, mêve, mēr, nôt;—täbe, tºb, būll;—öll;—pôānd;—thin, this. COOPERAGE, ººie s. 90. The price aid for coopers’ work: rººte, ºperate. v. n. To la- bour jointly with another to the same end; to concur in the same effect. CO-OPERATION, kè-6p-êr-à'shön. . s. The act of contributing or concurring to the same end. CO-OPERATIVE, kö-óp'ér-á-tív. a. Promoting the same end jointly. CO-OPERATOR, kö-6p'ér-à-tár. s. 521. He that, by joint endeavours, promotes the same end with others. CO-OPTATION, kö-ép-tä'shôn. s. CölöRijin ATE, kö-ör'dé-nāte. a. 91. Holding assumption the same rank CO.ORDINATELY, kö-3r'dè-mâte-lè. ad. In the same rank. Co-ordin ATENFSS, kó-ör'dè-mâte-nēs. s. The state of being co-ordinate. CölöRDINATION, kā-ār-dè-mâ'shān, s. The state of holding the same rank, collateralness. Cöör, kööt. s. 306. A small black water-fowl COP, kóp. s. The head, the top of anything. Adoption, CoPARCENARY, kö-pâr'sè-nā-rè. s. Joint suc- cession to any inheritanee. COPARCENER, kö-pār'sè-nēr. s. . Copárce- mers are such as have equal portion in the in- heritance of the ancestor. COPARCENY, kö-pár'sè-nē. s. of coparceners. COPARTNER, kö-p}rt'nār. s. 98. One that has a share in some common stock or affair. COPARTNERSHIP, kö-pārt'nār-ship. s. The state of bearing an equal part, or possessing an equal share. o COPATAIN, kóp'à-tín. a. 208. High raised, ointed. Obsolete. * * - - COPAYV A, kö-pâ'vá. s.92. A gum which distils from a tree in Brasil. COPE, kópe. s. Any thing with which the head is covered; a sacerdotal cloak, worn in sacred ministration; any thing which is spread over the head. To COPE, kópe. v. a. To cover, as with a cope; to contend with, to oppose. To COPE, kópe. v. n. To contend, to struggle, to strive. COPIER, kóp'pē-ăr. s. One that copies, a tran- scriber; a plagiary, an imitator. COPING, köping. s. The upper tire of masonry which covers the wall. COPIOUS, kê'pē-ăs. a. abounding in words or images. cópiotisfy, kößsie, ad Pientifully, abund- antly, in great quantities; at large, diffusely. COPIOUSNESS, kö'pë-às-nēs. s. Plenty, abun- dance; exuberance of style. COPLAND, kópºlând. s. A piece of ground which terminates with an acute angle. COPPED, kóp'pěd, or köpt. a. 366. Rising to a top or head. COPPEL, kóp'pël, or CUPEL, kū'pël. s. An instrument used in chymistry, to try and purify gold and silver. COPPER, köp'për. s. 98. A metal of a red colour, very sonorous and elastick, and the most duc- tile of all the metals except gold. Parkes' Chym- istry. COPPER, kóp'për. s. A boiler larger than a moveable pot. COPPER-NOSF, kóp'për-nēse. s. A red nose. COPPER-PLATE, kóp-pār-plate'. s. A plate on which pictures are engraven. COPPER-WORK, kóp'për-wärk. s. A place where copper is manufactured. COPPERAS, kóp'për-ás. s. A chymical com- ound of sulphurick acid and iron. COPPERSMITH, köp'pār-smith. s. One that manufactures copper. COPPERWORM, kóp'pār-wärm. . s. A little worn in ships; a worm breeding in one's hand. An equal share Plentiful, abundant, * 9.9FFERY, kóppār-e.a. Containing copper. COPPICE, kóp'pis. s. 142. Low woods cut at stated times for fuel COPPLEDUST, kóp'pl-dàst. s. Powder used in purifying metals. cººped, köp'plá. a. 359. Rising in a conick OTIT. COPSE, kóps. s. Short wood. To COPSE, köps.y.a. To preserve underwoods. COPULA, kóp'ê-lä. s.92. #. word which unites the subject and predicate of a proposition. To CQPULATE, kóp'à-lāte. v. a. To unite, to conjoin. To COPULATE, kóp'à-lāte. v. m. To come to- gether as different sexes. COPULATION, kóp-\-lá'shôn, s. The congress or embrace of the two sexes. COPULATIVE, kóp'à-lä-tiv. a. 157. A term of Farminar. COPY, köp'pě. s. 482. A transcript from the archetype or original; an individual book, as, a good and fair copy; the original, the arche- type; a picture drawn from another picture. , COPY-BOOK, kóp'pë-böök. s. A book in which copies are written for learners to imitate. COPY HOLD, kóp'pë-höld. s. A tenure, for which the tenant hath nothing to show but the copy of the rolls made by the steward of his lord’s Court. COPYHOLDER, kóp'pë-hôl-dár. s. One that is possessed ºf land in copyhold. To COPY, kóp'pě. v. a. To transcribe, to write after an original ; to imitate, to propose in imitation. To COPY, kóp'pě v. m. To do any thing in imi- tation of §: else. COPYFR, kāp'pē-ăr. e COPYIST, kóp'pë-íst. ; s. One who copies writing or pictures. To COQUET, kö-kèt'. v. a. 415. To treat with an appearance of amorous tenderness. COQUETRY, kö-két’ré. s. Affectation of amorous advances. COQUETTE, kö-két'. s. A gay, airy girl, who endeavours to attract notice. CORACLE, kör'ā-kl. s. A boat used in Wales by fishers. CORAL, kêr'âl. s. Red, coral is a marine pro- duction, supposed to be an indurated animal secretion, consisting of carbonate of lime; the piece of coral which children use as a play- thing. II: We sometimes hear this word pronounced Curral; but this is contrary to all our pro- nouncing Dictionaries, and ought to be avoided CORALLINE, kör'âl-in. a. 150. Consisting of coral. CORALLINE, kór'âl-in. s. Coralline is a sea- lant used in medicine. CORALLOID, or CORALLOIDAL, kör'âl-lółd, kôr-ál-löjd'ál. a. Resembling coral. CORANT, kö-rānt'. s. A mimble sprightly dance. CORBAN, kêr'bán. s. 168. An alms-basket, a ift, an alms. CORBEILS, körbélz. s. Little baskets used in fortification, filled with earth. CORBEL, kör'bél. s. In architecture, the repre- sentation of a basket. CORD, körd. s. A rope, a string ; a quantity ef wood for fuel, a pile eight feet long, four high, and four broad. CORD-MAKER, körd'mā-kār. s. One whose trade is to make ropes, a rope-maker. cº-wood, körd'wild. s. Wood piled up for U.621. To CORD, körd. v. a. To bind with ropes, cºage, kör'didje. s. 90. A quantity of COF(#S. CORDED, kör'déd. a. Made of ropes CORDELIER, kêr-dé-lèër'. s. 275. A Francis- can friar, so named fiom the cord which served: him for a cincture. ** *.*.* COR 120 COR [G 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit —mē, mét;—pine, pin;– CORDIAL, kör'jē-ăl. s. 294, 376. A medicine that increases the force of the heart, or quick- ens the circulation ; any medicine that in- creases strength ; any thing that comforts, gladdens, and exhilarates. lſ;” There is certainly a tendency in the d as well as in the t to slide into a soft hissing sound when preceded by the accent, and followed by a diphthong or a diphthongal vowel, commen- eing with the sound of e. This is evident by the current pronunciation of immediate, verdure, ... as if written immejiate, verjure, &c. 294; and this pronunciation is so agreeable to the genius of our language, that the organs slide into it insensibly. Mr. Sheridan, in order to smark this sound, has adopted the ty, and spelled the word Cor-diſal : and if y is here a ticulated as a consonant,asis intended, its connection with d produces a sound so near the hiss in Cor-je- al, as to be with difficulty distinguished from it. CORDIAL, körjë-āl. a. Reviving, invigorating; sincere, hearty. CORDIALITY, kêr-jē-ăl'è-tè. s. Relation to the heart ; sincerity. CORDIALLY, körjë-āl-lè. ad. Sincerely, hear- tily. CORE, köre. s. The heart; the inner part of any thing; the inner part of a fruit, which com- tains the kermel ; the matter contained in a boil or sore. CORIACEOUS, kó-rè-à'shôs. a... Consisting of leather; of a substance resembling leather. CORIANDER, kó-rè-án'dër. s. 98. A plant. CORINTH, kār'rân. s. A small fruit commonly called currant, which see. CORINTHIAN, kö-rín'thè-án. a. Is generally reckoned the fourth of the five orders of archi- tecture. CORK, körk. s. A glandiferous tree, in all re- spects like the ilex, excepting the bark; the bark of the cork-tree used for stopples, the stºpple of a bottle. To CORK, körk. v. a. To put corks into bot- tles. CORKING-PIN, körking-pin . s. A pin of the largest size. CORKY, kör'kè. a. Consisting of cork. CORMORANT, kör'mô-rānt. s. A bird that reys upon fish ; a glutton. RN, körn. s. The seeds which grow in ears, not in pods; grain unreaped ; grain in the ear, yet unthreshed ; an excrescence on the foot, hard and painful. To CORN, körn. v. . a. To salt ; to sprinkle with salt ; to form into small grains. CORN-FIELD, körn'ſéèld. s. A field where corn 1s growing. CORNFLAG, körn'ſlåg. s. A plant; the leaves are like those of the fleur-de-lis. CORN-FLOOR, körn'ſlöre. s. The floor where corn is stored. CORN-FLOWER, körn'ſiêt-àr. s. The blue-bot- tle. CORN-LAND, körn'länd. s. Land appropria- ted to the production of grain. CORN-MILL, körn’mil. s. A mill to grind corn into meal. CORNPIPE, körn'pipe. s. A pipe made by slit- ting the joint of a green stalk of corm. O Iłę CORNCHANDLER, körn'tshānd-lär. s. that retails corn. CORNCUTTER, körn'kāt-tūr. s. A man whose §§ it is to extirpate corns from the foot. C * RNEL, kör'nél. & CoºnFLíAN-TREE, kêr-nēlē-ăn-trèë. 5 º' The Cornel-tree beareth the fruit commonly called the cornelian cherry. CORNEOUS, kör'nè-às. a. Horny, of a sub- stance resembling horn. *CORNER, kör'nār. s. 98. An angle ; a secret ; remote place ; the extremities, the utmost #ſalt, CORNER-STONE, kêr'nār-stöne. s. The stone that unites the two walls at the corner. CQRNERWISE, kör'nār-wize. ad. Diagonally. CORNET, kör'mét. s. 99. A musical instrument blown with the mouth ; a company or troop of horse—in this sense obsolete; the officer that bears the standard of a troop; Cornet of a horse, is the lowest part of his pastern that runs round the coffin. - CORNETCY, körnét-sé. s. The post of a cor- net in the army. (LSO??, CORNICE, kêr'n's. s. 142. The highest projec- tion of a wall or column. CORNICLE, kör'nïk-kl. s. 405. A little horn. CORNIGEROUS, kêr-midje'é-rås. a. Horned, having horns. CORNUCOPIAE, kór-nē-kò'pë-è. s. The horn of plenty. To CORNUTE, kêr-nēte'. v. a. To bestow horns, to cuckold. CORNUTED, kêr-mü'téd. a. Grafted with horns, cuckolded. CORNUTO, kār-mâ'tö. s. ed, a cuckold. CORNY, kör'ně. . a. Strong or hard like horn, horny; producing grain or corn. COROLLARY, körö-lār-e. s. 168. The conclu sion; an inference. ū Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash, W Johnston, Buchanan, Entick, and Smith, ac cent this word on the first ; and Dr. Kenrick, Scott, Perry, and Bailey, on the second sylla- ble. The weight of authority is certainly for the accentuation I have adopted, and analogy seems to confirm this authority. For as the word is derived from Corollarium, with the ac- cent dm the antepenultimate, our pronuncia- tion of this word generally lays an additional accent on the first syllable, which, when the word is shortened by dropping a syllable in Corollary, becomes the principal accent, as in a thousand other instances.—See AcADEMY. CORONAL, kör'ö-mál. s. 168. A crown, a gar- land. CORONAL, kór-Ö'mál. a. Belonging to the top of the head. CORONARY, kör'ö-nār-e. a. Relating to a crown ; it is applied in anatomy to arteries fancied to encompass the heart in the manner of a garland. CORONATION, kêr-ó-nā'shôn. s. The act or solemnity of crowning a king ; the pomp or assembly present at a coronation. CORONER, kör'ö-nār. s. An officer whose duty it is to inquire how any violent death was occa- sioned. CORONFT, kör'ö-nét. s. worn by the mobility. CORPORAL, körpó-rál. s. 168. The lowest offi- cer of the infantry; a low sea-officer. CORPORAL, körpó-rál. a. Relating to the body, belonging to the body; material, not spiritual. CORPORALITY, kêr-pô-rál'é-té. s. The quality of being embodied. CORPORALLY, kêr'pó-rál-é. ad, Bodily. CORPORATE, kör'pö-räte. a. 91. United in a body or community. cºation , kör-pô-rà'shán. s. A body olitick. CORPOREAL, kêr-pô'ré-ál. a. Having a body, not immaterial. CORPOREITY, kêr-pô-ré'é-té. s. Materiality bodyliness. * CORPS, köre. s. Flural, körz. Abody of forces. [[; Perhaps it is the unpleasing idea this word suggests, when pronounced in the English man- mer, that has fixed it in the French pronuncia- tion. Nothing can be more frightful to an ele- gantear than the sound it has from the mouth of those who are wholly unacquainted with its fashionable and military usage, Italian. A man horn- An inferiour crown toR CC) R. IQ 1 —né, mēve, mēr, nôt;—túbe, túb, bill;—öil,—pöänd ;-thin, THIs. CORPSE, körps. s. 168. A carcass, a dead body, a corse. sº CORPULENCE, kör'pë-lènse. CORPULENCY, körpü-lén-sé. body fleshiness. CORPULENT, kêr'pū-lént. a. Fleshy, bulky. CORPUSCLE, körpás-sl. s. 351,405. A small body, an atom. CORPUSCULAR, kêr-pâs'kū-lär. : 8. CORPUSCULARIAN, kór-pâs-kā-lā'rè-án. e Relating to bodies, comprising bodies. To CORRADE, kór-räde'. v. a. 168. To rub off, to scrape together. CORRADIATION, kêr-rá-dè-à'shūm. s. junction of ravs in one point. . To CORRECT, kór-rékt'. v. a. To punish, to chastise; to amend; to obviate the qualities of one ingredient by another. JORRECT, kêr-rékt'. a. with exactness. CORRECTION, kêr-rék'shān. S. Punishment, discipline ; amendment; that which is substi- tuted in the place of any thing wrong; repre- hension ; abatement of noxious qualities, by the addition of something contrary. CORRECTIONER, kêr-rék'shān-ár. s. A jail- bird. Obsolete. CORRECTIVE, kór-rék’tív. a. 157. Having the ower to alter or obviate any bad qualities. . . CORRECTIVE, kór-rék’tív. s. That which has the power of altering or obviating any thing amiss ; limitation, restriction. CORRECTLY, kór-rékt'lè. s. actly. CORRECTNESS, kêr-rékt'nés. s. Accuracy, €XàCtrl C.SS. CORRECTOR, kör-rék’túr. s. 93. He that amcnds or alters, by punishment; he that re- vises any thing to free it from faults ; such an ingredient in a composition as guards against or abates the force of another. To CORRELATE, kêr-rè-lāte'. v. n. To have a reciprocal relation, as father and son.—See CountERBALANGE. CORRELATE, kór’rè-lāte. s. in the opposite relation. CORRELATIVE, kór-ré!'à-tív. a. reciprocal relation. CORRELATIVENESS, kör-ré.'ā-tly-nēs. s. The state of being correlative. CORREPTION, kêr-rép'shēn. s. prehension, reproof. g To CORRESPOND, kêr-ré-spónd'. v. n. To suit, to answer, to fit; to keep up commerce with another by alternate letters. CORRESPONDENCE, kêr-rè-spöm'dénse. CORRESPONDENCY, kêr-rè-spón'déu-sè. 5 º' Relation, reciprocal adaptation of one thing to another; intercourse, reciprocal intelligence ; friendship, interchange of offices or civilities, CORRESPONDENT, kêr-rè-spón'dént. a. Suit- able, adapted, answerable.—See To Collect. CORRESPONDENT, kór-ré-spón'dént. s. One with whom intelligence or ëommerce is kept up by mutual messages orietters. CORRESPONSIVE, kêr-ré-spön'siv. a. An- swerable, adapted to any thing. CORRIDOR, kör-ré-dére'. s. The covert way jying round a fortification ; a gallery or long isle round about a building. CORRIGIBLE, körrè-jè-bl. a. 405. That which may be altered or amended; punishable.—See To Collect. CORRIVAL, kêr-ri’vál. s. Rival, competitor. CORRIVALRY, kêr-ri'vål-rè. s. Competition. CORROBORANT, kêr-röb'ö-rānt. a. Having the power to give strength. To CôRROBORATE, kêr-röb ð-räte. v. a. To confirm, to establish ; to strengthen, to make Strong. CORROBORATION, kêr-rób-ó-rà'shān, s. The act of strengthening or confirming. *q. : s. Bulkiness of A con- Revised or finished Accurately, ex- One that stands Having a Chiding, re- CORROBORATIVE, kêr-rób'ö-rá-tiv. a. Having the power of increasing strength. *. To CORRODE, kór-röde'. v. a. To eat away by degrees, to wear away gradually. CORRODENT, kór-röſdênt. a. Having the pºwer of corroding or wasting. * CORRO DIBLE, kór-rô"dē-bl. a. 405. Possible to be constimed. CCRROSHBILITY, kör-rö-sà-bil'è-té. s. Possibil- ity to be consumed by a menstruum. CORROSIBLE, kór-rö'sè-bi. a. 405. Possible to be consumed by a menstruum. CORROSIBLENESS, kór-ró'sè-bl-nēs. s. Sus- ceptibility of corrosion. * CORROSION, kór-rö'zhàm. s. 451. The power of eating or wearing away by degrees. - CORROSIVE, kêr-rö'słv. a. 428. Having the power of wearing away; having the quality to fret or vex. CORROSHWE, kêr-ró's v. s. 140. That which has the quality of wasting any thing away that which has the power of giving pain. + CGRROS!VELY, kór-ró'słv-lè. ad. Like a cor- rosive , with the power of corrosion. CORROśīy ENESS, kêr-rô'sív-nēs. s. The . quality of corroding or eating away, acrimo- }T V. CORRUGANT, kêr'r', gºnt. a. 503. Having the power of contracting into wrinkles. To CORRUGATE, Rörrö-gāte. v. a. 91. Te wrinkle or pin se up. CORRUG ATION, Kör-rá-gā'shôn. s. Contrac- tion into wrinkles. To CORRUPT, kór-répt'. v. a. To turn from a sound to a putrescent state, to infect; to de- praye, to destroy integrity, to vitiate. To CöRRUP'ſ, kêr-räpt'. v. n. To become pu- trid, to grow rotten.—See To Coj.I.ECT. CORRUPT, kór-räpt'. a. Vicious, tainted with wickedness. CORRUPTER, kór-råp'tár. s. He that taints or vitiates. CORRUPTIBILITY, kêr-ráp-tê-bil'è-té. 8 Pos- sibility "o be corrupted. CORRUPTIBLE, kör-ráp'tè-bl. a. 405. Suscep- tibility of coa ruption : possible to be vitiated, [; Some affected speakers have done all in their pewer to remove the accent of this word fºom the segond to the first syllable ; thanks to the difficulty of pronouncing it in this manner, they have not yet effected their purpose. Those who have the least regard for the sound of their language, ought to resist this novelty with all their might; for if it once gain ground, it is sure to triumph. The difficulty of pronouncing it, and the ill sound it produces, will recom mend it to the fashionable world, who are as proud to distinguish themselves by all oddity in language as in dress.-See INCOMPARABLE. CORRUPTIBLENESS, kêr-rêp'té-bl-més. s. Susceptibility of corruption. f CORRUPTIBLY, kêr-ráp'té-blé. ad. In such a manner as to be corrupted. CORRUPTION, kór-råp'shán. s. The principle by which bodies tend to the separation of their parts ; wickedness, perversion of principles; put rescence ; matter or pus in a sore; the means by which any thing is vitiated, deprava- tion. CORRUPTIVE, kêr-ráp'tív. ... a. quality of tainting or vitiating. CORRUPTLESS, kêr-rūpt'lés. a. Unsusceptible of corruption, undecaying. CORRUPTLY, kār-räpt'lè ad. With corrup- tipm, with taint; viciously, contrary to purity. CORRUPTNESS, kêr-röpinºs. . s. The quality of corruption, putrescence ; vice CORSAIR, kör'säre. s. 168. A pirate. CORSE, körse. s. Poetically. A dead body, 8 Cârca SS. º CORSLET, körs'lét. . s. A lightºirmour for tha fore-part of the body. Having the Č(3U COV 122 *. ſiſ; 539.-Fate, far, ſåll, ſāt;—mē, mét;—pine, pin;-- CORTICAL, kö 'té-kál. a. to the rind. Barky, belonging CORTICATED, kör'té-kā-téd. a. Resembling the bark of a tree. CORTICOSIX, kor-tê-kôse'. a. Full of bark CORVETTO, kêr-vét’tö. s. The curvet. CORUSCANT", kö-rås'kånt. a. Glittering by flashes, ſlashing. CORüšćAiſo N, Rör-ös-kāshān, s. Flasa, quick vibration of light. CORY MBIATED, kö-rimſbè-à-téd. a. Garnish- ed with branches of berries. CORYMBIFEROUS, kêr-im-bíf'êr-às. a. Bear- ing fruit or berries in bunches. CORYMBUS, kö-rím'bás. s. Amongst ancient botanists, clusters of berries: amongst modern botanists, a compounded discous flower; such º flowers of daisies and common mary- (){{lS. cășºr, kò'zhē-ăr. s. A botcher. Obsolete. COSMETICK, köz-mētik. a. Beautifying. COSMICAL, köz'mè-kál. a. Relating to the world ; rising or setting with the sun. CóšMićAffy, közºměřái.e. ad. With the sun. COSMOGONY, köz-mög'gö-nē. 518. The rise or birth of the world, the creation. ČOSMOGRAPHER, köz-mög'grá-fôr. s. 518. One who writes a description of the world. COSMOGRAPHICAL, kös-mê-gräf'é-kál. a. 509. Relating to a general description of the world. T COSMOGRAPHICALLY, kóz-mö-gräf'è-kāl-ć. ad. In a manner relating to the structure of the world. (‘USMOGRAPHY, kóz-mög'grä-fé. s. The sci- ence of the general system of the world; a ge- neral description of the universe. , 518. CQSMQPQLITAN, köz-mó-pôl'è-tán. R COSMOPOLITE, köz-möp'ö-lite. 156. A citizen of the world, one who is at home in every place. COST, kóst. s. The price of anything; charge, expense ; loss, detriment. To COST, köst. v. n. To be bought for, to be had at a price. COSTAL, kêstál. a. Belonging to the ribs. COSTARD, kós'íárd. s. A head, an apple round and bulky like the head. cºnve kös’tív. a. 157. Bound in the body; C1GSG. COSTIVENESS, kös'tiv-nās, s. The state of the body in which excretion is obstructed. COSTLINESS, köst'lè-nés. s. Sumptuousness, expensiveness. COSTLY, këstié. a. Sumptuous, expensive. COT, köt. . s. A small house, a hut, a mean habitation. COTANGENT, kö-tánjênt. . s. The tangent of an arch which is the complement of another to ninety degrees. COTEMPORARY, kö-tém'pë-rá-rè. a. at the sºme time, coetaneous. COTILLION, kö-til-yông'. s. French. A kind of dance. See Encoriš. COTERIE, kö-tär-ré'. s. .Ash. COTLAND, kot'lând. S. Land appendant to a .COttage. CöfööEAN.kötkwene. s. himself with women's affairs. COTTAGE, köttàge. s. 90. A hut, a mean habitation. COTTAGER, köy'tā-jör... s. One who lives in a hut or cottage; one who lives in the common, without paying rent. CQTTII R, köt'yer, s. 113. One who inhabits a cot. COTTON, köt'in. s 170. The down of the cot- ton-tree ; a plant. º: s. Cloth or stuff made of cotton. Living A club, a society. A man who busies *!"o COT köt’tn. v. n. To rise with a nap ; to cement, to unite with. 'i o COUCH, kóšitsh. v. m. 3+3. To lie down in a t"ace of repose ; to lie down on the knees as a 4 beast to rest; to lie down in ambush; to stoop or bend down, in fear, in pain. To COUCH, köätsh. v. a. To lay on a place of repose ; to lay down any thing in a stratum; to bed, to hide in another body; to include se- cretly, to hide; to fix the spear in the rest ; to depress the film that overspreads the pupil of the eye. COUCH, köätsh. s. A seat of repose ; a layer, a Stratum. *- COUCHANT, köätsh'ānt. a. Lying down, squat- ting. COUCHEE, köö'shēē. s. French. Bedtime, the time of visiting late at night: opposite to Levee. COUCHER, käätshör...". He that couches of denresses cataracts. cöß. köätsh'föl-ló. s. Bed-fellow, companion. COUCHGRASS, köätsh'grás. s. A weed. COVE, köve. s. A small creek or bay; a she'l- ter, a cover. COVENANT, käv'è-nānt. s. 165, 503. A contract, a stipulation ; a compact; a writing contana- ing the terms of agreement. To COVENANT, käv'é-nānt. v. n. To bargain, to stipulate. COVENANTEE, kāv š-mân-têé'. s. A party to a covenant, a stipulator, a bargainer. COVENANTER, käv'è-nān-tūr. s. One who takes a covenant. A word introduced in the civil wars. To COVER, käv'âr. v. a. 165. To overspread any thing with something else; to conceal ult: - der something laid over; to hide by superficial appearances; to overwhelm, to bury; to shel- ter, to conceal from harm; to brood on ; to copulate with a female ; to wear the hat. COVER, käv'âr. s. 98. Any thing that is laid over another; a concealment, a screen, a veil ; shelter, defence. COVERING, käv’ār-fng. s. Dress, vesture. COVERLET", käv’ār-lét s, 99. The outermost of the bed-clothes. COVERT, käv'ärt, s. 98. A shelter, a defence ; a thicket, or hiding-place. COVERT, käv'ärt, a. Sheltered, secret, hidden, insidious. COVERT-WAY, käv’ārt-wa'. s. A space of ground level with the field, three or four fathoin broad, ranging quite round the half moons or other works towards the country. COWERTLY, käv'ärt-lè. ad. Secretly, closely. COVERTNESS, käv'ärt-nēs. s. Secrecy, privacy. COVERTURE, käv'àr-tshūre. s. Shelter, de- fence : in law, the state and condition of a mar'- ried woman. To COVET, käv'ét, v. a. 99. To desire inordi- nately, to desire beyond due bounds; to desire earnestly. * To COVET, käv'ét. v. n. To have astrong desire. COVETABLE, käv'êt-à-bl. a. To be wished for. COVETOUS, käv'ê-tás. a. Inordinately desir- ous ; inordinately eager of money, avaricious. [[GP In the pronunciation of this word and its com- pounds, Mr. Sheridan has adopted a vulgar: ism, of which one could scarcely have suspected him; but pronouncing covetshus for covetous is not only a vulgarism, but contrary to analogy. All these diphthongs and diphthougal vowels which draw the preceding consonants to aspi. ration are such as commence with the sound of e; which, from its nearness to the sound of dou- ble e, and the nearness of this sound to the com- mencing sound of y, approaches to the hissing sound of s, z, and soft c, and in the absence of accent coalesces with them. T and D being formed in the same seat of sound as the s, z, and soft c, when the accent is before them, ea- sily slide into the same sound before similar vowels, but never before any other: for we might with as much propriety pronounce eq- lamitous and necessitous, calamitshus and necessº- tshus as covaults, cometshus. 459. - W COU COU }23 —nè, móve, nôr, nôt;—tube, túb, běi;—öd;—pöänd;—thin, T.IIIs. Č6VETOUSLY, käv'vé-tês-lè. ad. Avaricious- iv, eagerly. g covetOUSNESS, käv'vé-tás-nēs. s. Avarice, eagerness of gain. * COVEY, käv'vé. s. 165. A hatch, an old bird : her young ones; a number of birds to- grether. J. Cöjgh, köf. s. 321. A convulsion of the lungs. To COUGH, 1:6f. v. m. To have the lungs com- vulsed, to make a noise in endeavouring to eva- cuate the peccant matter from the lungs. To COUGH, köf. v. a. 391. To eject by a cough. COUGHER, kóf'för. s. 98. One that coughs. COWIN, käv'Ém. s. A fraudulent agreement be- tween two or more persons to the injury of an- other; a collusion. Ash. COWING, kö’víng. s. A term in building, used of houses that project over the ground-plot; a articular form of ceiling. COULD, kād. 320. The imperfect preterit of Can –See the word BEEN. COULTER, köle'tūr. s. 318. The sharp iron of the plough which cuts the earth. COUNCIL, köän'sſl. s. 313. An assembly of persons met together in consultation; persons called together to be consulted; the body of privy counsellors. COUNCIL-BOARD, köän'sil-bórd. s. Council- table ; table where matters of state are delib- erated. COUNSEL, köön'sél. s. 99. Advice, direction; deliberation : prudence; secrecy, the secrets intrusted in consulting ; scheme, purpose, de- sign ; those that plead a cause, the counsellors. [* The difference of Council and Counsel is, in cursory sº undistinguishable. To COUNSEL, köän'sél. v. a. 99. To give ad- vice or counsel to any person; to advise any thing. COUNSELLABLE, köän'sél-ā-bl. a. Willing to receive and follow advice. COUNSELLOR, köün'sél-lär. s. One that gives advice ; confidant, bosom friend ; one whose province is to deliberate and advise upon publick affairs; one that is consulted in a case of law. COUNSELLORSHIP, köän'sél-lār-ship. s. The office or post of privy counsellor. To COUNT, köänt. v. a. To number, to tell ; to reckon, to account, to consider as having a cer- tain character; to impute to, to charge to. To COUNT, köänt. v. n. 313. To lay a scheme ; to depend on. COUNT, kóšnt. s. Number; reckoning. cº T, köänt. s. A title of foreign nobility, an €3.I’l. COUNTABLE, köän'tá-bl. a. That which may be numbered. COUNTENANCE, köän'té-mânse. s. The form of the face, the system of the features, air, look ; confidence of mien, aspect of assurance ; affec- tation or ill-will, as it appears upon the face ; patronage, support. Tô CoûnîNANCE, köön'té-nānse. v. a. To support, to patronise, to make a show of; to encourage. COUNTENANCER, kóñn'tè-nān-sår. s. One that countenances or supports another. COUNTER, köün'tár. s. 98. A false piece of money used as a means of reckoning ; the form on which goods are viewed and money told in a shop. COUNTER, köäntär, ad. Contrary to, in op- position to ; the wrong way; contrary ways. To COUNTERACT, köän-tūr-ākt'. v. a. To hin- der any thing from its effect by contrary agen- CW. To £ounTERBALANCE, köän-tūr-bál'lánse. v. a. To act against with an opposite weight. II. We may observe, in words compounded off counter, an evident tendency to that distinetion that obtains between the moun and the verb in ; dissy ilables. Thus the verb to counterbalance has the accent on the third syllable, and the noun of the same for in on the first, and so of the rest. 492. köän'tūr-bāl-länse. COUNTERBALANCE, Opposite weight. To COUNTERBUFF, köön-tär-bäf'. v. a. To impei; to strike back. A COUNTERBUFF, köän'tūr-bāf. s. A stroke. that produces a recoil. COUNTERCASTER, köän'tär käs-tár. s. A bºok-keeper, a caster of accounts, a reckoner. JNot used. ** COUNTERCHANGE, kööm'tártshānje. s. Ex- change, reciprocation. • , To COUNTERCHANCE, kóšn-tär-tshānje'. v. a. To give and leceive. COUNTERCHARM, köän'tūr-tshārm. s. That by which a charm is dissolved. To COUNTERCHARM, köön tºr-tshārm'. v. a. To destroy the effect of an enchantment. To COUNTERCHECK, köün-tär-tshék'. v. a. § To oppose. * COUNTERCHECK, köän'tár-tshék. s. rebuke. To COUNTERDRAW, köän-tär-dràw'. v. a. To copy a design by means of an oiled paper, whereon the strokes appearing through, are traced with a pencil. COUNTEREVIi)ENCE, kö&n-tūr-év'é-dénse. s. Testimony by which the deposition of some former witness is opposed, To COUNTERFEIT, köän'tūr-fit. v. a. To co- py with an nutent to pass the copy for an origin- al; to imitate, to resemble. CGUNTERFEIT, köün'tūr-fit. a. Forged, fic- titious ; deceitful, hypocritical. COUNTERFEIT, köäntär-fit. s. One who per- somates another, an impostor; something made in imitation of another; a forgery. cºrphe EITER, kóün'tár-fit-àr. A orger. COUNTERFEITLY, köän'tär-fit-lè. ad. Falsely with forgery cº; S. Stop, S. W. *ERMENT, köün-tūr-fér'mént. s. Ferment opposed to ferment. COUNTERFORT, kóün'tūr-fört. s. Counterforts are pillars serving to support walls subject to bulge. cöğ TERGAGE, köün'tūr-gāje. s. A method used to measure the joints by transferring the breadth of a mortise to the place where the tenon is to be. COUNTERGUARD, köän'tūr-gård. s. 92. A small rampart with parapet and ditch. To COUNTERMAND, köän-tär-inánd'. v. a. 79. To order the contrary to what was ordered bc- fore ; to contradict the orders of another, COUNTERMAND, köūn'tár-mând. s. Repeal of a former order. To COUNTERMARCH, köän-tär-mârtsh'. v. li. See Count ERBALANCE. To march back- wards. COUNTERMARCH, köän'tär-mârtsh s. Retro cession, march backward; a change of mea- sures; alteration of conduct. COUNTERMARK, köän'tūr-mârk. s. or third mark put on a bale of of the Goldsmiths’ Company COUNTERMINE, kóšn'tūr-mâne. 5. A well or hole sunk into the ground, from which a gallery or branch runs out under ground, to seek out the enemy’s mine; means of opposition; a stratagem by which any contrivance is de- feated. To COUNTERMINE, köün-tär-mine'. v. a. To delve a passage into an enemy's mine; to counterwork, to defeat by secret measures. COUNTERMØTION, köän-tàr-mö'shān. S. Con trary motion. * * COUNTERMURE, köän'tūn-mêre s. A waſ: built up behind another wall. A second goods; the mark iº cº CO ty COU 124 gºt (if 559–Fâte, far, fall, fat;-m8, mét,-phºe, pin;– COUNTERNATUHAL, kóün-tär-nātsh'é-rál. a. Contrary to nature. COUNTERNOISE, köün'tūn-nóēze. s. A sound by which any other noise is overpowered. COUNTEROPENING, kóšn-tär-8'pm-ing s. An aperture on the contrary side. COUNTERPACE, kóün'tūr-pâse, s. measure. COUNTERPANE, kóün'tär-pâme. s. A coverlet for a bed, or any thing else woven in squares. COUNTERPART, köän'tár-pârt. s. The corres- ondent part. COUNTERPLEA, köän'tár-plé, s. replication. To COUNTERPLOT, kóšn-tär-plot'. v. a. To oppose one mach.ination by another. COUNTERPLOT, köðn'tär-plat. s. An artifice opposed to an artifice. COUNTERPOINT, köän'tūr-pôint s woven in squares. Contrary In law, a A coverlet A species of musick. To COUNTERPOISE, kóün-tär-pôèze'. v. a. To COUR ANTO, kār-rán'to. counterbalance, to be equiponderant to ; to produce a contrary action by an equal weight; to act with equal power against any person or Cat-i Sé. | COUNTERPOISE, köün'tūr-poèze s. Equipon- derance, equivalence of weight; the state of being placed in the opposite scale of the bal- ance ; equipollence, equivalence of power. | COUNTERPOISON, ... s. Anti- dote. COUNTERPRESSURE, köön-tär-prèsh'óre. s. Opposite force. COUNTERPROJECT, , kóün-tūr-pródjékt. Correspondent part of a scheme. COUNTERSCARP, köön'tūr-skärp. s. That side of the ditch which is next the camp. To COUNTERSIGN, kóšn-tár-sime'. v. a. To sign an order or patent of a superiour, in quali- ty of secretary, to render the thing more au- thentick. UOUNTERTENOR, köön-tär-têu'nār. s. One of the meal, or middle parts of musick, so call- ed, as it were, opposite to the tenor. COUNTERTIDE, kóšn'tūr-tide. s. Contrary tide. COUNTERTIME, köän'tūr-time. s. Defence, opposition. COUNTERTURN, kóün'tär-tºrn. s. The height and full growth of the play, we may call pro- perly the Counterturn, which destroys expec. tation). To COUNTERVAIL, köän-tär-väle'. v. a. To be equivalent to, to have equal force or value, to act against with equal power. COUNTERVAIL, köän'tär-våle. s. Equal weight : that which has equal weight or value. COUNTERVIEW, köön'tärvi. s. Opposition, a posture in which two persons front each ouher ; contrast. To COUNTERWORK, kóün-tär-wórk'. v. a. To counteract, to hinder by contrary operations. COUNTES5, kööm'tés. s. The lady of an earl or Count. COUNTING-HOUSE, köän'ting-hôāse. s. The room appropriated by traders to their books and accounts, COUNTLESS, köämt'lés. a. out number. COUNTRY, kān'tré. s. A tract of land, a re- gion; rural parts; the place of one’s birth, the native soil; the inhabitants of any region. COUNTRY, kān'tré. a. Rustick, rural; remote from cities or courts; peculiar to a region or people ; rude, ignorant, untaught. e- CôUNTRYMAN, kān'tré mán. S. 88. One born in the game country; a rustick, one that inha- bits the rural parts; a farmer, a husbandman. COUNTY, köän'té. s. A shire; that is, a cir- cult or portion of the realm, into which the whole land is divided ; a count, a lord. Obso- Hete in this last sense. S. Innumerable, with- | f | COUPLE, kāp'pl. s. 314. A chain or tye that holds dogs together ; two, a brace; a male and isis, female.—See To Co DLE. To COUPLE, kāppi. v. a. 405. To chaim toge ther; to join to one another; to marry, to wed To COUPLE, kāp'pl. v. m. To join embráces. COUPLE-BEGGAR, kāppi-bég-ăr. s. One that makes it his business to marry beggars to each othºr. COUPLET, kāp'lét. s. Two verses, a pair of 1 hymes ; a pair, as of doves. COURAGE, kāy'ridje. s. fortitil le. |COURAGEOUS, kār-rājē-ăs. a. Brave, daring, bold. COURAGEOUSLY, kār-rājë-ás-lè. ad. Bravely, Stoutly, boldly. * COUR SGEOUSNESS, kār-rājë-às-nēs. s. Bra- very, boldness, spirit, courage. Tº Jr. * - t?. ". & any thing that spreads quick, as a paper of In Gº WS To COURB, köörb. v. m. To bend, to bow. Ob- soteſe. COURIER, köö'rèër. s. 275. A messenger sen in haste. || 3 This word is perfectly French, and often unakes a plain Englishman the object of laugh- ter to the polite world by pronouncing it like Cur, cer', a dresser of leather. COURSE, kórse. s. 318 Race, career; passage from place to place; tilt, act of running in the lists; ground on which a race is run ; track or line in which a ship sails; sail; means by which the course is performed ; order of succession ; series of successive and methodical procedure; the elements of an art exhibited and explained, in a methodical series; method of life, train of actions; natural bent, uncontrolled will ; cata- menia; number of dishes set on at once upon the table; empty form. To COURSE, körse. v. a To hunt, to pursue, to pursue with dogs that hunt in view ; to put to speed, to force to run. To COURSE, körse. v. m. To run, to rove about. COURSER, kêr'sár. s. A swift horse, a war º ; one who pursues the sport of coursing 3. CS. COURT, körte. s. 318. The place where the prince resides, the palace ; the hall or chamber where justice is administered; open space be- fore a house ; a small opening enclosed with houses and paved with broad stones; persons who compose the rétinue of a prince; persons who are assembled for the administration o. justice ; any jurisdiction, military, civil, or ecclesiastical ; the art of pleasing, the art of lil Sinuation. To COURT, körte. v. a. To woo, to solicit a woman to marriage; to solicit, to seek; to flat- ter, to endeavour to please. COURT-CHAPLAIN, körte-tshāp'lin. s. One who attends the king to celebrate the holy offices. COURT-DAY, körte-dà'. s. Day on which jus- tice is solemnly administered. .# COURT-FAWOUR, kêrte-fa'vár. s. Favours or benefits bestowed by princes. COURT-HAND, körte'hāmd. s. The hand or manner of writings used in records and judicial proceedings. COURT-LADY, kêrte-lâ'dè. s. A lady conver- sant in court. $ COURTEOUS, kêr'tshö-às. a. 314. Elegant of manners, well bred. y COURTEOUSLY, kär'tshö-ös-lè. ad. Respect- fully, civilly, cºmplaisantly. & COURTEOUSNESS, kär'tshe-às-nēs. s. Civility, cółºś. {. * £: N, Jº 4.- : g COURTEZAN, : kār-tê-zán * 3. 523, 90. Bravery, active ; s. {{}{JPEE, kóð-pèë'. s. A motion in dancing. A woman of the town; a prostitute, á strumpet. COZ CRA 125 —nó, móve, nér, mót;—túbe, tith, būll —&l,—pôānd;—thin this COIJRTESY, kär’té-sé. s. Flegance of manners, civility, complaisance; an act of civility or re- spect; a tenure not of right, but of the favour of others. COURTESY, kärt'sé. s. by women. II; This word, when it signifies an act of rever- ence, is not only deprived of one of its sylla- bles by all speakers, but by the vulgar has its last syllable changed into che or tshe, as if writ- ten curt-she ; this impropriety, however, seems daily to lose ground even among the lower or- ders of the people, who begin to restore the s to its pure sound. To COURTESY, kärt'sé. v. n. To perform an act of reverence; to make a revèrence in the manner of ladies. COURTIER, körtelyár. s. 113. One that fre- quents or attends the courts of princes ; one that courts or solicits the favour of another. ^^URTLIKE, körte'like... a. Elegant, polite. COURTLINESS, körte'lè-nēs. s. Elegance of manners, complaisance, civility. COURTLY, körte'lé. a. Relating or appertain- ing to the court, elegant, soft, flatten ing. £OURTSHIP, körte'ship. s. The act of solicit- ing favour; the solicitation of a woman to mai- The reverence made riage. COUSIN, kāz'zm. s. 314, 159. Any one collate- rally related more remotely than a brother or a sister; a title given by the king to a nobleman, articularly to those of the council. & ców. köä. s. 323. The female of the bull. To COW, köä. v. a. To depress with fear. COW-HERD, köä'hérd. s. One whose occupa- tion is to tend cows. COW-HOUSE, kóü'hôāse. s. The house in which kine are kept. COW-LEECH, köö'lètsh. s. One who professes to cure distempered cows. COW-WEED, köä'w éde, s. A species of chervil COW-WHEAT, köä'hwöte. s. A plant. COWARD, kóü'ärd. S. 88, 323. A poltron, a wretch whose predominant passion is fear : it is sometimes used in the manner of an odiective. COWARDICE, kóü'ār-dºs. s 142. Fear, habitu- al timidity, want of courage. COWARDLINESS, köü Örd-lè-nēs. s. Timidity, cowardice. COWARDLY, köā'ārd-lè. s. Fearful, timorous, pusillamimous ; mean, befitting a coward. COWARDLY, köö'ārd-lè. ad. In the manner of a coward. To COWER, köö'âr. v. n. 223. To sink by bend- ing the knees, to stoop, to shrink. COWISH, kóš'ish. a. Timorous, fearful. JNot used. COWKEEPER, köä'ké-pâr. s. One whose busi- mess is to keep cows. COWL, köül. s. 323. A monk’s hood ; a vessel, in which water is carried on a pole hetween two. COWL-STAFF, köül'stäf. s. The staff on which a vessel is supported between two men. COWSLIP, köö'slip. s. Cowslip is also called pagil, and is a species of primrose. COXCOMB, köks'köme. s. The top of the head; the comb resembling that of a cock, which li- censed fools wore formerly in their caps; a flow- er; a fop, a superficial pretender. COXCOMBRY, köks'kóme-ré. s. Foppishness.- Lady Maru. W. Montague. COXCOMICAL, kāks-köm'ík-ál. conceited. COXCOMBLY,köks'kôme-lè.a. Conceited...Mason. COY, köé. a. Modest, decent; reserved, not ac- cessible. To COY, köé. v. p. 329. To behave with reserve, to reject familiarity; not to condescend wil- a. Foppish, lingly. cč%. köé'lè. ad. With reserve. COYNESS, köé'nés. s. Reserve, unwillingness to become familiar. COZ, kāz. s. A cant or familiar word, contrac- ted from cousin. Af To COZEN, kāz'zn. v. a. 159, 314 To cheat, to trick, to defraud. COZENAGE, kāz'zm-āje. s. 90. Fraud, deceit, trick, cheat. & & COZINER, kāz'zn-ăr. s. 98. A cheater, a de. frauder. CRAB, kläb. s. A shell-fish; a wild apple- the tree that bears a wild apple; a peevish, mo-' rose person ; a wooden engine with three claws for launching ships ; a sign of the zodiack. CRABBED, kräb'béd. a. 366. Peevish, morose, harsh, unpleasing ; difficult, Pºlº CRABBEDLY, kräb'béd-lè. ad. Peevishly. CRABBEDNESS, kräb'bād-nés. s. Sourness of taste ; sourness of countenance, asperity of manners ; di cºlt, . CR ABER, krá'bār s The water-rat. CR ABS-EYES, kräbs'ize. s. Small whitish boo dies found in the common crawfish, resembling the eves of a crab. CRACK, kräk. s. A sudden disruption ; chink; fissure, narrow breach ; the sound of any body bursting or falling ; , any sudden and quick sound ; any breach, injury, or diminution, a flaw ; craziness of intellect; a man crazed ; a whore ; a boast : a boaster These last are low and vulgar uses of the word. To CRACK, kräk. v. a. To break into chinks; to break, to split; to do any thing with quick- ness or smartness ; to break or destroy any thing ; to craze, to weaken the intellect. To CRACK, kräk. v. m. To burst, to open in chinks; to fall to ruin ; to utter a loud and sudden sound ; to boast, with Of. CRACK-BRAINED, kräk-brand'. a. 359. Crazy without right reason. CRACK-HEMP, krák'hémp. s. to the gallows. A low word. CRACKER, kräk'êr. s. A noisy boasting fellow a quantity of gunpowder confined so as to burst with great noise. To CRACKLE, krák'isl. v. n. 405. To make slight cracks, to make small and frequent sharp sounds. CRADLF, krä'dl. s. 405. A moveable bed, on which children or sick persons are agitated with a smooth motion ; infancy, or the first A wretch fated part of life : with surgeons, a case for a broken , bone : with shipwrights, a frame of timber raised along the outside of a ship. To CRA D LE, krä'dl. v. a. To lay in a cradle. CRADLE-CLOTHES, krä'dl-kloze. s. Bed clothes belonging to a cradle. CRAFT, kräft s. 79. Manual art, trade; fraud, cunning ; small sailing vessels Obso- To CRAFT, knäft. v. n. To play tricks. CRAFTILY, kräf'té-lè. ad. Cummingly, artfully, Je’e. \. CRAFTINESS, kräf'té-nés. s. Cunning strata- €m. cãºrsMAN , kräfts'mán. s. An artificer, a manufacturer. CRAFTSMASTER, kräfts'más-têr. s. A man skilled in his trade. CRAFTY, kräfte. a. Cunning, artful. * CRAG, kräg. s. A rough steep rock; the rugged protuberances of rocks; the neck. CRAGGED, kräggéd. a. 366. Full of inequalities., º: and prominences. CRAGGEDNESS, kräg'géd-nēs s. Fulness of crags or prominent rocks. CRAGGINESS, kräg'gènés. s. The state of be ing §§§gy. CRAGGY, kräg'gé. a. 383. Rugged, full of pro- minences, rough. g To CRAM, kräm. v. a. To stuff, to fill with more than can conveniently be held; to fill with. food be ond satiety; to thrust in by force. To CRAM, kräm. v. a. To eat beyond satiety. CRAMBO, klänn'bó. s. A play in which one- gives a word, Jo which another finds a rhyme. CRAMP, krämp. s. A spasm or contraction of . the limbs; a restriction, a confinement : a piece' * CRA t CRE 126 IP 559—Fête, far, fall, fat-me, mét;—pine, pin;– of iron bent at each end, by which two bodies are held together. CRAMP, krämp. a. Difficult, knotty. A low term. To CRAMP, krämp. v. a. To pain with cramps or twitches; to restrain, to confine ; to bind with crampirons. * CRAMP-FISH, krämp'fish. s. The torpedo, which benumbs the hands of those that touch it. CRAMPIRON, krämp ‘l-ārn, s. See CRAMP. CRANAGE, krä midje. s. 90. A liberty to use a crane for drawing up wares from the vessels. CRANE, kräme. s. A bird with a long beak; an instrument made with ropes, pullies, and hooks, by which great weights are raised ; a crooked pipe for drawing liquors out of a cask. CRANES BILL, kränz'bīl. s. An herb ; a pair of pincers terminating in a point, used by surgeons. CRANIUM. krä'nè-àm. s. 507. The skull. CRANK, krängk. s. 408. A crank is the end of an iron axis turned square down, and again turned square to the first turning down ; any bending or winding passage, any conceit form- ed by twisting or changing a word. CRANK, krängk. a. Healthy, sprightly; among sailors, a ship is said to be crank when loaded near to be overset. To CRANKLE, kräng'kl. v. n. 405. To run in and out. To CRANKLE, kräng'kl. v. a. To break into unequal surfaces. CRANKNESS, kränglº'nés. s. disposition to overset. CRANNIEI), krán'né-éd. s. A chink, a cleft. CRAPE, kräpe. s. A thin stuff loosely woven. To CRASH, kräsh. v. m. To make a loud com- plicated noise, as of many things falling. To CRASH, kräsh. v. a. To break, to bruise. CRASH, kräsh. s. A loud mixed sound. CRASS, krás. a Gross, coarse, not subtile. CRASSITUDE, kräs'sè-täde. s. Grossness, CO3rSen.&S.S. CRASTINATION, krás-tê-nā’shām. s. Delay. CRATCH, krätsh. s. The pallisaded frame in which hay is put for cattle. CRAWAT, krā-vät'. s. A neckcloth. tº Dr. Johnson tells us this word is of uncertain etymology. It is certain, however, that it comes from the French ; and Menage tells us it arose among them from the Croats, who, be- ing in alliance with France against the Empe- ror, came to Paris, and were remarked for the limen they wore about their necks This soon became a fashion, and was called after the original wearers Croat, which, by a small alter- ation, became Cravat. This word is sometimes, but improperly, pronounced with the accent on the first syllable. This pronunciation is adopted only by Dr. Ash, and Buchanam, while Dr. Johnson, Mr. Elphinstone, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Kenrick, Entick, and Bailey, are uniformly for the ac- cent on the last syllable. To CRAVE, kräve. v. a. To ask with earnest- mess, to ask with submission, to ask insatiably; to long, to wish unreasonably ; to call for im- portunately. CRAVEN, Krá'vn. s. 103. A cock conquered and dispirited ; a coward, a recreamt. To CRAVEN, krä'vn. v. a. To make recreamt or cowardly. Health, vigour ; To CRAUNCH, kräntsh. v. a. 214. To crush in the mouth. CRAW, kräw. s. The crop or first stomach of birds. CRAWFISH, kräw'fish. s. A small shell-fish found in brooks. To CRAWL, kräwl. v. m. To creep, to move with a slow motion ; to move without rising from the ground, as a worm; to move weakly and slowly t CRAWiññ, krawlär. s. A creeper, any thing that creeps, CRAYFISH, kräw'fish. s. The river lobster- See CRAwfish. CRAYON, krā'ān. s. . A kind of pencil, a roll of paste to draw lines with ; a drawing done with a crayon. +. To CRAZE, krāze. v. a. To break, to crush, to weaken; to crack the brain, to impair the in tellect. CRAZEDNESS, krá'zéd-nēs. s. 365. Decrepi- tude, brokenness. s CRAZINESS, krä'zè-nés. s. State of being cra- zy, imbecility, weakness. CRAZY, krä'zè, a. Broken, decrepit; broken-wit ted, shattered in the intellect; weak, shattered. To CREAK, krèke. v. n. To make a harsh noise CREAM, krème. s. The unctuous or oily part of milk To CREAM, krème. v. n. To mantle or froth. CREAM-FACED, krème'fäste. a. arel-looking. CREAMY, krè'mè. a. Full of cream. CREASE, krèse, s. 427. A mark made by doub- ling any thing. To CREASE, krèse. v. a. To mark any thing by doubling it, so as to leave the impression. To CREATE, kré-àte'. v. a. To form out of no- thing, to cause to exist; to produce, to cause, to be the occasion of; to beget; to invest with any new character. CREATION, krè-à'shôn. s. The act of creating or conferring existence ; the act of investing with new character ; the things created, the universe; any thing produced, or caused. . CREATIVE, krè-à'tív. a. 157. Having the pow er to create; exerting the act of creation. CREATOR, krè-à'túr. s. 166. The Being that bestows existence. & CREATURE, krè'tshöre. . s. 461, 462. A being created; an animal not human; a word of con tempt for a human being; a word of petty ten- derness; a person who owes his rise or his for tune to another. CREATURELY, krè'tshūre-lè. a. Having the qualities of a creature. g CREDENCE, kré'dénse. s. Belief, credit; that which gives a claim to credit or belief. tº CREDENDA, kré-dén'dá. s. Latin. 92. Things to be believed, articles of faith. CREDENT, krè'dént. a. Believing, easy of be lief; having credit, not to be questioned. CREDENTIAL, kré-dén'shäl. s. That which gives a title to credit. º CREDIBILITY, kréd-e-bil'è-té. . s. Claim to credit, possibility of obtaining belief, probabi. lity. CREDIBLE, kréd'é-bl. . a. 405. Worthy of credit, having a just claim to belief. * * * * * * CREDIBLENESS, kréd'ê-bl-nēs. s. Credibili- ty, worthiness of belief, just claim to belief. CREDIBLY, krédè-blé. ad. In a manner that claims belief. CREDIT, krédit. s. Belief; honour, reputa- tion, good opinion ; faith, testimony ; trust re- posed; promise given; influence, power not compulsive. e To CREDIT, krédit. v. a. To believe ; to pro- cure credit or honour to any thing ; to trust, to confide in ; to admit as a debtor. CREDITABLE, kréd'ít-à-bl. a. above contempt; estimable. , CREDITABLENESS, kréd?t-à-bl-nés. S. Re- utation, estimation. cłºś. kréd'ít-à-blé. ad. without disgrace, CREDITOR, kréd'ít-tár. s. 166. He to whom a debt is owed, he that gives credit, correlative to debtor. º CREDULITY, kré-dûlé-tê. s. Easiness of be- lief. CREDULOUS, krèdjè-Hås. a. 314, 293. Apt to believe, unsuspecting, easily deceived. gather cream ; to Pale, cow- beputable, Reputably, - CRI z CRI 127 —né, mēve, mēr, nét;—túbe, túb, bill;-&il;—pöänd;—thin, THIs. CREDULOUSNESS, krédjū-lás-mês, s. ness to believe, credulity. CREED, krèèd. . s. A form of words in which the articles of faith are comprehended; any solemn profession of principles or opinions. To CREEK, krèék. v. a. To make a larsh 11OISé. CREEK, krèëk. s. 246. A prominence or jut in a winding coast; a small port, a bay, a COWe. CREEKY, krèé'kè. a. Full of creeks, unequal winding. To ğp, krèëp. v. n. 246. To move with the belly to the ground without legs; to grow along the ground, or on other supports; to move forward without bounds or leaps, as in- sects; to move slowly and feebly ; to move timorously, without soaring, or venturing ; to behave with servility, to fawn, to bend. CREEPER, krèë'púr. s. 98. A plant that supports itself by means of some stronger bo- ; an iron used to slide along the grate in kitchens; a kind of patten or clog worn by wo- In 611. CREEPHOLE, krèëp'hôle. s. A hole into which any animal may creep to escape danger ; a subterfuge, an excuse. CREEPINGLY, krèëp'ing-lè. ad. Slowly, af. ter the manner of a reptile. Apt- & To CREPITATE, krép'é-täte. v. n. 91. To make a small crackling noise. cREPITATION, Krépì-tāshān. s. A small crackling noise ÜREPT, krépt. Particip. from Creep. CREPUSCULE, krè-pås'kūle. s. Twilight. CREPUSCULOUS, krè-pâs'kè-läs. a. Glim- mering, in a state between light and darkness. CRESößNT, krés'sént a. Increasing, grow- 1129. - CRESCENT, krés'sént. s. The moon in her state of increase, any similitude of the moon in- creasing. CRES WE, Kress, a. 157. Increasing, grow- Ing. * CRESS, krés. . s. . An herb. CRESSET, krés'sét. s. 99. A great light set upon a beacon, light-house, or watch-tower. CREST, krést. s. The plume of feathers on the top of the helmet; the ornament of the helmet in heraldry; any tuft or ornament of the head; ride, spirit, fire. CRESTED, krés'téd. a. , Adorned with plume or crest; wearing a comb. CREST-FALLEN, krést'ſ film. a. sumk, heartless, Spiritless. CRESTfºss, ºrétis a Not dignified with CO at #Tºloli F. CRETACEOUS, krè-tà'shùs. a. with chalk, chaiky. CRETATED, krè'tà-téd. a. Rubbed with chalk. CREVICE, krév'ís. s. 142. A crack, a cleft. CREW, króð. s. 339. A company of people associated for any purpose ; the company of a ship. It is now generally used in a bad sense. CREW, króð. The preterit of Crow. CREWEL, króð’īl. s. 99. Yain twisted and wound on a knot or ball. 3. CRIB, krib. s. The rack or manger of a sta- ble; the stall or cabin of an ox; a small habi- tation, a cottage. “ To CRIB, krib. v. a. To shut up in a narrow habitation, to cage; to steal. A low phrase. CRIBBAGE, krib'bidje. s. 90. A game at cards. CRIBRATION, kri-brå'shān. s. 123. The act of sifting. CRICK, krik. . s. The noise of a door; a pain- ful stiffness in the neck. Dejected, Abounding CRICKET, krikkit. s.99. An insect that squealisi or chirps about ovems and fireplaces ; a sport, at which the contenders drive a hall with sticks ; a low seat or story!, CRIER, kri'ār. s. 98. The officer whose business is tº Cry or make proclamation. CRIME, krime. s. An act contrary to right, an " offence, a great fault. CRIMEFUL, krime'föl. a. Wicked, criminal. CRIMELESS, krime'lés. a Innocent, without CFI （16. CRIMINAL, krim'ê-nāl. a. 88. Faulty, contra to right, contrary to duty; guilty, tainted wi Crime ; not civil, as a criminal prosecution. CRIMINAL, kräm'ê-mál. s. A man accused of a crime; a man guilty of a crime. cº ALLY, krini'é-nāl-lè. ad. Wickedly, guiltily. CRIMINALNESS, krim'é-nāl-nēs. s. Guiltiness. CRIMINATION, krīm-è-nā'shān. s. The act of accusing, arraignment, charge. CRIMINATORY, ºrs. a. Relating to accusation, accusing. CRIMINQUS, krim'é-nās. a. Wicked, iniquitous. CRIMINOUSLY, krim'é-nās-lè. ad. Very wick- edly. CRIMINOUSNESS, krim'é-nās-nēs. s. Wicked- ness, guilt, crime. QRIMP, krimp. a. Crisp, brittle, easily crumbled. To CRIMPLE, krim'pl. v. a. 465. To contract, to cause to shrink, to curl. CR!MSON, krím'zú. s. 170. Red, somewhat darkened with blue; red in general. To CRIMSON, krim'zm. v. a. To dye with Crilºš On CRINCUM, kringk'âm, s. A cramp; a eon tº action; whimsey A cant word. CRINGE, krinje. s. Bow, servile civility. To CRINGE, krinje. v. a. To draw together, to contract. Little used. To CRINGE, krinje. v. m. To bow, to pay court, to fawn, to flatter. CRINIGEROUS, kri-nidjè-rås. a. 123. Hairy, overgrown with hair, CRINITE, kri'nite. a. Seemingly having a tail of long hair. Mason. To CitiWKiſſ, kring'k!. v. n. To go in and out, to run in flexures. Obsolete. CRINQSE, kri-nóse'. a. Hairy, full of hair. CRIPPLE, krip'pl. s. 405. A lame man. T Citi PPLE, krip'pl., v. a. To lame, to make 3i (16. CRIPPLENESS, krip'pl-nēs. s. Lameness. CRISIS, kri'sfs. s. The point in which the disease kills, or changes to the better; the point of time at which any affair comes to the height. CRISP, krisp. a. Curled; indented, winding; brºttle, frigible. To CRISP, krisp. v. a. To curl, to contract into knots; to twist; to indent; to run in and out. CRISPATION, kris-pâ'shán. s. The act of culi- ing; the state of being curled. QRISPING-PIN, krisping-pin. s. A curling-iron. CRISPNESS, krisp'nés. s. Curledness. CRISPY, kris'pě. a. Curled. CRITERION, kri-téré-àn. s. 123. A mark by which aily thing is judged of, with regard to its goodness or badness. [[G. The plural of this word, like phenomena and a few others, seems to be established by the pre- vailing propriety of appearing leaned in Greek and Latin , and an Englishman who should in the simplicity of his heart write or pronounce ºfeſſions for criteria, would be pitied or despised. Till lately, however, there was a reluctance at offending our own analogy, and though crite- rig was used, it was generally shown to be an alien º printing it in a different character; . but pedantry has at last so far prevailed as to associate it without distinction, and by this - means to add to the disgraces ºf our language. CRITICK, i.rºt'ik. s. A. ::man skilled in the art or judging of iiterature; a censurer, a man apt to find failt. CRITICK, krštík. a. Critical, relating to criti. £1Słłł. ** CRO CRO 123 w [[G 559-Fāte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—plme, pin ;- CRITICK, krit'ík. ..s. A critical examination, critical remarks ; science of criticism. CRITICAL, krt'é-kál. a. Exact, nicely judi- cious, accurate ; relating to criticism, captious, inclined to find fault; comprising the time at which a great event is determined. CRITICALLY, krit'é-kāl-ć. ad. In a critical manner, exactly, curiously. CRITICALNESS, krit'é-kāl-nēs. s. accuracy To CRITICISE, krit'é-size. v. n. 153. To play ºf tick, to judge; to animadvert upon as 'aulty. To CRITICISE, krſt'é-size. v. a. To censure, to assjudgment upon. C #. krit'é-sizm. s. Criticism is a stand- ard of judging well ; remark, animadversion, critical observations. To CROAK, kröke. v. m. To make a hoarse low moise like a frog; to caw or cry, as a raven or CrOW. CROAK, kröke. s. The cry or voice of a frog or Y'a Ven. CROCEOUS, krô'shē-ăs. a. 357. Consisting of saffron, like saffrom. CROCK, krök s. A cup, any vessel made of earth. CROCKERY, krók'ār-e. s. 555. Earthen ware. CROCODILE, krók'ó-dil. s. 145. An amphibious voracious animal, in shape resembling a lizard, and found in Egypt and the Indies. [[P Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, and Perry, make the i in the last syl- lable short, as I have done ; and Buchanan is the only one who makes it long. CROCUS, krô'kás. s. An early flower. CROFT, krôft. s. A little close joining to a house that is used for corn or pasture. CROISADE, krôé-såde' s. A Holy war. CRUSADF. CROISES, krôé'séz. s. Pilgrims who carry a cross; soldiers who fight against infidels. CRONE, krôme. s. An old ewe ; in contempt, an old woman. CRONY, krôné. s. An old acquaintance. CROOK, kröök. s. Any crooked or bent instru- ment; a sheep-hook; any thing bent. & To CROOK, kröök. v. a. To bend, to turn into a hook; to pervert from rectitude. CROOKBACK, króók'bák. s. A man that has ibbous shoulders. CHOOKBACKED, króók'bákt. a. 359. Having bent shoulders. - CROOKED, króók'éd. a. 366. Bent, not straight, curve; winding, oblique ; perverse, untoward, without rectitude of mind CROOKEDLY, króók'éd-lè. ad Not in a straight line; untowardly, not compliantly CROOKEDNESS, króók'éd-nés. S. Deviation from straightness, curvity; deformity of a gibbous body. CROP, krôp. s. The traw of a bird. CROPFUL krôp'föl. a. 3atiated with a full bell v. CROPSICK, krôp'sſk. a. Sick with excess and debauchery. CROP, krôp. s. The harvest, the corn gathered off the field; any thing cut oft. To CROP, króp. v. a. To cut off the ends of any thing, to mow, to reap , to cut off the eats. To CROP, krôp. v m. To yield harvest. JYo! alsed. CROPPER, krôp'për. s. A kind of pigeon with a large crop. cñóšć. krô'zhè-ér. S. 451, 453. The pasto- ral staff of a bishop. CROSLET, krös'lét. s.99. A small cross. . CROSS, krós. s. One straight body laid at right angles over another; the ensign of the Chris- tian religion; a monument with a cross upon it to excite devotion, such as were anciently Exactness, See set in market-places. a line dawn through another ; any thing that thwarts or obstructs, inistortune. hindrange, vexation, opposition, misadventure, trial of patience; money so call- ed, because marked with a cross. CROSS, krós. a. Transverse, falling athwart son-ething else ; adverse, opposite; perverse, untractable; peevish, fretful, ill-humoured; con. trary, contradictory; contrary to wish, unfor- tuilate, CROSS, krós. prep. Athwart, so as to intersect any thing ; over, from side to side. To CROSS, krös. v. a To lay one body, or draw one line athwart another ; to sign with the cross; to mark out, to cancel, as to cross an article ; to pass over ; to thwart, to interpose obstruction ; to counteract ; to contravene, to hinder by authority; to contradict ; to be in- consistent. CROSS-BAR-SHOT, krós'bár-shöt. s. A round shot, a great bullet, with a bar of iron put through it. To CROSS-EXAMINE, krós'égz-ámſºn. v. a. To try the faith of evidence by captious questions of the contrary party. CROSS-STAFF, krós'stäf. s. An instrument commonly called the fore-staff, used by sea- men to take the meridian altitude of the sun or StarS. CROSSBITE, krós'bite. s. A deception, a cheat. To CROSSBITE, krôs"bite. v. a. To contravene by deception CROSSBOW, krós"bó. s. A missive weapon formed by placing a bow athwart a stock. CROSSGRAiNED, krös gränd. a. 359. Having the fibres transverse or irregular ; perverse, troublesome, vexatious. CROSSLY, krös'iè. ad. Athwart, so as to inter. sect something else ; oppositely, adversely, in opposition to ; unfortunately. CROSSNESS, krös-nēs. s. Transverseness, in- tersection ; perverseness, peevishness. CROSSROW, krös-rö'. s. Alphahet, so named because a cross is placed at the beginning, to show that the end of learning is piety. CROSSWIND, krós'wind... s. Wind blowing from the right or left.—See WIND. CROSSWAY, krös'wa. s. A small obscure path intersecting the chief road. CROSSWORT, krós'wart. s. 166. A plant. CROTCH, krótsh. s. A hook. CROTCHET, krótsh'ét. s. 99. In musick, one of the notes or characters of time, equal to half a minim ; a piece of wood fitted into another to support a building: in printing, hooks in which words are included [thus] ; a perverse conceit, an odd fancy. To CROUCH, króñtsh. v. m. 313. To stoop low, to lie close to the ground; to fawn, to bend servilely. CROUP, króðp. s. 315. A disease usually called º the rump of a fowl; the buttocks of a } () is 8. CIROUPADES, króð-pâdz'. s. than those of corvets. CHOW, krö. s. 324. A large black bird that feeds upon the carcasses of beasts ; a piece of iron used as a level ; the voice of a cock, or the lioise which he makes in his gaiety. CROW FOOT, krô'föt. s. A flower. To CROW, kró. v. m. Pret. Crew or Crowed. To make the poise which a cock makes ; to boast, to bully, to vapour. CROWD, krôād. s. 323. A multitude confusedly pressed together; a promiscuous medley; the vulgar, the populace; a fiddle. To CROWD, kiößd. v. a. To fill with confused multitudes; to press close together; to incum- ber by multitudes. To crowd sail, a sea phrase: to spread wide the sails upon the yards To CHOWD, krôād. v. m. To swarm, to be mu merous and confused; to thrust among a muſ tli” ide. CHOW, XER, kiöö'dër. s. A fiddler Are higher leaps -- #29 CRY —nº, move, nãr, nôt;—töbe, tab, būll;-&il;—päänd;—thin, this. CROWKEEPER, krô'kè-pâr. s. A scarecrow. CROWN, krôān. s. 323. The ornament of the head which denotes imperial and regal dignity; a garland; a reward, honorary distinction ; regal power; royalty; the top of the head ; the top of anything, as of a mountain ; part of the hat that covers the head ; a piece of money : honour, ornament, decoration ; completion, accomplishment. CROWN-IMPERIAL, krôān-im-pè'rè-ál. s. A plant. To CROWN, krôān. v. a. To invest with the crown or regal ornament; to cover as with a crown; to dignify, to adorn, to make illustri- ous ; to reward, to recompense ; to complete, to perfect; to terminate, to finish. CROWNGLASS, krôān'glás. s. The finest sort of window glass. . . . CROWNPOST, krôān'pëst. s. A post which, in some buildings, stands upright in the middle, between two principal rafters. CROWNSCAB, krôān'scáb. s. A stinking filthy scab round a horse's hoof. - CROWNWHEEL, krôān'hwéle s. The upper wheel of a watch.' - CROWNWORKS, krôān'wärks. s. In fortifica- tion, bulwarks advanced towards, the field to gain some hill or rising ground. CROWNET, krôān'ét. g. The same with coro- met ; chief end, last purpose. - CROYLSTONE, krôl'stöhe. s. Crystallized cauk. CRUCIAL, kröö'shē-ăl. a. 357. Transverse, in- tersecting one another. To CRUCFATE, króð'shē-ăte. v. a. to torment, to excruciate. - CRUCIBLE, króð'sè-bl. s. A chymist's melting- ing-pot made of earth. CRUCIFEROUS, króð-sif'é-rás. a. Bearing the CrOSS. CRUCIFIER, króð'sè-fi-àr. s. He that inflicts the punishment of crucifixion. CRUCIFIX, króð'sè-fſks. 8. A representation in picture or statuary of our Lord's passion. CRUCIFIXION, króð-sè-fík'shön. s. The punish- ment of mailing to a cross. - CRUCIFORM, króð sé-förm. form of a cross. To CRUCIFY, króð'sè-fi. v. a. 183. To put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross set upright. - CRUDE, króðd. a. 339. Raw, not subdued by fire; not changed by any process or prepara- tion ; harsh, unripe ; unconnected; not well digested ; not brought to perfection, immature; having indigested motions. . CRUDELY, Króðd'lé. ad. Unripely, without due preparation. 3. CRUDENESS, króðd'nés. s. Unripeness, indi- gestion. - CRUDITY, kröö'dè-té. s. Indigestion, incon- coction, unripeness, want of maturity. CRUEL, króð’īl. a. 339, 99. Pleased with hurt- ing others, inhuman, hard-hearted, barbarous: of things, bloody, mischievous, destructive. CRUELLY, kröö'il-lè. ad. In a cruel manner, inhumanly, barbarously. CRUELNESS, króðil-nēs. s. Inhumanity, cru- To torture, a. Having the §§§h, : s. The soft part of bread, not the crust; a small particle or fragment of bread., To CRUMBLE, kröm'bi v. a. 405. To break in- to small pieces, to coimminute. To CRUMBLE, krôm'bi. v. n. Tö fail into small kräm. 16CeS. CRUMMY, krôm'mè. a. Soft. **ś. a. Crooked in the back. To CRUMPLE, kräm'pl. v. a. To draw into wrinkles i - CRUMPLING, krômpling. s. erate apple. - - CRUPPER, krºp'për. s. 98. That part of the horseman's furniture that reaches from the saddle to the tail. - CRURAL, króðvál., a, Belonging to the leg. . . CRUSADE, króó-såde'. A “-- CRUSADO, króð-sá'dó. S. An expedition against the infidels; a coin stamped with a CrO.S.S. - - CRUSET, króð'sit. s. 99. A goldsmith's melting pot. To CRUSH, krösh. v. a. To press between two opposite bodies, to squeeze ; to press with vio- lence; to overwhelm, to beat down; to subduc, to depress, to dispirit. • CRUSH, krūsh. s. A collision. f - CRUST, kräst. s. Any shell, or external coat an incrustation, collection of matter into hard body ; the case of a pie made of meat. and baked ; the outer hard part of bread ; a waste piece of bread. ' 4- To CRUST, kräst. v. a. To envelop, to cover with a hard case ; to foul with concretions. To CRUST, kröst. v. n. To gather or contract a Crust CRUSTACEOUS, krás-tä'shās. s. Shelly, with joints ; not testaceous; CRUSTACEOUSNESS, krös-tá'shôs-nēs. s. The A small degen 357. elty. cășLty, króð'īl-té. s. Inhumanity, savage- ness, barbarity, CRUENTATE, kröö'én-täte. a. 91... Smeared with blood, + CRUET, kröö'? • oil. - CRUISE, króðs, s. 339. A small cup. CRUISE, króðz. s. A voyage in search of plunder. Tô CRUISE, krööz. v. n. 441. To rove over the sea in search of plunder; to wander on the sea j any certain course. - £RUISER, kröö'zār. s. One that roves upon the sea in search of ºr. * * Y, s. 99. A phial for vinegar or & y quality of having jointed shells. CRUSTILY, kräs’té-lè. ad. Peevishly, snap # CRUSTINESS, kräsité-nēs. s. The quality of a crust ; peevishness, moroseness. CRUST , kräs’té. a. Covered with a crust, sturdy, morose, snappish. CRLTCH, krätsh. s. A support used by crip ples. * To CRUTCH, krätsh. v. a. To support on crutches as a cripple. - To CRY, krº. v. a. To speak with vehemence and loudness ; to call importunately ; to pro claim, to make publick ; to exciaim; to utter iamentation ; to squall, as an infant; to weep to shed trars ; to utter an inarticulate voice as an animal; to yelp, as a hound on a scent. To CRY, kri. v. n. To proclaim publickly some thing lost or found. . . . . ". To CRY DOWN, kri-dòán'. v. a. To blame, to depreciate, to decry ; to prohibit; to overhear To CRY OUT, kri-ööt'. v. n. To exclaim, to Scream, to clamour; to complain loudiy; to blame, to censure ; to declare loud ; to be ill łabour. • . l To CRY UP, kri-àp'. v. a. To applaud, to ex alt, to praise; to raise the price by proclama- tion. CRY, kri. s. Lamenting, shriek, scream ; weep- ing, mourning ; clamour, outcry; exclama- tion of triumph or wonder; proclamation; the hawkers’ proclamation of wares, as the cries of London, acclamation, popular favour, voice, utterance, manner of vocal expression; im OY- tunate call ; yelping of dogs; yell, inarticulate. noise ; a pack of dogs. :: * CRYAL, kri'āl. s. The heron --, § kri'ār. ; sº The falcon gentle. PTICAL, krip’té-kál. { * -- CRYPTICK, i.#: ; *. Hidden, gerret. ºccºt *} f is • * * *:-4 CUC CUL 130 [I5' 559–Fâte, fºr, fall, fit;-mº, mét;—pine, pīn;– CRYPTICALLY, krip'té-kāl-lé, ad. Occulty, §§ CRYPTOGRAPHY, krip-têg'grá-fé. s. 518 The act of writing secret characters ; secret char- acters, cyphers. CRYPTOLOGY, krip-tól'lö-jë. s. 518. AEnig- matical language. CRYSTAL, kris'tál. s. Crystals are hard, pel- lucid, and naturally colourless bodies, of regu- larly angular figures Crystal is also used for a factitious body cast in the glass-houses, called also crystal glass, which is carried to a degree of perfection beyond the common glass : Crystals in chymistry, express salts or other matters shot or congealed in manner of crystal. CRYSTAHL, kris'tál. a. Consisting of crystal ; bright, clear, traºpº. ; |. id, pellucid. kris'tál-line. CRYSTALLINE, kris'tál-lín. a. 148, 149, Consisting of crystal ; bright, clear, pel- lucid, transparent. CIRYSTALLINE HUMOUR, kris'tál-line, or kris’tāl-lin-à'már. s. The second humour of the eye, that lies immediately next to the aque- ous behind the uvea. CRYSTALLIZATION, kris-täl-iè-zá'shān. s. Congelation into crystals. The mass formed by congelation or concretion. To CRYSTALLIZE, kris'-tál-lize. v. a. To cause to congeal or conerete in crystals. To CRYSTALſ, IZE, kris'tāl-lize. v. n. 159. To Coagulate, congeal, concrete, or shoot into crystals. CUB, kāb. s. The young of a beast, generally of a bear or fox ; the young of a whale ; in re- proach, a young boy or girl. To CUB, kāb. v. a. To bring forth, Little vsed. CUBATION, kū-bä'shān. s. The act of lying down. CUBATORY, kū'bā-tär-8. a. 512. Recumbent. CUBATURE, kū'bā-tūre s. The finding exact- ly the solid corrtent of any proposed body. CUBE, köbe, s. A regular solid body, consist- ing of six square and equal faces or sides, and the angles all right, and therefore equal. CUBE ROO'F, kūbe'róðt. Th CUBICK ROOT, kū'bīk-rööt. S. e origin of a cubick number, or a number by the multiplication of which into itself, and again in- to the product, any given number is formed. Thus 2 is the cube root of 8. CUBICAL, kš'bé-kál. 509 CUBICK, kū'bik. º the form or properties of a cube ; it is applied # to numbers: the number of four multiplied into itself, produces the square number of sixteen, and that again multiplied by four produceth the cubick number of sixty-four. Having CUBICALNESS, kū'bé-kāl-nés. s. The state or quality of being cubical, CUBICULARY, kū-bik'kū-lār-e. a. Fitted for the posture of lying down. CUBIFORM, kū'hè-fôrm. a. Of the shape of a cube. CUBIT, kū bit. . s. A measure in use among the sancients, which was originally the distance from the elbow; bending inwards, to the ex- tremity of the middle finger. CUBITAL, kū bé-tál a. Containing only the length of a cubit. CUCKOLD, kāk-köld. s. 166. One that is married to an adultress. To CUCKOLD, kāk'kåld. v. a. To rob a man of his wife s fidelity , to wrong a husband by unchastity CUCKOLDLY, käkköld-lè 2. Having the ualities of a cuckold, poor, mean, cºś. àk'köld-imä'kår. s. One that makes a practice ºf corrupting wives. *: UUKOLDOM, kūk'kål-dām. s. The act of adul- tery ; the state of a cuckold. Cºſ(X00, käkköö. s. 1.4. A bird which ap- gears in the spring, and is said to suck the eggs upon. , To CULLY, kêI'lé v. of other birds, and lay her own to be hatchéâ in their place ; a name of contempt CUCKOO-BUD, kāk'köö-böd. CUCKOO-FLOWER, käkköð-flöð-ār, ; (j. The name of a flower, CUCKOQ-SPITTLE, kāk'köð-sp?t-tl, s. A spu mous dew found among plants, with a little in. Sect in it. CUCULLATE, kū-köllète, 01. Hood CUCúi.I.ATED, kā-kārištěd. 5 a. Hooded, covered, as with a hood or cowl; Having the resemblance or shape of a hood. CUCUMBER, köö'kām-bär. s. 159. The name of a plant, and fruit of that plant. [[j In soine counties of England, especially in the West, this word is pronounced as if written Coocumber : this, though rather nearer to the orthography than Cowcumber, is yet faulty, in adopting the obtuse u heard in bull, rather than the open u heard in Cucumis, the Latin word whence Cucumber is derived : though from the adoption of the b, I should rather suppose we took it from the French Concombre. But how - ever this may be, it seems too firmly fixed in its sound of Cowcumber to be altered, and must be classed with its irregular fellow esculent.ºs. . paragus, which set. cčğıºğs, kā-kār-bê-tà'shôs, a. Cº- Curbitaceous plants are those which resemble l ourd, such as the pompion and melon. CUCURBITE, kū'kār-bit. s. 156. A chymical veg- sel, commonly called a Body. CUD, kād. s. That food which is reposited in the first stomach, in order to be chewed aga: A CUDDEN, kād'dn. s, 103 CUDDY, kād'dé. s t A clown, a stupid low dolt. To CUDDLE, kād'dl. v. n. 405. To lie close, to Squat. cößL, kädjil. s. 99. A stick to strike with To CUDGEL, Kådjil. v. a. To beat with a stics. CUDGEL-PROOF, kädjil-próðf. a. Able to re. sist a stick. CUDWEED, kād'wéde. s. A plant. CUE, kū. s. The tail or end of any thing; the last words of a speech in acting, to be answer- ed by another ; a hint, an intimation, a short direction ; humour, temper of mind. CUERPO, kwár'pë. s. To be in cuerpo, is to be without the upper coat. CUFF, kāf. s. A blow with the fist, a box, a stroke. To CUFF, kāf. v. n. To fight, to scuffle. To CUFF, kāf. v. a. To strike with the fist; to strike with talons. CUFF, kāf. s. Part of the sleeve. CUIRASS, kwe-rås'. s. 340. A breast-plate. CUIRASSIER, kwe-rás-sèèr'. s. 275. A man of arms, a soldier in armour CUISH, kwis. s. 340. The armour that covers the thighs [[G. I have followed Dr. Johnson's spelling in this word, though I think it not so correct as cuisse, the original French, and which he has himself followed in his edition of Shakspeare, and his notes upon the word in the first part of Henry the Fourth. But whatever may be the spelling, the pronunciation is certainly that which § have given. CULDEES, kåldéze. s. Monks in Scotland CULINARY, kū-lè-nār-e, a 51%. Relating to the kitchen. To CULL, kāl, y a. To select from others. cº, kål'Hôr. s. 98. One who picks or Cho OSCS. CULLION, kölyön. s. 113. A scoundrel; a mean wretch. g & CULLIONLY, kūlyān-lè a. Having the qurii- ties of culhon, mean, base. ge g CULLY, kêi'lè, s. A man deceived or imposed a To befocł, to cheat, tº impose upon. * CUN CUR 13} —né, mēve, nér, nôt ;-túbe, tab, bāli;-≪-pôānd;—thin, this. CULMIFEROUS, kāl-mlf'ſé-rås. a. Culmiferous plants are such as have a smooth Jointed stalk, and their seeds are contained in c a; husks. To CULMINATE, kál'mé-nāte. v. n. To be ver- tical, to be in the meridian. CULMINATION, kāl-mè-nāshēn. 8. The transit of a planet through the meridian. CULPABILITY, kāl-pá-bil'è-té. s. Blameableness. CUF, PABLE, kål"pā-bl. a. 405. Criminal, blame- able, blameworthy. CULPABLENESS, kāl’pá-bl-nés, s. Blame, guilt. CULPABLY, kál'pá-blé. ad. Blameably, crimi- nally. CULPRIT, kāl'prit. s. A man arraigned before his judge. CULTER, kāl'tár. s. The iron of the plough per- pendicular to the share.—See Coult ER. To CULTIVATE, kál'té-väte. v. a. To forward or improve the product of the earth by manual industry; to improve, to meliorate. CULTIVATION, kāl-tê-vá'shán. s. The art or practice of improving soils, and forwarding or meliorating vegetables; improvement in gen- eral, melioration. CULTIVATOR, kāl'té-vå-tár. s. 521. improves, promotes, or meliorates. CULTURE, kāl'tshöre. s. 461. The act of culti- vation ; art of improvement and melioration. To ČijītūRE, kál'tshöre. v. a. To cultivate, to till. JYot used. CULVER, kāl'vár. s.98. A pigeon. Old word. CULVERIN, kāl'vér-in. s. A species of ordnance. CULVERKEY, kāl'vér-kè. s. A species of flower. To CUMBER, kām'bár. v. a. 98. To embarrass, to entangle, to obstruct; to crowd or load with something useless; to involve in difficulties and dangers, to distress; to busy, to distract with ºplicity cf cares; to be troublesome in any place. CUMBER, kám’bàr. s. Wexation, embarrass- ment. JNot used. CUMBERSOME, kām'bár-såm. a. Trouble- some, vexatious ; burthensome, embarrassing, unwieldy, unmanageable. CUMBERSOMELY, kám’bàr-sām-lè. ad. In a troublesome manner. CUMBERSOMENESS, kām'bár-sām-més. s. In- cumbrance, hindrance, obstruction. CUMBRANCE, kām‘brånse. s. Burthen, hin- drance, impediment: CUMBROUS, kām'brås. a. Troublesome, vexa- tious, disturbing; oppressive, burthensome ; jumbled, obstructing each other. CUMFREY, kām'frè. s. A medicinal plant — See CoMFREY. CUMIN, kām'mfm. s. A plant. [[P This word, before Dr. Johnson's Dictionary altered it, was, I believe, universally spelled with double m. Our ancestors were homebred enough to think, that if we received a werd from the Latin, and conformed to the quantity of that language, that it was necessary to show that conformity by a specifick orthography of our own. Thus, the first u in Cuminum being short, they doubled the m to indicate that short- ness; as the analogy of our language would infallibly pronounce the u loag, if the Conso- nant were single in the same manner as in Cubick, Cupid, &c.—See DRAMA. To CUMULATE, kū'mè-lāte. v. a. together. __ CUMULATION, kū-mê-lä'shān. s. The act of heaping #". CUMULATIVE, kū'mū-iā-tlv. a. Consisting of divers matters put together, JMason CUNCTATION, känk-tä'shôn. s. Delay, pro- crastination, dilatoriness. CUNCTATOR, känk-tä'tūr. s. elay, a lingerer. AL, kū'nè-ál. a. having the form of a wedge. One who To heap One given to Relating to a wedge, CUNEXTED, kū'aë-à-têd. a. Made in form of s wedge. HT CUNEIFORM, kū-nē'é-förm. Having the form of a wedge. CUNNER, kān'nár. s. A kind of fish less than an oyster, that sticks close to the rocks. CUNNING,'kån'ning. a. 410, Skilful, knowing, learned ; performed with skill, artful; artf ly deceitful, trickish, subtle, crafty. CUNNING, kān'ning. . s. Artifice, deceit, sly- ness, sleight, fraudulent dexterity; art, skill, knowledge. CUNNINGLY, kān'ning-lè. ad. Artfully, slyly, craftily. CUNNING-MAN, kängning-mán. s. A man who pretends to tell fortunes, or teach how to recover stolen goods. CUNNINGNESS, kān'ning-nēs. s. ness, slyness. CUP, kāp. s. A small vessel to drink out of; the liquor contained in the cup, the draught; social entertainment, merry bout ; any thing hollow like a cup, as the husk of an acorn ; Cup and Can, familiar companions. To CUP, kāp. v. a. To supply with cups—ob- º ; to draw blood by applying cupping- glasses. CUPBEARER, kāp'bā-răr. s. An officer of the king’s household; an attendant to give wine at a feast. CUPBOARD, kāb'bárd. S. 412. A case with shelves, in which victuals or earthen ware is § CUPIDITY, kū-pid'ê-té. s. 511. Concupiscence, unlawful longing. *** CUPOLA, kū'pó-lä. s. 92. A dome, the hemis- pherical summit of a building. CUPPER, kāp'për. s. One who applies cupping- lasses, a scarifier. CUPPING-GLASS, kāpping-glás. s . A glass used by scarifiers to draw out blood by rarefying the air within the cup, previous to § it on the scarified part. CUPREOUS, kū'prè-às, a. Coppery, consisting of ºr. CUR, kär. s. A worthless degenerate dog; a term of reproach for a man. CURABLE, kū'rā-bl. a. 405. That admits of a remedy. CURABLENESS, kū'rā-bl-nēs. s. Possibility to be healed. CURACY, kū'rå-så. s. Employment of a curate, employment which a hired clergy Iaan holds under the beneficiary. CURATE, kā'räte. s. 91. A clergyman hired to perform the duties of another ; a parish priest. CURATESHIP, kū'râte-ship. s. The same with: curacy. CURATIVE, kū'rà-tiv. a. 157. Relating to the cure of diseases, not preservative. CURATOR, kū-rä'tór. s. 521. One that has the care and superintendence of any thing. CURB, kärb. s. A curb is an iron chain, made fast to the upper part of the branches of the bridle, running over the beard of the horse ; restraint, inhibition, opposition. To CURB, kärb. v. a. To guide a horse with a curb ; to restrain, to inhibit, to check. UURB-STONE, kärb'stème. s. A thick kind ef stone, placed at the edge of a stone pavemeist, JMason. CURD, kård, s. Coagulated milk. To CURD, kärd. v. a. To turn to curds, to cause to coagulate. To CURDLE, kärd'dl v. n 405. To coagulate, to concrete. Tº CURDLE, kärd'dl. v. a. To cause to coagu- ate. CURDY, kär'dé. a. Coagulated, concreted, full of curds, curdled. g CURE, kūre. s. Remedy, restorative; act of healing; the benefice or employment of a cu- rate or clergyman. o CURE, kºre. v. a. º. ºea, to restore to 3. Deceitful- *. CUR CUS 13 wº (2 JG 559.-Fāte, för, fall, fit;—mè, mét;—pine, plm ;- health, to remedy ; to prepare in any inauner, so as to be preserved from corruption. CURELESS, kūre'lés. a. Without cure, with- out remedy. f CURER, kū'rðr. s. 98. A healer, a physician. CURFEW, kār'fö. s. An evening peaſ, by which the Conqueror willed, that every man should take up his fire, and put out his light; a cover for a fire, a fire-plate. CURIALITY, kū-rè-ál'è-té. s. retinue of a court. UURIOSITY, kū-ré-És'ê-té. s. Inquisitiveness, in- clination to inquiry; nicety, delicacy ; accura- cy, exactness; an act of curiosity, nice experi- ment, an object of curiosity, rarity. CURIOUS, kū'rè-às a. 314. Inquisitive, desirous of information ; attentive to, diligent about ; accurate, careful not to mistake ; difficult to please, solicitous of perfection ; exact, nice, subtle ; elegant, meat, laboured, finished. CURIOUSLY, kū'rè-às-lè. ad. Inquisitively, at- tentively, studiously ; elegantly, neatly ; art- fully, exactly. CURL, kärl. s. A ringlet of hair ; undulation, wave, sinuosity, flexure. To CURL, kärl. v. a. To turn the hair in ring- lets ; to writhe, to twist; to dress with cut is ; to raise in waves, undulations, or sinuosities. To CURL, kärl. v. n. To shrink into ringlets; to rise in undulation ; to twist itself. CURLEW, kār'lú. s. A kind of water-fowl; a bird larger than a §: with longer legs. CURMUDGEON, kār-mâdjön. s. 259. An ava- ricious churlish fellow, a miser, a niggard, a TIOéI". cöß DGEONLY, kār-mâdjān-lè. a. 259. Ava- ricious, covetous, churlish ; niggardly CURRANT, kär'rán. s. The tree; a small dried grape, properly written Corinth, from the place it came from. CURRENCY, kār'rén-sè. s. Circulation, power of passing from hand to hand ; general recep- tion ; fluency, readiness of utterance ; continu ance, constant flow ; general esteem, the rate at which any thing is vulgarly valued ; the pa- pers stamped in the English colonies by autho- rity, and passing for money. * URRENT, kār'rént. a. Circulatory, passing from hand to hand ; generally received, un- contradicted, authoritative ; common, general ; popular, such as is established by vulgar esti- mation; fashionable, popular ; passable, such as may be allowed or admitted ; what is now assing, as the current year. cöß. kār'rént. s. A running stream ; currents are certain progressive motions of the water of the sea in several places. CURRENTLY, kār'rént-lè. ad. In a constant motion; without opposition, popularly, fash- ionably, generally ; without ceasing. cººf; kār'rént-nés. s. Circulation ; eneral reception ; easiness of pronunciation. CURRICLE, kār'rè-kl. s. 405. An open two- wheeled chaise made to be drawn by two horses abreast. Mason. CURRIER, kār'ré-àr. s. One who dresses and pares leather for those who make shoes, or other things. CURRISH, kär'rish., a Having the qualities of a degenerate dog, brutal, sour, quarrelsome. To CURRY, kār'ré. v. a. To dress leather, to beat, to drub ; to rub a horse with a scratching instrument, so as to smooth his coat To cur- ry favour, to become a favourite by petty offi- ciousness, slight kindnesses, or flattery. CURRY COMB, kêr'rè-kôme. s. An iron instru- ment used for currying horses. -s: To CURSE, kärse. v. a. To wish evil to, to exe- crate, to devote; to afflict, to torment. To CURSE, kärse. v. m. To imprecate. CURSE, kärse s. Malediction, wish of evil to another, affliction, torment, vexation The privileges or ** CURSED, kār'sèd part. a. 362 Under a curse hateful, detestable; unholy, unsanctified; vex ations, troublesome CURSEDLY, kär'séd-lè ad. 364, Miserably, shamefully. CURSEDNESS, kār'séd-nēs. s. The state of being under a curse. cúñº. kör'ship. s. Dogship, meanne... CURSITOR, kār'sè-tàr. s. Tºn officer or clerk original writs. URSöRARY, kêr'sº-ra-ré. a. Cursory, hasty, CURSORíLY, kêr'so-ré-lè. ad. Hastily, without Col. I'ê. CURSORINESS, kār'só-rè-nés. s. Slight atten. CURSORY, kär'sö-ré, a. Hasty, quick, inatten- |cº. , kärst, a Froward, peevish, malignant, ! mailclous, suilrling. Peevishness, fro- wardness, inalis sity. CURT, kärt a. Short. short, to shorten. Ú Phis word is said to be derived from the obli- of cutting off the tails of their dogs, as only gentlemen were allowed to have dogs with their vulgar errour, the word being formerly writ. ten Curtal, from the Latin Curto. or expanded at pleasure. To draw the cur- tain ; to close it so as to shut out the light ; to tion, that part of the wall or rampart that lies between two bastions. reproof given by a wife to her husband in bed. To CURTAIN, kår tin. v. a. To enclose with CURTATE DISTANCE, kär"tâte-distänse. s. In astronomy, the distance of a planet’s place from CURTATION, kär tā'shān s. The interval be- tween a planet's distance from the sun and the CURTSY, kärt'sé. s. See Courtesy. CURVATED, kär'vå-téd. a. Bent. ing or crooking. CURVATURE, kār'vá-tshūre. s. 461. Crooked- CURVE, kärv. a. Crooked, bent, inflected. CURWE, kärv. s. Any thing bent, a flexure or To CURWE, kärv. v. a. To bend, to crook, to inflect. to frisk, to be licentious. CURWET, kār-vét'. s. A leap, a bound, a fro, CURVILINEAR, kār-vè-lin'yār a. Consisting of a crooked line ; coimposed of crooked lines. CURULE, kū rule. s. The epithet given to the chair in which the chief Roman magistrates CUSHION, küsºn n, or kāsh'êm. s. low for the seat, a soft pad placed upon a chair. I think they are equally in use. I am convinced the first is the more general, but because the does not coutradict the universal rule of pro- nouncing words of this termination. cushion. - CUSP, kêsp. s. A term used to express the points belonging to the Chancery, that makes out C careless t 10 il. tive, careless. CURS 1 NESS, kärst'nés. s. To CUR T Ai L, kār-tale'. v. a. To cut off, to cut gation peasants were under, in the feudal times, tails on. This Dr. Johnsom has shown to be a CURTAIN, kärtin. s. 208. A cloth contracted open it so as to discern the objects: in fortifica- CURTAIN-LECTURE, kär"tin-lék'tshöre. s. A curtains the sun, reduced to the ecliptick. curtate distance. CURVATION, kār-vá'shôn. s. The act of bend- ness, inflexion, manner of bending. crookedness. To CURVET, kār-vét'. v. n. To leap, to bound; lick, a prank. CURVITY, kār'vè-té s. Crookedness. were carried, JMason. 289. A pil- [[G I have given this word two sounds ; not that other is but a trifling departure from it, and CUSHIONED, kāsh'índ. a. 359. Seated on a or borus of the moon, or other luminºry. CUT CYN 133 * —mö, móve, nár, nôt:-tūbe, túb, būlī;-&ll,—pôānd;—thin, this. CUSPATED, kās'pä-têd. * * §aºs : " Euding in a point, having the leaves of a flower ending in a point. º cößd, kås'tärd. s. 88. A kind of pudding made by boiling eggs with milk and sugar. CUSTODY, kās’tö-dè. s Imprisonment, re- straint of liberty; care, preservation, security; CUSTOM, kāstām. s. 166. Habit, habitual practice; fashion, common way of acting; es- tablished manner; practice of buying of cer- tain persons; application from buyers, as this trader has good custom: in law, a law, or right, mot written, which, being established by long use, and the consent of ancestors, has been, and is, daily practised; tribute, tax paid for oods imported or exported. cšºjšš. kås'tām-höäse. s The house where the taxes upon goods imported or ex- orted are collected cöß. kēs’tām-à-bl. a. bitual, frequent. CUSTOMABLENESS, käs’tām-à-bl-nés. s. Fre- uency, habit; conformity to CuSt0111. - cºś, kås'tūm-á-blé. ad. According to Custom. CUSTOMARILY, kås'tām-ār-à-lè. ad. Habitu- ally, commonly nlv. CUSTOMARINESS, kāstām-ār-e-nés. s. Fre- tleſhCY. cúščiary, kás'tām-ār-É. a. Conformable to established custom, according to prescrip- tion ; habitual ; usual, wonted. CUSTOMED, kās’tumd. a. 359. Usual, common. CUSTOMER, kås'tām-àr. s. One who frequents any place of sale for the sake of purchasing. cöğ. kås'trél. s. A buckler-bearer; a vessel for holding wine. To CUT, kåt. pret. Cut, part. pass. Cut. To penetrate with an edged instrument ; to hew ; to carve, to make by sculpture; to form any thing by cutting; to pierce with any uneasy sensation; to divide packs of cards; to inter- sect, to cross, as one line cuts another; To cut down, to fell, to hew down, to excel, to over- power; To cut off, to separate from the other parts, to destroy, to extirpate, to put to death untimely; to rescind, to intercept, to hinder from union, to put an end to, to take away, to withhold, to preclude, to interrupt, to silence, to apostrophise, to abbreviate ; To cut out, to shape, to form, to scheme, to contrive, to adapt, to debar, to excel, to outdo; To cut short, to hinder from proceeding by sudden interrup- tion, to abridge, as the soldiers were cut short of their pay; To cut up, to divide an animal into convenient pieces; to eradicate. .. To CUT, kåt. v. n. To make its way by dividing obstructions, to perform the operation of cut- ting for the stone. CUT, kūt, part. a. Prepared for use. CUT, kåt. s. The action of a sharp or edged in- strument; the impression or separation of con- tinuity, made by an edge , a wound made b cutting ; a channel made by art ; a part cut o from the rest; a small particle, a shred ; a lot cut off a stick; a near passage, by which some angle is cut off; a picture cut or carved upon a stamp of wood or copper, and impressed from it; the act or practice of dividing a pack of cards ; fashion, form, shape, manner of .# into shape; a fool or cully; Cut and long tail, men of all kinds. 4. CUTANEOUS, kū-tă'nè-às. a. Relating to the skin. CUTICLE, kā'tè-kl. s. 405. The first and out- ermost covering of the body, commonly called the scarf-skin; thin skin formed on the surface of liquor cšić. kē-tlk'ê-lär. a. Belonging to the skin. CUTLASS, kāthis s. A broad cutting sword. Common, ha- CUTLER, kåt'lär. , 98. A dealer in, or maker of knives and other sharp-edged instrumenta of steel. CUTPURSE, kåt pårse. s. One who steals by the method of cutting purses; a thief, a robber CUTTER, kåt’tár. s 93. An agent or instru ment that cuts any thing; a nimble boat that cuts the water; the teeth that cut the meat; an officer in the exchequer that provides wood for the tallies, and cuts the sum paid upon them. CUT-THROAT, kåt'thröte. s. A ruffian, a mur derer, an assassin. CUT-THROAT, kūt'thröte. a. Cruel, inhuman, barbarous. [[G’ This adjective is frequently used very ab- surdly, (and not always by the lowest of the people,) when it is applied to a house of enter- tainment that charges an exhorbitant price; such a house is not uncommonly, though very improperly, called a cut throat-house. This sense, I see, inas been adopted by Entick, though it ought not to have a place in any Dic- tionar CUTTING, kåt'thng, s. A piece cut off, a chop. CUTTLE, kötti. s. 405. A fish, which, when he i. pursued by a fish of prey, throws out a black |CUROT. CUTTLE, kåt’tl. s. A foul-mouthed fellow. CYCLE, si'ki. s. 405. A circle; a round of time, a space in which the same revolution begins again, a periodical space of time ; a method, or account of a method, continued till the same course begins again ; imaginary orbs, a circle in the heavens. CYCLOID, si'klöid. s. A geometrical curve. [[J. Sheridan and Buchanan pronounce the y in this word short; and Ash, Kemrick, and W. Johnston, long. CYCLOIDAL, sé-klöjd'ál. a. 180. Relating to a §§ CYCLOPAEDIA, sl-klö-pê'dē-ă. s. A circle of knowledge, a course of the sciences. [[G I have in this word differed from Mr. Sheri dan and Dr. Johnson, by placing the accent on the antepenultimate syllable instead of the pe- multimate. I know that Greek words of this termination have the accent on the penultimate syllable ; but the antepenultºnate accentuation is more agreeable to the genius of our tongue, and seems to have prevailed. For though Dr. Johnson has given this word the penultimate ac- cent, he has placed the accent on the antepenulti- mate syllable of Ambrosia, Euthanasia, and Hy drophobu, though these have all the accent on the penultimate in the Greek. It is true the i in the last syllable but oue of Ciclopedia is a diph- thong in the original, and this will induce those who are fond of showing their Greek learning to lay the accent on the penultinuate, as its opposition to general usage will be an ad- ditional reason with them for preferring it. The pronunciation I have adopted, ; see is sup- ported by Dr. Kenrick, Entick, Scott, Perry, and Buchanan, which abundantly shows the general current of custom. To these observations may be added, that if the i be accented, it must necessarily have, the long open sound, as in Elegiuc, and not the sound of e, as Mr. Sheridan has marked it. CYGNET, signét. s. A young swan. CYLINſ).ER, sil'în-dár. s. A body having two flat surfaces and one circular; a roller. CYLIN DRICAL, sé-lin'dré-kál. a. Parta- CYLiN DRICK, sé-lin'drik. • # king of the nature of a cylinder, having the form of a cylinder. CYM AR, sé-már'. s. 188 scarf. * CYMBAL, slin'bál. s. A musical instrument, CYNANTHROPY, sé-nān'thrö-pè. s. A species: of madness, in which men have the qualities of: A slight covering, a. dogs. WDAG. DAM 134 [[G 559–Fâte, far, fºll, fit;-mé, mét;—plme, pin;– CYNEGETICKS, sin-mè-jétſik.s. s. The art of nting. CY NICAL, sin’īk-ál. CYNICK, sinik, ties of a dog, churlish, brutal, snarling; satirical. CYNICK, sin'nik. s. A philosopher of the snarl- ing or currish sort; a follower of Diogenes; a snarler, a misanthrope. CYNOSURE, sin'6-stºre, or sl né-såre. s. The Star near the north pole, by which sailors steer. [[; I have, in the first syllable of this word, con- trary to Mr. Sheridań, preferred the short to the long sºund of y. My first reason is, that this letter in Greek is the same as in Clinick and Cylinder ; both which have the y short. The next reason is, the very general rule in our language of pronouncing the vowel short in all simples which have the accent on the antepe- multimate syllable, 535, 537, 503. I am not certain, however, that the best usage is not against me. Scott has the first sound, and Sheri- dam and Entick the second ; the rest of the Dic- tionaries either have not the word, or do not mark the quantity of the vowels. } CYPRESS-TREE, si'prés-trèë. s. A tall straight tree: its fruit is of no use, its leaves are bitter, and the very smell and shade of it are danger- ous : it is the en.blem of mourning. CYPRUS, sºprès. s. A thin transparent black stuff. CYST. Sist. Čyśfiš, sistis. morbid matter. CYSTICK, sistik. a. Containing in a bag. CYSTOTOMY, sis-tóttö-mè s. 518. #he act or practice of opening encysted tumours. CZAR, zár. s. The title of the Emperor of Russia. CZARINA, zā-ré'nā. s. The Empress of Russia. a. Having the quali- ; S. A bag containing some D. To DAB, dāb. v. a. To strike gently with some- thing soft or moist. #}AB, dāb. s. . A small lamp of any thing, a blow with something moist or soft ; something moist or flimsy thrown upon one ; in low lam- §§ an artist ; a kind of small flat fish. DAB-CHICK, dāb'tshik. s. A water-fowl. To DABBLE, dàb'bl. v. a. 405. To smear, to daub, to wet, To DABBLE, dàb'bl. v. n. To play in water, to move in water or mud ; to do any thing in a slight manner, to tamper. HDABBLER, dāb'lúr. s. One that plays in wa- ter; one that meddles without mastery, a su- perficial meddler. i)ACE, dàse. s. A small river fish, resembling a roach. DACTYLE, dák'til. s. 145. A poetical foot, con- sisting of one iong syllable and two short ones. IFAD, dād. The child' f DADDY, dād'dè. S. I he child's way of ex- pressing father. DAFFODIL, dāf'fö-dfl. DAFFODILLY, dāf-fô-dfl'lé. : DAFFODOWNDILLY, dàf'fö-dôān-d'I'lè. This plant hath a lily-flower, consisting of one leaf, which is bell-shaped. To DAFT, dāft. v. a. To toss aside, to throw away slightly. Obsolete. DAG, dāg. s. A dagger; a hand-gun, a pis- tol DAGGER, dāg'àr. s. 98, 381. A short sword, a paniard; a blunt blade of it on with a basket #, used for defence ; the obelus, as º: DAGGERSDRAWING, dág'ārz-dràw-ing. s. The act of drawing daggers, approach to open violence. ‘īo DAGGLE, dág'gl. v. a. 405. ligently in mire or water. - ‘īo D2'3 GLE dāg'º y n, To dip neg- To be in the mire, DAGGLETAIL, dág'gl-tále. a. Bemired, be- spattered. Pº. dà'lè. a. Happening every day, quo- tl (i13 D. PAHLY, dà'lè., ad. Every day, very often. . . DAINTILY, dàmeté-lè ad. 'Elegantly, deli. cately, deliciously, pleasantly. DAINTINESS, dàne'té-nés. s. Delicacy, soft- ness ; elegance, nicety; squeamishness, ſas tidiousness. DAINTY, dàmetë, s , Pleasing to the palate; delicate, nice, squeamish; scrupulous; elegant; thl Ce. DAINTY, dàne’té. s. Something nice or deli- cate, a delicacy; a word of fondness formerly IIT Il Se. D AIRY, dà'rè. s. The place where cheese, but- ter, and other articles made of milk are manu- factured ; the produce of the dairy. DAIRY MAID, dà'ré-ináde. s. The woman ser vant whose business is to manage the milk. DAISY, dà'zè s. 438. A spring flower. DALE, dèle. s. A vale, a valley. DALLíANCE, dāl'lè-ánse. s. Interchange of caresses, acts of fondness ; conjugal conversa- tion ; delay, procrastination, DALLIER, dál'lè-àr. s. A trifler, a fondler. To bºiliy, ºrie. v. m. To trifié, 6 play the fool ; to exchange caresses, to fondle; to sport, to play, to frolick ; to delay. The mother. AM, dām. s. DAM, dàm. s. A mole or bank to confine wa- ter. To DAM, dām. v. a. To confine, to shut up water by moles or dams. DAMAGE, dàm'midje s. 90. , Mischief, detri- ment; loss; the value of mischief done; repa- ration of damage, retribution ; , in law, any hurt or hindrance that a man taketh in his es- tate. To DAMAGE, dàm?dje. v. a. 90 to do mischief, to injure, to impair. To DAMAGE, dám?dje. v. n. To take damage. DAMAGEABLE, dàm?dje-à-h]... a. , Suscepti- ble of hurt, as damageable goods; mischievous, pernicious. D'AMASCENE, dàm'zn. s. A small black plum, a damson. DAM ASK, dàm'àsk. s. 88. Linen or silk wo- ven in a manner invented at Damascus, by which part rises above the rest in flowers, To DAMASK, dàm'àsk. v. a. 88. To form flowers upon stuffs ; to variegate, to diversi- fy. " W. PAMASK-ROSE, dàm'ösk-róze. s. A red rose. U AME, dàme, s. A lady, the title of humour formerly given to women ; mistress of a low family ; women in i. DAME'S.VIOLET, dàmz-vi'ö-lèt. s. v. a. 411. To doom to eter- gilky flower. To DAMIN, dàm. nal torments in a future state ; to procure or cause to be eternally condemned, to condemn to hoot or hiss any publick performance, to ex plode. DAMNABLE, dàm'nā-bl. a. Deserving damna tion. DAMNABLY, dàm'má-blé. a. In such a man- ner as to incur etermal punishment. DAMNATION, dām-nā’shān. s. Exclusion from Divine mercy, condemnation to eternal punishment. DAMN ATORY, dám'nā-tūr-A. a. , 512. Con taining a sentence of condemnation. DAMNED, dàmmd, or dám néd. part. a. Hate ful, defestable. º Iſ This word, in familiar language, is scarcely ever used as an adjective, and promounced in one syllable, but by the lowest vulgar and pro- fame; in serious speaking it ought always, like cursed to be pronounced in two. 362. Thus in Queen's Shakspeare— DAP DAT 135 —né, mêve, nôr, nôt;—töbe, tàb, būll;—&fl;—pôānd;—thin, rBIs. • But oh! what damned minutes tells he o'er, Who dotes, yet doubts—suspects, yet strongly ºf loves.” There is a very singular usage of this word, as a verb or participle, when it signifies the con- demnation of a play; but this application of it, mough authorized by the politest speakers, has an unhallowed harshness in it to pious ears, and an affectation of force to judicious ones. It is, at least, the figure called Catachresis. fºam NIFICK dām-nif'ík. a. Procuring loss, mischievous. to DAMNIFY, dàm'mè-fl. v. a. To endamage, to injure; to hurt, to impair. pºs GNESS, dàm'ning-nēs. s. to procure damnation. . . . MP, dàmp. a. Moist, inclining to wet; de- yected, sunk, depressed. . -> º P, dámp. s. Fog, moist air, moisture ; a aoxious vapour exhaled from the earth; de- ection, depression of spirit. tº * DAMP, dàmp. v. a. To wet, to moisten 3 to depress, to deject, to chill, to weaken, to aban- don. gº 1)AMPISHNESS, dàmp'īsh-nēs. s. Tendency to wetness, moisture. DAMPNESS, dàmp'més. s. Moisture. IDAMPY, dàmp'é. a. Dejected, gloomy, sorrow- º * ful. \)AMSEL, dàm'zél. s. 10%. A young gentlewo- man; an attendant of the better rank; a wench, a county y lass. AMSON, dàm'zm. s. 170. A small black plum. AN, dàm. s. The old term of honour for men To DANCE, dánse. v. n. 78, 79. To move in rºleåSUITé. to DANCE Attendance, dànse. v. a. To wait with suppleness and obsequiousness. *o DANCE, dānse. v. a. To make to dance, to put into a lively motion, YYANCE, dānse. s. 78, 79. A motion of one or Tendency many in concert. f - I)ANCER, dān'sſºr. s. One that practises the art of dancing. * DANCINGMASTER, dān'sſng-más-tár. s. One v \,o teaches the art of dancing. DANCING-SCHOOL, dán'sing-skööl. s. The school where the art of dancing is taught. g)ANDELION, dān-dè-li'ān. s. The name of a plant, so called from its likeness to the tooth of a lion. To DANDLE, dán'dl. v. a. 405. To shake a child on the knee; to fondle, to treat like a child. 9ANDLER, dānd'lär. s. He that dandles or fondles children. BANDRUFF, dán'dräf, s Scurf in the head. DANEWORT, dàme'wärt. s. A species of elder, called also dwarf-elder, or wall-wort. DANGER, dānejör. s. 98. Risk, hazard, peril. To DANGER, dàme'jär. v. a. To put in hazard, to endanger. JNot in use. DANGERLESS, dàmejār-lés. a. Without haz- ard, without risk. DANGEROUS, dānejār-às, a. 543. Hazardous, perilous. DANGEROUSLY, dàmejār-às-lè. ad. Hazard. ously, perilously, with danger. DANGEROUSNESS, dānejār-às-nēs. s. Dan- ger, hazard; peril, To DANGLE, dān'gl. v. n. 405. To hang loose and quivering ; to hang upon any one, to be an humble follower. DANGLER, dàng'glúr. s. A man that hangs about women. DANK, dāngk; a. 408. Damp, moist. 1)ANKISH, dāngk'ſsh. a. Somewhat dank. DAPPER, dàp pår. a. 98. Little and active, lively without bulk. DAPPERLING, º &. DAPPLE, dàppl. a. 405. Mark colours, variegated A dwarf. ed with vious To DAPPLE, dàp'pl. v. a. To streak, to vary DAR, dàr. 78. DART, dàrt. A fish found in the river Severn in England. To DARE, dàre. v. m. pret. I durst, part. have dared. To have courage for any purpose, to be adventurous. [[j'. If I am not mistaken, there is a prevailin pronunciation of this word in Ireland, whi makes it a perfect rhyme to ſ: bar, &c. Thut this is contrary to universal usage in England, and to the most general rule in the language, needs not be insisted on ; the only .# similar form which is so pronounced, is the first person plural of the verb to be. But this, it must be remembered, is an auxiliary verb; and the auxiliary verbs, being as irregular in their pro- nunciation as in their form, are but indifferent models by which to regulate the rest of the lan- 31& 6. Tjºke, dare. v., a To challenge, to defy. T; In this sense, this verb is regular. To DARE LARKS, dare lárks. v. m. To catch them by means of a looking-glass. D ARE, dàre. s. Defiance, challenge. Not in use. DAREFUL, dàre'ſtil. a. Full of defiance. DARING, dà'ring. a. Bold, adventurous, fear less. - DARINGLY, dà'ring-lè. ad. Boldly, courageously DARINGNESS, dà'ring-nés. s. Boldness. DARK, dàrk. a. Without light; not of a showy or vivid colour; blind ; opake ; obscure ; ig- norant ; gloomy. To DARK, dārk. v. a. To darken, to obscure. To DARKEN, dár'km. v. a. 405. To make dark to perplex ; to sully. To DARKEN, dār'km. v. n. To grow dark. DARKLING, dárk'ling, part. a. Being in the dark. DARKLY, dàrk'lè. ad. In a situation void of light, obscurely, blindly. DARKNESS, dārk'més. s. Absence of light; opakeness; obscurity ; wickedness; the empire of Satan DARKSOME, dárk'sám. a. Gloomy, obscure. DARLING, dár'llng. a. Favourite, dear, beloved. A contraction of dearling, or little dear. 515. DARLING, dár'ling, s. A favourite, one much beloved. To DARN, dàrn. v. a. To mend holes by imita- ting the texture of the stuff. ºl. dár'nil. s.99. A weed growing in the el (1S. DART, dārt. s. the hand. To DART, dàrt. v. a. throw, to emit. To DART, dárt. v. n. To fly as a dart. To DASH, dàsh. v. a. To throw any thing sud- denly against something; to break by collision; to throw water in flashes; to bespatter, to be. sprinkle; to mingle, to change by some small admixture, to form or print in haste; to obli- * terate, to cross out; to confound, to make ashamed suddenly. To DASH, dāsh. v. n. To fly off the surface; to fly in flashes with a loud Boise; to rush through water so as to make it fly. º DASH, dāsh. s Collision; infusion; a mark in writing, a line — : stroke, blow. DASH, flash". An expression of the sound of water dashed DASTARD, dāstārd, s. 88. A coward, a pok tron. To DASTARDISE, dás'tár-dize. v. a. To intimi- date, to deject with cowardice DASTARDLY, dāstārd-lè. a. Cowardly, mean, t thrlorous. s DASTARTY, dāstār-dè. s. Cowardliness, DATE, date. s. The time at which a letter is A missile weapon thrown by To throw offensively ; to written, marked at the end or the beginning: the time at which any event happensd; tº; } f 1DEA DEA 136 [[G’ 659-Fåte, fºr, fall, fat;-mé, mēt;—plme, pin;– time stipulated when any thing should be done; wend, onclusion ; duration, continuance; the ſruit of the date-tree. YATE-TREE date'trée. s. A species of palm. *o DATE, date. v. a. To note with the time at which any thing is written or done. DATELESS, date'lès, a. Without any fixed terin. º UATIVE, dàtlv., a. 157. In grammar, the case that signifies the person to when any thing is given. * DAUB, dawb. v. a 213. To smear with some- thing adhesive; to paint coarsely; to lay on anything gaudily or ostentatiously; to flatter # DAUBER, dw'bär. s. 98. A coarse low paintes. DAUBY, dāw'bé, a Viscous, glutinous, adhe- JIV tº DAUGHTER, dāw'tör. s. 218. The female off. spring of a man or woman ; in poetry, any de- scendant the penitent of a confessor. To DAUNT, dànt. v. a. 214. To discourage, to fright DAUNTIESS, dānt'lés. a. Fearless, not de- jected. *YAUNTLESSNESS, dánt'lás-nē- s. Fearless- Inê58. *AUPHIN, dàw'fin. s. Heir apparent to the crown of Frauce, Mason. Obsolete, AW, diw. s. The name of a bird. DAWN, dawn. v. n. To begin to grow light; -o glimmer obscurely ; to begin, yet faintly, to ive some promises of lustre. ſºn. dāwn s. The time between the first appearance of light and the sun's rise; begin- ning, first rise. *AY, dà. s. The time between the rising and the setting of the gun ; the time from noon to noon ; light, sunshine : the day of contest, the nattle ; an appointed or fixed time a day ap- pointed for some commemoration, from day to day, without a certainty or continuance -Wysłb, dà bed, s A bed used for idleness. • AYBOOK, dà'bóók. s. DAYBREAK, dà uráke. appearance of light. f}AYLABOUR, dà’lā-bär. s. Labour by the day. DAYLABOURER, dà-l'A'bár-àr. s. One that works by the day. DAYLIGHT, dA'lſte. s. The light of the day, as opposed to that of the moon, or a taper. DAYLILY, dà'll-lè. s. The same with asphodel. DAYSPRING, dà'spring. s. The rise of the day, the dawn. DAYSTAR, dà står. s. The morning star. 'OAYTIME, dà'time. s. The time in which there is light, §º. to night tº: , dà'wärk. s. day, day-labour. DAZIED, dà'zid. a. 232. Besprinkled with daisies To DAZZLE, dàz'zl v. a. 405. To overpower with light or brightness. To DAZZLE, dàz'zl v. n. To be overpowered with k!" or brightness. SEACON, dé'kn. s. 170,227. One of the lowest order of the clergy. #EACUNESS, dé'km-nēs. s. A female officer in the ancient church. }\EACONRY, dA'kn-rè. DEACONSHIP, dé'kn-ship. or dignity of a deacon. DEAD, déa, a 234 Deplived of life, inani- mate, senseless: mºtie...less; empty; useless; dull, gloomy ; frigid ; vapid ; spiritless ; unin- habired, without the pºwer of vegetation : in theology, lying under the power of sin. Te DEADEN, déd'dn. y. a. 405. To deprive of any kind of force or sensation; to make vapid, OrKłºś. BEAD-DOING, déd'dó-lmg. par’ tive, killing, mischievous A tradesman's journal. s. The dawn, the first Work imposed by the : s. The office! * f \s-struc- *4 QEAD-LIFT, déd'liſt. s. Hopeless exigence. DEADLY, déd'lé. a. Destructive, mortal, in lacable. DEADLY, dēd'lè... ad. In a manner resembling the dead; mortally; implacably, irreconcileably. DEADNESS, déd'nés. s. Want of warmth; weakness of the vital powers; vapidness of li- §§§ loss of spirit. DEAD NETTLE, déd'nét'tl. s. A weed, the same with archangel. dºing, déd'rék-nlug. s. That estimation or conjecture which the seamen make of the place where a ship is, by keeping an account of her way by the log DEAF, déſ a, 234. Wanting the sense of hear- ing, †. of the power of hearing; ob- scurely heard. To DEAFEN, dēf'ſn. v. a. 405. To deprive of the Bºº. of hearing. DEAFLY, déflé, ad. Without sense of sounds; obscurely to the ear. DEAFNESS, défºnés. s. Want of the power of º ; unwillingness to hear. DEAL, dēle s. 227. Great part; quantity, de- gree of more or less; the art or practice of deal- ing cards ; firwood, the wood of pines. To DEAL, dèle. v. a. To dispose to different persons; to distribute cards ; to scatter, to throw about ; to give gradually, or one aſter another To DEAL, dèle. v. n. To traffick, to transact business ; to act between two persons, to inter- vene ; to behave well or ill in any transaction ; to act in any manner; To deal by, to treat well engaged in, to practise; To deal with, to treat in any manner, to use well or ill, to contend Bleach. w 19EALBATION, dē-ăl-há'shān. s. The act of bleaching. any thing ; a trader or trafficker; a person who deals the cards. course; measures of treatment ; traffick, busi- IłęSS. DEAMBULATION, dē-ăm-bê-lâ'shēn. s. The act DEAMBULATORY, dē-ăm'bº-lä-tàr-è. a. lating to the practice of walking abroad. The second dignitary of a diotese. tº DE ANERY, dé'nār-ré. s. 93. The office of a dean. DEANSHIP, dēne'ship. s. The office and rank of a dean. costly : scarce; sad, hateful, grievous. In this last sense obsolete. DEARBOUGHT, dēre'bāwt. a. Purchased at a high a high price. To DEARN, dàrn. v. a. To mend clothes.—See love ; scarcity, high price. DEARTH § s. 234. Scarcity which makes To fºrticiji Aºtº, dē-ăr-tikº-late. v. a. To disjoint, to dismember. mertality; the state of the deag; the manner of dying; the image of mortality represented torſments, e DFATH-BED, dēth'běd. s. The bed to which or ill, To deal in, to have to do with, to be with. o To DEALBATE, dē-ăl’bàte. v. a. To whiten, to néAi}ºde'ſ r. s. 98. One that has to do with DEALING, dé'ling, s. Practice, action; inter- of walking abroad. Re- DEAN, dene. s. 227 dean ; the revenue of a dean ; the house of a DEAR, dère. a. 227. Beloved, darling; valuable, DEAR, dère. s. A word of endearment. rice. tº p;#F#, dère'lé ad. With great fondness; at DARn. º DEARNESS, dēre'nés. s. Fondness, kindness, food dear ; want, famine ; barrenness. DEATH, déth... s. 234. The extinction of life, by a skeleton. in theology, damnation, eterna? in an is confined by mortal sickress, DEC DEC 137 —né, mêve, nár, nét, túbe, tºh, būll;-&il –päänd;—thin, This. DEATHFUL, déth'föl. a. Full of slaughter, destructive, murderous. DEATHLESS, déth'lés. a. dying. tº DEATHLIKE, déth'like. a. Resembling death, still. DEATH'S-DOOR, déth's-dòre'. s. A near ap- roach to death. e DEATHSMAN, déths'mán. s. 88. Executioner, hangman, headsman. DEATHWATCH, déth'wótsh. s. An insect that makes a tinkling noise, superstitiously ima- ined to prognosticate death. To DEBARK, dē-bárk'. v. a. To disembark. To DEBAR, dē-bár'. v. a. To exclude, to pre clude. To DEBASE, dē-bāse'. v. a. To reduce from a higher to a lower state; to sink into mean- mess; to adulterate, to lessen in value by base admixtures. DEBASEMENT, dē-bāse'mént. s. debasing or degrading. DEBASER, dē-ba'sár. s. 98. He that debases, he that adulterates, he that degrades another. DEBATABLE, dē-bâte'ā-bl. a. Disputable. DEBATE, dē-bäte'. s. . A personal dispute, a controversy ; a quarrel, a contest. To DEBATE, dē-bate. v. a. To controvert, to dispute, to contest. To DEBATE, dè-bäte' dispute. DEBATEFUL, dē-bâte fül. a. Quarrelsome, contentious. DEBATEMENT, dē-bâte'mént. s. controversy. DEBATER, dē-bā'tär... s. 98. A disputant, a controvertist. To DEBAUCH, , dē-bāwtsh'. v. n. 213. To corrupt by lewdness; to corrupt by intemper- Immortal, never- The act of v. m. To deliberate ; to Contest, a 108, DEBAUCH, dē-bāwtsh'. s. A fit of intemper- ance, lewdness. ADEBAUCHEE, déb-àw-shéé'. s. drunkard. DEBAUCHER, dē-bāwtsh'Ér. s. One who se- duces others to intemperance or lewdness. DEBAUCHERY, dē-bāwtsh'êr-rè. s. The prac- tice of excess, lewdness. A lecher, a DEBAUCHMENT, dē-bāwtsh'mént. s. The act of debauching or vitiating ; corruption. To DEBEL, dē-bél'. v. a. To To DEBELLATE, dē-bél’lāte. © Wºº & conquer, to overcome in war. DEBELLATION, déb-bél-à'shán. s. The act of conquering in war. DEBENTURE, dè-bêntshöre. s. A writ or note by which a debt is claimed. DEBILE, déb'fl. a., 145. Feeble, languid. To DEBILITATE, dē-bíl'è-täte. v. a. To make faint, to enfeeble. DEBILITATION, dē-bíl-&-tä'shān. s. The act of weakening; , , DEBILITY, dē-bíl'è-té. s. Weakness, feeble- IłęSS. BEBONAIR, déb-ó-nāre' a. well bred. DEBONAIRLY, déb-ó-nāre'lé., ad. Elegantly. DEBT, dét. s. 347. That which one man owes to another; that which any one is obliged to do or suffer. e DEBTED, dét'éd. part. a. Indebted, obliged to. DEBTOR, dét’túr. s. 98. He that owes some- thing to another ; one that owes money; one side of an account book. DECACUMINATED, dē-kā-kā'mè-mâ-têd. a. Having the top ºut off. DECADE, dék'ād; s. 529. The sum of ten. DECADENCY, dē-kā'dén-sè. s. Decay, fall. DECAGON, déká-gān, s. 503. A plain figure in geometry, often sides. DECALOGUE, dék'à-lóg. s. 338. The ten commandments gen by God to Moses Elegant, civil, To DECAMP, dē-kämp'. v. a. To shift the Camp, to move off. * DECAMPMENT, dē-kämp'mént. s. The act of shifting the camp. Te DECANT, dē-känt'. v. a. To pour off gent- ly, so as to leave the sediment behind. DECANTATION, dék-án-tä'shôn. s. of decanting. DECANTER, dē-käntär... s. 98. A glass ves- sel that contains the liquor after it has been poured off clear. The act To DECAPITATE, dē-kāp'è-täte. v. a. To behead. To DECAY, dé-kā'. v. n. 220. To lose ex cellence, to decline. DECAY, dē-kā'. s. Decline from the state of perfection; declension from prosperity ; con- Sumption. Dºyer, dé-kā'ār. s. 98. That which causes ecay. DECEASE, dé-sèse' s 227. Death, departure from life. To DECEASE, dè-sèse'. v. n. To die, to depart from life. DECEIT, dé-séte'. s. 250. Fraud, a cheat, a fallacy ; stratagem, artifice. DECEITFUL, dé-sète'föl. a. Fraudulent, full of deceit. iPECEITFULLY, dē-sète'föl-è, ad. Fraudulently. DECEITFULNESS, dē-sète'föl-nēs. s. Tenden- cy to deceive. DECEIVABLE, dé-sé'vá-bl. a. Subject to fraud, exposed to imposture. DECEIVABLENESS, dè-sé'vá-bl-nēs. s. Liable- mess to be deceived. To DECEIVE, dé-sève'. v. a. 250. To bring into errour; to delude by stratagem. DECEIVER, dé-sé'vár. s. One that leads an- other into errour. DECEMBER, dé-sém'bár. s. 98. The last month of the year. DECEMPEDAL, dé-sém'pë-dál. a. Having tem feet in length. DECEMVIRATE, dé-sém'vé-räte. s. 91. The dignity and office of the ten governours of Rome. DECEMVIRI, dé-sém'vé-ri. s. Ten supreme magistrates of ancient Ro hosen to make laws, and govern for a cert * DECENCY, dé'sén-sé. s. Propºſety of form, becoming ceremony; suitableness J charac. ter, propriety; modesty. DECENNIAL, dé-sén'né-ál. a 113, What con tinues for the space of ten years. DECENT, dé'séñt. a. Becoming, fit, suitable. DECENTLY, dē’sént-lè. ad. In a proper man- ner, with suitable behaviour DECEPTIBILITY, dē-sép-tê-bil'è-té. s. Liable- mess to be deceived. DECEPTIBLE, dē-sép'té-bl. a. 405. Liable te be deceived DECEPTION, dé-sép'shön. s. The act or means of deceiving, cheat, fraud; the state of being deceived. DECEPTIOUS, dé-sép'shôs. a. 314. Deceitful. DECEPTIVE, dé-sép’tív. a. 157. Having the power ºf deceiving. DECEPTORY, dès'ép-tär-à. a. Containing means of deceit.—See RECEPToRy. DEQERPT, dē-sérpt', a. Diminished, taken off. DECERPTIBLE, dé-sérp'tè-bl. a. That may be taken off. DECERPTION, dé-sérp'shôn. s. The act of lessening, or taking off. DECESSION, dé-sésh'àm. s. A departure. To DECHARM, dē-tshārm'. v. a. To counter- act a charin, to disinchant. To DECIDE, dē-side'. v. a. To fix the event of, to determine; to determine a question or dis- Uite. DłęibeNCE, dés'è-dènse. s. 503. The quality of being shed, or of falling off; the aet of fall ing away. f • DEC DEC 133 [[; 559.—Fâte, far, ſåll, fat:—mè, mét;—pine, pīn;– {}}.C}ſ)ſ.F., dē-sł'dár. s. 98. One who determines causes; one who determines quarrels. DECIDUOUS, dē-sid'à-ºs, or dé-sidjū-às. a. 293. , Falling, not perennial. DECIMAL, dés'é-mál, a., Numbered by ten. To DECIMATE, dés'è-māte. v. a. 91. To tithe, to take the tenth ; to punish every tenth soldier by lot. DECIMATION, dés-sà-mâ'shān. s. A tithing, a selection of every tenth ; a selection by lot of every tenth soldier for pumishment. To DECIPHER, dē-sl'för. v. a To explain that which is written in ciphers; to mark down in characters; to stamp, to mark; to unfold, to unravel. DECIPHERER, dé-s}'för-àr. s. One who ex- plains writings in cipher. DECISION, dē-sizh'âm. s. Determination of a difference; determination of an event. DECISIVE, dē-si'siv. a. 158, 428. Having the power of determining any difference; hav- ing the power of settling any event DECISIVELY, dē-si'siv- É. ad. In a conclusive Iſlanner. DECISIVENESS, dē-si'siv-nés. s. The power of terminating any difference, as settling an €Veint. DECHSORY, dè-si'só-rë. a. 429, 557. Able to determine or decide. To DECK, dék. v. a. to adorn. TECK, dék. s. The floor of a ship ; pack of cards piled regularly on each other. 1}ECKER, dek'kär. s. A dresser. To DECLAIM, dē-kläme'. v., n to speak set orations. DECLAIMER, dē-klä'mūr. s. One who makes speeches with intent to move the passions. DECLAMATION, dék-klä-mâ'shām. s. 530. A discourse addressed to the passions, an ha- rangue. I}ECL AMATOR, dēl,-klä-mâ'túr. s. 521. A de- claimer, an orator. DECLAMATORY, dé-kläm'mā-tär-8. a. Re- lating to the practice of declaiming ; appealing to the passions. 512. DECLA * a. Capable of roof. pÉARAT N, dék-klä-rá'shëm. s. 530. A proclamation or affirmation, publication ; an explanation of something doubtful : in law, de- claration is the showing forth of an action per- sonal in any suit, though it is used soinetimes for real actions. DECLARATIVE, dē-klär'â-tiv. a. Making de- claration, explanatory ; making proclamation. 157. DECLARATORILY, dē-klär'â-tàr-8-lè. ad. In the form of a declaration, not promissively. DECLARATORY, dé-klär'à-tūr-e. a. Affirma- tive, expressive. 512. To DECLARE, dē-kläre'. v. a. To make known, to tell evidently and openly ; to publish, to proclaim, to show in open view. To DECLARE, dē-kläre'. v. n. To make a de- claration. DECLAREMENT, dē-kläre'mént. s. Discovery, declaration, testimony. To overspread; to dress; To harangue, DECLARER, dē-klä'rār s.98. One that makes amy ºš Known. DECLENSION, dē-klém'shān. s. Tendency from a greater to a less degi "e of excellence ; decli- nation, descent; inflexion, manner of chang- III & Inſºulf] S. DECLINABLE, dè-kli'nā-bl. a. 405. variety of terminations. DECLINATION, dék-klè-mâ'shàm. s. Descent, change from a better to a worse state, decay; the act ºf bending down; variation from rec- titude, ºblique motion, obliquity ; variation from a fixed point, in navigation, the varia Having a tion of the needle from the true meridian of any place to the East or West: in astronomy, the declination of a star we call its shortest distance from the equator. DECLINATOR, dék-lè-má'tár. 521. Pºlº, dè-klin'ā-tär-8. S. m instrøment in dialling.—See INCLINATory, To DECLINE, ... m. To lean down- wards ; to deviate, to run into obliquities; to shun, to refuse, to avoid any thing; to be im- paired, to decay. To DECLINE, dé-kline'. v. a. To bend down- wards, to bring down; to shun, to refuse, to be cautious of; to modify a word by various ter. minations DECLINE, dé-kline'. s. The state of tendency to the worse, diminution, decay. DECLIVITY, dē-klív'é-té. s. 511. Inclimation, or obliquity reckoned downwards, gradual descent. DECLIVOUS, dē-klı'vås. a. 503. Gradually de- scending, not precipitous. To DECOCT, dē-kökt'. v. a. To prepare by boiling for any use, to digest in hot water; to digest by the heat of the stomach; to boil up to a Consistence. DECOCTIBLE, dē-kók'té-bl. a. That which may be boiled, or prepared by boiling, DECOCTION, dē-kök'shūm. s. The act of boil- ing any thing ; a preparation made by boiling in Water. DECOCTURE, dē-kók'tshöre. s. 461. A sub- stance drawn by decoction. DECOLLATION, dék-köl-lä'shān. s. The act of beheading. To DECOMPOSE, dē-köln-poze'. v. a. (De- composer, Frcmch.) To dissolve or resolve a: mixed body. [[; This word is neither in Johnsom's Dictiona. ry, mor any other I have seen, but is of such frequent use as to deserve a place in all. To Decompound is frequently used in this sense, but improperly ; for that word signifies to mix com- pounded things together, while to Decompose means to unmix or analyze things. DECOMPOSITE, dē-köm-pôz'ft. a. 154. Com- pounded a second time. DECOMPOSITION, dē-köm-pô-zish'ên. s. The act of compounding things already compound- ed. To DECOMPOUND, dē-köm-pôānd'. v. a. To compose of things already compounded. DECOMPOUND, dē-kém-pôānd'. a. Composed of things or words already compounded. To DECORATE, dék'kö-räte. v. a. 91. To a. dorn, to embellish, to beautify. DECORATION, dék-kö-rå'shôn. s. Ornament, added beauty. DECORATOR, dék'kö-rà-tár. s. 521. dorner. DECOROUS, dē-kö'rås. a. 503. Decent, suita- ble to a character. [[; An uneducated English speaker is very apt to pronounce this word with the accent on the first syllable, according to the analogy of his own language; but a learned ear would be as much shocked at such a departure from clas- sical propriety, as in the words sonorous and ca- norous. 512. When once the mere English scholar is set right in this word, he will be sure to pronounce Dedecorous with the accent on the penultimate likewise; and when he is told that this is wrong, because that syllable in the Latin word is short, he will not fail to pronounce in- decorous with the antepenultimate accent; bis: what will be his surprise when he is informed that this too is wrong, because the penultimate syllable in Latim is long—See INDECoRous. To DECORTICATE, dē-kör’tè-kāte. v. a To divest of the bark or husk. DECORTICATION, dē-kör-tê-kä'shán. s. The act of strippin; the bark or husk. DECORUM, dē-kö'röm. s. Decency, behaviour contrary to licentiousness, seemliness. An a- ſ) EC HDEF 139 : t To DECOY, dē-köè'. v. a. 329. To lure into a cage, to intrap; DECOW, dē-kóē'. s. Allurement to mischief. DECOYDUCK, dē-köè'dāk. s. A duck that lures Gthers. d To DECREASE, dē-krèse’. v. n. 227. To grow less, to be diminished. To DECREASE, dē-krèse'. v. a. To make less, to diminish. & DECREASE, dē-krèse'. s. The state of growing less, decay; the wane of the moon. To DECREE, dē-krèë'. v. n. To make an edict, to appoint by edict. To DECREE, dē-krèë'. v. a. To doom, or as- sign by a decree. DECREE, dē-krèë'. s. An edict, a law ; an es- tablished rule; a determination of a suit. DECREMENT, dék'kiè-mênt. s. 503. Decrease, the state of growing less, the quantity lost by decreasing. DECREPIT, dè-krép'it. a. Wasted or worn out with age. [; This word is frequently mispronounced, as if spelled decrepid. To DECREPITATE, dē-krép'è-täte. v. a. To calcine salt till it has ceased to crackle in the fire. IXECREPITATION, dē-krép-è-tä'shām. s. The crackling noise which salt makes over the fire. TECREPITNESS, dē-krépºſt-nés : S HDECREPITUDE, dē-krép'é-tūd The last stage of decay, the last effects of old age. DECRESCENT, dē-krés'sént. a. Growing less. 1) ECRETAL, dē-krè'tál. a. Appertaining to a decree, containing a decree. DECRETAL, dē-krè'tál, or dék'rè-tál. s. A book of decrees or edicts ; the collection of the Pope’s decrees. 13 All our lexicographers, except Dr. Johnson, place the accent on the second syllable of this word ; and this accentuation, it must be con- fessed, is agreeable to the best usage. But Dr. Johnson's accentuation on the first syllable is unquestionably the most agreeable to English analogy; first, because it is a trisyllable and a simple, 503; next, because it is derived from the Latin Decretalis ; which, in our pronunciation of it, has an accent on the first and third sylla- ble; and therefore, when adopted into our lan- guage, by dropping the last syllable, takes the accent on the first. See Academy. That this is the general analogy of accenting words from the Latin which drop the last syllable, is evi- dent from the words Decrement, Increment, Inter- val, &c. DECRETIST, dē-kré'tist. s. One that studies the decretals. DECRETORY, dék'krè-tär-à. a. 557, 512. Ju- dicial, definitive. DECRIAL, dè-kri'āl. s. Clamorous censure, has- ty or noisy condemnation. To DECRY, dē-kri' v. a. To censure, to blame clamorously, to clamour against. DECUMBENCE, dē-kām"bénse. DECUMBENCY, dē-kám'bén-sè. S. The act of lying down, the posture of lying down. DECUMBITURE, dē-kām‘bè-tūre. s. The time at which a man takes to his bed in a disease. JDECUPLE, dék'ê-pl. a. 405. Tenfold. DECURION, dē-kū'rè-án. s. A commander over ten. e f) ECURSION, dé-kār'shān. s. The act of run- ning down. päääßion, dék-kār-tä'shôn. s. 530. The act of cutting short: To DECUSSATE, dē-kás'säte. v. a. To inter- sect at acute angles. DECUSSATION, dék-kás-sà'shām. s. 530. The -1ö, mêve, mêr, māt;—täbe, túb, būll;-öd,—pöönd;—thin, THIS. To DEDECORATE, dē-dék'kö-räte. v. disgrace, to bring a reproach upon. DEDECORATION, dē-dék-kö-rå'shān. s. act of disgracing. DEDECOROUS, dē-dék'kö-rås. a. Disgraceful, reproachful.-See DEcoRous. DEDENTITION, déd-dén-tish'êm. s. 530. Loss or shedding of the teeth. To DEDICATE, déd'é-kāte. v. a. To devote to some divine power; to appropriate solemnly to any person or purpose ; to mscribe to a patron DEDICATE, déd'é-kāte. a. Consecrate, devote, dedicated. DEDICATION, dēd-è-kä'shán. s. The act of dedicating to any being or purpose, consecra- tion ; to address to a patron. DEDICATOR, déd'ê-k}-tár. s. 521. One who inscribes his work to a patron. DEDICATORY, déd'é-kā-tär-à. a Composing a dedication.—See Domes ric. 503. H) EDITION, dē-dish'ân. s. The act of yielding up any thing. To DEDUCE, dē-dûse'. v. a. To draw in a re gular connected series; to form a regular chain of consequential propositions ; to lay down in regular order. DEDUCEMENT, dē-dºse'mént. s. deduced, consequential proposition. DEDUCIBLE, dē-dû'sè-bl. a. Collectible by !"ea º Oll {}}EPUCIVE, dē-dû'siv. a. of deduction. To DEDUCT, dē-dákt'. v. a. take away. & DEDUCTION, dē-dák'shán. s. Consequential collection, consequence; that which is de- ductsd. DEDUCTIVE, dē-dûk’tív. a. Deducible. DEDUCTIVELY, dē-dák't?v-lè. ad. §§ by regular deduction. DEED, dēēd. s. Action, whether good or bad; exploit; power of action; written evidence of any legal act; fact, reality. DEEDLESS, dēēd'és. a. Unactive. To DEEM, dēēm. v. m. part. Dempt, or Deem ed. To judge, to conclude upon consideration DEEM, dēēm. s. Judgment, opinion. Obsolete DEEP, dēēp. a. Measured from the surface downward; entering far, piercing a great way, far fiom the outer part; not superficial, not obvious ; sagacious, penetrating ; full of con- trivance, politick, insidious ; grave, sºlemn : dark coloured; having a great deglce of stift ness or gloom; bass, grave in sound. DEEP, dēēp. s. The sea, the main ; the ixiost solemn or still part. To DEEPEN, déép'pn. v. a. 339. To make decp, to sink far below the surface ; to darken, to cloud, to make dark : to make sad or gloorny. DEEPMOUTHED, dēēp'mööThd a. Having a hoarse and loud voice. DEEPMUSING, déép-mü'zing. a. Contempla tive, lost in thought. DEEPLY, dēēp'lè. ad. To a great depth, far below the surface; with great study or saga- city ; sorrowfully, solemnly ; with a tendency to darkness of colour; in a high degree. DEEPNESS, dēēp'nés. s. Entrance far below the surface, profundity ; depth. DEER, dèër. s. A halt, or stag ; that class of animals which is hunted for venison. To DEFACE, dē-fäse'. v. a. To destroy, to raze, to disfigure. DEFACEMENT, dē-fºse'mént. s. Violation, in jury; erasement. DEFACER, dè-ſh'słr. s. lisher, violator. DEFAH, ANCE, dē-fä'lánse. s. Failure. To DEFALCATE, dē-fäl'kāte. v. a. To cut of!, to lop, to take away part. The thing Performing the act To subtract, to Conse- 93. Destroyer, abo act of crossing, state of being crossed at une- qual angles [[; The a in this word does not go in: , the broad German q in fall, not only bec use 1b2 H) FF DEF -- ~ * nant that follows the l is carried off to the ceeding syllable, but because the word is de- ed from the Latin; and it must be carefully bserved, that words from the learned lan- guages preserve the a before l, and another con- sonant in the short middle sound of that vowel; in the same manmer as w in fulminate preserves the short sound of that letter, and is not pro- nounced like the same vowel in full. 84, 177. DEFALCATION, déf-tál-kä'shôn. s. 530 Dimi- nution. DEFAMATORY, dē-fám’má-tūr-8. a. Calumni- ous, unjustly censorious, libellous. To DEFAME, dé-fame'. v. a. To censure falsely in publick, to dishonour by reports. DEFAMER, dē-fä már. s. One that injures the reputatuom of another. To DEFATIGATE, dē-fät'é-gāte. a. To weary. DEFATIGATION, dē-fāt-ê-gå'shán. s. Weari- 116SS. DEFAULT, dē-fäwit'. s. Omission of that which we ought to do, neglect ; crime, failure, fault ; defect, want : in law, non-appearance in court at a day assigned.—See FAULT DEFAULTER, dé-fawit'ér. s. One who is defi- cient in duty. A peculator. DEFEASANCE, dē-fé'zānse. s. The act of an- mulling or abrogating any contract ; the wri- ting in which a defeasance is contained. I}EFEASEBLE, dē-fé'zè-bl. a. That which may be ammulled. DEFEAT, dē-féte'. s. The overthrow of an ar- my ; act of destruction, deprivation. To DEFEAT, dē-fète'. v. a. To overthrow ; to frustrate. DEFEATURE, dè-fé'tshūre. s. 461. Change of feature, alteration of countenance. JNot in use. To DEFECATE, déf'fé-kāte. v. a. To purge, to cleanse ; to purify from any extraneous or noxious mixture. 503. DEFECATE, déf'fé-kāte. a. Purged from lees or foulness. DEFECATION, déf-fé-kä'shôn. s. Purification. DEFECT, dē-fékt'. s. Want, absence of some- thing necessary : failing ; a fault, a blemish. DEFECTIBILITY, dē-fék-\é-bil'è-té. s. The state of failing, imperfection. DEFECTIBLE, dē-fék'tè-bl. a. Imperfect, de- ficient. DEFECTION, dē-fék'shôn. s. A falling away, apostacy; an abai,doning of a king or state ; revolt. DEFECTIVE, dē-fék’tív. a. 157. Full of de- fects, imperfect, not sufficient; faulty, blame- able. DEFECTIVENESS, dē-fék'tiv-nós. s. Want, faultiness. DEFENCE, dē-fènse'... s. Guard, protection ; vindication, justification, apology; prohibition. resistance: in law, the defendant’s reply afte declaration produced ; in fortification, the part that flanks another work. DEFENCELESS, dē-fénse'lés. a. Naked, un- armed, unguarded ; impotent. To DEFEND, dē-fénd'. v. a. To stand in de- fence of, to protect ; to windicate, to uphold, to fortify; to prohibit; to maintain a place, or cause. DEFENDABLE, dē-ſén'dā-bl. a. That may be defended. DEFENDANT, dē-fén'dánt. a. Defensive, fit for defence. DEFENDANT, dē-fém'dānt. s. He that defends against assailants: in law, the person accused or sued. BEFENDER, dē-fên'dár. 98. One that de- femds, a champion ; am asserter, a vindicator : in law, an advocate. DEFENSATIVE, dē-fên'sä-tív. s. Guard, de- fence: in surgery, a bandage, plaster, or the HKe. #9EFENSIBLE, dē-fén'sé-bl. a. Th;at may be defended; justifiable;’apable of vindication. V. S tº & 140 [l j 559–Fâte, för, fall, fit;-mê, mēt;—pine, pīn;— d | DEFENSIVE, dē-fên'siv. a. 428. That serves.'s defend proper for defence ; in a state or pos. ture of defence. DEFENSAVE, dē-fén'słv. s. 158. Safeguard; state of defence. DEFENSIVEH, V, dē-fém'sív-lè. ad. In a defen- Sj ( : [ll til'il (*r. To DCF fºſt, dē-fér'. v. n. To put off, to delay to act : to pay deference or regard to another's Op: nion. To DEFFR, dē-fér'. v. a. To withhold, to de- lay ; to refer to, to leave to another's judgment. DEFERENCE, défér-ênse. s. 503. Regard, respect, complaisance, condescension, sub- In Sº I Olh. DEFIANCE, dē-ſī'ānse. s. A challenge, an in vitation to fight ; a challenge to make any im. peacnment good ; expression of abhorrence or pº" CE, (; A-f & EFICIENCE, dà-fish'énse. DEF: Ci ENCY, de-fish'én-sé. ; s. Defect, failing, imperfection ; want, something less thau is necessary. DE}^{C} E NT, dē-fish'ênt. a. Failing, wanting, defective. DEFI ER, dē-fi'ār. s. A challenger, a contemmer To DEFILE, dē-ſ}le' v. a. To make foul or im- pure ; to pollute ; to corrupt chastity, to vio- late : to taint, to vitiate. To DEFILE, dē-file'. v. m. To go off, file by file, DEFH, E, dē-file'. s. A narrow passage. [[F Some military coxcombs have endeavoured to introduce the French pronunciation of this word Défilé, as if written Deff-fe-lay: others have endeavoured to bring it nearer to our own analogy, by pronouncing it in three syllables, as if written Deff fe-le. I am sorry to find Mr. Sheridan has adopted this pronunciation : he is followed only by Bailey and Ash; the first of whom has it both ways, and the last gives it only as an uncommon pronunciation Dr. Johnson and the rest are decidedly for the general pronunciation, which is the same as the verb to defile; and if this were urged as a reason to alter the pronunciation of the Sub- stantive, it may be answered that the remedy would be worse than the disease.—See Bow L. To these observations it may be added, that if we pronounce this word exactly like the French, iyecause it is a military term, we ought to pro- nounce a File of musqueteers, a Feel of musque te erS. DEFILEMENT, dē-file'mént. s. The state of being defiled, pollution, corruption. DEFILER, dē-fi'lúr. s. 98. One that deſiles, a corrupter. DEFINABLE, dē-fine'ā-bl., a. Capable of de- finition ; that-which may be ascertained. To DEFINE, dé-ſime'. v. a. To give the defini- tion, to explain a thing by its qualities ; to circumscribe, to mark the limit. To DEFINE, dé-fine'. v. n. To determine, to decide, º DEFINER, dē-fi'nār. s. One that describes a thing by its qualities. 6 * * DEFINITE, dº. a. 503, 154. Certain, iiin. ited ; exact, precise. UEFINITE, déf'é-nît. s. or defined. - DEFINITENESS, défè-mit-nēs. s. Certainty, limitedness. } DEFINITION, déf-è-nish'ºn. s. A short des- cription of any thing by its properties; in logick, the explication of the essence of a thing by its kind and difference. & DEFINITIVE, dē-fin'ê-tív. a. Determinate, po- sitive, express DEFLAGRABILITY, déf-flá-grä-bil'è-té, s Com 156. Thing explained decisively, expressly. - e dè-fin'ê-tiv-nés. s. Deci- siveness. DFFjSitivičiy, dē-fin'-tiv-lè. ad. Positively, 1) EFINITIVENESS, bustibility. DEG DEL 141 —no, móve, nôr, nôt;—túbe, túb, pRFLAGRABLE, dē-flá'grá-bl. a. . Having the uality of wasting away wholly in fire. e D;IAGRATION, déf-flá-grä'shān. s. Setting fire to several things in their preparation: To DEFLECT, dē-flékt'. v. m. To turn aside, to deviate from a true course. tº a ſº DEFLECTION, dē-flék'shán. s. Deviation, the act of turning aside; a turning aside, or out of the wav. gº pºurE, dè-flék'shöre. s. 479. A bending down, a turning aside, or out of the way. DEFLORATION, déf-flö-rå'shôn. s. 530. The [[ act of deflouring; the selection of that which is most valuable. * * * To DEFLOUR, dē-flöär'. v. a. To ravish, to take away a woman's virginity ; to take away the bèauty and grace of any thing; . DEFLOURER, dē-flöö'răr. s. 98. A ravisher. DEFLUOUS, déf'flû-às, a. That flows down; that falls off. DEFLUXION, dē-flák'shān. down of humours. s. The flowing DEFLY, déf'lé. a. Dexterously, skilfully. Properly, deftly. , Obsolete. DEFCELATION, déf-fé-dà'shôn. s. The act of making # ollution. DEFORCEM Nº. dé-fôrse'mént. s. A with- holding of lands and tenements by force. To DEFORM, dē-förm'. v. a. To disfigure, to make ugly 3 to dishonour, to make ungraceful. DEFORM, dē-förm'... a. Ugly, disfigured. DEFORMATION, déf-fôr-mâ'shôn. s. 530. A defacing. DEFORMEDLY, dē-fôr'méd-lè. ad. 364. In an §§ Jºhan 1162):”. DEFORMEDNESS, dē-fôr'méd-nēs. s. Ugliness. LEFORMITY, dē-fôr'mè-té. s. youredness ; irregularity. DEFORSOR, dē-fôr'sár. s. 166 One that over- comes and casteth out by force. A law term. To DEFRAUD, dé-fråwd'. v. a. To rob or de- rive by a wile or trick. DEFRAUDER, dé-fråw'dër. s. A deceiver. To DEFRAY, dé-frå'. v. a. To bear the charges of. DEFRAYER, dē-fråſår. s. 93. One that dis- charges expenses. DEFRAYMENT, de-frá'mént. s. of expenses. DEFT, déft. a. Neat, proper, dexterous. Obsolete. DEFTLY, déft'lé, ad. Neatly, dexterously; in a skilful manner. Obsolete. DEFUNCT, dē-ſånkt'. a. Dead, deceased. DEFUNCT, dē-fünkt'. s. One that is deceased, a dead man or woman * DEFUNCTION, dē-föngk'shôn. s. 408. Death. To DEFY, dé-fl'. v. a. To call to combat, to §§ ;, to treat with contempt, to slight. DEFY, dē-fl'. s. A challenge, an invitation to fight. JNot in use. DEFYER, dé-ſi'ār, s. A challenger, one that invites to fight. ...iii DEGENERACY, dē-jën'êr-ā-sè. s." #departing from the virtue of our ancestors; a forsaking of that which is good ; meanness. To DEGENERATE, dē-jén’ér-āte. v. n. 91. To fall from the virtue of our ancestors; to fall from a more noble to a base state; to fall from its kind, to grow wild or base. re DEGENERATE, dē-jén'êr-Ate. a. Unlike his ancestors ; unworthy, base. * DEGENERATENESS, dē-jën'êr-àte-nēs. s. De- generacy; state of being growni wild, er out. of kind; DEGENERATION, dé-jén-ér-à'shôn. s. A de- viation from the virtue of one's ancestors ; a falling from a more excellent state to one of less worth; the thing changed from its primi- tive state. DEGENEROUS, dē-jénér-às. a. Degenerated, fallen from virtue; vile, base, infamous, un- worthy. Ugliness, ill-fa- The payment büll;—öd;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. DEGENEROUSLY, dé-jénér-ás-lè. ad. In a degenerate manner, basely, meanly. DEGLUTITION, dég-glū-tíšfi'ān. s. 530, Tºa act or power of swallowing. DEGRADATION, dég-grá-dà'shôn. s. 530 A. deprivation of an office or dignity; degeneracy, basemess. To DEGRADE, dé-gräde'. v. a. To put one from his degree; to lessen, to diminish the va- lue of. DEGREE, dè-gréé'. s. e state and condition in which a thing is; a 2- *- Quality, rank, station; * or preparation to any thing ; order of line- age, descent of family; ineasure, proportion: in geometry, the three-hundred-and-sixtieth part of the circumference of a circle: in mu- sick, the intervals of sounds. ad. By DEGREES, bi-dé-grèèz'. by little and little. DEGUSTATION, dég-gūs-tà'shôn. s. taStingſ. g To DEHORT, dē-hört'. Gradually, 530. A v. a. To dissuade. DEHORTATHON. dé-hör-tä'shān, s. Dissuas sion , a counselling to the contrary. DEHORT ATORY, dé-hör’tá-tūr-É. a. 512. Be- longing to dissuasion. DEHORTER, dē-hör'tūr. adviser to the contrary. DE CIDE, dé'e-side. s. Blessed Saviour. To DEJECT, de-jékt'. v. a. To cast down, to afflict, to grieve; to make to look sad. DEJECT, dé-jékt. a. Cast down, afflicted, low spirited. S. A dissuader, an 143. The death of our DEJ ECTEDDY, dē-jék’téd-iè. ad. In a de- Jected manner, afflictedly DEJECTEDNESS, dē-jék’těd-nēs. s. Lowness. of Spirits. DEJECTION, dē-jék'shān s. A lowness of spirits, melancholy; weakness, inability; a stool DEJECTURE, dē-jék'tshöre. s. 461. The ex- ("rentent S. i)EJERATION, déd-jè-rà'shūm. s. 530. A tak- lug of a solemn oath. DEIFICATION, dē-è-fé-kå'shön. The act of deifying, or making a god. DEIFORMI, délé-ſårm. a. Of a godlike form. To DEIFY, dé'é-fl. v. a. To make a god of, to adore as God; to praise excessively. To DEIGN, dàne. v. n. To vouchsafe, to think worthy. To DEIGN, dàne. v. a. 249. To grant, to permit. Not in use. i)EINTEGRATE, dē-in'té-gräte. v. a. To di- minish. DEPAROUS, dē-ip'pá-rūs. a. 518. That brings forth a God, the epithet applied to the Blessed Virgin. DEISM, dé'ízm. s. The opinion of those that only acknowledge one God, without the recep- tion of any revealed religion. DEIST, dé'íst. s. A man who follows no parti- cular religion, but only acknowledges the exist- ence of God. DEISTICAL, dē-is'té-kál. a. Belonging to the heresy of the deists. DEITY, dé'é-té. s. Divinity, the nature and essence of God; a fabulous god ; the supposed. divinity of a heathem god. DELACERATION, dē-läs-sér-à'shān. s. A tear- S. S, ing in pieces. DELACRYMATION, dē-lāk-krè-mâ'shān. The waterishness of the eyes. DELACTATION, dél-āk-tà'shán. s. 530. As weaning from the breast. DELAPSEI), dē-lāpst'. a. 359 Bearing of falling down. To PELATE, dē-lāte'. v. a. To carry, to come. vey. JVof in use. DELATION, dē-lä'shān. S. . A carrying, coas. veyance ; an accusation, an inspeachment. +. # # 4- DEM [[G 559–Fâte, fir, f ăii, fāt;—mé, mét;—pine, pīn;— DELATOR, dē-lá'tär. s. 166. An accuser, an informer r To DELAY, dē-lá'. v. a. To defer, to put off; to hinder, to frustrate. To DELAY, dē-lá'. v. m. from action. KJELAY, dē-lä'. s. tion ; stay, stop. DEE, AYER, dē-lā'ār. s. One that defers. Příabib, dè-lék’tä-bl. a. Pleasing, de- ightful, DELECTABLENESS, dē-lék’tá-bl-nēs. s. De- lightfulness, pleasantness. - DELECTABLY, dē-lék’tá-blé, ad. Delightful- ly, pleasant}v. A. HDi LECTATION, dél-lék-tà'shān. s. Pleasure, delight. To DELEGATE, déI'lè-gāte. v. a. 91. To send upon an embassy; to intrust, to commit to another ; to appoint judges to a particular Cºtu Se, DELEGATE, dé!'lé-gāte. . s. 91. A deputy, a commissioner, a vicar : in law, Delegates are persons delegated or appointed by the king's commission to sit, upon an appeal to him, in the court of Chancery. 4 DELEGATE, dél'lè-gāte. a. 503. Deputed. DELEGATES, Court of, déliè-gates. s. A court wherein all causes of appeal, from either of the archbishops, are decided. DELEGATION, dél-lè-gå'shān, s. A sending away; a putting into coinmission ; the assign- ment of a debt to another. To DE3, ETE, dé-lète'. v. a. To plot out. DELETERIOUS, dél-ć-té'rè-às. a. 530. Deadly, destructive. DELETERY, dél'è-tér-é. a. Destructive, deadly. i) ELETION, dé-lè'shūm. s. Act of razing or blotting out; a destruction. BEL * jčíříº, délf. s. A mine, a quarry; earth- To stop, to cease A deferring, procrastina- en ware, couriterfeit chima ware. To DELIBERATE, dē-lib'êr-āte. v. n. think in order to choice, to hesitate. HDELIBERATE, dē-lib'ér-āte. a. 91. spect, wary ; slow. §DEſ, IBERATELY, dē-lib'ér-àte-lè. ad. spectly, advisedly. 91. To Circuna- Circum- DELIBERATENESS, dē-lib'êr-áte-nés. s. Cir- cumspection, wariness. DELIBERATION, dē-lb-ār-à'shūa s. The act of deliberating, thought in order to choice. 3DELIBERATIVE, dé-Tºb'êr-à-tiv. a. Pertaining to deliberation, apt to consider. 3DELHBOR3.TIVE, dē-lib'ér-à-tiv. s. The dis- course in which a question is deliberated. 3DELICACY, dél'é-kā-sé. . s. Daintiness, mice- ness in eating; any thing liighly pleasing to the senses ; softness; micety; politeness; in- dulgence ; tenderness, scrupulousness ; weak- ness of constitution. & JDELICATE, dél'é-kāte. a. 91, 503. Fine, con. sisting of small parts; pleasing to the eye; mice, pleasing to the taste; dainty, choice, se- lect; gentle of manners; soft, effeminate; pure, clear. DELICATELY, délè-kâte-lè. ad. Beautifully ; finely ; daintily ; choicely; politely; effemi- nately. DELICATENESS, dél'è-kâte-nēs. s. The state of being delicate. -- DELICATES, dél'é-káts, s. Niceties, rarities. DELICIUUS, dē-lish'ês. a. 357, Sweet, delicate, that affords delight: . . - DELICIOUSLY. dé-lish'ſſis-lè. ad, Sweetly, plea- santly, delightfully. s DELICIOUSNESS, dē-ish'és-més. s. Delight, pleasure, joy. 3DELIGATION, dél-lè-gå'shān, s. A binding up. #DELIGHT, dē-lite'. s. 393. Joy, pleasure, satis- faction; that which gives delight. £o DELIGHT, dé-ſité'. v. a. To please, to con- £ent, to satisfy, To DELIGHT, dē-lite'. v. n. To have delight or pleasure in. DELIGHTFUL, dē-lite'föl. a. Pleasant, charm- Ing. 3. DELIGHTFTILLY, dē-lite'föi-lè, ad. Pleasantly, charmingly, with delight. DELIGHTFULNESS, dē-lite'föl-nēs. s. Plea- santness, satisfaction. DELIGHTSOME, dē-lite'säm. a. Pleasant, de- lightful. s DF},{GHTSOMELY, dé-lite'sām-lè. ad. Plea- santly, in a delightful manner. DEH. IGHTSOMENESS, dē-lite'sām-nēs. s. Plea- Sa; itness, delightfulness. |To Dñif:{EAff, dºñnºte. v. a. To draw the first draught of a thing, to design; to paint in colours; to represent a true likeness; to de- scribe. t TELINEATION, dē-lin-à-à'shôn. s. The first dragght of a thing. DELINQUENCY, dē-ling'kwān-sè. s. A fault, failure in duty. DELINQUENT, dē-ăng'kwént. s. An offender. To DEL}QUATE, dél'ſé-kwāte. v. m. 503. To in eit, to be dissolved. - DE}_{QUATION, déi-lè-kwä'shán. s. A melting, a dissolving. DELIQUI UMi, dē-ºk'kwé-àm. s. A distillation by the force of fire. DELIFIOUS, dē-lir'é-ás. a. 507. Light-headed, raving, dotitag, 4 DEiffiti M., délir'é-àm. s. Alienation of mind, Of: '3. To §§iver, dè-liv'âr. v. a. To give, to yield • to cast away ; to surrender, to put into one's hands ; to save, to rescue ; to relate, to utter ; to disburden a woman of a child; to deliver over, to put into another’s hands, to give from hand to hand; To deliver up, to surrender, to give up. 4. DELIVERANCE, dē-liv'êr-ănse. s. The act of delivering a thing to another; the act of free- ing from captivity or any oppression, rescue ; the act of speaking, utterance; the act of bring- ing children. Dži ſv FRER, dé-Év’ār-ár. s. A saver, a rescu- er, a preserver ; a relater, one that communi- cates something. DELIVERY, dé-Éy'êr-è. s. The act of deliver- ing, or giving ; release, rescue, saying ; a sur- render, giving up ; utterance, pronunciation ; child-birth. DELE, dél. s. A pit, a valley. • DELPH, délf. s. A fine sort of earthen ware. DELUDABLE, dē, lù'dä-bl. a. 405. Liable to be deceived. To DELUDE, dē-iùde. v. a. cheat, to deceive. DELUDER, dé-lè'dër. s. er, an impostor. To DELVE, dély. v. a. To dig, to open the ground with a spade; to fathom, to sift. DELVE, dély. s. A ditch, a pitfal, a den. f}ELVER, dél’vár. s, '98. A digger. DELUGE, dél'lúje. s. A general inundation ; an overflowing of the natural bounds of a river: any sudden and resistless calamity. To DELUGE, dél'lúje. v. a. To drown, to lay totally under water; to overwhelm. - DELUSION, dē-lā'zhàn. s. A cheat, guile; a false representation, illusion, errour. DELUSIVE, dē-lū'sív. a. 158; 428. Apt to de- ceive. DELUSORY, dē-lú'sár-è. a. 557, 429. Apt to deceive. DEMAGOGUE, dém'à-gó To beguile, to A beguiler, a deceiv- s. 338. A ringlead- §. .; dè-mène'. ; s. That land which a man holds originally of himself It is , sometimes used also for a distinction between those lands that the lord of the manor has in his own hands, or in the hands of his iessee. BEM DEN 143 —nó, mêve, nôr, nét; tābe, tºb, and such other lands appertaining to the said manor as belong to free or copy-holders. DEMAND, dē-mänd'. s. 79. Å claim, a chal- lenging; a question, an interrogation; a calling for a thing in order to purchase it; in law, the asking of what is due. To DEMAND, dē-mând'. v. a. for with authority. | To claim, to aski DEMANDABLE, dē-mân'dá-bl. a. That may be demanded, asked for. DEMANDANT, dē-mán'dána. s. He who is actor or plaintiff in a real action. DEMANDER, dē-mân'dár. s. One that requires a thing with authority; one that asks for a thing in order to purchase it DEMEAN, dē-même'. s. A mien, presence, car- riage. Obsolete. To DEMEAN, dē-même'. v. a. To behave, to carry one’s self; to lessen, to debase. DEMEANOUR, dē-mê'nár. s. 314. Carriage, behaviour. DEMEANS, dē-mêmz'. s. pl. An estate in goods or lands. DEMERIT, dē-mér'ft. s. The opposite to merit, ill-deserving, DEMESNE, de-même' s. See DEMAIN. DEMI, dém'ê, inseparable particle. Half, as de- mi-god, that is, half human and halt divine. DEMI-CANNON, dém'é-kån nän. s. A great gun. DEMI-CULVERIN, dém'è-kál'vér-ſm. s. A small Carlſl On DEMI-DEVIL, dém'è-dév'vl. s. Half a devil. DEMI-GOD, dém'è-göd. s. Partaking of divine mature, half a god. g IDEMI-LANCE, démè-lânse. s. A light lance, a SO 63r. f Dºman, dém'è-mán. s. Half a man. DEMI-WOLF, dém'è-wälf. s. Half a wolf. DEMISE, dē-mize' s. Death, decease. To DEMISE, dè-mize. v. a. To grant at one's death, to bequeath. DEMISSION, dē-mish'ên. s. minution of dignity. To DEMIT, dē-mit'. v. a. To depress. DEMOCRAT, dém'ö-krät. s. A friend to popu- lar government..., Mason. , , DEMOCRACY, dē-nók'krä-sé. s. One of the three forms of government, that in which the sovereign power is lodged in the body of the eople. DěčRATICAL, dém-ö-krät'é-kál. a. 530. Pertaining to a popular government, popular. To DEMOLISH, dē-möi'lish. v. a. To throw down buildings, to raze, to destroy. DEMOLISHER, dē-möl'Ésh-ör. s. throws down buildings; a destroyer. DEMOLITION, dém-6-lish'tin. s. 530. The act of overthrowing buildings ; destruction. DEMON, dé'môn. s. A spirit, generally an evil Spirit. g 4. DEMONIA CAL, dém-6-niā-kāl. a. 506 Be- DEMONIACK, dē-mónè-āk. * g longing to the devil, devilish ; influenced by the devil. DEMONIACK, dē-mö'Lê-āk. s. 505. One pos- sessed by the devil. DEMONIAN, dē-mö'mè-án. a. Devilish. DEMONOLOGY, dém-è-mölö-jé. s. 530. Dis- course of the nature of devils. DEMONSTRABLE, dè-món'strā-bl. a... That which may be proved beyond doubt or contra- diction. HDEMONSTRABLY, dē-món'strā-blé. ad. In such a manner as admits of certain proof. To DEMONSTRATE, dē-món'st: ate. Y. a. 91. To prove with the highest degree of certainty: DEMONSTRATION, dém-món-strà'shān. s. 530. The highest degree of deducible or argument- al evidence; indubitable evidence of the senses Of reaSOI). DEMONSTRATIVE, dè-món'strā-tív. a. Having the power of demonstration, invincibly conclu- sive ; having the power of expressing clearly Degradation, di- One that | büll –5íl; påånd ;-thin, THIs. With evidence not to be opposed, or doubted, clearly, plainly, with certain knowledge. zº DEMONSTRATOR, dém-món-stråſtår. s. One that proves ; one that teaches. [[G. The accent on the penultimate syllable of this word seems appropriated to one whose office it is to demonstrate or exhibit any part of philosophy; when it merely means one who demonstrates any thing in general, the accent’ !. º is on the same svllable as the verb. 521. DEMONSTRATORY, dē-món'strá têr-é a. 512. Hºng the endency, tº demonstrate. 3. DEMUL fying, assuasive. To DEMUR, dē-mâr'. v. n. To delay a process in law by doubts and objections; to doubt, to have scruples. To DEMUR, dē-mâr'. v. a. To doubt of. DEMUR, dē-mâr'. s. Doubt, hesitation. DEMURE, dē-mère'. a. Sober, decent; grave, affectedly modest. DEMURELY, dé-mêre'lé. ad. modesty, solemnly. -*. DEMURENESS, dē-mère'nés. s. Modesty, so: berness, gravity of aspect; affected modesty. DEMURRER, dē-mâr'âr. s. 38. A kind of pause upon a point of difficulty in an action. DEMY, dē-mi'. s. A half fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. DEMY, dē-mi'. s. A kind of paper. DEN, dén. s. A cavern or hollow running hori- zontally ; the cave of a wild beast. Den may signify either a valley, or a woody place. DENAY, dē-nā’. s. Denial, refusal, Obsolete. DENDROLOGY, dén-dróI'ló-jë. s. 518. The na- tural history of trees. DENHABLE, dè-mi'ā-bl. a. That which may be denied. DENIAL, dē-mi'āl. s. Negation, refusal, DENIER, dē-mi'ār. s. 98. A contradictor, an op- ponent; one that does not own or acknowledge, a refuser, one that refuses. DENIER, dē-mère'. s. A small denomination of French monev. * To Bºi, dén á-gräte, or dé-migräte. v. a. To blacken. [[G All our lexicographers, except Dr. Johnson, accent this word on the second syllable. Placing the accent on the first, is undoubtedly conform- able to a very prevailing analogy of our lan- guage. 503. But all words derived from Latin words, retaining the same number of syllables, seem to retain the accent of their original. 503, e. Thus to Denigrate, has the accent on i, be. cause that letter is long, and has the accent in Denigro; and to Emigrate has the accent on the first syllable, because in Emigro the same letter is short, and the accent is on the antepe- multimate.—See ARIETATE and CoAczRVATE. In the last edition of this Dictionary, I followed the general voice of all our orthoëpists, except Dr. Johnson, without recollecting that the i in the Latinºdenigro might be pronounced either long or short ; and that when this is the case we generally adopt the short sound in *...* derived from that language; and as this sho sound is more agreeable to the analogy of our own language, Dr. Johnson's accentuation seems to be the preferable. 503, 545. * DENIGRATION, dém-è-grá'shān. s. A blacken- ing, or making black. tºº. DřížATION s dém-nē-zá'shôn. s. The act § p;##". § 103. & .# *º N Z N 3. * 1. * j." “t išNišon, }d n'ê-zm. & 370. § • A freeman,one # #nfranchised. * To DENOMINATE, dē-möm'ê-māte. v. a. “fue name, to gº a name tº. DENOMINATION, dē nºm-è-mâ'shān. s. A name iven to a thi Hºſ. DENOMIN AğE, dē-uðm'è-nā-tly, a. That With affected A. s" & DíALECTICAL, di-à-lék’té-kál a. Logical, ar gumental. DiALECTICK, di-à-lék’tſk. s. Logick, the art of reasoning. & DIALING, di'āl-ling. s. The art of making dials the knowledge of shadows. DIALIST, di'āī-list. s. A constructer of dials. DIALOGIST, di-ál'lò-jlst. s. 116. A speaker in a dialogue or conference. DIALOGUE, di'ā-lög. s 338. A conference, a conversation between two or more. 116. The figure in rhetorick by which syllables or words are di- vided. 4 DIAMETER, di-ám'ê-tör. . s. 116. The line which, passing through the centre of a circle, or other curvilinear figure, divides it into equal artS. DłºśTRAL, damme-tral a Describing the diameter. DIAMETRALLY, di-ám’mè-trāl-ć. ad. Accord- ing to the direction of a diameter. DIAMETRICAL, di-á-mét’tré-kāl, a. Describ- ing a diameter; observing the direction of a diameter. DIAMETRICALLY, di-à mét’trè-kāl-ć. ad. In a diametrical direction, directly. DIAMOND, di'ā-mând. 8. The most valuable and hardest of all the gems, DIAPASON, di-à-pâ'zón. s. A term in musick; an octave, the most perfect concord. DIAPER, di'ā-pâr. s. 98. Linen cloth woven in figures ; a napkin. To i>iapā, di'ā-pâr. v. a. To variegate, to di- versify ; to draw flowers upon clothes. DIAPHANEITY, di-á-fä-né'ê-te. s. Transpa- rency, pellucidness, DIAPHANICK, di-á-finik. a. 509. Transparent, pellucid. DíAPHANOUS, di-áfſä-nēs. a. 518. Transparent, clear. LIAPHORETICK, di-ā-fô-rét'ſk. a. Sudorifick, promoting a perspiration. º Dºğ. d'á-främ. s. 389. The midriff, which divides the upper cavity of the body from the lower; any division or partition which di- vides a hollow body. D1E DIF I 50 [[P 559.—Fáte, far, fall, fat;—mè, mét;—pine, pīn;— DIARRHOEA, di-ār-ré'ä. s. A flux of the belly. DIAPHORESIS, di-āf-fô-rè'sfs. s. A bearin through; the expulsion of humours throug the pores of the skin. Mason. DIARRHOETICK, di-ār-rét'ík. a. Promoting the flux of the belly, solutive, purgative. DIARY, di'ā-ré. s. An account of every day, a journal. DIASTOLE, di-ás'tó-le. s. 116. A figure in rhe- torick, by which a short syllable is made long ; the dilatation of the heart, DIASTYLE, di'ās-tile. s. An intercolumniation of three diameters. [[; The reason why this word is pronounced in three syllables, and Diastole in four, is that the latter is perfect Greek ſtºrtown, and the former is a compound of our own, formed from dix and a ruxor, a pillar for pronouncing Apocope, as divided into A-pot: o-pe; and Osteocape into Os-le-o-cope. And though Johnson, Ash, Buchanan, and Barclay, accent Diastyle on the second syllable, I have mo hesitation to differ from them by placing the accent on the first —See AcADEMY. DIATESSERON, di-à-tés'sè-rón. s. in musick. DIBBLE, dibbl. s. 405. A small spade. DIBSTONE, dib'stöme. s. A little stone which children throw at another stone. DICACITY, dē-kás'sè-té. s. 124. Pertness, sau- ciness. DICE, dise, s. The plural of Die.—See DIE. DICE-BOX, dise'böks. s. The box from whence the dice are thrown. DICER, di'sér. s. 98. A player at dice, a game- Ster. To DICTATE, dik'tate, v. a. 91. To deliver to another with authority. DICTATE, dik’täte. g. 91. delivered with authority. DICTATION, dik-tä'shān. s. tice of dictating. DICTATOR, dik-tä'tūr. s. 521. A magistrate of Rome made in times of exigence, and invested with absolute authority ; one invested with ab- solute authority; one whose credit or authority enables him to direct the conduct or opinion of others. 166. DICTATORIAL, dik-tá-tó'rè-ál. a. Authorita- tive, confident, dogmatical. DICTATORSHIP, dik-tä'tór-ship. s. The office of a dictator, authority, insolent confidence. DICTATURE, dik-tà'tshūre. s. The office of a dictator. DICTION, dik'shôn. s. Style, language, expres- S1011. DICTIONARY, dik'shān-á-rè. s. A book con- taining the words of any language, a vocabu- lary, a word-book. {{s’ A few years ago this word was universally pronounced as if written Diacnary, and a per- son would have been thought a pedant if he had pronounced it according to its orthogra- phy; but such has been the taste for improve- ment in speaking, that now a person would risk the imputation of vulgarity should he pro- nounce it otherwise than it is written. DiD, did. The preterit of Do ; the sign of the preterimperfect tense. DiDACTICAL, dē-dák’té-kál. })IDACTICK, dē-dák'tik. 124. tive, giving precepts. DIDAPPER, did'âp-pâr. s. A bird that dives in- to the water. DIDASCALICK, did-ás-kāl'ik. a. 125, 509. Pre- ceptive, didactick. DIDST, didst. The second person of the preter tense of Do.—See DID. To DIE, or DYE, di. v. a. To tinge, to colour. DIE, or DYE, di. s. Colour, tincture, stain, hue acquired. * To CIE. d) v 1. To lose life, to expire, to pass An interval Rule or maxim The act or prac- ; a. Precep- The same reason holds good. into another state of existence; to perish, to come to nothing: in theology, to perish ever lastingly ; to languish with pleasure or tender- ness; to wither as a vegetable; to grew vapid as liquor. DIE, di. s. pl. DICE, dise. A small cube, mark ed on its faces with numbers from one to six, which gamesters , throw in play; hazard, chance; any cubick body. DIE, di. s. pl. DIES, dize. coina e. $ DIER, är. s. 98. One who follows the trade of dying, DIET, di'ét. s. Food, victuals; food regulated by the rules of medicine. To DIET, d'ét. v. a. To give food to ; to board, to supply with diet. To DIET, di'ét. v. n. To eat by rules of physick, to eat, to feed. DIET, di'ét. s. An assembly of princes or estates. DIET-DRINK, di'ét-drink. s. Medicated liquors. DIETARY, di'êt-à-rè. a. Peraining to the rules of diet. DIETER, d'ét-tár. s. 98. One who prescribes Diºisºn { AL, di-&-t&t'ê-kál. alo tº DIETETICK, di-à-têt'ík. { a Relating to diet, belonging to the medicinal cautions about the use of food. To DIFFER, dif'för. v. n. 98. To be distinguish- ed from, to have properties and qualities mot the same with those of another ; to contend, to be at variance; to be of a contrary opinion. DIFFERENCE, dif'för-énse. s. 555. State of being disti.ict from something ; the qualities by which one differs from another ; the dis- proportion, between one thing and another; dispute, debate, quarrel ; distinction , point in question, ground of controversy ; a logical distinction. DIFFERENT, dif'ſar-ánt. a. Distinct, not the same 3, of many contrary qualities; unlike, dissimilar. DIFFERENTLY, dif'för-ént-lè. ad. In a differ- ent manner. DIFFICIL, diffè-sil. a. Difficult, hard, not easy ; scrupulous. JNot in use. DIFFICULT, dif'fé-kält. a. Hard, not easy; troublesome, vexatious; hard to please, peevish DIFFICULTLY, dif'ſé-kält-lè. ad. Hardly, with difficulty. , DIFFICULTY, diffè-kāl-té. s. Hardness, con- trariety to easiness; that which is hard to ac- complish; distress, opposition ; perplexity in affairs; objection, cavil. To DIFFIDE, dif-fide'. v. n. To distrust, to have no confidence in. DIFFIDENCE, diffé-dénse. s. Distrust, want of confidence. DIFFIDENT, dif'fè-dént. a. Not confident, not certain. To DIFFIND, dif-find'. v. a. To cleave in two. DIFFISSION, dif-fish'ên. s. The act of cleaving. See ABscission. DIFFLATION, dif-flá'shān. s. The act of scat- tering with a blast of wind. DIFFTUENCE, dif'flû-ènse, DIFFLUENCY, dif"flû-én-sè. ty of falling away on all sides. DIFFLUENT, dff'fiè-ēnt. a. 518. Flowing every way, not fixed. gº DIFFORM, dif'förm, a. Contrary to uniform, having parts of different structure, as a difform flower, one, of which the leaves are unlike each other. DIFFORMITY, difför'mè, té. s. Diversity of form, irregularity, dissimilitude. To DIFFUSE, diffèze'. v. a. To pour out upon a plane; to spread, to scatter. . . DIFFUSE, dif-fúse'. a. Scattered, widely spread; copious, mot concise. The stamp used in } s. The quali- [[; This adjective is distinguished from the DIG DIM 151 —né. móve, nôr, mēt;—túbe, tib, būll;—öil,—pôānd;—thin, This. verb in the pronunciation of s, in the same manner as the noun use is from the verb to use, and abuse from to abuse, &c. 499. This analogy is very prevalent, and seems, the reason why adjectives enging in sive have the s pure, 428. DIFFUSED, dif-fizd'. part. a. 359. Wild, un- couth, irregular. DIFFUSEDLY, dif-fi'zéd-lè. ad. 364. Widely, dispersedly. DIFFUSEDNESS, dif-fi'zād-nēs. s. 365. The state of being diffused, dispersion. DIFFUSELY, dif-fise'ſé, ad. Widely, extensive- lv, copiously. g DIFFUSION, diffè'zhön. s. Dispersion, the state of being scattered every way; copious- ness, exuberance of style. º DIFFUSIVE, dif-f'słv. a. 428. Having the quality of scattering any, thing, every way: scattered, dispersed; extended,in full extension. DIFFUSIVELY, dif-fú'sív-lè. ad. Widely, ex- tensively. DIFFUSIVENESS, dif-fi'sſv-nēs. s. Extension, dispersion ; want of conciseness. To DIG, dig. v. a. preterit Dug or Digged, part. pass. Dug or Digged. To pierce with a spade; to cultivate the ground by turning it with a spade; to pierce with a sharp point. To DIG, dig. v. m. To work with a spade. DIGEST, dijëst. s. 492. The pandect of the civil law. To DIGEST, dē-jëst'. v. a 124. To distribute into various classes or repositories, to range methodically ; to concoct in the stomach ; to soften by heat, as in a boiler, a chymical term; to range methodically in the mind; to reduce to any plan, scheme, or method : in chirurgery, to dispose a wound to generate pus in order to a cure. To DIGEST, dē-jést'. v. m. To generate matter as a wound. DIGESTER, dē-jés'tár. s. He that digests or concocts his food; a strong vessel, wherein to boil, with a very strong heat, any bony sub- stances, so as to reduce them into a fluid state; that which causes or strengthens the concoc- tlye power. pºp, dè-jés'té-bl. a. Capable of be- ing digested. DIGESTION, dē-jés'tshön. s. The act of com- cocting food; the preparation of matter by a chymical heat; reduction to a plan ; the act of disposing a wound to generate matter. DIGESTIVE, dè-jés'tív. a. Having the power to cause digestion ; capable by heat to soften and subdue; disposing, methodising. DIGESTIVE, dē-jés’tív. s. An application which disposes a wound to generate matter. DIGGER, dig'gár. 98. One that opens the ground with a spade. To DIGHT, dite. v. a. 393. To dress, to deck, to adorn. JNot in use. DIGIT, didjit. s. The measure of length con- taining three fourths of an inch ; the twelfth part .#. diameter of the Sun and moon; amy of the numbers expressed by single figures. DIGITATED, didjè-tà-téd. a. Branched out into divisions like fingers. DIGLADIATION, di-glä-dè-à'shām. s. 125. A combat with swords, any quarrel. DIGNIFIED, dig'mè-fide. a. 282. Invested with some digni gnity. pišišion, dig-nē-fè-kä'shān. s. Exalta- tion. To DIGNIFY, dig'né-fl. v. a. 183. To advance, to prefer, to exalt ; to honour, to adorn. DIGNITARY, dig'né-tá-rè. s. A clergyman ad- vanced to some dignity, to some rank above that of a parochial priest. DIGNITY, dig'mè-té. s. Rank of elevation; andeur of mien ; advancement, preferment, igh place: among ecclesiasticks, that promo- tion or preferment to which any jurisdiction is annexed. To DIGRESS, dē-grés'. v. n. 124. To depart from the main design ; to wander, to expatiate DIGRESSION, dē-grèsh'ên. s. A passage de- viating from the main tenour; deviation. DIJUDICATION, di-jū-dè-ká'shôn. s. .125. Ju- dicial distinction. DIKE, dike. s. . A channel to receive water; a mound to hinder inundations. To DíLACERATE, dē-lás'sè-räte. v. a. 124. To tear, to rend. DILACERATION, dē-lás-sé-rå'shān. s. The act of rending in two. To DILANIATE, dè-lă'né-āte. v. a. 124. To tear, to rend in pieces. To DILAPIDATE, dē-lâp'é-dāte. v. n. To go to ruin ; to fall by decay. DILAPIDATION, dè-láp-è-dà'shôn. s. 124. The incumbent's suffering any edifices of his eccle- siastical living to go to ruin or decay. DILATABILITY, dē-lä-tá-bil'è-té. s. The qual- ity of admitting extension. Dif, ATABLE, dē-ătăţii. a. 405. Capable of extension. DILATATION, dil-lä-tä'shàm. s. 530. The act of extending into greater space; the state of being extended. To DILATE, dē-lāte'. v. a. 124. To extend, to spread out; to relate at large, to tell diffusely and copiously. - To DILATE, dè-lāte'. v. n. To widen, to grow wide ; to speak largely and copiously. DILATOR, dē-lä'tár. s. 166. That which widens or extends. DILATORINESS, dil’lā-tär-&-més. s. Slowness, sluggishness. DILATORY, dil'a-tár-è. a. 512. Tardy, slow, sluggish.-See Dom ESTICK. DILECTION, dē-lék'shôn. s. 124. The act of loving. DILEMMA, di-lém'má. s. 119. An argument equally conclusive by contrary suppositions; a difficult or doubtful choice. DILIGENCE, dil'èjēnse. s. Industry, assiduity. DILIGENT, dil'é-jént. a. Constant in applica- tion ; assiduous; constantly applied, prosecut ed with activity. DILIGENTLY, dil'é-jēnt-lè. ad. With assiduity with heed and perseverance. DILL, dil. s. An herb. DILUCID, dé-lè'sid. a. 124. Clear, not opaque; clear, not obscure. To DILUCIDATE, dé-lè'sè-dète. v. a. To make clear or plain, to explain. DILUCIDATION, dē-lū-sè-dà'shān. s. The act of making clear. DILUENT, dil'lú-ênt. a. thin other matter. DILUENT, dil'lú-ēnt. s. That which thins other matter. To DHLUTE, dē-lāte'. v. a. 124. To make thin; to make weak. DILUTER, dè-lú'tär. s. That which makes any thing else thin. DILUTION, dé-lè'shān. s. The act of making any thing thin or weak. Pººſa , dē-lú'vé-án. a. 124. Relating to the eluge. DIM, dim. a. Not having a quick sight; dull of apprehension; not clearly seen, obscure; ob- structing the act of vision, not luminous. To DIM, dim. v. a. To cloud, to darken; to make less bright, to obscure. DIMENSION, dē-mén'shôn. s. 124. Space con- tained in any thing, bulk, extent, º DIMENSIONLESS, ith- Having the power to dè-mén'shôn-lés. a. out any definite bulk. o DIMENSIVE, dē-mén'sſv. a. That which marks the boundaries or outlines. DIMIDIATION, dē-mid-e-A’shān. s. The act of halving. To DIMINISH, dē-minish. v. a. 124. To make less by any abscission or destruction of avy DIO DIR 1.59 [[G 559.—Fâte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;— pine, plm;— part; to impair, to lessen, to degrade; to take any thing from that to which it belongs, the contrary to add. Iſ What has been observed of the e ending a syllable before the accent, is applicable to the i ; they are both exactly the same sound See DF's PATch. To DIMINISH, dē-min?sh. v. R. 124. To grow less, to be impaired. DIMINISHINGLY, dē-minish-ing-lè. ad. In a manner tending to vilify. DIMINUTION, dim-mê-nā’shān, s. The act of making less; the state of growing less; dis- credit: in architecture, the contraction of a diameter of a column, as it ascends. DIMINUTIVE, dē-min'n'-tiv. a. Small, little. DIMINUTIVE, dē-min'n'-tív. s. A word formed to express littleness, as maniken, in English a little man; a small thing. DIMINUTIVELY, dē-min'īlū-tiv-lè. ad. diminutive mahier. DIMINUTIVENESS, dē-min'nā-tiv-nēss. Smallness, littleness, petiyness. DIMISH, dim'ish. a. Somewhat dim. DIMISSORY, dimis-sàr-ré, a That by which a man is dismissed to another jurisdiction. tº Sº I have followed Dr. Johnson's accentuation of this word, as more agreeable to analogy than Mr. Sheridan's.—See Rhyming Dictionary, under the word. DIMITY, dim'ê-té. s. cloth of cotton. DIMLY, dim'lé a. Not with a quick sight, not with a clear perception ; not brightly, not lu- minously. DIMNESS, dim'més. s. Dulness of sight; want of apprehension, stupidity. DIMPLE, dim'pl. s. 405. Cavity or depression in the cheek or chin. To DIMPLE, dimpl. v. n. To sink in small cavities. DIMPLED, dim'pló. a. 405. Set with dimples. DIMPLY, dim'plè. a. Full of dimples. DIN, din. s. A loud noise, a violent and contin- ued sound. To DIN, djm. v. a. To stun with noise; to im- press with violent and continued noise. To DINE, dine. v. m. To eat the chief meal about the middle of the day. To DINE, dine. v. a. To give a dinner to, to feed. DINETICAL, dē-métè-kál. a. 124. Whirling rouhd, vertiginous. To DING, ding. v. a To dash with violence: to impress with force. To DING, ding. v.m. To bluster, to bounce, to huff. DiNG. Dºğ. dīng-dòng'. s. A word by which the sound of bells is imitated. DINGLE, §§ s. 405. A hollow between hills. DINING-ROOM, dining-rööm. s. The principal apartment of the house. DINNER, d?m'nār. s. '98. The chief meal, the meal eaten about the middle of the day DINNER-TIME, din'nār-time. s. The time of In a S. A fine kind of fustian, or dining. DINT, dint. . s. A blow, a stroke; the mark|| made by a blow ; violence, force, power To DINT, dint. v. a. To mark with a cavity by a blow. DINUMERATION, di-mü-mér-à'shôn. s. - 125. The act of numbering out singly. DIOCESAN, di-Ös'sè-sån. s. 116. A bishop as he stands related to his own clergy or flock DIOCESS, di'6-sés. s. The circuit of every pº iš. è-kāl IčAL, d.l-6p'trè-kál. : © išićpišičkº; ii; ; s. Añording a medium for the sight, assisting the sight in the yiew of distant objects. * DIOPTRICKS, di-6p triks.s. 509. Apart of opticks, treating of the different refractions of the light. DIORTHOSIS, dººr-th9'sis, s. 520. An operation by which crooked members are made even. 3. To DIP, dip. v. a. To immerge, to put into any . ; to moisten, to wet ; to engage in any affair; to engage as a pledge. To DIP, dip, V. m. To immerge; to pierce; to enter slightly into any thing; to drop by chance into any mass, to choose by chance. PIRCHICK, dip'tshik.s. The name of a bird. DIPETALOUS, di-pêt'à-lás. a. 119. Having two flower leaves. DIPHºſłłONG, dip'ihông s. 413. A coalition of two vowels to form one sound, DIPLOMA, dē-plô'má. s. 124. A letter or wri- ting conferring some privilege. DIPLOMATICK, dip-ló-mât'ík. a. Relating to a diploma; privileged as ambassadours DIPPER, dip'pār. s. 98. One that dips. Gene- rally applied to one who baptizes by plunging in the water. DIPPING-NEEDLE, dipping-nēē-dl.s. A device which shows a particular property of the mag netick needle. DIPSAS, dip'sás. s. A serpent whose bite pro- duces unquenchable thirst. DIPTOTE, dip'tóte. s. A noun consisting of two cases only. DIPTICK, dip'tik. s. A register of bishops and martyrs. DIRE, dire', a... Dreadful, dismal, horrible. DIRECT, dē-rékt'. a. 124. Straight, not crook- ed; not oblique ; not collateral ; apparently tending to some end; open, not ambiguous; plain, express To DIRECT, dē-rékt. v. a. 117. To aim in a straight line ; to point against as a mark; to regulate, to adjust; to prescribe certain mea- sure, to mark out a certain course ; to order to command. DIRECTER, dē-rék’tár. s. One that directs; an instrument that serves to guide any manual operation. DIRECTION, dè-rék'shān. S. Aim at a certain point; motion impressed by a certain impulse order, command, prescription DIRECTIVE, dē-réktív. a. Having the power of direction ; informing, showing the way. DIRECTLY, dē-rékt'lé, ad. In a straight line, rectilineally; immediately apparently, with: out circumlocution. [[5 In this word we have an instance of a diſſer- ent pronunciation in the emphatical and collo- quial use of it. . If we wish to be very distinct or forceful, we frequently pronounce the i long. as in dial ; but in common conversation we give this letter the sound of e, according to analogy. 117, 124. DIRECTNESS, dē-rékt'nés s Straightness tendency to any point, the nearest way. DIRECTOR, dè-rék'tár' s 166. One that has authority over others, a superintendent; a rule, an ordinance; an instructor; one who is con- sulted in cases of conscience; an instrument in surgery, by which the hand is guided in its Operation. & ECTORY, dé-rék'tūr-8, s. 512. The book which the factious preachers published in the rebellion for the direction of their sect in acts of worship. DIREFUL, dire'föl. a. Dire, dreadful. DIRENESS, dire'nés. s. Dismalness, horrour, heinousness. DIREPTION, di-rép'shān, s. 125. The act of lundering. g DIRGE, dārje. s. A mournful ditty, a song of lamentation. .*. DIRE, dörk. s. A kind of dagger. DIRT, dàrt s. 108 Mud, filth, mire; meanness, sordudness. sº To DIRT, dört. v. a. To foul, to be mire. DIRTPIE, dört-pl’. s. Forms of clay moulded by children. DIRTILY, dàrt'é-lè. ad. Nāstily ; meanlv sordidly. DIS DIS 1 #3 —né, móve, nér, nôt;—töbe, tab, J)}RTINESS, dört'é-nés. s. Nastiness, filthi- mess, foulness; meanness, baseness, sordidness. I}{RTY, dört'é. a. Foul, nasty; mean, despi- cable. To DIRTY, dàrt'é. v. a. To foul, to soil ; to dis- grace, to scandalize. DIRUPTION, di-ráp'shôn. s. 1:25. The act of bursting or breaking ; the state of bursting or breaking. UIS, dis, or diz. 425, 435. Aa inseparable par- ticle used in composition, implying commonly a privative or negative signification of the word to which it is joined; as, to arm, to disarin, tº join, to disjoin, &c. tº When the accent, either primary or second- ary, is on this inseparable preposition, the s is always sharp and hissing; but when the accent is on the second syllable, the s will be either his- sing or buzzing, accºrding to the nature of the consecutive letter. That is, if a sharp mute, as p, t, &c. succeed, the preceding s must be pro- nounced sharp and hissing, as dispose, distaste, &c. but if a flat mute, as b, d, &c. or a vowel or a liquid begin the next syllable, the foregoing s must be sounded like z, as disburse, disdain, &c. but if the secondary accent he on this insepa- rable preposition, 523, as in disbelief, &c. the s retains its pure hissing sound. Dismal, which seems to be an objection to the ſirst part of this rule, is in reality a confirmation of it; for the first syllable in this word is not a preposition, but a contraction of the Tatin word dies ; and dismal is evidently derived from clies mulus. For want of this clue, Mr. Sheridan has given the s pure to disgrace, disguise, &c. DISABILITY, dis-à-bfi'é-tê. s.454. Want of pow- er to do any thing, weakness ; want of proper qualifications for any purpose, legal impedi- Yılént. To DISABLE, diz-ā'bł. v. a. 454. To deprive of natural force; to deprive of usefulness or ef- ficacy ; to exclude as wanting proper qualifi- cations. To DISABUSE, dis-à-bāze'. v. a. To set frce from a mistake, to set right, to undeceive. DISACCOMMODATION, dis-āk-köm-mö-dà'- shân. s. The state of being unfit or unpre- ared. T!' DISACCUSTOM, dis-āk-kås'tàm. v. a. To destroy the source of habit by disuse or con- trary practice. DISACQUAINTANCE, Disuse of familiarity. E}}SAſ)VANTAGE, dis-ād-ván'tāje. s. 90. Loss, injury to interest; diminution of any thing de- sirable ; a state not prepared for defence. DISADVANTAGEABLE, dis-ād-yānta-jā-bl. a. 405. Contrary to profit, producing loss. DISADVANTAGEOUS, dis-ād-ván-täjäs. a. Contrary to interest, contrary to convenience. DISADVANTAGEOUSLY, dis-ād-ván-täjäs-lè. ad. In a manner contrary to interest or profit. DISADVANTAGEOUSNESS, dis-ād-ván-täjäs- nés. s. Contrariety to profit, inconvenience. DISADVENTUROUS, dis-ād-vén'tshū-rås. Unhappy, unprosperous. To DISAFFECT, dis-àf-fékt'. v. a. To fill with discontent. DISAFFECTED, dis-àf-fék'téd. part. a. Not disposed to zeal or affection. D1SAFFECTEDLY, dis-àf-fék’téd-lè. ad. After a disaffected manner. DISAFFECTEDNESS, dis-àf-fék’téd-nēs. s. The uality of being disaffected. DISAFFECTION, dis-àf-fék'shôn. s. Want of zeal for the reigning prince. DISAFFIRMANCE, dis-àf-fér'mänse. s. Confu- tation, megation. To DISAFFOREST, dis-àf-fôr'rést. v. a. To throw open to common purposes, from the privileges of a forest. dis-àk-kwān'tänse. s. al. To DISAGREE, alºgº. v. In To differ, not büll 5–Čí! ;-päänd ;-thin, THIs. to be of the same opinion; to be in a state of opposition. DISAGREEABLE, dis-á-grèë'ā-bl. a. Contrary, unsuitable; umpleasing, offensive. & DISAGREEABLENESS, dis-à-grèë'ā-bl-nēs. s. Unsuitableness, contrariety; unpleasantness; o?fensiveness. DIS AGREEMENT, dis-à-grèë'mént. s. Differ- enca. dissimilitude ; difference of opinion. To DISALLOW, dis-ál-löö'. v. a. To deny au- thority to any ; to consider as unlawful; to censure by some posterior act. To DISALLOW, dis-ál-lôā'. v. m. To refuse per- mission, not to grant. #)? 3 iſºwsii, dis-ál-lôā'ā-bl. a. Not allow- able. DISALLOWANCE, dis-ál-lôā’ānse...s. Prohibi- tºll. To DISANCIIOR, diz-ámk'kår. v. a. 454. To deprive a ship of its anchor. To DíSANIMATE, diz-án'ê-māte. v. a. 454. To deprive of life; to discourage; to deject. DISANIMATION, diz-ān-è-mâ'shôn. s. Privation of life. To DISANNUL, dis-ām-măl'. v. a. To annul, to deprive of authority, to vacate. DisKNNúñºst, is anºmánt. s. The act of making void. To DiSAPPEAR, dis-àp-père'. v. n. To be lost to view, to vanish out of sight. To DiSAPPOINT, dis-àp-pöfnt'. v. a. To defeat of expectation, to balk. DíS APPOINTMENT, dis-àp-półnt'mént. s. De- feat of hopes, miscarriage of expectations. DISAPPROBATION, dis-àp-pro-bä'shān.s. Cen- sure, condemnation. To DiSAPPROVE, dis-àp-próðv'. v. a. To die- like, to censure. To DISARM, diz-ărm'. v. a. 454. To spoil or di. vest of arms. To DíSARRANGE, dis-ār-rānje'. v. a. To put out of order; to derange. To J) is ARRAY, dis-ār-rā’. v. a. To undress any {}#} e. DISARRAY, dis-ār-rā'. s. Disorder, confusion, undress, DISASTER, diz-ás’tár. s 454. The blast or stroke of an unfavourable planet ; misfortuue, grief, mishap, misery. To DISASTER, diz-ás’tör. v. a. To blast by an unfavourable star; to afflict, to mischief. DISASTROUS, diz-ás'trås, a. Unlucky, unhap- py, calamitous ; gloomy, threatening misfor tune. DISASTROUSLY, diz-ás'trás-lè. ad. In a disma- Iłłątſ] ſièI’. DISASTROUSNESS, diz-ás'trás-nēs. s. Unlucki- Iless, unfortunateness. To DISAWOUCH, dis-à-vöätsh'. v. a. To retract profession, to disown. To DISAVOW, dis-à-vöä'. v. a. To disown, to deny knowledge of. DISAWOWAL, dis-à-vöā’āi. s. Denial. DISAWOWMENT, dis-à-vöö'mént. s. Denial. To DISAUTHORISE, dis-àw'thó-rize. v. a. 454. To deprive of oredit or authority. To UISBAND, diz-bänd'. v. a. 435. To dismiss from military service. To DISBAND, diz-bänd'. v. m. military service ; to separate. To DISBARK, diz-bárk'. v. a. To land from a ship. DISBELIEF, dis-bê-lèëf". s. 425. Refusal of credit, denial of belief. To DiSBELIEVE, dis-bé-lèëv'. v. a. Not to credit, not to hold true. DISBELIEVER, dis-bé-lè'vár. s. One who re. fuses belief. To DISBENCH, diz-bénish'. v. a. from a seat. & To DISBRANCH, diz-brämtsh v a. To séña- rate or break off. To retire from To drive L)|IS DIS 154 [[G’ 559–Fâte, far, fall, ſāt;--mê, maét;—pine, pīn;– To DISBUD, diz. bād'. v. a. To take away the sprigs newly put forth. To DISBURDEN, diz-bār'dn. v. a. To unload, to disencumber ; to throw off a burden. To DISBURDEN, diz-bār'dn. v. n. To ease the mind To DISBURSE, diz-bärse'. v. a. To spend or lay out money. DISBURSEMENT, diz-bārs'mént. s. A disburs- mg or laying out. DISBURSER, diz-bār'sör. s. One that disburses. DISCALCEATED dis-kāl'shë-à-tćd. a. 357. Stripped of shoes. DISCALCEATION, dis-kāl-shē-ă'shôn. s. 357. The act of #. off the shoes. To PiscAN Y, dis-kān'dé. v. m. To dissolve. to 17161ſt. To DISCARD, dis-kārd'. v. a. To throw out of the hand such cards as are useless ; to dis charge or eject from service or employment. Dºnate, dis-kār'māte. a. 91. Stripped of €SI). Tº DISCASE, dis-kāse'. v. a. To strip, to un- {{FéSS. To DISCERN, diz-zèrm'. v. a. 351. To descry, to see ; to judge, to have knowledge of; to distinguish ; to make the difference between. To. DISCERN, diz-zèrm'. v. m. To make dis- tinction. IDISCERNER, diz-zèr'nār. s. 98. Discoverer, he that descries; judge, one that has the pow- er of distinguishing. DISCERNIBLE, diz-zér’mè-bl. a. Discoverable, perceptible, distinguishable, apparent. pºſsiblENEss, díz-zér'nè-bl-més. s. Visi- €I}0SS. DISCERNIBLY, diz-zér'nè-blé, ad. Perceptibly, §§§ DISCERNING, diz-zér’ming, part. a. Judicious, knowing. DISCERNINGLY, diz-zér'ning-lè. ad. Judi- ciously, rationally, acutely. DISCERNMENT, diz-zérn'mént. s. Judgment, power of distinguishing. To DISCERP, dis-sérp'. v. a. To tear in pieces. DISCERPTIBLE, dis-sérp'té-bl. a. Frangible, separable. DISCERPTIBILITY, dis-sérpte-bilè-té. s. Lia- bleness to be destroyed by disunion of parts. DISCERPTION, dis-sérp'shôn. s. The act of ulºng to pieces. To DISCHARGE, dis-tshārje'. v. a. To disbur. den ; to disembark; to give vent to any thing, to let fly; to let off a gun; to clear a debt by payment; to set free from obligation ; to ab- solve; to perform, to execute; to put away, to obliterate; to divest of any office or employ- ment; to dismiss, to release. To DISCHARGE, dis-tshārje'. v. n. To dismiss itself, to break up. 4. DHSCHARGE, dis-tshārje. s. Went, explosion, emission; matter vented; dismission from an office; release from an obligation or penalty; performance, execution; an acquittance from a debt. TOISCHARGER, dis-tshār'jār. s. He that dis- charges in any manner; he that fires a gun. DISCINCT, dis-sinkt. a. Ungirded, loosely dressed. To DISCIND, dis-sind'. v. a. To divide, to cut in HeCeş. DISCIPLE, dis-si'pl. s. 405. A scholar. DISCIPLESHIP, dis-si'pl-ship. s. The state or function of a disciple, DISCIPLINABLE, dis'sé-plin-à-bl. a. Capable of instruction. DISCIPLINABLENESS, dis'sè-plin-à-bl-nēs. s. Capacity of instruction. - 1)|SCIPLINARIAN, dis-sà-plín-A'ré-án. a. Per- taining to discipline. PłSCIPLINARIAN, dis-sà-plín-A'rè-án. s. One that rules or teaches with great strictness; a follower of the Presbyterian sect, so called from their clamour about discipline. DISCIPI,INARY, d?s'sè-plin-à-ré. a. 512. Per- taining to discipline. DiSCIPLINE, dissè-plin. s. 150. Education, instruction ; rule of government, order; mili: tary regulation ; a state of subjection; chf;- tisement, correction. To DISCIPLINE, dis'sé-plin, v. a. To educats, to instruct; to keep in order; to correct, tº chastise ; to reform. To DISCLAIM, dis-kläme'. v. a. to denv any knowledge of. DISCLAIMER, dis-klä'mür, s. 98. disclaims, disowns, or renounces. To DISCLOSE, dis-klóze'. v. a. To uncover, to produce from a hidden state to open view , fo open, to reveal, to tell. DISCLOSER, dis-kló'zār. s. One that reveals or discovers. DISCLOSURE, dis-l, lê'zhūre. s. 452. Disco- very, production into view ; act of revealing 31} V Secret. DISCOLORATION, d's-kół-à-rà'shôn. s. The act of changing the colour; the act of staining; change of colour, stain, die. To £);SCOE,OUR, dis-kāl'lúr. v. a. f on the natural hue, to stain. To DISCOM FIT, dis-kām'ſ it. v. a. To defeat to vanquish. DISCOAIFIT, dis-kām'ſſt. s. throw. DISCOMFITURE, dis-kām'fit-yūre. s. rout. overthrow. DISCOMFORT, dis-kām'färt, s. 166. Uneası mess, melancholy, gloom. To DISCOMFORT, dis-kām'fört. To grieve, to sadden, to deject. DISCOMFORTABLE, dis-kām'för-tá-bl. a One that is melancholy and refuses comfort; that causes sadness. To DHSCOMMEND, dis-köm-ménd'. v. a. To dis-kām’mén-dà-bl. a. blame, to censure. DISCOMMENDABLE, —See Conſº FND A Bi E. Blameable, censurable, DISCOMMENDABLENESS, dis-kām'mén-dā- bl-nēs. s. Blameableness, liableness to cen- Súl'e. * DISCOMMENDATION, dis-kām-mén-dà'shôn. s. Blame, censure. DISCOMMENDER, dis-kām-mén'dúr. s. One that discommends. To DISCOMMODE, dis-kām-möde'. v. a. To ut to inconvenience, to molest. DISCOMMODIOUS, dis-kām-mö'dè-às, or dis- köm-mójē-ăs. a. Inconvenient, troublesome. —See CoMMoDrous. DISCOMMODITY, dis-kām-möd'ê-tè. s. Incon- venience, disadvantage, hurt. To DISCOMPOSE, dis-kām-pôze'. v. a. To disorder, to unsettle; to ruffle ; to disturb the temper; to offend ; to displace. DíSCOMPOSURE, dis-kām-pô'zhère. s. Dis- order, perturbation. To DISCONCERT, dis-kön-sért'. v. a. To un settle the mind, to discompose. DISCONFORMITY, dis-kān-fôr'mè-té. s. Want of agreement. DISCONGRUITY, dis-kān-grü'ê-tè. s. Disa- greement, inconsistency. DISCONSOLATE, dis-kón'sö-lāte. a. 91. With - out comfort, hopeless, sorrowful. DISCONSOLATELY, dis-kān'só-lāte-lè. ad. In a disconsolate manner, comfortlessly. DHSCONSOLATENESS, dis-kön'só-lāte-nēs. s The state of being disconsolate. DISCONTENT, dis-kān-tént'. s. Want of con. tent, uneasiness at the present state. To disown, One that To change Defeat, over- Defeat, V. a. DISCONTENT, dis-kān-tént'. a. Uneasy at the present state, dissatisfied. To DíSCONTENT, dis-kān-tént', v. A. To dis satisſy, to make uneasy * .* DIS DIS 155 —nó, móve, nár, māt;-tübe, túb, bull;-&fl;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. DISCONTENTED, dis-kān-tên'téd. Uneasy, dissatisfied. º DISCONTENTEDNESS, dis-kān-tén'téd-més. S. Uneasiness, dissatisfaction. part. a. DISCONTENTMENT, dis-kān-tént'mént. s. The state of discontent. DISCONTINUANCE, dis-kān-tin'êt-ànse. s. Want of cohesion of parts; a breaking off; | cessation, intermission. DISCONTINUATION, dis-kān-tîn-º-à'shán. s. Disruption of continuity, separation. To DISCONTINUE, dis-kān-tin'ê. v. m. ...To lose the cohesion of parts; to lose an establish- ed or prescriptive custom. To leave off, to cease any practice or habit. DISCONTINUITY, dis-kān-tê-mū'è-tě, s. DISCONVENIENCE, dis-kān-vé'mè-énse. s. In- Congruity, disagreement. opposition, mutual animosity; difference, or contrariety of qualities: in musick, sounds not mixed with others. To DISCORD, dis-kārd'. v. n. 492. To disagree, DISCORDANCE, dis-kār'dänse. S DISCORDANCY, dis-kār'dān-sè. t TISCORDANT, dis-kār'dānt. a. Inconsistent, at variance with itself; opposite, contrarious. sistently, in disagreement with itself; in dis- agreement with another. bring to light ; to make known; to find out, to eSpy. DISCOVERABLE, dis-kāv’ār-à-bl. a. That to view. DISCOVERER, dis-kāv’ār-àr. s. One that finds any thing not known before ; a scout, one who DISCOVERY, dis-kāv’ār-&. s. The act of finding any thing hidden; the act of revealing € i. DISCOUNT, dis'köämt. s. 313, 492. The sum refunded in a bargain pay back agai To DISCOUNT to put to shame. DISCOUNTENANCE, dis-köän'té-mânse. s. Cr & DISCOUNTENANCER, dis-kóñn'té-mân-sàr. s. 98. One that discourages by cold treatment. depress, to deprive of confidence ; to deter, to fright from any attempt. r’rldje-àr. s. One that impresses diffidence and terrour. The act of deterring or depressing hope; the cause of depression or fear. understanding, by which it passes from premi- ses to consequences ; conversation, mutual in- tation either written or uttered. To DISCOURSE, dis-körse'. v. m. To converse, set manner ; to reason, to pass from premises to Consequell CeS. ranguer; a writer on any subject. DISCOURSIVE, dis-kör'sfy. a. Passing by in- ges ; containing dialogue, interlocutory. DISCOURTEOUS, dis-kār'tshās. a. Uncivil, To DISCONTINUE, dis-kān-tim''. v a Dis- unity of parts, want of cohesion. DISCORD, dis'körd. S. 492. Disagreement, of themselves pleasing, but necessary to be not to suit with. Disagreement, opposition, inconsistency. DISCORDANTLY, dis-kār"dānt-lè. ad. Incom- To DISCOVER, dis-kāv’ār. v. a. To disclose, to which may be found out; apparent, exposed is put to descry the enemy. 555. or disclosing any secret To DISCOUNT, dis-kāānt. v. a. To count, to To discourage by cold treatment; tº sº. treatment, unfriendly regard. To DISCOURAGE, dis-kāridje. v. a. 314. To p DISCOURAGER, dis-kā DISCOURAGEMENT, dis-kār'ridje-mênt. s. 90. DISCOURSE, dis-körse'. s. 318. The act of the tercourse of language, talk; treatise, a disser- to talk, to relate ; to treat upon in a solemn or DISCOURSER, dis-kör'sár. s. A speaker, a ha- termediate steps from premises to consequen- uncomplaisant, Il. ENANCE, dis-kāān'té-mânº- * , a, H DISCOURTEOUSLY, dis-kār'tshās-lè. ad. Uſis civilly, rudely. DISCOURTESY, dis-kār’té-sè. s. Incivility rudeness. . . . DISCOUS, dis'kás. a. Broad, flat, wide. DISCREDIT, dis-kréd?t. s. Ignominy, reproach, disgrace; want of trust. To DISCREDIT, dis-krédit. v. a. To deprive of credibility ; to disgrace, to shame. DISCREET, dis-krèèt'. a. Prudent, cautious sober ; modest, not forward. DISCREETLY, dis-krèèt'lè. cautiously. DISCREETNESS, dis-krèèt'nés. s. The quality of being discreet. DISCREPANCE, dis'krè-pânse. s. Difference, contrariety. DISCREPANT, dis'krè-pânt. a. Different, disa- , greeing. DISCRETE, dis-krète'. a. tinuous; disjunctive. [EP This word and its companion Concrete one would have supposed should have the same ac- centuation in all our Pronouncing Dictiona- ries, and yet scarcely any two words are more differently accented. The accent is placed on the last syllable of Concrete by Dr. Ash, Bucham- am, Perry, Entick, and Bailey ; and on the first by Sheridan, Dr. Johnson, Smith, W. Johnston, and Dr. Kenrick. Scott accents the last syllable of this word when an adjective, and the first when a substantive, a distinction very agreeable to analogy, 494; but Entick, directly contrary to this analogy, reverses this order. Discrete is always used as am adjective, but has scarcely less diversity of accentuation than Concrete. Dr. Johnson, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, Mr, Scott, Perry, and Pntick, ac- cent it on the last syllable; and Dr. Ash, Mir. Sheridan, and Bailey, on the first. When I wrote the Rhyming Dictionary, I accented both these words on the first syllable ; but this ac- centuation I imagine arose from contrasting them, which often places the accent on the op- posing parts, as in inſternal and external ; but upon maturer consideration I apprehend the accent ought to be placed on the first syllable of Concrete when a substantive, and on the last of both words when adjectives. DISCRETION, dis-krèsh’ām. s. 507. Prudence, knowledge to govern or direct one's self; liber- ad. Prudently, Distinct, not com- | ty of acting at pleasure, uncontrolled and un- conditional power. §DISCRETIONARY, dis-kréshán-ār-É. a. Left st large, unlimited, unrestrained. Dºğ. dis-krè'tív.a. The same as discrete fiščRivijñºs, diskºimºmani, a distin. guishable by outward marks or tokens. To DISCRIMINATE, dis-krím'ê-māte. v. a. To mark with notes of difference ; to select or sep- arate from others. DISCRIMINATENESS, dis-krím'ê-mâte-més. 91. Distinctness. DISCRIMINATION, dis-krīm-è-mâ'shán. s. The state of being distinguished from other persons or things; the act of distinguishing one from another, distinction; the marks of distinction. DISCRIMINATIVE, dis-krīm'ê-mă-tív. a. 157 That which makes the mark of distinction, characteristical; that which observes distinc- tion. - DISCRIMINOUS, dis-krím'é-nēs. a. Dangerous, hazardous. 4. DISCUBITORY, dis-kā'bè-tär-8. a. 512. Fitted to the posture of leaning. * DISCUMBENCY, dis-kām'bén-sè. s. of leaning at meat. * tº To DISCUMBER, dis-kām'bár. v. a. To disen- age from any troublesome weight or bulk. DISCURSIVF dis-kār'sív. a. 158. Moving hers and there, rºving; proceeding by regular gras dation from premises to consequences, S. The act DIS DIS 156 [ī 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fat;-mé, mét;—pine, pin ;- 1) ISCURSIVELY, dis-kār'sſy-lè. ad. By due gradation of argument. PHSCURSORY, dis-kār'sār-e.a. Argumental.— For the o, see Doyſ Estick. DISCUS, diskás. s. A quoit. To DISCUSS, dis-kās'. v. a. To examine; to disperse any humour or swelling. DiSCUSSER, dis-kās'sär. s. 98. He that dis- CulSS6S. DISCUSSION, dis-kās'shôn. s. Disquisition, ex- amination. DISCUSSIVE, dis-kās'sív. a. 428. Having the power to discuss. DISCUTIENT, dis-kū'shēnt. s. A medicine that , has power to repel. To DISDAIN, diz-dāme'. v. a. To scorn, to con- sider as unworthy of one's character.—See DIs. DISDAIN, diz-dàne'. s. Scorn, contemptuous º D}SDAINFUL, diz-dàne'föl. a. scornful, iºn; DISDAINFULLY, diz-dàne'fäl-lè. ad. With haughty scorm. . DISDAINFULNESS, diz-dàne'fāl-nēs. s. Haugh- ty scorn. DISEASE, diz-Éze'. s. Distemper, malady, sick- neSS. To DISEASE, diz-éze’. v. a. To afflict with dis- ease, to torment with sickness; to pain, to make uneasy. DISEASEDNESS, diz-è'zéd-nēs. s. 365. Sick- ness, malady. }}ISEDGED, diz-édjd’. a. 359. Blunted, dulled. To DISEMBARK, dis-Ém-bárk'. v. a. To carry to land. To DISEMBARK, dis-Ém-bárk'. v. n. To land, to go on land. To DISEMBITTER, dis-Ém-bit'tūr. v. a. To sweeten, to free from bitterness. PISEMBODIED, dis-Ém-böd'íd. a. Divested of their bodies. To DISEMBOGUE, dis-Ém-bègue'. v. a. 337. To pour out at the mouth of a river. To DiSEMBOGUE, dis-Ém-bègue'. v. m. To gain a vent, to flow. DiSEMBOWELLED, dis-Ém-böö'éld. part. a. Taken from out the bowels. To DISEMBROIL, dis-àm-bróil'. v. a. To dis- entangle, to free from perplexity. To DISENABLE, dis-án-ā'bl. v. a. of power. To DISENCHANT, dis-án-tshānt'. v. a. To free from the force of an emchantment. To DISENCUMBER, dis-án-köm'bár. v. a. To discharge from incumbrances, to disburden ; to free from obstruction of any kind. DISENCUMBRANCE, dis-án-kām‘bränse. S Freedom from incumbrance. To DISENGAGE, dis-Ém-gāje'. v. a. To separ ate from any thing with which it is in union ; to disentangle, to clear from impediments or difficulties; to free from any thing that power- fully seizes the attention. To DISENGAGE, dis-án gåje'. v. n. one's self free from. DISENGAGED, dis-Én-gājd'. part. a. 359. Wa- cant, at leisure. DISENGAGEDNESS, dis-àn-gājd'más. s. The quality of being disengaged, vacuity of attem- tion. DISENGAGEMENT, dis-án-gāje'mént. s. Re- lease from any engagement or obligation; free- dom of attention, }*. To DISENTANGLE, dis-án-täng'gl. v. a. To set free from impediments, to clear from per- plexity or difficulty; to unfold the parts of any thing interwoven ; to disengage, to separate. To jiščNiñāfī, dis-án-tér'. v. a. To unbury. To DISENTHRAL, dis-án-thrāwī'. . v. a. 406. To set free, to restore to liberty, to rescue from slavery w Haughtily, To deprive To set To DISENTHRONE, dis-án-throne. v. a. To depose from sovereignty. To DISENTRANCE, dis-án-tránse'. v. a. To awaken from a trance, or deep sleep. To DISESPOUSE, dis-à-spöäse'. v. a. To se- parate after faith plighted DiSESTEEM, dis-à-stèëm', s, Slight, dislike To DISESTEEM, dis-à-stèèm'. v. a. To slight, to dislike. DISESTIMATION, dis-ás-tê-mâ'shām. s. Dis- respect, disesteem. DISFAVOUR, dis-fa'vár. s. Discountenance; a state of ungraciousness, or unacceptableness; want of beauty. To DISFAVOUR, dis-fa’vár. v. a. To dis- countenance, to withhold or withdraw kind- T16SS. DISFIGURATION, dis-fig-à-rà'shán. ... s. The act of disfiguring; the state of being disfigured; deformity. To DISFIGURE, dis-fig'àre. v. a. To change any thing to a worse form, to deform, to man- gle. DisfigureMENT, dis-fig'àre-mént. s. Dis. facement of beauty, change of a better form to 3. WOTSé. DISFOREST, dis-fôr'rést. v. a. To reduce land from the privileges of a forest to the state of common land. To DISFRANCHISE, dis-från'tshiz. v. a. 140 To deprive of privileges or immunities. DISFRANCHISEMENT, dis-frán'tshīz-mênt. s. The act of depriving of privileges. To DHSFURNISH, dis-fôr'nish. v. a. To un- furnish, to strip. To DISGARNISH, diz-går'nish. v. a. 425. To strip of ornament; to take guns from a for. tress. To DISGLORIFY, diz-glò'rè-fi... v. a. To de- prive of §§ to treat with indignity. To DISGORGE, diz-görje'. v. a. To discharge by the mouth ; to pour out with violence. DISGRACE, diz-gräse'. s. 425. Shame, ignominy dishonour ; state of dishonour; state of being out of favour. To DISGRACE, diz-gräse'. v. a. To bring a reproach upon, to dishonour; to put out of favour. DISGRACEFUL, diz-gräse'föl. a. Shameful, ignominious. Diščf ACEFULLY, diz-gräsefāl-ā, ad. In disgrace, with indignity, ignominiously. DISGRACEFULNESS, diz-gräse'föl-nés. s. Ig mommy. DISGRACER, diz-grä'sár. a. 98. One that exposes to shame. DISGRACIOUS, diz-grá'shās. a. Unkind, un, favourable. To DISGUISE, d?zg-ylze'. v. a. 92, 160. To conceal by an unusual dress; to hide by a counterfeit appearance; to disfigure, to change the form ; to deform by liquor. DISGUISE, dizg-yize'. s. 160. . A dress con- trived to conceal the person that wears it ; a counterfeit show. DISGUISEMENT, dizg-yize'mént. s. concealment. D}SGUISER, dizg-yi zár. s. 160. One that puts on a disguise , one that conceals another by a dis- guise, one that disfigures. DiSGUST, diz-gåst'. s. 435. Aversion of the palate from any thing; ill-humour, malevolence, offence comccived. To DISGUST, diz-gåst'. v. a. To raise aver- sion in the stomach, to distaste ; to strike with dislike, to offend; to produce aversion. DISGUSTFUL, diz-gåst'föl. a Nauseous. DISH, dish. s. Abroad wide vessel, in which solid food is served up at the table; a deep hol- low vessel for liquid food ; the meat served in a dish, * particular kind of food. .. To DISH, dºsh. v. a. To serve in a dish, Dress of {}{S DIS 1 57 º -nē, móve, nár, nét;—täbe, túb, bill;—öll;--pôānd;—thin, THIS. Inish-CLOUT, dish'klöät. s. The cloth with which the maids rub their dishes. DISH-WASHER, dish'wósh-àr. s. of a bird. - DISHABILLE, dis-à-bil’. s. Undress, loose dress. f - To DISHABIT, dis-hâb'ft. v. a. To throw out of place. . To EISHEARTEN, dis-hár'tm. v. a. 103. To , discourage, to deject, to terrify. DISHERISON, dis-hér'é-zn. s. 170. The act of debarring from inheritance. - To DISHERIT, dis-hérºit. v. a. To cut off from hereditary succession. . . w - To DISHEVEL, dish-shëv'vél. v. a. To spread the hair disorderly. DISHONEST, diz-öm'ist. . a. 99. , Void of pro- bity, void of faith ; disgraceful, ignominious. PISHONESTLY, diz-ón'íst-lè. ad. Without faith, without probity ; unchastely. e INISHONESTY, diz-Śm'nïs-té. s. Want of probi- ty, faithlessness ; unchastity. - p;#N OUR, diz-Ön'nār. s. Reproach, disgrace, ignominy; reproach uttered, censure. T; NOUR, diz-Śm'môr. v. a. To disgrace, to bring shame upon, to blast with infamy; to violate chastity; to treat with indignity. DISHONOURABLE, diz-ón'nār-à-bl. a. Shame- ful, reproachful, ignominious. - DISHONOURER, diz-ón'nār-àr. s. One that treats another with indignity; a violator of chastity. - - To DISHORN, dis-hörn'. v. a. To strip of horns. DISHUMOUR, dis-à'már. s. Peevishness, ill hu- ITIOTIT. F. DISIMPROVEMENT, dis-îm-próðv'mént s. Re- duction of a better to a worse state. To DISINCAR CERATE, dis-in-kār'sè-räte. v. a. To set at liberty. - º DISINCLINATION, dis-in-klä-mâ'shān. S. Want of affection, slight dislike. ^- To TXISINCLINE, dis-in-klime'. v. a. To pro- duce dislike to, to make disaffected, to alien- ate affection from. The name DISINGENUITY, dis-in-jë-mū'è-té. s. Mean- ness of artifice, unfairness. DISINGENUOUS, dis-in-jén'ā-ās. a. Unfair, meanly artful, illiheral. •- DISINGENOUSLY, dis-in-jén'ā-ās-lè. ad. In a disingenuous manner. w DISINGENUOUSNESS, dis-in-jën'ā-ās-nēs. s. Mean subtilty, low craft. IDISINHERISON, dis-in-hér'é-zn. s. The act of cutting off from an hereditary succession; the state of being cut off from an hereditary right. To DISINHERIT, dis-in-hér'ft. v. a. To cut off from an hereditary right. To DISINTER, dis-in-tér'. v. a. To unbury, to take out of the grave. - * DISINTERESSED, diz-fri’tér-3s-séd. a. With- out regard to private advantage, impartial. JWot used. DISINTERESSMENT, diz-ſn'tér-ès-mênt. s. Disregard to private advantage, disinterest, disinterestedness. JNot used. - DISINTEREST, diz-ín'tér-ést. s. What is con- trary to one's wish or prosperity; indifference to profit. . DISINTERESTED, diz-in'tér-ás-téd. a. Supe- riour to regard of private advantage, not influ- enced by private profit; without any concern in an affair. - DISINTERESTEDLY, diz-īn'tér-ès-téd-lè ad. In a disinterested manner, DISINTERESTEDNESS, diz-ſn'tér-ès-téd-nēs. s. Contempt of private interest. To DISINTRICATE, diz-inſtrè-kāte. v. a. To *ś * - To DISINVITE, dis-in-vite'. v. a. To retract an invitation. - To DISJOIN, dizijöin'. v. a. . To separate, to To DiSJOINT, diz-jöint'. v. a. To put out ºf joint; to break at junctures, to separate at the part where there is a cement; to carve a fowl; to make incoherent. - To DISJOINT, dizjöfnt'. v. m. To fall in pieces; to separate. DISJUNCT, diz-jänkt'. a. 408. Disjointed, se- parate. DISJUNCTION, diz-jångk'shôn. s. Disunion, separation, parting. - 1. a DISJUNCTIVE, diz-jöngk’tív. a. Incapable of union ; that which marks separation or oppo- sition. DISJUNCTIVELY, diz-jöngk’tív-lè. ad. Dis- tinctly, separately. - DISK, disk. s. The face of the sun or planet as ... it appears to the eye; a broad piece of iron thrown in the ancient sports, a quoit. DISKINDNESS, disk-yind'més. s. 160. Want of kindness, want of affection ; ill-turn, injury. DISLIKE, diz-like'. s. 435. Disinclimation, ab- sence of affection, disgust, disagreement. . To DISLIKE, diz-like', v. a. To disapprove, to regard without affection. DISLIKEFUL, diz-like'föl. a. Disaffected, ma- ligm. To isisLIKEN, dīz-li'kn. v. a. To make unlike. DISLIKENESS, diz-like'nés. s. Dissimilitude, unlikeness. • - DISLIKER, diz-li'kår. s. A disapprover, one that is not pleased. To DISLIMB, diz-lim'. v. a. limb. - - -. To DISLIMN diz-lim'. v. a. 435. To unpaint. JNot zused. - To DISLOCATE, dis'lö-kāte. v. a. To put out of the proper place ; to put out of joint. DISLOCATION, dis-iö-kå'shôn. s. The act of shifting the places of things; the state of be- ing displaced; a joint put out. To DISLODGE, diz-lödje'. v. a. To remove from a place; to remove from an habitation ; to drive an enemy from a station ; to remove an army to other quarters. To DISLOGDE, diz-lódje'. v. n. To tear limb from part from each other, to sunder. To go away to another place. - t DISLOYAL, diz-lèë'âl. a. 435. Not true to alle #. faithless; not true to the marriage-bed; alse in love, not constant. - DISLOYALLY, diz-löé'âi-lè. ad. Not faithfully, disobediently. - DISLOYALTY, diz-lóē’āl-té. s. Want of fidel- ity to the sovereign; want of fidelity in love. D#. díz'mál. a. 425. Sorrowful, uncom- fortable, unhappy. DISMALLY, dizmál-lè. ad. Horribly, sorrow- fully. - DISMALNESS, diz'mál-nēs. s. Horrour, sorrow. To DISMANTLE, diz-mán'tl. v. a. To throw off a dress, to strip ; to loose ; to strip a town of its outworks; to break down anything ex- terrial. . To DISMASK, diz-mäsk'. v. a. To divest of a mask. - To DISMAY, diz-má'. v. a. 425. To terrify, to discourage, to affright. DISMAY, diz-mâ'. s. 435. Fall of courage, ter. rour felt, desertion of mind. . . DISMAYEDNESS, diz-mâ'éd-nēs. s. Dejection of courage, dispiritedness. - . To DISMEMBER, diz-mémſbär. v. a. To divide member from member, to cut in pieces. To DISMISS, diz-mis'. v. a. 435. To send away ; to discard. - - e * DISMISSION, diz-mish'ên. s. Act of sending away; deprivation, obligation to leave any . post or place. "t e Tô DISMGRTGAGE, diz-mêr'gāje. v. a. To redeem from mortgage. To DISMOUNT, diz-möänt'. v. a. To throw any one from on horseback; to throw a can mon from its carriage. m=----- - - - - - DIs DIS - - - tº T - 158 - f DISPENSE, dis-pênse'. s. [[G 559–Fâte, ſār, ſåll, fat;-mé, mét;—pine, pīn;– To DISMOUNT, diz-möänt'. v. n. To alight from a horse ; to descend from an elevation. To DISNATURALIZE, diz-mâtsh'º-rá-llze. v. a. To alienate, to make alien. DHSNATURED, diz-nā'tshūrd. a. 435. Unnatu- ral, wanting natural tenderness. EISOBEDIENCE, dis-à-bê'dè-ēnse. s. Viola- tion of lawful commands or prohibition, breach of duty due to superiours; incompliance.—See OBEDIENCE. DISOBEDIENT, dis-à-bê'dè-ênt, a. Not obser- vant of lawful autherity. To DISOBEY, dis-à-bā'. v. a. To break com- mands or transgress prohibitions. DISOBLIGATION, dis-àb-lè-gå'shān. s. Offence, cause of disgust. To DHSOBLIGE, };} v. a. 111. To dis-à-b} offend, disgust, to give offence to. DISOBLIGſNG, disjö-bijing, part, a. 111. Dis. gusting, unpleasing, offensive. DISOBLIGINGLY, dis-à-blijīng-lè. ad. In a disgusting or offensive mammer, without atten- tion to please. º DISOBLIGINGNESS, dis-à-blijīng-nēs. s. Of. fensiveness, readiness to disgust. DISORBED, diz-örbd', a. 359. Thrown out of the proper orbit. - DISORDER, diz-ör'dár. s. Irregularity, confu- sion ; tumult, disturbance; neglect of rule; sickness, distemper; discomposure of mind. To DISORDER, d?z-ör'dár. v. a. To throw into confusion, to disturb, to ruffle ; to make sick. DISQRDERED, diz-ör'dárd. a. 359. Irregular, Vicious, loose, diseased. DISORDERLY, diz-ör'dār-lè. a. Confused, ir- regular, tumultuous; contrary to law, vicious. DISORDERLY, diz-Śr'dār-lè. ad. Irregularly, Confusedly; without law, inordinately. DISORDINATE, dis-àr'dè-māte. a. 91. Not liv- ing by the rules of virtue. - Disoftbin Atkiy, ºrd&nate-lè. ad. In- ... ordinately, viciously. To DISOWN, diz-Öné'. v. a. To deny, to re- ROUH16.6. To DiSPARAGE, dis-pár'ridje. v. a. 90. To match unequally, to injure by union with some- thing inferiour in excellence; to injure by com- arison with something of less value. DISPARAGEMENT, disparºdje mºnt. s. In- jurious union or comparison with something of inferiour excellence. BISPARAGER, dis-pār'ridje-àr. s. One that disgraces. * - DISHARITY, dis-pár'é-té. . s. 511. Inequality, difference in degree, either of rank or excel- lence; dissimilitude, unlikeness. To DISPARK, dis-párk'. v. a. To throw open a park; to set at large without enclosure, To DiSPART, dis-párt'. v. a. To divide into two, to separate, to break. DISPASSION, dis-pāsh'êm. s. mental perturbation. * DISPASSIONATE, dis-pāsh'én-āte. a. 91. Cool, calm, temperate. & * To DISPEL, dis-péſ'. v. a. To drive by scatter- ing, to dissipate. . DISPENSARY, dis-pên'sá-rè. s. where medicines are dispensed. *. DISPENSATION, dis-pên-sà'shām. s. Distribu- tion, the act of dealing out anything; the deal- ing of God with his creatures, method of Pro- vidence ; an exemption from some law. DISPENSATOR, dis-pép-sà'túr. s. One employ- º ed in deakug out anything, a distributer. DISPENSATORY, dis-pên'sä-tàr-é. s. 512. A book in which the composition of medicines is described and directed, a pharmacopoeia. To DISPENSE, dis-pênse'. v. a. To deal out, to distribute To dispense with, to excuse, to grant dispensation for. Freedom from The place T)ispensation, ex- emption. , - DISPENSER, dis-pên'sär. s. 98. One that dis. penses, a distributer. - *. To DISPEOPLE, dis-pê'pl. v. a. To depopu, late, to empty of people *, RISPEQPLER, dis-pêplär. s. A depopulator, To DISPERGE, dis-pêrdje'. v. a. To sprinkle. To DISPERSE, dis-pêrse'. v.a. To scatter, to grive to different parts; to dissipate. --- DISPERSEDLY, dis-pér'séd-lè. ad. 364. In a dispersed manner. *~. DISPERSEDNESS, dis-pér'séd-nés. s. Thin- mess, scatteredness. - DISPERSER, dis-pér'sér. s. 98. A scatterer, a spreader. DiSPERSION, dis-pér'shôn. s. The actof scat- tering or spreading ; the state of being scat- tered. - g - To DISPIRIT, dis-pîrît. v.a. 109. To discour- age, to depress, to damp; to exhaust the spirits. DISPIRITEDNESS, dis-pîr'ít-tád-nés. s. Want of vigour. * To DISPLACE, dis-plase'. v. a. To put out of place; to put out of any state, condition, or dignity, to disorder º DISPLACENCY, dis-plá'sén-sé. s. disobligation ; any thing unpleasing. 4. To DISPLANT, dis-plánt'. v. a. To remove a plant ; to drive a people from the place in which they have fixed. - DISPLANTATION, dis-plan-tä'shūm. s. The removal of a plant; the ejection of a people. To DISPLAY, dis-pla'. v. a. To spread wide to exhibit to the sight or mind; to set out os- tentatiously to view. g DISPLAY, dis-pla'. s. An exhibition of any thing to View. gº DISPLEASANT, dis-pléz'ānt. a. Unpleasing, offensive. - To DISPLEASE, dis-plèze'. v. a. To offend, to make angry ; to disgust, to raise aversions DISPLEASINGNESS, dis-pièzing-nēs. s. Of fensiveness, quality of offending. DISPLEASURE, dis-plazh'êre... s. Uneasiness pain received; offence, pain given; anger, in dignation ; state of disgrace. .. To DISPLEASURE, dis-plézh'êre. Y. a. To dis please, not to gain favour. gº To DISPLODE, dis-piède'. v. a. To dispers with a loud moise, to vent with violence. - Incivility, pioding, a sudden burst with noise. † DISPORT, dis-pôrt'. s. Play, sport, pastime. To DiSPORT, dis-pôrt'. v. a. To divert. - To DISPORT, dis-pèrt'. v. n. To play, to toy, to wantor. DISPOSAL, dis-pô'zál. s. The act of disposing or regulating any thing, regulation, distribu- DISPLOSION, dis-pló'zhēn. s. The act of dis- stion; the power of distribution, the right of . bestowing. º | -- To DISPOSE, dis-pôze'. v. a. To give, to place, to bestow ; to adapt, to form for any purpose ; to frame the mind; to regulate, to adjust : To dispose of, to apply to any purpose, to trans- fer to any person, to give away, to sell ; to place in any condition. DISPOSE, dis-póze'. . s. Power, management, disposal; cast of mind, inclination. DISPOSER, dis-pô'zār. s. 98, Distributer, giver, - bestower; governour, regulator. DISPOSITION, dis-pô-zish'êm. s. Order, method, distribution ; natural fitness, quality; tenden- cy to any act or state; temper of mind ; af clination. e DISPOSITIVE, dis-pôz'è-tiv. a. That which OSITIVELY, dis-póz'é-tiv-lè. ad. Dis- tributively. * of possession, to deprive, to disseize. DISPOSURE, dis-pô'zhūré. s. Disposal, go- fection of kindness or ill-will; predominant in- implies disposal.of any property. D#. To DISPOSSESS, dis-póz-zés'.y.a. To putout vernment, management: state, posture. --- DIS DIS 159 —mö, móve, mēr, nét;—túbe, túb, bull;--óil;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. DISPRAISE, dis-präze'. s. Blame, censure. To DISPRAISE, dis-präze'. v. a. To blame, to CellSiłFe. DISPRAISER, dis-prä'zār. s. 98. A censurer. DISPRAISIBLE, dis-prä'zè-bl. a. Unworthy of commendation. g DISPRAISINGLY, dis-prä'zing-lè. ad. With blame. tº To DISPREAD, dis-préd'. v. a. To spread dif- ferent ways. sº * DISPROOF, dis-préðf'... s. Confutation, convic- tion of errour or falsehood. DISPROPORTION, dis-prè-pôr'shôn. s. Un- suitableness in quantity of one thing to another, want of symmetry, • To DISPROPORTION, dis-prè-pör'shān. v. a. To dismatch, to join things unsuitable. DISPROPORTIONABLE, dis-prè-pôr'shān-á-bi. ad. Unsuitable in quantity. DISPROFORTIONABLENESS, dis-prè-pôr'- shān-á-bl-nés. s. Unsuitableness to something else. DISPROPORTIONABLY, dis-prè-pôr'shān-ā-blé. ad. Unsuitably, not symmetrically. DISPROPORTIONAL, dis-prè-pôr'shān-ál. Disproportionable, not symmetrical. & DISPROPORTIONALLY, dis-prè-pôr'shān-āl-lè. Unsuitably with respect to quantity or value. DISPROPORTIONATE, dis-prè-pôr'shān-āte. a. 91. Unsymmetrical, unsuitable to something else. DISPROPORTIONATELY, dis-prè-pôr'shān- âte-lè. ad. Unsuitably, unsymmetrically. DISPROPORTIONATENESS, dis-prè-pôr'shān- âte-més. s. Unsuitableness in bulk or value. To DESPROVE, dis-préðve'. v. a. To confute an assertion, to convict of errour or falsehood. DISPROVER, dis-préðvár. s. 98. One that con- futes. DISPUNISHABLE, dis-pân'ísh-à-bl. a. Without enal restraint. DISPUTABLE, dispº-tá-bl, or dis-pâ'tā-bl. a. Liable to contest, controvertible; lawful to be contested. [[; Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kemrick, W. Johnston, Mr. Smith, Perry, and Bailey, are for the second pronunciation of this word ; and Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Buchanan, and Entick, for the first ; and this, notwithstanding the majority of suffrages against it, is, in my opinion, decidedly most agreeable to the best usage. It were undoubtedly to be wished that words of this form preserved the accent of the verb to which they correspond; but this cor- respondence we find entirely set aside in la- mentable, comparable, admirable, and many others with which Disputable must certainly class. Mr. al. Scott gives both modes of accenting this word; - but by his placing the word with the accent on the first syllable first, we may presume he pre- fers this pronunciation.—See INDISPUTABLE. DISPUTANT, dispä-tánt. s. 503. Controver- tist, an arguer, a reasoner. -- DISPUTANT, dispè-tānt. Disputing, en- aged in controversy. DISPUTATION, dis-pô-tà'shôn. s. The skill of controversy, argumentation ; controversy, ar- umental contest. DISPUTATIOUS, dis-pú-tä'shôs. a. Inclined to dispute, cavilling. DISPUTATIVE, dis-pú'tá-tív. a. 512. Disposed to debate. To DISPUTE, dis-pâte'. v. n. To contend by argument, to debate, to controvert. To TISPUTE, dis-pâté'. v. a. To contend for; to oppose, to question; to discuss. DISPUTE, ºg"; s., Contest, controversy. DISPUTELESS, dis-pête'lés. a. Undisputed, uncontrovertible. HSPUTER, dis-pâ'túr. s. fº to argument. DISQUALIFICATION, dis-kwº-3-ft-kä'shôn. s. That which disqualifies. al. A controvertist, one † | × To DISQUALIFY, dis-kwólē-fi. v. a. To make unfit, to disable by some natural or legal im- pediment; to deprive of a right to claim by some positive restriction. DISQUIET, dis-kwi'ét, s. mess : vexation, anxiety. To DISQUIET, dis-kwi'ét. v. a. To disturb, to to make uneasy, to vex, to fret. DISQUIETER, dis-kwi'êt-àr. s. harasser. DISQUIETLY, dis-kw'ét-lè. ad. Without rest, anxiously. DISQUIETNESS, dis-kwi'ét-nēs. s. Uneasiness, restlessness, anxiety DISQUIETUDE, dis- anxiety. DISQUISITION, dis-kwé-zish'ém. s. Examina- tion, disputative inquiry. DISREGARD, dis-ré-gård'. s. Slight notice, neglect. To DISREGARD, dis-ré-gård'. v. a. To slight, to Contemmi. t; DISREGARDFUL, dis-ré-gård'föl. a. Negligent, contemptuous. DISREGARDFULLY, dis-ré-gård'fāl-lè. ad. Contemptuously. DISRELISH, dis-rélish. s. 435. Bad taste, nau- seousness; dislike, squeamishness. To DISRELISH, dis-ré!'ish. v. a. To infect with an unpleasant taste; to want a taste of. DISREPUTATION, dis-rép-à-tà'shôn. s. Dis- race, dishonour. DISREPUTE, dis-ré-pâte'. s. Ill character, dis- honour, want of reputation. DISRESPECT, dis-ré-spékt'. s. of reverence, rudeness. DISRESPECTFUL, dis-ré-spékt'fül. a. Irrev- erent, uncivil. DISRESPECTFULLY, dis-ré-spékt'föl-kā. ad. Irreverently. To DISROBE, diz-röbe'. v. a. 435. To undress, to uncover. DISRUPTION, diz-råp'shān. s. 435. The act of breaking asunder, breach, rent. pºšāºšićN. dis-sāt-is-fék'shām. s. The state of being dissatisfied, discontent. $ DISSATISFACTORINESS, dis-sāt-is-ſåk'tár-è- nés. s. Inability to give content. DISSATISFACTORY, dis-sāt-is-ſåk'tūr-8. Unable to give content. To DISSATISFY, dis-sàt'ís-fi. v. a. To discon- tent, to displease. To DISSECT, dis-sékt'. v. a. 424. To cut in ieces; to divide and examine minutei DISSECTION, dis-sék'shôn. s. The act of sep- arating the parts of animal bodies, anatomy. DISSEISIN, dis-sé'zfm. s. An unlawful dispos- sessing a man of his land. To DISSEIZE, dis-séze'. v. a. To dispossess, to § gº DISSEIZOR, dis-sé'zör. s. 166. He that dispos- sesses another. To DISSEMBLE, dis-sém'bl. v. a. To hide un- der false appearance, to pretend that not to be which really is; to pretend that to be which is not. 4. To DISSEMBLE, dissembl. v. n. To play the § DISSEMBLER, dis-sémblår. s. An hypocrite a man who conceals his true disposition. .... DISSEMBLINGLY, dis-sémbling-lè. ad. With dissimulation, º; 3. Uneasiness, restless- A disturber, a wi'é-täde. s. Uneasiness, Incivility, want &l. To DISSEMINATE, dis-sém'ê-māte. v. a. To scatter as seed, to spread every way. DISSEMINATION, dis-sém-è-mâ'shüls. s. The act of scattering like seed. DISSEMINATOR, dis-sém'é-nā-tàr. s. 521. He that scatters, a spreader. DISSENSION, dis-sém'shām. s. , Disagreement, strife, contention, breach of union. DISSENSIOUS, dis-sén'shās, a. Disposed to discord, contchtious, I)IS DIS 160 [IS 559–Fâte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—plme, pīn;— To DISSENT, dis-sént'. v. m. To disagree in opinion; to differ, to be of a contrary mature. DISSENT, dis-sént'. s. Disagreement, difference of opinion, declaration of difference of opinion. DISSENTANEOUS, dis-sém-tà'né-às, a Disa- greeable, inconsistent, contrary. Df$5FNTER, disºnºr. "..."; one that dis. agrees, or declares his disagreement from an opinion ; one who, for whatever reasons, re- fuses the communion of the English church. DISSENTIENT, dis-sém'shēnt. a. Declaring dissent. DISSERTATION, dis-sér-tà'shām. s. A discourse. To DISSERVE, dis-sérv'. v. a. 424. To do in- jury to, to harm. DISSERVICE, dis-sér'vis. . s. . Injury, mischief. DISSERVICEABLE, dis-sér'vis-à-bl. a. Injuri- ous, mischievous. DISSERVICEABLENESS, dis-sèr'vis-à-bl-més.s. Injury, harm, hurt. To DISSETTLE, dis-s&t’tl. v. a. 405. To unsettle. To DISSEVER, dis-sàv’ār. v. a. To cut in two, to break, to divide, to disunite. DISSIDENCE, dis'sè-děnse. s. Discord, disa- #º DISSILLENCE, dis-silyènse. s. 113. The act of starting asunder. DISSILIENT, dis-sil'yánt. a. bursting in two. 281, DISSILITION, dis-sil-ish'ên. s. The act of burst- ing in two, of starting different ways. DISSIMILAR, dſs-sim'ê-lär. a. 38. Unlike, hete- rogeneous. DISSIMILARITY, dis-s?m-è-lär'è-té. s. Unlike- mess, dissimilitude DISSIMILITUDE, dis-sim-mil'è-tūde. s. Unlike- ness, want of resemblance. DISSIMULATION, dis-sim-è-lä'shôn. s. act of dissembling, hypocrisy. DISSIPABLE, dis'sé-pâ-bl. a. Easily scattered. To DISSIPATE, dis'sè-pâte. v. a. 91. To scat- ter every where, to disperse ; to scatter the attention ; to spend a for tune. DISSIPATION, d?s-se-pâ shān. s. The act of dispersion ; the state of being dispersed; scat- tered attention. Starting asunder, The To DISSOCIATE, dis-só shē-ăte. v. a. To sepa- rate, to disunite, to part. DISSOLVABLE, dizzöl', a bi. a. Capable of dissolution. DISSOLUBLE, dis'sö-lū-b]. a. Capable of se- paration of oue part from another. [[G. The accent is invariably placed on the first syllable of this word, as it connes from the La- tin dissolubilis, which seems to confirm the ob- servations on the word Incomparable. Dissolva- ble is a compound of our own, and therefore retains the accent of the verb from which it is formed, 501,–See AcADEMY, DisPUTABLE, and REsoluble. DISSOLUBILITY, dis-sàl-lès-bīl'è-té. s. Liable- mess to suffer a disunion of parts. To DISSOLVE, diz-zólv'. v. a. 424. To destroy the form of any thing by disuniting the parts; to loose, to break the ties of any thing; to break up assemblies; to break an enchantment; to be relaxed by pleasure. To DISSOLVE, diz-zálv'. v. m. To be melted ; to fall to nothing ; to melt away in pleasure. DISSOLVENT, diz-zóI'vént. a. Having the ower of dissolving or melting. DISSOLVENT, diz-zöl'vênt. s. The power of qisuniting the parts of any thing. DISSOLVER, diz-zôl'vár. s. That which has the power of dissolving. DISSOLVIBLE, diz-zôl'vè-bl. a. rish by dissolution. ū’ If this word and its etymon must be written Dissolvible and Solvible, and not Dissolvable and lvable, because Solvo and its compounds in Jatin' are of the third conjugation, and form Liable to pe- their personal and temporal variations by as- suming, i, there is no reason why Resolvable should be written with a as it stands with John- son, who, notwithstanding he writes Dissolvible here with an i, yet in his explanation of the etymology of Indissolvable, tells us it is formed from in, and Dissolvable with an a. DISSOLUTE, dis'sè-lāte. a. Ioose, wanton, debauched. DISSOLUTELY, dis'só-lôte-lè. ad. Loosely; in debauchery. DISSOLUTENESS, dis'sè-lôte-nēs. s. Loose- ness, laxity of mammers, debauchery. DISSOLUTION, dis-sà-13'shān. s. The act of liquefying by heat or moisture; the state of being liquefied ; destruction of any thing by the separation of its parts; death, the resolu- tion of the body into its comstituent elements ; destruction; the act of breaking up an assem- bly ; looseness of manners. DISSONANCE, dis'só-mânse. s. harsh, unharmonious sounds. DISSONANT, dis'só-nānt. a. Harsh, unharmo- nious; incongruous, disagreeing. To DISSUADE, dis-swäde'. v. a. 331. To divert by reason or importunity from anything. DISSUADER, dis-swādār. s. 98. He that dis- suades. DISSUASION, dis-swä'zhön. s. 451. Urgency of reason or importunity against any thing. DISSUASIVE, dis-swä'siv. a. 428. Dehortatory, tending to persuade against. DISSUASIVE, dis-swä'siv. s. Argument to turn the mind off from any purpose. DISSYLLABLE, dis'síl-lā-bi. s. A word of two syllables. DISTAFF, distãf. s. The staff from which the flax, is drawn in spinning: it is used as an emblem of the female sex. To DISTAIN, dis-täme'. v. a. to blot, to sully with infamy. DISTANCE, dis’tänse. s. Distance is spacecon- sidered between any two beings; remoteness in place; the space kept between two antago- mists in fencing; a space marked on the course where horses run ;, space of time; remoteness in time ; respect, distant behaviour; retraction of kindness, reserve. To DISTANCE, distänse. v. a. To place re- motely, to throw off from the view; to leave behind at a race the length of a distance. DISTANT, dis'tämt. a. Remote in place ; re- mote in time either past or future ; reserved ; not obvious. º DISTASTE, dis-täste. Disgust; dislike ; alienation of affection. To DISTASTE, dis-täste'. v. a. To fill the mouth with nauseousness; to dislike, to loathe; to offend, to disgust. * DISTASTEFUL, dis-taste'fºil. a. Nauseous to the palate, disgusting; offensive, unpleasing. DISTEMPER, dis-têm'për. s. . A disease, a malady; bad constituſion of mind, depravity of inclination ; uneasiness: º To DISTEMPER, dis-tém'për. v. a. To disease, to disorder; to disturb ; to destroy temperor moderation. DISTEMPERATE, dis-tém'pār-āte. a. 91. Im- moderate. " DISTEMPERATURE, dis-têm'për-à-tūre. s. In- temperateness, excess of heat or cold; pertur- bation of the mind. To DISTEND, dis-ténd'. v. a. im breadth. DISTENT, dis-tént'. s. The space through which any thing is spread. DISTENTION, dis-tén'shôn. . s. The act of stretching in breadth; breadth, space occupied. DISTICH, distik. s. 353. A couplet, a couple of lines r To DiSTIL, dis-til'. v. n. To drop, to fail by drops; to flow gently and silently ; to use a still. A mixture of To stain, to tinge; S. To stretch out DIS DIT 161 —mö, móve, mêr, mēt,-tūbe, tºb, běi –&#;—pčind -thin, this. To DISTIL, dis-tii". . v. a. To let fall in drops ; to draw by distiliation. DISTILLATION, dis-til-lä'shôn. . s. The act of dropping, or falling in drops; the act of pour- ing out in drops; that which falls in drops; the act of distilling by fire ; the substance drawn by the still. & IDISTILLATORY, dis-til'iá-tūr-É. a. 512. Be- longing to distillation. - DISTILLER, dis-tillár. s. One who practises the trade of distilling; one who makes pernici- -- OllS §§§ #. S-t DISTILMENT, 'mént. s. That which is drawn by distillation. * DISTINCT, dis-tingkt. a. 403. Different; apart; clear, unconfused ; marked out, speci- fied. DISTINCTION, dis-tingk'shôn. s. Note of dif- ference; honourable note of superiority ; that by which one differs from another; divisions into different parts; notation of difference be- tween things seemingly the same. - DISTINCTIVE, distingk’tív. a. That which makes distinction or difference; having the power to distinguish. º DíSTINCTIVELY, dis-tingk’tiv-lè. ad. In right order, not confusedly, pISTINCTLY, dis-tingkt'-lè. ad. Not confus- edly ; plainly, clearly. * DISTINCTNESS, dis-tingkt'nés. s. , Nice ob- servation of the difference between things; such separation of things as makes them easy to be observed. To DISTINGUISH, dis-ting'gwish. v. a. 340. To denote the diversity of things; to separate from others by some mark of honour; to divide by proper notes of diversity; to know one from another by any mark; to discern critically, to judge; to constitute difference, to specificate ; to make known or eminent. To DISTINGUISH, dis-ting'gwish. v. m. To make distinction, to find or show the difference. DISTINGUISHABLE, dis-ting'gwish-à-bl. a. Capable of being distinguished; worthy of note, worthy of regard. DISTINGUISHED, dis-ting'gwisht. 359. part. a. Eminent, extraordinary. DISTINGUISHER, dis-ting'gwish-àr. s. A ju- dicious observer, one that accurately discerns one thing from another ; he that separates one thing from another by proper mârks of diver- sity. pºin GUISHINGLY, dis-ting'gwish-ing-lè. ad. With distinction. .DISTINGUISHMENT, dis-ting'gwish-mênt. s. Distinction, observation of difference. To DISTORT, dis-iört'. v. a. To writhe, to twist, to deform by irregular motions; to put out of the true direction or posture; to wrest from the true meaning. HDISTORTION, dis-têr'shān. s. Irregular mo- tion, by which the face is writhed, or the parts disordered. To DISTRACT, dis-träkt'. v. a. Part. pass. Distracted, anciently Distraught. To pull dif- ferent ways at once; to separate, to divide ; to erplex ; to make mad. DISTRACTEDLY, dis-trák'téd-lè. ad. Madly, frantickly. DISTRACTEDNESS, dis-trák'téd-nēs. s. The state of being distracted, madness. DISTRACTION, dis-trák'shān, s. Confusion, state in which the attention is called different ways; perturbation of mind; frantickness, loss df the wits; tumult, difference of senti- Iments. To DISTRAIN, dis-trāne'. v. a. To seize. To DISTRAIN, dis-träne'. v. m. To make seizure. DISTRAINER, dis-trá'nār. s. 98. He that seizes. DISTRAINT alºne s. Seizure, º DISTRAUGHT, dis-träwt'. part. a. Distracted Little used. DISTRESS, dis-trés'. s. The act of making a Iegal seizure ; a compulsion, by which a man is assured to appear in court or to pay a debt; the thing seized by law; calamity, misery, misfortune. To DISTRESS, dis-trés'. v. a. To prosecute by- law to a seizure; to harass, to make miserable. DISTRESSFUL, dis-tres'föl. a. Full of trouble, full of # To DISTRIBUTE, dis-trib’īte. v. a. To divide amongst more than two, to deal out. DISTRIBUTION, dis-trè-bú'shôn. s. The act of distributing or dealing out to others; act of giving in charity. DISTRIBUTIVE, dis-trib'ê-tív. a. Assigning to each other their proper portions. DISTRIBUTIVELY, dis-trib'ê-tiv-lè. ad. By dis- tribution ; singly, particularly. DISTRICT, dis'frikt. s. The circuit within which a man may be compelled to appearance; cir- cuit of authority, province ; region, country, territory. To DISTRUST, dis-tråst'. v. a. To regard with diffidence, not to trust. DISTRUST, dis-tröst'. s. Loss of credit, loss of confidence, suspicion. DISTRUSTFUL, dis-tràst'ſl. a. Apt to distrust, suspicious ; diffident of himself, timorous. DISTRUSTFULLY, dſs-tråst'föl-lè. ad. In a dis- trustful manner. r DISTRUSTFULNESS, dis-tröst'föl-nēs. s. The state of being distrustful, want of confidence. DISTRUSTLESS, dis-träst'lés. s. Void of dis- trust. JMason. To DISTURB, dis-tärb'. v. a. To perplex, to dis- quiet ; to put into irregular motions ; to inter- rupt, to hinder. DISTURBANCE, dis-tūr'bánse. s. Interruption of tranquility; confusion, disorder; tumult. DISTURBER, dis-tár'bár. s. A violator of peace, he that causes tumults; he that causes pertur- bation of imind. To pºstuns, dis-tärn'. v. a. To turn off. JYos 2.ÉS 60. DISVALUATION, diz-vál-à-à'shán. s. Disgrace, dimimution of reputation. To DHSVALUE, diz-väl'à. v. a. To undervalue. DISUNION, dis-à'mē-ăn. s. Separation, disjumc- tion ; breach of concord. ū’ Some Curious inspector may, perhaps, won- der why I have given disunion, disuse, &c. the pure s and not the z, since I have laid it down as a general rule under the prepositive particle Dis, that the s immediately before the accent, when a vowel begins the next syllable, is always flat; but it must be remembered, that long u in these words is not a pure vowel, 8; not that I think the z, in this case, would be palpably wrong ; for though long w may be called a se- mi-consonant, it is sufficiently vocal to make the s, or z, sound, in these words, perſectly in- different.-See DIs. To DISUNITE, dis-à-nite'. v. a. To separate, to divide ; #. friends. To DISUNITE, dis-à-nita'. v. n. To fall asunder, to become separate. DISUNITY, dis-à'nè-té. s. A state of actual se- paration. DISUSAGE, dis-à'zāje. s. 90. The gradual ces- sation of use or custom. DISUSE, dis-àse'. s. 437. Cessation of use, want of practice ; cessation of custom. To DISUSE, dis-àze'. v. a. To cease to make use of; to disaccustom. To DISWOUCH, diz-vöätsh'. v. a. To destroy the credit of, to contradict. DITCH, ditsh. s. A trench cut h the ground usually between fields; any long narrow recep- tacle of water; the moat with which a town is surrounded DIW DIV. 162 [g 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fit ;—mē, mét;—pine, pīn;– To DITCH, ditsh. v. a. To make a ditch. DITCHER, ditsh'īr. s. One who digs ditches. DITHYRAMBICK, dith-É-râmbik. s. A song in honour of Bacchus; any poem written with wildness. DHTTANY, dit’tā-nē. s. An herb. DITTIED, dittid. a. 282. Sung, adapted to mu- sick. DITTY, dit’té. s. A poem to be sung, a song. DIWAN, dē-vám'. s. 124. The council of the Ori- ental Princes; any council assembled. To DIVARICATE, di-vár'ê-kāte. v. n. 125. To be arted into two. DIVARICATION, di-vār-e-kä'shān. s. into two ; division of opinions. To DIVE, dive. v. n. To sink voluntarily under water; to go deep into any question, or science. DIVER, di’vár. s. One that sinks voluntarily under water; one that goes under water to search for any thing ; he that enters deep into knowledge or study. To DIVERGE, dē-vérje'. v. n. 124. To tend va- rious § from one point. DIVERGENT, dè-vérjént. a. 124. Tending to various parts from one point. DIVERS, di’vérz. a. Several, sundry, more than Oſłę. DIVERSE, divérse. a. Different from another; different from itself, multiform ; in different directions. DIVERSIFICATION, dē-vér-sè-fé-kä'shôn.s. The act of changing forms or qualities; variation, variegation ; variety of forms, multiformity ; change, alteration. To DIVERSIFY, dē-vér'sè-fi. v. a. To make different from another, to distinguish; to make different from itself, to variegate. DIVERSION, dè-vér'shān. s. 124. The act of turning any thing off from its course ; the cause by which any thing is turned from its proper course or tendency; sport, something that un- bends the mind: in war, the act or purpose of drawing the enemy off from some design, by threatening or attacking a distant part. Dłºś dè-vér'sè-té. s. Difference, dissim- ilitude, variety... . DivišEiºdivárse-lè, ad. In different ways, variously. To ###r. dé-vért’. v. a. 124. To turn off from any direction or course; to draw forces to a different part; to withdraw the mind; to lease, to exhilarate. DIVERTER, dē-vèr'tūr. s. Any thing that di- Verts or alleviates. To DIVERTISE, dē-vér'tiz. v. m. To sport, to amuse, to divert. [[; Dr. Johnson seems to have accented this word on the last syllable, in compliance with the verb advertise, which is exactly of the same form, and therefore he thought ought to be ace cented in the same manner. But by making divertise conform in accentuation to advertise, we make the general rule stoop to the excep- tion, rather than the exception to the general rule. For in all verbs of three or more sylla- bles where the termination ise is only the verbal formation, and does not belong to the root, we never find the accent on it; as criticise, exercise, itomise, &c.—See ADVERTISEMENT. DIVERTISEMENT, dē-vér'tíz-mênt. s Diver- sion, §: & & DIVERTIVE, dē-vér'tív. a. Recreative, amusive. To DIVEST, dē-vést'. v. a. 124. To strip, to make naked. .. DIVESTURE, dē-vés'tshöre. s. The act of put- ting off. pºLE, dè-vi'dá-bl. a. That may be sepa- rated. Dºt, dè-vidānt. a. Different, separate. JNot used. To DIVIDE, dē-vide'. v. a. 124. To part one Partition |DiVIDENI), ſty'é-dénd, s. whole into different pieces; to separate to disunite by discord; to deal out, to give in Słlºt I'CG. To DIVIDE, dē-yide'. v. n. To part, to sunder, to break friendship. * A share, the part al- lotted indivision ; dividend is the number given to be pºrted or divided. DIVIDER, qº-vidár. s. 93. That which parts any thing into pieces; a distributer, he who deals out to each his share; a disuniter; a par- ticular kind of compasses. DIVIi>{IAL, dē-vid'à-ál, or de-vidjā-āl. a. 293, 376. Divided, shared, or participated in com: mon with others. DIVINATION, div-Č-nā’shām. s. 530. Prediction , or ſoletelling of future things. DIVINE, d8-vine'. a. 124. Pai taking of the na- ture of God; proceeding from God, not natu- ral, not human; excellent in a supreme degree; presageful. DIVINE, dè-vine'. s. A minister of the gospel, a priest, a clergy man ; a man skilled in divini- ty, a theologian. To DIVINE, dē-vine'. v. a. To foretell, to fore- know. To BIVINE, dē-whe'. v. m. To utter prognos- tication; to feel presages; to conjecture, to t? CSS. DIVINELY, dé-vine'lè. ad. By the agency or influence of God; excellently, in the supreme degree ; in a manner noting a deity. DIVIN EN ESS, dē-yine'nés. s. Divinity, parti. cipation of the divine nature; excellence in the supreme degree. DIVINER, dē-vinár. s. 93 Ome that professes divination, or the art of revealing occult things by supernatural means ; conjecturer, guesser. DIYſ SERESS, dà-vine' 6s. s. A prophètess. Dł WłNITY, dē-yin't-té. s. 511, Panticipation of the nature and excellence of God. deity, god- head; the Deity, the Supreme Being; ce- lestial being ; the science of divine things, the- ology. DIVISIBLE, dà-viz'ê bl. a. 124. Capable of being divided into parts, separable. DiVISłBił. ITY, dē-yiz-è-bil é-té. s. The quality of admitting division. DIVISIBEENE:58, de-viz'é-b}-nés. s. Divisibility. JIVISION, de-vizh (m. s. The act of dividing any thing into parts; the state of being divi. ded; that by which any thing is kept apart, pal tition ; the part which is scparated from the rest by dividing ; disunion, difference; parts into which a discourse is distributed ; space between the notes of musick, just time: in arithmetick, the separation or parting of any º or quantity given, into any parts as- Słºſłłę01. Divisófi, de-vizár. s. 166. The number given, by which the dividend is divided. DIVORCE, dē-yörse'. s. 124. The legal sepa- ration of husband and wife; separation, dis- union, the sentence by which a marriage is dissolved. To DIVORCE, dē-vörse'. v. a. To separate a husband or wife from the other; to force asunder, to separate by violence. DIVORCEMENT, dē-vörse'mént. s. separation of marriage. DIWORCER, dé-vör'sör. s. The person or cause which prºduces divorce or separation, DIURETICK, di-à-rét'ík. a. Having the power to provoke urine. DIURNAL, di-ar'nāl. a. 116. Relating to the day; constituting the day; performed in a day, daily. 4. DIURNAL, d.l-ârnăl. s. Ajournal, a day-book. DIURNALLY, di-àr'nāl-lè, ad. Daily, every day. DIUTURNITY, di-à-tár'nè-té. s. Length of duration. To DIVULGE, dē-välje'. v. a. To publish, to Divorce, make publick; to proclaim. HDOE IJ.V.R. -- 163 ~ - —mö, mêve, nár, māt;—túbe, tàb, bill;—öſi –päänd;—thin, THus. IvulgeR, dē-vöſjör.s.'98. A publisher. # , dē-vål'shān. s. The act of pluck- ing away. DiZZARſ), diz'zárd. s. A blockhead; a fool. To DHZEN, di'zn. v. a. 103. To dress, to deck. DIZZINESS, diz'zè-nēs. s. Giddiness. . . DIZZY, diz'zé. a. Giddy, causing giddiness, thoughtless. * To DIZZY, diz'zè. v. a. make giddy. To DO, döö. v. a. 164. To practise or act any thing good or bad; to perform, to achieve , to execute, to discharge; to finish, to end ; to conclude, to settle. - To DO, §§§ ºn. To act or behave in any man- ner, well or ill; to make an end, to conclude : to cease to be concerned with, to cease to care about ; to fare, to be with regard to sickness or health, as, How do you do P-To do is used for any verb to save the repetition of the word; as, I shall come ; but if I do not, go away ; that is if I come mot. Do, is a word of vehement command, or earnest request; as, Help me, do? Make haste, do . D0CIBLE, dös'è-bl. a. 405. Tractable, docile, easy to be taught. D0CIBLENESS, dös'ê-bl-nēs. s. Teachable- ness, docility. • DOCILE, dós'sil. a. structed, tractable. [; Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Mr. Smith, and Mr. Perry, make the first syllable of this word short, and Buchanan only makes it long.—See INDocIL. DOCILITY, dó-sil'é-té. s. Aptness to be taught, readiness to learn. DOCK, dök. s. An herb. - DOCK, dók. s. Thé stump of the tail, which re- mains after docking. DOCK, dök. s. A place where water is let in or out at pleasure, where ships are built up, or laid down. To DOCK, dök. v. a. To cut off a tail ; to cut any thing short ; to cut off a reckoning ; to lay a ship in a dock. - To DOCKET, dók'ít. v. a. To mark by a docket. .Mason. DOCKET, dók'it. s. 99. A direction tied upon goods, a summary of a larger writing.— . ID0CTOR, dók'tár. s. 166. One that has taken the highest degree in the faculties of divinity, law, or physick: in some universities they have doctors of musick ; a physician, one who un- dertakes the cure of diseases. To DOCTOR, dók'tūr. v. a. To physick, to cure. DOCTORAL, dók’tó-rál. a. Relating to the de- gree of a doctor. - DOCTORALLY, dók’tö-râl-ć. ad. In manner of a doctor. DOCTORSHIP, dók'tär-ship. s. The rank of doctor. DOCTRINAL, dók'trè-mál. a. Containing doc- trine; pertaining to the act or means of teach- ins. DOCTRINALLY, dók'tré-nāl-è. ad. In the form of doctrine, positively. - D0CTRINE, dók'trin. s. 140. The principles or positions of any sect or master; the act of teaching: DOCUMENT, dók'ê-mént. s. Precept, instruc- tion, direction. DODDER, död'dër. s. 98. A plant which winds itself about other plants, and draws the chief art of its mourishment from them. Döß. dó-dék'à-gón. s. A figure of twelve sides. To DODGE, dödje. v. n. To use craft; to shift place as another approaches ; to play fast and loose, to raise expectations and disappoint them. DODMAN, död'mām. s. 88. The name of a fish. DOE, dö. s. A she deer, the female of a buck, To whirl round, to 140. Teachable, easily in- DOER, döö'âr. s. 296. , good or bad. DOES, dàz. 296. The third person from Do, ſa- miliarly used for Doth, which is now grown solemn and almost obsolete. To DOFF, döf. V. a. To strip, to put away, to get rid of; to delay, to refer to another time. Obsolete. - DOG, dög. s. A domestick animal remarkably various in his species; a constellation called Sirius, or Camicula, rising and setting with the sun during the dog-days; a reproachful name for a man. To D09, dög. v. a. To follow any one, watch ing him with an insidious design. Döğ,"lº": "#e teeth in the º head next to the grinders, the eye teeth, DOG-TRICK, dög'trik. s. An ill turn, surly or brutal treatment. - HD0CBANE, dög'bāne, s. An herb. DOG-BRIAR, dög'bri-àr. s. The briar that bears the hip. DOGCHEAP, dög'tshöép. s. IHeat. . DOG-DAYS, dög'dāze. s. The days in which the dog-star rises and sets with the Sun. DOGE, döje. . s. The title of the chief magis- trate of Venice and Genoa. DOGFISH, dög'fish. s. A shark. R}{964; LY, dög'fl. s. A voracious biting fly. i}{}{3GED, dög'géd. a. 366. Sullen, sour, mo- *ose, ill-humoured, gloomy. BQGGEDIY, dög'géd-lè. ad, Sullenly, gloomily. DOGGEDNESS, dög'géd-nēs. s. Gloom of mind, sullenness. DOGGER, dög'går. s. 98. A small ship with one haaSt. º - DOGGEREL, dög'grél. s. Mean, worthless verses. . DOGGIšH, dàg'gīsh. a. Currish, brutal. DOGHEARTED, dög'hār-téd. a. Cruel, pitiless, malicious. D9GHOLE, dög'hôle. s. A vile hole. A little hut or DOGKENNEL, dög'kém-mêl. s. house for dogs. - $ DOGLOUSE, dög'löäse. s. An insect that har- bours on dogs. - DOGMA, dög'mä. s. Established principle, set- tled notion. DOGMATICAL, dög-mât'é-kál. & tºl DOGMATICK, dög-mât'ík. 509. § “ ritative, magisterial, positive. DOGMATICALLY, dūg-mât'é-kāl-8, ad. Magis terially, positively. - DOGMATICALNESS, dög-mât'é-kāl-més. s. Magisterialness, mock authority. DOGMATESM, dög'mā-tízm. s. Dogmatical as- sertion. Mason. DOGMATIST, dög'mā-tist. s. A magisterial teacher, a bold advancer of principles. One that does any thing Cheap as dog's Autho- |To DOGMATIZE, dög'mā-tlze. v. ii. To assert ositively ; to teach magisterially. Děčºžň. dèg'må-ti-zár. s. a magisterial teacher. ſº DOGRÖSE, dög'róze. s. The flower of the hip. jóðsiffe, dºg's ºp. s. Pretended sleep. DOGSMEAT, dögz'mète. s. Refuse, vile stuff. DOGSTAR, dög'stär. s. The star which gives name to the dog-days. PQGSTQQTH, dógz'tóóth. s. A plant, i. DOGTROT, dög'tröt. s. A gentle trot like that of a dog. DOGWEARY, dög-wé'rè. a. Tired as a dog, DOGWOOD, dēgºwüd. s. See CoRNELIAN CHERRY. DOILY, dēēlē. s. A species of woollem stuff. DOINGS, döö'íngz. s. Things done, events, transactions; feats, actions good or bad ; stir, bustle, tumult. - DOIT, döſt. s. A small piece of money. An asserter, DOLE, dēle. s. The act of distributiñg or deal f ID()M I)OO 164 [[ 559.—Fâte,fºr, ſāli, ſīt;—mé, mét,-pine, pin;– ing ; any thing dealt out or distributed; pro- visions or money distributed in charity; grief, sorrow, misery. To PGLE, dóle. v. a. To deal, to distribute. D9LEFUL, dóle'föl. a. Sorrowful, express- ing grief; melancholy, afflićted, feeling grief. + DOLEFULLY, dóle'fāl-lè. ad. In a doleful Iºnet. DOLEFULNESS, dóle'fül-nēs. s. Sorrow, me- lancholy; dismalness. DOLESOME, dóle'söm. a. Melancholy, gloomy, dismal. DOLESOMELY, dóle'sám-lé. ad. In a dolesome In all ner. DOLESOMENESS, dóle'słm-nēs. s. melancholy. DOLI, döl. s. A little girl's puppet. [[G. This word ought to be written with one l only: for the reasons, see Principles, 406. TOLLAR, dól'lúr. s. 418. A silver coin of va- rious countries; in the United States it is of the value of one hundred cents, and in Great Britain, four shillings and sixpence. T}OLORIFICK, döl-Ö-rif'ík. a. 530. That which causes grief or pain. DOLOROUS, dól'ö-rås. a. 503. Sorrowful, dole- ful, dismal; painful. DOLOUR, dö'lúr. s. 314. Grieſ, sorrow ; lamen- tation, complaint. [[; Mr. Nares, W. Johnston, Buchanan, Elphin- stone, and Entick, make the first o in this word short, as in Dollar ; and Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and Dr. Ash, long, as in Do- zuor : the latter is, in my opinion, the most ana- logical. 542. DOLPHIN, dól'fin. s. A fish. DQLT, dölt. s. A heavy, stupid fellow. RQLTISH, dölt'ish. a. Stupid, blockish. 1)0MAIN, dó-mâne'. s. Dominion, empire; ossession, estate. POME, dóme. s. A building, a house, a fabrick; a hemispherical arch, a cupola. DJ There is a strong propensity, particularly in the people of London, to pronounce this word so as to rhyme wiſh room ; but this is contrary to all our Þj which give the sound of the vowels, and ought not to be suffered to add to the already too numerous exceptions to the p5ºu , dó-més’tè-kál. - DOMESTICK, dē-més'tik. : a. Belonging to the house, not relating to things publick; private, not open ; inhabiting the house; not wild; not foreign, intestine. [[j'. Dr. Johnson observes, that of English, as of all living tongues, there is a double pronuncia- tion, one cursory and colloquial, the other reg- ular and solem. He gives no instances of this double pronunciation; and it is at ſerst a little difficult to conceive what are the words in which this observation is verified. Solemn speaking seems to have no effect upon the ac- cented vowels; for, let us pronounce them as rapidly or as solemnly as we will, we certainly do not make any, change in the quantity or quality of them. The only part of the language in which Dr. Johnson's observation seems true is some of the vowels when unaccented; and of these the o seems to undergo the greatest change in consequence of solemnity or rapidi- ty. Thus the o in obey is, in solemn speaking, }. as long and full as in the first syl- able of open ; but in rapid and cursory speak- Ing, as short as the o in oven. This latter sound, however, must not be given as a model ; for let the pronunciation be ever so rapid and fa- miliar, there is a certain elegance in giving the 3, in this situation, its full, open sound, ap- proaching to that which it has when under the accent; and though nothing but a delicacy of ear will direct us to the degl §e of openness with Gloomy, which we must pronounce the unaccented o in Domestick, Docility, Potential, Proceed, JMonastick, JMonotony, &c. we may be assured that these vowels are exactly under the same predica ment; and can never be pronounced short and shut, as if written Dommestick, Dossility, Potten: tial, &c. without hurting the ears of every good speaker, and overturning the first principles of pronunciation. 547, 548. The same observations seem to hold good of the unaccented o in every word ending in ory; as transitory, dilatory, &c. The o in rapid speaking certainly goes into short u, as if written transi- tury, dilatury, &c.; but in solemn pronunciation approaches to the accented open sound of o in glory, story, &c. but as the o in these termina- tions never admits of being pronounced quite so open as when ending a syllable before the accent, I have, like Mr. Sheridan, given it the colloquial sound of short w. 512.-See Com- MANI). To DOMESTICATE, dó-mês’tè-kāte. v. a. To make domestick, to withdraw from the publick. DOMICILLARY, döm-è-silyā-rè. a. Intruding into private houses. ..Mason. DOMINANT, döm'è-mânt. a. Predominant, pre- siding, ascendant. - To DOMINATE, döm'ê-māte. v. a. To predom- imate, to prevail over the rest. DOMINATION, döm-è-mâ'shôn. s. Power, do- minion ; tyranny, insolent authority; one high- ly exalted in power, used of angelick beings. DOMINATOR, döm'ê-nē-tör. s. 521. The pre siding power. To DOMINEER, döm-è-nēēr'. v. n. To rule with insolence, to act without control. DOMINICAL, dö-min &-kál. a. That which notes the Lord's day, or Sunday. DOMINION, dó-min'yūn. s. 113. Sovereign au- thority ; right of possession or use without be ing accountable ; territory; region, district redominance; ascendant; an order of angels DON, dón. s. The Spanish title for a gentle Iſlaſh. To DON, dón. v. a. To put on. Little used. DONARY, dö'nā-ré. s. A thing given to sacred U.S6S. DONATION, dó-mâ'shôn. s. The act of giving any thing ; the grant by which any thing is Sº I Werl. DöNATIVE, dón'a-tiv. s. 503. A gift, a largess, a present in law, a benefice merely given and collated by the patron to a man, without insti- tution or induction [[PI have differed from Mr. Sheridan, Mr Scott, W. Johnson, and Entick, in the quantity of the vowel in the first syllable of this word, not on- ly as I think it contrary to the best usage, but as it is at variance with the analogy of words in this termination. Let not the long quantity of the Latino in Donatio be pleaded in favour of my opponents; for (waving the utter uncer- tainty of arguing from the Latin quantity to ours) this would prove that the a and e in the first syilable of Sanative and Lenitive ought to be long likewise. Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, and Mr. Perry, are on my side. DONE, dàm. part., pas. of the verb Do. DONE, dàm. interject. The word by which a wager is concluded; when a wager is offered, he that accepts says it is Done. DONOR, dö'mör. s. A giver, a bestower. DOODLE, döö'dl. s. 405. A trifler, an idler. .A low word To DOOM, dööm. v. a. To condemn to an punishment, to sentence; to command judici. ally or authoritatively, to destime, to command by uncontrollable authority. DOOM, dööm. s. Judicial sentence, judgment; condemnation ; determination declared ; the state to which one is destined ruin, destruc. tion. DOU DOU 165 —nö, mêve, nãr, nét;—túbe, túb, būll;—öll;-pôānd;—thin, This DOOMSDAY, döömz'dà. s. . The day of final and universal judgment; the last, the great day; the day of sentence or condemnation. DOOMSDAY-BOOK, döömz'dà-bóók. s. A book made by order of William the Conqueror, in which the estates of the kingdom were regis- tered. ſ)00R, döre. s. 310. The gate of a house, that which opens to yield entrance; entrance, portal; passage, avenue, means of approach. Out of doors; no more to be found ; fairly sent away. At the door of any one ; imputable, chargeable upon him. Next door to ; approach- ing to, near to. DOORCASE, döreſkåse. s. The frame in which the door is enclosed. DOORKEEPER, döre'kèëp-àr. s. that keeps the entrance of a house. DOQUET, dók'it. s. 99. 415. A paper con- taining a warrant. Dößićk, dörik. a. Relating to the Dorick architecture. DORMANT, dör'mánt. a. Sleeping ; in a sleeping posture ; concealed, not divulged. DORMITORY, dör'me-tär-Š. s. A place to sleep in, a room with many beds; a burial- place. DORMOUSE, dör'môāse. s. A small animal which passes a large part of the winter in sleep. DORN, dörn. s. The name of a fish. BORR, dör. s. A kind of flying insect, the hedge-chafer. DöRšši, dör'sil. BORSER, dör'sär. ket or bag, one of which hangs on either side a beast of burden. DORSIFEROUS, dör-sff"fê-rås. } Hav- DORSIPAROUS, dör-sip'pā-rås. 3. Elżl ing the property of bearing or bringing forth on the back; used of plants that have the seeds on the back of their leaves, as fern. 518. DOSE, döse. s. So much of any medicine as is taken at one time; as much of any thing as falls to a man's lot; the utmost quantity of strong liquor that a man can swallow. To DOSE, döse. v. a. To proportion a medi- cine properly to the patient or disease. DOSSIL, dós'sil. s." A pledget, a module or Porter, one s. A pannier, a bas- lump of lint. DOST, dàst. s. The second person of Do. DOT, dót. s. A small point or spot made to mark any place in a writing. To DOT, döt. v. a. To make dots or spots. DOTAGE, dö'tädje. s. 90. Loss of understand- ing, imbecility of mind ; excessive fondness. DOTAL, dö'tál. a. 88. Relating to the por- tion of a woman, constituting her portion. DOTARD, dö'tárd. s. A man whose age has impaired his intellects. To DOTE, döte. v. n. To have the intellects impaired by age or passion; to be in love to ex- tremity; to dote upon, to regard with excessive fondness. DOTER, dö'tär. s. 98. One whose under- standing is impaired by years, a dotard; a man fondly, weakly, and excessively in love. DOTH, dàſh. The third person of Do. DOTINGLY, dó'ting-lè. ad. Fondly. DOTTARD, döt’tärd. s. 88. A tree kept low by cutting. DOTTEREL, dóttàr-il. s. 99. The name of a bird. DOUBLE, dāb'bl. a. 314, 405. Two of a sort, one corresponding to the other; twice as much, containing the same quantity repeated; two- fold, of two kinds; two in number; having twice the effect or influence ; deceitful, acting two parts.-See Codr. E. DOUBLE-PLEA, dàb'bl-plé. s. That in which the defendant aileges for himself two several matters, whereof either is sufficient to effect ; his desire in debarring the plaintiff. DOUBLE-BITING, dāb-bl-bi'tſng. a. Biting or cutting on either side. DOUBLE-BUTTONED, dāb-bl-bāt’tn'd. a. 170, 359. Having two rows of buttons DOUBLE-DEALER, dāb-bl-dé'lär. s. A deceit- ful, subtle, insidious fellow, one who says one thing and thinks another. DOUBLE-DEALING, dāb-bl-dé'ling. s. Arti- fice, dissimulation, low or wicked cunning. To DOUBLE-DIE, dāb-bi-di'. v. a. To die twice Over. DOUBLE-HEADED, dāb-bl-héd'éd. a. Having the flowers growing one to another. To DööBiłłódź, döb-bi-Rº. v. a. To shoot the lock twice. DOUBLE-MINDED, dāb-bl-mind'éd. a. Deceit- ful, insidious. DOUBLE-TONGUED, dāb-bl-täng'd''... a. 359. Bºul, giving contrary accounts of the same thing. To ĐôuBLE, dāb'bl. v. a. To enlarge any quan- tity by addition of the same quantity; to con- tain twice the quantity; to add one to another in the same order or parallel; to fold; to pass round a headland. To DOUBLE, dāb'bl. v. n. To increase to twice the quantity; to enlarge the stake to twice the sum in play; to wind in running. DOUBLE, dāb'bl. s. Twice the quantity or mum ber; strong beer of twice the common strength a trick, a shift, an artifice. The state of DOUBLENESS, dàb'bl-nēs. s. being double. Dººen, dāb'bl-ār. s. He that doubles any thing. DOUBLET, dāb'bl-ćt. s. 99. The immer garment of a man, the waistcoat; two, a pair. DOUBLON, dāb-bl–6ón'. s. French. A Spanish coin containing the value of two pistoles.—See NCORE, DOUBLY, dāb'bl-ć. ad. In twice the quantity to twice the degree. To DOUBT, dóāt v. a. 313. To question, to be in uncertainty; to fear; to suspect; to hesitate. To DQUBT, döät. v. m. To hold questionable, to think uncertain; to fear, to suspect, to dis- trust. DOUBT, dööt, s. Uncertainty of mind, suspense, question, point unsettled ; scruple, perplexity; suspicion, apprehension of ill; difficulty ob- Jected. tº DOUBTER, döö'tár. s. 93. One who entertains scruples. DOUBTFUL, döät'föl. a. Dubious; ambiguous; questionable, uncertain ; not secure ; not con- fident. DOUBTFULLY, döät'föl-é. ad. Dubiously, ir- resolutely; ambiguously, with uncertainty of §§ * DOUBTFULNESS, döät'föl-més. s. Dubious- ness; ambiguity. ſº DOUBTINGLY, dööt?ng-lè. ad. In a doubting manner, dubiously. e DOUBTLESS, döät'lés. a. Without fear, with- out apprehension of dange DOUB §. döät'lés. ad. $ººl º DQVE, dūy. s. 165. A wild pigeon; a pigeon. DOVECOT, dàv'kót. s. A small building in which pigeons are bred and kept. º DOVEHOUSE, dàv'hôāse. s. house for pi- ©011S. D&#AIL, dàv'täle. s. A form of joining two bodies together, where that which is inserted has the form of a wedge reversed:, . * > DOUGH, dó. s. 318. The paste of bread or pies et unbaked. & gº DOUGHTY, döö'té. a. 313. Brave, illustrious, eminent. Now used only ironically. DOUGHY, dö'é. a. Unsound, soft, unhardened, To DOUSE, dööse. v. a. 313. To put over head ſº I’. Without doubt, un- suddenly in the water DRA DRA 166 [[ 559.—Fâte, far, fall, fit;-mè, mét;—pine, pia 5– To DOUSE, dööse. v. n. To fall suddenly into the water. - ſº DOWAGER, döö'ā-jūr. s.322. A widow with a jointure; the title given to ladies who survive their husbands. - DOWDY, döö'dé. s. 223. ed, inelegant woman. DOWER, döö'âr. s. 223. : Th hich DOWERY, döö'àr-à. S. at WhiC the wife bringeth to her husband in marriage; that which the widow possesses; the gifts of a husband for a wife ; endowment, gift. DOWERED, döö'ârd. a. 359. Portioned, sup- lied with a portion. - DOWERLESS, dóñ'ār-lés. a. Without a fortune. DQWLAS, dööläs. s. 323. A coarse kind of linem. DOWN, dööm. s. 323. Soft feathers; any thing that sooths or mollifies; soft wool, or tender . ; the soft fibres of plants which wing the SééCiš. DOWN, döän. s. A arge open plain or valley. DOWN, döän. prep. Along a descent, from a higher place to a lower; towards the mouth of 3, l'IYeh". DOWN, döän. ad. On the ground, from a high- er to a lower situation ; tending towards the ground; out of sight, below the horizon ; to a total maceration; into disgrace, into declining reputation ; Up and down, here and there. DOWN, dööm. interj. truction or demolition. BOWNCAST, döän'käst. a. Bent down, direct- ed to the ground. DOWN FAL, döän'fäl. s. 406. Ruin, fall from § body of things falling ; destruction of 3.0] HCRS - DöWN FALLEN, dóñm'fälm. part. a. Ruined, fallen. DOWNHILL, döän'hil. s Declivity, descent.— See DUNGHILL. IDOWNLOOKED, döänſlöökt. a. Having a de- jected countenance, sullen, melancholy. DOWNLYING, döön-liſing. a. About to be in travail of childbirth. DOWN RIGHT, döän'rite'. ad. Straight or right down ; in plain terms ; completely, without stopping short. - Dówº fight, dôān-rite', a. Plain, open, undis- guised ; directly tending to the point; uncer- emionious, honestly, surly; plain without pal- liation. DOWNSITTING, döön-sitting. s. Rest, repose. DOWNWARD, döänſwärd. 88. ad. Towards DOWNWARDS, döän'wärdz. º the centre from a higher situation to a lower; in a course of successive or lineal descent. An awkward, ill-dress- DOWNWARD, dēśn'wärd. a. Moving on a de-li clivity; declivous, bending; depressed, de- cted. pôº , dóñ'né. a. Covered with down or map, made of down or soft feathers; soft, tender, soothing. - DOWRE, döör,322. S DOWRY,döö'ré. tº e a wife ; a reward paid for a wife. - DOXOLOGY, dök-sól'ö-jë. s. 518. A form of iving glory to God. Dàº, dók'sé. s. A whore, a loose wench. To DOZE, dóze v. n. To slumber, to be half A portion given with asleep. - To j}E, dóze. v. a. To stupify, to dull. DOZEN, dàz'zm. s. 103. The number of twelve. DOZINESS, dö'zè-nés. s. Sleepiness, drowsi- InêSS. DOZY, dözé a. Sleepy, drowsy, sluggish. DRAB, drāb. s. A whore, a strumpet. . . DRACHM, dràm. s. An old Roman coin; the eighth part of an ounce. DREAD, dréd. a. Terrible, dreadful. DRAFF, dräf, s. Amy thing thrown away. T)RAFFY, dräf'ſé. a. Worthless, dreggy. An exhortation to des-l DRAKE, dràke. DRAFT, dräft. a. Corrupted from Draught. To DRAG, drág. Y. a. To pull along the ground by main force; to draw any thing burthensome; to draw contemptuously along; to pull about with :* and ignominy; to pull roughly and for clb17. - - To DRAG, dràg. v. n. To hang so low as to trail or grate upon the ground. - DRAG, drāg. s. A met drawn along the bottom of the water; an instrument with hooks to catch hold of things under water; a kind of . car drawn by the hand, DRAGNET, drág'nét. s. A met which is drawn along the bottom of the water. To DRAGGLE, drág'gl. v. a. 405. To make dir- ty by dragging on the ground. To DRAGGEE, drág'gl. v. n. To being drawn along the ground. DRAGON, drág'àm. s. 166. A winged serpent; a fierce violent man or woman ; a constellation near the North Pole. DRAGQNET, drāgān-et.s. A little dragon. DRAGONFLY, dràg'ām-fil. s. A fierce stinging fiy. . DRAGONISH, dràg'ān-ish. a. Having the form: of a dragon. DRAGON LIKE, drág'ān-like. a. . Furious, fiery. Dºº SBLOOD, dràg'ānz-blåd. s. A kind Of £6S11]. DRAGONSHEAD, drág'âmz-héd. s. A plant. DRAGONTREE, drág'àn-trèë. s. Palmtree. DRAGOON, drà-góón'. s. See Encore. . A kind of soldier that serves indifferently either on horse or foot. - To DRAGOON, drà-gööm'. v. a. To persecute by abandoning a place to the rage of soldiers. To DRAIN, dràne. v. a. To draw off gradually; to empty by drawing gradually away what it contains; to make quite dry. - DRAIN, dràne. s. The channel through which liquids are gradually drawn. s. The male of the duck ; a small piece of artiiiery. DRAM, dràm. s. In weight the eighth part of an ounce; a small quantity; such a quantity of distilled spirits as is usually drunk at once ; Spirits, distilled liquors. - To DRAM, drām. v. m. To drink distilled spirits. DRAMA, drà'mā, or drām"mă. s. A poem ac- commodated to action ; a poem in which the action is not related, but represented ; a play, a comedy, a tragedy. - || 3: The last mode of pronouncing this word is that which was universally current till within these few years; but the first has insensibly stolen into use, as we may observe from the se- veral Dictionaries which have adopted it. Mr. Sheridan, W. Johnston, Mr. Nares, and, as far as we can judge by the position of the accent, Entick and Bailey promounce it with the first a long ; and Dr. Kenrick, Buchanan, and, if we may guess at Dr. Ash by his accent, with the same letter short. Mr. Scott gives both ways, but, by placing the sound with the long a first, seems to prefer it. The authorities are certain- ly on the side I have adopted; but I wish also to establish it by analogy. - And first it may be observed, that if any argu- ment can be drawn from the Latin quantity to the English, it is certainly in favour of the first pronunciation; for in a Latin word of two syl- lables, where a consonant comes between two vowels, the consonant always goes to the last, and the first vowel is pronounced long, without the least regard to the quantity. Thus Crâtes, the philosopher, and crâtes, a hurdle; décus, honour, and dédo, to give; Švo, to triumph, and ºvum, an egg; Nijma, the legislator, and JVäinen, the divinity, have the first vowels always sounded long by an English speaker, although in the Latin the first vowel in the first word of each of these pairs is short, From this universal grow dirty by DRA ſ)RE 1b 7 —mö, mêve, mêr, mót;—túbe, túb, būll;—öh;—póünd;—thin, THIs. manner of pronouncing Latin words, though contrary to Latin quantity, it is no wonder, when we adopt words from that language with- out any alteration, we should pronounce them in the same manner; and it may be fairly con- cluded, that this uniform pronunciation of the Latin arises from the genius of our own tongue; which always inclines us to lengthen the accent. ed vowel before a single consonant in words of two syllables; otherwise, what reason can we assign for the rule laid down by our ancestors for doubling the consonant in verbs, verbal nouns, and participles, where a single vowel was predºded by a single consonant in the theme P But an affectation of Latinity seems to have disturbed the general pronunciation of oul own language, as much as our own promum- ciation has disturbed the Latin quantity: for, though we neglect the quantity of Latin dissyl- lables, when we are pronouncing that language. et in dissyllables of our own, formed from the #. and anglicised, we seem to be, in some measure, guided by the Latin quantity. To what else can we attribute the short sound of the first vowel in magick, placid, tepid, vigil, no: vel, &c. 2 and to what but the genuine force of vermacular pronunciation can we ascribe the long sound of u in this situation, let the quanti- ty of the Latin original be what it will P. Thus, though epic, topic, cynic, and tonic, have the first vowel short, tunic, stupid, Cupid, tumid, &c., have the w long, though always short in the Latin words from whence they are derived. But how- ever this may be in words anglicised from the La- tin, and ending in a consonant, perhaps, in no- thing is our pronunciation more regular than in the quantity of the first vowel in a word of two syllables ending with a vowel ; in this case the first vowel is invariably long ; and why the word in question should be the only exception, cannot easily be accounted for. We have no words originally English of this form; but those we adopt from other languages sufficiently show the analogy of pronunciation : thus Gola, Coma, China, Era, Strata, Quota, Fico, Dado, Sa- go, Bravo, Tyro, Hero, JNegro, &c. &c have all the first syllable long ; and why Drama should notfall into the same analogy, I cannot conceive. A corroboration of this is the pronunciation of Dama, Brama, Zama, and Zara, and all proper names of the same form from the Greek and Latin, as Cato, Plato, Strato, Crito, Draco, &c.; and I think it may be with confidence asserted, that an Englishman, who had never heard the word Drama pronounced, would naturally place the accent upon the first syllable, and pro- mounce the vowel in that syllable long and slem- der. 544. DRAMATICAL, drà-mät ē-kál. ; a. DRAMATICK, drà-mätik. 509. Represented by action. DRAMATICALLY, drà-mât'é-kāl-ć. ad. Repre- §§ by representation. DRAMATI if, drām'à-tist. s. 503. The author of dramatick compositions. DRANK, dränk. The pret. of Drink. DRAPER, drà'pår. s.98. One who sells cloth. DRAPERY, drà'pār-É. s. Cloth work, the trade of making cloth; cloth, stuffs of wool; the dress of a picture or statue. DRASTICK, dràs'tik. a. In medicine, powerful, vigorous, efficacious. DRAUGH, dràf s. 331. Refuse, swill. DRAUGHT, dräft. s. 215,393. The act of drink- ing; a quantity of liquor drunk at once ; the act of drawing or pulling carriages; the quah- ty of being drawn; delineation, sketch ; a pic- ture drawn; the act of sweeping with a net; the quantity of fishes taken by once drawing the met, forces drawn off from the main army, a detachment; a sink, drain ; the depth which a vessel draws, or sinks into the water; a bill drawn for the payment of money. DRAUGHTHOUSE, dráft'hôāse. s. A house in which filth is deposited. To DRAW, dràw. v. a. Pret. Drew, Part. Pass Drawn. To pull along; to pull forcibly, to drag ; to suck; to attract; to inhale; to take from a cask; to pull a sword from the sheath; to let out any liquid; to take bread out of the oven ; to unclose or slide back curtains; to close or spread curtains; to extract; to pro- tract, to lengthen ; to represent by picture; te form a representation; to deduce as from pos- tulates; to allure, to entice; to persuade to follow; to induce ; to win, to gain; to extort, to force; to wrest, to distort; to compose, to form in writing ; to eviscerate, to embowel ; To draw in, to contract, to pull back, to inveiglè. to entice ; To draw off, to extract by distilla- tion, to withdraw, to abstract. To draw on ; to occasion ; to invite, to cause, to bring by degrees. To draw over ; to persuade to revolt. To draw out; to protract, to lengthen, to pump out by insinuation, to call to action, to detach for service, to range in battle. To draw up; to form in order of battle, to form in wri tingſ. To #Aw, drāw. v. n. To perform the office of a beast of draught ; to act as a weight; to con- tract, to shrink; to advance, to move; to un- sheath a weapon ; to practise the art of de- lineation ; to take a card out of the pack, to take a lot ; to make a sore run by attraction. To draw off; to retire, to retreat. To draw on ; to advance, to approach. DRAWEACK, dráºbal. s. Money given back for ready payment. DRAWBRIDGE, dràw'bridje. s. A bridge made to be lifted up, to hinder or admit communica- tion at pleasure. DRAWER, dràw'âr. s. One employed in pro- curing water from the well ; one whose busi ness is to draw liquors from the cask; that which has the power of attraction. DRAWER, dràw'âr. s. A box in a case, out of which it is drawn at pleasure ; in the plural, art of a man's dress worn under the breeches. DRAWING, dràw'íng. s. Delineation, repre. sentation. DRAWING-ROOM, dràw'īng-rööm. s. The room. in which company assemble at court; the com- pany assembled there. DRAWN, dràwn. part. from Draw. Equal, where each party takes his own stake ; with a sword unsheathed ; , open, put aside or unclosed; eviscerated; induced as from some motive. DRAWWELL, dràw'wël, s. A deep well, a well out of which water is drawn by a long cord.— See DUNGHzz.L. To DRAWL, dràwl. v. n. To utter any thing in a slow way. DRAY drà. º DR Ayo ART, drà'kärt. ; s. The car on which . beer or oods are carried. DRAYHORSE, drà'hörse. s. A horse which draws a y. DRAYMAN, drà mán. s. 88. One that attends al § DRAZEL, drāz'zl. s. 102,405. A low, mean, worthless wretch. JYot used. DREAD, dréd. s. 234. Fear, terrour ; awe; the #, or thing feared. DREAD, dréd. Ta. , Terrible, frightful; awful, venerable in the highest degree. To DREAD, dréd. v. a. To fear in an excessive degree. te To DREAD, dréd...y. n. To be in fear. . . . . . DREADER, dréd'àr. s. 98. One that lives in fear. DREADFUL, dréd'föl. a...Terrible, frightful. DREADFULNESS, dréd'fāl-nēs. s. Terrible. ness, frightfulness pºpfully, dréd'falº, ad. Terribly, fright- uily. DRI DRO 168 [[5 559-Fāte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—plme, pīn;— DREADLESNESS, dréd'lés-nēs. mess, intrepidity. DREADLESS, dréd'lés. a. Fearless, unaffright- ed, intrepid. REAM, drème, s. 227. A phantasm of sleep, the thoughts of a sleeping man; an idle famcy. To DREAM, drème. v. m. To have the represen- tation of something in sleep : to think, to im- agine; tº think idly; to be sluggish; to idle. To DREAM, drème. v. a. To see in a dream. DREAMER, dré'mår. s. 98. One who has greams; an idle ſanciful man; a mope, a man lost in wild imagination; a sluggard, an idler. PREAMLESS, drèmeſlés... a. Without dreams. DREAR, drère. a. 227. Mournful, dismal. DREARY, drè'ré. a. Sorrowful, distressful : §§ dismal, horrid. DREDGE, drédjé. s. A kind of met. To DREDGE, drédje. v. a. To gather with a redge. DREDGER, drédjär. s. One who fishes with a dredge. DREGGINESS, drég'gè-nés. s. Fulness of dregs or lees, feculence. DRE&Gísłł. drég'gish. a. Foul with lees, ſeculent. DREGGY, drég'gè. a. 382. Containing dregs, consisting of dregs, feculent. GS, drégz. s." The sediment of liquors, the lees, the grounds any thing by which purity 1s corrupted; dross, sweepings, refuse. To DREIN, dràne. v. n. 249. To empty. Bet- ter written Drain. To DRENCH, drénsh. v. a. To soak, to steep : to saturate with drink or moisture ; to physick by violence. DRENCH, drènsh. s. A draught, swill; physick for a brute; physick that must be given by violence. DRENCHER, drénsh'âr. s. One that dips or steeps any thing; one that gives physick by force. To DRESS, drés. v. a. To clothe ; to adorn, to embellish; to cover a wound with medicaments; to curry, to rub; to prepare for any purpose; to trim, to fit any thing for ready use ; to prepare victuals for the table. DRESS, drés. s. Clothes, garment; the skill of adjusting dress. DRESSER, daćs'sár. s. One employed in put- ting on the clothes of another; one employed in regulating or adjusting any, thing; the bench in a kitchen on which meat is drest. DRESSING, drés'sing. s. The application made to a Sore. DRESSING-ROOM, drés'sing-rööm. The room in which clothes are put on. DRESSY, drés'sè. a. Showy in dress. JMason. DREST, drést, part from Dress, properly dressed. ſº. This is one of those words which, for the sake of rhyming to the eye, as it may be called, º have contracted into an irregular form ; ut how unnecessarily may be seen, Principles, No. 360. . To DRIB, drib. v. a. To crop, to cut off. A cant word. To DRIBBLE, dribbl. v. n. 405. To fall in drops; to fall weakly and slowly; to slaver as a child or idiot. To DRIBBLE, drib'bl. v. a. To throw down in drops. DRIBLET, driblét. s.-See CoDLE. A small sum, odd money in a sum. DRIER, dr'âr. s. That which has the quality of absorbing moisture. DRIFT, drift. s. Force impellent, impulse; vi- olence, course; any thing driven at random ; any thing driven or borne along in a body; a storm, a shower; a heap or stratum of any matter thrown together by the wind; tendency, or aim of action; scope of a discourse. To DRIFT, drift. v. a. To drive, to urge along; to throw together on heaps. s. Fearless- S. To DRILL, dril. v. a. To pierce any thing with a drill; to perforate, to bore, to pierce; to make a hole; to delay, to put off; to teach recruits their exercise. DRILL, drfl. s. An instrument with which holes are bored ; an ape, a baboon. To DRINK, drink. v. n. Pret. Drank, or Drunk, Part. Pass. Drunk, or Drunken. To swallow liquors, to quench thirst ; to be entertained with liquors; to be an habitual drunkard ; to drink to, to salute in drinking. To DRINK, drink. v. a. To swallow, applied to liquids; to suck up, to absorb. DRINK, drink. s. Liquor to be swallowed, op posed to meat ; liquor of any particular kind. DRINKMONEY, drink'mán-é. s. Money given to buy liquor. DRINKABLE, drink'ā-bl. drunk. DRINKER, drink'êr. s. excess, a drunkard. To DRIP, drip. v. n. drops falling from it. To DRIP, drip. v. a. drop fat in roasting. DRIP, drip. s. That which falls in drops. DRIPPING, drip'ing. s. The fat which house- wives gather from roast meat. DRIPPING-PAN, drip'ing-pân. s. . The pan in which the fat of roast meat is caught. To DRIVE, drive. v. a. Pret. Drove, anciently Drave; Part. Pass. Driven, or Drove. To force along by impetuous pressure ; to expel by force from any place; to force or urge in any direction; to guide and regulate a car- a. What may be 98. One that drinks to To fall in drops; to have To let fall in drops; to riage; to make animals, march along under guidance; to clear any place by forcing away what is in it; to force, to compel ; to carry on ; to drive out, to expel. To DRIVE, drive. v. n. To go as impelled by any external agent; to rush with violence; to pass in a carriage; to tend to, to consider as the scope and ultimate design; to aim, to strike at with fury. To DRIVEL, driv'vl. v. n. 102. To slaver, to let the spittle fall in drops; to be weak or foolish, to dote. DRIVEL, driv'vl. s. Slaver, moisture shed from the mouth ; a fool, an idiot, a driveller. DRIVELLER, driv'vl-àr. s. A fool, an idiot. DRIVEN, drºv'vn. I03. Participle of Drive. DRIVER, dri'vár. s. The person or instrument who gives any motion by violence ; one who drives beasts; one who drives a carriage. To DRIZZLE, driz'zl. v. a. 405. To shed in small slow drops. To DRIZZLE, driz'zl. v. m. To fall in short slow drops. DRIZZLY, driz'zl-ć. a. Shedding small rain. DROLL, drôle. s. 406. One whose business is to raise mirth by petty tricks, a jester, a buffoon a farce, something exhibited to raise mirth. [[G. When this .# is used to signify a farce, it is pronounced so as to rhyme with doll, loll, &c If this wanted proof, wenight quote Swift, who was too scrupulous to rhyme it with extol, if it had not been so pronounced. “Some as justly fame extols, “For lofty limes in Smithfield drolls.” DROLL, drôle. a. Comic, farcical, merry To DROLL, drôle. v. n. To jest, to play the buffoon. DROLLERY, dró'làr-é. s. Idle jokes; buffoonery. DROMEDARY, dröm'ê-dà-rè. s. A sort of camel. [[; I have in the sound of the o in this word fol- lowed Mr. Nares rather than Mr. Sheridan, and I think with the best usage on my side. 165. DRONE, drône. s. The bee which makes no homey; a pipe of a bagpipe; a sluggard, an idler; the hum, or instrument of humming. |To DRONE, drône. v. n. To live in idleness, DRU BRY 169 —mö, móve, nár, nôt;-túbe tab, bāīl;-&fl;—pôānd;—thin, this BRONISH, drö'n'sh. a. Idle, sluggish. To DROOP, dróóp. v. m. To # with sor- row; to faint, to grow weak. DROP, dróp. s. A globule of moisture, as much liquor as falls at once when there is not a con- tinual stream ; diamond hanging in the ear. DROP-SERENE, dróp-sé-rène'. Ts. A disease of the eye. º To DROP, dróp. v. a. To pour in drops or single lobules; to let fall; to let go, to dismiss from à. hand, or the possession; to utter slightly or casually; to insert indirectly, or by way of di- gression; to intermit, to cease; to let go a de- pendant, or companion; to suffer to vanish, to come to nothing; to bedrop, to bespeckle, to variegate. To #. dróp. v. n. To fall in drops or single globules; to let drops fall; to fall, to, come from a higher place; to fall spontaneously; to fall in death, to die suddenly; to sink into si- lence, to vanish, to come to nothing ; to come unexpectedly. tº * DROPPING, drºpping. s. That which falls in drops; that which drops when the continuous Stream Ceases. DROPLET, drôp'lét. s. A little drop. & DROPSTONE, dróp'stöne. s. Spar formed into the shape of º DROPWORT, dróp'wärt. s. A plant. º DROPSICAL, drôp'sè-kál. a. Diseased with a dropsy. gº pºſed, dróp'słd. s. 282. Diseased with a dropsy. º D#, dróp'sè. s. A morbid collection of water in the body. DROSS, drós. s. The recrement or scum of me- tals; rust, incrustation upon metal; refuse, leavings, sweepings, feculence, corruption. DROSSINESS, drós'sé-nés. s. Foulness, fecu- lemee, rust. DROSSY, drós'sé. a. Full of dross; worthless, foul, feculent. DROVE, drove. s. A body or number of cattle ; a number of sheep driven; any collection of animals; a crowd, a tumult. DROVE, drôve. Pret. of Drive. DROVEN, dró'vm. Part. a. from Drive 2/Se. DROVER, dró'vár. s. One that fats oxen for sale, and drives them to market. T)ROUGHT, dröät. s. 313, 393. Dry weather, want of rain; thirst, want of drink. [[; This word is often pronounced as if written drouth, but improperly. When these abstracts take g in their composition, and this g is pre- ceded by a vowel, the t does not precede the h, but follows it; as weigh, weight; fly, flight; no, nought, &c. DROUGHTINESS, dröö'té-nēs. s. The state of wanting rain. DROUGHTY, dröö'té. s. Wanting rain, sultry; thirsty, with thirst. To DROWN, drööm. v. a. 323. To suffocate in water; to overwhelm in water; to overflow, to bury in an inundation ; to immerge. To §§§. dröün. v. n. To be suffocated by Water. To DROWSE, dréâz. v. a. 323. To make heavy with sleep. To DROWSE, drôāz. v. n. To slumber, to grow heavy with sleep; to look heavy ; not cheerful. DROWSILY, dröö'zè-lè. ad. Sleepily, heavily; sluggishly, slothfully. DROWSINESS, dröä'zè-nēs. heaviness with º; BROWSIHEAD, dröö'zè-héd. s. Sleepiness, in- climation to sleep. DROWSY, dröö'zé. a. Sleepy, heavy with sleep, lethargick; lulling, causing sleep; stupid, dull. To DRUB, dràb. v. a. To thresh, to beat, to bang. DRUB, dràb. s. A thump, a blow y JNot in s. Sleepiness, l To DRUDGE, drädje. v. n. To Iabour m mean offices, to toil without honour or dignity. DRUDGE, drädje. s. One employed in mean labour. DRUDGER, drädje'Ér. s. A mean labourer; the box out of which flour is thrown to roast meat DRUDGERY, drädje'âr-é. s. Mean labour, ig noble toil. DRUDGING-BOX, drädjeºng-böks. s. The box out of which flour is sprinkled upon roast meat, DRUDGINGLY, drädje?ng-lè. ad. Laboriously, toilsomely. DRUG, g. s. An ingredient used in physick, a medicinal simple; anything without worth or value; any - thing for which no purchaser can be found. To DRUG, dràg. v. a. To season with medicinal ingredients; to tincture with something offen- SIVé. DRUGGET, dràg'gīt. s. 99. A coarse kind of woollen cloth. DRUGGIST, dràg'gist. s. 382. One who sells drugs. DătăşTER, drág'står. s. One who sells medici- nal simples. This word is only used by the vulgar. DRUID, drà'íd. s. The priests and philosophers of the ancient Britins. DRUM, dröm. s. An instrument of military mu- sick, the tympanum of the ear. To DRUM, dràm. v. m. To beat a drum, to beat a tume on a drum; to beat with a * motion. To DRUMBLE, dràm'bl. v. n. 405. o drome, to be sluggish. Obsolete. DRUMīš , dràm'fish. s. The name of a fish. DRUMMAJOR, dràm-mājūr. s. The chief drummer of a regiment. DRUMMAKER, dröm'mā-kār. s. He who deals in or makes drums. DRUMMER, dràm'môr. s. He whose office is to beat the drum. DRUMSTICK, dröm'stik. The stick with which a drum is beaten. DRUNK, drànk. s. Intoxicated with strong li- quor, inebriated; drenched or saturated with moisture. DRUNKARD, drànk'örd. s. 88. One given to excessive use of strong liquors. DRUNKEN, dràn'km. a. 103. Intoxicated with liquor, inebriated; given to habitual ebriety; saturated with moisture; dome in a state of ine- briation. DRUNKENLY, dràn'km-lè. ad. In a drunken Iſlan Ile1". DRUNKENNESS, dràn'km-nēs. s. Intoxication with strong liquor; habitual ebriety; intoxica- tion or inebriation of any kind, a disorder of the faculties. DRY, dri. a. Arid, not wet, not moist; without rain; not succulent, not juicy; without teams ; thirsty, athirst; jejune, barren, unembellished. To DRY, dr. v. a. To free from moisture; to exhale moisture ; to wipe away moisture ; to scorch with thirst ; to drain, to exhaust, To DRY, dri. v. n. To grow dry, to lose mois- ture. DRYAD, dri'ād. s. A wood-nymph. JMason. DRYER, dri'ār. s. 98. That which has the quali- ty of absorbing moisture. DRYEYED, dri’ide. a. Without tears, without weeping. DRYLY, dri'lé. ad. Without moisture, coldly, without affection; jejunely, barrenly. DRYNESS, drinës. s. Want of moisture; want of succulence; want of embellishment, want of pathos; want of sensibility in devotion. DRYNURSE, dri'nārse. s. A woman who brings up and feeds a child without the breast; one who takes care of another. To DRYNURSE, dri'nurse. v. a. To feed without the breast. DRYSHOD, dri'shôd, a. Without wet feet, with out teading above the shoes in the water I3 UK {} I}UN jºr f [[j' 559–Fate, far, fall, ſit —mé, mēt, —plme, pīn;— 13UAL, dū’īf. a. Expressing the number two. To DUB, dūb. v. a. To make a man a knight; to Confer any kind of dignity. DUB; dāb. s. A blow, a knock. JYot in use. DUBIOUS, dū'bē-ăs. a. 542. Doubtful, not set. tled in an opinion; uncertain, that of which the truth is not fully known ; not plain, not clear. DUBIOUSLY, dū'bè-às-lè. ad. Uncertainly, with- out any determination. DUBIOUSNESS, dū'bè-às-nēs. a. Uncertainty, doubtfulness. DUBITABLE, dū'bè-tá-bl. a. Doubtful, uncer- tain. DUBITATION, dū-bè-tà'shôn. s. The act of doubting, doubt. DUCAL, dū'kál. a. Pertaining to a duke. DUCAT, dākºt. s. 90. A coin struck by dukes: in silver valued, in England, at about four shillings and sixpence: in gold at nine shillings and sixpencesterling. DUCK, dök. s. The water fowl, both wild and tame; a word of endearment or fondness; a declimation of the head; a stone thrown ob- liquely on the waters To DUCK, dàk. v. n. To dive under water as a duck; to drop down the head as a duck; to bow low, to cringe. To DUCK, dàk. v. a. To put under water. DUCKER, dākār, S. 98. A diver, a cringer. DUCKING-STOOL, dàk'king-stööl. s. A chair in which scolds are tied, and put under water. DUCK-LEGGED, dàk'lég’d. a. 359. Shortlegged. DUCKLING, dūkling, s. A young duck. DUCKMEAT, dàk'imète. s. A common plant growing in standing waters. DUCKS-FOOT, dàks'fät. s. or may-apple. DUCKWEED, dàk'wéde. s. Duckmeat. PUCT, dökt...s. Guidance, direction, a passage through which any thing is conducted. DUCTILE, dàk'tfl. a. , 140. Flexible, pliable; easy to be drawn out into a length ; tractable, obsequious, complying. DUCTHLENESS, dàkſtil-nēs. s. Flexibility, ductility. DUCTILITY, dàk-tºl'è-té. s. Quality of suffering extension, flexibility; obsequiousness, compli- ance. DUDGEON, dàdjön... s. 259. A small dagger; malice, sullenness, ill-will. DUE, dà... a. Owed, that which one has a right to demand; proper, fit, appropriate; exact, with- out deviation. būE, dº. ad. Exactly, directly. duly. DUE, dū. s. , That which belongs to one, that which may be justly claimed ; right, just title; whatever custom or law requires to be done; custom, tribute. DUEL, dū’īl. s. 99. A combat between two, a single fight. To DUEL, dū’īl. v. n. To fight a single combat. DUELLER, dà'il-lär. s.99. A single combatant. PUELLING, dū’īl-ling. s. 410. The act of fight- ing a duel. DößLEIST, dā'il-list. s. A single combatant; one whº professes to live by rules of honour. DUELLO, dū-éI'lò.s. The duel, the rule of duelling. DUENNA, dū-én'nā. s. An old woman kept to ard a younger. DUG, dàg. s. A pap, a nipple, a teat. 1906, dàg. Pret. and part pass, of Dig. DUKE, döke. s. 376. One of the highest order of mobility in England. [Gº There is a slight deviation often heard in the pronungiation of this word, as if written Dook ; but this borders on vulgarity; the true sound of the u must be carefully preserved, as if written Dewk. There is another impropriety in pronouncing this word as if written Jook; this is not so vulgar as the former, and arises troºn an ignorance of the influence of accent.— See Principles, No. 462. Black snake-root, DUKEDOM, dike'dām. s. The possessions of a duke; the title or quality of a duke. DULBRAINED, dàſbränd. a. Stupid, doltish, foolish. DULCET, döl'sét, a. 99. Sweet to the taste, luscious ; sweet to the ear, harmonious. DULCIFICATION, dāl-sè-fé-kä'shôn. s. The act of sweetening, the act of freeing from acidity, saltness, or acrimony. To DULCIFY, döl'sè-fi. v. a. 183. To sweeten, to set free from acidity. DULCIMER, dºl'sè-mêr. s. 98. A musical in- strument played by striking the brass wire with little sticks. To DULCORATE, dàl'kö-räte. v. a. 91. To sweeten, to make less acrimonious. DULCORATION, dāl-kö-rä'shôn. s. of sweetening. DULHEAD, dāl'héd. s. foolish and stupid. DULIA, dū'lē-ă. s. 91. A kind of inferiour wor- ship; inferiour adoration. Ash. See LATRI A. DULL, dài. a. Stupid, doltish, blockish, un apprehensive; blunt, obtuse; sad, melancholy sluggish, heavy, slow of motion; not bright , drowsy, sleepy. To DULL, dàl. v. a. To stupify, to infatuate, to blunt; to sadden, to make melancholy ; to damp, to clog; to make weary or slow of mo tion; to sully brightness. A blockhead, a dolt, DULLARD, dà'lård. s. a stupid fellow. DULLY, dāl'lé. ad. Stupidly; sluggishly ; not vigorously, not gayly, not brightly, not keenly. DULNESS, d; s. Stupidity, weakness of intellect, indocility; drowsiness, inclination to sleep; sluggishness of motion ; dimness, want of lustre. ad. Properly, fitly; regularly DULY, dū'lè. exactly. DUMB, dàm. a. 347. Mute, incapable of speech ; deprived of speech ; mute, not using words; silent, refusing to speak. DUMBLY, dàm'lé ad. Mutely, silently. DUMBNESS, dàm'nés. s. Incapacity to speak, omission of speech, muteness; refusal to speak, silence. To DUMBFOUND, dàm'föänd. v. a. To con- fuse, to strike dumb. DUMP, dūmp. s. Sorrow, melancholy, sadness. A low word, used generally in the plural; as to be in the dumps. DUMPISH, dàmp'ſsli. a. Sad, melancholy, sor- rowful. DUMPLING, dàmp'ling. s. A sort of pudding, DUN, dàm. a. A colour partaking of brown and black; oark, gloomy. Toibijn, dön. v. a. To claim a debt with vehe- mence and importunity. DUN, dàm. s. A clamorous, troublesome credi- tor. Dºe, dānse. s. A dullard, a dolt, a thick- skull. DUNG, dàng. s. The excrement of animals used to fertilize ground. To DUNG, dàng... v. a. To fatten with dung. DUNGEON, dān'ān. s. 259. A close prison, enerally spoken of a prison subterraneous. DUNGFORK, dàng'förk. s. A fork to toss out dung from stables. AE DUNGHIL, dàng'hil. s. A heap or accumula- tion of dung; any mean or vile abode ; any situation of meanness ; a term of reproach for a man meanly born. tº [[ſ’ Leaving out one l in the last syllable of this word, is, perhaps, agreeable to the laws prin- ters have laid down to themselves; but there is no eye that is not hurt at the different appear- snce of hill when alone, and when joined to an- oceser word. That double letters may be, in some cases, spared, is not to be denied ; but where cither the sense or sound is endangered by the The act A blockhead, a wretch DUS E)YS 171 —mö, mēve, mēr, nét;—túbe, túb, būll;—öil;-pôānd;—thin, THIs. -omission of a letter, there to spare the letter is to injure the language. A secret conviction of this bas made all our Lexicographers waver greatly in spelling these words, as may be seen at large in the Preliminary Observations to the Rhyming Dictionary, page xy. pUNGHIL, § a. 406. Sprung from the dunghil, mean, low. DUNGY, dàng'é. a. 409. Full of dung, mean, vile, base. DUNGYARD, dàng'yård. s. The place of the dunghil. 98. One employed in ĐUNNER, dàn’már. s. Soliciting petty debts biºikºssºms. s. A book in which one sheet of paper makes twelve leaves. DUODECUPLE, dū-ó-dék'kū-pl. a. Consist- ing of twelves. DUPE, dūpe. By tricked. To DUPE, dàpe. v. a. To trick, to cheat. ‘īo DUPLíCATE, dū'plè-kāte. v. a. 91. To double, to enlarge by the repetition of the first number or gº; ; to fold together. DUPLICATE, dà'plé-kāte. s. 91. Another cor- respondent to the first, a second thing of the same kind, as a transcript of a paper. DUPLICATION, dū-plé-kå'shôn. s. The act of doubling; the act of folding together; a fold, a doubling. T}UPLICATURE, diš'plè-kā-tūre. s. A fold, any thing doubled. BUPLíCITY, dà-plís'é-té. s. ceit, doubleness of heart. DURABILITY, dū-rá-bil'è-tè. s. lasting, endurance. \ PURABLE, diº'rā-bl. a. 405. Lasting, having the quality of long continuance; having succes- sive existence. DURABLENESS, dà'rà-bl-nēs. s. lasting. PURABLY, dà'rā-blé. ad. In a lasting manner. PURANCE, dº'ränse s. Imprisonment, the custody or power of a jailer ; endurance, con- tinuance, duration. DURATION, dà-rä'shán. s. Continuance of time; power of continuance; length of contin- {{a}}Ce. To DURE, dūre. v. n. To last, to continue. Not tº 21Sé. DUREFUL, döre'föl. a. Lasting, of long con- timuance. DURELESS, döre'lés. a. Without continuance, §§ DURESSE, dà rés'. s. Imprisonment, con- straint. DURING, dàrìng. prep. For the time of the continuance YXURITY, dū'rè-të. s. Hardness, firmness. DURST, dàrst. The preterit Gf Dare, to venture. DUSK, dāsk. a. Teading to darkness; tending to blackmess, dark coloured. YoUSK, dàsk. s. Tendency to darkness; dark- mess of colour. To DUSK, dàsk. v. a. To DUSK, dàsk. v. n. To grow dark, to begin to lose *; DUSKILY, dàsk'é-lè. ad. With a tendency to darkness. DUSKISH, dàskish. s. A credulous man, a man easi- Doubleness; de- The power of Power of a. Inclining to darkness, tending to obscurity; tending to blackness. º QūšKISHEYºsk sh-lè. ad. Cloudily, darkly. DUSKY, dàsk'é. a. Tending to darkness, ob- scure; tending to blackness, dark coloured ; loomy, sad, intellectually clouded. DUST, dàst. s. Earth or other matter reduced to small particles; the grave, the state of dis-H solution; mean and dejected state. To DUST, dàst. v. a. To free from dust, to splin Kle with dust. To make duskish. | DUSTMAN, dàst'mán. s. 88. One whose em- ployment is to carry away the dust. # , DUSTY, dàs'tè. a. Filled with dust, clouded with dust; covered or scattered with dust. DUTCHESS, dàtsh’és. s. The lady of a duke , a lady who has the sovereignty of a dukedom. DUTCHY, dótsh'é. s. A territory which gives title to a duke. DUTCHYCCURT, dàtsh'é-kört. s. A court where- in all matters appertaining to the dutchy of Lancaster are decided. DUTEOUS, dà'tè-ás, or dù'tshë-às. a. 263,294. Obedient, obsequious, enjoined by duty. DUTIFUL, dū'tè-fúl. a. Obedient, submissive to natural or legal superiours; expressive of re- spect, reverential. DUTIFULLY, dà'tè-fäl-è. ad. Obediently, sub- missively ; reverently, respectfully. DUTIFULNESS, dà'tè-ſăl-nés. s. Obedience, submission to just authority; reverence, re- SDeCt. pū. dà'té. s. That to which a man is by any natural or legal obligation bound ; acts of for- bearance required by religion and morality; obedience or submission due to parents, govern- ours or superiours; act of reverence or respect; the business of a soldier on guard; tax, impost, custom, toll. DWARF, dwórf. s. 85 A man below the com- mon size of men ; any animal or plant below its natural bulk; an attendant on a lady of knight in romances: it is used often in compo- sition, as, dwarfelder, dwarf honeysuckle. To DWARF, dwórf. v. a. To hinder from grow- ing to the natural bulk. x DWARFISH, dwórfish. a. Below the natural bulk, low, little DWARFISHLY, dwórfish-lè. ad. Like a dwarf, DWARFISHNESS, dwórf'ísh-més. s. Minute- nes of stature, littleness. To DWELL, dwél. v. m. Preterit, Dweltor Dwel- led. To inhabit, to live in a place, to reside, to have a habitation ; to be in any state or con- dition; to be suspended with attention ; to fix the mind upon.; to continue long speaking. DWELLER, dwél'lär. s. 98. An inhabitant. DWELLING, dwél'Éng. s. Habitation, abode state of life, mode of living. DWELLING-HOUSE, dwél'Iſng-hôāse. s. The house at which one lives. To DWINDLE, dwind'dl. v. n. 405. To shrink, to lose bulk, to grow little ; to degenerate, to sink ; to wear away, to lose health, to grow feebler; to fall away, to moulder off. DYING, di'ing. the participle of die. . Expiring, giving up the ghost; tinging, giving a new colour. DYNASTY, di'nás-té, or din'ās-tê. S. Govern- ment, sovereignty. [[ī’ All our orthūepists, except Mr. Elphinstone and Entick, adopt the first pronunciation ; but analogy is, in my opinion, clearly for the last. 503. DYSCRASY, d?s'krä-sè. s. An unequal mixture of elements in the blood or nervous juice, a dis- temperature. DYSENTERY, dis'sén-tér-è. s. A contagious disease of the intestines, accompanied with looseness, severe griping pains, tenesmus, and fever. mas's Practice of Physick. [[; Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, and But- chanan, accent this word on the second syllable, and Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Perry, Entick, and Bailey, on the first. That this is in possession of the best usage, I have not the east doubt; and that it is agreeable to the analogy of accenting words from the learned languages which we natu- ralize by dropping a syllable, is evident from the numerous class of words of the same kind. See AcADEMy, Incompas ABLE, &c. A collate- ral proof too that this is the true pronunciation is, that MESENTERy, a word of the same form, is hy all the above-mentioned lexicographer- EAR EAT 172 [[F 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit —mé, mét;—pine, pīn;– who have the word, except Bailey, accented on the first syllable. DYSPEPSY, dis'pěp-sé. s. A difficulty of diges- tion. DYSPHONY, dis'fö-mè. s. A difficulty in speak- Ing. BYSPNGEA, disp'né-á. s. 92. A difficulty of breathing. DYSURY, dizhë-ré. s.450, 451, 452. A difficulty in making urine. ſis. The s in this word has the flat aspiration, for the same reason as the s in Treasury.—See DisUNIon. **W***********~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ E. EACH, &tsh-pron. 98,227. Either of two ; every one of any number, taken separately. EAGER, 'går. a. 227. Struck with desire, ar- dently wishing ; hot of disposition, vehement, ardent ; quick, busy; sharp, sour, acrid. EAGERLY, egår-lè. ad. Ardently, hotly; keenly, sharply. EAGERNESS, 'går-nēs. s. Ardour of inclina- tion; impetuosity, vehemence, violence. E. , 8'gl. s. 227,405. A bird of prey, said to be extremely sharp-sighted ; the standard off the ancient Romans. EAGLE-EYED, 'gi-lde. a. 282. Sharp-sighted as an eagle. EAGLESão NE, ê'gl-stöne. s. A stone said to be found at the entrance of the holes in which the eagles make their nests. EAGLET, ê'glét. s. A young eagle. FAR, *ēr. s. 227. The whole organ of audition or hearing; that part of the ear that stands prominent; power of judging of harmony; the Spike of corn, that part which contains the seeds. To fall together by the ears; to fight, to scuffle. To set by the ears; to make strife, to make to quarrel. EARLESS, ºër’lés a. Without any ears. EAR-RING, &ér'ring. s. Jewels set in a ring, and worn at the ears. EARSHOT, ºr'shôt. s. Reach of the ear. EARWAX, *ēr'wäks, s. The cerumen, or matter which exudes from the ear. EARWIG, &ér'wig, s. A sheath-winged insect; a whisperer. EARWITNESS, Šár-witnés, s. One who attests, or can attest anything as heard by himself. To EAR, ºr. v. a. 246. To plough, to till, To EAR, *ēr. v. n. To shoot into ears. EARED, &érd. a. 359. Having ears or organs of hearing ; having ears, or ripe corn. EARL, &rl. s. 234, 237. A title of nobility, an- ciently the highest in England, now the third. EARL-MARSHAL, ...i. s. He that has the chief care of military solemnities. EARLDOM, Érl’dām. s. 166. The seigniory of an earl. EARLINESS, Ér'lé-nés. s. Quickness of any action with respect to something else. EARLY, Ér'lé. a. 234. Soon with respect to something else. EARLY, Érlé. ad. Soon, betimes. To EARN, &rm. v. a. 234, 371. To gain as the reward or wages of labour, to gain, to obtain. EARNEST, Ér'nést. a. 234. Ardent in any affec- tion, warm ; zealous; intent, fixed, eager. EARNEST, êrºs. s. Seriousness, a serious event, not a jest; the money, which is given in token that a bargain is ratified. yttria, barytes, strontian, lime, and magnesia, which are incombustible º and in general unalterable by fire. Parkes' Chymistry [[3’ This word is liable to a coarse, vulgar pro- nunciation, as if written Urth : there is, indeed, but a delicate difference between this and the true sound, but quite sufficient to distinguish a Common from a politu speaker. To EARTH, &rth. v. a. To hide in earth; to Cover with earth. To EARTH, &rth. v. n. To retire under ground. EARTHBOARD, &rth'bórd. s. The board of the plough that shakes off the earth. EARTHEORN, Črth'börm. a. Born of the earth; meanly born. EARTHBOUND, &rth'böänd. a. the pressure of the earth. EºN , Ér'tha. a. 103. Made of earth, made Of Clay. EART#Lax. ërth'flāks. s. A kind of fibrous OSSli. EARTHINESS, &rth'é-nēs. s. containing earth, grossness. EARTHLING, &rth'ſing s. An inhabitant of the earth, a poor frail creature. EARTHLY, &rth'iè. a. Not heavenly, vile, mean, sordid ; belonging only to our present state, not spiritual. EARTHNUT, Črth'nāt. s. shape and size like a nut. EARTHQUAKE, Érth'kwäke. s. Tremor or com- vulsion of the earth. EARTHSHAKING,érth'shā-king. a. Having pow- er to shake the earth, or to raise earthquakes. EARTHWORM, €rth'wörm. s. A worm bred un- der ground ; a mean sordid wretch EARTHY, ërth'é. a. Consisting of earth; in habiting the earth, terrestrial; relating to earth, not mental; gross, not refined. EASE, Čze. s. 227. Quiet, rest, undisturbed tranquillity ; freedom from pain ; facility; un- constraint, freedom from harshness, forced be- haviour, or conceits. To EASE, &ze. v. a. To free from pain; to re- lieve; to assuage, to mitigate ; to relieve from labour; to set free from any thing that offends. EASEFUL, *ze'föl. a. Quiet, peaceable. EASEMENT, *ze'mént. s. Assistance, support. EASILY, &'zè-lè. ad. Without difficulty; with- out pain, without disturbance ; readily, without reluctance. EASINESS, 'zè-nés. . s. Freedom from difficul- ty; flexibility; readiness; freedom from con straint; resº, tranquillity. EAST, &ést. s. 227,246. The quarter where the sun rises; the regions in the eastern parts of the world. EASTER, &és'tär. s. 98. The day on which the Christian Church commemorates our Sa viour's resurrection. EASTERLY, &és'tär-lè. a. Coming from the parts towards the East; lying towards the East; looking towards the East. EASTEßN, èé'stårn. a. Dwelling or found in the East, oriental ; going or looking towards the East. EASTWARD, &est'ward. a. 88. Towards the a.St. EASY, &'zè. a. Not difficult; quiet, at rest, not harassed; complying, unresisting, credulous; free from pain; without want of more; without constraint, without formality. & To EAT, ete. v. a. 227, 229, ... Preterit, Ate or Eat; Part. Eat or Eaten. To devour with the Fastened by The quality of A pignut, a root in EARNESTLY, &r’mést-lè. ad. Warmly, affec- tionately, zealously; importunately; eagerly, desirously. EARNESTNESS, 3r'nési-nēs. s. warmth, vehemence; solicitude. EARTH, &rth. s. 234, 237. The terraqueous globe, the world; chymistry describes nine dis- Eagerness, *inct earths, viz silex, alumine, zircone, glucine, mouth; to consume, to corrode; to retract. To EAT, ete. v. n. To go to meals, to take meals, to feed; to take food; to be maintained in food, to make way by corrosion. º EATABLE, Štá-bl. s 405. Anything that may be eaten. º EATER, etär, s. 93 Ome that eats any thi,ig, a corrosive ECO EDü | 73 —nº, móve, nôr, nôt;—töhe, tib, EATING-HOUSE, eſting-hôāse. . s. A house where provisions are sold ready dressed. EAVES, evz. s. 227. The edges of the roof which overhang the house. - To EAVESDROP, evz'dróp. v. a. To catch what comes from the eaves; to listen under windows. EAVESDROPPER, evz dróp-pâr. s. A listener under windows. - EBB, &b. s. The reflux of the tide towards the sea; decline, decay, waste. To EBB, &b. v. n. To flow back to decline, to decay, to Waste. towards the sea; EBEN, Kéb'bn. - EBON, §: s. A hard, heavy, black, EBONY, (éb'ö-nē. - valuable wood. - EBRIETY, &-bri'é-té. s. Drunkenness, intoxi- cation by strong liquors. - EBRIOSITY, &-brè-ös'ê-té. s. Habitual drunken- 1162.SS. - EBULLITION, &b-āl-lish'tin. s. 177. The act of boiling up with heat ; any intestine motion; effervescence. . - ECCENTRICAL, Ék-sén'tré-kál. Devi ECCENTRICK, &k-sén'trík. a. Uevià- ting from the centre ; irregular, anomalous. ECCENTRICITY, &k-sén-tris'é-té. s. Deviation from a centre; excursion from the proper orb. ECCHYMOSIS, Ök-kè-mö'sfs. s. 520. Livid spots or blotches in the skin. ECCLESIASTICAL, Šk-klè-zhè-ás’tè-kāi. ECCLESIASTICK, Šk-klē-zhè-ás’tík. ; 3. Relating to the church, not civil. - ECCLESIASTICK, Ék-klè-zhè-ás’tík. s. A per- son dedicated to the ministries of religion, [[3’ I have given these words the flats aspirated, as I am convinced it is quite agreeable to the analogy of pronunciation; for the third sylla- ble coming after the secondary accent, is ex- actly under the same predicament as the penul- timate syllable in Ambrosial, Ephesian, Geodoesi- art, &c.—See Principles, No. 451. - “And pulpit drum ecclesiastick, “Was beat with fist instead of a stick.” . & —Hudibras. EUHINUS, e-ki'nás. s. 503. A hedge-hog; a shell- fish set with prickles; with botanists, the prick- ly head of any plant: in architecture, a mem- ber or ornament taking its name from the rough- mess of the º ECHO, Ék'kö. s. The return or repercussion of any sound ; the Sound returned. To ECHO, &k'kö. v. m. To resound, to give the repercussion of a voice; to be soundedback. To F.CHO, Ék'kö. v. a. To send back a voice. £ciſsiſtóiššºvićNT, jº. s. Explanation, the act of clearing up an affair. [; This word, though long in use, is not yet naturalized. Every syllable but the last may be perfectly pronounced by an Englishman who does not speak French ; but this syllable having a masal vowel, not followed by hard c or g, (see EncoFE,) is an insuperable difficulty: the near- est sound to it would perhaps be to make it rhyme with long, and strong. But a speaker would, perhaps, risk less by pronouncing it like || an English word at once, than to imitate the French sound awkwardly. - ECLAT, &-kläw'. s. 472. French. show, lustre. - ECLECTICK, Ék-léktik. a. Selecting, choosing at will. ECLIPSE, &-klips'. s. An obscuration of the lu- minaries of heaven; darkness, obscuration. To ECLIPSE, &-klips'. v. a. To darken a lu- minary; to extinguish; to cloud; to obscure; to disgrace, ECLIPTIC, &-klip'tík. s. sphere. ECLOGUE, Šk'lög. s. 338. A pastoral poem. FCONOMY, &-kön'ö-mè. s. 296, 518. The man- Splendour, A great circle of the ECSTATICK, Šks-tätſik. 509. agement of a family; frugality, discretion of ,- büll;—ölk,-pôānd;—thin, THIS. expense; disposition of things, regulation; the disposition or arrangement of any work. ECONOMICK, &k-kö-nāmīk. 530. ECONOMICAL, Šk-kö-nóm'è-kál. 8. Pertaining to the regulation of a household, §: ECSTASY, &ks’tá-sè. s. Any passion by which the thoughts are absorbed, and in which the mind is for a time lost; excessive joy, rapture; enthusiasm, excessive elevation of the mind • madness, distraction. * ECSTASIED, &ks’tå-såd. a. 282. Ravished, en- raptured; 4 iſ X 1-4 - ECSTATICAL, Šks-tät'è-kál. a. Ravish- ed, paptured, elevated to ecstasy; in the high- est degree of joy. . 2” EDACIOUS, Š-dà'shās. a. Eating, voracious, ravenous, -- EDACITY, In OUIS1162.SS. EDDER, Šd'dër. s. 98. Such fencewood as is commonly put upon the top of fences. EDDY, §4. s. The water that, by some re- percussion, or opposite wind, runs contrary to the main stream; whiripool, circular motion. EDEMATOSE, &-dém-à-têse’. a. Swellings full of humours.-See TUMULOSE. EDENTATED, &-dén'tá-téd. teeth. Y. EDGE, Édje. s. The thin or cutting part of a. blade; a marrow part rising from a broader; keenness, acrimony. To set the teeth on edge, to cause a tingling pain in the teeth, To EDGE, &dje. v.a. To sharpen, to enable to cut; to furnish with an edge; to border with anything, to fringe; to exasperate, to embitter #. -dás'é-té. s. Voraciousness, rave a. Deprived of . To EDGE, Édje. v. n. To move againstany §. EDGED, Śdjū, or édjéd, part. a. 359. not blunt. - EDGING, Édjing. s. What is added to anything by way of ornament; a narrow lace. EDGELESS, Śdje'lés. a. Blunt, obtuse, unable to cut. EDGETOOL, edjetööl. s. A tool made sharp to Cut. - EDGEWISE, Śdje'wize. ad. With the edge put into any particular direction. EDIBLE, Šd'é-bl. a. 503. Fit to be eaten. EDICT, &'dikt. s. A proclamation of command or prohibition. - [[; Good speakers seem divided about the quam- tity of the vowel in the first syllable of this word. Kenrick, Perry, and Buchanam, make it short; and Sheridan, Nares, Entick, Ash, Scott, and W. Johnston, long. This majority has induced me to make it long likewise, and not any length of the same letter in the Latin edictum ; for though the Latin accent is frequently a rule for the pla- cing of ours, the quantity of Latin has almost as little to do with our quantity as it has with that of the Chinese or Hebrew.—See Introduction to: Rhyming Dictionary, page xix. - *~. Ejiºfºrſon, Čačić'sham. s. The act of building up man in the faith, improvement in holiness; improvement, instruction, EDIFICE, Śd'é-fºs. s. 142. A fabrick, a building. EDIFIER, Śd'ê-fl-âr. s. One that improves or in- structs amother. To EDIFY, &d'é-fi. v. a. To build; to instruct, to improve ; to teach, to persuade. * EDILE, &'dile. s. 140. The title of a magistrate in old Rome. tº EDITION, e-dish'én. s. Publication of anything, particularly of a book; republication, with re- visal. EDITOR, 8d'é-tär. s. 166. Publisher, he that re- vises or prepares any work for publication. To EDUCATE, 3d'jā-kāte. v. a. 91. To breed, to bring up. * [EP This pronunciation may seem odd to those harp, who are not acquainted with the mature of the EFF EGO 174 [[G 559–Fâte, far, fall, fat;-mè, met;-pine, plm;— but in Betters; but it is not only the most polite 'Princi. reality, the most agreeable to rule.—See les, No. 294, 376. Eß. ěd-jū-kä'shôn. s. Formation of manners in youth. To EDUCE, &-dûse'. v a. To bring out, to ex- tract. EDUCTION, 8-dûk'shôn. s. The act of bringing *g thing into view. To EDULCORATE, e-dāl'kö-räte. To SWeetell. EDULCORATION, &-dāl-kö-rà'shôn. s. of sweetening. V. a. To EEK, &ék. v. a-See EKE. To make bigger EFFLORESCENCY, &f-flö-rés'sén-sé. by the addition of another piece; to supply any deficiency. EEL, *ēl. s. A serpentine slimy fish, that lurks in mud. E’EN, &én, ad. Contracted from Even. EFFABLE, Éffā-bl.a.405. Expressive, utterable. To EFFACE, &f-fäse'. v. a. To destroy any form painted or ca."ved; to blot out ; to destroy ; to wear away. [[G’. The strong tendency of the vowel to open, when it terminates a syllable, immediately before the accent, makes us frequently hear the eim these words, when the accent is on the se- cond syllable, pronounced as open as if there were but ome f. The same may be observed of the o in occasion, offence, official, &c. This is certainly a deviation from rule ; but it is so general, and so agreeable to the ear, as to be a distinguishing mark of elegant pronunciation. EFFECT. &ffät, s. 33. That which is pro- duced by an operating cause ; consequence, event ; reality, not mere appearance: in the plural, goods, moveables. To EFFECT, &f-fékt'. v. a. To bring to pass, to attempt with success, to achieve ; to produce 3S a CâUISC. EFFEC’īšLE, effekte-bl. a. Performable, practicable. EFFECTIVE, $f-fék’tív. a. Having the power to produce effects; operative, active; efficient. EFFECTIVELY, &f-fék'tiv-lè. ad. Powerfully, with real operation. EFFECTLESS, Śf-fékt'lés. a. Without effect, impotent, useless. EFFECTOR, Śf-fék'tár. s. 166. He that produ- ces any effect. EFFECTUAL, &f-fék'tshū-ál. a. 463. Produc- tive of effects, powerful, to a degree adequate to the occasion, efficacious. EFFECTUALLY, &f-fék'tshū-āl-ć. ad. In a man- ner productive of the consequence intended, efficaciously. To EFFECTUATE, &f-fék'tshū-àte. v. a. To bring to pass, to fulfil. - EFFEMINACY, &f-féin'ê-nā-sè. s. Admission of the qualities of a woman, softness, unmanly delicacy; lasciviousness, loose pleasure. EFFEMINATE, &f-fém'è-māte. a. 91. Having the qualities of a womam, womanish, voluptu- ous, tender. To EFFEMINATE, 3f-fém'é-nāte. v. a. 91, 98. To make womanish, to emasculate, to un- IIlari. To EFFEMINATE, &f-fém'è-nāte. v. n. To soften, to melt into weakness. EFFEMINATION, Čſ-fém-è mä'shön. s. The state of oue grown womanish, the state of one emasculated or unmanned. To EFFERVESCE, &f-fér-vés'. v. n. To gene- rate heat by intestine motion. EFFERVESCENCE, &f-fér-vés'sénse. s. 510. The act of growing hot, production of heat by intestine motion. EFFICACIOUS, Čſ-fé-kå'shēs. . a. Productive of effects, powerful to produce the consequence intended. £FFICACIOUSLY, 3ſ ſº-kā'shôs-lè, ad. Ef- - ſectºrally The act EFFICACY, &f'fé-kā-sè. consequence intended. EFFICIENCE, &f-fish'yênse, EFFICIENCY, &f-fish'yên-sè. act ofſº effects, agency. EFFICIENT, Éf-fish'yént. s. The cause which makes effects 3 he that makes, the effector. s. Production of the ; s. 98. The EFFICIENT, Éf-fish'yént. a. 113. Causing Eßies, wºuis ######" , ; , Resemblance, image in painting or sculpture. EFFLORESCENCE, Śf-flö-rés'sénse. ; S 510. Production of flowers; excrescences in the form of flowers: in physick, the breaking out of some humours in the skin. EFFLORESCENT, Śf-flö-rés'sént. a. Shooting out in forms of flowers. EFFLUENCE, &f'flû-énse. s That which issues from some other principle. EFFLUVIA, Ét-flè'vé-à. the plural of S EFFLUWIUM, &f-flè'vé-àm. Those particles which are continually flying off from bodies. EFFLUX, &f'flâks. s. 492. The act of flowing out, effusion; that which flows from something else, emanation. To EFFLUX, Éf-flâks'. v. n. 98. To run out. EFFLUXION, $f-flák'shán. s. The act of flow ing out; that which flows out, effluvium, emana- tion. EFFORT, Šf'fört. s. Struggle, laborious em. deavour. EFFOSSION, Śffösh'âm. s. The act of digging up from the ground. EFFRONTERY, &f-frón'tér-è. s. Impudence, shamelessness. EFFULGENCE, &f-följénse. s. 98, 177. Lustre, § splendour. EFFULGENT, &f-följént. a. Shining, bright, Pouring luminous. EFFUMABILITY, &f-fú-má-bil'è-të. s. The quality of flying away in fumes. To Hºuse, éf-fúze'. v. a 437. To pour out, to Spill. Eßion, éf-fú'zhàn. s. 98. The act of pouring out; waste, the act of spilling or shed- ing; the thing poured out. EFFUSIVE, Éf-fú'sív. a. 499, 428. out, dispersing. EFT, &ft. s. newt, an evet. EFTSCONS, Śft-sóönz'. ad. Soon afterwards. To EGEST, e-jést'. v. a. To throw out food at the natural vents. EGESTION, e-jés'ishūm. s. 464. The act of throwing out the digested food. EGG, eg. s. That which is laid by feathered ani- mals, from which their young is produced; the spawn or sperm of creatures; anything fashion ed in the shape of an egg. To EGG, &g. v. a... To incite, to instigate. EGLANTINE, Églán-tín. s. 150. A species of rose ; sweetbriar. EGOTISM, &'gö-tízm. s. Too frequent men tion of a man's self. [[G. Contrary to my own judgment I have made the e in the first syllable of this word long, be- cause I see it is uniformly so marked by all the Dictionaries I have seen: but I am much mis- taken if analogy does not in time recover her rights, and shorten this vowel by joining it to the g, as if written eg-o-tism ; not because this vowel is short in the Latim ego, (for the English quantity has very little to do with the Latin,) but because the word may be looked upon as a simple in our language, and the accent is on the antepenultimate syllable. Mr. Elphinstone, whose opinion in this point is of the greatest weight, makes the first vowel short —See Prin ciples, No 511, 530, 536. º ELA ELE | 75 —mö, móve, mēr, mēt;—tüle, tib, būll;—óil;—póünd;—thin, THIS. EGOTIST, 3'gó-tist. s. One that is always talk- iug of himself. "To #&#. ê'gö-tize. v. n. To talk much of one's self. EGREGIOUS, 8-grèjë-às. a. Eminent, remark- able, extraordinary; eminently bad, remarka- bly vicious. EGREGIOUSLY, &-grèjë-às-lè. ad. Eminently, shamefully. EGRESS, Šgrés. s. The act of going out of any lace, departure. RESSION, 8-grésh'âm. s. The act of going out. EGRET, 'grét. s. A fowl of the heron kind. EGRIOT, &gré-6t. s. A species of cherry. To EJACUíATE, &-ják'ê-lāte. v. a. To throw, to shoot out. EJACULATION, *-jāk-à-lä'shôn. s. A short prayer darted out occasionally, the act of darting or throwing out. EJACULATORY, &-ják'ê-lä-tūr-e. a. Suddenly darted out, sudden, hasty. To EJECT, e-jékt'. v. a. To throw out, to cast forth, to void; to throw out or expel from an office or possession. EJECTION, 8-jék'shēn. s. The act of casting out, expulsion. EJECTMENT, &-jékt'mént. s. A legal writ by which any inhabitant of a house, or tenant of an estate, is commanded to depart. t EIGHT, Ayt. a. Twice four. A word of number. ūG” The genuine sound of the diphthong in this word and its compounds does not seen to be that of the first sound of a, which Mr. Sheridan - has given it under the second sound of e, but a combination of the first sound of g and e pro- mounced as closely together as possible. But as this distinction is very delicate, and may not be more easily apprehended than that between meat and meet, 246, I have given the diphthong the same sound as Mr. Sheridan has done. EIGHTH, Aytth. a. Next in order to the seventh. [[G’ This word, as it is written, by no means con- veys the sound annexed to it in speaking: for the abstract termination th being a perfect lisp, is quite distinct from the final t of eight, and can mever coalesce with it without depriving the word of one of its letters. The only sound conveyed b the letters of this word, as now spelt, is as if written ayth : and if we would spell this sound as we pronounce it, and as the analogy of form- ation certainly requires, we must necessarily write it eightth. This would have an unusual ap- pearance to the eye; and this would be a suffi- cent reason with the multitude for opposing it: but men of sense ought to consider, that the credit of the language is concerned in rectify- ing this radical fault in its orthography. EIGHTEEN, #º a. Twice mine. EIGHTEENTH, Ay'tèënth. a. The next in order to the seventeenth. EIGHTFOLD, Hyt'föld. a. Eight times the num- ber or quantity. EIGHTHLY, #yth'ſé. ad. In the eighth place. EIGHTIETH, Ay'tè-éth. a. The next in order to the seventy-ninth, eighth tenth. EIGHTSCORE, #yt'sköre. a. Eight times twenty. EIGHTY, fly'té. a. Eight times ten. EISEL, sil. s., Vinegar, verjuice. EITHER, 'THår. pron. distrib. Whichsoever of the two, whether one or the other; each, both. EITHER, 'THär. conj. 252. A distributive con- junction, answered by Or, either the one or the other. EJULATION,éd-jū-lä'shān. s. Outcry, lamenta- tion, moan, wailing... FKE, &ke. ad. Also, likewise, besides. To EKE, eke. v. a. To increase; to supply, to fill up deficiencies; to protract, to lengthen; to spin out by useless additions. To ELABORATE, &-lâb'ö-räte. v. a. To produce with labour, to heighten and improve by suc- cessive operations, r Pººl &l, ELABORATE, &-lâb'ó-räte. a. 91. Finished with great diligence. EiSEóRATELY, ºiâb'o-rate-lè, ad. Laborious. ly, diligently, with great study. Ei ABöRATſáN, iábº-iſsiºn. s. ment by successive operations. To ELANCE, e-lânse'. v. a. To throw out, to dart. To ELAPSE, &-lāpse'. v. m. To pass away, to lide away. Eßi, a laste-kal. ELASTICK, &-lás’tík. 8. Having the power of returning to the form from which it is distorted, springy. ELASTICITY, &-lás-tís'é-të. s. Force in bodies, S by which they endeavour to restore themselves. º ê-lāte'. a. Flushed with success, lofty, aughty. *. To ####, ê-lāte'. v. a. To puff up with pros- erity ; to exalt, to heighten. EłºtóN 7 Improve- , &-lä'shôm. s. Haughtiness, proceed- ing from success. Eß. él'bó. s. 327. The next ioint or curva- ture of the arm below the shoulder; any flex- uTe Or #. ELBOWCHAIR,él-bö-tshāre'.s. A chair with arms. ELBOWROOM, Śl'bó-rööm. s. Room to stretch out the elbows, freedom from confinement. To ELBOW, Él'bó. v. a. To push with the elbow; to push, to drive to a distance. To ELBOW, Él’bà. v. n. To jut out in angles. ELD, eld. s. Old age, decrepitude; old people, ersons worn out with years. . ELDER, Él'dár. s. 96. The name of a tree. ELDER, Él'dār, a. 98. Surpassing another in eaſt; Eßly, él'dār-lè. a. No longer young. ELDERS, Él'dārz. s. Persons whose age gives them reverence; ancestors; those who are older than others; among the Jews, rulers of the people ; in the New Testament, ecclesias- ticks; among Presbyterians, laymen introduced into the kirk polity. ELDERSHIP, &I'dār-ship. s. €niture, ELDEST, &I'dést. a. The oldest that has the right of primogeniture ; that has lived most €3rS. ELECAMPANE, &l-é-kām-pâne'. s. A plant, named also starwort. To ELECT, &-lékt. v. a. To choose for any office or use : in theology, to select as an object of eternal mercy. ELECT, &-lékt'. a. Chosen, taken by preference from among others; chosen to an office not yet in possession; chosen as an object of eter- Inai InerCW. Eß. , &-lék’tá-rè. s. A form of medicine made of conserves and powders, of the consist- ence of honey. [[G’. This is an alteration of the word Electuary, which has taken place within these few years, and, it must be owned, is an alteration for the better: for, as there is no u in the Latin Electa- rium, there can be no reason for inserting it in our English word, which is derived from it. ELECTION, e-lék'shôn. s. The act of choosing one or more from a greater number; the power of choice; voluntary preference; the determi- nation of God, by which any were selected for eternal life ; the ceremony of a publick choice. ELECTIONEERIN' ºshan ºngs. Con. cern in §º elections. JMason. ELECTIVE, e-léktív. a. Exerting the power of choice. ELECTIVELY, &-léktºv-lè. ad. By choice, with preference of one to another. ELECTOR, 8-lék’tàr. s. S3. He that has a vote in the choice of any officer; a prince who has tº voice in the choice of the German emperor. Having the dig Seniority, primo- mity of an elector. * ELI ELU i 76 [[j’ 559. Fâte, far, fall, fit;-mē, mét;—pine, pīn;– ELECTORATE, &-lék'ió-räte. s. 91. The terri- tory of an elector. ſº ELECTRE, &-lék’tár. s. 93, 416. Amber 3 & mixed metal. r 4. ELECTRICAL, &-lék'trè-kál. Attractive ELECTRICK, Š-lék'trík. a. without magnetism; produced by an electrick body. EßTRICITY, ê-lék-tris'é-té. s. A property in bodies, whereby, when rubbed, they draw sub- stances, and emit fire. ELECTUARY, &-lék'tshū-ār-à. s. See ELEC- TARY. ELEEMOSYNARY, &l-è-möz'é-nār-à. a. Living upon alms, depending upon charity; given in charity. ELEG 'A- - #N3;##.3 s. Beauty of heart, beauty without grandeur. ELEGANT, Él'é-gānt. a. Pleasing with minuter beauties ; nice, not coarse, not gross. ELEGANTLY, àºgānºis. ad. In such a man- ner as to please without elevation. ELEGIACK, #1-4-jī'āk a. Used in elegies; mournful, sorrowful. (G° Our own analogy would lead us to place the accent upon the second syllable of this word; but its derivation from the Latin elegriacus and the Greek eaeyelakoç, (in both which the antepe- multimate is long) obliges us, under pain of ap- pearing grossly illiterate, to place the accent on the same letter. But it may be observed, that we have scarcely an instance in the whole language of adopting a Latim or Greek word, and curtailing it of a syllable, without removing the accent higher on the English word.—See CADEMY. ELEGIST, &l'è-jist. s. A writer of elegies. ELEGY, &l'è-jë. s. A mournful song ; a funeral song ; a short poem, without points or turns. ELEMENT, Él'è-mênt. s. The first or constitu- ent principle of any thing ; the four elements, ausually so called, are earth, am, fire, water, of which our world is composed; the proper habi- tation or sphere of any thing ; an ingredient, a constituent part; the letters of any language; the lowest or first rudiments of literature or science. 3.2LEMENTAL, &l-è-mén'tál. a. Produced by some of the four elements; arising from first § ELEMENTARITY, &l-è-mén-tár'ê-té. s. Simpli- city of nature, absence of composition. ELEMENTARY, &l-è-mén'tār-e, a. Uncompound- ed, having only one principle. ELEPHANT, Śl'è-fánt. s. The largest of all quadrupeds ELEPHANTINE, &l-efán'tin. a. 140. Pertaining to the elephant. To ELEVATE, &l'é-väte. v. a. 91. To raise up aloft; to exalt, to dignify; to raise the mind with great conceptions. º TE, Él'è-väte. part. a. 91. Exalted, raised Oft. ELEVATION, Él-è-vá'shôn. s. The act of rais- ing aloft; exaltation, dignity; exaltation of the mind § noble conceptions; the height of any heave # body with respect to the horizon. ELEVATOR, &l'è-vá-tár. s.921 166. A raiser or lifter up. ELEVEN, -lév'vn. a. 103 Ten and ome. ELEVENTH, &-lév'vnth. a The next in order to the tenth. ELF, &lf. s. Plural, elves. A wandering spirit, supposed to be seen in wild places; a devil. Eß. ëlf'lök. s Knots of hair twisted by elves. To ELICIT, *-lis'sit. v. a. To strike out, to ſetch out by labour. Eºg.º.º. a, Brought into act. º ELICITATION, 8-lis-Sé-tä'shān, s. Is a deducing the power of the will into act To ELIDE.8-lide'...v.a...To break in pieces. ELIGIBILITY, &l-è-jè-bíl'è-té. s. Worthiness to be chosen. º ELIGIBLE, Él'é-jè-bl. a. 405. Fit to be chosen, #; ELIGIBLENESS, 81'é-jè-bl-nēs. s. Worthiness to be chosen, preferableness. ELIMINATION, *-lim-è-nā’shān. s. The act of banishing, rejection. n ELISION, e-lìzh'àn. s. The act of cutting off; di- vision, separation of parts. ELIXATION, Śl-ik-sà'shán. s. 533, 530. The act of boiling. ELIXīā, śik'sør. s. 418. A medicine made by strong infusion, where the ingredients are aſ- most dissolved in the menstruum ; the extractor quintessence of any thing ; any cordial. [[G. There is a corrupt pronunciation of this word, even among the upper ranks of people, which changes the i in the second syllable into e, as if written Elezir. The i is never, pronounced in this manner when the accent is on it, except when followed by r and another consonant. 108. LK, &lk. s. The elk is a large and stately ani- mal of the stag kind. ELL, Él. s. A measure containing a yard and a Quarter. . ELLIPSIS, Šl-lfp sis. sº-See EFFACE. A figure of rhetorick, by which something is left out: in geometry, an oval figure generated from the Ełºś." I , él-lip'té-k º ELLIPT1CK, &l-lip-tík. ; a. Having the form of an ellipsis. ELM, &lm. s. The mame of a tree. ELOCUTION, &l-ö-kū'shān. s. The power of fluent speech ; eloquence, flow of language; the power of expression or diction [[š’ This word originally, both among the Greeks and Romans, signified the choice and order of words ; and Dryden and other moderns have used it in the same sense ; it is now scarcely ever used but to signify pronunciation. The French seem to have been the first who used it in this sense : Addison has followed them; and as it is perfectly agreeable to the Latin original e and loquor, and serves to distinguish oratorical pronunciation from pronunciation in general, the alteration is not without its use. FLOGY, &l'ö-jë. s. 503. Praise, panegyrick. To ELONGATE, &-lông'gāte. v. a. T; lengthen to draw out. To ELONGATE, &-lông'gāte. v. n. To go off to a distance from any thing. ELONGATIGN, Él-&ng-gå'shôn. s. 530, 533. The act of stretching or lengthening itself; the state of being stretched; distance; space at which one thing is distant from another; departure, removal. To ELOPE, &-lôpe'. v. a. To run away, to break Roose, to escape. ELOPEMENT, &-löpe'mént. s. Departure from iust restraint. ELOPS, ſlēps. s. A fish, reckoned by Milton among the serpents, ELOQUENCE, &l'ö-kwénse. s. The power of speaking with fluency and elegance; elegant language uttered with fluency. ELOùUENT, &l'ö-kwént. a. Having the power of oratory. ELSE, Ślse. pron. Other, one besides. ELSE, &lse. ad. Otherwise, besides, except. ELSEW HERE, &lse'hwäre. ad. 397. In any othet place; in other places, in some other place, , To ELUCIDATE *-lè'sè-dāte. v. a. To explain, to clear. ELUCIDATION, 8-lä-sè-dà'shön. s. Explana. tion, exposition, º ELUCIDATOR, &-lú'sb-dà-têr. s. 521. Explainer, expositor, commentator. To ELUDE, 8-lède'. v. a. To escape by strata gem, to avoid by artifice. at-º ºr Wºº w = ºr —nó, móve, nãr, nét:—túbe, túb, £LUDIBLE, &-lú'dè-bl. a. Possible to be eluded. FLVES, &lyż. s. The plural of Elf. . ELVELOCK, &lv'lók. s. Knots in the hair. ELVISH, &I'vish. a. Relating to elves, or wan- dering spirits. . ELUMäATED, e-lâm'bā-téd. a. Weakened in the loins. £LUSION, &-lú'zhàn. s. An escape from inquiry or examination, an artifice. ELUSIVE, 8-lä'sív. a. 158, 428, Practising elu- sion, using arts to escape. º ELUSORY, &-lú'sár-à. a. 429, 512. Tending to elude, tending to deceive, fraudulent. To ELUTE, &-iöte'. v. a. To wash off. To ELUTRíATE, &-lā'tré-āte. v. a. 91. To de- cant, to strain out. ELYSIAN, &-lìzh'é-án, a. 542. Deliciously soft and soothing, exceedingly delightful. - * ELYSIUM, Š-iízh'é-àm. s. The place assigned by the heathems to happy souls; any place ex- , quisitely pleasant. To #º. ë-mâ'shē-ăte. v. a. 542. To 'waste, to deprive of flesh. To EMACIATE, &-mâ'shē-ăte. v. n. flesh, to pine. EMACIATION, 8-má-shë-à'shām. s. The act of making lean ; the state of one grown lean. EMACULATION, &-mäk-à-lä'shēn. s. The act of freeing any thing from spots or foulness. EMANANT, Ém'à-mânt. a. Issuing from some- thing else. _2~ To EMANATE, &m'ä-māte. v. n. 91. To issue or flow from something else. - EMANATION, &m-mä-nā’shām. s. 530. The act of issuing or proceeding from any other sub- stance ; that which issues from another sub- Stance * EMANATIVE, Ém'ân-á-tív. a. Issuing from an- other. To EMANCIPATE, &-mán'sè-pâte. v. a. To set free from servitude. EMANCIPATION, 8-mân-sè-pâ'shôn. s. The act of setting free, deliverance from slavery. To EMARGINATE, &-már'jè-māte. v. a. To take away the margin or edge of any thing. To EMASCULATE, &-más'kū-lāte. v.a. To cas- trate, to deprive of virility; to effeminate ; to vitiate by unmanly softness. EMASCULATION, 8-más-kā-lä'shām. s. Castra- tion; effemimacy, womanish qualities. To EMBALE, &m-bále'. v. a. To make up into a bundle; te bind up, to enclose. To EMBALM, &m-bám'. v. a. 403. To impreg- mate a body with aromaticks, that it may resist putrefaction. [[; The affinity between the long e and the short i, when immediately followed by the accent, bas been observed under the word Despatch- But this affinity is no where more remarkable than in those words where the e is followed by m or n. This has induced Mr. Sheridan to spell embrace, endow, &c inbrace, indow, &c. and this spelling may, perhaps, sufficiently convey the cursory or colloquial pronunciation ; but my observation greatly fails me if correct publick speaking does not preserve the e in its true sound, when followed by m or n. The differ- ence is delicate, but, in my opinion, real. EMBALMER, Ém-bám’ér s. 403 One that practises the art of embalming and preserving bodies. To EMBAR, &m-bár'. v. a. To shut, to enclose; to stop, to hinder by prohibition, to block up. EMBARCATION, 8in-bār-kå'shôň. s. The act of putting on shipboard; the act of going on shipboard. EMBARGO, &m-bár'gö. s. 98. A prohibition to pass, a stop put to trade. To EMBARK, &m-bärk'. v. a. To put on ship- board; to engage anotheria any affair. To EMBARK,'ém-bärk v. n. To go on ship- isoard; to engage#" any affair. * To lose büll —&#;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. To EMBARRASS, &m-bár'rås. v. a. To perplex to distress, to entangle. EMBARRASSMENT, Śm-bár'rás-mênt, s Per- plexity, entanglement. To EMBASE,&m-base'. v. a. To vitiate, to de- ..grade, to vilify. EMBASEMENT, &m-basemént. s. tion. ..}kason. EMBASSADOR, Ém-bás'sä-dār. s. 93. One sent 92, a publick message. EMBASSADRESS, &m-bás'sā-drés. s. A woman Šent on a publick message. EMBASSAGE,&m'bás-sàjé. 90. EMBASSY, &m'bás-sé. message 3...any solemn message. To EMBATTLE, &m-bättl. v. a. To range in order or array of battle. To EMBAY, &m-bā'. v. a. 98. To bathe, to wet, tº Yash 3 to enclose in a bay, to land-lock. To EMBELLISH, &m-bél'lish. v. a. To adorn, to beautify. EMBELLISHMENT, Ém-béITīsh-n,éla s. Orna. ment; adventitious beauty, decoration EMBERs. ém'bárz. s. without a singular. Hot Cinders, ashes not yet extinguished. EMBER-WEEK, émbórºwº s. A week in which an ember day falls. The ember days at the four seasons are the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, after the first Sunday in Lent, the feast of Pentecost, September fourteenth, December thirteenth. Tº EMBEZZLE,&m-béz'zl. v. a. To appropriate by breach of trust; to waste, to swallow up in riot. EMBEZZLEMENT, &m-béz'zl-mênt. s. The act of appropriating to himself that which is re- ceived in trust for another ; appropriated. To EMBLAZE, Ém-blaze'. v.a. To adorm with glittering embellishments; to blazon, to paint With ensigns armorial. Tº ºdº v. a. To adorn with §ures of heraldry; to deck in glaring colours. EMBLEM, &m'blém. s. Inlay, ... º occult representation, an allusive picture. To EMBLEM, &m'blém. v. a. To represent in an .9%ult, or allusive manner. EMBLEMATICAL, ém-blé-mât'é-kál, 509. Q EMBLEMATICK, &m-blé-mātīk. 5 a. Comprising an emblem, allusive, occultly repre- $ºtative : dealing in emblems, using emblems. EMBLEMATICALLY, &m-blè-mâteicāl-e, ad. In thº, manner of emblems, allusively. - EMBLEMATIST, &m-bléma-tist. s. Writer or inventor of emblems. - EMBOLISM, &m'bó-ſizm. s. Intercalation, in- serion of days or years to produce regularity and equation of time; the time inserted, inter- , calatory time. £MBOLUS, embo-lès. s. Anything inserted and aºtiºjº another; as the piston in a pump. To EMBOSS, &m-bös. v. a. To form with protu- berances; to engrave with relief, or rising Work; to enclose, to include, to cover. EMBOSSMENT, &m-bès'mént, s. Any thing Standing out from the rest, jut, eminence; re. lief, rising work. To EMBOTTLE, &m-böt’tl. v. a. To include in bottles, to bottle. To EMBOWEL, Ém-böö'él. v. a. To deprive of the entrails. To EMBRACE, &m-bråse'. v. a. To hold fondly in the arms, 'to squeeze in kindness; to seize ardently or eagerly, to lay hold on, vowelcome; to comprehend, to take in, to encircle : to com- prise, to enclose, to contain. tº º ºs To EMBRACE, &m-bråse'. v. n. To join in an embrace. EMBRACE, &m-bråse', s. Clasp, fond pressure in the arms, hug. EMBRºr, &m-bråse mént. S Clasp in the arms, hug, embrace; state of being con tained, enclosure, conjugal endearment Deprava- s.” A publick mºm------------ - - £MBRACER, &m-brå'sär. s. bracing. EMBRASURE, &m-brå-züre'. s. An aperture in the wall, battlement. To EMBROCATE, &m'brö-kāte. v. a. To rub any diseased part with medicinal liquors. EMBROCATION, &m-brö-kä'shān. S. The act of rubbing any part diseased with medicinal liquors; the lotion with which any diseased part is washed. To EMBROIDER, Ém-bröé'dër. v. a. To border with ornaments, to decorate with figured work. FMBROIDERER, Ém-bröé'dār-àr. s. One that adorns clothes with needle-work. EMBROIDERY, &m-bröé'dār-à. s. Figures rais- ed upon a ground; variegated needle-work; variegation, diversity of colours. To EMB ROIL, Ém-bróil. v. a. To disturb, to confuse, to distract. To EMBROTHEL, &m-bróTH'él. v. a. To enclose Eºbºs - !. I , Ém'brè-ó. •; EMBRYON, &m'brē-ăn. s. The offspring yet unfinished in the womb ; the state of any thing yet not fit for production, yet unfinished. EMENDABLE, &-mém'dā-bl. a. Capable of emendation, corrigible. EMENDATION, &m-én-dà'shān. s. 530. Correc- tion, alteration of anything from worse to bet- ter; an alteration made in the text by ver- bal criticism. EMEN DATOR, &m-èn-dà'tör. s. 521. tor, an improver. EMERAL}}, Šm'ê-ráld. s. Stone. - - To EMERGE, &-mérje'. v. n. To rise out of any tiring in which it is covered ; to rise, to mount from a state of oppression or obscurity. £MERGENCE, &-mérjënse. Ti t of ri EMERGENCY, 8-mérján.sé, * * * * * sing out of any fluid by which it is covered; the act of rising into view ; any sudden occa- sion, unexpected casualty; pressing necessity. EMERGENT, e-mérjént. a. Rising out of that which overwhelms and obscures it; rising into view or notice; proceeding or issuing from any thing ; sudden, unexpectedly casual. EMERITÉ5, ē-mér'it-éd. a. Allowed to have done sufficieut publick service. Mason. EMEROIDS, Ém’ér-ódz. s. Painful swellings of the hemorrhoidal veins, piles, properly Hemor- 7:hoids. EMERSION, É-mér'shūm. s. The time when a star, having been obscured by its too near ap- proach to the sun, appears again. - EMERY, Ém'êr-é. s. Emery is an iron ore. It is ºrepared by grinding in mills. It is useful in gº" |MET L., &-métè-kāl. r º #Mºtičkº;i. ; a. Having the qua- lity of provoking vomits. EMETICK, . S. duces vomiting. EMEfföAffy, 8-mêtê-kāl-8, ad. In such a manner as to provoke to vomit. EMICATIS)N, ém-è-kä'shān. s. 530. Sparkling, flying off in small particles. EºN , &-mſk'shôn. s. Urine. JEMIGRANT, Ém'è-grânt. s. One that emigrates. JMason. To EMIGRATE, Ém'mè-gräte. v. m. To remove from one place to another. EMIGRATION, Ém-è-grä'shēn. s. 530. Change Eğin's } MINENCE, &m'è-nēnse. £4. #MiNäNöy,āś, ; 5. Pºiness, height; summit, highest part; exaltation, com- spicuousness, reputation, celebrity ; supreme degree ; notice, distinction; a title given to cardinals. £MiłNENT, &m'é-nēnt. a. High, lofty; dignified, exalted ; cey, spicuous, remarkable. he person em- A correc- A green precious A medicine that pro- º [[ 559–Fâte, far, ſåll, fat;-nē, mét;—pine, pin;– EMINENTLY, &m'è-mént-lè. ad. Conspicuously high degree. EMISSARY, Ém'ís-sār-ré. s. One sent out on private messages, a spy, a secret agent; one that emits or sends out. -- EMISSION, 8-mish'êm. s. out, vent. To EMIT, e-mit'. v. a. . To send forth ; to let fiy to dart ; to issue out juridigally. - EMMENAGOGUES, &m-mén'à-gögs. s. A me dicine to promote the menstrual discharge. EMMET, &m'mit. s. 99. An ant, a pismire. To EMMEW, &m-mê'. v. a. To mew or coop up. EMOLLIENT, e-mölyönt. a. 113. Softeniug, Suppling. EğNTs, ē-möllyênts. s. Such things as sheathe and soften the asperities of the hu- mours, and relax and supple the solids. EMOLLITION, &m-mêl-fish'ên. s. The act of softening. EMOLUMENT, Š-möl'à-mênt. s. Profit, advan- tage. - EMöſſion , &-mö'shān. S. Disturbance of mind. vehemence of passion. To EMPALE, &m-pâle'. v. a. To fence with a pale ; to fortify; to enclose, to shut in ; to put to death by thrusting through with a stake fixed upright. EMPANNEL, &m-pâm'nél. s. The writing or en tering the names of a jury into a schedule by the sheriff, which he has summoned to appear. To EMPANNE, &m-pân'mél. v. a. To summon to serve on a jury. * To EMPASSION, &m-pāsh'ên. v. a. To move with passion, to affect strongly To EMPEOPE, E, &m-pê'pl. v. a. To form, into a people or community. Eß. ém'për-és. s. A woman invested with imperial power; the queen of an emperor; EMPEROR, Šm'pér-ār. s. 166. A monarch of title and dignity superiour to a king. EMPERY, &m'për-è, s. 503. Empire, sovereign command. A word out of use. EMPHASIS, &m'fā-sis. s. A remarkable stress laid upon a word or sentence. EMPHATICAL, &m-fät'ík-ál EMPHATICK, &m-fät'ík. Strong, striking. * EMPHATICALLY, &m-fät'è-kāl-ć, ad. Strong- ly, forcibly, in a striking mammer. tº To EMPIERCE, &m-pèrse'. v. a. 277. To pierce into, to enter into by violent appulse-See PIERCE. EMPIRE, Ém'pire. s. 140. Imperial power, su- preme dominion ; the region over which do- minion is extended; command over anything, [[; I have differed from Mr. Sheridan and Bu chaman in the pronunciation of the last syllable of this word, as I think the long sound of i is more agreeable to the ear, as well as to the best usage, though I confess not so analogical as the short i. Dr. Kemrick, Scott, W. Johnston amd Perry, pronounce the long, as I have done.— See UMPIRE. sº r º EMPIRICK, &m'pë-rik, or ém-pîr'ík. s. A trier or experimenter, such persons as venture upon observation only ; a quack. - - [[F. Dr. Johnson tells us, the first accentuation is adopted by Dryden, and the last by Milton, and this he prefers. There is indeed a stroßg analogy for the last, as the word ends in ic, 509 ; but this analogy is sometimes violated in favour of the substantives, as in Lunatic, Heretic, &c.; and that this is the case in the word in question, may be gathered from the majority of votes in its favour: for though Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheri- dan, Mr. Nares, and W. Johnston, are for lie lattér; Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, Mr. Scott, Miy Perry, Buchaman, Entick, Bailey, and Barclay, are for the former. This word classes too with The act of sending } a. Forcible, these that almost always adopt the antepenRää in a manner that attracts observation ; in a EMP ENA 173 —mö, móve, nôr, nôt;—töbe, tab, bill,—éil;—pôānd;—thin, Tais. - mate accent, 503; but the adjective has more roperly the accent on the second syllable. Eß AL, ºkal. Versed in EMPIRICK, &m-pír'ík. 8. experiments, practised only by rote. EMPIR1CALLY, &m-pîr'è-kāl- e. ad. Experi- mentally, without rational grounds; in the manner of a quack. EMPIRICISM, &m-pîr'è-sizm. s. Dependence on experience without knowledge or art, quack- ery. * EMPLASTER, &m-plas'tár. s. An application to a sore of an oleaginous or viscous substance spread upon cloth. a. To EMPLASTER, Ém-plas'tár. v. a. To cover with a §: & EMPLASTICK, Ém-plas'tik. a. T10US. To EMPLEAD, &m-plède'. v. a. To indict, to prefer a charge against. To EMPLOY, &m-plaë'. . v. a. To busy, to keep at work, to exercise; to use as an instru- ment; to commission, to intrust with the ma- magement of any affairs; to fill up with busi- mess; or to spend in business. EMPLOY, &m-plóé'. s. dustry ; publick office. EMPLOYABLE, &m-plóé'à-bl. a. Capable to be used, proper for use. EMPLOYER, Ém-plöé'âr. s. One that uses, or causes to be used. EMPLOYMENT, Ém-pléé'mént. s. Business, object of industry; the state of being employ- ed; office, post of business. To EMPOISON, Ém-pôé'zn. v. a. To destroy by poison, to destroy by venomous food or drugs ; to envenom. EMPOISONER, &m-pôé'zn-ár. s. One who de- stroys another by poison. EMPÖISONMENT, Ém-pôé'zn-mênt. s. The pract ce of destroying by poison. EMPORETICK, &m-pô-rét'ík. a. markets, or in merchandize. EMPORIUM, Ém-pô'ré-àm. s. chandize, a commercial city. To EMPOWERISH, &m-pôv'ér-ish. v. a. make poor; to lessen fertility. [[; This word, before Dr. Johnson's Dictionary was published, was always written impoverish; mor since he has reformed the orthography do we find any considerable difference in the sound of the first syllable, except in solemn speaking; in this case we must undoubtedly preserve the e in its true sound.—See EMBALM EMPOWERISHER, Ém-pöv'ér-īsh-àr. s. One that makes others poor; that which impairs §§§ EMPOVERISHMENT, &m-pôv'ér-ish-mênt. s. Diminution, waste. To EMPOWER, Ém-pôā'ār. v. a. To authorize, to commission ; to enable. £MPRESS, &m'prés. s. The queen of an em- peror; a female invested with imperial dignity, a female sovereign ; properly Emperess, EMPRISE, Ém-prize'. s. Attempt of danger, undertaking of hazard, enterprise. EMPTIER, Ém'té-àr. s. One that empties, ole that makes void. EMPTINESS, Ém'té-nés. s. The state of being empty; a void space, vacuity; unsatisfactori- mess, inability to fill the desires; vacuity of head, want of knowledge. EMPTION, &m'shôn. s. A purchasing. EMPTY, &m'té. a. 41%. Void, having nothing in it, not full ; unsatisfactory, unable to fill the mind or desires; without any thing to carry, unburthened; vaca, it of head, ignorant, unskil- ful; without substa.)ce, without solidity, vain. To EMPTY, &m'té. v. a. To evacuate, to ex- haust. To ºmpURPLE, ém-pârp'pl. v. 3 To make of a purple colour. Wiscous, gluti- i Business, object of in- That useu at A place of mer- To To EMPUZZLE, &m-pâz'zl. v. a. To perplex to put to a stand. EMPYEMA, &m-pi-è'má. s. 92. A collection of purulent matter in any part whatsoever, ge- nerally used to signify that in the cavity of the breast only. [[; I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the sound of the y in the second syllable of this word, merely from the disagreeable effect it has on the ear, to pronounce two vowels of exactly the same sound in immediate succession. This sameness is; in some measure, avoided, by giving y the long diphthofigal sound of i ; and the same reason has induced me to the same notation in the word Empyrean. If good usage is against me, I submit. EMPYREAL, &m-pir'é-ál. a. Formed of fire, refined beyond ačrial. EMPYREAN, &m-pi-ré'ān, or ém-pîr'é-ām. s. The highest heaven, where the pure element of fire is supposed to subsist.—See EMPyLMA. [; This word has the accent on the penultimate syllable in Sheridan, Kenrick, Barclay, Nares, and Bailey; and on the antepenultimate in Ash, Buchanan, Perry, and Entick: and this last accentuation is, in my opinion, the most correct; for as the penultimate is short, there is the same reason for placing the accent on the antepenultimate as in Cerulean ; though Poets, with their usual license, generally accent the E §.º.º. M UM, &m-pír'rè-àm. gº EMPYREUMA, &m-pè-rūmā. ; s. The burning of any matter in boiling, EMPYREUMATICAL, Ém-pè-rū-mât'é-kál. a. Having the smell or taste of burnt substances. EMPYROSIS, Ém-pè-rö'sís. s. 520. Conflagra- tion, general fire. To EMULATE, &m'à-lāte. v. a. To rival; to imitate with hope of equality, or superiour ex cellence; to be equal to ; to rise to equality with EMULATION, Śm-à-lä'shān. s. Rivalry, desire of superiority ; contest. EMULATIVE, &m'ū-lä-tív. a. lation, rivalling. EMULATOR, &m'à-lä-tör. s. 166, 521. A rival, a competitor. To EMULGE, &-mâlje'. v. a. To milk out. EMU LGENT, &-mäljént. a. Milking.or drain- ing out. f * Eºis, ém'à-lás. a. 314. Rivalling, engag- ed in competition ; desirous of superiority, de- sirous to rise above another, desirous of any excellence possessed by another. EMULOUSLY, &m'ê-lès-lè. ad. With desire of excelling or outdºing another. EMULSION, 8-mâl'shām. s. A form of medicine, by bruising oily seeds and kernels. EMUNCTORIES, &-mânk'tár-iz. s. 557, 99. Those parts of the body, where any thing ex- crementitious is separated and collected. To ENABLE, &n-à'bl. v. a. 405. To make able, to confer power. To ENACT, Én-ākt'. v. a. To establish, to de- cree; to represent by action. [[: The same observations hold good in words beginning with en as in those with em.—See EMBALM and Encomiuri. ENACTOR, &m-āk'tár s. 166. One that forms decrees, or establishes laws; one who practises or performs any thing. f ENALLAGE, § s. A figure in gram- mar, whereby there is a change either of a pro- noun, as when a possessive is put for a relative, or when one mood or tense of a verb is put for another. tº * * To ENAMBUSH, &n-ām"băsh. ..v. a... To hide in ambush, to hide with hostile intention. To ENAMEL, &m-ām'él. v. a. 99 To inlay, to variegate with colours. º To ENAMEL, &n-ām'éI, w n. To practise *ise of emannel, Inclined to emu- ENC ENC 180 § [IS 559–Fâte, far, fall, fīt;-mé, mét;—pine, pin,_ ENAMEL, &n-ám’él. s. Any thing enamelled, or variegated with colours inlaid; the substance inlaid in other things. ENAMELLER, Ém-àm'él-lär. s. One that prac- tises the art of enamelling. To ENAMOUR, Ém-ām'âr. v. a. 314. To inflame with love ; to make fond. ENARRATION, &n-nār-rà'shàm. s. Explanation. EN ARTHROSłS, &m-ār-thrö'sis. 520. The inser- tion of one bome into another to form a joint. ENATATION, -nā-tà'shān. s. The act of swim- ming out. To ENCAGE, &n-kāje'. v. a. To shut up as in a Cage 3 to coop up to confine. To ENCAMP, &n-kamp'. v. m. To pitch tents, to sit down for a time in a march. To ENCAMP, &n-kämp'. v. a To form an army into a regular camp. ENCAMPMENT, 3n-kämp'mént, s. The act of encamping or pitching tents; a camp, tents pitched in order. To ENCAWE, &m-käve'. v. a. To hide as in a cave. To ENCHAFE, &n-tshāſe'. v. a. To enrage, to irritate, to provoke. To ENCHAIN, Čn-tshāme'. v. a. To fasten with a chain, to hold in chains, to bind. To EN CHANT, &n-tshānt'. v. a. 79. To subdue by charms or spells; to delight in a high degree. ENCHANTER, Én-tshāntár.'s. 98. A magician, a SOTCéFer. ENCHANTINGLY, &n-tshān'ting-lè. ad. With the force of emchantment. ENCHANTMENT, &n-tshānt’mént. s. Magical charms, spells, incantation; irresistible influ- emce, overpowering delight. ENCHANTRESS, Čn-tshān'trés. s. A sorceress, a woman versed in magical arts; a woman whose beauty or excellencies give irresistible Influence. To ENCHASE, Ém-tshāse'. v. a. To infix, to enclose in any other body so as to be held fast, but not concealed. To ENCIRCLE, &n-sér'kl. v. a. To surround, to environ, to enclose in a ring or circle. ENCIRCLET, Én-sérk'lét, s. A circle, a ring. ENCLITICAL, &m-klit'é-kál. a. Relating to encliticks. ENCLITICKS, &n-klitſiks. s. Particles which throw back the accent upon the last syllable of the foregoing word. To ENCLOSE, &m-klöze'. v. a. To part from things or grounds common by a fence; to erº- viron, to encircle, to surround. ENCLOSER, Én-klò'zár. s. One that encloses or separates common fields into several distinct properties; any thing in which another is en- closed. ENCLOSURE, Én-kló'zhère. s. The act of en- closing or environing anything; the separation of common grounds into distinct possessions; the appropriation of things common ; state of being shut up in any place; the space en- closed. ENCOMIAST, en-kö mé-àst. s. A panegyrist, a ral Seſſ’. ER COMIASTICAL, Én-kö-mē-ăs’té-kál. ENCOMLASTICK, Én-kö-mē-ăs tik. 3. Panegyrical, containing praise, bestowing TalSé. EğruM, én-kö'mē-ăm. s. Panegyrick, praise, eulogy. [[# Though in cursory speaking we frequently hear the e confounded with the short i in the first syllable of encamp, enchant, &c. without any great offence to the ear, yet such an interchange in encomium, encomiast, &c. is not only a depar- ture from propriety, but from politeness; and it is not a little surprising that Mr. Sheridan should have adopted it. The truth is, preserv- ing the e pure in all words of this form, whe- ther in rapid or deliberate speaking, is a cor- ractness well worthy of attention. To ENCOMPASS, &m-kām'pás. v. a. To enclose, to encircle; to go round any place. ENCOMPASSMENT, 3n-kåmſbäs ment. s. Cir- cumlocution, remote tendency of talk. ENCORE, Öng-kère'. ad. Again, once more. [[: This word is perfectly French, and, as usual, we have adopted it with the original pro nunciation. In other words which we have re- ceived from the French, where the nasal vowel has occurred, we have substituted an awkward pronunciation in imitation of it, which has at once shown our fondness for foreign modes of speaking, and our incapacity of acquiring them : thus Caisson has been turned into Cas- soon, Ballon into Balloon, Dragon into Dragoon, and Chamont (a character in the Orphan) into Shamoon; but in the word before us, this masa, sound is followed by chard, which after n al- ways involves hard g, 408; and this is precisely an English sound. An Englishman, therefore, does not find the difficulty in pronouncing the nasal sound in this word, which he would in another that does not admit of the succeeding hard c or g; as entendement, attentiſ, &c.; for if in pronouncing the en in these words the tongue should once touch the roof of the mouth, the French nasal sound would be ruined. No won- der then that a mere English speaker should pronounce this French word so well, and the rest of the nasal vowels so ill. It does not arise from the habit they contract at Theatres, (where it would be the most barbarous and ill-bred pronunciation in the world to call for the repe- tition of an English song in plain English.) It does not, I say, arise from custom, but from co- incidence. The sound, in the word before us, is common to both nations; and though the French may give it a somewhat lighter sound than the #i, they are both radically the same. Adopting this word, however, in the Theatre, does the English no manner of credit. £very language ought to be sufficient for all its purposes. A foreigner who understood our language, but who had never been present at our dramatick performances, would suppose we had no equivalents in English, should he hear us cry out Encore, Bravo, and Bravissimo, when we only wish to have a song repeated, or to ap- plaud the agility of a dancer. ENCOUNTER, Én-köän'tár. s. 313. Duel, single fight, conflict; battle, fight in which enemies rush against each other ; sudden meeting ; ca- sual incident. To ENCOUNTER, &n-köún'tör. v. a. To meel face to face; to meet in a hostile manner, to rush against in conflict; to attract; to oppose; to meet by accident. To ENCOUNTER, &n-köön'tár. v. m. To rush together in a hostile manner, to conflict; to engage, to fight ; to meet face to face; to come together by chance. ENCOUNTERER, Śn-köän'tär-ár. s. Opponent, antagonist, enemy; one that loves to accost others. To ENCOURAGE, &n-kār'ridje. v. a. 90. To ani- mate, to incite to anything; to give courage to: to support the spirits, to embolden; to raisé confidence. ENCOURAGEMENT, &n-kār'ridje-mént. s. . In- citement to any action or practice, incentive ; favour, countenance, support. ENCOURAGER, Én-kār'rfdje-àr. s. 314. One that supplies incitements to any thing, a fa- VOure]". To ENCROACH, &n-krótsh'. v. n. 295. To make invasions upcr the right of another; to advance gradually and by stealth upon that to whicn one has no right. EN CRöAćH£k, én-krótsh'êr. s. One who seizes the possession of another by gradual and silent means; one who makes slow and gradual ad vances beyond his rights. END ENG 181 —no, move, nér, nét;—täbe, túb, būll;-&#;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. ENCROACHMENT, &n-krótsh'mént. s. An un- lawful gathering in upon another man; advance into the territories or rights of another. To ENCUMBER, 3n-kām'bár. v. a. To clog, to Ioad, to impede; to load with debts. ENCUMBRAINCE, &n-kām'bränse. s. Clog, load, impediment; burden upon an estate. ENCYCLICAL, &n-sik'lè-kál. a. 535. Circular, sent through a large region. ENCYCLOPEDIA, Én-si-klö-pê'dē-ă. s. The circle of sciences, the round of learning.—See CycLoPEDIA. ENCYSTED, &n-sis'téd. a. Enclosed in a vesicle or bag. END, à. s. The extremity of anything ; the conclusion or cessation of any action ; the con- clusion or last part of any thing ; ultimate state, final doom ; final determination, conclusion of debate or deliberation ; death; abolition, total loss; fragment, broken piece; purpose, inten- tion; thing intended, final design; an end, erect, as, his hair stands an end. To END, &nd. v. a. To terminate, to conclude, to finish; to destroy, to put to death. To END, &nd. v. n. To come to an end; to conclude, to cease. To ENDAMAGE, &n-dām'ídje. v. a. 90. To mischief, to prejudice, to harm. To ENDANGER, Én-dànjär. v. a. To put into hazard, to bring into peril; to incur the dan- ger of to hazard. To ENDEAR, Én-dèër'. v. a. 227. To make dear, to make beloved. ENDEARMENT, &n-dèër’mént. s. The cause of love, means by which any thing is endeared; the state of being endeared, the state of being loved. ENDEAVOUR, &n-dév’ār. s. 234. Labour di- rected to some certain end. To ENDEAVOUR, en-dév’ār. v. n. To labour to a certain purpose. To ENDEAVOUR, &n-dév’ār. v. a. To attempt, to try. ENDEAVOURER, Én-dév’ār-àr. s. One who labours to a certain end. ENDECAGON, &n-dék'ā-göm. s. A plain figure of eleven sides and angles. ENDEMIAL, 3n-démè-āl. ENDEMICAL, Šn-dém'è-kál. ; ENDEMICK, &m-dém'ík. a country; used of any disease that affects several people together in the same country; proceeding from some cause peculiar to the country where it reigns. ENDENIZE, Él-dén'ſz. v. a. 159. To make free, to enfranchise. To ENDENIZEN, &n-dén'é-zén. v. a. To natural- ize. JMason. * #. #. }: én-dite'. : v. a. To charge any man by a written accusation before a court of justice, as, he was indicted for felony; to draw up, to compose; to dilate. [[G. Before Johnson published his Dictionary, these words were universally spelled indict and intette. That great reformer of our languag. seems to have considered, than as the Latin indicere came to us through the French enditer, we ought to adopt the French rather than the Latin preposition, especially as we have con- formed to the French in time sound of the latter part of this word. . But notwithstanding his authority, to indict, signifying to charge, stands its ground, and to indite is used only when we mean to draw up or cºmpose; irsthis sense, per- haps, it may not be improper to spell it endile, as it may serve to distinguish it from the other word, so different in signification. # #N}#### ēn-dite'mént. § s. A bill or declaration made in form of law, for the benefit of the commonwealth. a. Peculiar to ENDIVE, Én'div. s. An herb, succory. ENDLESS, Énd'lés. a. Without end, without conclusion or termination; infinite in duration, perpetual ; incessant, continual. ENDLESSLY, &nd'lés-lè. ad Incessantly, per- petually ; without termination of length. ENDLESSNESS, anylès-nēs. s. Perpetuity, endless duration; the quality of being round without an end. ENDLONG, Éndºlông. ad. In a straight line. ENDMOST, &nd'môst. a. Remotest, furthest, at the further end. To ENDORSE, &n-dórse' v. a. To register on the back of a writing, to superscribe; to cover on the back. ENDORSEMENT, &n-dòrse'mént. s. Super- scription, writing on the back ; ratification. To ENDOW, Śn-dóñ'. v. a. 313. To enrich with portion; to supply with any external goods; to enrich with any excellence. ENDOWMENT, 3n-dóñ'mént. s. Wealth be- stowed to any person or use ; the bestowing or assuring a dower, the setting forth or severing a sufficient portion for perpetual maintenance ; gifts of nature. To ENDUE, &m-dû'. v. a. To supply with men- tal excellencies. ENDURANCE, Śn-dû'ränse. s. lastingness. To ENDURE, &n-dûre'. v. a. To bear, to under- go, to sustain, to support. ſº To ENDURE, &n-dûre'. v. m. To last, to remain, to continue ; to brook, to bear. ENDURER, 3n-dû'rár.'s. 98. One that can bear or endure, sustainer, sufferer; continuer, laster. ENDWISE, &nd'wize. ad. Erectly, on end. ENEMY, &n'è-mè. s. A publick foe; a private opponent, aa antagonist ; one that dislikes : in theology, the fiend, the devil. ENERößtick, an Arjätik. a. 530. Forcible, active, vigorous, efficacious. tº To ENERGIZE, &n’ér-jize. v. n. To act with energy. JMason. t ENERGY, &n’ér-jë. s. 503. Power, force, vigour, efficacy; faculty, operation. To ENERVATE, 8-mér'väte. v. a. 91. To weak- en, to deprive of force. ENERVATION, 3n-ár-vá'shān, s 530. The act of weakening ; the state of being weakened, effem- inacy. To ENERVE, &-nērv'. v. a. To weaken, to break the force of, to crush. To ENFEEBLE, &n-fé'bl. v. a. 405. To weaken, to emervate. Continuance, #To ENFEOFF, 3n-fééf'. v. a. 256. To invest with any dignities or possessions. A law term. ENFEOFFMENT, &n-fééf'mént. s. The act of enfeoffing ; the instrument or deed by which one is invested with possessions. To ENFETTER, &n-fét’tàr. v. a. To bind in fet- ters ; to emchain. ENFILADE, &n-fé-lède' s. A straight passage. To ENFORCE, &n-fôrse'. v. a. To strengthen, to invigorate; to put in act by violence ; to urge with energy.; to compel, to constrain. ENFORCEDLY, &n-fôr'séd-lè. ad. 364. By vio- lence, not voluntarily, not spontaneously. g ENFORCEMENT, &n-fôrse'rmént. s. An act of vi- olence, compulsion, force offered ; sanction,that which gives force to a law ; pressing exigence. ENFORCER, &n-fôr'sár. s. 98. Compeller, one who effects by violence. To ENFRANCHISE,&n-från'tshiz. v. a. 159. To admit to the privileges of a freeman; to set free from slavery, to free or release from custody; to denizen. ENFRANCHSEMENT, &n-frán'tshiz-mênt. s. Investiture of the privileges of a denizen ; re- lease from prison, or from slavery. ENFROZEN, $n-fró'z'm. part. 103. Congealed with cold. To ENGAGE, &n-gāje'. v. a. To impawn, to ENI ENO 18 [[3’ 559-Fāte, far, fall, fat;-mē, mét;—plme, pīn;— stake ; to enlist, to bring into a party ; to em- bark in an affair, to enter in an undertaking; to unite, to attack; to induce, to win by pleas. ing means, to gain ; to bind by any appoint- ment or contract; to seize by the attention; to employ, to holdin business; to encounter, to fight. To ENGAGE, Én-gāje'. v. m. To conflict, to fight, to embark in any business, to enlist in any party. ENGAGEMENT, Én-gāje'mént. s. The act of engaging, impawning, or making liable to debt; obligation by contract, adherence to a party or cause, partiality; employment of the atten- tion ; fight, conflict, battle; obligation, motive. ENGAOL, enjále'. v.a. To imprison, to confine. To jºr , Én-går'rè-s'n. v. a. 170. To protect by a garrison. To ENGENDER, &n-jén'dër. v. a. To beget be- tween different sexes; to produce, to form; to excite, to cause, to produce ; to bring forth. To ENGENDER, Énjén'dër. v. n. 93. To be caused, to be produced. ENGINE, &njin. s. Any mechanical complica- tion, in which various movements and parts concur to one effect; a military machine; an instrument to throw water upon burning houses; any means used to bring to pass ; an agent for another. [[G. Pronouncing this word as if written ingine, though very common, is very improper, and sa- yours strongly of vulgarity. ENGINEER, enjé-nēēr'. s. One who manages engines, one who directs the artillery of an ar- my. gº ENGINERY, &njin-ré. s. The act of managing artillery; engines of war, artillery. To ENGIRD, &n-gird'. v. a. 382. º, encircle, to surround. ENGLE, Éng'gl. s. 405. A gull, a put, a bubble. ENGLISH, ing'glish. a. 101. Belonging to Eng- land. To ENGLUT, &n-glöt'. v. a. To swallow up; to glut, to pamper. To ENGORGE, &n-görje'. v. a. To swallow, to devour, to gorge. To ENGORGE, &n-görje'. v. n. feed with iš. and voracity. To ENGRAIN, Śn-grâne'. v. a. To die deep, to die in grain. To ENGRAPPLE, &n-gráp'pl. v. n. 405. To close with, to contend with, to hold on each other. To ENGRASP, &n-gräsp' v. a. To seize, to hold fast in the hand. To ENGRAVE, &n-gräve'. v. a. Preter. Engra- ved. Part. pass., Engraxed or Engraven. To picture by incisions in any matter; to mark wood or stone, to impress deeply, to imprint; to bury, to inter. ENGRAVER, Ém-grä'vár. s. or other matter. To ENGROSS, &m-gróse'. v. a.-See GRoss. 162. To thicken, to make thick; to increase in bulk ; to fatten, to plump up ; to seize in the gross; to purchase the whole of any commo- dity for the sake of selling at a high price; to copy in a large hand. ENGROSSER, Én-grós'súr. . s. 98. He that pur- chases large quantities of any commodity, in order to sell it at a high price. £NGROSSMENT, &n-grós'mént. s. Appropria- tion of things in the gross, exorbitant acquisi- tion. To ENGUARD, Śn-gārd'. 92, 332 To protect, to efend. To ENHANCE, &n-hănse'. v. . a. 79. To raise, to advance in price ; to raise in esteem ; to aggravate. #ENHANCEMENT, &n-hāmse’mént. s. Augmen- tation of value ; aggravation of ill, #ENIGMA, 8-nig'mā. s. 92. A riddle, an obscure guestion. f To devour, to A cutter in stone ENIGMATICAL, 3n-g-mât'é-kál. a. 530. Ob- scure, ambiguously or darkly expressed. ENIGMATICALLY, &n-īg-mât'ê-kāl-è, ad. In a sense different from that which the words in their familiar acceptation imply. ENIGMATIST, e-nig'må-tist. s. One who deals in obscure and ambiguous matters. To ENJOIN, Én-jöfn'. v. a. 299. To direct, to order, to prescribe. ENJOINER, 3n-jöin'ār. s. Ulm CtHOITS. ENJOINMENT, Én-jöin’mént. s command. To ENJOY, &n-jöè'. v. a. 329. To feel or per ceive with pleasure; to obtain possession or fruition of ; to please, to gladden. tº To ENJOY, #m-jöé'. v. m. To live in happiness. ENJOYER, Én-jöé'âr. s. 98. One that has frui- tion. ENJOYMENT, enjóēmēnt. s. Happiness, frui- tion. To ENKINDLE, &n-kin'dl. v. a. 405. To set on fire, to inflame; to rouse passion; to incite to any act or hope. To ENLARGE, &n-lärje'. v. a. To make greater in quantity or appearance ; , to dilate, to ex- pand ; to amplify, to release from confinement; to diffuse in eloquence. & To ENLARGE, &m-lärje'. v. n. To expatiate, to speak in many words. ENLARGEMENT, &n-lärje'mént. s. Increase, augmentation, farther extension; release from confinement or servitude; magnifying repre- sentation; expatiating speech, copious dis- COURTS6. ë ENLARGER, Én-lärjär. s. 98. Amplifier. To ENLIGHT, Ém-lite'. v. a. To illuminate, to supply with light. º To #1:#f , Ém-ll't'h. v. a. 103. To illu- minate, to supply with light; to instruct, to fur- nish with increase of knowledge; to supply with light. g ENLIGHTENER, &m-li’t’m-àr. s. One that gives light; instructor. To ÉNiiNk, én-link'. v. a. bind. To ENLIST, &m-list'. v. a. To enter into mili- tary service. [[F This word is not in Johnson's Vocabulary, but he has used it to explain the word to list; Ash has the word to inlist, which, as the word is derived from the French liste, a catalogue, is not so properly compounded as with the inse parable preposition em. To ENLIVEN, &m-li'v’n. v. a. \ 103. To make quick, to make alive, to animate; to make vi gorous or active; to make sprightly ; to make One who gives in- Direction, To chain to, to aV. Eš EveneR, én-li'v'm-àr. s. . That which ani- mates, that which invigorates. tº To ENLUMINE, &n-lú'min. v. a. 140. To illu- mine, to illuminate ge ENMITY, &n'mè-té. s. Unfriendly disposition, malevolence, aversion; state of opposition; malice, mischievous attempts. To ENMARBLE, Ém-már'bl. v. a. 405. To turn to ma.ble. To ENMESH, &n-mésh'. v. a. To net, to in- tangle. To ENNOBLE, &n-nóbl, y. a. 405. To raise from commonalty to mobility; to dignify, to ag- grandize; to elevate; to make famous or illus- trious. ENNOBLEMENT, &n-nóbl-mênt. s. The act of raising to the rank of nobility; exaltation, elevation, dignity. ENODATION, &n-Ö-dà'shôn. s. 530. The act of untying a knot; solution of a difficulty. ENORMITY, e-nēr'mè-té. . s. Deviation from rule; deviation from right; atrocious crimes, agitious villanies. fl ENößMötis, & normºs. a. 314. Irregular it way— To ENRAPTURE, &m-ráp'tshūre. v. a. To transport with pleasure. " & - - To ENRAVISH, &n-rāv'ish. v. a. To throw ENRICHM a degree that To ENRAGE, Én-răje'. Tofºiré, ºn.".”: āround, to To ENROBE, out of rule; wicked beyond the common mea- sure; exceeding in bulk the common measure. ENORMOUSLY, &-mör'más-lè. ad. Beyond mea- - I'ê. . . - • ENößMousNEss, enormºnes. surable wickedness. ~ : - ENOUGH, &-mäf’. a. 314, 391. . Being in a sufficient measure, such as may satisfy: ENOUGH, &-nāf’. ‘s. greatness or excellence. ar" - . g ENQUGH, -nāf'. ad. . In a sufficient degree, in satisfaction s. Immea- t gives sº noting fulness or satiety. - EN OW, *-nóð’. a. 322. The plural of Enough.| A sufficient number. II; This wordis growing obsolete, but is not quite|| —mö, mêve, nér, nôt ;—tübe, tāb, būlī;-&il ;—pöünd ;—thin, Something sufficient inj. ; an exclamation long sound, as I correct, as if written ensin. Some reasons from analog might be produced in favour of this latter pro- *ºlation, 144; but they do not seem suffici- * to outweigh the more general usage which: geclares for the former. - ENSIGNBEARER, ën'sine-bā-rðr. s. carries the fla Dictionaries, but, the polite world, lace there, and particularly from its very frequent use in so much out of date as the word Mo, signifying a greater rumber. We still hear some speakers talk of having ink enough and pens enow; but the greater part seem now to use enough both for quantity and number; as more has been so used for some centuries. . i v. a. To irritate, to provoke, to make furious. To ENRANGE, en-rānje'. v. a. To place regu- larly, to put in order. • To ENRANK, &m-ränk', v. a. To place in or- derly ranks. g To ENRAPT, én-räpt'. v. a. To throw into an ecstasy, to transport into enthusiasm. into ecstasy . ENRAVISHMENT, sy of delight. | , , -- To ENRICH, &n-ritsh'. v. a. To make wealthy, to make opulent; to fertilise, to make fruitful; to store, to supply with augmentation of any thing desirable. - ENT &n-ritsh'mént. s. Augmenta- tion of wealth; improvement by addition. - To ENRIDGE, &n-ridje'. v. a. To form with longitudinal protuberances or ridges. êu-rāv'ish-mênt. s. Ecsta- encircle. - - • To ENRIPEN, Én-rip'n. v. a. 103. To ripen, to mature.” - ēn-röbe'. v. a. To dress, to clothe. : * - g To ENROL, &m-rôle'. v. a. 406. To insert in a roll or register; to record; to involve, to in- wrap. ENROLLER, &n-röllőr. _ that registers. * . t & BNRQLMENT, en-röI'mént. s. Register, writ- ing in which any thing is recorded.” To ENROOT, en-rööt'. v a. 306. To fix by the root. - - • *, To ENROUND, en-röänd'. v. a. 312. To environ, to surround, to enclose. t - ENS, enz. s. Any being or existence. s. He that enrols, he To ENSANGUINE, én-sång'gwin. v. a. 340. … Tº snear with gore, to suffuse with blood. To ENSCHEDULE, &n-sédèle. v. a. To in- sertin a schedule or writing.—See SchEDULE. 'o ENS CONCE, Én-skēnse'. v. a. . To cover as with a fort. - To ENSEAM, &n-séme'. v. a. 227. To sew up, to enclose by a seam. To ENSEAR, Śn-sère'. v. a. 227. To cauterize, to stanch or stop with fire. - To ENSHIELD, &n-shééld'. v. a. 275. To co- yer. .” - - To ENSHRINE, , §n-shrine'. v. a. To enclose in a chest or cabinet, to preserve as a thing sa- cred. . ENSIFORM, &n'sè-förm. a. of a sword. . FNSIGN. &n'sine, s. 385. The flag or standard of a regiment; badge, or mark of distinction 5 Having the shape tangles. - To ENTER, &n'tér. v. a. Dictionary ; as it must be though the second syllable of y and more correctly pronounced with the z lºng, the same letter in the , Fºgºgy is always short. - - To PNSLAVE,én-sive. v. a. To reduce to Ser- another as his slave. ENSLAVEMENT, &m-slavement. s. gfservitude, slavery. ENSLAVER, &n-sińºvär. s. others to a state of servitude. - To ENSNARE,én-snäre v. a. The same as IR SNARE. Mason. - To ENSUE, &n-sà'. v. a. To follow, to pursue * to premises; to succeed in a train of $ºnts, or course of time. - ENSURANCE,&n-shºránse. s. Exemption from hazard, obtained by the payment of a certaire §: the sum paid for security. v ENSURANCER, &n-shā’īānsā.'s. He who un- dertakes to exempt from hazard. inake, certain, to secure; to exempt any thing dition of being reimbursed for miscarriage. [G As this word 'the word sure, nunciation of the s in that word, 454; and it omitted to mark it. ENSURER, &n-shūrār. s. tracts of ensurance. ENTABLATURE, &n-tábla-tūre. ENTABLEMENT, 3n-tºbi-mºnt. § s. One who makes con nice of a pillar. ENTAIL, £n-täle'. s. 202. The estate entailed the rule of descent settled for any estate. To ENTAIL, &n-täleſ, v, a tº set."he de- Scent of any estate so that it cannot be, by any subsequent possessor, bequeathed at pleasure. To ENTAME, &n-tämé, v'a. To tame, to sub- Jugate. * To ENTANGLE, &n-tänggl. 405. Or ensnare with Something not easily extrica- ble; to twist or confuse; to invoſjº, difficul- ties, to § BNTANGLEMENT, &n-tänggi-mânt. s. Entri- - Cºgy, perplexity, puzzle. . ENTANGLER, &n-tängglär. s. & 8 98. To go or come into any place; to initiate or Society; to set down in a writing. To ENTER, &n'tér. v. n. to Penetrate mentally, to make intellectual em. §nge 3 to engage in; to be initiated in.' " into a piace. To ENTERLACE, &n-tér-láse'. v. a. To intes IQIX. - - s TNTEROLOGY, &n-tê-rölöjë. s. The anatomi, the officer of foot who carries the flag. cal account of the bowels and internal parts. ** [[F I have given the last syllable of this word the am convinced it is the most * though I am of opinion that, in the mi- litary profession, it is oftener pronounced short, - Same syllable of vitude, to deprive of liberty; to make over to To ENSURE, &n-shūre. v. a. To ascertain, to or settled, with regard to the rule of its descent; He that le Ilag. - . ENSIGNCY, &n'sín-sé, s. The office of an ensign. I have not met with this word in any of our am, persuaded it deserves a in a Pronouncing remarked, that Ensign is géneral- The state He that reduces To ENSUE, én-st'. v. m. To follow as 3. COIn Seº, from hazard by paying a certain sum, on com. and its compounds come from they all retain the aspirated pro- is nºt a little surprising that Mr. Sheridia. In º the architrave, frise, and cor- To enwrap One that en- in a business, method, To come in, to go in; ENTERING, ; S. Entrance, passage ENT 18 [EP 559—Fate, făr, fall, fīt;-mé, mēt ;—pine, pīn;– ENTERPRISE, &n'tér-prize. s. An undertaking of hazard, an arduous attempt. To ENTERPRISE, &n'tér-prize. v. a. To under- take, to attempt, to esgay. ENTERPRISER, &n'tér-pri-zár. s. A man of _enterprise, one who undertakes great things. To ENTERTAIN, Én-tér-täme'. v. a. To con- verse with, to talk with ; to treat at the table; to receive hospitably ; to keep in one's service; to reserve in the mind; to please, to amuse, to || divert ; to admit with satisfaction. ENTERTAINER, &n-tér-tä'môr. s. He that keeps. others in his service ; he that treats others at his table; he that pleases, diverts, or amuses, ENTERTAINMENT, &m-tér-tämemént. s. Con- versation; treatment at the table ; hospitable reception; payments of soldiers or servants ; amusements, diversion ; dramatick perform- ance, the lower comedy. . ENTERTISSUED, &m-têr-tish'éide. a. Interwov- en or intermixed with various colours or sub- stances. . To ENTHRONE, &n-thrôme'. v. a. To place on a regal seat; to invest with sovereign authority. ENTHUSIASM, Én-thº'zhē-ăzm. s. vain be- lief of private revelation, a vain confidence of divine favour; heat of imagination ; elevation of fancy, exaltation of ideas. - tº For the pronunciation of the third syllable of this and the three following words, see Ec- clesiastick, and Principles, No. 451. ENTHUSIAST, &n-thū'zhē-ăst. s. One who vainly imagines a private revelation ; one who has a vain confidence of his intercourse with God; one of a hot imagination ; one of eleva- ted fancy, or exalted ideas. ENTHUSIASTICAL, Šn-thº'zhē-ăstè-kāl. ENTHUSIASTICK, en-thº'zhē-ăstik. Persuaded of some communication with the Deity; vehemently hot in any cause ; elevated| in fancy, exalted in ideas. ENTHYMEME, &n'thè-même, s. An argument|| consisting only of an antecedent and conse- quential proposition. To ENTICE, &n-tise'. v. a. To allure, to attract, to draw by blandishment or hopes. -- ENTICEMENT, en-tisemént. s. The act or practice of alluring to ill ; the means by which one is allured to ill, allurement. . . ENTICER, &m-ti'súr. s. 98. One that allures to ill. ENTICINGLY, Én-ti'sing-lè. ad. Charmingly, in a winning manmer. ENTIRE, &n-tire' a. Whole, undivided ; un- broken, complete in its parts; full, complete ; in full strength. ENTIRELY, &n-tire'lé ad. In the whole, with- out division ; completely, fully. *. FNTIRENESS, Čn-tire'nés. s. Completeness, fulness. - ENTIRETY, &n-tireté. s. Completeness. JMason. II: This word, though very expressive, is ill- formed, as it in some measure clashes with that numerous class of words ending in itſ; where the i makes a distinct syllable; but as this word is a formation of our own, we must be careful to pronounce it in three syllables. To ENTITLE, &n-titl. v. a. 405. To grace or dignify with a title or honourable appellation; ‘to superscribe of prefix as a title; to give a claim to any thing ; to grant any thing as claimed by a title. . ENTITY, &n'tè-té. s. Something which réally is, a real being ; a particular species of being. To ENTOIL, &n-tóil'. v. a. To ensnare, to en- tangle, to bring into toils or nets. wº To ENTOMB, &m-tóóm'. v. a. To put into a tomb ENTRAILS, &n'trils. s. 208. The intestines, the bowels, the guts; the internal parts, recess, £a VérºïS. ~ ENTRANCE, &n'tränse. s. The power of en- tering into a place ; the act of entering; the passage by which a place is entered, avenue; initiation, commencement; the act of taking possession of an office or dignity; the begi. ning of any thing. - To ENTRANCE, en-tränse'. Y. a. 91. To put into a trance, to withdraw the soul wholly to other regions;, to put into an ecstasy. - To ENTRAP, &n-träp'. v. a. To ensmare, to catch in a trap; to involve unexpectedly in difficulties; to take advantage of. - To ENTREAT, Ém-tréte'. v. a. 227. To petition, to solicit, to importune; to prevail upon by so. licitation; to treat or use well or ill. To ENTREAT, en-trète. v. n. To offer a treaty or compact; to treat, to discourse; to make a petition. . . . . . . . - - ENTREATANCE, &n-trè'tänse. s. Petition, em. treaty, solicitation. ENTREATY, &n-tré'tě, s. licitation. ENTRY, &m'trè. s. The passage by which any one enters a house; the act of entrance, in- gress ; the act of taking possession of any estate ; the act of registering or setting down in writing ; the act of entering publickly into any city. . - - To ENUBILATE, 8-nābé-lāte. v. a. To clear , Petition, prayer, so- from clouds. . To ENUCLEATE, &-nā'klē-ăte. v. a. To solve, to clear. - -- To ENVELOP, Ém-véi'àp. v. a. To enwrap, to cover; to hide, to surround; to line, to cover on the inside. r" ENVELOPE, Ön-vè-lópe'. s. A wrapper, an outward case. -- . . . [[G. This word, signifying the outward case of a letter, is always pronounced in the French manner by those who can pronounce French, and by those who cannot the e is changed into an o. Sometimes a mere Englishman attempts to give the masal vowel the French sound, and exposes himself to laughter by pronouncing g after it, as if written ongvelope. This is as ri- diculous to a polite ear as if he pronounced it, as it ought to be pronounced, like the verb to envelop. - To ENVENOM, &n-vén'ām. v. a. 166. To poison; ...to make odious ; to enrage. ENVIABLE, en'vé-à-bl.a. 405. Deserving envy ENVIER, Én'vé-àr. s. 98. One that envies an- _other, a maligner. ENVIQU.S. &n'vé-às. a. 314. Infected with envy. ENVIOUSLY, &n'vé-ás-lè. ad. With envy, with malignity, with ill-will. - To ENVIRON, Śn-vi'rán. v. a. 166. To sur. round ; to envelop ; to besiege ; to hem in , . to enclose, to invest. . - ENVIRONS, Ön-vè-rönz'; or ēn-vi'ráns. s. 166. The neighbourhood or neighbouring places round about the country. [G’ Th’s word is in general use, and ought to be pronounced like the English verb to environ : but the vanity of appearing polite keeps it stili in the French pronunciation, and as the nasal Vowels in the first and last syllable are not ſol- lowed by hard c or g, it is impossible for a mere Englishman to pronounce it fashionably.—See ENcore To ENUMERATE, &-nē'mè-räte. v. a. To reclº on up singly, to count over distinctly. ENUMERATION, 8-mü-mê-rà'shôn. s. of numbering or counting over. To ENUNCIATE, é-mân'shē-ăte. v. a. To de clare, to proclaim. . - - ENUNCIATION, e-mân-shē-ă shān. S. Declara tion, publick attestation; intelligence, informa tion, ENUNCHATIVE, $-nān'shë-à-tiv. tive, expressive. ENUSCIATIVELY, &-mân'sbē-ă-tiv-lè, ad, The act a. Declara- * - Nºë | Prosunciation. Declaratively. EPI EPO 185 —mö, móve, nár, nôt;—túbe, tàb, būll;—öll;-päänd,—thin, This. ENVOY, &n'vèë. s. A publick minister sent from one power to another; a publick messenger, in dignity below an ambassador; a messenger. To ENVY, &n'vé. v. a. To hate another for ex- cellence or success; to grieve at any qualities of excellence in another; to grudge. To ENVY, &n'vé. v. n. To feel envy, to feel pain at the sight of excellence or felicity. FNVY. &n'vé. s. 182. Pain felt and malignity conceived at the sight of excellence or happi- mess; rivalry, competition ; malice. [[; The ancient pronunciation of this word was with the accent on the last, and the y sounded like eye, as the Scotch pronounce it at this dav. To #Swheel, én-hwöél'. v. a To encompass, to encircle. To ENWOMB, &n-wööm'. v. a. To make preg- nant; to bury, to hide. EPACT, ſpäki. s. A number whereby we note the excess of the common solar year above the lumar, and thereby may find out the age of the moon every year. EPAULET, Śp-àw-lét'. s. ormament. JMason. EPAULMENT, e-pâwl'mént. s. In fortification, a sidework made either of earth thrown up, of ... - bags of earth, gabioms, or of fascines and earth. EPENTHESIS, e-pên'thè-sis. s. 503, c. The ad- dition of a vowel or consonant in the middle of A military shoulder a word. wº EPHEMERA, 8-fém'è-rá. s. 92. A fever that terminates in one day; an insect that lives on- ly one day. rºi was much surprised when I found Mr. Sheri- dan had given the long open sound of e to the second syllable of Ephemera, Ephemeris, &c. If it was in compliment to the Greek eta, the same reason should have induced him to if: the sound of longe to the first syllable of Hemistick, Demagogue, and Rhetorick. EPHEMERAL, &-fém é-rál. 88. ? a EPHEMERICK, &-fém'è-rik. 510. $ “ Diurnal, beginning and ending in a day. Eß. è-fém'é-ris. s. A journal, an ac- count of daily transactions; an account of the daily motions and situations of the planets. EPHEMERIST, &-fém'è-rist. s. One who con- sults the planets, one who studies astrology. EPHOD, &f'ód, or é'föd. s. An ornament worn by the Hebrew priests. [[; Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, Nares, and Ash, adopt the first ; Entick and Kenrick the last, which, in my opinion is the best. EPICK, Ép'ik. a. Comprising narrations, not acted, not rehearsed. It is usually supposed to be heroick. EPICEDIUM., &p-è-sé'-dè-àm. s poem upon a funeral. EPICURE, Śp'é-kère. s. UO #. EPICUREAN, &p-è-kū-rè'ân. s. One who holds the principles of Epicurus.-See EUROPEAN. EPICUREAN, &p-è-kū-re àn a. Luxurious, con- tributing to luxury. p;#, ép'é-kū-rfzm, s. enjoyment, gross pleasure. EPICURISM, 3p'é-kū-rism. s. The principles of Epicurus. Mason. [[; Mr. Mason tells us, that this word should have the accent on the third syllable. For my own part, I think the explanation as faulty as the accentuation. It should seem that Epicu- reanism is an attachment to the doctrines of Epicurus; and that Epicurism is formed from the word Epicure, which signifies a sensualist. EPICYCLE, &p'é-si-kl. s. 405. A little circle whose centre is in the circumference of a great- er, or a small orb dependent on a greater, as that of the moon on that of the earth. EPICYCLOID, & e-siklöfd. s. A curve genera- ted by the revolution º the periphery of a cir- An elegy, a A man given wholly Luxury, sensual cle lºng the convex or concave part of another CHI’C16. EPIDEMICAL, Ép-e-dém'é-kál. EPIDEMICK, Šp-è-démik. 509. a. That which falls at once upon great numbers of peo- ple, as a plague; generally prevailing, affect- º numbers; general, universal. EPIDERMIS, Ép-è-dér'mis. s. The scarfskin of a man's body. EPIGRAM, &p'é-gräm. s. A short poem termi EßAL, ans ë-kāl 5 * * * ām-măt' -kā º EPIGRAMMATICK, ãº. fk. 509. }*. Dealing in epigrams, writing epigrams; suita- ble to §§ belonging to epigrams. EPIGRAMMATIST, &p-e-grám’mátist. s. One who writes 9r deals in epigrams. EPILEPSY, &p'é-lèp-sé s. A convulsive motion of the whole body, or of some of its parts, with a loss of sense. EPILEPTICK, Ép-è-lép'tík. a. 509. Convulsed. EPILOGUE, &p'é-lèg. s. 338. The poem or speech at the end of a play. EPIPHANY, &-pîf få-nē. s. A church festival, celebrated on the twelfth day after Christmas, in commemoration of our Saviour's being ma– mifested to the world, by the appearance of a miraculous blazing star. EPIPHONEMA, Ép-è-fö-né'má. s. 92. An ex clamation, a conclusive sentence not closely connected with the words foregoing. EPIPHORA, &-pff'fö-rá. s. 92. An inflammation of any part. EPIPHYSIS, &-pff'é-sis. s. 520. Accretion, the parts added by accretion. EPISCOPACY, &-pis'kö-pā-sé. s. The govern- ment of bishops, established by the apostles. EPISCOPAL, *-pis'kö-pâl. a. Belonging to a bishop 3 vested in a bishop. EPISCOPATE, &-pis'kö-pâte. s. 91. A bishop- rick. EPISQDE, $p'é-söde. s. An incidental narrative, or digression in a poem, separable from thi, main subject. EPISODICAL, Šp-ē-sód'é-kál. EPISODICK, Śp-è-söd'ík. 509. ed in an episode. EPISPASTICK, Ép-è-spås'tik. a. Drawing; blis- tering. EPISffle, e-pissi. s. 472. A letter—see Apos- T LE. EPISTOLARY, &-pistó-lār-à. a. Relating to let- ters, suitable to letters; transacted by letters. EPISTLER, &-pis’lār. s. 98. A scribbler of letters EPITAPH, Ép'é-tāf s. An inscription upon a tomb-stone. ép-è-thä-lá'mē-ăm. s. A EPITHALAMIUM, nuptial song, a compliment upon marriage. EPITHEM, &p é-thém. s. A liquid medicament extel mally applied. EPITHET, Ép'è-thét. s. An adjective demoting any quality good or bad. EPITOME, &pit’6-mé. s. Abridgment, abbre- Viatitre. To EPITOMISE, &-pit'6-mize. v. a. To abstract, to contract into a marrow space; to diminish, to cartail. EPITOMISER, &-pît'ó-mi-zár. EPITOMIST, e-pît'ö-mist. E #3 # *::::::: ë £H, ép'ök, or, &'pók. º EPOCHA, 8pºiá. p s. The time at which a new computation is begun, from which dates are numbered. ſº [[G. As the last of these words is Latin, from the Greek eroºn, the Latin accent and quantity on the antepenultimate syllable is preserved by po- lite speakers; and the first being anglicised and containing only tWO syllables, falls into the quantity of the original, Buchanan, Nares, and Ash, make the first syllable of Epoch shert; but ; a. Contain ; s. An abridg- EQU EQU 186 [[5 559-Fāte, ſār, fall, fat;--mê, mét:—pine, pīn,-- Perry and Kenrick, in my opinion, make it more properly long. EPODE, Ép'öde, or, eſpöde. s. The stanza after the strophe and antistrophe, tº Entick, Scott, Perry, W. Johnston, Ash, and Nares, make the first e short ; but Kemrick makes it long, as, in my opinion, it ought to be. EPOPEE, º S. An epick or heroick poem. EPULATIQN, Ép-à-lä'shôn. s. Feast. EPULOTICK, &p-ū-lôt'ík. s. A cicatrising me- dicament. EQUABILITY, &-kwā-bil'é-tê. s. self, evenness, uniformity. EQUABLE, &'kwā-bl. a. 405. Equal to itself, even, uniform. EQUABLY, &'kwā-blé. ad. Uniformly, evenly equally to itself. EQUAL, &'kwál. a. 36, 88. Like another in bulk, or any quality that admits comparison ; ade- quate to any purpose ; even, uniform ; in just proportion ; impartial, neutral ; indifferent ; equitable, advantageous alike to both parties; upon the same terms. EQUAL, &'kwál. s. One not inferiour or superiour to another ; one of the same age. To EQUAL, *kwál. v. a. To make one thing or person equal to another ; to rise to the same state with another person ; to recompense fully. To EQUALISE, &'kwā-lize. v. a. To make even ; to be equal to. EQUALITY, & kwól-è-té. s. 36. Likeness with regard to any quantities compared ; the same degree of dignity; evenness, uniformity, equa- bility. EQUALLY, &'kwāl-lè. ad. In the same degree with another; evenly, equably, uniformly; im- partially EQUANGULAR, 8-kwäng'gū-lär. a. Consisting of equal angles. EQUANIMITY, &-kwā-nîm'ê-tě, s mind, neither elated nor depressed. EQUANIMOUS, e-kwán'ê-mós. a. Even, not de. ected. Eğion, è-kwä'shôn. s. The investigation of a mean proportion collected from the extremi- ties of excess and defect : in algeora, an ex- pression of the same quantity in two dissimilar terms, but of equal value: in astronomy, the difference between the time marked by the sun's apparent motion, and that raeasured by its real or middle motion. EQUATOR, 8-kwá'tár. s. 166. A great circle, whose poles are the poles of the would. It di- vides the globe into two equal parts, the north- ern and southern hemispheres. EQUATORIAL, e-kwā-tö'rè-ál. a. Pertaining to the equator. , EQUESTRIAN, 8-kwés'trè-án. a. Appearing on horseback; skilled in horsemanship; belonging to the second rank in Rome. EQUERY, &-kwár'é. s. Master of the horse, EQUICRURAL, &-kwºkróðvál. a. Having the legs of §§ length. EQUIDISTANT, e-kwe-distânt. a. istance EQUIDISTANTLY, &-kwë-dis'tánt-lè. ad. At the same distance. . EQUIFORMITY, &-kwe-fôr'mè-té. s. Uniform §§ dº a ºn EQUILATERAL, °-kwe-lâtér-ál. a. Having all sides º To EQUILIBRATE, &-kwé-llºbråte. v. a. To balance §§§ EQUILIBRATI N, 8-kwé-li-brå'shôn. s. Equi- poise. EQUILIBRIUM, *-kw8-lib'ré-àia. s. Equipoise, equality of weight; equality of evidence, mo- tives or powers. EQUINECE$SARY, &-kw8-nés'sés-sār-e.a. Need- ful in the same degree EQUINOCTIAL, e-kwe-nók'shál s. 88. The line that encompasses the world at an equal dis. Equality to it- Evenness of At the same tance from either pole, to which circle when the sun comes, he makes equal days and nights all over the globe. EQUINOCTIAL, *-kwé-nēk'shäl. a. Pertaining to the equinox; happening about the time of the equinoxes ; being near the equinoctial line. EQUINOCTIALLY, &-kw8-mók'shāi-à. ad. In the direction of the equinoctial. EQUINOX, &'kwé-nēks. s. Equinoxes are the precise times in which the sun enters into the first point of Aries and Libra ; for then, moving exactly under the equinoctial, he makes our days and nights equal; equinoctial wind. EQUINUMERANT, e-kwé-mü'mè-rānt. a. Hav. ing the same number. To EQUIP, &-kwip'. v. a. To furnish for a horse. man ; to furnish, to accoutre, to ſit out. . EQUIPAGE, &k'kwé-pāje. s. 90. Furniture for a horseman; carriage of state, vehicle ; attend- ance, retinue ; accoutrements, furniture. EQUIPENDENCY, &-kwé-pên'dén-sé. s. The act of hanging in equipoise. EQUIPMENT, e-kwip'mént. s. The act of equip- ing or accoutering ; accoutrement, equipage. EQUIPOISE, &kwé-pôize. s. Equality of weight, §§§ EQUIPOLLENCE, &-kwé-pôllénse. s. Equality of force or power. [[G’ The strong tendency of our language to an encſitical pronunciation, 513, would induce me Equili- to give the antepenultimate accent to this and the following word, in opposition to Mr. Sheri- dam and others; as no good reason can be given to the ear, why they should not have this accent, as well as equivalent, equivocal, &c. But as JEquivalens and JEquivocus have the accent on the antepenultimate in Latin, and JEquipollens of the penultimate, and the number of syllables being the same in both languages, the accent is generally on the same syllable. 503. . EQUIPOLLENT, e-kwé-pôl'lént. a. Having equal power of force, EQUIPQNDERANCE, -kwé-pón'dér-ănse. } § EQUIPONDERANCY, &-kwé-pôm'dér-ān-sè. Equality of weight. EQUIPONDERANT, -kwá pán'dér-ànt. a. Be ing of the same weight. To EQUIPONDERATE, 3-kwé-pên"dér-āte. v. n. To weigh equal to any thing. EQUIPONDIOUS, &-kw8-pôm'dè-às. a. brated, equal on either part. EQUITABLE, Čk'kwé-tá-bl. a. 405. Just, due to justice ; loving justice, candid, impartial. BºABLY, k'kwë-tá-blé. ad. Justly, impar- tiałlv. EQUITY, &k'kwé-té. s. Justice, right, honesty. impartiality: in law, the rules of decision ob- served by the Court of Chancery. EQUIVALENCE, e-kwiv'vá-lénse. } s. E EQUIVALENCY, &-kwiv'vá-lén-sè. 5 °. * lity of power or worth. Eºsi. è-kwiv'vá-lènt. a. Equal in va- lue ; equal in excellence ; of the same import or meaning. EQUIVALENT, kwiv'vá-lént. s. the same Nº. dignity, or value. EQUIVOCAL, Š-kwiv'vö-kál. a. Of doubtful sig- A thing of nification, meaning different things; uncertain, doubtful. * EQUIVOCALLY, &-kwiv'vö-kāl-ć. ad. Ambigu- ously, in a doubtful or double sense; by uncer- tain or irregular birth, by generation out of the stated order. EQUIVOCALNESS, 8-kwiv'vö-kāl-més. s. Am- biguity, double meaning. To §§§ tº vºte. v. n. To use words of double meaning, to use ambiguous ex- pressions. EQUIVOCATION, 8-kwiv-vö-kå'shôm. s. Ambi- guity of speech, double meaning. EðūVöckföR, ºwivºr. s. 521. One who uses ambiguous languagx. ERR 187 - - devastation; expunction; abolition. . . . ERADICATION, Š-rād-à-kå'shôn ERADICATIVE, &-rād'é-kā-tív. —mö, móve, mēr, nét. ;—túbe, tab, ERA, 8'rá. s. The account of time from any par- ticular date or epoch. . . . - irs e ERADIATION, Š-rá-dè-à'shān. s. 534, Emis- sion of radiance. r - - - To ERADICATE, &-rád'é-kāte. v. a. To pull up by the root ; to destroy, to end. a. s. The act of tearing up by the root, destruction ; the state of being torn up by the roots. - a. 512. That which cures radically. * To ERASE, &-råse'. v. a. See To RASE. To destroy, to rub out; to expunge. ERASEMENT, e-råse'mént. s. ERE, Are. ad. 94. Before, sooner than. ERELONG, Are-lông'. ad. Before a long time _ had elapsed. - - - #. OW, tº: i. Before this time. EREWHILE, Are-hwile'. º £ºw#if:s. are-hwilz. ad. Some time ago, before a little while. . To ERECT, &-rékt'. v. a. To place perpendicu- larly to the horizon; to raise, to build; to ele- vate, to exalt; to animate, to encourage. To ERECT, e-rékt'. v. m. To rise upright. ERECT, e-rékt. a. Upright; directed upwards; bold, confident, vigorous. - ERECTION, &-rék'shôn. . s. The act of raising, or state of being raised upward; the act of building or raising edifices. £RECTNESS, Š-rékt'mès. s. posture. - - £REMITE, &r'ê-mite. s. 155. One who lives in a wilderness, an hermit. Uprightness of EREMITICAL, &r-è-mit'é-kál. a. Religiously solitary. - EREPTATION, ē-rép-tä'shān. S. A creeping forth. - - EREPTION, 8-rép'shôn. s. A snatching or taking away by force. - ERGOT., &r'göt. s. 166. A sort of stub, like a piece of horn, placed behind and below the pas- term joint; a substance like a cock's spur, con- || stituting a disease of several farinaceous plants, particularly wheat and rye; it is very injurious to health, and is also used as a medicine. ERINGO, &-ring'gó. s. Sea-holly, a plant. £RISTICAL, &ris'té-kál. a. Controversial, re- lating to dispute. ERMINE, &r'mfm. s. 140. An animal that is found in cold countries, and which very mearly resembles a weaselin shape; having white hair, and the tip of the tail black, and furnishing a | choice and valuable ſur. - ERMINED, ermind. a. 362. Clothed with er- R1111162. . . To ERODE, &-röde'. v. a. To canker, or eat || 3WaW. - - - - EßATION, Ér-rö-gå'shān. s. The act of giv- ing or bestowing. . EROSION, &-ró'zhān, s. 451. The act of eating away; the state of being eaten away. 'ſo #, ér. v. m. To wander, to ramble ; to miss the right way; to stray; to deviate from any purpose; to commit errours, to mistake. ERRAND, fir’ränd... s. A message, something to be told or done by a messenger. § 3. This word is generally pronounced as it is marked; but might, perhaps, without pedantry, be more properly pronounced as it is written. ERRABLE, Ér'rā-bl. a. 405. Liable to err. ERRABLENESS,ér'rā-bl-nés.s. Liableness to err. ERRANT, Ér'rānt. a. Wandering, roving, ram- bling; vile, abandoned, completely bad. [[G. This word is generally pronounced exactly like arrant, when it has the same signification ; but when applied to a Knight, it is more cor- rectly pronounced regularly as it is marked. Eß. ér'rānt-ré. s. An errant state, the gondition of a wanderer; the employment of a | 3 knight errant. . . - - . . ; bāīl;-&#;—pôānd;—thin, Tais. Destruction, - 2 -- - - ? º tº - ||ERRQUR, Črrár. s. 314. Mistake, involuntary |To ESCHEAT, És-tshéte'. v. a. ERRATA, Ér-räſtä. s. The plural of ERRAybw The faults of the printer or author, inserted in the beginning or end of the book. - ERRATICK, &r-rätik. a. Wandering, uncertain, Hºping no certain order; irregular, changea €. - ERRATICALLY, Ér-rât'é-kāl-ć. ad. Without rule, without method. - ERRONEOUS, &r-ró'mē-ăs. . a. Wandering, un- settled ; mistaking, misled by errour. - ERRON Hºsny, &r-ró'né-ās-lè. ad. By mistake, not rightly. - ERRONEOUSNESS, &r-ró'nè-às-nēs. s. Physical falsehood, inconformity to truth. - - deviation from truth ; a blunder, a mistake committed ; roving excursion, irregular course. ERST, &rst. ad. First; at first, in the begin- ning ; once, when time was ; formerly, long ago; before, till them, till now. . ERUBESCENCE, &r-rū-bés'sénse, ERUBESCENCY, &r-rū-bés'sén-sé _The act of growing red, redness. . - ERUBESCENT, Śr-rū-bès'sént. a. Reddish, somewhat red. - To ERUCT, &-råkt'. v. a. To belch, to break wind from the stomach. ERUCTATION, 8-råk-tä'shām. s. The act of belching ; belch, the matter vented from the Stomach ; any sudden burst of wind or matter ERUDITF, Ör-ü-dite'. a. Learned. JMason. Fººtion , Ér-à-dish'ên. s. Learning, know- edge. . - ERUGINOUS, &-rūjè-nēs. a. Partaking of the nature of copper. - . ERUPTION, Š-ráp'shān. s. The act of break- ing or bursting forth ; burst, emission; sudden excursion of a hostile kind; efflorescence, pus- tules. ... is - - ERUPTIVE, &-råp'tív. a, Bursting forth. ERYSIPELAS, Ér-è-sip'é-lás. s. An eruption of a hot acrid humour. - ESCALADE, Šs-kā-läde'. s. the walls. . - ESCALOP, sköl'lúp. s. A shell-fish, whose shell is indented. - - - To ESCAPE, &-skåpe'. v. a. To fly, to avoid; to pass unobserved. To ESCAPE, &-skåpe'. v. n. To fly, to get out of danger. ; s 519, The act of scaling |ESCAPE, &-skåpe. s. Flight, the act of getting out of danger: in law, violent or privy evasion out of lawful restraint; oversight, mistake. ESCHALOT, shäl-lôt'. s. A plant. ESCHAR, És'kår. s. 353. A hard crust or scar made by hot applications. ! - ESCHAROTICK, És-kā-röt'ík. a. Caustick, having the power to sear or burn the flesh. - ESCHEAT, &s-tshète'. s. Any lands, or other profits, that fall to a lord within his manor by forfeiture, or the death of his tenant, dying without heir general or especial. - [[G. This and the three following words not being derived from the learned languages, have the ch pronounced in the English manner. To fall to the , lord of the manor by forfeiture. ESCHEATOR, is-ishétár.'s ió6. An officer that observes the escheats of the king in the county whereof he is escheator. To ºchew , Čs-tshöö'. . a. To fly, to avoid, to SI]tl]]. - [[: This word from its being almost antiquated, has escaped the criticism of all our orth&epists, except Mr. Elphinstone, who contends that it ought to be pronounced as if written eskew. “No wonder eskew, (he says,) often falsely ar. “ticulated because falsely exhibited eschew, was “ ocularly traced from the old scheoir (after- “wards echoir) to devolve or escheat, rather “ than from esquiver, to parry, avoid, or eskew, “by those to whom the body of the child and ESS ETC 188 [[G 559.--Fāte, far, fall, fīt;-mé, mét;—pine, pin;– * the soul of the parent were equally unknown.” The etymological abilities of this gentlemam in the French and English languages are un- questionable; but the pronunciation of this word seems fixed to its orthography; and beyond the reach of etymology to alter. Words like land have a limitation to their rights. When an Orthography and pronunciation have obtained for a long time, though by a false title, it is perhaps better to leave them in quiet possession, than to disturb the language by an ancient, though perhaps better claim. ESCOTCHEON, 8s-kātsh'ín. s. 259. The shield ef the family, the picture of the ensigns armo- T1:ll. ESCORT, 3s'kört. s. 492. Convoy, guard from _ place to place To ESCORT, Šs-kört'. v. a. To convoy, to guard from place to place. - ESCRITOIR, Šs-krū-töre'. s. A box with all the implements necessary for writing. ESCUAGE, Čskā-āje. s. 90. A kind of knight's service. ESCULENT, Šs'kū-lént. a. Good for food, eat- able. ESCULENT, Čs'kū-lènt. s. Something fit for food. ESPALIER, Śs-pâl'yér. s. 113. Trees planted and cut so as to join. ESPECIAL, Š-spêsh'âl. a. Principal, chief. BiºAlly, ë-spésh'āl-ć. ad. Principally, chiefly. ESPERANCE, &s-pè-ränse'. French. ESPIAL, &-spi'āl. a. A spy, a scout. ESPLANADE, Šs-pla-măde'. s. The empty space between the glacis of a citadel and the first houses of the town. ESPOUSALS, &-spöü'zāls. s. Without a singu- lar. The act of contracting or affiancing a man and woman to each other. ESPOUSAL, &-spöü'zāl. a. Used in the act of espousing or betrothing. To ESPOUSE, &-spöäze'. v. a. To contract or betroth to another ; to marry, to wed ; to main- tain, to defend. To ESPY, &-spl’. v. a. To see a thing at a dis- tance ; to discover a thing intended to be hid ; to see unexpectedly ; to discover as a spy. JESQUIRE, &-skwire'. s. The armour-bearer or attendant on a knight; a title of dignity, and next in degree below a knight. To ESSAY, És-sà'. v. a. To attempt, to try, to endeavour; to make experiments of; to try the value and purity of metals. ESSAY, Čs'sä. s. 492. Attempt, endeavour; a loose performance ; an irregular indigested piece ; an easy, free kind of composition; a trial, an experiment. Essayist, s'sä-ist. s. .#sh. - ESSENCE, És'sénse. s. Existence, the quality of being ; constituent substance; the cause of existence; the very nature of any being ; in medicine, the chief properties or virtues of any simple, or composition collected in a narrow compass ; perfume, odour, scent. To ESSENCE, És'sènse. v. a. To perfume, to Scent. ESSENTIAL, &s-sém'shål. a. Necessary to the constitution or existence of any thing; impor- tant in the highest degree, principal; pure, highly rectified, subtilly elaborated. [[; What has been observed of the word efface is applicable to this word : the same reasons have induced me to differ from Mr. Sheridan in the division of especial, espousal, establish, &c. as I have no doubt, in words of this form, where the two first consonants are combinable, that they both go to the second syllable, and leave the vowel in the first long and open. ESSENTIAL, Šs-sém'shäl. s. Existence; first or constituent principles; the chief poiut, Hope. One who makes essays. ESSENTIALLY, &s-sén'shāl-lè. ad. By the com, stitution of nature. ESSOINE, &s-sàin'. s. Allegoment of an excuse for him that is summoned, or sought for, to ap. pear; excuse, exemption. To ESTABLISH, &-stáb'lish. v. a. To settle firmly, to fix unalterably ; to found, to build firmly, to fix immoveably; to make settlement of any inheritance. ESTABLISHMENT, &-stáb'lish-mént. s. Settle- ment, fixed state ; settled regulation, form, mo- del ; allowance, income, salary. ESTATE, &-stäte'. s. The general interest, the publick ; condition of life : fortune, possession in land. To ESTEEM, &-stèëm' v. a. To set a value, whether high or low, upon any thing ; to prize, to rate high ; to hold in opinion, to think, to IIYlälº II le. - ESTÉÉM, 8-steem. s. regard. - ESTEEMER, 8-stèëm'âr. s. One that highly values, one that sets a high rate upon any thing ESTIMABLE, &s'té-mâ-bl. a. 405. Valuable worth a large price ; worthy of esteem, worthy of honour. - ESTIMABHLENESS, Šs’tè-má-bl-nés. s. The quality of deserving regard. To ESTIMATE, &S'té-māte. v. a. To rate; to adjust the value of; to judge of any thing by its proportion to something else ; to calculate. to compute. ESTAMATE, Čs’tè-māte. s. 91. Computation, calculation ; value ; valuation, assignment of proportioned value ; opinion, judgment; es- teem, regard, Rhonour. ESTIMATION, Šs-tê-mâ'shān. S. The act of ad- justing proportioned value ; calculation, com- putation; opinion, judgment; esteem, regard, High value, reverential honour. - ESTIMATIVE, És'tè-mă-tiv. a. 512. Having the power of comparing and adjusting the prefer- £º Cé. ESTIMATOR, Šs’tè-mâ-tár. s. 521. A setter of rateS. ESTIVAL, Čs'té-vál. a. 88, ertaining to the summer; continuing for the summer. To ESTRANGE, &-strämje'. v. a. To keep at a distance, to withdraw; to alienate from affec- {{Op. ESTRANGEMENT, e-strämje'mént. s. Aliena- tion, distance, removal. - ESTRAPADE, Čs-trá-pâde'. s. The defence of a horse that will not obey, who, to get rid of his rider, rises mightily before, and, while his forehand is yet in the air, yerks furiously with his hind legs. º ESTREPEMENT, e-strèëp'mént. s. Spoil made by the tenant for term of life upon any lands or woods. ESTRICH, Čs'tritsh. s. The largest of birds. roperly OSTRICH. EŠTUARY, &s'tshū-à-ré. s. 461. An arm of the sea, the mouth of a lake or river in which the tide ebbs and flows - To ESTUATE, &s'tshā-āte. v. a. 91. To swell and fall reciprocally, to boil. ESTUATION, 8s-tshū-à'shán. s. The state of boiling, reciprocation of rise and fall. ESURIENT, e-ziré-ent. a. 479. Hungry, vora- CHOllS. - ESURINE, &zh'º-rine. a. 479. Corroding, eat- Ing. - e ETC. §t-sét'ê-rá. &c. A contraction of the Latin words Et captera, which signifies, And so of the TeSt. - To ETCH, &tsh. v. a. A way used in making of prints, by drawing with a proper needle upo a copper-plate. - - - ETCHING, 8tshing. . s. An impression of a copper-plate taken after the manner cited from Harris by Johnson under Etch Magoº EVA EVE 189 —mö, móve, mêr, mēt;—túbe, túb, bill;-&il;-pôānd;—thin, THIs. ETERNAL, 3-tér'nāl. a. Without beginning or end; unchangeable. e ETERNAL, Š-tér'mál. s. One of the appellations of the Godhead. ETERNALIST, 8-térnál-list. s. One that holds the past existence of the world infinite. To ETERNALIZE, &-tér'nāl-lize. v. a. To make etermal. & ETERNALLY, &-tér'nāl-lè. ad. Without begin- ning or end; unchangeably, invariably. ETERNE, &-térn', a. Eternal, perpetual. ETERNITY, &-tér'né-té. s. Duration without beginning or end ; duration without end. To ETERNIZE, &-tér'nize. v. a. To make end- less, to perpetuate ; to make for ever famous, to immortalize. ETHER, 'thér, s. The matter of the highest regions above; a chymical preparation. Ełºś. ë-thè'ré-ál. a. 38. Formed of ether; celestial, heavenly. ETHEREOUS, ºthè'rè-às. a. Formed of ether, heavenly. $ - ETHICAL, eth'é-kál. a. 88. Moral, treating on morality. ETHICALLY, &th'é-kāl-ć. ad. According to the doctrines of morality. ETHICK, Šth'ík. a. Moral, delivering precepts of morality. ETHICKS, 6th'íks. s. without the singular. The doctrine of morality, a system of morality. ETHNICK, Šth'nik. a. Heathem, Pagan, not Jewish, not Christian. - ETHNICKS, 8th'niks s. , Heathens. ETHOLOGICAL, Šth-ö-lödje'è-kál. a. 530. Treat- ing of morality. ETIOLOGY, &-tê-Öl'ö-jë. s. An account of the causes of any thing, generally of a distemper. ETIQUETTE, Št-è-két'. s. 415. The polite form or manner of doing any thing ; the ceremonial of good manners. ſº. word crept into use some years after Johnson wrote his Dictionary, nor have I found it in any other I have consulted. I have ven- tured, however, to insert it here, as it seems to be established; and as it is more specifick than ceremonial, it is certainly of use. ETUI, Ét-wé'. s. French. A case for tweezers and such instruments. Mason. ETYMOLOGICAL, Št-è-mö-lödje'é-kál. a. Re- lating to etymology. ETYMOLOGIST, Ét-è-mölö-jist. . s. searches out the original of words. ETYMOLOGY, Ét-è-mölö-jë. s. The descent or derivation of a word from its original, the de- duction of formations from the radical word ; the part of grammar which delivers the inflec- tions of nouns and verbs. To EVACATE, &-vā'kâte. v. a. To empty out, to throw out. To EVACUATE, &-vák’īā-āte. v. a. To make empty, to clear; to void by any of the excreto- ry passages; to quit, to withdraw from out of 3. Ola C6. EºNT, è-vák'ê-ànt. s. Medicine that pro- cures evacuation by any passage. IZVACUATION, 8-vák-à-à'shán. s. Such emis- sions as leave a vacancy; discharge; the prac- tice of emptying the body by physick; dis- charges of the body by any vent natural or ar- tificial. To EMADE, &-våde'. v. a. To elude; to avoid; to §§ or elude by sophistry. To EVADE, 8-vade'. v. n. To escape, to slip away ; to practise sophistry or evasions. EVAGATION, Év-á-gā'shôn. s. The act of wan- dering, deviation. iſ ſº I am well aware that this and the two follow- ing words, are often, by good speakers, pro- nounced with the e in the first syllable long and open, but I think contrary to that correctness which arises from general analogy. 530. EVANESCENT, Šv-à-nés'sént. a. imperceptible One who * Vanishing, EVANGELICAL, Šv-án-jël'è-kāl. a. Agreeable to gospel, consonant to the Christian law reveal- ed in the holy gospel; contained in the gospel EVANGELISM, e-vámjé-Ézm. s. The promul- gation of the blessed gospel. EVANGELIST, e-vänjë-list. s. A writer of the history of our Lord Jesus ; a promulgator of the Christian laws. To EVANGELIZE, 8-vänjê-lize. v. a. To in- struct in the gospel, or law of Jesus. EVANTD., &-vān'íd. a. Faint, weak, evanescent , EWAPORABLE, &-váp'ö-rá-bl. a. 405. Easily dissipated in fumes or vapours. To EVAPORATE, &-váp'ö-räte. v. n. 91. To fly away in fumes or vapours. To EVAPORATE, &-väp'ö-räte. v. a. To drive away in fumes; to give vent to ; to let out in , ebullition or saliies. EWAPORATION, *-váp-ó-rà'shán. s. The act of flying away in fumes and vapours; the act of attenuating matter, so as to make it fume a- way: in pharmacy, an operation by which li-" quids are spent or driven away in steams, so as fo leave some part stronger than before. - EVASION, 8-vā'zhàm. s.49. Excuse, subterfuge, sophistry, artifice. EVASIVE, A-vá'sív. a. 158, 428. Practising eva- sion. elusive; containing an evasion, sophistical. EUCHARIST, yū'kā-rist. s. 353. The act of giving thanks, the sacramental act in which the death of our Redeemer is commemorated with a thankful remembrance; the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. FUCHARISTICAL, yā-kā-ris'té-kāl, a. Con- taining acts of thanksgivings; relating to the sacrament of the Supper of the Lord. EUCHOLOGY, yū-kölö-jë. s. A formulary of prayers. EUCRASY, yū'krá sé. s. An agreeable well- proportioned mixture, whereby a body is in health. #sº, }s. The close of the day; the vigil or fast to be observed before an holiday. EVEN, 8'vm. a. 103. Level, not rugged; uniform, smooth ; equal on both sides; without any thing owed; calm, not subject to elevation or depression; capable to be divided into equal parts. To EVEN, &'vn. v. a. To make even; to make out of debt, to make level. EVEN, 8'vn. ad. A word of strong assertion, verily ; supposing that; notwithstanding. Evºiași. ë'vn-hăn'déd. a. Impartial, equitable. EVENING, &’vn-ſmg. s. The close of the day, the beginning of might. EVENīy, ºvnić ad. Equally, uniformly; smoothly; impartially, without favour, or en- mity. EVENNESS, 'vn-nēs. s. State of being even ; uniformity, regularity ; equality of surface, levelness; freedom from inclimation to either side ; calmness, freedom from perturbation. EVENTIDE, &'vn-tide. s. The time of evening. EVENT, &-vént'. s. An incident, any thing that happens; the consequence of an action. To EVENTERATE, &-vén'tè-räte. v. a. To rip up, to open the belly. EVENTFUL, *-véntfül. a. Full of incidents. To EVENTILATE, &-vén'tè-lāte. v. a. To win- now, to sift out; to examine, to discuss. EVENTUAL, *-vén'tshā-āl. a. Happening in consequence of any thing, consequential. EVENTUALLY, &vén'tshū-āl-lè. ad. In the event, in the last result. EVER, &v’ār, ad. 98. At any time; at all times; for ever; a word of enforcement;, As soon as ever he had done it; it is often contracted into e’er. • * EVERBUBBLING, Év-ār-báb'ling. up with perpettial murmurs. a. Boiling 190 EX [[F 559–Fâte, fár, fall, fit;-mê, mét ;--pine, pīn;— EVERBURNING, &v-ār-bºr'ning. a. Unextin- lished. - EßRING, év-ār-dà'ring. a. Eternal, en- during without end. ; EVERGREEN, 8v-ār-grèën'. a. Werdant through- out the year. . EVERGREEN, 8v'ār-gréén. s. A plant that re- tains its verdure through all the seasons. EVERHONOIJRED, Év-ār-àn'nārd. a. Always held in honour. FVERLASTING, Šv-ār-lás'thng. a. Lasting or enduring without end, perpetual, immortal. FVERLASTING, &y-ār-lästing. ‘s. Eternity. EVERLASTINGLY, &y-ār-lästing-lè, ad. Eter- mally, without end. EVERLASTINGNESS, Eternity, perpetuity. EVERLIVING, Év-ār-living. a. Living with- out end. * EVERMORE, &v-ār-möre'. ad mally To EVERSE, & vérse'. v. a. To overthrow, to subvert. To EVERT, 3-vért v. a. To destroy. EVERY, &v’ār-é. . a. Each one of all. EVESDROPPER, &v'z'dróp-pár. s. Some mean fellow that skulks about the house in the night. 1ſo EVESTIGATE, &-vés'té-gäte v. a. To search out. EUGH, yöö. s. A tree. To EVICT, &-vikt', v. a. sentence of law ; to prove. £VICTION, &-vik'shân. s. Dispossession or de- privation by a definitive sentence of a court of judicature; proof...evidence. EVIDENCE, &v'é-dénse. . s. The state of being evident, clearmess ; testimony, proof; witness, one that gives evidence. To EVIDENCE, Év'é-dénse. v. a. make discovery of. EVIDENT, Šv'è-dént. a. év-ār-lás’ting-més. S. Always, eter- To take away by a To prove, to Plain, apparent, no- torious. EVIDENTLY, &v'é-dént-lè. ad. Apparently, certainly, EVIL, 'vl. a. 159. Having bad qualities of any kind; wicked, corrupt ; miserable ; mis- chievous, destructive. EVIL., &'vl. s. Wickedness, a crime; injury, mischief, malignity, corruption ; misfortune, calamity ; malady, disease. EWIL, &'vl, ad. Not well in whatever respect; injuriously, not kindly. EVILAFFECTED, &-vl-āf-fék tēd. a. Not kind, not disposed to kindness. EVFLDOER, &-vl-dó'âr. s. Malefactor. EVILFAVOURED, &-vi-fé'värd. a. Ill-counte- , nanced. EVILFAVOUREDNESS, &-wl-fa'vārd-nēs. s. Deformity. EVILMINDED, & v1-mind'éd. a. mischievous. EVILNESS, 'vl-nēs. s. Contrariety to good- ness, badness of whatever kind, EVILSPEAKING, &-wl-spé'king, s. Defamation, calumny - EVILWISHING, e-vi-wish?ng. a. Wishing evil to, having no good will. - EVILWORKER, &-wl-wärk'âr. s. One who does ill. To EVINCE, &-vínse'. v. a. To prove, to show. EVINC IBLE, &-win'sé-bl. a. Capable of proof, demonstrable. £VINCIBLY, Š-win'sè-biè. ad. ner as to £orce conviction. To EVISCERATE, Š-vis'sè-räte. v. a. To em- bowel, to deprive of the entrails. F.VITABLE, &v'é-tá-bl. a. 405. Avoidable, that may be scaped or shumned. ‘Ā’o, EVITATE, &vi-&-täte. v. a. To avoid, to Shum. £VITATION, 8v.é-Ashān, s 530. The act of exoiding. - Malicious, In such a man- EULOGY, yū'lò-jë. S. Praise, encomium. EUNUCH, yū'nāk. s. One that is castrated. EWOCATION, Šv-ö-kå'shân. s. The act of call- ing out. EVOLATION, Šv-ó-lá'shán. s. 530. The act of flying away. To EVOLVE, &-völv'. v. a. To unfold, to dis. entangle. To EVOLVE, 3-völv'. v. m. To open itself, to disclose itself. 4. EVOLUTION, &v-ó-lú'shām. s. 530. The act of unrolling or unfolding; the series of things unrolled or unfolded : in tacticks, the motion made by a body of men in changing their pos- ture, or form of drawing up, EWOMITION, Šv-ó-mīshān, s. 530. The act of vomiting out. EUPEPTIC, yū-pép'til... a. .4%ason. - - EUPHONICAL, yū-fón'ê-kál. a. agreeably, EUPHONY, yū'fö-mè. s. An agreeable sound, the contrary to harshness. EUPHORBIUM, yū-fôr'hē-ăm. s. . A plant, a gum. Pºasy, yū'frå-så. s. 92. The herb Eye. right. EURIPUS, yū-ri'pës. s. (From Euripus Euboi- cºs, that ebbs and flows seven times in a day.) Perpetual fluctuation. JMason. EUROCLYDON, yū-rók'lé-dón. s. A wind which blows between East and North, very dangerous in the Mediterranean. EUROPEAN, yū-rö-pê'ān. a. Europe. [[G’ This word, according to the analogy of our own language, ought certainly to have the ac- cent on the second syllable ; and this is the pro- nunciation which umlettered speakers constant ly adopt; but the learned, ashamed of the anal- ogies of their own tongue, always place the ac- cent on the third syllable, because Europaeus has the penultimate long, and is therefore ac- cented in Tatin. Epicurean, has the accent on the same syllable by the same rule; while Herculean and Cerulean submit to English analogy, and have the accent on the second syllable, because their penultimate in Latin is short. EURUS, yū'rås, s , The East wind. EURYTHMY, yū'rith-mé. s. Harmony, regular and symmetrical measure. EUTHANASIA, yū-thān-A'zhē-ă. EUTHANASY, yū-thān'ā-sè. 92. easy death. - - [[; Of the accent of the first of these words, there can be no dispute ; but the last is the first ariglicised, and therefore admits of some diver sity. Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash. Entick, Barclay, Bailey, and the first editions of Dr. Johnson, accent the last of these words on the antepenultimate, but the quarto edition of Johnson on the penultimate ; I suspect, how ever, if we were strictly to follow our own ana logy, that we ought to place the accent on the first syllable; for as this termination is not en clitical, 513, it seems to be under the same predicament as Academy, Irreparable, &c. which See. - EVULGATION, Šv-āl-gå'shān. s. The act of di- vulging EWU ŠföN, è-vål'shôn. s. The act of plucking Out. EWE, yū. s. 268. The she sheep. [[; There is a vulgar pronunciation of this word, as iſ written yoe which must be carefully avoided. EWER, yūſár. s. 98. A vessel in which water is brought for washing the hands. E.WRY, yū'rè. . s. An office in the king's house: hold, where they take care of the linen for the king’s table. Of easy digestion. Sounding Belonging to } S. 453. An EX, Čks, or égz, A Late preposition often pre- EXA |EXC 191 —nó, móve, mêr, mēt;—túbe, túb, bāll;-&il,—pôānd;—thin, THIs. fixed to compounded words; sometimes mean- ing out, as exhaust, to draw out. e ‘º & Ir; The z in this inseparable preposition is, with respect to sound, under the same predicament as the s in Dis: which see. 425. To EXACERBATE, Égz-ás'ér-bäte. v. a. To embitter, to exasperate. EXACERBATION, Égz-ás-ér-bä'shām. s. In- crease of malignity, augmented force or seve- rity. ExºeRVATION , Égz-ás-sér-vå'shām. s. The act of heaping up. º - EXACT, &gz-ākt'. a. 478. Nice; methodical ; accurate; honest, strict, punctual. º To EXACT, Égz-ākt'. . v. a. To require authori- tatively ; to demand of right. tº To EXACT, Égz-ākt'. v. n. To practise extor- tion. EXACTER, Égz-āk'tár. s. 98. Extortioner, one who claims more than his due ; one who is se- vere in his injunctions or his demands. & EXACTION, Égz-āk 'shôn. s. Extortion, unjust demand; a toll, a tribute severely levied. EXACTLY, &gz-ākt'lè. ad. Accurately, micely. EXACTNESS, Égz-ākt'nés. s. Accuracy, nicety; regularity of conduct, strictness of manners. To EXAGGFRATE, &gz-ādje'ê-räte. v. a. To heighten by representation. e [[P This word is sometimes heard with the dou- ble g hard, as in dagger; but every one who has a scrap of Latin knows, that exaggerate comes from exaggero, and that all words from that language have the g soft before e and i ; the third syllable, therefore, must have the e soft. But it will be said, that, according to the laws of pronunciation, the first g ought to be hard as the first c is in flaccid, siccity, &c. To which it may be answered, that, strictly *; it ought to be so; but polite usage has so fixed the first as well as the last f in the soft sound, that mone but a confirmed pedant would have the boldsmess to promounce them differently. This usage too we find is not without all founda- tion in analogy. . Wherever there is a conside- rable difficulty, in keeping sounds separate, they will infallibly run into each other. This is observable in the sound of s, which, when final, always adopts the sound of z when a flat eonsonant precedes, 434; the first s likewise in the termination session, mission, &c. necessarily runs into the sound of sh like lasts : but it may be said, that the first § in exaggerate has no such relation to the second as s has to sh, and that this very difference between the two consonants makes us preserve the first c in flaccid and swo- city in its hard sound of k, which is perfectly distinct from the other sound of c, which is nothing more than s. . To this it can only be replied by way of mitigation, that hard g and soft g or j are formed hearer together in the mouth than hard c or k and soft c or s, and therefore as they are more liable to coalesce, their coalescence is more excusable. EXAGGERATION, Égz-ādje-é-rá'shān, s. The act of keeping together; hyperbolical amplifi- cation To EXAGITATE, Égz-ādje'é-täte. v. a. To shake, to put in motion. EXAGITATION, Égz-ādje-é-tà'shān. s. The act of shaking. To EXALT., &gz-ālt'. v. a. To raise on high ; to elevate to power, wealth, or dignity; to elevate to joy or confidence; to praise, to extol, to magnify ; to elevate in diction or sentiment. EXALTATION, Égz-āl-tä'shön. s. The act of raising on high ; elevation in power or dignity; most elevated state, state of greatness or dig- Inity. EºPN , Égz-ā'mén. s. 503. Examination, dis- uisition. EßTE, ºxºmºte s. The person examined. * EXAMINATION, Égz-ām-è-nā'shôn. s. The act of §§§ y questions, or experiment EXAMINATOR, Égz-ām'é-na-tár. s. 521. An examiner, an inquirer. To EXAMINE, Égz-Am'ín. v. a. , 140. To try a person accused or suspected by interrogatories to interrogate a witness; to try the truth or falsehood of any proposition; to try by expe- riment, to marrowly sift, to scan; to make in- quiry into, to search into, to scrutimise. EXAMINER, Égz-ám’é-nár. s. One who inter rogates a criminal or evidence; one who searches or tries any thing. EXAMPLE, $gz-ām'pl. s. 478. Copy or pattern, that which is proposed to be resembled ; pre: cedent, former instance of the like ; a person fit to be proposed as a patterm ; one punished for the admonition of others; instances in which a rule is illustrated by an application. EXANGUIOUS, Ék-sång'gwě-às. a. Having no blood.—See ExiccATE. EXANIMATE, Égz-àn'è-māte. a. Lifeless, dead ; spiritless, depressed. EXANIMATION, &gz-àn-è-mâ'shöm. s. Depri- vation of life ExºMous, ègz-án'ê-mâs. a. Lifeless, dead, killed. EXANTHEMATA, &ks-án-thém'á-tá. s. Erup- tions, pustules. EXANTHEMATOUS, Šks-án-thém'ä-täs. a. Pus- tulous, eruptive. To EXANTLATE, &gz-ànt'lāte. v. a. To draw out ; to exhaust, to waste away. EXANTLATION, Čks-ánt-lä'shān. s. The act of drawing out. EXARTICULATION, Šks-ār-tík-5-lä'shān. s. The dislocation of a joint. To EXASPERATE, Šgz-às'pér-āte. v. a. To pro- Yoke, to enrage, to irritate; to heighten a dif- ference, to aggravate, to embitter. EXASPERATER, Égz-às'pér-à-tár. s. He that exasperates or provokes. EXASPERATION, Égz-ās pér-àshàn. s. Aggra- yation, malignant representation; provocation, irritation. To EXAUCTORATE, &gz-àwk'tó-räte. v. a. To dismiss from service; to deprive of a benefice. EXAUCTORATION, Śgz-àwk’tó-rà'shôn. s. Dis- mission from service ; deprivation, degradation. EXCANDESCENCE, ...; 510. - EXCANDESCENCY, &ks-kān-dés'sén-sè. * Heat, the state of growing hot; anger, the state of growing angry. EXCANTATION, Šks-kān-tá'shôn. s. chantment by a counter charm. To EXCARNATE, &ks-kār'nāte. v. a. To ciear from flesh. EXCARNIFICATION, Šks-kār-mè-fé-kå'shôn. s. The act of taking away the flesh. To EXCAVATE, Čks-kā'väte. v. a. To hollow, to cut into hollows. EXCAVATION, &ks-kā-vá'shôn. s. The act of cutting into hollows; the hollow formed, the cavity. To EXCEED, Ék-sèèd'. v. a. To go beyond, to º } to excel, to surpass. To EXCEED, &K'sééd', 'v. n. To go too far, to ass the bounds of fitness; to go beyond any imits 3 to bear the greater proportion. EXCEEDING, Šk-sééding. part. a. §§ extent or duration. E ºpin GLY, &k-sèë'ding-lè. ad. To a great €gree. To £xćEL, ék-sé!'. v. a. qualities, to surpass. To EXCEL, Šk-sé!'. v. n. To have good quali- E §§É. * §. à 13 * NC 3. k's - InSè. e e EXCELLENCY, Šk'sél-lém-sè. ; S, Dignity, high rank; the state of excelling in any thing, that in which one excels a title of honour, Disen- Great in To outgo in good * r- EXC 192 EXC (IG 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fit;-mê, mét;—pine, pin;– visually applied to ambassadors and govern- Ottl’S. EXCELLENT, Ék'sél-lént. a. Of great virtue, of great worth, of great dignity; eminent in any ood quality. EXCELLENTLY, Šk's&l-lént-lè. ad. Well in a high aegree to an eminent degree. To EXCEPT, ek-sépt. v. a. foieave out, and specify as left out of a general precept or posi- tion. To EXCEPT, Ék-sépt'. v. n. To object, to make objections. EXCEPT, Ék-sépt', prep. Exclusively of, without inclusion of ; tımless. EXCEPTING, €k-sép'ting. prep. Without inclu- ...sion of with exception of EXCEPTION, Čk-sép'shān, s. Exclusive from the things comprehended in a precept or po- sition ; thing excepted, or specified in excep- tion; objection, cavil; peevish dislike, offence taken. EXCEPTIONABLE, &k-sép'shān-á-bl. a. Liable to objection. EXCEPTIOUS, Ék-sép'shās. a. Peevish, for- ward. EXCEPTIVE, Šk-sép'tív. a. Including an ex- ception. EXCEPTLESS, €k-sépt'lés. a. Omitting or ne- § all exceptions. EXCEPTOR, 8k-sép'tór. s. 166. Objector. 'o EXCERN, 8k-sérn'. v. a. To strain out, to separate or emit by strainers. EXCERPTION, Šk-sérp'shān. s. The act of gleaning, selecting ; the thing gleaned or se- lected. EXCESS, Ék-sés'. s. More than enough, super- fluity; intemperance, unreasonable indulgence; transgression of due limits. EXCESSIVE, &k-sés'siv. a. Beyond the common proportion of quantity or bulk ; vehement be- ond measure in kindness or dislike. EXCESSIVELY, &k-sés'siv-lè. ad. Exceedingly, eminently. ' To EXCHANGE, &ks-tshānje'. v. a. To give or quit one thing for the sake of gaining another; to give and take reciprocally. EXCHANGE, éks-tshānje'. s. The act of giving and receiving reciprocally; barter; the balance of the money of different nations ; the place where the merchants meet to negociate their affairs. EXCHANGER, &ks-tshānjär. s. One who prac- tises exchange. EXCHEQUER, &ks-tshék'âr. s. The court to which are brought all the revenues belonging to the crown. EXCISE, &k-size'. s. modities. To EXCISE, 6k-slze'. v. a. To levy excise upon a person or thing. EXCISEMAN, 3k-size’mán. s. 88. An officer who inspects commodities. £XCISION, Čk-sizh'àn s. 451. Extirpation, de- struction. EXCITATION, &k-sé-tä'shān. s. citing or putting into motion. To EXCITE, Ék-site'. v. a. To rouse, to animate, to stir up, to encourage. EXCII EMENT, Šk-site'mént. s. The motive by which one is stirred up. EXCITER, 8k-sitàr. s. One that stirs up others, or puts them in motion. To EXCLAIM, Šks-kläme'. v. n. To cry out with vehemence, to make an outcry." EXCLAMATION, 6ks-klä-mâ'shān. s. Vehe- ment outcry, clamour, outrageous vociferation; an emphatical utterance ; a note by which a athetical sentence is marked thus (!). EXCLAIMER, Šks-klä'mür. s. One that makes vehement outcries. TeXCLAMATORY, &ks-klām‘ā-tūr-8. a. 512, 557. Practising exclamation; containing exclamation. A tax levied upon com- The act of ex- To EXCLUDE, Éks-kläde'. v. a. To shutout; to glebar, to hinder from participation; to except EXCLUSION, 8ks-klū'shân. s. The act of shut. ting out ; the act of debarring from any privi. lege; exception; the dismission of the young from the egg or womb. EXCLUSIVE, Éks-klū'sív. a. 158, 428. Having the power of excluding or denying admission: debarring from participation; not taking into any account or number, excepting. EXCLUSIVELY, &ks-klū'siv-lè. ad. Without ad- mission of another to participation; without comprehension in any account or number. To EXCOCT, &ks-kökt'. v. a. To boil up. To Excóöff ATE, is ködje'étate v. a. To in. vent, to strike out by thinking. To EXCOMMUNICATE, Čks-köm-mă'né-kâte v, a . To eject from the communion of the visi- ble church by an ecclesiastical censure. Some smatterers in elocution are trying to pronounce this word with the accent on the se- cond syllable, and thus leave the three last syl- lables unaccented ; as if harshness and difficul- ty of pronunciation were the tests of propriety. The next word will admit of the accent on this syllable, as another must be placed on the fifth; but if a secondary accent be necessary, it ought to be rather on the first syllable. 522. EXCOMMUNICATION,éks-köm-mü-mê-kå'shôn. s. An ecclesiastical interdict, exclusion from the fellow ship of the church. = - To EXCORIATE, <s-kö'rè-āte. v. a. To ſlay, to strip off the skin. EXCORIATION, Šks-kö-rè-à'shôn. s. Loss of skin, privation of skin, the act of flaying. EXCORTICATION, Šks-kör-tê-kå'shôn. s. Pull- ing the bark off any thing. EXCREMENT, §t. s. That which is thrown out as useless from the natural passaged of the body. EXCREMENTAL, &ks-krè-mén'tál.” a. That which is voided as excrement. EXCREMENTITIOUS, Šks-krè-mén-tish’és. a Containing excrements, consisting of matter excreted from the body. EXCRFSCENCE, Čks-krés'sénse. S. 510 EXCRESCENCY, &ks-krés'sém-sè. & Somewhat growing out of another without use, and contrary to the common order of produc tion. EXCRESCENT, Šks-krès'sént. a. That which #. out of another with preternatural super- fluity. FXCRETION, &ks-krè'shôn. s. a mimal substance. EXCRETIVE, &ks-krè'tív. a Having the power of ejecting excrements. EXCRETORY, Čks-krè thr-e. a. Having the quality of separating and ejecting superfluous parts.--For the o see Dom ESTICK. EXCRUCIABLE, &ks-kröö'shë-à-bl. a. Liable to tormont. To EXCRUCIATE, Šks-króð'shē-ăte. v. a. 542. To torture, to torment. EXCUBATION, Čks-kā-bä'shām. s. The act of watching all night. To EXCULPATE, Šks-kāl'päte. v. a. To clear from the imputation of a fault. Separation of EXCURSION, &ks-kār'shān. s. The act of devi ating from the stated or settled path; an ex pedition into some distant part, digression. EXCURSIVE, &ks-kār'sív. a. 157. Rambling, wandering, deviating. EXCUSABLE, &ks-kö’zá-bl. a. Pardonable: EXCUSABLENESS, Šks-kū'zā-bl-nés. S. Par- donableness, capability to be excused. EXCUSATION, Šks-kā-zà'shān. s. Excuse, plea, apology. e EXCUSATORY, &ks-kū'zā-tär-à. a. Pleading excuse, apologetical.—For the o, see Domes- TICK. 512. | To EXCUSE, Šks-kāze' v a, 437. To extenuate EXE 193 --nē, móve, nér, nôt;—túbe, túb, buil;-&fl;--pôānd;—thin, THIs. • by apology; to disengage from an obligation; to remit, not to exact; to pardon by allowing an apology; to throw off imputation by a feign- ed apology. EXCUSE, <s-kūse'. s. Plea offered in extenua- tion, apology; the act of excusing ; , cause for which one is excused, º EXCUSELESS, Šks-kőse'lés. a. That for which no excuse can be given. EXCUSER, Éks-kū'zár. s. One who pleads for another; one who forgives another. º To EXCUSS, Šks-kās'. v. a. To seize and detain y law. - £XCUSSION, Šks-kāsh'ân. s. Seizure by law. EXECRABLE, &k'sé-krä-bl. a. 405. Hateful, detestable, accursed. . - EXECRABí.Y., ák'sé-krá-blé. ad. Cursedly, abominably. To EXECRATE, &k'sè-kräte. v. a. To curse, to imprecate ill upon. - EXECRATION, Šk-sè-krä'shán. s. Curse, impre- cation of evil. . - - To EXECUTE, Šk'sé-kète. v. a. To put in act, to do what is Plº ; to put to death accord- # to form of justice. EXECUTION, Šk-sè-kū'shôn. s. Performance, practice ; the last act of the law in civil causes, by which possession is given of body or goods ; capital punishment ; death inflicted by forms of law; destruction, slaughter. £XECUTIONER, 3k-sè-kū'shân-ár. s. He that puts in act, or executes; he that inflicts capital unishment. º CUTIVE, &gz-ékº-tív. a. 478. Having the quality of executing or performing; active, not E deliberative, not legislative, having the power to utin act the laws. e CUTOR, Égz-ék'ê-tör. s. 166. He that is intrusted to perform the will of a testator. tº When this word signifies one who performs any thing in general, the accent is on the same gvilable as on the verb to Execute. EXECUTORSHIP, Égz-ék'ê-tär-ship. s. The office of him that is appointed to perform the will of the defunct. EXECUTORY, &k-sék'ê-tär-É. a. Performing official duties. JMason. • * £XECUTRIX, &gz-ék'ê-tríks. g. A woman in- trusted to perform the will of the testator. EXEGESIS, Šks-e-je'słs. s. 478, 520. An expla– Ination. FXEGETICAL, Šks-é-jét'é-kál. a. Explanatory, expository. - EXEMPLAR, Égz-ém'plär. S. 88. A pattern, an example to be imitated. EXEMPLARILY, &gz'ém-plar-à-lè. ad. In such a manner as deserves imitation; in such a man- ner as may warm others. EXEMPLARINESS, Égz'ém-plár-é-nēs. s. State of standing as a pattern to be copied. EXEMPLARY, &gz'ém-plar-à. a. Such as may deserve to be proposed to imitation ; such as may give warning to others. - ūjº I have given the first syllable of this word, and the substantive and adverb formed from it, the flat sound of a, directly contrary to analo- gy, because I think, it agreeable to the best usagé ; and in this case, analogy must be silent, though I think it ought to be a silence of com- plaisance rather than of consent. 425,478. EXEMPLIFICATION, Égg-Ém-plé-fé-kå'shôn. s. A copy, a transcript; an illustration by exam- le. TºxEMPLIFY, agzample+. v. a. 183. To illustrate by example; to transcribe, to copy. To EXEMPT, Égz-émt'. v. a. 412. To privilege, to grant immunity from. EXEMPT, &gz-Émt’. a. Free by privilege; not subject, not liable to. EXEMPTION, $gz-ém'shān. s. vilege, freedom from impos £XEWł posts. TITIQUS, º n-tish’és, a, Separa- £ Immunity, pri- ble, that which may be taken from another, To EXENTERATE, égz-én'tér-āte. v. a. To embowel. EXENTERATION, Égz-3m-têr-#'shān. s. The ãºt ºf taking out the bowels, embowelling. EXEQUIAL, Égz-e'kwë-ál. a. Relating to fune- rals. EXEQUIES, Šks'é-kwiz. s. Without a singular ... Funeral rites, the ceremony of burial. EXERCENT, &gz-ér'sér.t. a. Practising, follow- ing any calling. EXERCISE, Šks'ér-size. s. 478. Labour of the body, for health or amusement; preparatory practice in order to skill ; practice, outward performance ; task, that which one is appoint- ed to perform ; act of divine worship, whether. publick or private. To EXERCISE, Šks'ér-size. v. a. To employ; to train by use to any act; to task, to keep em- ployed as a #. injunction; to practise or use in order to habitual skill. To EXERCISE, Šks'ér-size. v. n. To use exer. cise, to labour for health. - EXERCISER, Šks'êr-si-zár. s. He that directg or uses exercise. • . EXERCITATION, &gz-Śr-sè-tà'shēn. s. Exer- cise; practice, use. To EXERT, Égz-ért'. v. a. 478. To use with an effort; to put forth, to perform. EXERTION, &gz-ér'shôn. s. The act of exert ing, effort. - EXESION, &gz-é'shôn. s. The act of eating through, - Exºtion, égz-ás-tshö-à'shön. s. The state of boiling. To EXFOLIATE, &ks-fô'lē-ăte. v. n. To shell off, as a corrupt bone from the sound part. . EXFOLIATION, Šks-fo-lè-à'shôn. s. The pro- cess by which the ºted part of the bone separates from the sound. EXFOLIATIVE, $gz-fô'lè-à-tiv. a. That which has the power of procuring exfoliation. . . . EXHALABLE, &gz-há'lä-bl. a. 405. That which may be evaporated. - EXHALATION, Šks-há-lä'shām. s. The act of exhaling or sending out in vapours; the state of evaporating or flying out in vapours; that which rises in vapours. 4. To EXHALE, Égz-hâle'. v. a. 478. To send or draw out vapours or fumes. [[Gº Though the ablest grammarians (Beauzée. Grammaire Générale tom. I. p. 66). have deter- mined H to be a consonant, they have not de- cided whether it belongs to the flat or sharp class. If we consult our ear when we place an unaccented a before it, we shall judge it belongs to the former, as the ac in this situation general- ly slides into gz. +- EXHALEMENT, Égz-hâle'mént. s. Matter ex- haled, vapour. T- - To EXHAUST, &gz-häwst'. v. a. 425. To drain, to diminish ; to draw out totally, to draw out till nothing is left. EXHAUSTION, Égz-hăws'tshön. s.464. The act of drawing. - EXHAUSTLESS, &gz-häwst'lés. a. Not to be emptied, inexhaustible. To EXHIBIT, &gz-hibºt. v. a. 478. To offer to view or use, to offer or propose; to show, to display. -- EXHIBITER, Čgz-hibit-àr. 3. He that offers any , thing. EXHIBITION, 3ks-hé-bish’ém. s. The act of ex- hibiting, display, setting forth; allowance, saw lary, pension. * * To EXHILARATE, &gz-hillá-räte. v.a. To make cheerful, to fill with mirth; . . EXHILARATION, Čgz-híl-ā-rà'shān, s. The act of giving gaiety; the state of being enli- vened. To EXHORT, egzhört. v. a. To incite ty. words to any good action. *}, EXI f EXP 194 **t *r nº º * *- <-- “..., " : i [[G 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit, mē, mét, pine, pīn;– EXHORTATION, Éks-hör-tä'shôn. s. The act of exhorting, incitement to good; the form of words by which one is exhorted. EXHORTATIVE, &ks-hör’tá-tív. a. Tending to exhortation, containing exhortation. JMason. EXHORTATORY, &gz-hör'tá-tär-8. a. Tending to exhort. For the last o, see Domestick 512. EXHORTER, Égz-hör’tár.'s. One who exhorts. To EXICCATE, &K-sik'kâte. v. a. To dry. tº The first syllable of this word (strictly speak- ing) ought to be º: according to the rule laid down under the preposition Ex: but in this pronunciation we totally lose the sharp s which commences the Latin word sicco, to dry ; of which this word is compounded; and thus the sound of the word is radically injured, and its etymology lost. But it will be said, the Latins made the same excision of the radical s on account of the coincidence with the s con- tained in the ac of the preposition, and wrote the word exicco. It is allowed these corruptions obtained amongst them, as amongst us; though it is doubtful whether the same inconvenience arose amongst them in this word as with us : for Vossius makes it highly probable that the Latins never gave the flat sound egz to the let- ter 2: ; and the best manuscripts inform us, that writing this word with an ºc, as exsicco, and thus reserving the composition distinct and per- ect, is the most accurate orthography. EXICCATION, 8k-sik-kå'shān. s. Act of drying up, state of being dried up. Exºtive, ék-sik'ka-tív. a. 512. Drying in quality. EXIGENCE, &k'sè-jënse. EXIGENCY, §. } S. Demand, want, need; pressing necessity, distress, sudden oc- casion. EXIGENT, Ék'sè-jênt... s. Pressing business, oc- casion that requires immediate help. EXIGUITY, &ks-è-gū'é-té. s. Smallness, diminu- tiveness. EXIGUOUS, Čgz-īgē-ăs. a. Small, diminutive, littke. EXILE, Éks'Île. s. Banishment, state of being banished ; the person banished. Ú This word, as a substantive, has the accent always on the first syllable ; as a verb, it was formerly accented on either syllable; but it is now, as Mr. Nares observes, universally accent- ed as the noun. TEXILE, Ég-zile'. a. 478. Small, slender, not full. [[G. This word, as an adjective derived from the Latin exilis, is by Nares, Sheridan, Ash, and Entick, accented on the last syllable. The third edition of Johnson's folio edition has the accent on the last also ; but the quarto edition has it on the first. Authority is certainly on the side of the ultimate accent; but it may be questioned whether it is not contrary to amalo- gy, for the penultimate i being long in Latin has no necessary influenee on the English word, any more than it has on hostile, servile, &c. To EXILE, &g-zile'. v. a. 492. To banish, to drive from a country. EXILEMENT, &g-zlle'mént. s. Banishment. |EXILITION, Šks-è-lish'êm. s. Slenderness, small- IlêSS. EXIMIOUS, Ég-zim'é-às, a. Famous, eminent. To EXIST, Ég-zist'. v. n. 478. To be, to have a #. EXISTENCE, Śg-zis'ténse. EXISTENCY, &g-zis'tén-sè. ing, actual possession of being. Eğ. ég-zis'tént. a. In being, in posses- sion of being. Exºtion, ég-zls-tê-mâ'shān, s. Opinion; esteem, EXIT, &ks'it. s. The term set in the margin of plays to mark the time at which the player goes # departure, act of quitting the theatre of * ; s. State of be- EXITIAL, Égz-ish'yāl; 113. EXITIOUS, Égz-ish'yás. jº. dăs. 2 ks'ó-dûs. gº EXODY, ãº. 5 s. Departure, jour. mey from a place; the second book of Moses is so called, because it describes the journey or the Israelites from Egypt. EXOLETE, Šks'ö-lète. a. Obsolete, out of use. To EXOLVE, sº: v. a. To loose, to pay. EXOMPHALOS, Śgz-öm'fä-lós. s. A navel rup- ture. To EXONERATE, &gz-öm'êr-āte. v. a. To un- load, to disburden. EXONERATION, Égz-6n-ér-A'shön. s. The act of disburdening. EXOPTABLE, &gz-6p'tá-bl. a. Desirable, to be sought with eagerness or desire. EXORABLE, Šks'ó-rá-bl. a. 405. To be moved by entreaty. ; s. EXORBITANCE, &gz-Śr'bè-tänse. EXORBITANCY, &gz-Śr'bè-tán-sè. Enormity, gross deviation from rule or right; extravagant demand ; boundless depravity. EXORBITANT, &gz-ör'bè-tánt. a. Enormbus, beyond due proportion, excessive. To EXORCISE, &ks'ór-size. v. a. To adjure by Some holy name ; to drive away by certain forms of adjuration ; to purify from the influ- ence of malignant spirits. EXORCISER, Éks'ór-sl-zár. s. One who prac- tises to drive away evil spirits. EXORCISM, Šks'ór-sizm. s. The form of ad- juration, or religious ceremony by which evil and malignant spirits are driven away. EXORCIST, Šks'ór-sist. s. One who by adjura- tions, prayers, or religious acts, drives away malignant spirits. FXORDIUM, Égz-ör'dè-àm. s. A formal pre- face, the proëmiai part of a composition. EXORNATION, Šks-ór-mâ'shān. s. Ornament, decoration, embellishment. EXOSSATED, Égz-84'sä-téd. a. bones. EXOSSEOUS, &gz-ósh'shē-ăs, a. bones, boneless. EXOSTOSIS, Čks-6s-tū's?s. s. 520. Any protu- berance of a bone that is not matural. [[; I have in the accentuation of this word dif- fered from Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, and Dr Ash, and have adhered to a Medical Dictionary, which places the accent regularly on the penui- timate. EXOTICK, &gz-ötſik. a Foreign, not produced in our own country. To EXPAND, 8k-spánd'. v. a. To spread, to lay open as a net or sheet; to dilate, spread out every way. EXPANSE, &k-spánse'. s. tended without inequalities. EXPANSIBILITY, &k-spán-sè.bil'è-të. s. Capa- city of extension, possibility to be expanded. EXPANSIBLE, &k-spán'sé-bl. a. Capable to be extended. EXPANSION, Čks-pân'shôn. s. The state of be: ing expanded into a wider surface; the act of spreading out ; extent; pure space. º EXPANSIVE, Šks-pân'słv. a. 428. Having the ower to spread into a wider surface. Tô EXPATIATE, 6k-spä'shē-ăte. v. m. 542. To range at large; to enlarge upon in language. Te EXPECT, &k-spékt'. v., a. To have a pre- vious apprehension of either good or evil; to wait for, to attend the coming. a. Destructive) Deprived of Wanting A body widely ex EXPECTABLE, &R-spék'tá-bl. a. To be ex- ccted. EXPECTANCE, &k-spék’tänse. s. The act EXPECTANCY, &R-spék'tán-sè. or state of expecting; something expected ; hope. º EXPECTANT, &k-spék'tánt. a. Waiting in ex- pectation EXP EXP 195 —mö, móve, nãr, mēt,-túbe, túb, būll 3–871;—pôānd;—thin, THIs. ExPECTANT, &lr-spéktānt. s. One who waits in expectation of anything. ExPECTATION, Šk-spék-tà'shôn. s. The act of expecting; the state of expecting either with hope or fear, prospect of any thing gºod, to come; a state in which something excellent is expected from us. EXPECTER, ek-spék’tár. s. One who has hopes of something; one who waits for another. To EXPECTößATE, &ks-pék’tó-räte. v. a. To eject from the breast. * EXPECTORATION, Šks-pék-tê-rå'shān. S. The act of discharging from the breast; the dis- charge which is made by coughing, EXPECTORATIVE, Šks-pék’tó-rá-tiv. a. 512. Having the quality of promoting expectora- tion. EXPEDIENCE, Šks-pê'dé-Énse. : it- #######, j : 5,376. Fit ness, propriety, suitableness to an end; expe- dition, adventure ; haste, despatch. ... EXPEDIENT, Čks-pédé-ént, or éx-pºjè-ént. a. 293. Proper, fit, convenient, suitable ; quick, expeditious. te EXPEDIENT, éks-pèdè-ênt. s. That which helps forward, as means to an end; a shift, means to an end contrived in an exigence. EXPEDIENTI.Y., &ks-pèdè-ênt-lè. ad. Fitly, suitably, conveniently; hastily, quickly. ... To EXPEDITF, 3kspè-dite. v. m . To facilitate, to free from impediment; to hasten, to quicken; to despatch, to issue from a publick office. EXPEDITE, Élºs'pë-dite. a. Quick, hasty, soon E. easy, disencumbered, clear ; mim- le, active, agile ; light armed. º º Eß. éks'pë-dite-lè. ad. With quick- ness, readiness, haste. EXPEDITION, Aks-pè-dish'ên. s. Haste, speed, activity; a march or voyage with martial in- tentions. EXPEDITIOUS, &ks-pè-dish'ês. a. Speedy, quick, swift. To EXPEL, Šks-péſ'. v. a. To drive out, to force away; to banish, to drive from the place of residence. EXPELLER, Šks-pé!'lär. s. One that expels or drives away. To EXPEND, Čks-pênd'. v. a. spend. EXPENSE, Šks-pênse'. s. Cost, charges, money expended. EXPENSEFUL, Šks-pênse'ſfl. a. chargeable, A. EXPENSELESS, Čks-pênse'lés. a. COSt. EXPENSIVE, Šks-pên'siv. a. 428. Given to ex- pense, extravagant, luxurious; costly, requir- # expense EXPENSIVELY, &ks-pên'słv-lè. ad. With great §§§ EXPENSIVENESS, Čks-pên'sfy-nēs. s. Addic- tion to expense, extravagance ; costliness. EXPERIENCE, &ks-pê'rè-ēnse. S. Practice, fre- quent trial; knowledge gained by trial and practice. To EXPERIENCE, Aks-pê'rè-énse. v. a. To try, to practise ; to know by practice. EXPERIENCED, Šks-pè'rè-ēnst. part. a. Made skilful }. §: ;, wise by long practice EXPERIENCER,8ks-pérè-ºn-sàr. s. One who makes trial ; a practiser of experiments. EXPERIMENT, Šks-pèr'ê-mênt. s. Trial of any thing, something done in order to discover an uncertain or unknown eſſect. ſºxPERIMENTAL, Šks-pêr-é-mén'tál. a. Per- taining to experiment; {. upon experiment; known by experiment or trial. Eß ALLY, &ks-pér-è-Inén'tál-lè. ad. By experience, by trial. Eß. , éks-pér'é-mén-tūr. s. One * who makes experiments. EXPERT, Šks-pért'. a. Skilful. ready dexterous. To lay out, to Costly, Without EXPERTLY, &ks-pért'lé. ad. In a skilful ready Iſlanner". EXPERTNESS, 4ks-pértºnés...s. Skill, readiness. EXPIABLE, &ks'pë-à-bl. a. 405. Capable to be €XDiated. J To EXPIATE, Čks'pë-āte. v. a. To annul the guilt of a crime by subsequent acts of piety; to atone for; to avert the threats of prodigies. EXPIATION, éks-pè-à'shām. s. The act of ex, piating or atoming for any crime; the means by which we atone for crimes, atonement; prac tices by which ominous prodigies were averted. EXPIATORY, &ks'pë-à-tār-e, a 512. Having the power of expiation.—For the o, see Domestick EXPILATION, Čks-pê-lä'shān. S. Robbery. EXPIRATION, Čks-pè-rà'shān. s. The act of respiration which thrusts the air out of the lungs; the last emission of breath, death; eva- poration, act of fuming out; vapour, matter ex- pired ; the conclusion of any limited time. To £xištíč, ék-spire'. v. a. To breathe out to exhale, to send out in exhalations. To EXPIRE, Élº-spire'. v. m. To die, to breathe the last : to tºº, to come to an end. To EXPLAIN, eks-plane'. v. a. To expound, to illustrate, to clear. EXPLAINABLE, Éks-pläne'à-bl. a. Capable of being explained. - EXPLAINER, Šks-plane'Ér. s. Expositor, in- terpreter, commentator. EXPLANATION, Čks-pla-mă'shán. s. The act of explaining or interpreting; the sense given by an explainer or interpreter. EXPLANATORY, &ks-plan'ā-tūr-É. a. Contain- ing explanation.—For the 0, see DomesTick, and Principles, No. 557. EXPLETIVE, Šks'plē-tív. s. 157. Something used only to take up room EXPLICABLE, &ks'plè-kā-bl. a. Explainable, possible to be explained. To EXPLICATE, Šks'plé-kāte. v. a. To unfold, to expand ; to explain, to clear. EXPLICATION, &ks-plé-ká'shān, s. The act of opening, unfolding or expanding ; the act of explaiming, interpretation, explanation; the sense given by an explainer. EXPLICATIVE, Éks'plé-kā-tlv. a. Having a ten- dency to explain. |G I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the ac- centuation of this word. He has placed the accent on the second syllable, with the author- ity of every Dictionary, and of every good Speaker, against him. In the first edition of this 1)ictionary, when I supposed Mr. Sheri- dam's accentuation of this word agreeable to analogy, I did not recollect the verb to explicate, whence it is derived, and which, in my opinion, ought to determine its accentuation.—See Prin. ciples, No. 512. Dr. Johnson, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, Br. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, Emick, and Bar clay, º the accent on the first syllable, as I have done. - EXPLICATOR, Šks'plé-kā-tár. s. interpreter, explainer. EXPLICIT, Čks-plis'ít. a. Unfolded, plain, clear, not merely by inference. EXPLICITLY, 6ks-plis'?t-lè. ad. Plainly, di- rectly, not merely by inference. To #3; §. V a. To drive out disgracefully with some noise of contempt; to drive out with noise and violence. EXPLODER, &ks-pió'dër. s. An hisser, one who drives out with open contempt. . & EXPLOIT, Šks-plaſt'. s. A design accomplished, an achievement, a successful attempt. To EXPLORATE,éks-plô'räte.v.a. To search out Expounder, EXPLORATION 2 éks-plo-ra'shôn. S. Search, examination. EXPLORATOR, 8ks-plé-rătăr. s. One who searches; an examin er. EXPLORATORY &ks-plór'à-tūr-e.a. Searching, examining, EXP • EXT 196 . [[3° 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit —mb, mét;—pine, pīn;– ſº In this wold, as in Declaratory, we may per- ceive the shortening power of the pre-antepen- ultimate accent; which, like the antepenulti- mate, when not followed by a diphthong, short- ens every vowel but u, 511, 535. To EXPLORE, &ks-plôre'. v. a. 503, n. To § to search into, to examine by trial. Ext honement, éks-plóre'mént. s. Search, trial. EXPLOSION, Éks-plyzhàn. s. The act of driving out * thing with noise and violence. EXPLOSIVE, ſº. a. 158, 428. Driv- ing out with noise and violence. To EXPORT, Šks-pôrt'. v. a. To carry out of a country. EXPORT, Čks'përt. s. 492. ried out in traffick. EXPORTATION, Aks-pôr-táshún. s. ...The act or practice of carrying out commodities into other countries. To EXPOSE, Šks-póze'. v. a. To lay open, to make liable to ; to lay open, to make bare; to lay open to censure or ridicule; to put in dam- #. ; to cast out to chance. EXPosition, as pºisºn. s. The situation in which anything is placed with respect to the Sun or air ; explanation, interpretation. ExFošITOR, éks-pôz'é-tár. s. Explainer, ex- pounder, interpreter. To EXPOSTULATE, &Rs-pès'tshū-lāte. v. n. 463. To canvass with another, to debate; to remonstrate in a friendly manner. EXPOSTULATION, &ks-pôs-tshū-IA'shôn. s. Debate, discussion of an affair ; charge, ac- Cusation. EXPOSTULATOR, &ks-pés'tshū-lä-tár. s. 521. One that debates with another without open §§ EXPOSTULATORY, <s-pés'tshö-lä-tär-à. a. 463, 512. Containing expostulation. EXPOSURE, Čks-pô'zhère. s. The act of ex- posing ; the state of being exposed; the state of being in danger; situation, as to sun and R!!". To EXPOUND, &ks-pôānd'. v. a. To explain, to clear, to interpret. EXPOUNDER, €ks-pôān'dër. s. interpreter. To EXPRESS, Éks-prés'. v. a. To represent by any of the imitative arts, as poetry, sculp- ture, painting ; to represent in words; to utter, to declare ; to denote; to squeeze out; to force out by compression. EXPRESS, Čks-prés'. a. Copied, resembling, exactly alike; plain, apparent, in direct terms; on purpose, for a particular end. EXPRESS, és preſſ. s. A messenger sent on urpose ; a message sent. E SSIBLE, prise-bl. a. That may be uttered or declared; that may be drawn by * # or expression. EXPRESSION, Šks-prèsh'àn... s. The act or power of representing any thing ; the form or cast of language in which any thoughts are ut- tered; a phrase, a mode of speech; the act of Squeezing or forcing out any thing by a rCŞ8, Eßssive, éks-près'siv. a. , Having the * wer of utterance or representation. Eß. éks-près's]v-lè. ad. In a The clear and representative way. EXPRESSIVENESS, Šks-prés'sfv-nēs. a. power of expression, or representation by words. o FXPRESSLY, &ks-prés'lé. ad. In direct terms, not by implication. JEXPRESS , éks-prèshºre. s. 452. Ex- pression, utterance; the form, the likeness re- § ; the mark, the impression. EXPROBRATE, &#s-prè'bråte. v. a. To charge upon with reproach, to impute openly with b ame, to upbraid * Commodity car- Explaimer, EXPROBRATION, Šks-prè-brå'shān, s. Scorp. ful charge, reproachful accusation. EXPROBRATIVE, &ks-prè-brå'tív. a. Up- braiding. JMason. To EXPROPRIATE, Éks-prè'prè-āte. v. a. To relinquish one's property. To EXPUGN, Éks-pîne'. y, a. 385, 386. To conquer, to take by assault. EXPUGNATION, 3ks-pâg-mâ'shôn. s. Conquest, the act of taking by assault, To EXPULSE, &Rs-pålse'. v. a. to force awa y; EXPULSION, 3ks-pôl'shôn. s. The act of ex- pelling or driving out ; the state of being driven Oult. EXPULSIVE, Šks-pâl'siv. a. 158, 428. Hav- § power of expulsion. EXPUNCTIQN,éks-pêngk'shán. s. Absolution. To EXPUNGE, Šks-pânje'. v. a. To blot out, to rub out ; to efface, to annihilate. EXPURGATION, Šks-pār-gå'shôm, s. The act of purging or cleaning; purification from bad mixture, as of errour or falsehood. EXPURGATORY, Šks-pârgă-tär-à. . a. Em- loved in #"; away what is moxious. EXQUISITE, Šks'kwé-zſt, a. Excellent, con- Sºmmate, comp To drive out, lete. éks'kwé-zit-lè. ad. Perfectly, EXQUISITELY, completely. EXQUISITENESS, Šks'kwé zít-nēs. s. Nicety, §§ © a º EXSCRIPT, Šk'skript. s. A copy, writing copi- ed from another. EXSICCANT, Šk-sik'kånt. a. Drying, having the power to dry up. To EXSICCATE, Čk-sik'kâte. See Exico ATE. EXSICCATION, 8k-sik-ká'shöm. s. The act of v. a. To dry.— §§ EXSICCATIVE, &k-sik'kā-tly. a. Having the #º of drying. EXPUITION, Šk-spú-ish'én. s. A discharge by Exº &SUCTION,ék-såk'shôn. s. The act of suck- § Qut. . & EXSUDATION, Šk-sà-dà'shön. s. A sweating, an extillation. To EXSUFFOLATE, &k-såſ'fö-lāte. v. a. To whisper, to buzz in the ear. EXSUFFLATION, Šk-sàf-flá'shán. s. A blast working underneath. To EXSUSCITATE, Šk-sås'sé-täte. v. a. To rouse up, to stir up. EXTANCY, &k'stān-sè. s. Parts rising up above the rest. EXTANT, Čk'stänt. a. Standing out to view ATICAL, Šk-stät'é-kál. ########jºi...g., ; a Rapturous. EXTEMPORAL, Šks-têm'pë-rál. a. Uttered without premeditation, quick, rºady, gertain EXTEMPORALLY, Šks-têm'pô-rál-è, ad. Quick, without premeditation. Exºş, éks-tém-pô-ră'né-às. a. Without premeditation, sudden. Exº. ãºtémºir-e. a. Uttered or performed without premeditation, sudden, nick. EßIPORE, âks-têm'pë-rè. ad. Witnout pre- meditation, suddenly, readily. ExºMFößINěšščkstámpá-r&nés. s. The faculty of speaking or acting without premedi- tation. To ExTEMPORIZE, Šks-têm'pë-rlze...y. n. To speak extempore, or without premeditation. To EXTEND, Šks-ténd'. v. a. To stretch out; to spread abroad; to enlarge ; to increase, in force or duration; to impart, to communicate" tº seize by a cºurse of law, EXTENDER, Éks-ténºdër, s. 98. , The per- son or instrument by which anything is ex, tended. EXT - ExT- 137 '" "-" - - —no, mēve, nér, nôt;—täbe, tab, bill;-ⅈ—pôānd j-thin, THIS, $xTENDIBLE, &s-téndé-bl. a. Capable of ex- tellSł0ſ?. ExTENDLESSNESS, Šks-ténd'lés-nēs. s. Un- limited extension. £XTENSIBILITY, Šks-tén-se-bil'è-té. s. The quality of being extendible. £XTENSIBLE, Šks-tén'sè-bl. a. Capable of be- ing stretched into length or breadth; capable of being extended to a larger comprehension. EXTENSIBLENESS,3Rs-àn'sè-bºnés. s. Ca- pacity of being extended. EXTENSION, Šks-tén'shān. 3. The act of ex- tending ; the state of being extended. º EXTENSIVE, &Ks-tén'siv. a. 158,428. Wide, large. Eß SIVELY, Šks-tén'sív-lè. ad. Widely, largely. EXTENSIVENESS, Šks-tén'siv-nés. s. Large- mess, diffusiveness, wideness; possibility to be extended. - EXTENSOR, &ks-tén'sör. s. 166 The muscle by which any limb is extended. EXTENT, Šks-tént'. s. Space or degree to which any thing is extended; communication, distri- ution ; execution, seizure. To EXTENUATE, &ks-tén'ā-āte. v. a. To Hessen, to make small ; to palliate ; to make lean. EXTENUATION, Šks-tén-è-à'shān, s . The act of representing things less ill than they are, palliation ; mitigation, alleviation of punish- ment; a general decay in the muscular flesh of the whole body. - EXTERIOR, Šks-té'rè-ár. a. Outward, external, not intrinsick. EXTERIORLY, &ks-té'rè-ār-lè. ad. Outwardly, externally. - To EXTERMINATE, Šks-tér'mè-pâte. v. a To root out, to tear up, to drive away ; to destroy. EXTERMINATION, Šks-tér-mè-mâ'shām. s. De- struction, excisico. • EXTERMINATOR, Šks-tér’mè-nā-tör. s. 521. The person or instrument by which any thing is destroyed. . . EXTERMINATORY, &ks-tér'mè-mâ-tô-ré. a. Tending to extermination. Mason. To EXTERMINE, Čks-tér'min. v. a. 140. To exterminate. “, EXTERN, Šks-térn'. . a. External, outward, visible; without itself, not inherent, not intrin- sick. - EXTERNAL, Šks-tér'nāl. a. Outward, not pro- ceeding from itself, opposite to internal; having the outward appearance. EXTERNALLY, &ks-tér'nāl-ć. ad. Outwardly. To EXTIL, Šk-stil'. v. n. To drop or distil from. EXTILLATION, €k-stil-lä'shôn. s. The act of falling in drops. - To EXTIMULATE, &R-stim'ê-lāte. v. a. To § to incite by stimulation: EXTIMULATION, Šk-stim-è-lá'shēn. s. Pun- gency, power of exciting motion or sensation. EXTINCT, &K-stingkt'. a. 408. Extinguished, quenched, put out; without succession ; abol- ished, out of force. EXTINCTION, ek-st?ngk'shôm. s. 408. The act of quenching or extinguishing; the state of be- ing quenchéd ; destruction; excision, suppres- §IOIA, To EXTINGUISH, &k-sting'gwish. v. a. To put out, to quench; to suppress, to destroy. . EXTINGUISHABLE,&#-sting'gwish-à-bl; a. 405. That § ###". or destroyed. EXTINGUISHER, Šk-sting'gwish-àr. s. A hol- low cone put upon a candle to quench it. EXTINGUISHMENT, &k-sting'gwish-mént. . s. Extinction, suppression, act of quenching; abo- lition, mullification; termination of a family or succession. To EXTERP, Čk-stérp'. v. a. 108. To eradicate, to root Out. sº • To EXTIRPATE,ék-stér'oate. v. a. To root out, to exscind EXTIRPATION, Ék-stér-pâ'shôn. s. The act of ### out, excision. # EXTIRPATOR, Šk-stér påſtår. s. 166, 521. One who roots out, a destroyer. To EXTOL, Ék-stöP. v. a. 406. To praise, to Jºnal # to celebrate. EXTOLLER, &ks-tóI'lär. s. A praiser, a mag- I? Iſler. - EXTORSIVE, &s-tór'sły. a. 158,428. Having the quality of drawing by vioſent means. EXTORSIVELY, Élés-tór'sfv-lè. ad. In an extor- sive manner, by violence. - To EXTORT, Čks-tórt'. v. a. To draw by force, to force away, to wrest, to wring from one; to gain by violence or oppression, or by usury. To EXTORT, Šks-tóriº. v. n. To practise op- pression and violence, or usury. EXTORTER, Šks-têr'tár. s. 98. One who prac- tises oppression. Extortion, sistórshan. s. The actor prac. tice of gaining by violence and rapacity, or usu- ry; force by which any thing is unjustly taken away. " - EXTORTIONER, Šks-têr'shān-ár. s. One who practises extortion. To EXTRACT, Šks-träkt'. v. a. To draw out of something; to draw by chymical operation ; to take from something; to select and abstract from a larger treatise. ExīāAct, is träki. s. 492. The substance ex- tracted, the chief parts drawn from any thing; the chief meads drawn from a book. EXTRACTIGN, Šks-trák'shôn. s. The act of drawing one part out of a compound; deriva- tion from an original, lineage, descent. EXTRACTOR, Šks-träktúr. s. The person or . instrument by which any thing is extracted. EXTRAJUDICIAL, Šks-trä-jū-dish'âl. a. Out of the regular course of legal procedure. EXTRAJUDICIALLY. &Rs-trā-jū-dish'āl-ć. ad, In a manner different from the ordinary course of legal procedure. EXTRAMišSION, Šks-trá-mish'ên. s. of emitting outwards. EXTRAMUNDANE, Šks-trä-mán'dāne. a. Be- yond the verge of the material world. EXTRANEOUS, Šks-trä'mē-ăs. a. Belonging to a different substance; foreign. . EXTRAORDINARILY, Šks-trör'dè-nār-e-lè. ad. 374. In a manner out of the common meth- od and order; uncommonly, particularly, emi memtly. - - EºorDINARIN ESS, Šks-trör'dè-nār-e-nēs. s. Uncommonness, eminence, remarkableness. EXTRAORDINARY, Šks-trör'dè-nār-É. a. Dif- ference from common order and method; emi- ment, remarkable, more than common. [* There is a vulgar pronunciation of this word, which sinks the a, d, and i, and reduces the word to four syllables, as if written extraw- nary. There is a better pronunciation which preserves the d, as if written extrordnary; but solemn speaking certainly demands the restora- tion of the i, and requires the word to be heard with five-syllables. 374. - . EXTRAPAROCHIAL, éks-trá-pār-Ö'kè-ál. a. Not comprehended within any parish. EXTRAPROVINCIAL, Šks-trá-prè-vin'shāl, a, Not within the same provin N NOº The act Cè. EXTRAREGULAR, Šks-trá-rég'à-lär. a. comprehended within a rule. EXTRAVAGANCE, £ks-tráv'á-gānse. § EXTRAVAGANCY, &Ks-träv'á-gān-sè. & Excursion or sally beyond prescribed limits;. irregularity, wildness ; waste, vain and super- fluous expense. EXTRAVAGANT, Šks-tráv'á-gānt. a. Wander ing out of his bounds; roving beyond just lie mits or prescribed methods; irregular, wild; wasteful, prodigal vainly expensive. EXTRAVAGANTLY, 3ks-tráy'á-gānt-lè. ad. in- an extravagant manner; wildly : expensively; lux firionisły, wastefully. * : E.Y.U FAB 198 [[+ 559-Fāte, far, fall, fit;-mé, mét;—plme, pīn;– EXTRAVAGANTNESS, Šks-tráv'á-gānt-nēs. s. Excess, excursion beyond limits. To EXTRAVAGATE, Čks-träv’ā-gāte. v. m. To wander out of limits. EXTRAVASATED, &ks-tráv'vå-så-têd. a. Forced out of the proper containing vessels. EXTRAVA SATION, Šks-trá-vå-så'shān, s. The act efforcing, or state of being forced out of _the proper containing vessels. - EXTRAVENATE, Šks-träv'è-nāte. a. Let out of the veins. EXTRAVERSION, 3kS-trá-vèr'shān. s. The act of throwing out. - EXTRAUGHT, Šks-träwt'. part. Extracted. EXTREME, &ks-trème'. a. Greatest, of the highest degree ; utmost ; last, that beyond . there is nothing; pressing to the utmost egree. EXTREME, Čks-trème'. s. Utmost point, high- est degree of any thing; points at the greatest distance from each other, extremity. EXTREME'ſ Y, &ks-trême'íč. ad. In the utmost degree ; very misch, greatly. EXTREMITY, &ks-trèmè-té. s. The utmost point, the highest degree ; the points in the utmost degree of opposition; remotest parts, parts at the greatest distance; the utmost violence, ri- gour, or distress. To EXTRICATE, &KS'trè-kāte. v. a. To disem- barrass, to set free any one in a state of per- plexity. EXTRICATION, &ks-trè-ká'shán. s. The act of disentaggling. JEXTRINSICAL, &lºs-trim'sé-kál. a. External, outward; not intrinsick. EXTRINSICALLY, &lºs-trán'sè-kál-ć. ad. From without. Exºn SICK, Šks-tūn'słk. a. Outward, exter- }}{ll. - To EXTRUCT, Šk-stråkt'. v. a. To build, to raise, to form. EXTRUCTOR, Šk-stråk’túr. s. A builder, a fabricator. To Extrude, ěks-trööde'. v. a. Oii. EXTRUSION, Šks-tröö'zhān. s. The act of thrusting or driving out. EXTUBERANCE, Šks-tū'bè-ränse. s. Knobs, or parts protuberant. EXUBERANCE, &gz-Ś'bè-ränse. s. Overgrowth, superſluous abundance, luxuriance. EXUBERANT, &gz-à'bè-rānt. a. 479. Over- abundant, superfluously plenteous; abouñdiug in the utmost degree, EXUBERANTLY, &gz-Ü'bè-rānt-lè. ad. Abun- dantlv. To EXUBERATE, &gz-Ś'bè-räte. v. m. To abound in the highest degree. EXUCCOUS;&k-såkºkás. a. Without juice, dry. [[ī’ This word and the three following, with exiſ- perable, eacuperance, and eactiscitate, by servilely following an erroneous Latin orthography, are liable to an improper pronunciation.—See Ex- #CCATE. -EXUDATION, Šk-sº-dà'shām. s. The act of emitting in sweat; the matter issuing out by sweat from any body. tº *To EXUDATE, Šk-såſååte. To thrust To EXUDE, &k-side'. W. Q. ... To sweat out, to issue by sweat. EXULCERATE, &gz-āl'sé-räte. v. a. To Imake sore with an ulcer; to corrode, to en- Tage. ExºceRATION, éks-àl-sé-rà'shān, s. The -beginning erosion, which forms an ulcer ex- ... acerbation, corrosion. . *EXULCERATORY, Égz-āl'sè-rá-tär-à. a. 512. Having a tendency to cause ulcers . . "To EXULT., &gz-àſt'. v. m. To rejoice above _measure, to triumph. EXULTANCE, Égzīāltānse, s * Transport, joy, trium uph. º EXULTATION, Čks-àl-tà'shôn. S. Joy, triumph, rapturous delight. To jºxijññAff. égz-àn'dāte. v. n. To overflow EXUNDATION, &ks-àn-dà'shān, s. Overflow ał;inxmºlatice. EXUPERABLE,ék-sà'për-à-bl. a. Conquerable, superable, vincible. EXUPERANCE, &k-ski'pér-ănse. s. Overbal- ance, greater proportion. pº, ék-så'pë-rānt. a. Overbalancing, having greater proportion To exiſsèſt ATÉ, & sóssé-täte. v. a. To stir up, to rouse. EXUSTION, &gz-às'tshöm. s. The act ofburning up, consumption by fire. EXUVLAH., &gz-ū'vé-é. s. Cast skin, cast shells, whatever is shed by animals. EYAS, i'ās. s. A young hawk just taken from the nest. - - EYASMUSKET, i'ās-mâs-két. s. A young un- fledged male hawk; a raw young fellow. EYE, i. s. 8. The obsolete plural Eyme ; Now Eyes. The organ of vision ; aspect, regard, notice, attention, observation ; sight, view ; any thing formed like an eye; any small per- foration; a small catch into which a book goes; bud of a plant; a small shade of colour. To EYE, i. v. a. To watch, to keep in view. To EYE, i. v m. To appear, to show, to bear an appearance. - EYEBALL, I'bāwl. s. The apple of the eye. EYEBRIGHT, i'brite. s. An herb. BYEBROW, i'bröä. s. The hairy arch over the eye. EYEDROP, i'dróp. s. A tear. EYEGLANCE, i'glänse. s. Quick notice of the eye. EYEGLASS, 'glás. s. the sight. EYELESS, i'lés, a. Without eyes, sightless, de- rived of ight. EYELET, i'lét. s. A hole through which light may enter; any small perforation. EYELID, 'lid. s. The membrane that shuts over the eye, & EYESERVANT, 1'sér-yānt. s. works only while watched. EYESERVICE, isér-vis. s. only under inspection. EYESHOT, I'shôt. s. Sight, glance, view. EYESIGHT, i'site. s. Sight of the eye. EYESORE, i'sère. s. Something offensive to the sight. - Fººt ED, i'spôt-éd. a. Marked with spots ike eyes. - EYESTRING, i's ring. s. The string of the eye, EYETOOTH, i'tóóth. s. The tooth on the upper jaw. next on each side to the grinders, the fang. EYEWINK, i'vink. s. A wink, as a hint or to- Spectacles, glass to assist A servant that Service performed ken. EYEWITNESS, i'vít-nés. s. An ocular evi- dence, one who gives testimony of facts seen with his own eyes. EYRE, are. s. 269. The court of justices' itine- I'd htS. FYRY, \'ré. s. 269. The place where birds of prey build their nests and hatch. **** F. FABACEOUS, fa-bä'shē-ăs. a. 357. Having the nature of a beam. FABLE, ſa'bl. s. 405. A feigned story intended to enforce some moral precept ; a fiction in ge- neral ; the series or contexture of events which constitute a poem ; a lie. e To FABLE, f\'bl. v. m. ... To feign, to write not truth but fiction; to tell falsehoods. º To FABLE, ſh'bl. v. a. To feign, to tell a falsity. FABLED, fºſbl’d. a. 359. Celebrated in fables FABLER, fabl-àr. s. A dealer in fiction *** FAI FAC 199 —hö, mêve, mēr, mót;—túbe, tib, būll;-&il,—pöänd ,-thin, THIS. To FABRICATE, fab'ré-kāte. v. a. To build, to construct; to forge, to devise falsely. FABRICATION, fabré-kā'shôn. s. The act of building. FÅBRick, fáb'rik, or fabrik. s. A building, an edifice ; any system or compages of matter. [; The a in this word seems floating between long and short quantity, as it was in the Latin Fabri- ca. I have, like Mr. Sheridan, made it short; for though Latin words of two syllables, when adopted into English, always have the accent on the first, and the vowel generally iong, as basis, focus, quota, &c. when words of three syllables in Latin, with but one consonant in the middle, are anglicised by reducing them to two syllables; as the penultimate in such Latin words is generally short, and the ac- cent of consequence antepenultimate, the first vowel in the English word is generally short from the shortening power of the antepe- multimate accent in our pronunciation of the Latim word from whence it is derived ; thus the Latin JMimicus, reduced to the English JMi- mick, has the first vowel short, though long in Latin, because we think it short in our pronun- ciation of Latin: the same may be observed of the words florid, vivid, and livid, from the Latin floridus, vividus, and lividus. Thus though Fa- brica might have the first vowel long in Latin, yet as we always pronounce it short in the En- glish pronunciation of that language, so, when it is reduced to the English Fabrick, it seems more agreeable to this usage to make the first syllable short. Authority seems likewise to favour this pronun- ciation; for Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elphinstone, Mr Nares, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and, as far as we can judge by the position of the accent, Bai- ley, are for the a short; and Buchaman, W. Johnston, and, if we can guess by accent, Dr. Ash and Entick, for the long a. See Principles, No. 544. To FABRICK, fīb'rík. v. a. To build, to form, to Construct. FABULIST, féb'ū-list. s. A writer of fables. FABULOSITY, fab-ê-lós'ê-té. s. Lyingness, ful- ness of stories. FABULOUS, fab'ê-lás. a. Feigned, full of fables. FABULOUSLY, füb'ū-lès-lè. ad. In fiction. FACE, fase. s. The visage; the countenance; the surface of any thing ; the front or forepart of any thing ; state of affairs; appearance; . confidence, boldness; distortion of the face. Face to Face ; when both parties are present, without the interposition of other bodies. To FACE, fase. v. m. To carry a false appear- ance; to turn the face, to come in front. To FACE, fase. v. a. To meet in front, to op- pose with confidence; to oppose with impu- dence; to stand opposite to ; to cover with an additional superficies. FACELESS, fase'lés. a. . Without a face. FACEPAINTER, fase'päne-tár. s. A drawer of portraits. FACEPAINTING, fase'päne-ting. s. The art of drawing portraits. FACETIOUS, fö-sé'shës. a. 292. Gay, cheerful, tively. FACETIOUSLY, fī-sé'shôs-lè. ad. Gaily, cheer- fully. FºriousNESS, fā-sè'shās-nés. s. Cheerful wit, mirth. • FACILE, fås'sfl. a. 140. Easy, performable with little labour; pliant, flexible, easily persuaded. To FACILITATE, fö-sil'è-täte. v. a. To make easy, to free from difficulty. FACILITY, fö-síl'é-té. s. ... Easiness to be per- formed, freedom from difficulty; readiness in performing, dexterity; vicious ductility, easi- ness to be persuaded; easiness of access, affa- bility. 3. s^ FACENERIOUS, fis-à-nēré-às, a. Wicked. *** FACING, fºſsing. s. An ornamental covering, FACINOROUS, fi-sin'ó-rås. a. Wicked, atro- cious, detestably bad.—See SoNo Rous. FACINOROUSNESS, fai-sin'ó-rás-nés s. Wick edness in a high degree. FACT, fåkt. s. A thing dome; reality, not sup- position ; action, deed. *…* FACTION, fük'shām. s. mult, discord, dissention. FACTIONARY, fīk'shān-ār-à. s. FACTIOUS, fak'shôs. a. 292. loud and violent in a party. FACTIOUSLY, fak'shās-lè. ad. In a manner criminally dissentious. FACTIOUSNESS, fak'shās-nēs. s. Inclination to publick dissention. FACTITIOUS, fak-tºsh'ês. a. Made by art, in opposition to what is made by nature. FACTOR, fak'tūr. s. 166. An agent for another, a substitute. FACTORY, fīk’tàr-é. s. 557. A house or district inhabited by traders in a distant country; the traders embodied in one place. FACTOTUM, fīk-tó'tàm. s. A servant employ ed alike in all kinds of business. \ FACTURE, fük'tshūre.s. 463. The act or manner of making any thing. FACULTY, fük'öl-té. s. The power of doing any thing, ability; powers of the mind, imagina- tion, reason, memory; a knack, dexterity; power, authority; privilege, right to do, any thing : faculty, in an university denotes the masters and professors of the several sciences. FACUND, fak’āmd. a. 544. Eloquent. [[G. Dr. Johnson has placed the accent on the last syllable both of this word and Jocund; in which he is consistent, but contrary both to custom and to English analogy. Mr. Sheridan places the accent on the first syllable of Jocund, and on the last of this word. The reasons are the same for accenting both ; they both come from the Latin, facundus and jocundus ; and there is scarcely a more invariable rule in our language than that of remoying the accent higher when we adopt a word from the Latin, and abridge it of its latter syllables.—See ACA- A party man. Given to faction ; 1) EMY. To FADDLE, fåd'dle v. n. 405. To trifle, to toy, to play. § To FADE, fade. v. n. 75. To tend from greater to less vigour; to tend from a brighter to a weaker colour; to wither as a vegetable ; to die away gradually ; to be naturally not dura- ble, to be transient. To FADE, ſåde. v. a. To wear away; to reduce to languor. To FADGE, fådje. v. n. To suit, to fit; to agree, not to quarrel; to succeed, to hit. FAFCES, fe'sèz. s. 99. Excrements, lees, sedi- ments and settlings. To FAG, ffig. v. a. To grow weary, to faint with weariness. FAGEND, fåg-énd'. s. The end of a web of cloth ; the refuse or meaner part of any thing. FAGOT, fagſät. s. 83, 166. A bundle of sticks bound together for the fire; a soldier number- ed in the muster-roll, but not really existing. To FAGOT, fig'gāt. v. a. To tie up, to blundle. To FAIL. file. v. n. 202. To be deficient, to cease from former plenty, to fall short; to be: extinct, to cease to be produced; to perish, to be lost, to decay, to decline, to languish ; to miss, not to produce its effect; to miss, not to succeed in a design; to be deficient in duty. To FAIL, tale. v. a. To desert, not to continue to assist or supply; not to assist, to neglect ; to omit to help ; to omit, not to perform; to be: wanting to. º gº FAIL, f\le. s. Miscarriage; omission; deficiences. Waint. ...A Fºng, făſling, s. Deficiency, imperfection, apse. ++ A party in a state; tu- s FAI FAL 200 r; 559–Fate, far, fall, fit;-me, māt;-pine, pla;— FAILURE, file'yūre. s. 113. Deficience, cessa- tion; omission, mon-performance, slip; a lapse, a shight fault. * FAIN, ſame. a. 202. Glad, merry, cheerful, fond; forced, obliged, compelled. FAIN, fame. ad. Gladly, very desirously. To FAINT, fant. v. m. 302 "Toº animal functions, to sink, motionless ; to grow feeble; to sink into dejection. To FAINT, fant. v. a. enfeeble. FAINT, fant. a. Languid; not bright; not loud; feeble of body; cowardly; depressed; not vi. gorous, not active. FAINTHEARTED, fant-hārt'éd. a. Cowardly, timorous FAINTHEARTEDLY, fant-härt'éd-lè, ad. Ti. morously. FAINTHEARTEDNESS, fºnt-härt'éd-nēs. s. Cowardice, timorousness. FAINTING, fant?ng. s. loss of animal motion. FAINTISHNESS, fant?sh-més. s. a slight §º incipient debility. FAINTLING, fant'ling. a. Timorous, feeble- minded. FAINTLY, fant'ſé. ad. Feebly, languidly; timo- rously, with dejection, without spirit. FAINTNESS, fant'més. s. , Languor, feebleness, want of strength ; inactivity, want of vigour, timorouslyess, dejection. FAINTY, fant'é. a. Weak, feeble, languid. [[G. This word is much in use in the west of Eng- gland, and is perfectly provincial. AIR, fare. a. 202. Beautiful, handsome ; not black, not brown, white in the complexion; clear, not cloudy, not foul, not tempestuous; favourable, prosperous; likely to succeed: equal, just ; not affected by any insidious or unlawful methods; not practising any fraudulent or in- sidious arts; open, direct; gentle, not com- pulsory; mild, now severe; equitable, not inju- THGUIS. - FAIR, fare. ad. Gently, decently; civilly; suc- cessfully ; on good terms. FAIR, f: man ; homesty, just dealing. FAIR, fire. s. An annual or stated meeting of *ś and sellers. w FAIRING, fare'íng. s. A present given at a fair. FAIRLY, fare'lé. ad. Beautifully; commodiously, conveniently ; honestly, justly ; ingenuously, plainly, openly; candidly, without sinistrous interpretations ; , without blots; completely, without any deficiency. FAIRNESS, fare'nés. s. form 2 homesty, candour, imgenuity. FAIRSPOKEN, fºre’spö-k'n. a. i03 Civil in ºś and address. º FAIRY, farë. s. A kind of fabled being suppos- ed to appear in a diminutive human form ; an elf, a fay; enchantress. FAIRY, faré, a Given by fairies; belonging to fairies. - - FAIRYSTONE, fī'rè-stöme. A stone found in gravel-pits. FAITH, fath. s. Belief of the revealed truths of religion; the system of revealed truths held by the Christian Church; trust in God; tenet held; trust in the homesty or veracity of an- other; fidelity, unshaken adherence; honour, social confidence; sincerity, honesty, veracity; FORTHIS® MVen. F #ºh, fäth'brètsh. s. Breach of fideli- ty, perfidy. º F###. fath'föl. a. Firm in adherence to the truth of religion; of true fidelity, loyal, true to allegiance; homest, upright, without fraud; ... observant of compact or Pºliº *AITH FULLY, fath'föl-è. ad. With firm belief in religion; with full confidence in God; with To deject, to depress, to Delirium. temporary Weakness in Beauty, elegance of , fire. s. A beauty;..elliptically a fair wo- | strict adherence to duty; sincerely; homestly; | confidently steadily "- FAITHFULNESS, fath'föl-nēs. s. Honesty, ve. {# ; adherence to duty, loyalty. FAITHLESS, fºnies a without belief in the revealed truths of religion, unconverted; per- fidious, disloyal, not true to duty. - FAITHLESSNESS, fathlès-nēs. s. Treachery, perfidy; unbelief as to revealed religion. make falcades, when he throws himself upon his haunches two or three times, as in very quick curvets. FALCATED, fal'kā-téd. a. 84. Hooked, bent like a scythe. FALCATION, fal-ká'shôn. s. 84. Crookedness. FALCHION, fal'shôn. s. 84. A short crooked sword, a scimitar. - - FALCON, föw'km. s. 84, 170. A hawk trained for sport; a sort of cannon. FALCON FR, făw'kn-ár. s. 98. One who breeds and trains hawks. FALCONET, föl'kö-mét. s. A sort of ordnance. FALDSTOOL, föld'stóól. s. A kind of stool placed at the south side of the altar, at which the §: of England kneel at their coromation. To FALL, fall. v. n. Pret. I fell, compound pret. I have fallen or falm. To drop from a higher place ; to drop from an erect to a prone pos ture; to drop ripe from the tree; to pass at the outlet, as a river; to apostatize, to depart from faith or goodness; to die by violence; to be degraded from an high station; to enter into any state worse than the former; to de- crease in value, to bear less price; to happen to befal; to come by chance, to light on ; to come by any mischance to any new possessor; to become the property of any one by lot, chance, inheritance; to be born, to be yeaned. To fall away ; to grow lean, to revolt, to change allegiance. To fall back; to fail of a promise or purpose, to recede, to give way. To fall down ; to prostrate himself in adoration, to sink, not to stand, to bend as a suppliant. To fall from ; to revolt, to depart from adherence. To fall in ; to concur, to coincide, to comply, to yield to. To fall off; to separate, to aposta- tize. To fall on ; to begin eagerly to do any thing, to make an assault. To fall over; to re- volt, to desert from one side to the other. To fall out ; to quarrel, to jar, to happen, to befal. To rall to ; to begin eagerly to eat, to apply himself to. To fall under; to be subject to, to be ranged with. To fall upon ; to attack, to attempt, to rush against. To FALL, fall. v. a. To drop, to let fall ; to sink, to depress; to diminish in value, to let sink in price ; to cut down, to fell, to yeap, to bring forth. - FALL, fall. s. The act of dropping from on high ; the act of tumbling from an erect posture; death, overthrow ; ruin, dissolution downfal, loss of greatness, declension from eminence, degradation; diminution, decrease of price; declimation or diminution of sound, close to musick; declivity, steep descent; cata- ract, cascade ; the outlet of a current into any water ; autumn, the fall of the leaf, any thing that falls in great quantities; the act of felling or cutting down. Fºčáč. fāl-lä'shôs. a. 314. Producing mistake, sophistical, deceitful, mocking expec- tation. FALLACIOUSLY, fål-lä'shôs-lè. ad. Sophisti. cally, with purpose to deceive. - FALLACIOUSNESS, fal-lä'shôs-nēs. s. Ten dency to deceive. FALLACY, fållá sé. s. Sophism, logical arti- fice, deceitful argument. . . - FALLIBILITY, fil-lè-bil'è-tê. s. Liableness to be deceived. - - - - - - FALLIBLE, fillè-bl. a. 405. Liable to errour. FALCADE, fal-käde'. s. 84. A horse is said to FALLINGSICKNESS, #: 5. I epilepsy, a disease in which the patient is with. FAMI FAN 201 —mö, móve, nºr, nôt;—túbe, túb, bāīl;-&l;—pôānd;—thin, this. out any warning deprived at once of his senses, and falls down. FALLOW, falló. a. Pale red, or pale yellow; unsowed, left to rest after the years of tillage; ploughed, but not sowed; unploughed, uncul- tivated; unoccupied, neglected. tº FALLOW, falló. s. 327. Ground ploughed in order to be ploughed again ; ground lying at rest. To FALLOW, ſāI'lö. v. n. To plough in order to a second g"; FALLOWNESS, fal'lö-nēs. s. Barrenness, the state of being fallow. º FALSE, false. a. Not morally true; expressing that which is not thought; not physically true, conceiving that which does not exist ; treacher- ous, perfidious, traitorous ; counterfeit, hypo- critical, not real. FALSEHEARTED, false-härt'éd. a. Treacher- ous, perfidious, deceitful, hollow. FALSEHOOD, fålse'hād. s. Want of truth ; want of veracity; want of honesty, treat.hery ; a lie, a false assertion. . º º [[; This word, by the parsimony of Printers, is often spelt without the e. They may allege, that spelling the word with e makes it liable to be pronounced in three syllables by those who do not know the composition of the word ; and it may be answered, that spelling it without the e makes it liable to a mispronunciation, by join- ing the s and h together: if, therefore, the com- position must be understood before the word can be pronounced with security, let it, at least, be presented to the eye, and the chance of a mistake will be less.-See Household and Hogshe AD. - FALSELY, false'lè. ad. Contrarily to truth, not truly ; erroneously, by mistake ; perfidious- ly, treacherously. FALSENESS, false'nés. , s: , Contrariety to truth ; want of veracity, violation of promise ; duplicity, deceit ; treachery, perfidy, traitor, OllSIlešS. FALSIFIABLE, fal'sé-fl-ā-bl. a. 183. Liable to be counterfeited. FALSIFICATION, fal-sé-fé-kä'shôn. s. The act of counterfeiting any thing so as to make it appear what it is not. FALSIFIER, fal'sè-fl-àr. s. One that counter- feits, one that makes any thing to seem what it is ot; a liar. To FALSIFY, fīl'sè-fi. v. a. To counterfeit, to forge. To FALSIFY, fal'sè-fl. 183. To tell lies. FALSITY, fal'sè-té. s. Falsehood, contrariety to truth ; a lie, an errour. To FALTER, fal'tūr. v. m. To hesitate in the utterance of words ; to fail. FALTERINGLY, fal-tár-ing'ſé, ad. With hesi- tation, with difficulty. FAME, fame. S. Celebrity, renown; report, rumour. FAMED, famd. a. 359. Renowned, celebrated, much talked of. FAMELESS, fºme'lés. a. Without fame. FAMILIAR, f infl'yār, a. 113. Domestick, relating to a family; affable, easy in conversa- tion ; well known ; well acquainted with, ac- customed ; unconstrained. FAMILIAR, fī-milyár. s. long acquainted. FAMILIARITY, fa-mil-yé-ár'é-té. s. Easiness of conversation, omission of ceremony, ac- quaintance, habitude , easy Intercourse. TºxiiişRiž, đ-miyāj: "... a. To make easy by habitude; tº bring down from a state of distant superiority. f’AMILIARLY, fī-milyār-iè. V. Iſle An intimate, one ad. Unceremo- niously, with freedom; easily, without for- mality. * FAMILLE, ſimº ad. In a family way. [[G’ This word is perfect French, and is never used without en before it. * Deluded mortals whom the great * Choose for companions téte-a-tête; “Who at their dinners en familie, Get leave to sit whene'er you will.”—Swift. . FAMILY, fåm'ê-lé. s. †. who live in the same house, household ; those that descend from one common progenitor, a race, a genera-- tion ; a class, a tribe, a species. FAMINE, fåm’in. s. 140. Scarcity of food, dearth. To FAMISH, fam'sh. v. a. To kill with hun. ger, to starve, to kill by deprivation of any thing necessary. To FAMISH, fäm?sh. v. n. To die of hun- ger. Fºlsh*ENT, fäm?sh-mént. s. Want of d OOCl. FAMOSITY, fī-mós'é-té. s. Renown. FAMOUS, famás. a. 314. Henowned, cele- brated. FAMOUSLY, fºſmås-lè. a. with great fame. FAN, fan. s. An instrument used by ladies to move the air and cool themselves; any thing spread out like a woman's fan ; the insirument by which the chaff is blown away; any thing by which the air is moved; an instrument to raise the fire. To FAN, ffin. v. a. To cool or recreate with a fan ; to ventilate, to affect by air put in mo. tion ; to separate, as by winnowin FANATICISM, fö-nāt'è-sizm. s. With celebrity, , £ausium, religious phrenzy. FANATICK, fī-nāt'ík. a. 509. Enthusiastick, superstitious. FANATICK, få-nāt'ík. . s. An enthusiast, a man mad with wild motions. FANCIFUL, ffin'sè-fúl a. Imaginative, rather guided by imagination than reason; directed by the imagination, not the reason. FANCIFULLY, fén'sé-fúl-è, ad. According te the wildness of imagination. FANCIFULNESS, fan'sè-fāl-pés. s. Addiction to the pleasures of imagination. FANCY, fan'sé. s. Imagination, the power by which the mind forms to itself images and re- presentations; an opinion bred rather by the imagination, than the reason ; inclination, lik- ing ; caprice, humour, whim; frolick, idle Scheme, vagary. To FANCY, fan'sé. v. n. To imagine, to be- lieve without being able to prove. To FANCY, ffin'sé. v. a. To portray in the mind, to §º to like, to be pleased with. FANCYMONGER, fan'sè-măng-går. s. One who deals in tricks of imagination. FANCYSICK, fün'sè-sik. a. ©me whose dis- temper is in his own mind. FANE, fame. s. A temple consecrated to religion. 4. FANFARON, fan'fé-rón. s. A bully, a Heo- tor; a blusterer, a boaster of more than he can perform. FANFARONADE, fån-ffir-à-nāde'. s. A blus- ter, a tumour of fictious dignity. To FANG, ffing. v. a. To seize, to gripe, to clutch. FANG, ffing. s. The long tusks of a boar or other animal; the nails, the talons; anything like a long tooth. FANGED, fangd. a. 359. Furnished with fangs or long teeth, furnished with any instrument in imitation of fan FANGLE, fang'gi. s. 405. Silly attempt, trifling scheme. -> FANGLED, fång'gl’d. a. 359. . It is scarcely º but in new-fangled ; vainly, fond of no- Veſty. rºless, fänglés. a. Toothless, withºut teeth. | FAR FAS 202 * II, 559.-Fate, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—phie, pin;– FANNEL, fan'nél. s. A sort of ornament like a scarf, worn above the left arm of a mass-priest. FANNær, fán'nār. s. . One that plays a fan. FANTASIED, fan'tá-sld. a. 283. Filled with fancies. ANTASM, fån'tázm. s. See PHANTASM. ANTASTICAL, fan-tästè-kál. Irrational FANTASTICK, fan-tāstik. 509. 3 * *rration* bred only in the imagination; subsisting only in the fancy, imaginary; capricious, humorous, ºf whimsical, fanciful. 17ANTASTICALLY, fån-tás'té-kāl-è, ad. By the power of imagination ; capriciously, hu- morously ; whimsically. FANTASTICALNESS, fan-tástè-kāl-nés. FANTASTICKNESS, f$n-tás'tik-nés. Humorousness, mere compliance with fancy; whimsicalness, unreasonableness; caprice, un- steadiness. tº . º. "FANTASY, fan'tá-sé. . s. Fancy, imagination, the power of imagining; idea, image of the mind * humour, inclination. FAP, fap. a. Fuddled, drunk. word. FAR, fºr ad. 77, 78. To great extent; to a great distance; remotely, at a great distance ; in a great part, in a great proportion ; to a great height; to a certain degree. FÅR-FETCH, far-fétsh' s. A deep stratagem. FAR-FETCHED, får-fétsht’. a. 359. Brought from places remote ; studiously sought ; ela- borately strained. FAR-PIERCING, ſār-pêèr'sing. a. or penetiating a great way, FAR:SHOOTING, får-shöðting. a. to a great distance. FAR, för. a. Distant, remote ; from far, from a remote place. To FARCE, farse. v. a. To stuff, to fill with mingled ingredients; to extend, to swell out. F Å; fárse. s. A dramatick representation written without regularity, generally stuffed with ribaldry and monsense. FARCICAL, får'sé-kál. a. farce. FARCY, fºr'sè. . s. The leprosy of horses. FARDEL, far'dél. s. A bundle, a little pack. To FARE, fare. v. n. To go, to pass, to travel ; to be in any state, good or bad ; to happen to any one well or ill; to feed, to eat, to be enter- tained. FARE, fare. s. Price of passage in a vehicle by land or by water; food prepared for the table, provisions. făre'wél, or fåre-wél àre'wél, or fåre-wél'. FAREWELL, } făr'wél, or får-wé!'. ; The parting compliment, adieu : it is sometimes used only as an expression of separation with- out kindness. 13° To all these different pronunciations is this word subject. The accentuation, either on the first or last syllable, depends much on the rhythm of the sentence.—See Commodore and ComMonwealth. When it is used as a substantive, without an ad- jective before it, the accent is generally on the first syllable; as, * See how the morning opes her golden gates, . “And takes her fårewell, of the glorious sun.” Shakspeare. Or if the adjective follow the substantive, as, “If chance the radiant sun with farewell sweet “Extend his ev'ning beam, the fields revive, “The birds their notes renew, and bleeting herds • Attest their ioy, that hill and valley ring.” JMilton. But if the adjective precede the substantive, the accent is generally placed on the last syllable; ..An old cant Striking, Shooting Belonging to a 2 * Treading the path to nobler ends, “A long farewell to jove I gave.” f/aller. |FASCLA, fish'ê-á. s. 92. “As in this grove I took my last farewall.” º Dryden. Or when it is governed by a verb, as, “I bade “him farewell,” or, “I bade farewall to him.” When it is used as an adjective, the accent is al- ways on the first syllable ; as, “Afārewell Ser- mon.” But when it is used as an interjection, (for, with great deference to Dr. Johnson, I cannot think it an adverb,) the accent is either on the first or second syllable, as the rhythm of pronuncia- tion seems to require. “But farewell, king; sith thus thou wilt appear, “Freedom lives hence, and banishment is here.” Shakspeare –“ O queen, farewell; be still possest “Of dear remembrance, blessing still and blest.” ope. With respect to the pronunciation of a in the first syllable of this word, Mr. Sheridan says, that in England the first syllable is promounced like fur, and in Ireland like fare. But if this be really the case, the two nations seem to have changed dialects; for nothing can be more evident to the most superficial observer, than the tendency in Ireland to pronounce the a like that in far, and in England like that in fare. Not that I think the pronunciation of the first syllable of farewell, like far, either vicious or vulgar: I am convinced many good speakers so pronounce it ; but the other pronunciation I think the more eligible, as well as more gene- ral ; Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Scott pronounce it with the second sound of a, and W. John- ston and Mr. Perry with the first. FAREWELL, fºre-wél'. s. Leave, act of depar- ture. FARINACEOUS, far-Š-nā'shôs. a. Mealy, tast- ing like meal. FARM, fărm. s. Ground let to a tenant ; the state of lands let out to the culture of tenants. To FARM, fºrm. v. a. To let out to tenants at a certain rent ; to take at a certain rate ; to cul- tivate land. FARMER, för'mür. s. One who cultivates hired ground ; one who cultivates ground. FARMOST, för'môst. a. Most distant. FARNESS, för nés. s. Distance, remoteness. FARRAGINOUS, far-rädje'é-nās. a. Formed of different materials. FARRAGO, far-rá'gö. s. 77. A mass ſo med confusedly of several ingredients, a medley. FARRIER, ſår'rè-àr. s. A shoer of horses ; one who professes the medicine of horses. FARROW, far'rö. s. 327. A little pig. To FARROW, far'rö. v. a. To bring pigs. FART, fºrt. s. Wind from behind. To FART, far t.v. a. To break wind behind. FARTHER, för'THér. ad.—See FURTHER.—At a greater distance, to a greater distance, more remotely. FARTHER, för'THér. a. 93. More remote longer, tending to greater distance. FARTHERANCE, far'THér-ānse. s. Encourage- ment, proportion. FARTHERMORE, far-THér-mère'. ad. Besides, over and above, likewise. To FARTHER, för'THér. v. a. To promote, to facilitate, to advance. |FARTHEST, farthést.-ad. At the greatest dis- tance; to the greatest distance. FARTHEST, f{r'THèst.a. Most distant, remotest. FARTHING, ffir'TH!.g. s. The fourth of a pen- ny copper maney. FARTHINGAir, farthing-gai. s. A hoop, used to spread the petticoat. FARTHINGSWORTH, far'Thingz-wörth. s. As much as is sold for a farthing. º FASCES, fas'séz. s. Rods anciently carried be- fore the consuls. A fillet, a bandage. FASCIATED, fish'é-à-téd. a. Bound with fillets FAT FAU 203 —nó, mêve, nár, nôt;—túbe, túb, būlī;-&il 3–póünd;—thin, THIs. FASCIATION, fish-à-à'shôn. s. 357. Bandage. To FASCINATE, fas'sé-nāte. v. a. To bewitch, to emchant, to influence in some wicked and Secret Inay) ner FASCINATION, fis-Cé-nā'shôn. s. or act of bewitching, enchantment. FASCINE, fas-séne'. s. 112. A faggot. FASCINOUS, ſås'sè-nās. a. Caused or acting by witchcraft. FASH10N, fash'fin. s. Form, make, state of any thing with regard to appearance; the make or cut of clothes; manner, sort, way; custom operating upon dress, or any domestick ornaments; custom, general practice ; manner imitated from another, way established by pre- cedent; general approbation,. Inode ; rank, condition above the vulgar. To FASHION, ſāsh'fin. v. a. To form, to mould, to figure ; to fit, to adapt, to accommodate ; to cast into external appearance; to make ac- cording to the rule prescribed by custom. FASHIONABLE, fish'én-ā-bl. a. Approved by custom, established by custom, made accord- ing to the mode; observant of mode ; having rank above the vulgar, and below mobility. FASHONABLENESS, fash'êm-à-bi-mes. s. Modish elegance. FASHIONABLY, fish'ºn-á-biè. ad. In a manner conformable to custom, with modish elegance. FASHIONIST, fash'ên-ist. s. A follower of the mode, a coxcomb. To FAST, ſåst. v. n. 79. To abstain from food; to mortify the body by religious abstinence. FAST, fast. s. Abstinence from food ; religious mortification by abstinence. \! AST, fast. a. Firm, immoveable; firm in ad- he ence ; speedy, quick, swift; fast and loose, uncertain, variable, inconstant. FAST, fast, ad. Firmly, immoveably; closely, nearly ; swiftly, nimbly; frequently. To FASTEN, fas's'n. v. a. To make fast, to make firm ; to hold together, to cement, to link; to affix, to conjoin, To FASTEN, füs's'n. v. n. 472. To fix himself. FASTENER, fīs's'm-àr. s. One that makes fast or firm. FASTER, fast'êr. s. 93. He who abstains from The power food. FASTHANDED, fast'hānd-éd. a. Avaricious, closehanded, covetous. FASTIDIOSITY, fūs-tíd-è-ös'é-té. s. Disdain- fulness. FASTIDIOUS, fas-tid'é-às, or fås-tídjè-às. a. 293 294. Disdainful, squeamish, Gelicate to a vice. FASTIDIOUSLY, ſis-tíd'é-ás-lè, or fås-tid-jé'ás- lè. ad. 293, 294. Disdainfully, squeamishly. FASTING-DAY, fist'ing-dà. s. Day of mortifica- tion by abstinence. FASTNESS, ſåst'nés. s. Firmness, firm adhe- rence ; strength, security; a strong place ; a place not easily forced. FASTUQUS, fas'tshā-ās. a. 464. Proud, haughty. FAT, fit. a. Full-fed, plump, fleshy; coarse, gross, dull; wealthy, rich. FAT, ſåt. s. The unctuous part of animal flesh. FAT, föt. s. A vessel in which any thing is put to ferment or be soaked. To FAT, fit. v. a. To make fat, to fatten. To FAT, fat. v. n. To grow fat, to grow full fleshed. FATAL, f\'tál. a. Deadly, mortal, destructive, causing destruction ; proceeding by destiny, in- evitable, necessary; appointed by destiny. FATALIST, ſā'tāl-Est. s. One who maintains that all things happen by invincible necessity. FATALITY, fa-tál'é-té. s. Predestination, pre- determined order or series of things and events; decree of fate; tendency to danger. FATALLY, fa’tāl-lè. ad. Mortally, destructively, even to death ; by the decree of ſate. FATALNESS, faſtål nés, s, invincible neces- sity. FATE, fate. s. Destiny, an eternal series of Successive causes ; event predetermined; death, destruction ; cause of death. FATED, fatéd. a. Decreed by fate; determin f ed in any manner by fate. FATHER, fa'ſ Hér. s. 34, 78, 98. He by whom the son or daughter is begotten ; the first ancestor; the appell,ition of an old man; the title of man reverent ; the ecclesiastica, writers of the first centuries ; the title of a popish confessor; the title of a Senator of old Rome; the appella tion of the first person of the adorable Trinity 76. º FATHER-IN-LAW, fa’THér-in-law. s. The fa- ther of one's husband or wife. To FATHER, fa"THér. v. a. To take as a son or daughter; to supply with a father; to adopt a composition ; to ascribe to any one as his off. spring, or production. FATHERHOOD, fö'THér-hăd. s. The charac, ter of a father. FATHERLESS, f 'THér-lés. a. Without a father FATHERLINESS, fa’Thér-lè-nēs. s. The tender- ness of a father. FATHERLY, ia'THér-lè. a. Paternal, like a fa. ther. FATHERLY, fö'THér lé. ad. In the manner of a father. FATHQM, föTH'âm. s. 166. A measure of length containing six feet ; reach, penetration, depth of contrivance. To FATHOM, fåTH'âm., v. a. To encompass with the arms; to sound, to try with respect to the depth; to penetrate into, to find the bottom; as, I canuot fathom his design. FATHOMLESS, fath'ām-lés. a. That of which no bottom can be found ; that of which the cir- cumference cannot be embraced. FATIDICAL, fī-tíd'é-kál. a. Prophetick, having the power to foretel. FATIFEROUS, fö-tíffè-rås. a. Deadly, mortal, FATIGABLE, föt'é-gā-bl. a. Easily wearied. To FATIGATE, fūt'é-gāte. v. a. 91. To weary, tö º: FATIGUE, fī-téég'. s. 337. Weariness, lassitude, the cause of weariness, labour, toil. To FATIGUE, få-téèg'. v. a. i 12. To tire, to weary. FATKIDNEYED, fatſkid-nid. a. 283. Fat. FATLING, fat'ling. s. A young animal fed fat for the slaughter. FATNER, fit’tn-ár. s. more properly FATTEx- ER. That which gives fatness. FATNESS, fat'nés. s. The quality of being fat, plump fat, grease; unctuous or greasy mat. ter; #. ;...that which causes fertility. To FATTEN, fat’tn., v. a. 405. To feed up, te make fleshy; to make fruitful to feed grossly; to ill Crease. To FATTEN, fit’tn. v. m. To grow fat, to be pampered. FATTY: fát’té, a. Unctuous, oleaginous, greasy FATUOUS, fitsh'ê-às. a. 461. §. foolish feeble of mind; impotent, without force. FATUITY, fī-tū'ê-té. s. Foolishness, weakness of mind. [[j' For the second syllable of this word, see Fu TURITY. FATWITTED, fīt'wit-êd. a. Heavy, dull. FAUCET, faw'sét. a. A pipe inserted into a ves- sel to give vent to the liquor, and stopped up by **ś FAUCHION, fal'shôn. 8. A crooked sword. FAWILLOUS, fö-vil'lás. a. Consisting of ashes. FAULCON, föw'km. s.-See FALcos FAULT, fait s. 404. Offence, slight crime, some- what liable to censure; defect, want; puzzle, difficulty. [* Dr. Johnson tells us, that the l in this word is sometimes sounded and sometimes mute, anti that in conversation it is generally suppressed, 'i o this i\r. Kenrick adds, that it is }; FAW FEA 204 [[F 550–Fâte, far, fºll, fūt;—mē, mét;—pine, pīn;— suppressed. None of our lexicographers have marked this letter mute, but Mr. Sheridan. Mr. Nares says, the word is pronounced both ways, and leaves it undetermined; but Mr. Elphinstone decides positively against retaining the leven in writing : his reasons are, that as the French have left out the l in their aftiqua- ted faulte, we ought to leave it out of our En- glish word, which was derived from their an- cient one. This reasoning, however, I think is not conclusive. If after deriving words from the living languages, and using them for centu- ries, we were to alter them as the parent lam- guage happens to alter, our own language would have no stability. The truth is, the French lam- guage is much more altered within the two last centuries than the English, and is greatly en- feebied by dropping its consonants. Its nasal vowels too have added to its weakness, by ren- slering both vowels and consonants less distinct. The l in question has nothing harsh or uncom- mon in its sound, and if it were mute, would de- sert its relation to the Latin falsitas, and form a disgraceful exception; and if poets have sometimes dismissed it to rhyme the word with thought, sought, &c. they have as readily admit- ted it to rhyme with malt, salt, and assault. * Whigh of our thrum-capp'd ancestors found fault, “For want of sugar-tongs or spoons for salt?” Ring. FAULTFINDER, filt'find-àr. s. A censurer. FAULTILY, fūl'té-lè. ad. Not rightly, improp- erly. FAULTINESS, fal'té-més. s. Badness, vicious- ness; delinquency. FAULTLESS, falt'lés. a. Without fault, per- fect. FAULTY, fal'té. a. Guilty of a fault, blameable, erroneous, defective. FAUN, fawn, s. A kind of rural deity. JMason. To FAVOUR, fa’vár. v. a. To support, to re- gard with kindness; to assist with advantages or conveniences; to resemble in feature; to conduce to, to contribute. FAWOUR, fa’vár. s. 314. Countenance, kind- ness; support, defence; kindness granted ; lenity, mitigation of punishment; leave, good- will, pardon; object of favour, person or thing favoured; something given by a lady to be worn; any thing worm openly as a token ; fea- ture, countenance. FAVOURABLE, ſå'vār-à-bl. a. Kind, propitions, affectionate, palliative, tender, averse from cen- sure ; conducive to, contributing to ; accom- modate, convenient; beautiful, well favoured. FAWOURABLENESS, fa’vār-à-bl-nés. s. Kind- ness, benignity. AWOURABLY, fa’vār-à-blé. ad. Kindly, with favour. AVOURED, fê'värd. particip. a. Regarded with kindness; featured with well or ill. votjººdiy, ºvärälä. ad with well or ll, in a fair or ſoul way. OURER, fa’vār-àr. s. One who favours; he who regards with kindness or tenderness. WOURITE, favār-it. s. 156. A person or ding beloved, one regarded with favour; one hosen as a companion by his superiour. WOURLESS, ſå'vār-lés. a. Unfavoured, ot regarded with kindness; unfavouring, un- wropitious. §§. făw’tör. s. 166. Favourer, counte- Yancer. AUTRESS, föw'trés. s. vours or shows Countenance. 'AWN, fawn. s. A you: deer. 'o FAWN, fawn. v. m. To bring forth a young deer; to court by frisking before one, as a dog; to court servilely. FAWNER, föw'nār, s One that fawns, one that A woman that fa- pays servile courtship. w FAWNINGLY, föw'ning-lè. ad. In a cringing servile way. FAY, fa. s. A fairy, an elf; faith To FEAGUE, feeg. v. a. 337. To whip, to chastise. Fºr Y, ſº'àl-té. s. ord. JJ Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Bu chanan, W. Johnston, and, if we may judge by the position of the accent, Entick, make only two syllables of this word; Mr. Perry, Mr Nares, and, by the position of the accent, Dr. Ash, three. I do not hesitate a moment to pro nounce the last division the best ; not only as it is immediately derived from a French-word of three syllables feaulté, but as this is generally its quantity in Milton and Shakspeare. 1 am in parliament pledge for his truth, “And lasting fealty to the new-made *::: Shakspeare, Duty due to a superiour & 4 33 {{ Let my sovereign Command my eldest son, nay, all my sons, ... As pledges of my fealty and love.”—Ibid. * - Man disobeying, “ Disloyal; breaks his jeally, and sins “Against the high supremacy of heav'n.” JMilton {{ Each bird and beast behold * After their kinds; I bring them to receive * From thee their names; and pay thee fealty “With low subjection.”—Ibid. “Whether his first design be to withdraw * Qur fealty to God, or to disturb “Conjugal love.”—Ibid. In these quotations from Johnson we see the first only makes fealty two syllables ; and evan here it may be presumed there is a poetical li- cense exactly like that which Young uses in the word really : * Why really sixty-five is somewhat old.” FEAR, fére. s. 227. Dread, horrour, appre- hension of danger ; awe, dejection of mind; anxiety, solicitude ; that which causes fear ; something hung up to scare deer. To FEAR, fºre. v. a. To dread, to consider with apprehensions of terrour; to fright, to ter- rify, to make afraid. To FEAR, ſére. v. n. afraid; to be anxious. FEARFUL, fºre'föl, or fêr'föl. a. To live in horrour, to be 230. Timor- ous ; afraid ; awful; terrible, dreadful. See FIFRCE. FEAll FULLY, fºre'föl-lè, or fér'föl-lè. ad Timorously, in fear; terribly, dreadfully. FEARFULNESS, fºre'föl-nés, or får'fül-nēs. s. Timorousness, habitual timidity; state of being afraid, awe, dread. FEARLESSLY, fere'lès-lè. ad. Without ter- TOllr. FEARLESSNESS, ſere'lés-nēs. s. Exemption from fear. FEARLESS, fºre 1és. a. º - FEASIBILITY, fe-zè-bil'è-té. s. A thing prac- ticable. FEASIBLE, fe'zè-bl. a. 227. that may be effected. FEASIBLY, fe'zè-blè. ad. Practicably. FEAST, föést. s. 227. An entertainment of the table, a sumptuous treat of great numbers ; an anniversary day of rejoicing; something de- licious to the palate. ' To FEAST, fest. v. n. To eat sumptuously. To FEAST, feest. v. a. To entertain sumptu ously ; to delight, to pamper. tº ºn Fºre. fêès'tūr. s. One that fares delici- ously; one that entertains magnificently: FEASTFUL, fêést' fêl, a. Festive, joyful, lux- turious, riotous FEASTRITE, fºst'rite. s. in entertainments. Free from fear, in- Practicable, Custom observed FEE FEH, 205. —mö, móve, nôr, nºt;-túbe, tºb, bāīl;-&il ;—päänd;—thin, THIs. FEAT, föte. s. 227. Act, deed, action, ex- ploit; a trick, a ludicrous performance. . F#,AT, fete. a. Ready, skilful; ingenious ; mice, meat. - - FEATEOUS, fö'té-às, or fê'tshe-às. a. 263. Neat, dexterous. - - FEATEOUSLY, fêtê-às-lè. ad. Neatly, dex- terously. of birds; an ornament, an empty, title ; upon a horse, a sort of natural frizzling hair. FEATHER, förſtår. s. 93, 234. The plume To FEATHER, fºr H'ór. v. a. To dress in fea- thers; to fit with feathers; to tread as a cock #. to enrich, to adorn ; get riches together. , FăATHERBED, fêTH'ār-béd. s. with feathers. . . . . . FEATHERDRIVER, fêTH'ār-dri-vár. . s. who cleanses feathers. . . . . . FEATHERED, fêTH'âr'd, a. 359. Clothed with feathers; fitted with feathers, carrying feathers. FEATHääEDGE, förgårºgóje, š. Boards or planks that have one edge thinner than another, are called featheredge stuff. to feather one's nest ; to A bed stuffed FEATHEREDGED, fêTH'âr-édj'd. a. Belong- ing to a featheredge. . . - FEATHERFEW, föTH'ār-fú. . s. A plant. FEATHERLESS, féTH'àr-lés. . a. Without feathers. - O }}{2 FEATHERSELLER, férfi'ār-sèl-àr. who sells feathers. w FEATHERY, féTH'ār-à. a. Clothed with feathers. FEATLY, ſéte'lè. ad. Neatly, nimbly. FEATNESS, fete'nés. s. Neatness, dexterity. FEATURE, fê'tshūre, s. 462. The cast or make of the face; any lineament or single part of the face: ; To FEAZE, feze. v. a. To untwist the end of a rope ; to beat. | - FEBRIFUGE, féb'rè-fúje. 's. Any medicine ser- viceable in a fever. - FEBRILE, féb'ril. a. 140, Constituting a fever; proceeding from a fever. Fäſäjäß, förð.A.F. s. second month in the year. FECES, fe'séz. s. Dregs, lees, sediment, subsi- dence; excrement. FECULENCE, fīk'ê-lénse. FECULENCY, fék'ê-lèn-gé. S. The name of the S. quality of abounding with lees and sediment; fees, feces, sediment, dregs. - FECULENT, fék'ê-lènt. a. crementitious. - FECUND, fék'ênd. a. v. FACUND. FECUNDATION, fék-kān-dà'shôn. s. The act of making prolifick. To FECUNDIFY, f*-kën'dè-fi. fruitful. - - FECUNDITY, f*-kån'dè-té. . s. Fruitfulness, quality of producing or bringing forth. PED, féd. Preterft and participle pass. of To feed. w Fºy, féd'à-rè. 3. A partner, or a depen- ant. FEDERAL, féd'ér-ál. a. Relating to a league or contract. - FEDERARY, féd'ér-à-ré. s. A confederate, an accomplice. FEDERATE, fed'ér-āte. a. 91. Leagued. FEE, fêé. s. 246. All lands, and tenements that are held by any acknowledgment of superiori- ty to a higher lord ; recompense ; payments occasionally claimed by persons in office ; re- ward paid to physicians or lawyers. FEEFARM, fee'fárm s. Tenour by which lands are held from a superiour lord. To FEE, féé. v. a. To reward, to pay; to bribe, to keep in hire. FEEBLE, fé'bl. a. 405. Weakły, debilitated, * Foul, dreggy, ex- Fruitful, prolifick.-Se v. a. To make One} Muddiness, FEEBLENESS, fe'bl-nés, s. Weakness, imbe cility, infirmity. - rmity - FEEBLY, ſº blè. ad. Weakly, without strength To FEED, feed. v. a. 246. To supply with food; to graze, to consume by cattle; to nourish, to cherish ; to keep in hope. or expectation; to delight; to entertain. . To jºi), fêéd. v. n. To take food; to prey, to live by eating ; to grow fat or plump. FEED, feed. s. Food, that which is eaten; pas- {{}}''G. FEEDER, fºëd'âr. s. One that gives food; an exciter, an encourager; one that eats, one that eats nicely. - - To FEEL, féél. v. n. Pret. Felt. Part, pass. Felt. To have perception of things by the touch ; to search by feeling; to have a quick sensibility of good or evil; to appear to the touch. - - To FEEL, fºl. v. a. 246. To perceive by the touch ; to try, to sound ; to have sense of pain. or pleasure; to be affècted by ; to know, to be acquainted with. . • , FEEL, fêèl. s. The sense of feeling, the touch. FEELER, fºël'êr. s. One that feels; the horns or ańtennae of insects. . - FEELING, fêé!'íng. particip, a. great sensibility; sensibly felt. FEE}_ING, fºël'ing. ‘s. The sense of touch ; Sensibility, tenderness, perception. FEE}.INGLY, fºl'ing-lè. ad. With expression of great sensibility; so as to be sensibly felt. FEET, fººt. s. 246. The plural of Foot. FEETLESS, fºët'lés, a. Without feet. To FEIGN, ſane. v. a. 249, 385. To invent; to make a show of, to do upon some false preten- ces ; to dissemble, to conceal. To FEIGN, fºne. v. n. To relate age from the invention. - FEIGNEDLY, fame'éd-lè. ad. 364. In fiction, not truly FEIGNER, fane'ér. s. fiction. . FEINT, fºnt. s. 249. A false appearance; a mock assault To FELICYTATE, fºllis'é-täte. v. a. To make happy ; to congratulate. Fºr ATION, fe-ſis-à-tà'shôn. s. ation FELICITOUS, f*-lis'ê-tãs. a. FELECITY, fe-lis'é-té. s. blissfulness. FELJNE, fe'line. a. 140. Like a cat, pertaining- to a Cat. FEi, L; fél. a. Cruel, barbarous, inhuman; Sa- vage, ravenous, blóody. FELL, fél. s. The skin, the hide. To FELL; fél. v. a. To knock down, to bring to the ground; to hew down, to cut down. . . FELL, fél. The preterit of To fall. FE}_i, Ełł, fé!'lúr. s. (3me that hews down. . . FELLIF Hyous, fêl-lif'ſiń-às. a. 518. Fiowing with gali. Fº NGER, fél'māng-går. s. 381. A dealer ill in 1342S. . FELLNESS, fé!'nes. s. Cruelty, savageness. FEE, LOE, fél'Hô. s. 296. The circumference of a wheel. A. FELLOW, féI'lo. s. 327. An associate, one united in the same affair; one of the same kind ; one thing suited to another, one of a pair ; a fami- liar appellation used sometimes with fondness, sometimes with contempt; mean wretch, sorry rascal; a member of a college that shares its I'êWell ble, To fºllow, fêlló. v. a. To suit with, to pair With. º FELLOW-COMMONER, ſel-lè-köm'ân-ár. s A commoner at Cambridge of the higher order who dines with the fellows. 1. FELLOW-CREATURE, fél-lö-krè'tshöre, s. One Expressive of falsely, to im” Inventer, contriver of Congratu- Happy. e Happiness, prosperity, sickly FEEBLEMINDED, fe'bl-mind'éd. a. Weak of | &mind, that has the same Creator. FELLOW-HEIR, fél-13-are'. s. Coheir FEN FER 206 [[G” 559–Fâte, ſār, fall, fat;-mé, mét;—plme, pin;– FELLOW-HELPER, föl-ló-hélp'âr.s. Coadjutor. FELLOW-LABOURER, fél-lô-lá'bār-àr. s. One who labours in the same design O Ine FELLOW-SERVANT, féi-lô-sér'vânt. s. that has the same master. FELLOW-SOLDIER, fél-ló-söljär. s. One who fights under the same commander. | FELLOW-STUDENT, fel-lè-stà'dánt. s. One who studies in company with another. FELLOW-SUFFERER, fél-ló-sàf'ār-àr. s. One who shares the same evils. FELLOW-FEELING, fél-ló-ſéé'ſſng, s. Sympa- thy; combination, joint interest. FELLOW-LIKE, fél’lò-like. FELLOWLY, fé!'lò-lè. Like a companion, on equal terms. FELLOWSHIP, féilö-ship. s. Companionship; association; equality; partnership; frequency of intercourse, social pleasure; fitness and fondness for festal entertainments; an esta- blishment in the college with share in its revenue. FELLY, féI'lè. ad. º inhumanly, savagely. FELO-DE-SE, ſº-ló-dé-sé'. s. In law, he that committeth felony by murdering himself. FELON, fél'ên. s. 166. One who has committed a capital crime ; a whitlow, a tumour formed between the bone and its investing membrane. FELON, fél'ân. a. Cruel, traitorous, inhuman. FELONIOUS, fe-ló'né-às. a. Wicked, traitorous, villamous, malignant. FELONIOUSLY, ſé-ló'mè-às-lè. ad. In a feloni- ous way. FELONY, fel'èn-è. s. A crime denounced cap- ital by the law. FELT, filt. The preterit of Feel. FELT, fêlt. s. Cloth made of wool united with- out weaving; a hide or skin. FELUCCA, ſé-iñk A. s. A small open boat with SIX O&TS. FEMALE, fê'måle. s. A she, one of the sex which brings forth young. FEMALE, ºn. a. Not masculine, belong- ing to a she. FEMINALITY, fem-è-mál'è-té. s. Female na- ture. EMININE, fém'è-nin. a. 150. Of the sex that brings young, female; soft, tender, deli- cate ; effeminate, emasculated. FEMORAL, fém'ö-rál. a. Belonging to the thigh. FEN, fém. s. A marsh ; low, flat and moist ound, a moor, a bog. FENBERRY, fém'bér-ré. s. A kind of black- berry. FENCE, fénse. s. Guard, security, outwork, defence; enclosure, mound, hedge; the art of fencing, defence; skill in defence. To FENCE, fênse. v. a. To enclose, to secure by an enclosure or hedge ; to guard. To FENCE, fénse. v. n. To practise the arts of manual defence; to guard against, to act on the defensive; to fight according to art. FENCELESS, fénse'lés. a. Without enclo- sure, Open. FENCER, fen'sár. s. One who teaches or prac- tises the use of weapons. FENCIBLE, fen'sé-bl. a. Capable of defence. FENCING-MASTER, föm'sing-más-tár, s. One who teaches the use of weapons. FENCING-SCHOOL, fén'sing-skööl. s. A place in which the use of weapons is taught. To FEND, fönd. v. a. To FEND, fénd. v. n. charge. F#, fên'dār. s. A plate of metal laid be- fore the fire to hinder coals that fall from roll- ing forward to the floor; any thing laid or hung at the side of a ship to keep off violence. FENERATION, fém-èr-à'shôn. s. Usury, the aim of interest. / FENNEL: fēnné. s.99. A plant of strºng scent. FENNY, fém'né. a. Marshy, boggy; inhabiting o keep off, to shut out. To dispute, to shift off a the imarsh. FENNYSTONES, fön'né-stönz. s. FENSUCKED, fém'sákt. a. marshes. FEOD, fºlde. s. Fee, tenure. FEODAL, fü'dál. a. Held from another. FEODARY, fū'dā-rè. s. One who holds his estate under the tenure of suit and service to a superiour lord. To FEOFF, féf. v. a. 256. To put in possession, to invest with right. |3. I had always supposed that the diphthong in this word and its compound enfeoff was pro- nounced like the long open e, but upon inquiry into its actual pronunciation by the gentlemen of the law, found I had been in an errour; and though Mr. Sheridan and Mr Scott mark feoff with the short e, they are in the same errour respectin *::: which they mark with the long e. Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Barclay are un- der the same mistake in Jºſ by pronouncing the diphthong long; and Mr. Nares is wrong also in pronouncing enfeoff in the same manner. Mr. Perry is the only one who is right in pro- nouncing the diphthong short in both. So much, however, had my ear been used to the long sound of this diphthong, that it escaped me in the word “ſº and enfeoffment ; which, to be consistent, I ought certainly to have marked with the short sound, as in feoff and feoffee. FEOFFEE, ſéf'fèë. s. One put in possession. FEOFFER, f ºf för. s. One who gives posses- sion of any thing. FEOFFMENT, féf'mént. s. The act of granting possession. FERACITY, fé-rás'é-té. s Fruitfulness, fertility. FERAL, fe'rál. a. Funeral, mournful. Fääiation, fºré àshàn "s." §4.” The act of keeping holiday. FERINE, ferne. a. 140. Wild, savage. FERINENESS, fé-rine'nés. s. Barbarity, sa- WageneSS. FERITY, fér'é-té. s. Barbarity, cruelty, wild. II &SS. To FERMENT, fér-mént'. v. a. To exalt or rarefy by intestine motion of parts. To #ºf , fér-mént'. v. n. parts put into intestine motion. FERMENT, för'mént. s. 492. That which causes intestime motion ; the intestine motion, tumult. FERMENTABLE, fér-mént'à-bl. a. Capable of fermentation, FERMENTAL, för-mént'ál. a. ower to cause fermentation. F Fºos, férimén-tä'shān. s. A pe culiar spontaneous, Imotion, which takes place in vegetable, or other organized substances, and which totally changes their properties. .Accum’s Chymistry. $ FERMENTATIVE, fér-mên'tà-tív. a. Causing fermentation. FERN, férn. s. A plant. A plant. Sucked out of To have the Having the |FERNY, ſérn'é. a. Overgrown with fern. FEROCIOUS, fe-ró'shēs. a. 357. Savage, fierce FEROCITY, fe-rös'è-té. s. Savageness, fierce- AlešS. FERREOUS, fºr’ré-às. a. Consisting of iron, be- longing to iron. FERRET, fér'rit. s. 99. A quadruped of the weasel kind, used to catch rabbits; a kind of narrow riband. To FERRET, för'rit. v. a. 99. To drive out of lurking piaces. F# R, ſér'rit-têr. s. One that hunts ano- ther in his privacies. ſº FERRIAGE, fér'ré-Adje. s. 90. The fare paid at a ferry. F ####|Nous, fêr-rºjin-ès. a. Partaking of the particles and qualities of iron. FERRULE, férril. s. An iron ring put round any thing to keep it from cracking. º To FERRY, för'ré. v. a. To carry over in a boat, FET FIL) 207 —nó, móve, nôr, nét;—túbe, túb, bill;-&ll:—pôānd;—thin, This. YFERRY, ièr'rè. s. A vessel of carriage; the pas- sage over which the ferry boat passes. F###y MAN, fér're-mân. s. 88. One who keeps a ferry, one who for hire transports goods and aSSen gºeſs. Fº , fér’til. a. 140. Fruitful, abundant. FERTILENESS, fér'til-nés. s. Fruitfulness, fe- cundity. F#ity, fêr-til'è-té. s. Abundance, fruit- fulness. To FERTILIZE, fér’tfl-lize. v. a. To make fruit- ful, to make plenteous, to make productive. FERTHLY, fér'til-ć. ad. properly FERTILELY. Fruitfully, plenteously. F#####". fér'vén-sé. s. Heat of mind, ar- dour ; flame of devotion, zeal. WiśvāNi. fér'vént. a. Hot, boiling; hot in temper, vehement ; ardent in piety, warm in Žeal. FERVENTLY, för vēnt-ſé. ad. Eagerly, vehe- mently ; with pious ardour. F #5 fér'vid. a. Hot, burning, boiling; ve- hement, eager, zealous. FERVIDITY, fér-vid'é-té. s. FERVIDNESS, för-vid'nés. s. zeal. FERULA, fér'ê-lä. s. An instrument with which oung scholars are beaten on the hand. F#y UR, fér'vár. s. 314. Heat, warmth; heat of mind, zeal. FESCENNINE, fés'sén-nine. a. Belonging to a kind of wanton obscure poetry sung by the an- cient Romans at weddings. Alch. FESCUE, fés'kū. s. A small wire by which those who teach to read point out the letters. FESTAL, fés'tál. a. Belonging to a feast; fes- Heat, zeal, ardour. Ardour of mind, tiv §: Jłsh. To FESTER, fés’tár. v. n. To rankle, to corrupt, to grow virulent. FESTINATE, fés’té-nāte. a. Hasty, hurried. FESTINATELY, fös’té-mâte-lè. speedily. FESTINATION, ſés-té-nā'shôn. s. Haste, hurry. FESTIVAL, fés’té-vál. a. Pertaining to feasts, joyous. FēśAL, fés’té-vál. s. Time of feast, anni- versary day of civil or religious joy. FESTIVE, fés'tºv. a 140. Joyous, gay. FESTIVITY, fes-tív'é-té. s. # estival, time of re- joicing ; gaiety, joyfulness. FESTOON, fés-têón'. s. In architecture, an orna- ment of carved work in the form of a wreath º garland of flowers, or leaves twisted toge- ther. & FESTUCINE, f$s'tū-sin.a. Straw-colour. FESTUCOUS, fºs-tū'kás. a. Made of straw. To FETCH, fêtsh. v. a. To go and bring; to strike at a uistance; to produce by some kind of force; to reach, to arrive at ; to obtain as its price. To # CH, ſetsh. v. n. To move with a quick return. FETCH, fötsh. s. A stratagem by which any §§ is indirectly performed, a trick, an ar- tifice. FETCHER, fºtsh'īr. s. One that fetches. FETID, fêt?d. a. 296. Stinking, rancid.—See FETUs. FETIDNESS, fêt'īd-nēs. s. The quality of stink- Inºſ, F#Lock, fêt'lök. s. A tuft of hair that grows behind the pastern joint. FETTER, féi'tär. s. It is commonly used in the plural, Fetters. Chains for the feet. To FETTER, fét’tàr. v. a. To bind, to enchain; to shackle, to tie. To FETTLE, fêttl. v. n. 405. To do trifling bu- SineSS. FETUS, fe’tàs. s. 296,489. Any animal in embryo, anything yet in the womb. ence can arise the different quantity of the e in Fetus and Fetid º Till a better reason * ad. Hastily, appear, let us suppose the following: Fetus, ex: cept the diphthong, retains its Latin form, and therefore is naturally pronounced with its first syllable long. Fetid is anglicised, and as most of these anglicised words of two syllables are derived from Latin words of three where the first, be it short or long, is in our English-Latin pronounced short, the same syllable in the Eng- lish words is generally short likewise. This has established something like a rule; and this rule has shortened §e first syllable of Fetid, though long in the Latin Faetidus-See DRAMA. FEUD, föde. s. 264. Quarrel, contention. FEUDAL, fö'dál. a. Pertaining to fees or ten- . by which lands are held of a superiour O!"Cl. FEUDAL, fū'dál. s A dependance, something held by tenure. FEUDATORY, fū'dá-tàr-é. s. One who holds not in chief, but by some conditional tenure.-- For the o, see Dom ESTICK. FEVER, fe'vár. s. . A disease in which the body is violently heated and the pulse quickened, or in which heat and cold prevail by turns. It is sometimes continual, sometimes intermittent. FEVERET, ſº-vān-èt'. s. A slight fever, febricula. FEWERFEW, fe'vār-fú. s. An herb, FEWERISH, fe'vār-ish. a. Troubled with a fe- ver; tending to a fever; uncertain, inconstant, now hot, now cold; hot, burning. FEVERISHNESS, fe'vār-ish-nés. s. A slight disorder of the feverish kind. FEVEROUS, fe'vár-às. a. Troubled with a fe- yer or ague ; having the nature of a fever ; having a tendency to produce fevers. FEVERY, fe'vār-e. a. Diseased with a fever. FEW, fº. a...Not many, not a great number. FEWEL, fū’īl. s. 99. Combustible matter, as firewood, coal. FEWNESS, fü'més. Smallness of number FIB, fib. s. A lie, a falsehood. To FIB, fib. v. n. To lie, to tell lieg. FIBBER, fity'bár. s. A teller of fibs. FIBRE, fibär. S. 416 A small thread or string. FIBRIL, fibril. s A small fibre or string. FIBROUS, fibrás. a. 314. Composed of fibres or stamina. FIBULA, fib'ê-lä. s. The outer and lesser bone of the leg, much smaller than the tibia. FICKLE, ſik'kl. a. 405. Changeable, incon- stant, unsteady ; not fixed, subject to vicissitude. FICKLENESS, flk'kl-nés. s. inconstancy, un- certainty, unsteadiness. FICKLY, frk'kl-lè. ad. Without certainty or sta- bility. FICTILE, fik'til. a. 140. Manufactured by the Otter. FICTION, fik'shôn. s. The act of feigning or inventing ; the thing feigned or invented ; a falsehood, a lie. FICTIOUS, fik'shôs. a. 292. Fictitious, imagi. Ilary. FIC firious, fik-tish'ês. a. Counterfeit, not genuine; feigned; not real, not true. FICTITIOUSLY, fik-fish'ês-lè. ad. counterfeitly. FIDDLE, id'dl. s. musick, a violin. To FIDDLE, fiddl. v. n. 405. To play upon , the fiddle; to trifle, to shift the hands often, and do nothing. FIDDLEFADDLE, ſld'd]-fád'dl. s. Trifles. .4 tant word. . . FIDDLER, fiddl-àr. s. A musician, one that #3; upon the fiddle. FIDDLESTICK, fiddi-stik. s. The bow and half which a fiddler draws over the strings of a ©. º FIDDLESTRING, fiddl-string. s. The string of a fiddle. FIDELITY, fé-dé!'é-té. s. 126. Honesty, faith. ful adherence Falsely, A stringed instrument of FIG 208 * Frt, [j 559–Fâte, ſār, fall, fat;-mé, mét;—pine, pīn;– To FIDGE, fidje. To FIDGET, #jet 99. } v. n. To move nimbly and irregularly. A cant trord. FIDUCIAL, ſº-dà'shál. a. 126,357. Confident, undoubting. IJ” For the impropriety of pronouncing the second syllable of this and the two following words, as if written joo, as Mr. Sheridan has marked them, see Principles, No. 376, and 472. FIDUCIARY, fe-dà'shë-à-rè. s. One who holds any thing in trust; one who depends on faith without works. ** FIDULIARY, fe-dû'shë-à-rè. a. Confident, steady, undoubting. FIEF, ſººf. s. A fee, a manor, a possession held by some tenure of a superiour. F IELD, fèëld. s. 275. Ground not inhabited, not built on ; cultivated tract of ground; the open country, opposed to quarters; the ground of battle; the ground occupied by an army; a wide expanse ; space, compass, extent: in he- raldry, the surface of a shield. FIELDED, fºël'déd a. Being in field of battle. FIELDBASIL, fééld'báz-fl. s. A plant. FIELDBED, fºld'béd. s. A bed contrived to be set up easily in the field. FIELDFARE, f*I'fºre. s. 515. A bird. FIELDMARSHAL, f*ēld'már-shāl, s, mander of an army in the field. FIELDMOUSE, fºëld'môāse. s. A mouse that burrows in banks. FIELDOFF ICER, fºëld'àf-fé-sår. s. An officer whose command in the field extends to a whole regiment, as the colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and # FIELDPIECE, feeld'pèëse. s. Small cannon used in battles, but not in sieges. FIEND, fºënd. s. 27 Com- enemy of mankind, Satan; any infernal being. FIERCE, fêèrse, or fêrse. a. Savage, ravenous; Yehement; outrageous; angry, furious; strong, forcible. [CŞ. The first mode of pronouncing this word is the most general; the second is heard chiefly on the Stage. Actors, who gave such continual occasion to express the passions, feel a proprie- ty in giving a short vowel sound to a word de- noting a rapid and violent emotion; and there- fore, though this pronunciation may be said to be grammatically improper, it is philosophical- ly right.—See CHEERFUL FIERCELY, fºrse'lé, or fêrse'lé. ad. Violently, furiously. F #3; ESS, fºrse'nés, or fêrse'nés. s. Fero- city, savageness; violence, outrageous passion. FIERIFACIAS, fl-è-rè-fä'shôs. s. 88. In law, a judicial writ for him that has recovered in an action of debt or damages, to the sheriff, to sommand him to levy the debt, or the damages. FIERINESS, fl'ér-è-nēs. s. Hot qualities, heat, º ; heat of temper, intellectual ardour. FićRY, fºr a. Consisting of fire ; hot like fire; vehement, ardent, active; passionate, out- rageous, easily provoked; unfestrained, fierce ; heated by fire. FIFE, fife. s. A shrill-toned musical pipe blown to the drum. JFIFTEEN, fiftéâm. a. F.ve and ten. FIF ºth, fif'téènth. a. The fifth after the tenth. FIFTH, fifth, a. The next to the fourth. FIFTHLY, fifth'lé. ad. In the fifth place. FIFTIETH, fif'té Éth. a. 279. The next to the forty-ninth. FIFTY, fif'té. a. Five tens. FIG, fig. 8 A tree that bears figs; the fruit of the g-tree FIGAPPLE, fº º s. 405. A fruit. fºičoº, fig-mâr'ê-göld. s. A plant. To FighT, fité. v. m. Preter. Fought. Part. pass. Fought. To contend in battle, to make war to contend in single fight; to contend. 5 An enemy, the great||. To FIGHT, fite. v. a. To war against, to com- bat against. FIGHT, fite. s. Battle; combat, duel; some- # to screen the combatants in ships. FIGHTER, f tºr. s. Warriour, duellist. FIGHTING, fl'ting, particip. a. Qualified for war, fit for battle; occupied by war. FIGMENT, fig'mént. s. An invention, a fiction, the idea feigned. A bird. FIGPECKER, º: ék-àr. s. FIGULATE, fig' ... a. 91. Made of potter's clay. fit ºf ABLE, fig'à-rá-bl. a. Capable of being brought to certain form, and retained in it. Thus lead is Figurable, but not water. FIGURABILITY, fig-5-rá-bil'è-té. s. The quali- ty of being capable of a certain and stable form. FIGURAL, fig'à-rál, a. Belonging to figure. FIGURATE, fig'à-rate. a. 91. Of a certain and determinate form; resembling any thing of a determinate form. ſº FIGURATION, fig-à-rá'shôm. s. Determination to a certain form ; the act of giving a certain form. FIGURATIVE, fig'à-rá-tív. a. Representing something else, typical, not literal, full of rhe torical exornations. FIGURATIVELY, fig'à-rá-tiv-lè, ad. By a fig ure, in a sense different from that which words originally imply. FIGURE, fig'être. s. The figure of any thing as terminated by the outlines; shape; person, exter- nal form, appearance mean or grand; distinguish- ed appearance, eminence, remarkable character; a statue, an image; representations in painting; a character denoting a number; the horoscope, the diagram of the aspect of the astrological houses: in theology, type, representative: in rhetorick, any mode of speaking in which words are detorted from their literal and primitive sense: , in grammar, any deviation from the rules of analogy or syntax. [[G. There is a coarse and a delicate pronuncia- tion of this word and its compounds. The first is suchPa pronunciation as makes the u short and shut, as if written figgur: the last preserves the sound of u open, as if y were prefixed, fig- wure That this is the true sound of open us, see rinciples, No. 8. º To FIGURE, fig'àre. v. a. To form into any de- termined shape ; to cover or adorn with figures; to diversify; to represent by a typical or figu- rative resemblance; to image in the mind; to form figuratively, to use in a sense not literal. FIGWORT, fig'wärt. . s. A plant. e FILACEOUS, fe-lâ'shēs. a. 357. Consisting of threads. FILACER, fil’ā-sàr. s. 98. An officer in the Common Pleas, so called because he files those writs whereon he makes process. FILAMENT, fil’ā-mént. s. A slender thread, a body slender and long like a thread. FILBERT, fil'bárt. s. 98. A large hazel-nut with a thin shell. To FILCH, fºlsh, v. n. To steal, to pilfer. FILCHER, fish'êr. s. 98. A thief, a petty robber. FILE, file. s. A thread ; a line on which pa pers are strung; a catalogue, roll, a line of soldiers ranged one behind another; an instru- ment to smooth metals. Fil, ECUTTER, file'kåt-àr. s. ſiles. To FILE, file. v. a. To º: º a thread or wire; to cut with a file ; to foul, to sully, to pollute. & To FILE, file. v. m. To march in file, not abreast, but one behind another, FILEMOT, fil'è-mót. s. A brown or yellow brown colour. FILER, fi'lär. s. 98. One who files, one who uses the file in cutting rº. A maker of FIN-T ~ FIN 209 —nö, móve, nár, mēt;—tübe, tºb, bill —Gil 3–pôānd;—thin, THIs. Fiſ.HAſ, fil’yil. . a. 113. Pertaining to a son, befitting a son; bearing the character or rela- tion of a son. - • * * FILIATION, fil-ć-à'shán. s. The relation of a son to a father, correlative to paternity. FILINGS, filingz. s. Fragments rubbed off by the file, - To FILL, fil. v. a. To store till no more can be admitted; to pour liquor into a vessel till it reaches the top; to satisfy, to content; to glut, to surfeit. To fill out ; to pour out liquor for drink, to extend by something contained. To flºp , to make full, to supply, to occupy by bulk. To FILL, fil. v. m. To full ; to glut, to satiate. FHLL, fil. s. As much as may produce com- plete satisfaction; the place between the shafts of a carriage. FILLER, fºl'Iár. s. Any thing that fills up room without use ; one whose emplºyment is to fill “ressels of carriage. FILLET, fillit. s. 99. A band tied round the head or other part; the fleshy part of the thigh, applied commonly to veal; meat rolled toge- ther, and tied round : in architecture, a little member which appears in the ornaments and mouldings, and is otherwise called listel. To FILLET, fil'Ift. v. a. To bind with a band- age or fillet; to adorn with an astragal. To FILLIP, fillip. v. a. To strike with the nail of the finger by a sudden spring. - FILLIP, fillip. s. A jerk of the finger let go from the thumb. FHLLY, fil’lé. s. A young mare; opposed to a colt or young horse. 37II.M., film. s. A thin *'o FILM, film. v. a. or thin skin. FILMY, filmé. . a. Composed of thin pellicles. ‘ſo FILTER, filtàr. v. a. To clear by draw- ing off liquor by depending threads; to strain, to percolate. - FfLTER, fi!'tár. s. A twist of thread, of which one end is dipped in the liquor to be cleared, and the other hangs below the bottom of the vessel, so that the liquor drops from it; a strain- er; a charm, a love-portion. FILTH, filth. s. Dirt, nastiness; corruption, pollution. - #'ILTHILY, filth'é-lè. ad. Nastily, foully, grossly. FILTHINESS, filth'é-nēs. s. Nastiness, foul- mess, dirtiness; corruption, pollution. FILTHY, filth'é. a. Nasty, foul, dirty; gross, olluted. To Fll TRATE, filträte. v. a. 91. To strain, to percolate. FILTRATION, fil-trá'shān. s. A method by which liquors are procured fine and clear. FIMBRIATED, fimbré-à-téd. a. Fringed, edged round, jagged. FIN, fin. s. The limb of a fish, by which it balances its body, and moves in the water. JMurray. FIN-FOOTED, fin'ſfit-éd. a. Having feet with membranes between the toes. FINABLE, fi'nā-bl. a. 405. That admits a fine. FINAL, f1'mál. a. 88. Ultimate, last; conclu- sive ; mortal ; respecting the end or motive. FINALLY, finál-t. ad. Ultimately, in conclu- sºon, completely, without recovery. FINANCE, fin-nānse'. s. Revenue, income, profit. 4. - FINANCIAL, fe-nán'shäl. a. Relative to finance. JMºtson. - FINANCKER, fin-nān-séér'. s. 357. One who collects of farms the publick revenue. FINARY, finá-ré. s. The second forge at the in on mills FINCH, finsh s. 6) $small bird; of which there give to drink; to grow pellicle or skin. To cover with a pellicle are three kinds, the goldfinch, the chaffinch', and bulfinch. * To FIND, find. v. a. To obtain by searching or seeking ; to obtain something lost; to meet with, to fall upon; to know by experience ; to discover by study ; to discover what is hidden: to hit on by chance, to perceive by accident: to detect, to deprehend, to catch ; to determine by judicial verdict: to supply, to furnish, as, he finds,me in money : in law, to approve, as, to find a bill : to find himself, to fare with regard to ease or pain : to ſind out, to unriddle, to solve: to discover something hidden, to obtain the knowledge of ; to invent. FINDER, find'âr. s. One that meets or falls upon any thing ; one that picks up any thing OSt. Fºr AULT find'fölt. s. A censurer, a ca- V1 lie?’. FINE, fine. a. Refined, pure, free from dross; subtle, thin, as, the fine spirits evaporate ; re- fined ; keen, smoothly sharp ; clear, pellucid, as, the wine is fine; nice, delicate ; artful, dex terous; elegant, with elevation; beatitiful, with digrity; accomplished, elegant of man- ners ; showy, splendid. FINE, fine. s. A mulct, a pecuniary punishment, penalty ; forfeit, money paid for any exemp- tion or liberty; the end, conclusion. To FINE, ſine. v. a. To refine; to purify ; to make transparent; to punish with pecuniary penalty. - To FINE, fine. v. m. To pay a fine. * To FINEDRAW, fine'dràw, v. a. To sew up a rent with so much nicety that it is not perceived. FINEDRAWER, fine'dràw-àr. s. One whose business is to sew up rents. FINEFINGERED, fine'fing-går'd. a. artful, exquisite. - FINELY, fine’lé. ad. Beautifully, .# keemly, sharply; in small parts; wretchedly [ironically]. FINENESS, fine'nés. , s: , Elegance, delicacy show, splendour; artfulness, ingenuity; purity, freedom from dross or base mixtures. FINERY, fi'nār-&. s. 557. Show, splendour of appearance. FINESSE, fºrmès'. s. 126. Artifice, stratagena, FINE-SPOKEN, fine-spö'k'n. a. Affectedly polite. Mason. FINER, finár. s. 93. One who purifies metals. FINGER, fing'gár. s. 381. The flexible mem- ber of the hand by which men catch and hold , a small measure of extension; the hand, the instrument of work. - To FINGER, fing'gār, v. a. To touch lightly, to loy with ; to touch unseasonably or thievish- ly ; to touch an instrument of musick; to per- form any work exquisitely with the fingers. FINGLEFANGLE, fing'gi-fäng'gl. s. A trifle. FINICAL, ſim'é-kál. a. Nice, foppish. FINICALLY, fin'é-kāl-ć, ad. Foppishly. FINICALNESS, fin'é-kāl-nés. s. Superfluous nicety. To FINISH, finish. v. a. Tc bring to the end proposed, to perfect, to polish to the excellency intended. FINISHER, fin?sh-àr. s. One that finishes. FINITE, finite. a. 126. Limited, bounded. FINITELESS, fl'nite-lés. a. Without bounds. unlimited. . . FINITELY, fi'nite-lè. ad. Within certain limits, to a certain degree. . . . FINITENESS, finite-nēs. s. Limitation, con- finement within certain boundaries. - FINITUDE, fin'é-tūde. s. Limitation, confine- ment within certain boundaries. FINLESS. fin'ſés. a. Without fins. . . FINLIKE, fin'like. a Formed in imitation of fins. FINNED, finid. a. 362. Nice, Having broad edges, i spread out on either side, FIR FIV 2fO FINNY, fln'né. a. . Furnished with fins, formed for the element of water. FINTOED, fin'tóde. a. Having a membrane be- tween the toes. * - - FINOCHIO, fe-mö'shë-Ö. s. Fennel. FIR, fér. s. 109. The tree of which deal-boards are made. FIRE, fire. s. iliating heat ; any thing burning ; a confla- gration of towns or countries; the punishment of the dammed; any thing that inflames the passions; ardour of temper; liveliness of ima- gination, vigour of fancy, spirit of sentiment ; the passion of love; eruptions or imposthuma- tions, as, St. Anthony’s fire. f'IREARMS, fire'ârmz, S. Arms which owe their efficacy to fire, guns. FIREBALL, fire'báll. T. s. Grenado, ball filled with combustibles, and bursting where it is thrown. FIREBRUSH, fire bråsh. s. The brush which hangs by the fire-side to sweep the hearth. FIREDRAKE, fire'dräke. s. A fiery serpent. FIRENEW, fire'rºl. a. New from the forge, new from the melting-house. * FIRER, fire'êr. s. 98. An incendiary. FIRESIDE, fire-side'. s. The hearth, the chim- They. FIRESTICK, fire'stik. s. A lighted stick or brand FIREWORKS, fire'wºrks. 5. Preparations of gunpowder to be exhibited for show or publick rejoicing. To FIRE, fire. v. a. To set on fire, to kindle; to inflame the passions, to animate. To FIRE, fire. v. n. To take fire, to be kindled ; to be influenced with passion; to discharge any firearms. * - FIREBRAND, ſire'bränd. s. kindled ; factions. FIRECROSS, fire'krös. s. A token in Scotland for the nation to take arms. FIRELOCK, fire'lök. s. A soldier's gun, a gun discharged by striking steel with a flint. FIREMAN, fire'mān. S. 88. One who is employ- ed to extinguish burning houses. FIREPAN, fire'pán. s. A pan for holding or car- rying fire: in a gun, the receptacle for the priming powde: • - FIRESHiP, fire'ship. s. A ship filled with com- bustible matter to fºre the vessels of the enemy. FIHESHOWEL, fire'shôy-v’l. s. The instrument with which the hot coals are thrown. FIRESTONE, fire'stöne. s. A hearth stone, stone that will bear the fire, the pyrites. TJ REWOOD, fire'wäd. s. Wood to burn, fuel. FIREING, firing. s. Fewel. To FIRK, férk. W. a. To whip, to beat. FIRKIN, fér'kín, s. A vessel containing nine gal- lons; a small vessel. FIRM, férm. a. 108. Strong, not easily pierced or shaken ; hard, opposed to soft constant, steady, resolute, fixed, unshaken. FIRM, férm. s. The name or names under which any house of trade is established. A commercial word. JMason. . To FIRM, fêrm. v. a. To settle, to confirm, to establish, to fix; to ſix without wandering. FIRMAMENT, fér'mā-mént. s. The sky, the heavens. FIRMAMENTAL, för-mâ-mén'tál. a. Celestial, of the upper regions. FIRMLY, fºrm'ié. ad. Strongly: impenetrably; immoveably; steadily constantly, FIRMNESS, férm'nés. s. Stability, compact- ness; steadiness, Constancy, resolution. Fiftst, liest ºn time; highest in dignity; great, excel- A piece of wood am incendiary, one who inflames {3}}t. FIRST, fürst, ad. Before any thir.g. else, earli- est; before any other consideration ; at the lºgiuluing, at first. [[ 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit;-mê, mét;—pine, plm;— The element that burns; ra- först. a. 108. The ordinal of one ; ear- FIRST-GOT, ºt. º * FIRST-BEGOTTEN, först'bé-gēt-t'n. ; S. The eldest of children. FIRST-FRUITS, först'ſvöäts, s. What the sea. son first produces or matures of any kind ; the first profits of any thing ; the earliest effects of § §§ FIRSTLING, först'ling s. The first produce or offspring, the thing first thought or done. FISC, fisk. s. Fubić, treasury. JMason. FISCAL, fis'kál. s. 88. Exchequer, revenue. FISH, fish. s. An animal that inhabits the water. To FISH, fish. v. m. To be employed in catch- ing fish; to endeavour at any thing by artifice. To FISH, fish. v. a. To search water in quest of fish. FISH-HOOK, fish'hôók. s. A hook for catching Sll, FISHPQND, fish'pěnd. s. A small pool for fish FISHER, fish'ar. s. 98. One who is employed in catching fish. FISHERBOAT, fish'êr-böte. s. A boat employ ed in catching fish FISHERMAN, fish'ºïr-mân. s. 88. One whose employment and livelihood is to catch fish. FISHERY, fish'êr é. s. The business of catch ing fish. F ####, fish'fil. a. ... Abounding with fish. To FISHEFY, fish'é-fi. v. a. To turn to fish. FISHING, fishing, s. Commodity of taking fish FISHKETTLE, fish'két-ti. s. 405. A caldron made long for the fish to be boiled without bending. FISHMEAI, fish'mèle. s. Diet of fish. FISHMONGER, fish'mông-går. s. A dealer in fish. FISHY, fish'é. a. Consisting of fish ; having the ualities of fish. FISSILE, fis'sil. a. 140. Having the grain in a certain direetion, so as to be cleft. FISSILITY, fis-sil é-té. s. The quality of, ad- mitting to be cloven. FISSURE, fish'shūre. s. 452. A cleft, a narrow chasm where a breach has been made FIST, fist. s. The hand clenched with the fin- gers doubled down. \ FIST; CUFFS, fis'té-kåfs. s. Battle with the fists, FHSTULA, fis'tshū-lä. s. 461. A sinuous ulcer callous within. FISTULAR, fis'tshū-lär. a. 38. Hollow like a pipe. FISTULOUS, fis'tshö-lès. a. Having the nature of a fistula. FIT, fit. s. A paroxysm of any intermittent dis- temper ; any short return after intermission ; disorder, distemperature ; the hysterical disor- ders of women, and the convulsions of children FIT, fit. a. Qualified, proper; convenient meet, right. - To FIT, fit. v. a. To suit one thing to another, to accommodate a person with anything ; to be adapted to, to suit any thing. To fit out; to furnish, to equip. To fit up ; to furnish, to make proper for use. To FIT, fit. v. n. To be proper, to be fit. FIT § º, à A small kind of wild pea. FITCHAT, fitsh'ſt. * * * - firciifºw, fiftshöö. ; s. A stinking little beast, that robs the henroost and warren. FITFUL, fit'ſil. a. Varied by paroxysms. FITLY, fit'lè. ad. Properly, justly, reasonably; commodiously, meetly. FITNESS, fitnés, s. Propriety, meetness, just- ness, reasonableness; convenience, commodity; the state of being fit. FITMENT, fis'mént. s. Something adapted to a particular purpose. º * s - FITTER, fittör... s. The person or thing that Confers fitness for any thing. FIVE, five. a. Four and one, half of ten. FIVELEAVED Grass, five'lèëv'd s. Cinque, foil, a species of clover FLA "LA 2 : 1 -º-, —nó, móve, mēr, nāt;-tūbe, túb. bill,—3}, ,-pôānā;—thin, THrs. FIVES, fivg. s. A kind of play with a ball; a disease of horses. To FIX, fiſcs. v. a. To make fast; to settle ; to direct without variation ; to deprive of voiâtill- ty ; to transfix; to withhold from motion. To FIX, ſiks. v. n. To determine the resolution ; to rest, to cease to wander; to lose volatility 89 as to be malleable, F}XATION, fik-sà'shān, s, Stability, firmness ; confinement; want of volatility; reduction from fluidity to firmness. FºxEDLY, fºlk'séd-lè, ad. 364. Certainly, firmly. FIXEij NESS, fºlk'séd-nēs. s. 365, Stability ; want or loss of volatility ; steadiness, settled opinion or resolution. FiXIDITY, filº-sºd'ê-tê. S. Coherence of parts. FIXITY, fīk'sé-tê s. Coherence of parts. F}XTURE, files'íshāre. s. 463. Firmness; stable state; a piece of furniture fixed to a house. FiXURE, ſik'shūce. s. 479. Firmness, stable state.--Dr. Ash. FIZGFG, fīz'gig. 3. A kind of dart or harpoon with which seamen strike fish. F#,ABBY, flâb'bè. a. Soft, not firm. FF, ACCi D, flák'słd. a. Weak, limber, not stiff; lax, not tense.—See ExAGGERATE. FLACCIDITY, flāk-s?d'é-tê. s. Laxity, limber- mess, want of tension. To F#,AG, fläg. v. m. To hang loose without stiffness or tension ; to grow spiritless or de- jected; to grow feeble, to lose vigour. To FLAG, flág. v. a. To let fall into feebleness, to suffer to droop ; to lay with broad stones. FLAG, flág, s. A water-plant with a broad- bladed leaf and yellow flower; the colours or ensign of a ship or land forces; a species of stone used for smooth pavement. FLAG-BROOM, flág'brööm. s. sweeping ſtags or pavements. FiAG officiº, flag ºffé-sår. s. er of a squadron. FLAG-SHIP, flág'ship. The ship in which the commander of a fleet is. FLAG-WORM, flág'wärm. s. A grub bred in watery places among flags or sedge. FLAGELET, ſlädje'é-lèt. s. A small flute. To F#,AGELLATE, flädje'él-lāte. v. a. To whip, to scourge. FLAGELLATION, flädje-él-lä'shān, s. The use of the scourge. FLAGGINESS, flāg gè-nēs. s. Y?6:SS. FLAGGY, flág'gè. a. 383. Weak, lax, limber; insipid. F jºious, flā-jish ás. a. Wicked, villamous, atrocious. * FLAGITIOUSNESS, flá-jīsh'às-nēs. s. Wicked- ness, villamy. FLAGON. flág'ān. 166. A vessel of drink with a narrow mouth. FLAGRANCY, flá'grän-sè. s. Burning heat, fire. FLAGRANT, dà'grânt. a. Ardent, burning, eager; glowing ; red; notorious, flaming. FLAGRATION, flá-grä'shūm. s. Burning. FIAGSTAFF, flág'stāf s. The staff on which the flag is fixed. FLAiL, flâle. s. 202. The instrument with which rain is beaten out & the ear. FLAKE, flake. s. Any thing that appears loose- A broom for A command- flaxity, limber- By held together ; a stratum, layer ; a lock of wool drawn out. FLAKY, flá'ké. a. Loosely hanging together; lying in layers or strata, oroken into laminde. FLAM, flâm. s. A falsehood, a lie, an illusory pretext. To FLAM, flâm. v. a. To deceive with a lie. fi,AMBEAU, flamºč. s. 375. A lighted torch. Plural FLAMBEAUx. FLAME, flame. s. Light emitted from fire; a stream of fire; ardour of temper or imagina- tion, brightness of fancy; ardour of inclina- tion ; passion of love. To FLAME, 5ème. v. n. To shine as fire, to burn with emission of light; to blaze; to break out in violence of passion. Fi, AME-COLGºjRED, flâmețkāi-jār’d. a 362 FLAMEN, 38'mén. s. 503. A priest in ancient Öf a bright yellow colour. times, one that officiated in solema offices. ſº if there be any case in which we are to take our English quantity from the Latin, it is in words of two syllabies which retain their Latin form, and have the vowel in the first syllable long –See {}RAM. A. * FLAMMA'i'ſ Oſº, flám-mă'shān. s. setting on flame Fi, AMWłABILITY, flām-rná-bíl'è-té. s. quality of admitting to be set on fire. FLAMMEOUS, flám’mē-ăs. a. Consisting of flame. Fi,AMMIFEROUS, flām-mif fê-rås. a. 518 Bringing flame. +. F#,AMWil WOSMOUS, flām-m?v'ö-mâs. a. 548 Vomiting out flame. FLAMY, flá'mè. a. Inflamed, burning ; having the nature of flame. FLANiš, fiónk. s. That part of the side of a quadruped near the hinder thigh : in men, the latter part of the lower belly; the side of any army or fleet : in fortification, that part of the bastion which reaches from the curtain to the face. To FLANK, flânk. v. a. To attack the side of a battalion or fleet; to be posted so as to over- look or command any pass on the side, to be on the side. FLANKER, flánk'âr. s. A fortification jutting out so as to command the side of a body march ing to the assault. FLANNEL, flán'né!, s. 99. A soft mappy stuff of wool. FLAP, fláp. s. Any thing that hangs broad and loose ; the motion of anything broad and loose ; the noise made by that motion ; a disease in horses. To FLAP, fláp. v. a. To beat with a flap, as flies are beaten; to move with a flap or noise. To FLAP, fláp. v. n. To ply the wings with noise; to fall with flaps or broad parts de- pending FüAPDRAGON, fláp'drág-ăn. s A play in which they catch raisins out of burning brandy, the thing eaten at Flapdragon. 'Fi, APE ARED, fláp'éèr'd. a. 362. Having loose and broad ears. To F#, A&E, fláre. v. m. To flutter with a splen did show ; to glitter with transient lustre ; to głitter offensively; to be in too much light. FLASH, flásh. s. A sudden, quick, transitory blaze ; sudden burst of wit or merriment; a short transient state ; a body of water driven by violence. * To F#, ASH, flásh. v. n. To glitter with a quick and transient flame ; to burst out into any kind of violence ; to break out into wit, merriment, or bright thought. To F#,A3H, flásn. v. a. bodies of water. FLASHER, flāsh'êr. s. A man of more appeare ance of wit than reality. FLASHILY, flásh'é-ié. ad. With empty show. FLASHY, ſlāsh'é. a. Fumpty, not solid; showy, without substance; insipid, without force or The act of The To strike up large spirit. FIASK, fläsk. s. A bottle, a vessel ; a powder- horn. F#, ASKET, ſläsk'it, s A vessel in which viands are served, F}, A'ſ, flát. a. Horizontally level ; smooth. without protuberances; without elevation " level with the ground ; lying horizontally prog- trate, lying along in painting, without relief, without prominent e of the figures; fasteless, insiºd; duſt, titantinated splitiess, dejected. “ FLA FI.E Q 13 [IG’ 5.9-Fate, far, fºll, fat;-mê, mét;—plme, pin 3– peretrptory, absolute, downright; not sharp in sound. FLAT, flát. s. A level, an extended plane; even ground, not mountainous; a smooth low ground exposed to inundations; shallow, strand, place in the sea where the water is not deep; the broad side of a blade ; depression of thought or language ; a mark or character in musick. To FLAT, ſlåt. v. a. To level, to depress, to make broad and smooth ; to make vapid. To FIAT, ſlåt. v. m. To grow flat, opposed to swell ; to become unanimated or vapid. FIATLONG, ſlät'löng, ad. With the flat down- wards, not edgewise. F LATI.Y, flatić ad. Horizontally, without in- climation ; without prominence or elevation; without spirit, dully, frigidly; peremptoniiy, downright. FLATNESS, flât'nés. s Evenness, level exten- sion; want of relief or prominence ; deadness, insipidity, vapidness; dejection of state; de- jection of mind, want of life; dulness, insipidi- ty, frigidity; the contrary to shrillness or acute- ness of sound. To FLATTEN, flát’t'n. v. a. 405. To make even or level, without prominence or elevation ; to beat down to the ground ; to make vapid ; to deject, to depress, to dispirit. To FLATTEN, ſlått'n. v. m. To grow even or level; to grow dull and insipid. FLATTER, flättär. s. 93. T he workman or in- strument by which bodies are ſlatten ºd. To FLATTER, ſlättän. v. a To soothe with praises, to please with blandishments ; to praise falsely ; to raise false hopes. FLATTERER, ſlättär-rür. s. a ſawmer, a wheedler. One who flatters, FLATTERY, flât'tūr-&. s. 557. I’alse praise, artful obsequiousness. FLATTISH, flát’tish. a. Somewhat flat, ap- proaching to flatness. FLATULENCY, flâtsh'-lèn-sè. s. , 461. Windi- mess, turgidness ; emptiness, vanity. FLATULENT, flâtsh'-lènt. a. Turgid with air, windy ; empty, vain, big without substance or reality, § ¥. FLATUOSITY, flâtsh-à-Ös'è-té. s. Windiness, fulness of air. FLATUOUS, flåtsh'º-às. a. Windy, full of wind. FLATUS, flá'tãs. s. Wind gathered in any ca- vities of the body, FLATWISE, flát'wize. ad. With the flat down- wards, not the edge. 1ſo FLAUNT, flánt. v. m. 214. To make a flut- tering show in apparel; to be hung with some- thing loose and flying. FLAUNT, flánt. s. Amy thing loose and airy. FE AWOUR, flá'vár. s. 314. Power of pleasing $.2 taste; sweetness to the smell, odour, fra- ran Ce. Fºrous, flá'vār-às. a. 557. Delightful to the palate ; fragrant, odorous. FLAW, fláw. s. A crack or breach in any thing; a fault, a defect ; a sudden gust ; a violent blast; a tumult, a tempestuous uproar; a sud- den commotion of mind. To FLAW, flâw. v. a. damage with fissure. FLAWi.ESS, flâw'lés. a. out deſects. FLAWY, flâw'è. a. Full of ſlaws. FLAX, fláks. s. The fibrous plant of which the finest thread is made ; the fibres of flax cleans- ed and combed for the spinner. FLAXCOMB, fláks'köm. s. The instrument with which the fibres of ſlax are cleansed from the brittle parts. FLAXDRESSER, fláks'drès-sàr. s. He that }º flax for the spinner. FLAXEN, flák's'n. a. i03. Made of flax; fair. long, and flowin rºwawa. s. To break, to crack, to Without cracks, with- A plant. ! To FLAY, flá. v. a. 221. To strip off the skin to take off the skin or surface of anything. | There is a common pronunciation of this word as if spelled flea, rhyming with sea, which is everv day growing more vulgar. FLAYER, ſlā'ūr. s. He that strips the skin off any thing. FLE A, flé. s. A small insect remarkable for its agility in leaping. To F L E A, flè. v. a. To clean from ficas. §º s. A plant. FLEABITE, fle'bite. FLEA BITING, flè'bl-ting. S. Red marks caused by fleas; a small hurt or pain like that caused by the sting of a flea. . FLEABITTEN, flè'bit-t'n. a. 103. Stung by fleas; mean, worthless. FLEAK, ſlēke. s. A small lock, thread, or twist. FLE AM, flème. s. An instrument used to bleed cattle. FLE AWORT, flè'wärt. s. To FLEAK, flèke. v. a. stripe, to dapple. To §§ flék'âr. v. a. with strokes or touches. Fºº, fléd. The preterit and participle of * IC 2. FLEDGE, flºdje. a. Full-feathered, able to fly To FLEi)GE, flèdje. v. a. To furnish with wings, to Supply with feathers. To FLEF, flèë. v. n. Pret. Fled. To run from danger, to have recourse to shelter. FLEECE, ſlēēse. s. As much wool as is shorn from one sheep. To FL CECE, ſièëse. v. a. To clip the fleece of a sheep; to strip, to plunder, as a sheep is robbed Sf its wool. FLEECED, flèëst. a. 359, wool. FLEECY, flèë'sé. a. Woolly, covered with wool To FLEER, flèër. v. n. To mock, to gibe, to jest with insolence and contempt; to leer, to grim. FLEER, flèër. s. Mockery expressed either in words or looks; a deceitful grin of civility. FLEERER, flèër’âr. s. 98. A mocker, a fawner. FLEET, flèët. s. A company of ships, a navy. FLEET, ſlēēt. s. A creek, an inlet of water. FLEET, ſlēēt. a. Swift of pace, quick, nimble, active ; skimming the sum face. To FLEET, flèët. v. n. To fly swiftly, to vanish, to be in a transient state. To FLEET, flèët. v. a. To skim the water; to live merrily, or pass time away lightly. FLEETLY, flèët'lé. ad. Swiftly, nimbly, with swift pace. FLEETNESS, flèët'nés, s. nimbleness, celerity. FLESH, flésh. s. §e body distinguished from the soul ; the muscles distinguished from the skin, bones, tendons ; animal food distinguish- ed from vegetable; the body of beasts or birds used in food, distinct from fishes ; animal na- ture ; carnality, corporal appetites; near rela- tion; the outward or literal sense. The Orien- tals termed the immediate or literal significa tion of any precept or type. The Flesh, and the remote or typical meaning The Spirit. This is frequent in St. Paul's epistles. To F LESH, flésh. v. a. To initiate; to harden, to establish in any practice; to glºt, to satiate; FLESHCOLOUR, flésh'kål-àr. s. The colour of fiesh. FLESHFLY, flèsh'fli. s. A fly that feeds upon flesh, and deposits her eggs in it. FLESHIHOOK, flésh'hôok. s. A hook to draw flesh from the caldron. FLESHLESS, flésh'iès. a. Without ſlesh. FLESHLINESS, ſlēsia'lè-nēs. s. Carnal passions or appetites. FLFSHLY, fleshºlē. a. Corporeal, carnal: ani. mal, not vegetable, A plant. To spot, to streak, to To spot, to mark Having fleeces of Swiftness of course, FLY FLC? 213 *~. —mö, mêve, nôr, nét;—täbe, túb, būll;-&l;—pöänd;—thin, THIs. FLESHMEAT, fléslı'mète. s. Animal food, the flesh of animals prepared for food. †:LESHMENT, flésh'mént. s. Eagerness gained by a successful initiation. * LESHMONGER, flésh'mông-går. s. One who deals in flesh, a pimp. Fi.H.S.HPOT, ſlēsh'pôt. s. A vessel in which flesh is cooked, thence plenty of flesh. FLESHQUAKE, flésh'kwäke. s. the body. FLESHY, flésh'é. a. pous. FEEW, ſlºt. 265. The preterit of To fly, FLEW, flû, s. The large chaps of a deep-mouthed hound. F},EWED, flûde a. 362. Chapped, mouthed. FH, EXANIMOUS, fiéks-án'ê-mês. a. Having power to change the disposition of the mind. FLEX}BH.ITY, fléks-è-b'I'é-té. s. The quality of admitting to be bent, pliancy; easiness to be persuaded, compliance. F}.EXHBLE, ffèks'é-bi. a. 405. Possible to be bent, pliant ; complying, obsequious; ductile, manageable ; that may be accommodated to various ſorros and purposes. FLEXIBLENESS, lºss. s. Possibility to be bent, easiness to be bent; obsequiousness, compliance ; ductility, manageableness. FLEXILE, fléks'?!. a. 140. Pliant, easily bent, obsequious to any power or impulse. FT,EXION, flék'shôn. s. The act of bending ; a double, a bending; a turn towards any part or quarter. FI.EXOR, fléks'ör. s. 166. The general name of the muscles which act in contracting the Qi ºf S. F łºtious, flék'shū-às. a. 452. Winding, tor- tuous; variable, not steady. 'FLEXURE, flék'shūre. 5. The form or direction in which any thing is bent ; the act of bending ; the part bent, the joint; obsequious or servile cringe. To FLICKER, fiſk’ār. v. a. To flutter, to play the wings. FLIER, fli'ār. s. 98. A fugitive, a runaway; that part of a machine which, by being put into a more rapid motion than the other parts, equal- izes and regulates the motion of the rest. FLIGHT, flite. s. 393. The act of flying or run- ning from danger; the act of using wings ; re- moval from piace to place by means of wings; a flock of birds flying together; the birds pro- duced in the same season, as the harvest flight of pigeons ; a volley, a shower; the space passed by flying ; heat of imagination, sally of the soul. FLIGHTY, fli'té. a. Fleeting, swift, wild, full of imagination. FLIMSY, flím'zè, a. itless, without force. To FLINCH, flimsh. v. n. suffering or undertaking. FLINCHER, flīnsh'âr. s. fairs in any matter. To FLING, fling. v. a. Pret. Flung; Part. Flung or Flang. To cast from the hand, to throw ; to dart, to cast with violence ; to scatter ; to drive by violeuce; to cast reproach. To fling down ; to demolish, to ruin. To fling off; to baffle in the chase. To FLING, fling. v. n. To flounce, to wince, to fly into violent motions. To fling out ; to grow unruly or outrageous. FLING, fling s. A throw, a cast; a gibe, a Sneer, a contemptuous remark. F} }NGER, fling'àr. s. 409. He who throws, FLINT, fl"nt. s. A kind of stone used in fire- locks ; any thing eminently or proverbially hard. FLINTY, flint'é. a. Made of flint, strong; hard of heart, inexorable. £LIP, flip. s. A liquor much used in ships, made A tremour of Plump, full of ſlesh; pul- Weak, feeble, mean, spir- To shrink from any He who shrinks or by mixing beer with spirits and sugar. A cant Q007°C. FLIPPANT, flip'pånt a. Nimble, moveable: it is used only of the act of speech; pert, talkative. FLIPPANTI.Y flip'pánt-lè. ad. In a flowing, prating way To FLJRT, fièrt v. a. 108. To throw any thing with a quick elastick motion; to move with quickness. To FLIRT, flárt. v. n. To jeer, to gibe one; to run, about perpetually, to be unsteady and flut- tering ; to coquet with men. FLIRT, flürt. s. A quick elastick motion, a sudden trick ; a pert hussy; a coquette. FLIRTATION, flār-tà'shān. s. A quick spright ly motion ; coquetry. To FLIT, ſiſt. v. m. To fly away; to remove; to flutter; to be flux or unstable. FLETCH, flitsh. s. The side of a hog salted and CúI'ê FLITTERMOUSE, fl?t’tär-möäse. s. The bat. FLITTING, fift'ting. s. An offence, a fault, a flying away. 3. FLEX, flººks, s. Down, fur, soft hair. To FLOAT, flöte. v. n. 295. To swim on the surface of the water; to pass with a light irre gular course. To F#,0AT, flöte, y. a. To cover with water. FLOAT, flöte. g. The act of flowing ; any body so contrived or formed as to swim on the watcr the cork or quill by which the angler discovers the bite. F#,0ATY, ſió'té. a. a-top. FIOCK, fiók. s. A company of birds or beasts; a company of sheep, distinguished from herds, which are of oxen; a body of men; a lock of wool. To FLOCK, flök. v. n. Harge numbers. To F.0G, flög. v. a. To lash, to whip. FLOOD, flád. s. 308. A body of water; a de- luge; an inundation; flow, flux, not ebb; cata- Hlºžºl. To FLOOD, flöd. v. a. To deluge, to cover with WaterS. FLOODGATE, flád'gāte. s. Gate or shutter by which the watercourse is closed or opened at pleasure. f F},OOK, flöök. s. 306. The broad part of the anchor which takes hold of the ground. FEOOR, flöre. s. 310. The pavement; that part of a room on which we tread; a story, a flight of rooms. To FLOOR, fière. v. a. To cover the bottom with a floor. FLOORING, fió'ring. s. Bottom, floor. To FLOP, flöp. v. a. To clap the vºtings with noise F},ORAL, flö'rál. a. Relating to Flora, or to flowers. FLORENCE, flór'énse. s. A kind of cloth; a kind of wine. FLORET, fió'rét. s. A small Imperfect flower FLORID, flör'īd, a. 544. Productive of flowers, covered with flowers; bright in colour, flushed with red ; embellished, splendid. FLORIDITY, fi'-rºd'é-té. s. Freshness of colour. FHLORIDNESS, fièr'īd-nés. s. Freshness of col. our; embellishment, ambitious elegance. FLORIFEROUS, flè-rif'fé-rás. a. 518. Produc- tive of flowers FLORIN, flör'ín. s. A coin first made by the Florentimes. That of Germany is four shiflings and six-pence, that of Spain four shillings and four-pence half-penny, that of Palermo and Sicily, two shillings and six-pence, that of Hole land two shillings sterling. FLORIST, fió’cist. s. A cultivator of flowers. [[: Why we should pronounce florist and flore, with the long o, and florid and florin with the short sound of that letter, cannot easily be guessed. They are all from the same original Buoyant and swimming To gather in crowds or FI,O FLU 214 [[G’ 559–Fâte, far, fall, fat;-mè, mét;—pine, pīn;— are all anglicised, and consist but of two sylla- bles; and the only thing that can be gathered from them is, the uncertainty of arguing from the Latin quantity to ours. See DRAMA, and Principles, No. 544. FLORULENT, flör'ū-lént. a. Flowery, blos- soming. FLOSCULOUS, flös'kū-lás. a. Composed of flowers. To FLOTE, flöte. v. a. To skim. To FLOUNCE, flöänse. v. n. 312. To move with violence in the water or mire ; to move with weight and tumult; to move with pas- sionate agitation, To deek with To FLOUNCE, flöänse. flounces. FLOUNCE, flöänse . s. Any thing sewed to the garment, and hanging loose, so as to swell and shake ; a furbelow. W. &. FLOUNDER, flööm'dër. s. 312. The name of a small flat fish, To FLOUNDER, flöän'dár. v. n. To struggle with violent and irregular motions. FLOUR, flöör. s. The edibſe part of corn, or any grain reducible to powder. This word spelled in this manner is not in Johnson, though nothing seems better settled by custom than this distinction in the spelling between this word and the flower of a plant. That words written alike ought not to be sounded differently in order to signify different things, has been proved, it is presumed, under the word Bowl but that words signifying dif- ſerent things, though sounded alike, ought to be written differently, seems evident from the ne- cessity there is of making words which are the signs of ideas as different as the ideas them- selves. In the former case we do not know how to pronounce the word Bow, till we have its meaning fixed by what follows; in the latter, though the ear is not sure of the idea till it has heard the context, the eye in reading is at no loss for the meaning of the word, nor are the organs in suspense how to pronounce it. The want of a different sound to express a different idea, is an imperfection of the language in both cases; but the want of a different mark to ex- press difference of idea to the eye, would be a double imperfection. To FLOURISH, flûr'rish. v. n. 214. To be in vigour, not to fade ; to be in a prosperous state ; to use florid language; to describe various fi- ures by intersecting lines; to boast, to brag. in musick, to play some prelude. To #####. flár'rish. v. a To adorn with vegetable beauty; to adorn with figures of mee- dle work; to move any thing in quick circles or vibrations : to adorm with embellishments of §§ FLOURISH, flár'rish. s. Bravery, beauty; an ostentatious embellishment, ambitious copious- s ºnes; ; figures formed by lines curiously, or wan- tonly drawn. FLOURISHER, flár'rish-àr. s. One that is in prime or in prosperity. To FLOUT, flößt. v a. 312. To mock, to in- sult, to treat with mockery and contempt. To FLOUT, flöät. v. n. To practise mockery, to behave with contempt. ‘FLOUT, flöät. s. A mock, an insult. £LOUTER, flööt'âr. s. One who jeers. To FLOW, flö. v. n. 324. To run or spread as water; to run, opposed to standing waters; to rise, not to ebb, to melt ; to proceed, to is- sue, to glide smoothly, as, a flowing period; to write smoothly, to speak volubly; to be copious, ... to be full ; to hang loose and waving. To FLOW, flö. v. a. To overflow, to deluge. 'FLOW, flö s. The rise of water, not the ebb; a slidden plenty or abundance, a stream of iction d º ‘FLOWER, flöö'ār s, 98, 323. The part of a plant which contains the seeds ; an ornament, an em. bellishment, the prime, the flourishing part , the edible part of corn, the meal ; the most ex- cellent or valuable part of any thing. Fºč. flöö, är-dé-lèse'. s. A v. m. To be in flower, to bulbous iris. To FLOWER, flöö'âr. be in blossom ; to be in the prime, to flourish to froth, to ferment, to mantle; to come as cream from the surface. To FLOWER, flöö'àr. v. a. To adorn with fic- titlous or imitated flowers. FLOWERET, flöö'ār-ét. s. flower. FI.OWER-GARDEN, flöö'àr-gār-d'm. ... s. garden in which flowers are principally culti- wated. FLOWERINESS, flöö'ór-è-nēs. s. The state of abounding in flowers; floridness of speech. FLOWERINGBUSH, flöö'àr-ng-bāsh. s. A plant FLOWERY, flöö'êr-é. a. Full of flowers, adorn- ed with flowers real or fictitious. FLOWINGLY, flè'ing-lè. ad. With volubility, with abundance FLOWK, flûke. s. A flounder. FLOWN, flöne. Participle of Fly, or Flee, Gone away, escaped ; puffed, elate. FLUCTUANT, flâk'tshū-ànt. a. 461. uncertain. To FLUCTUATE, flâk'tshū-àte. v. n. To roll to and again as water in agitation ; to float back- ward and forward, to move with uncertain and hasty motion : to be in an uncertain state; to be irresolute. FLUCTUATION, flāk-tshū-à'shôn. s. The alter- mate motion of the water; uncertainty, indeter- mination. FLUE, flö. s. 335. A small pipe or chimney to fºy air ; soft down or fur. FLUENCY, flè'én-sè. s. The quality of flowing, smoothness; readiness, copiousness, volubility. FLUENT, flû'ént. a. Liquid; flowing, in motion, in flux; ready, copious, voluble. FLUENT, flû'ént. s. Stream, running water FLUID, flè'ld. a. Having parts easily separable, not solid. FLUID, flû'íð. s. In physick, an animal juice ; an v thing that flows. FLUN DITY, flû-fa'é-tè. s. The quaiity of bodies opposite to solidity. FLUIDNESS, flû'īd-nés s. That quality in bo- dies opposite to stability. FLUMMERY, flâm'ór-é.'s A kind of food made by coagulation of wheat-flour or oatineal. FLUNG, flång. Participle and Preterit of Fling FLUOR, flû'ör. s. 166. A fluid state ; catamenia FLURRY, flár'rè. s. A gust or storm of wind, a hasty blast; hurry. º To FLUSH, flash. v. n. To flow with violence; to come in haste; to glow in the skin. To FLUSH, flásh. v. a. To colour, to redden ; to elate, to elevate. - FLUSH, flösh. a. Fresh, full of vigour; affluent, abounding. ſº º FLUSH, #h. s. Afflux, sudden inpulse, violent flow ; cards all of a sort. To FLUSTER, flästör. v. a. To make hot and rosy with drinking. s FLUTE, flûte. s A musical pipe, a pipe, with stops for the fingers; a channel or furrow in a A flower ; a small Wavering, illar. T.' FLUTE, flåte. v. a. To cut columns into hol lows. To FLUTTER, flöttör v. n. 98. To take short flights with great agitation of the Wings tº move with great show and bustle; to be moved with quick vibrations or undulations; to move irregularly. To F ##R, flåttàr. v. a. To drive into disor der, like a flock of birds suddenly roused; to hurry the mind; to disorder the position of any thing. fº UCir X& 1 & "iſ Uíři " —mö, móve, nör, mēt;—túbe, túb, būll;-ⅈ—pôānd;—thin, THIS FLUTTER, flât’tör. s. Hurry, tumult, disorder of mind; confusion, irregularity. ' - FLUVIATICK, flû-vē-ăt'ík. a. Belonging to ri- VerS. FLUX, flâks. s." The act of flowing; any flow or issue of matter; dysentery, disease in which the bowels are excoriated and bleed; bloody flux ; concourse; influence; the state of being melted; that which mingled with a body makes it melt. FLUX, fláks. a.s. Unconstant, not durable, main- tained by a constant succession of parts. - To FLUX, fláks. v. a. To melt; to salivate, to evacuate by Spitting. FLUXILITY, fláks-il'è-té. s. tion of parts. FLUXION, flák'shán. s. The act of flowing; the matter that flows: in mathematicks, the arith- metick or analysis of infinitely small variable quantities, . - To FLY, fli. v. m. Pret. Flew or Fled. Part. Fled or Flown. To move through the air with wings; to pass through the air ; to pass. away; to pass swiftly ; to spring with violence, to fall on suddenly ; to move with rapidity; to burst asunder with a sudden explosion; to reak; to shiver; to run away, to attempt to es- cape. To fly in the face ; to insult, to act in defiance. To fly off; to revolt. To fly out ; to burst into passion ; to break out into license, to start violently from any direction. To let fly; to discharge. To FLY, fit. v. a. To shun, to avoid, to decline; to refuse association with ; to quit by flight; to attack by a bird of prey. FLY, fli. s. A small winged insect; that part of a machine which, being put into a quick motion, regulates the rest. Fly in a compass, that which points how the wind blows. º To FLYBLOW, fli'blò. v. a. To taint with flies, to fill with maggots. - FLYBOAT, fli'böte. s. and light fºr sailing. FLY CATCHER, fli'kátsh-àr. s. One that hunts flies . - FLYE:t, fi!'Ér. s. .98. One that flies or rums away; one that uses wings; the fly of a jack. To FLYFISH, fli'fish. v. n. To angle with a hook baited with a fly. FOAL, fole. s. 295. The offspring of a mare, or other beast of burden. — To FOAL, fºle. v. a. To bring forth a foal. FOALBIT, fºle'bit. s. A plant. FOAM, fºme. s. 295. The white substance which agitation or fermentation gathers on the top of liquors, froth, spume. To FOAM, föme. v. n. To froth, to gather foam ; to be in a rage, to be violently agitated. FQAMY, fö'mè. a. Covered with foam, frothy. FOB, föb. s. A small pocket. i. To FOB, föb. v. a. To cheat, to trick, to de- fraud. To fob off; to shift off, to put aside with an artifice. - FOCAL, fö'kál. 88. Belonging to the focus, FOCUS, föſkás... s. The point where the rays of light are collected by a burning glass; the point in the axis of a lens, where the rays meet and cross each other; a certain point in the axis of a curve. - FODDER, föd'dár. s. Dry food stored up for cattle against winter. - To FODDER, föd'dër. v. a. To feed with dry food. FODDERER, föd'dār-àr. s. He who fodders cattle. - FOE, fö. s. 296. An enemy in war; a persecu- tor, an enemy in common life ; an opponent, an ill-wisher. FOEMAN, fö'mán. s. Enemy in war. FCETUS, fººtés. s. 296. The child in the womb after it is perfectly formed. Basiness of separa- A kind of vessel nimble near the surface of the land or water; after- ST3.SS. - - FöGGīy, fºg'gé-lè. ad. 383. Mistily, darkly cloudily. w FOGGINESS, fög'gè-més. s. The state of being dark or misty, cloudiness, mistiness. FOGGY, fög'gè. a. 383. Misty, cloudy, dark cloudy in understanding, dull. FOH, föh. interject. An interjection of abhor Perl Ce. FOIBLE, föé'bl. s. 299, 405. A weak side, a blind side. . . . To FOIL, föil. v. a. To put to the worst, to de- feat. FOHL, föfl. s. 299. A defeat, a miscarriage." leaf, gilding ; something of another colour near which jewels are set to raise their lustre; a blunt sword used in fencing. - FOILER, föil'êr. s. One who has gained ad vantage over another. . To FOIN, föin. v. n. 299. To push in fencing FOISON, föé'z'm. s. 170. Plenty, abundance. To FOIST, föist. v.a. 299. To insert by forgery. FOLD, fºld. s. The ground in which sheep are confined ; the place where sheep are housed ; the flock of sheep; a limit, a boundary ; a double, a complication, one part added to another; from the foregoing signification is derived the use of Fold in composition. Fold signifies the same quantity added, as, twenty fold, twenty times repeated. To FOLD, föld. v. a. To shut sheep in the fold; to double, to complicate; to enclose, to in- clude, to shut. - To FOLL), fºld. v. n To close over another of the same kind. y - FOLIACEOUS, fºllè-à shēs. a. landinae or leaves. - - - FOLIAGE, fö'lē-ădje. s. 90. Leaves, tufts of leaves. To FOLIATE, fö'Hé-āte. v. a. To beat into la- minae or leaveſ. .** - FOLIATION, fö-lè-à'shān, s. The act of beating into thin leaves; the flower of a plant. . . FOLIATURE, fö'lé-à-tshöre. s. The state of being hammered into leaves. FOLIO, folé-6. s. A large book, of which the pages are formed by a sheet of paper once doubled. - - * FOLK, flºc. s. People, in familiar language; nations, mankind. - -- - [[G. Notwithstanding this word is originally plu- ral, our language is so little used to a plural without s, that Folks may now be account. ed the best orthography, as it is certainly the only current pronunciation. Fēſ. föl'Ié-ki. s. 405. A cavity in any body with strong coats; a capsula, a seed vessel. *. - - To FOLLOW, föllö. v. a. 327. To go after, not before, or side by side ; to attend as a depen- dant; to pursue ; to succeed in order of time, to be consequential, as effects; to imitate, to Copy; to obey, to observe ; to attend to, to be busied with. To FOLLOW, föllö. v. n. To come after another; to be posterior in time ; to be consequential to continue endeavours. - FOLLOWER, föl'ló-àr. s. One who comes after another, not before him, or side by side; a de- pendant; an attendant; an associate; an imi. tator, a copyer. FOLLY, föl'lè. s. Want of understanding; weak- ness of intellect; criminal weakness, depravity of mind; act of negligence or passion unbe- coming wisdom. - - To flowſ: NT, fºment. v. a. . To cherish with heat; to bathe with warm lotions; to encoure. age, to support, to cherish. FOMENTATION, to mén-tä'shān... s. A fomerse. tation is partial bathing, called also stuping; Consisting of FOG, fög s A thick mist, a moist dense vapour ~. the lotion prepared to foment the parts # ºf º - = —-— — — --- - - - 216. T. TFOR [[ 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fit;-me, mét;—pine, pīn;– FOMENTER, fö-mèn'tár s. An encourager, a supporter. FQND, fönd. a. Foolish, silly; foolishly tender, injudiciously indulgent; pleased in too great a degree, foolishly delighted. To FONDLE, fön'dl. v. a. 405. To treat with great indulgence, to caress, to cocker. FONDLER, fön'dl-âr. s. One who fondles. FONDLING, [Ön'dl-ing. s. A person or thing much fondled or caressed, something regarded with fº affection. FONDLY, fönd'lé. ad. Foolishly, weakly ; with reat or extreme tenderness. FOND:NESS, fönd'més. s. Foolishness, weak- ness ; foolish tenderness ; tender passion ; un- reasonable iiking. FONT, fönt s. A stone vessel in which the wa- ter for holy baptism is contained in the church. FOOD, fööd. s 10, 306. Victuals, provision for the mouth ; any thing that nourishes. FOODFUL, fööd'föl. a. Fruitful, full of food. FOOI., fööl. s. 306. One to whom nature has denied reason, a natural, an idiot : in Scrip- ture, a wicked man ; a term of indignity and reproach; one who counterfeits ſoily, a buffoon, a jester. . To FOOL, fööl. v. m. To trifle, to play. To FOOL, fööl. v. a. To treat with contempt, to disappoint, to frustrate ; to infatuate; to cheat. FQOLBORN, föölbörn. a. Foolish from the birth. FOOLERY, fööl'ār-à. s. 557. Habitual folly; an act of folly; trifling practice ; object of ſoily. FOOLHARDINESS, fööl-hár'dè-nēs. s. Mad rashness. FOOLHARDY, fööi-hár'dè. a. Daring without judgment, madly adventurous. FOOLTRAP, fööl'trāp. s. A snare to catch fools in. FOOLISH, fööl?sh. a. Void of understanding, weak of intellect; imprudent, indiscreet: in Scripture, wicked, sinful. FOOLISHLY, fööl'ísh-lè. ad. Weakly, without understanding: in Scripture, wickedly. FOOLISHNESS, föölish-nés. s. Folly, want of understanding; foolish practice, actual devia- ticm from the right. . . FOOT, fūt. s. Plur. Feet. 307. The part upon which we stand; that by which any thing is supported; the lower part, the base ; inſaşıtry; state, character, condition ; scheme, plan, set- tlement; a certain number of syllables consti- tuting a distinct part of a verse ; a measure containing twelve inches ; step. To FOOT, fit. v. n. 307. To dance, to tread wāntonly, to trip ; to walk, not ride. º: To FOOT, füt. v.a. To spurn, to kick; to tread. FOOTBALL, fūt'báll. s. A ball driven by the foot. FOOTBOY, fêt'bóē. s. ant in Invery. TOOTBRIDGE, fūt'bridje. which passengers walk. FOOTCLOTH, fūt'klóth. FOOTHOLD, fütſhöld. foot. FOOTING, fūt’ting. s. Ground for the foot; ſoundation, basis, support ; tread, walk; dance; entrance, beginning, establishment; state, con- dition, settlement. FOOTLICKER, fūt'lik-&r. s. A slave, a humble A low menial, an attend- s. A bridge on A sumpter cloth. Space to hold the S. S. fawner. s FOOTMAN, fütſmán. s. 88. A soldier, that marches and fights on foot ; a low menial ser- want in livery; one who practises to walk or run. FOOTMANSHIP, föt'mān-ship. s. The art or faculty of a runner. # 00TPACE, fūt'päse, s. Part of a pair of stairs, whereon, after four or five steps, you arrive to ºad place, a pace no faster than a slow W - t | FOOTPATH, fūt'päth, s. FOOTPAD, fū'pád. A highwayman that robs on foot. $. Narrow way which will not admit horses. ſº FOOTPOST, fūt'post. s. A post or messenger # that travels on foot. ; FOOTSTALL, fūt'ställ, s. 406 stirrup. - FOOTSTEP, fūt'stép. s. Trace, track, impres. sion left by the foot; token, mark ; example. FOOTSTOOL, fūt'stóół. s. Stool on which he that sits places his feet. - FOP, föp. s. A coxcomb, a man of small under ºins and much ostentation, one fond of {i}^{2SS. FGFPERY, föp'ār-à. s. 557. Folly, imperti. nence ; affectation of show or importance, show y folly ; fondness of dress. FOPPISH, föp'n'sh. a. Foolish, idle, vain; vain in show, vain of dress. Fºlly, föp'pish-lè. ad. Vainiy, ostenta- tiously. FOPPISHNESS, föp'pësh-nés. s. Vanity, showy vanity. FOPPLING, föp'lºng. s. Con1,E. FOR, för. prep. 167. Because of; with respect to ; considered as, in the place of; for the sake of; in comparative respect: after Oh, an ex- pression of desire. On account of ; in solution of; inducting to as a motive; in remedy of; in exchange for. In the place of ; instead of in supply of; to serve in the place of; through a cer- tain duration. In search of ; in quest of. In favour of; on the part of. With intention of: notwithstanding. To the use of; in conse- quence of; in recompense of. FOR, för. conj. The word by which the reason is given of something advanced before; because: on this account that ; for as much, in regard that, in consideration of * To FORAGE, för’āje. v. n. 168. To wander in searci, of provisions; to ravage, to feed on Spoil. To FORAGF, för'âje. v. a. To plunder, to strip. FORAGE, för'âje. s. 90. Search of provisions, the act of feeding abroad ;provision. sought abroad ; provisions in general. FORAMINOUS, fö-rām'ê-nēs. a. Full of holes To FORBEAR, för-bäre'. v. m. Pret. I forbore, anciently forbare; Part. Forborn. To cease from any thing, to intermit; to pause, to delay; to omit voluntarily ; to abstain; to restrain any violence of temper, to be patient. [* The o in these words preceding, the accent and followed by a consonant, is under the same predicament as the same letter in Command, Collect, &c.—which see. To FOR BEAR, för-bäre'. v. a. 240. To decline, to omit voluntarily ; to spare, to treat with clemency; to withhold: FORBEARANCE, för-băreánse. s. The care o avoiding or shunning any thing ; intermission of something; command of temper; lenity, de- lay of punishment, mildness. FORBEARER, för-bā'răr. s. intercepter of any thing. - To FORäID, för-bid'. v. a. Pret. I forbade; Part. Forbidden or Forbid. To prohibit; to oppose to hinder, -- # FORBIODANCE, ſār-bid'dänse. s. Prohibition FORBIDDENLY, för...bid'd'm-lè. ad. In an un- lawful manner. FORBIDDER, för-bid'dár.'s One that prohibits. FORBIDſ)ING, för-bid'ding, particip. a. Rais- ing abhorrence. FORCE, förse, s. Strength, vigour, might :, vio lence; virtue, efficacy ; validness, power of law " armament, warlike preparation; destiny, neces- sity, fatal compulsion. To FORCE, förse. v. a. To compel, to constrains A woman's A petty fop.—See To An intermitter, to overpower; to impel; to enforce; to drive by violence or power; to storm, to take or ea F'OR FOR 21 7 —né, inóve, mêr, mēt;—täbe, túb, bill;--&il;-pôānd;—thin, This. ter by violence; to ravish, to violate by force ; to force out, to extort. I'ORCEDLY, ſºr'séd-lè. ad. 364. Violently, con- strainedly. Föß, förse'föl. a. Violent, strong, im- etuous. FORCEFULLY, förse'föl-lè. ad. Violently, im- petuously. Fºlºss, förselés. a. Without force, weak, €62ble. FORCEPS, för'séps. s. Forceps properly signi-- fies a pair of tongs, but is used for an instru- ment in surgery to extract any thing out of wounds. FORCER, före'sár. s. That which forces, drives, or constrains; the embolus of a pump working by pulsion. FORCIBLE, före'sé-bl. a. 405. Strong, mighty; violent, impetuous; efficacious, powerful; pre- valent, of great influence; done by force; valid, binding. FORCIBLENESS, fºre'sé-bl-nés. s. Force, vio- lence. FQRCIBLY, före'sé-blé. ad. Strongly, power- ‘ully; impetuously; by violence, by force. FORCIPATED, ºś. a. Like a pair of pincers to open and enclose. FORD fºrd. s. A shallow part of a river; the stream, the current. To FORD, förd. v. a. To pass without swim- ming. FORDABLE, förd'à-bl. a. 405. Passable with- out Swimming. FQRE, före. a...Anteriour, that which comes first in a progressive motion. FORE, fore, ad. Anteriourly. Fore is a word much used in composition to mark priority of time, To FOREARM, fºre-firm'. v. a. To provide for attack or resistance before the time of need. To FOREBODE, före-böde'. v. n. To prognos- ticate, to foretell; to foreknow. FOREBODER, före-bóde'êr. s. A prognostica- tor, a soothsayer; a foreknower. To FORECAST, fore-käst'. v. a.492. To scheme; to plan before execution; to adjust, to contrive; to foresee, to provide against. To FORECAST, fore-käst'.v.m. To form schemes, to contrive beforehand. FORECAST, fore'käst. s. 492. Contrivance be- forehand, antecedent policy. FORECASTER, fºre-käst'âr. s. One who con- trives beforehand. FORECASTLE, fºre'käs-sl. s. 405. In a ship, that part where the foremast stands. FORECHOSEN, före-tshö'z'm. part. Pre-elected. FORECITED, fore-si'téd. part. Quoted befbre. To FORECLOSE, före-klöze'. v. a. To shut up, to preclude, to prevent: to foreclose a mort- gage, is to cut off the power of redemption. FÖBEDECK, fºre'dék. s. The anteriour part of the ship. To FOREDESIGN, före-dé-slne' v. a. To plan beforehand. To FOREDO, fore-dóð'. v. a. To ruin, to de- stroy ; to overdo, to weary, to harass. To FOREDOOM, före-dóðm'. v. a. To predesti- mate, to determine beforehand. FOREEND, fºre’émd. s. The anteriour part. FOREFATHER, före-f$'THär. s. Ancestor, cne who in any degree of ascending genealogy pre- cedes another. To FOREFEND, före-fénd'. v. a. To prohibit, to avert ; to provide for, to secure. FOREFINGER, före'ffn-går. s. The finger next to the thumb, the index. FöREFööf, forefit. s. Plur. Fore-feet. The anteriour foot of a quadruped. To FOREGO, fore-gó'. v. a. To quit, to give up ; to go before, to be past. rößd , före-gö'âr.'s Ancestor, progeni- tor 2 E ** FQREGROUND, fºregräänd. s. The part of the field or expanse of a picture which seems to fie before the figures. FOREHAND, föreſhānd. s. The part of a horse which is before the rider; the chief part. FOREHAND, före'hānd. a. A thing dome too SCOH. FQf{}}IIANDED, före'hānd-éd. a. Early, time- ! ... formed in the foreparts. FQREHEAD, för'héd. s. 515. That part of the face, which reaches from the eyes upwards to the hair; impudence, confidence, assurance. FOREHOLDING, före-hôiding. s. Predictions, OIn 1110tlS 3CCOUntS. FOREIGN, förºrin. a. Not of this country, not domestick; alien, remote, not belonging; ex- cluded, extraneous. FOREIGNER, för'rín-ár. s. A man that comes from another country, a stranger. FOREIGNNESS, förºrin-nós. s. want of relation to something. To FOREIMAGINE, före-jm-mädjin. v. a. To conceive or fancy before proof. To FOREJUDGE, fore-jädje'. v. a. To judge beforehand, to be prepossessed To FOREKNOW, före-nó'. v. a. To have presti- ence of, to foresee. FOREKNOWABLE, före-mö'ā-bla. Capable of being foreknown. & FOREKNOWLEDGE, före-nól'idje. s. Presci- †aknowledge of that which has not yet hap- €he Ci. FORELAND, före'länd. s. A promontory, head. land, high land jutting into the sea, a cape. To FORELAY, före-lâ'. v. a. To kay wait for, to entrap by ambush. To FORELIFT, fºre-lift'. v. a. To raise aloft any anteriour part. FORELOCK, före'lök. s. The hair that grows from the forepart of the head. FOREMAN, fore’mán. s. 99. The first or chief erson on a jury; the first servant in a shop. FOREMENTIONED, före-mém'shān'd. a. Men- tioned or recited before. FOREMOST, före'môst. a. First in place; first in dignity. FORENAMEI), fºre-măm’d'.a. Nominated before. FORENOON, före'môón. s. The time of day reckoned from the middle point between the dawn and the meridian, to the meridian. FORENOTICE, före-nó'tis. s. Information of an event before it happens. FORENSICK, ſo-rén'sik. a. Belonging to courts of judicature. To FOREORDAIN, före-ör-dàne'. v. a. To pre- destinate, to predetermine, to preordain. FOREPART, 3. s. The anteriour part. FOREPAST, ſore-pâst'. a. Past, beyond a cer- tain time. FOREPOSSESSED, före-pöz-zèst'. a. Preoccu- pied, prepossessed, pre-engaged. FORERANK, före'rångk. s. 408. First rank, front. FORERECITED, ſore-ré-sitäd. a. Mentioned or enumerated before. To FORERUN, fore-rán'. v. a. To come before as an earnest of something following ; to pre- cede, to have the start of. FORERUNNER, före-röm'nor. s. An harbinger, a messenger sent before to give notice of the approach of those that follow ; a prognostick, a sign foreshowing any thing. To #. före-sā’. v. a. prophesy. To FORESEE, före-séé'. v. a. To see before . hand, to see what has not yet happened. To FORESHAME, före-shāme'. v. a. To shame, to bring reproach upon. e FORESHIP. fºreship. s. The anteriour part of the ship. º To fößshorteN, före-shört’t’m. v a, To shorten the forepart Remoteness, To predict, to - 2 -, FOR 218 FOR [[ī 559.-Fāte, far, fall, fat;-mé, mét;—pine, pīn;— To FORESHOW, före-shö'. v. a. To predict; to # before it comes. FORESIGHT, fore'site. s. Foreknowledge; pro- vident care of futurity. FORESIGHTFUL. fore-site'föl. a. Prescient, provident. To FORESIGNIFY, före-signé-fi. v. a. To be- token beforehand, to foreshow. FQRESKIN, fore'skin. s. The prepuce. FORESKIRT, fºre'skärt. s. e loose part of the coat before. t To FORESLOW, fºre-slö'. v. a. To delay, to him- der; to neglect, to omit. To FORESPEAK, före-spèke'. v. n. To predict, to foresay; to forbid. FORESPENT, före-spént'. a. Wasted, tired, spent ; forepassed, past; bestowed before. FORESPURRER, före-spár'âr. s. One that rides before. FOREST, för'rést. s. A wild uncultivated tract of ground, covered with wood. To FORESTALL, före-stäwl'. 406. To antici- pate, to take up beforehand; to hinder by pre- occupation or prevention; to seize or gain pos- session of before another. FORESTALLER, före-stäwl'âr. s. One that an- ticipates the market, one that purchases before others to raise the price. FORESTBORN, för'rést-börm. a. Born in a wild. FORESTER, för'rés-tūr. s. An officer of the forest ; an inhabitant of the wild country. To FORETASTE, före-täste'. v. a. To have am- tepast of, to have prescience of; to taste before another. FORETASTE, före’täste. s.492. Anticipation of. To FORETELL, fore-tél. v. a. 406. To predict, to prophesy, to foreshow. FORETELLER, före-téI'lär. s. Predicter, fore- shower. To FORETHINK, före-think'. v. a. To antici- pate in the mind, to have prescience of. To FORETHINK, fore-think'. v. n. To contrive beforehand. FORETHOUGHT, fore-thawt'. Part. pass. of the verb Fort ETHINK. FORETHOUGHT, före'thäwt. s.492. Prescience, anticipation; provident care. To FORETOKEN, före-tók'n. v. a. show, to prognosticate as a sign. FORETOKEN, före-tó'k'n. s. Prevenient sign, prognostick. FORETOOTH, före'tööth. s. The tooth in the anteriour part of the mouth, one of the incisors. FORETOP, fore’tóp. s. That part of a woman's head-dress that is forward, or the top of a periwig. FOREVOUCHED, före-vöätsh'éd. part. 359. Af. • firmed before, formerly told. FOREWARD, före'wärd. s. The van, the front. To FOREWARN, fore-warn'. v. a. To admonish beforehand ; to inform previously of any future event; to caution against anything beforehand. To fore- To FOREWISH, före-wish'. part. To desire be- forehand. FOREWORN, fºre-wórn'. part wasted by time or use. FORFEIT, för'fit. s. 255. Something lost by the commission of a crime, a fine, a mulct. To FORFEIT, för'fit. v. a. To lose by some breach of condition, to lose by some offence. FORFEIT, för'fit. a. Liable to penal seizure, alienated by a crime. FORFEITABLE, för'fft-à-bl. a. Possessed on conditions, by the breach of which any thing may be lost. FORFEITURE, för'fit-yūre. s. The act of for- feiting; the thing forfeited, a mulct, a fine. To FORFEND, för-fénd'. v. a. To prevent, to forbid. FQRGAVE, för-gãve'. The preterit of forgive. FORGE, $ºrie. s. The place where iron is beat- en into form; any place where any thing is made or shaped, Worm out, To FORGE, förje. v. a. To form by the ham mer; to make by any means; to counterfeit. to falsify. FORGER, fºre jūr. s. One who makes or forms one who counterfeits any thing. [* This word is sometimes, but without the least foundation in analogy, written forgerer. If ft should be urged that the word comes from the French verb forger, and therefore, like fruiterer from frutier, we add an er to make it a verbal noun ; it may be answered, that we have the word to forge in the same sense as the French but we have mo verb to fruit, and therefore there is an excuse for addinger in the last word which has no place in the former, FORGERY, fore jôr-é. s. The crime of falsifica- tion ; Smith's work, the act of the forge. To FORGET, för-gét'. v. a. Preter. Forgot, Part. Forgotten or Forgot To lose memory of, to let go from the remembrance; not to at- tend, to neglect. - [[; The o in this and similar words is like that in Forbear—which see. y FORGETFUL, för-gé'föl. a. Not retaining the memory of ; oblivious, imattentive, negligent. FORGETFULNESS, för-gét'ſtil-nés. s. Oblivion, loss of memory; negligence, inattention. Fößr-gū’īā. s." Öme that forgets; a careless person. To FOIRGIVE, för-gſv'. v. a. Pret. Forgave ; p p. Forgiven. 157. To pardon ; to remit, not to exact debt or penalty. FORGIVENESS, fö1-giv'nés. s. The act of for- giving ; pardom ; tenderness, willingness to par- don; remission of a fine or penalty. FORGIVER, för-giv’ār. s. 8. who pardons. FORGOT, för-gēt'. FORGOTTEN, för-gött'n. 103. Part. pass. of Forget. Not remembered. FORK, förk. s. An instrument divided at the ends into two or more points or prongs; a point. To FORK, förk. v. m. To shoot into blades, as corn does out of the ground. FORKED, för'ked. a. 366. Opening into two or more parts. FORKEDLY, för'kéd-lè. ad. In a forked form. FORKEDNESS, för'kéd-més. s. The quality of opening into two parts. FORKHEAD, förk'hed. S. Point of an arrow. FORKY, för'kè. a. Forked, opening into two parts. FORLORN, för-lórn'. a. Deserted, destitute, forsaken, wretched, helpless; lost, desperate, small, despicable. [[G’ This word is sometimes, but improperly, pro- nounced so as to 1 hyme with mourn. Mr. She- ridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and W. Johnston, make it rhyme with corn. FORLORNNESS, för-lórn'nés. s. Misery, soli- tude. FORM, förm, or förm. s. The external appear- ance of any thing, shape; particular model or modification ; beauty, elegance of appearance ; ceremony, formality, order; extermal appear- ance without the essential qualities, empty show ; external rites; stated method, establish- ed practice; a long seat; a class, a rank of students; the seat or bed of a hare. |G: When this word signifies a long seat, or a class of students, it is universally pronounced with the o, as in four, more, &c. It is not a lit- tle surprising that none of our Dictionaries, except Mr. Smith's and Mr. Nares's, take any notice of this distinction in the sound of the o when the word signifies a seat or class. It were to be wished, indeed, that we had fewer of these ambiguously sounding words, which, while they distinguish to the ear, confuse and puzzle the eye.—See Bow L. To FORM,förm. v. a. To make; to model; to scheme, to pian ; to arrange; to adjust; to contrive, to join ; to model by educatión, FOR ºf US- 219 —no, mēve; nór, nét, tibe, tib, bill;-öll;-pôānd;—thin, THIs. . FORMAL, för'māl. a. 88. Ceremonious, solemn, precise; regular, methodical, external, having the appearance; but not the essence; depend- ing upon establishment or custom. FORMALIST, för'mâl-ist. s. One who prefers appearance to reality. FORMALITY, för-mâl'è-té. S. Ceremony, es- tablished mode of behaviour; solemn order, habit, or dress. a To FORMALIZE, for’mā-lize. v. a. To model, to modify ; to affect formality. e FORMALLY, för'māl-lè. ad. According to es- tablished rules; ceremoniously, stifly, precise- ly; in open appearance; essentially, charac- teristically. - - - - FORMATION, för-mâ'shām. s. The act of form- ing or generating; the manner in which a thing is formed. . . . . . - FORMATIVE, för'má-tív. a. 157. Having the power of giving form, plastick. FORMER, förm'âr. s. 167. maker, contriver, planner. FORMER, förm'êr. a. 98. Before another in time; mentioned before another; past. FORMERLY, för'már-lè. ad. In times past. FORMIDABLE, för'mè-dà-bl. a. Terrible, dread- ful, tremendous. . FORMIDABLENESS, för'mè-dà-bl-nēs. s. The quality of exciting terrour or dread ; the thing causing dread. * FORMIDABLY, l]]{l}}}}{2}”. FORMLESS, förm'Hés. a. regularity of form. FORMULA, för'mü-lä. s. 91. A prescribed form. ..?sh. FORMUHARY, för'm{i-1ár-è. s. A book con- taining stated and prescribed models. FORMULE, för'müle. s. A set or prescribed model. - To FORNICATE, för'né-kāte. v. m. To commit lewdness. FORNICATION, för-Isè-kä'shām. s. Concubinage or commerce with an unmarried woman : in scripture, sometimes idolatry. FORNICATOR, för'né-kā-tàr. s. 166, 521. One that has commerce with unmarried women. FORNICATRESS, för'mè-kā-trés. s. A woman who, without marriage, cohabits with a man. To FORSAKE, för-såke'. v. a. Pref. Forsook; Part. Pass. Forsook or Forsaken. To leave in resentment or dislike ; to leave, to go away from ; to desert, to fail. FORSAKER, för-såſkär. s. 98. Deserter, one that forsakes. - FORSOOTH, för-sóðth’. ad. In truth, certainly, very well. An old word of homour in address to WOmēm. To FORSWEAR, för-swäre'. v. a. Pret. For- swore ; part. Forsworn. To remoumce upon oath ; to deny upon oath ; with the recip- rocal pronoun, as, to forswear himself, to be perjured, to swear falsely. To FORSWEAR, för-swäre'. v. m. To swear falsely, to commit perjury. FºEARER, ör-swär'âr. s. One who is per- Jured. FORT, fºrt. s. A fortified house, a castle. FORTED, fört'éd. a. Furnished or guarded by forts. * FORTH, förth. ad. Forward, onward; abroad, out of doors; out into publick view ; on to the He that forms, för'mè-dā-blé. ad. In a terrible Shapeless, without €110. FORTH, förth. prep. Out of. FORTHCOMING, förth-kām'íng. a. Ready to appear, not absconding. FORTHISSUING, förth-ish'shë-ſmg. a. Coming out, coming forward from a covert. FORTHRIGHT, forth-rite'. ad. Straight for- ward, without flexioms. FORTHWITH, förth-with’. ad. - Pnmediately, without delay, at once, Straight. - *FOSSEWAY, föswä. s. [* TH in with at the end of this word is pro- nounced with the sharp sound, as in thin, con- trary to the sound of those letters in the same word when single. The same may be observed of the fin whereof 377. t * FORTIETH, för’té-éth. a. 279. The fourth tenth. FORTIFIABLE, för’té-fi-á-bl. a. What may be fortified. ‘. . FORTIFICATION, för-té-ſº-kā'shān. s. The science of military architecture; a place built for strength. . - *. FORTIFIER, för’tè-fl-àr. s. One who erects works for defence; one who supports or se- Cúl'êS. - To FORTIFY, för'té-fl. v. a. To strengthen against attacks by walls or works ; to confirm, to encourage; to fix, to establish in resolution. FQRTIN, fºrtin. s. A little fort. FORTITUDE, för’tè-täde. s. Courage, bravery, magnanimity; strength, force; FORTNIGHT, fört'nite. s. 144. The space of two weeks. - FORTRESS, för'trés. s. fied place. FORTUITOUS, för-tū'ê-täs. a. 463. Accidental, casual. . [[G. The reason why the t in this word and its compounds does not take the hissing sound, as it does in fortune, is, because the accent is after it. 463. . - - FORTUITOUSLY, för-tū’é-täs-lè. ad. Acciden- tally, casually. - FORTUITOUSNESS, för-tū’é-täs-més. s. Acci dent, chance. . . FORTUNATE, för'tshū-māte. a. Lucky, happy, successful. - - FORTUNATELY, för'tshū-mâte-lè. ad. Happi ly, successfully. - º FORTUNATENESS, för'tshū-mâte-nēs, s. piness, good luck, success. . FORTUNE, förushūme. S. 461. The power sup- posed to distribute the lots of life according to her own humour; the good or ill that befals man ; the chance of life, means of living ; event, success good or bad, estate, possessions; the portion of a man or woman. To befal, to To FORTUNE, för'tshūme. v. n. happen, to come casually to pass. FORTUNED, för'tshön'd. a. 359. Supplied by fortune. - - A book FORTUNEBOOK, för'tshön-bóók. s. consulted to know fortune. FORTUNEHUNTER, för'tshūm-hām-4är. s. A man whose employment is to inquire after wo- men with great portions, to enrich himself by marrying them. º, FóRTÜNETEfier, förtshön-têl-iār. s. One who cheats common people by . pretending to the knowledge of futurity. * FORTY, för'tè. a. 182. Four times ten. FORUM, fºrêm. s. 544. Any publick place. FORWARD, för'wärd. ad. 88. Towards, on- Ward, progressively. FORWARD, för'wärd. a. Warm, earnest; ar. dent, eager; confident, presumptuous ; pre- mature, early, ripe ; quick, ready, hasty. To FORWARD, för'wärd. v. a. To hasten, to quicken ; to patronize, to advance. FORWARDER, för'wärd-àr. s. He who pro- motes any thing. - - FORWARDLY, förward-lè, ad. Eagerly, has- tily. - FORWARDNESS, för'ward-nēs. s. Readiness to act; quickness; earliaess, early ripeness ; confidence, assurance. - # FORWARDS, för'wärds, ad. rogressively. Fēś fös. s. A strong hold, a forti- Hap- Straight before, A ditch, a moat. One of the great Ro- man roads through England, so called from the ditches on each side. . FOSSHL, fös'síl. a. pug out of the earth. TO Ú O FRA 22 [[F 559.-Fātc, ſār, fall, ſåt FOSSIL, fös'sil, s, That which is dug out of theſ bowels of the earth. To FOSTER, fös'tūr. v. a. 98. To nurse, to feed, to support; to pamper, to encourage; to cherish, to forward. ... FOSTERAGE, fös'tūr-idje. s. 90. The charge of nursing. FOSTERBROTHER, fös’tār-bråTH-àr. s. One bred at the same pap. FOSTERCHILD, fös'tūr-tshild. s. - A child nursed by a woman not the mother, or bred by a man not the father. FOSTERDAM, fös’tär-dām. s. A nurse, one that performs the office of a mother. FOSTEREARTH, fös’tàr-árth. . s. Earth by which the plant is mourished, though it did not grow first in it. FOSTERER, fös'tūr-àr. s. A nurse, one who gives food in the place of a parent. FOS'ſ ERFATHER, fös'tär-fº-THär. s. One who trains up the child of another as if it were his OWn. FOSTERMOTHER, fös'tūr-mâTir-àr. s. A Y}*IrSe, FOSTERSON, fös’tár sån. s. One fed and edu- cated as a child, though not the son by nature. FOUGHT, fºwt. 393, 319. The preterit and par- ticiple of Fight. Fº , föw'tm. 103. The passive partici- ple of Fight. FOUL, fößl. a. 313. Not clean, filthy; impure; polluted ; wicked, detestable; unjust ; coarse, gross : full of gross humours, wanting purga. tion, cloudy, stormy; mot bright, not serene, with rough force, with unseasonable violence: among seamen, entangied, as, a rope is foul of the anchor. To FOUL, föäl. v. a. make filthy. FOULFACED, fööl'faste. a. 359. Having an ugly or hateful visage. Fēś fääl'é. ad. Filthily, nastily, odiously. FOULMOUTHED, föäl'môāTH'd. a. Scurrilous, habituated to the use of opprobrious terms. FOULNESS, föäl'nés. s. Filthiness, nastiness; pollution, impurity ; hatefulness; injustice; ugliness; dishonesty. FOUND, föänd. 313. ple passive of Find, To FOUND, föömd. v., a .313. To lay the basis of any building ; to build, to raise ; to establish, to erect; to give birth or original to ; to raise upon, as on a principle or ground ; to fix firm. To FOUND, föänd. v. a. To form by melting and pouring into inottleds, to cast. FOUNDATION, fööul-dà'shán. s. The basis or lower part of an edifice ; the act of fixing the basis ; the principles or ground on which any motion is raised ; original, rise ; a revenue set- tled and established for any purpose, particu- larly charity ; establishment, settlement. FOONDER, fööm'dár. s. 98. A builder, one who * raises an edifice; one who establishes a reve- nue for any purpose; one from whom any thing has its original or beginning; a caster, one who forms figures by casting melted matter into moulds. To FOUNDER, fööm'dār. v. a. 313. To cause such a soreness and tenderness in a horse's foot, that he is unable to set it to the ground. "Fo FOUNDER, föön'dár. v. m. To sink to the bottom ; to fail, to miscarry. FOUNDRY, fööm'dré. s. A place where figures are formed of melted metal, a casting house. FööNDLING, fºunding. s. A chilă exposed to chance, a child found without any parent or O WIAer. FOUNDRESS, föän'drés. s. A woman that founds, builds, establishes, or begins any thing, F § Üß.#. º sisties any charitable revenue. FQUNT, fºnt, 313. y * * * * FöjSº'Aº , téºn'tin. 208. : S. A well, a spring ' To daub, to bemire, to The preterit and partici- w 24 . w º { º ,-mê, met 3-pine ;-pín, a small basin of springing water; a jet, a spout of water; the head or spring of a river; origin al, first principle, first cause. FOUNT, föänt. s. A complete set of letters, a set of types. FQUNTAINLESS, föän'tín-lès. a. Without a fountain. FOUNTFUL, föänt'föl. a. Full of FOUR, före. a. 318. Twice two. FOURBE, ſºrb. s. 315. French. A cheat, a tricking fellow, 3 FOURFöLD, fore'föld. a. Four times told. FQURFQQTED, före'fät-éd. a. Quadruped. FOURSCORE, före'sköre... a. Four times twen- ty, eighty; it is used elliptically for fourscore years. FQURSQUARE, före'skware. a. Quadrangular, FQURTEEN, fºre’téén. a. Four and ten. FOURTEENTH, före’tèënth. a. The ordinal of fourteen, the fourth after the tenth. FOURTH, fºrth. a. The ordinal of four, the first after the third. v-- FQURTHLY, förth iè., ad. In the fourth place. FOURWHEELED, forehweeld. a. Running upon twice two wheels. FOWL, fööl. s. 223. A winged animal, a bird. To FOWL, fööl. v. m. To kill birds for food or § FOWſ ER, föälär. s. 98. A sportsman who pur sues birds. Fºsopiece, fößling-pêése. s. A gun for !!"CŞ. FOX, föks. s. A wild animal of the dog kind, remarkable for his cunning; a knave or cun. ning fellow. FOXCASE, föks'käse. s. A fox's skin. FOXCHASE, föks'tshāse. s. The pursuit of the fox with hounds. FQXGLOVE, föks'glúv. s. . A plant. FOXHUNTER, fökshānt-àr. s. A man whose chief ambition is to show his bravery in hunting foxes. FOXSHIP, föks'ship. s. The character or quali- ties of a fox, cunning. FQXTRAP, föks'trāp.s. A gin or snare to catch foxes. To FRACT, fråkt. v. a. To break, to violate, to infringe. • * } FRACTION, fråk'shān, s. The act of breaking, the state of being broken; a broken part of an integral. FRACTIONAL, frák'shān-ál. a. 88. Belonging to a broken number. FRACTURE, fråk'tshöre. s. 461. Breach, sepa- º of continuous parts; the breaking of a Cl16. To FRACTURE, fråk'tshūre. v. a. To break a Ołłę. FRAGILE, frädje?!. a. 140. Brittle, easily snap- ped or broken , weak, uncertain, frail. [[š. All our othèepists are uniform in the pronun- ciation of this word with the a short. FRAGILITY, frå-jīl'é-té. s. Brittleness, weak- ress; frailty, liableness to fault. FRAGMENT, fräg'méut. s. A part broken from the whole, an imperfect piece. FRAGMENTARY, fräg'mén-tär-à. a. Compos- ed of fragments. FRAGOR, frā'gór. s. 166, 544. A noise, a crack, a crash.-See Dr.A.M.A. FRAGRANCE, frå'gränse. FRAGRANCY, fråſgrän-se. Sweetness of smell, pleasing scent. FRAGRANT, frå grânt. a. 544. Odorous, sweet of smell. [I. This word is sometimes, but improperly, heard with the a in the first syllable pronounced short.—See DRAMA. FRAGRANTLY, frå'grânt-lè. ad. With sweet SCént. FRAIL, fråle. s. 202. A basket made of rushes, a rush for weaving baskets. springs. $. FRA FRE 221 —mö, móve, mēr, nét;—túbe, túb, būll;—öil,—pôānd;—thin, THIs. FRAIL, fråle. a. Weak, easily destroyed; weak of resolution, liable to errour or seduction. . . . FRAILNESS, fråle'nés. s. Weakness, instabi- lity. Fºilty, fråle’té. s. Weakness of resolution, instability of mind; fault proceeding from weak- mess, sins of infirmity. FRAISE, fråze. s. 202. A pancake with ba- con in it. To FRAME, fråme. v. a. To form; to fit one thing to another ; to make, to compose ; to re- gulate, to adjust ; to plan ; to invent. FRAME, främe. s. "Anything made so as to enclose or admit something else; order, regu- larity ; scheme, contrivance; mechanical con- struction ; shape, form, proportion. FRAMER, främe'âr. s. 98. Maker, former, contriver, schemer. FRANCHISE, frán'tshiz. s. 140. Exemption from any onerous, duty ; privilege, immunity, right granted; district, extent ofjurisdiction. To FRANCHISE, från'tshiz. v. a. To enfram- chise, to make free. FRANGIBLE, frånjè-bl. a. 405. Fragile, brit- tle, easily broken. FRANK, frångk. a. 408. Liberal, generous; open, ingenuous, sincere, not reserved ; with- out condition, without payment; not restrained. FRANK, frångk. s. A place to feed hogs in, a sty ; a letter which pays no postage; a French C{j}ll. To FRANK, frångk. v. a. To shut up in a frank or sty; to feed high, to fat, to cram; to exempt letters from postage. FRANKINCENSE, frångk'ín-sénse. s. An odo- riferous kind of resin. FRANKLIN, frångk'lím. s. liff of land. d a Cl. FRANKLY, frångk'lé. kindly, readily. FRANKNESS, frångk'nés. s. Plainness of speech, openness, ingenuousness, liberality, bounteousness. FRANTICK, från'tík. a. Mad, deprived of un- der, tanding by violent madness, outrageously and turbulently mad ; transported by violence of passion. FRANTICKLY, från'tík-lè. ad. Madly, out- rageously. A steward ; a bai- Liberally, freely, FRANTICKNESS, från'tík-nēs. s. Madness, fury of passion. FRATERNAL, frå-tér'mál. a. , 88. Brotherly, ertaining to brothers, becoming brothers. I' Kºś. frà-tér'nāl-ć. ad. In a bro- therly manner. FRATERNITY, frå-tér'nè-té. s. The state or quality of a brother ; body of men united, cor- poration, society; men of the same class or char- acter. TRATRICIDE, frât'tré-side. s. 143. The mur- der of a brother. FRAUD, ſråwd. s. 213. artifice. FRAUDFUL, fråwd'fäl. a. ful, trickish. Fº ULLY, fråwd'föl-lè. ad. Deceitfully, artfully. FRAUDULENCE, fråw'dā-Jénse. D FRAUDULENCY, fråw'dè-lén-sé. S. LJe- ceitfulness, truckishness, promeness to artifice. [; For the propriety of B." the d in these words like j, see Pri Deceit, cheat, trick, Treacherous, art- * rinciples, No. 293, 376. FRAUDULENT, fråw'dè-lént. a. Full of arti- fice, trickish, deceitful. FRAUDULENTLY, fråw'dè-lént-lè. ad. By fraud, by artifice, deceitfully. FRAUGHT, fråwt. part. pass. 393. Laden, charged ; filled, CRAY, ſia. s. stored, thronged. 220. A broil, a battle, a com- bat. To FRAY, frå v. a. To rub to wear away by tubbing; to fright. |FREE, frèë. s. FREAK, frèke. s. 227. A sudden whim, a capricious prank. Tø, FREAK, frèke., v. a. To variegate. FREAKISH, frèke'ísh. a. Capricious, humor. SOH16. FREAKISHLY, frèkelsh-lè. ad. Capriciously, humorsomely. FREAKISHNESS, frèke'ísh-nēs. s. Capricious mess, whimsicalness. FRECKLE, frék'kl. s.405. A spot produced in the skin by the Sun; any small spot or discoloration. FRECKLED, frék'kl’d. a. 359. Spotted, ma- culated. FRECKLY, frék'klē. a. famcy, Full of freckles. g 246. ...At liberty; uncompelled, unrestrained; permitted ; conversing without reserve ; liberal; frank, guiltless; exempt; inyested with franchises, possessing any thing without vassalage; without oxpense. To FREE, frèë. v. a. To set at liberty; to rid from: to clear from any, thing ill; to exempt. FREEBOOTER, frèë-böö'túr. s. A robber, a plunderer. FREEBOOTING, frèë-böö'ting. s. Robbery, lumder. FREEBQRN. frèë'börn. . a. ... Inheriting liberty FREECHAPEL, frèë-tshāp'él. s. A chapel ºf the king's foundation. FREECQST, frèë'köst. s. Without expense. FREEDMAN, frèèd'mán. s. A slave manumitted FREEDOM, frēē dàm. s. 166. Liberty, inde- pendence; privilege, franchises, immunities; unrestraint; ease or facility, in doing or show. ing any thing. FR ÉFööß), frēē-fút'éd. a. Not restrained in the march. -> FREEHEARTED, frèé-hăr'téd. a. Liberal, un- restrained. FREEHOLD, frèë'hôld. s. That land or tene- ment which a man holdeth in fee, feetail, or for term of life. FREEHOLDER, frèë'hôl-dár. s. a freehold. FREELY, frèëlè. ad. At liberty; without re- straint; without reserve; without impediment; frankly, liberally; spontaneously, of its own accord. FREEMAN, frèë'mām. s. 83. One not a slave. not a vassal; one partaking of rights, privile es, or immunities. FREE-MASON, frèë-mâ's'n. s. 170. ‘ One of a numerous society who profess having a secret to keep. JMason. FREEMINDED, frèë-mind'éd. a. Unconstrain- ed, without load of care. FREENESS, frèënës. s. The state or quality of being free ; openness, unreservedness, libe- rality. F#School, fréé'skööl. s. A school in which learning is given without pay. FREESPOKEN, frèë-spó'k’n.a. 103. Accustom- ed to speak without reserve. FREESTONE, frèë'stone. s. Stone commonly used in building. FREETHINKER, frēē-thinkär. s. A libertine, a contemner of religion. FREEWILL, frèë-will'. s. The power of direct- ing our own actions without restraint by neces sity or fate; voluntariness. FREEWOMAN, frèë'wām-án. s. enslaved. To FREEZE, frèëze. v. n. 246. To be congeal- ed with cold; to be of that degree of cold by which water is congealed. To FREEZE, frèëze. v. a. Pret. Froze; Part, Frozen or Froze. To congeal with cold; to kill by cold ; to chill by the loss of power or motion. To FREIGHT, fråte. v. a. 249,393. Pr. Freight ed; Part. Fraught, Freighted. To load a ship or vessel of carriage with goods for transporta tion ; to load with a burden. One who has A woman not FRE —FRI-> 222 ſlº 559-Fāte, far, fall, fat ,-mé, mét;—pine, pīn;— FREIGHT, fråte. s. 249. See EIGHT. Any thing with which a ship is loaded; the money; due for transportation of goods. FREIGHTER, fråte'âr. s. He who freights a vessel. FRENCH CHALK, frénsh'tshāwk'. s. An indu- rated clay. To F §§HIFy, frénsh'é-ſi. v. a. To infect with the manner of France; to make a coxcomb. FRENETICK, frè-nētik, or frém'ê-tík. a. Mad, distracted.—See PHRENETICK. FRENZY, frén'zè. s. Madness, distraction of mind. FREQUENCE, frè'kwënse. s. 544. Crowd, con- course, assembly. [[G’ Some speakers, and those not vulgar ones; pronounce the e in the first syllable of this and the following words, when the accent is on it, short; as if written frek-toense, frek-wently, &c. They have undoubtedly the short e in the Latin Frequens to plead; and the Latin quantity is often found to opérate in anglicised words of two syllables, with the accent on the first; but usage, in these words, seems decidedly against this pronunciation. Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Elphinstone, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, Mr. Smith, W. Johnston, and, if we may judge by he position of the accent, Dr. Ash and Entick, are for the elong in the first syllable ; and Bu- chanan only marks it with the short e. The verb to frequent having the accent on the se- cond syllable, is under a differant predicainent. —See DRAMA. t FREQUENCY, fiè'kwén-sè. s. Common occur- rence, the condition of being often seen, often occurring ; used often to practise any thing ; full of concourse. FREQUENT, frè'kwánt. a. 492. , Oſten done, of ten seen, often occurring ; used often, to prac- tise anything; full of Concourse. * * To FREQUENT, fré-kwént'. v. a. 492. To visit often, to be much in any place. . FREQUENTABLE, frè-Kwépt'ā-bi. a. Conver- sable, accessible. ty FREQUENTATION, frè-kwén-tä'shám. s. Ha- bit of frequenting. JMason. FREQUENTATIVE, frè-kwén'tă-tív. a. A gram- matical term applied to verbs signifying the frequent repetition of an action. FREQUENTER, frè-kwäntär. s. resorts to any place. FREQUENTLY, frè'kwént-lè. ad. Often, com- monly, not rarely. FRESCO, frés'kö. s. Coolness, shade, duski- mess; a picture not drawn in glaring light, but in dusk. FRESH, frèsh. a. Cool ; not salt, new ; not im- paired by time ; recent, newly come ; repaired from any loss or diminution ; florid, vigorous; healthy in countenance ; ruddy ; free from salt- ness; sweet, opposed to stale or stinking. T; rºshes, frésh'sh'n. v. a. 103. To make reSI!, To FRESHEN, frèsh'sh'n. v. n. To grow fresh. FRESHET, frésh'ét. s. 99. A pool of fresh wa- ter; a rise in the waters of rivers and brooks, caused by heavy rains, or the sudden melting of snow and ice. FRESHLY, frésh'lè. ad. Coolly ; newly; in the former state, renewed ; with a healthy look, ruddy. FRESHNESS, frèsh'nés. s. The state of being fresh. FRET, frét. s. A frith, or strait of the sea; any agitation of liquors by fermentation or other cause ; that stop of the musical instrument which causes or regulates the vibrations of the string ; work rising in protuberance ; agitation of the mind, commotion of the temper, passion. To FRET, frét, v. a. To wear away by rabbing; to form into raised work; to variegate, to di- versify; to make angry, to vex. One who often To FRET, frét, v. n. To be in commotion, to be agitated ; to be worn away; to be angry, to be peevish. FRETFUL, frét füí. a. Angry, peevish, FRETFULLY, frétfäl-è.. ad. Peevishly. FRETFULNESS, frét'ſtil-nēs. s. Peevishness. FRETTY, frét’té. a. Adorned with raised work FRIABILITY, frl-ā-bil'è-të. s. Capacity of being reduced to powder. FRIABLE, fri'ā-bl. a. Easily crumbled, easily reduced to powder. FRIAR, fri'ār. s. 88, 418. A religious brother of some regular order. FRIARLIKE, fri'ār-like. a. Monastick, unskilled in the world. FRIARLY, fri'ār-lè. ad. Like a friar, a man un- taught in life. FRIARY, fri'ār-e. s. A monastery or convent of friars. To FRIBBLE, frib'bl. v. n. 405. To trifle. FRIBBLER, frib'bl-ār, s. . A trifler. FRICASSEE, frk-à-sèë'. s. A dish made by cut. ting chickens or other small things in pieces, and dressing them with strong sauce. FRICATION, fri-kä'shôn. s. The act of rubbing one thing against another. FRICTION, frik'shán. s. The act of rubbing two bodies together ; the resistance in machines caused by the motion of one body upon an- other ; medical rubbing with the flesh-brush or cloths. . FRIDAY, fri’dé. s. 223. The sixth day of the week, so named of Freya, a Saxon deity. FRIEND, frénd. s. 278. One joined to another in mutual benevolence and intimacy, opposed to foe or enemy ; one reconciled to another ; a companion ; favourer; one propitious ; a ſa- miliar compellation. FRIENDLESS, frènd'lés. a. wanting support. - FRIENDLINESS, frènd lè-nēs. s. A disposition to friendship ; exertion of benevolence. FRIENſ).I.Y., frénd'ſé. a. Having the temper and disposition of a friend, kind, favourable; disposed to union, salutary. F ######, frênd'ship. s. The state of minds united by mutual benevolence; highest degree of intimacy; favour, personal kindness ; assis- tance, help. - FRIEZE, frèëze. s. 278. A coarse warm cloth. ####:ºils. s. In architecture, a large flat member which separates the archi- trave from the cornice. FRIGATE, frig'āt. s. 91, 544. A small ship; a . ship of war; any vessel on the water. FRIGEFACTION, frid.jë-fák'shām. s. 530. The act of making cold. To FRIGHT, frite. v. a. 393. To terrify, to dis turb with fear. FRIGHT, frite. s. A sudden terrour. To FRIGHTEN, fºl't'h. v. a. 103. To terrify, to shock with dread. - FRIGHTFUL, frite'föl. a. Terrible, dreadful, fulf of terrour. Fºully, frite'ſtil-ć. ad. Dreadfully, horribly. FRIGHTFULNESS, frite'föl-nés. s. The power of impressing terrour. FRIGHD, frid'jid. a. 544, Cold; without warmth of affection ; impotent, without warmth of bo- dy ; dull, without fire of fancy. FRiGIDITY, frè-jid'é-té. s. Coldness, want of warmth; dulness, want of intellectual fire; want of corporeal warmth; coldness of affection. FRIGHDLY, fridjid-lè. ad. Coldly, dully, with out affection. - FRIGHDNESS, frid'jīd-nēs. s. Coldness, dulness. want of affection. FRIGORIFICK, fr!-gó-rºſ'ík. a. Causing cold To FRILL, fril. v. n. To quake or shiver with cold. Used of a hawk, as, the hawk Frills. Wanting friends, •+ FRO 223 FRO —nè, mêve, mēr, nôt;—túbe, tib, būll;—öll;—pôānd;—thin, This. FRINGE. frinje. s. Ornamental appendages ad- ded to dress or furniture. To FRINGE, frinje. v. a. To adorn with fringes, to decorate with ornamental appendages. FRIPPERY, flip'ér-é. . s. The place where old clothes are sold; old clothes, cast dresses, tat- tored rags. FRISEUR, fré-zūre'. s. A hair dresser. Mason. To FRISK, frisk. v. m. To leap, to skip ; to dance in frolick or gaiety. e. FRISK, frisk. s. A frolick, a fit of wanton gaiety. FRISKER, frisk' r. s. A wanton, one not con- stant or settled. FRISKINESS, frisk'é-nēs. s. Gaiety, liveliness. FRISKY, frisk'é. a. Gay, airy. F&IT, frtt. s. Among chymists, ashes or salt; the technical name for the combined materials of which glass is made, after calcination or par- tial fusion. Artist's Manual. FRITH, frith. s. A strait of the sea; a kind off In et. FRITTER, frit'tár. s. A pudding fried in a pan; a fragment; a cheesecake. To FRETTER, frit'tūr. v, a To cut meat into small pieces to be fried; to break into small particles or fragments. FRIVOLITY, frè-völ'è-të. s. Insignificancy. JMa- SO72. FRIVOLOUS, friv'é-lès. a. Slight, trifling, of no moment. FRIVOLOUSNESS, frtv'ö-lès-nés. g. Want of importance, triflingness. Fº friv'é-lès-lè. ad. Triflingly, without weight. To FRIZLE, friz'zl. v. a.—See CoDLE. To curl in short curls like map of frieze. FRIZLER, friz'zl-ár. s. One that makes short curls. , Properly FRIzzI.E.R. FRO, fró. ad. Backward, regressively. To and fro; backward and forward. FROCK, frök. s. A dress, a coat for children; a kind of close coat for men. FROG, fróg. s. A small animal with four feet, of the amphibious kind; the hollow part of the horse’s hoof. FROGBIT, fróg'bft. s. An herb. FROGREISH, fróg'fish..s. A kind of fish. FROGGRASS, fróg'grás. s. A kind of herb. FROGLETTUCE, fröglét-tis. s. A plant. FROLICK, frólik. a. Gay, full of levity. Fºck fról'ík. s. A wild prank, a flight of Williºl. To FROLICK, frólik. v. n. To play wild pranks. FROLICKLY, fröl’īk-lè. ad. Gaily, wildly. FROLICKSOME, frólík-såm. a. Full of wild gaiety. FROLICKSOMENESS, frôl’īk-sām-nēs. s. Wild- mess of gaiety, pranks. FROLICKSOMELY, frôl'ík-sām-lè. ad. With wild gaiety. FROM, fróm. prep. Away, noting privation; noting reception ; noting procession ; descent, or birth ; out of ; noting progress from prem ses to inferences; noting the place or person from whom a message is brought; because of; not near to ; noting separation ; noting exemp- tion or deliverance; at a distance; contrary to, noting removal. From is very frequently joined by an ellipsis with adverbs, as, from above, from the parts above; from afar; from behind; from high. riºts frón-diffé-rūs. a. Bearing €3. We S. FRONT, frånt, or frönt. s. 165. The face; the face as opposed to an enemy; the part or place opposed to the face; theyan of an army; the forepart of anything, as of a building; the most conspicuous part ; boldness, impudence. [T Mr. Sheridan marks this word in the second manner only; but I am much mistaken if cus- tom does not almost universally adopt the first. If the second is ever used, it seems to be inſ poetry, and that of the most solemn kind. Tr. Kenrick, W. Johnston, and Mr. Perry, pro- nounce it in the first manner; and Mr. Sheri- dam and Mr. Smith in the last; Mr. Scott gives it both ways, but seems to prefer the last; Mr. Nares gives it in the first manner, but says it is sometimes pronounced regularly. To FRONT, frºnt. v. a. Tº oppose directly, or face to face; to stand opposed or overagainst any place or thing To FRONT, frºnt, v. n. To stand foremost. FRONTAL, frónt'âl. s. 88. Any external form of medicine to be applied to the forehead. FRONTATED, frón'tà-téd. a. The frontated leaf of a flower grows broader and broader, and at last perhaps terminates in a right line ; used in opposition to cuspated. FRONTBOX, fråntſbóks'. s. The box in the playhouse from which there is a direct view to the stage. FRONTED, frånt'éd. a. Formed with a front. FRONTIER, frón'tshëèr, or frånt'yèër. s. 113 The marches, the limit, the utmost verge of any territory. FRONTIER, frón'tshëèr, or fróntyèër. a. 459, 461. Bordering. FRONTISPIECE, frón'tis-pèse. s. That part of any building or other body that directly meets the gº. FRONTLESS, frånt'lés. a. Without blushes without shame. FRONTLET, frónt'lét. s. A bandage worn up on the forehead. FRONTROOM, frånt'rööm'. s. in the forepart of the house. FRORE, fróre. a. Frozen. FROST, fröst. s. The last effect of cold, the power or act of congelation; hoar-frost. FROSTBITTEN, fröstſbít-t'n. a. 103. Nipped or withered by the frost. FROSTED, frós'téd. a. Laid on in inequalities like those of the hoar-frost upon plants. FROSTHLY, frós'té-lè. ad. With frost, with ex- cessive cold. FROSTINESS, frós'té-nés. s. COICi. FROSTNAIL, fröst'nāle. s. A mail with a pro- minent head driven into the horse's shoes, that it may pierce the ice. FROSTWORK, fröst'wark. s. Work in which the substance is laid on with inequalities, like the dew congealed upon shrubs. FROSTY, frós’té. a. Having the power of com gelation, excessive cold ; chill in affection ; §§ gray-haired, resembling frost. FROTH, fröth. s. 163. Spume, foam, the bub- bles caused in liquors by agitation ; any empty or senseless show of wit or eloquence; any thing not hard, solid, or substantial. To FROTH, fröth. v. n To foam, to throw out spurne. FROTHILY, fröth'é-lè. ad. With foam, with spume; in an empty trifling manmer. FROTHY, fröth'é. a. Full of froth or spume; soft, not solid, wasting ; vain, empty, trifling. FRööNöß, ºne.".’3.” ºften jºin which spittle gathers about the hawk's bill. To FROUNCE, frôānse. v. a. To frizzle or curl the hair. FROUZY, frôā'zé. a. 313. Dim, fetid, musty. .4 cant word. FROWARD, fró'wärd. a, 88. Peevish, ungovern- able, perverse. Fºndly, frð'wärd-lè. ad. Peevishly, per- VerSely. FROW NESS, frè'wärd-nēs. s. Peevish- ness,&K. * To FROWN, fröön. v. a. 323. To express dis- leasure by contracting the face to wrinkles. Fº fróön. s. A wicked look, a look of displeasur An apartment Cold, freezing €. FROZEN, frèzn. Participle pass, of Freeze. 103 -- * FRU 224 FUL [[ 559–Fâte, far, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—pme, pin;– FRUCTIFEROUS, fråk-tiffér-às, a. fruit. To FRUCTIFY, fråk’té-fi. v. a. 183. To make fruitful, to fertilize. To FRUCTIFY, fråk’tè-fi. v. m. To bear fruit. TRUCTIFICATION, fråk-tê-fé-kå'shôm. s. The act of causing or of bearing fruit, fertility. FRUCTUOUS, fråk'tshū-às. a. 463. Fruitful, fertile, impregnated with fertility. FRUGAL, frè'gål. a. 88. Thrifty, sparing, par- SIII) OHIOUIS. FRUGALITY, frè-gål'é-té. s. Thrift, parsimony, ood husbandry, FRUGALLY, frºgăl-è. ad. sparingly. FRUGIFEROUS, frº-jiffér-às. a. Bearing fruit. FRUIT, fróðt. s. 343. The product of a tree or plant in which the seeds are contained; that part of a plant which is taken for food; pro- duction; the offspring of the womb ; advantage gained by any enterprise or conduct; the ef- fect or consequence of any action. FRUITAGE, fréðtſidje. s. 90. Fruit collectively, various fruits. FRUITBEARER, fróðt'bār-Šr. s. produces fruit. FRUITBEARING, fróði'bár-ing. a. Having the quality of producing fruit. FRUITERER, frööt'ér-àr, s. fruit.—See ForgFR. FRUITERY, fróðt'êr-è. s. Fruit collectively ta- ken ; a fruit loft, a repository for fruit. FRUITFUL, fróðt'föl. a. Fertile, abundantly pro- ductive; actually bearing fruit ; prolifick, child- bearing ; plenteous, abounding in any thing. FRUITFULLY, fróótfäl-è, ad. In such a manner as to be prolifick; plenteously, abundantly. FRUITFULNESS, fróðt'föl-nēs. s. Fertility, plentiful production; the quality of being pro- lifick. FRUITGROVES, fróðt'grówz. s. Shades, or close ###". of fruit trees. FRUITION, frº-ish'ên. s. Enjoyment, posses- sion, pleasure given by possession or use. FRUITIVE, frè'é-tív. a. Enjoying, possessing, having the power of enjoyment. FRUITLESS, fróðt'lés. a. Barren of fruit; vain, idle, unprofitable ; without offspring. FRUITLESSLY, fróðt'lés-lè. ad. Vainly, idly, unprofitably. FRUIT-TIME, fróóttime. s. The Autumn. FRUIT-TREE, fróðt'trèë. s. A tree of that kind whose principal value arises from the fruit pro- §§ by it. FRUMENTACIOUS, frº-mén-tä'shús. a Made of grain. Fººty, frú'mén-té. s. Food made of wheat boiled in milk. [* This word is almost universally corrupted into Furmenty, if not sometimes into Fur-me-te: and I believe it is seldom found that words em- ployed in the concerns of cookery are ever re- covered from irregularity. See Asp ARAGUs and Cucum BER. To FRUMP, fråmp v.a. To mock, to browbeat. To FRUSH, frash. v. a. To break, bruise, or crush. FRUSTRANEOUS, frås-trä'né-às. a. Vain, use- less, unprofitable. To FRUSTRATE, frås'träte. v. a. 91. To de- feat, to disappoint, to balk; to make mull. FRUSTRATE, frås'träte. part. a. Wain, ineffec- tual, useless, unprofitable, null, void: FRUSTRATION, frås-trá'shôn. s. Disappoint- ment, defeat. FRUSTRATIVE, frås'trā-tiv. a. 512. disappointing. FRUSTRATORY, frås'trá-tàr-à. s. which makes any procedure void. [[3° For the o, see Dom ESTICK. FRUSTUM, frès'töm. s. A piece cut off from a regular ſigore. A term of science. Bearing Parsimoniously, That which #, One who trades in Fallacious, 512. That FRY, fri. s. The swarm of little fishes just pro- duced from the spawn; any swarm of animals / or yºung people in contempt. To FRY, fr. º. a. To dress food by cooking it in a pan on the fire. To FRY, fri.v.m. To be cooked in a pan on the fire; to suffer the action of fire; to melt with heat ; to be agitated like liquor in the pan on the fire. FRY, fri. s. A dish of things fried. FRYINGPAN, friſing-pán. s. The vessel in which meat is cooked on the ſire. FRYTH, frith. . s. (Not so common a spelling." A frith, a wood; a plain between two woods. Ash To FUB, föb. v. a. To put off. [* This word is more usually written Fos. FUB, füb. s. A plump chubby boy. FUCATED, fū'kā-téd. . a. Painted, disguised with paint ; disguised by false show. FUCUS, fū'kás. s. Paint for the face. To FUDDLE, föd'dl. v. a. To make drunk. To FUDDLE, fūd'dl. v. n. 405. To drink to €XCéSS. FUEL, fū’īl. s. The matter or aliment of fire. FUGACIOUS, fü-gå'shās. a. 292, 357. Wolatile, eeting. F tºiousNEss, fú-gå'shās-nēs. s. Wolatility, the quality of flying away. FUGACITY, fū-gāsē-té. s. Volatility, quality of flying away 5, uncertainty, instability. FUGITIVE, fūjè-tív. a. Not tenable; unsteady : volatile, apt to fly away; flying, running from danger; flying from duty, falling off; wandel- ing, vagabond. FUGITIVE, fūjè-tív. s. One who runs from his station or duty; one who takes shelter under another power from punishment. FUGITIVENESS, fūjë-tiv-nés. s. Volatility; in- stability ; uncertainty. FUGUE, fewg. s. 337. Flying musick. FULCIMENT, föl'sè-mênt. s. That on which a body rests. f To FULFIL, fūl-fil’. v. a. To fill till there is no room for more , to answer any prophecy or promise by performance; to answer any desire by compliance or gratification; to answer any law by obedience. FULFRAUGHT, fūl-frawt'. a. Full stored. FULGENCY, följén-sè. s. 177. Splendour. FULGENT, fºljént. a. , Shining. FULGID, följíd. a. Shining. FULGIDITY, föl-jid'ê-té. s. Splendour. FULGOUR, fölgár. s. 314. Splendour, dazzling brightness. FULGURATION, föl-gū-rå'shàm. s. The act of lightening. FULIGINOUS, fº -lidjin-ás. a. Sooty, smoky. FULL, fūl. a. 174. Replete, without any space, void; abounding in any quality good or bad; stored with any thing ; well supplied with any thing ; plump, fat; saturated, sated; crowded in the imagination or memory; complete, such as that nothing farther is wanted; containing the whole matter, expressing much ; mature, perfect: applied to the moon, complete in its b OTO. FULL, fūl. s. Complete measure; the highest state or degree; the whole, the total; the state of being full : applied to the moon, the time in which the moon makes a perfect orb. . FULL, fūl. ad. Without abatement; with the whoſe effect; quite; exactly; very sufficient- ly; directly. FULL-BLOWN, fºl'blène, a., Spread to the ut- most extent; stretched by the wind to the ut- most exten º FULL-BOTTOMED, föl-bót’tāmd. a. Having a large bottom. * FULL-E AREſ), fūl-èèrd. a. 362. Having the heads full of grain. e FULL-EYED, fūl-lde' a Having large promi ment eyes. FUN FUR 92.5 -—nt, mēve, nôr, nôt;--tūbe, túb, būll;—öil ;—pöönd;—thin, this. FULL-FEI), fūl-féd'...a... Sated, fat, saturated. FULL-L AIXEN, ſāl-lā’d'm. a. 103. Laden till there can be no more. FULL-SPREAD, fūl-spréd'. a. Spread to the utmost extent. FULL-SUMMED, ſål-såmd’. a. Complete in all its §. º To FULL, fºil. v. a. To cleanse cloth from its oil or grease. FULLAGE, fūlīāje. s. 90. The mouey paid for fulling or cleansing cloth. FULLER, fūl'lúr. s.98. One whose trade is to cleanse cloth. II. This word, though derived from the Latin Fullo, has deviated into the sound of the º lish word full, and is an exception to the rule laid down in the Principles, No 177. FULLERS-EARTH, fū’lārz-érth'. s. A kind of marl or clay used in fulling. - FULLERY, föl’lār-É. s. The place where the trade of a fuller is exercised. FULLINGMTLL, ſil'ſing-mil. s. A mill where hammers beat the cloth till it be cleansed. FULLY, ſtillé. ad. Without vacuity; complete- ly, without lack. FULMINANT, föI'mè-mánt. a. 177. Thundering, making a noise like thunder. To FULMINATE, föl'mè-māte. v. n. 91. To thunder ; to make a loud moise or crack, to is- sue out ecclesiastical censures. FULMINATION, fūl-mè-nā’shām. s. thundering ; demunciation of censures. FüßMiNAT6RY, füº a 512. Thun- dering ; striking horrour. FULNESS, fūl'nés. s. The state of being full ; copiousness, plenty ; repletion, satietv; strug- gling perturbation, swelling in the mind; force of sound, such as fills the ear. FULSOME, föl'sèm. a. 177. Natuseous, offen- sive ; of a rank odious smell; tending to ob- scenity. FULSOMELY, fºl'sém-lè. ad. Nauseously, rank- ly, obscenely. FULSOMENESS, föl'sām-nēs. s. Nauseousness, rank smell ; obscenity. FUMAGE, fū'měje. s. 90. Hearth-money. FUMATORY, ſºmâ-tūr-8. s. 512, 534. An herb. To FUMBLE, föm'bl. v. n. 405. To attempt any thing awkwardly or ungainly ; to puzzle, to strain in perplexity ; to play childishly. FUMBLER, föm'bi-ár. s. wardly. FUMBLINGLY, fūm'bling-lè. ad. In an awk- ward manner. • FUME, fume. s. Smoke ; vapour, any volatile parts flying away; exhalation from the sto- mach; heat of mind, passion ; any thing un- substantial, idle comceit, vain imagination. To FUME, fūme. v. n. To smoke; to yield exhalations; to pass away in vapours; to be in a rage. To FUME, fime. v. a. To smoke, to dry in the smoke ; to perfume with odours in the fire ; to disperse in vapours. FUMETTE, fū-mêt'. s. The stink of meat. FUMID, fºl'mid. a. Smoky, vaporous. FUMIDITY, fū-mid'ê-të. s. Smokiness, ten- dency to smoke. To FUMIGATE, fºrmè-gāte. v. a. To smoke, to perfume by smoke or vapour ; to medicate or heal by vapours. FUMIGATION, fü-mê-gå'shān. s. Scents rais- ed by fire ; the application of medicines to the body in fumes. FUMINGLY, fū'ming-lè. ad. Angrily, in a rage. §Rºtº, s. 38; see Fumarony. #º. 314. a. Producing MºleS. PUN, fan. s.' Sport, high merriment. 2 F Johnson. The act of [[; With great deſerence to Dr. Johnson, I think Fun ought rather to be styled low merri- ment. FUNCTION, füng'shām. s. Discharge, per- formance; employment, office ; single act of any office ; trade, occupation ; office of any particular part of the body; power, faculty. FUND, fūnd. s. Stock, capital, that by which any expense is supported ; stock or bank of !!! (!!}{2 W. FUNDAMENT, fūn'dā-mênt. s. The back part One who acts awk-f of the body ; the aperture ſcom which the ex- crements are ejected. FUNDAM ENTAL, fön-dā-mên'tál. a. Serving for the foundation, essential, not merely acci. dental. FUNDAMENTAL, fên-dà-mén'tál. s. Lead- ing proposition ; that part on which the rest is Juilt. FUNDAMENTALLY, fön-dā-mên'tāl-ć. ad. Essentially, originally. FUNERAL, fū'nér-āi. s. 38. The solemnization of a burial, the payment of the last honours to the dead, obsequies; the pomp or procession with which the dead are carried ; burial, in- terment. FUNERAI, ſh'nār-āl. a. Used at the ceremony of interring the dead. FUNERFAL, fü-Bé'rè-ál. a. dark, disma}. FUNGOSITY, föng-gös'é-té. s. Unsolid excres- cence. FUNGOUS, ſånggäs. 314. spongy. FUNGUS, fing'gºs. s. Strictly a mushroom; a word used to express such excrescences of flesh as grow out upon the lips of wounds, or other excrescence from trees or plants not na- turally belonging to them. FUN gue, fú'mè-kl. s. 405, 534. COrſi. FUNICULAR, fº.nſk','l-lär. of a small cord or fibre. FUNK, fünk. s. A stink. FUNNEL, fön'nél. s. 99. An inverted hollow come with a pipe descending from it, through which liquors are poured into vessels; a pipe or passage of communication. FUR, för. s.Skin with soft hair, with which gar- ments are lined for warmth ; soft hair of beasts found in cold countries, hair in general ; any moisture exhaled to such a degree as that the remainder sticks in the part. To FUR, för. v. a. To line or cover with skins that have soft hair; to cover with soft matter. FUR-WROUGHT, för'råwt. a. Made of fur. FURACIOUS, fū-rá'shēs. a. Thievish. FURACITY, fl-rås'é-té. s. Disposition to theft. FURBELOW, förbè-ló. . s. Fur or fringe sew- ed on the lower part of the garment ; an orna- ment of dress. To FURBELOW, fºr"bè-ló. v. a. To adorn with ornamental appendages. To FURBISH, för'bish, polish, to rub up. FURBISHER, förbish-àr. One who polishes any thing. º FURCATION, für-ká'shôn. s. Forkiness, the state of shooting two ways like the blades of a Ork. FURFUR, ſºr'för. s. Husk or chafſ, scurf o dandriff. FURFURACEOUS, för-fô-rà'shās. a. 357. Hus- Suiting a funeral, d. Excrescent; A smali a. 88. Consisting v. a. To burnish, to S ky, branny, scaly. FURIOUS, fū'rè-às. a. Mad, phrenetick; raging. transported by passion beyond reason. FURIOUSLY, fºré-às-lè. ad. Madly, violently vehementlv. Fºss, fú'té-às-nés s. Phrensy, mad ness, transport of passion. To FURL, förl. v. a. To draw up, to contract FUR F.Y 226 [I3° 559–Fâte, far, fall, fit;-mê, mét;—plme, pīn;– FURLONG, förlöng. s. the eighth part of a mile. FüßLöööH, förſö. s. 318,390. A temporary dismission from a military service; leave of absence to a soldier for a limited time. FURMENTY, för'mén-te. s. Food made by boiling wheat in milk-See FRUMENTy. FURNACE, för'n's. s.91. An enclosed fireplace. To FURNISH, för'nish. v. a. To supply with what is necessary; to fit up; to equip; to de- corate, to adorm. FURNISHER, für'nish-ár. s. One who supplies or fits out. FURNITURE, für'nè-tshūre. S. 463. Moveables, goods put in a house for useor ornament; appen- dages, equipage, embellishments, decorations. FURRIER, för'rè-àr. s. A dealer in furs. FURROW, för'ró. s. 324, 327. A small trench made by the plough for the reception of secd; any long trench or hollow. FURROW-WEED, för'rö-wéèd. s. grows in furrowed ground. To FURROW, för'rö. v. a. To cut in furrows; to divide in long hollows; to make by cutting. FURRY, för'rè. a. Covered with fur, dressed in fur ; consisting of fur. FURTHER, för'THör. a. 98. Forth, Further, Furthest. At a great distance; beyond this. W. Dr. Johnson has proved beyond dispute that farther and farthest are not the comparative and superlative of far, but corruptions of the com- parative and superlative of forth. However true this discovery may be, it does not seem a sufficient reason for altering the beaten path which custom had formed in the usage of far- ther and farthest. . It is probable, indeed, that far, fore, and forth, arise from the same origin- al root: extending beyond some other object seems to be the leading idea in all. Far seems to in- timate extension beyond an indefinite object; ..fore only such extension as gives priority to the extended object , and forth, from its form, seems to relate to the abstract of such priority of extension, or the very act of extending or issuing out. If, therefore, forth and far have different ideas annexed to them, the same comparative and superlative cannot possibly suit with both ; md as almost immemorial usage has borrowed the comparative and superlative of forth to form the comparative and super lative of fur, their sense is now fixed to the latter adverb ; and forth, inasmuch as it differs from far, seems entirely to have lost its comparison. Notwith- standing, therefore, that further and farthest are very irregular branches of far, they are grafted on it by use, and cannot be altered without di- verting the plain tendency of the language.— Such, however, has been the force of Dr. John- son's criticism, that, since his time, every wri- ter and printer, unless by mistake, has used further and furthest for farther and farthest ; by which means we have revived the comparative and superlative of an adverb which has lost its comparison, and have lost the comparative and superlative of an adverb, which has been com- pared for these two hundred years. But though further passes very well for further, when far is out of sight, we feel the utmost repugmance at saying, “Thus far shalt thou ro, and no further.” “Some dream that they can silence when they will “The storm of passion, and say Peace, be still; “But “ Thus far and no farther,' when address'd “To the wild wave, or wilder human breast, * Hmplies authority that never can, “That never ought to be the lot of man. Cowper's Progress of Errour. FURTHER, für'THár, ad. To a greater distance. To FURTHER, för'THàr. v. a. To put onward, to forward, to promote, to assist. FURTHERER, för'THår-àr. s. Vºncer. Fi'R'R'32RMORE ſér'THºmère. ad. More- A measure of length, A weed that Promoter, ad- FURTIVE, förty. a. , Stolen, gotten by theft. FURUNCLE, fū'ränk-kl. s. 405, 534. A bile, an angry pustule. Füß, fú'ré. S. Madness; rage, passion of anger; enthusiasm, exaltation of fancy; a tur- buſent, raging woman ; one of the infernal deities, supposed to be employed in tormenting wicked spirits in the other world. FURZE, förz. s. Gorse, goss. FURZY, ſår'zè. a. Overgrown with furze, full of gorse. FUSCATION, fūs-kā'shôn. s. The act of dark. elling. To FUSE, fūze. v. a. fusion. To FUZE, fūze. v. n. To be melted. FUSEE, ſº-zèë'. s. Tiaº cone, round which is wound the cord or chain of a clock or watch ; a firelock, a small meat musket; Fusee of a bomb or grenado shell, is that which makes the whole powder or composition in the shell take fire, to do the designed execution. FUSlBLE, fū'sè-bl. a. 405. Capable of being melted. FUSIBILITY, fū-sè-bil'è-té. s. Capacity of being melted, quality of growing liquid by heat. FUSIL, fºl'zil. a. d. of being Imelted, li- ºble by heat; running by the force of leat. [EP. As this word is derived from the French fu- sile, and the Latin fusilis, it ought certainly to be written with the final e,fusile. FUSIL, fi-zèë'. s. A firelock, a small meat mus- ket: in heraldry, something like a spindle. FUSILIER, fū-zil-lèër'. s. 275. A soldier armed with a fusil. FUSION, fū'zhàm. s. 451. The act of melting ; the state of being melted. F º făs. s. A tumult, a bustle. A low cant lò07"(t. FUST, fºst. s. The trunk or body of a column; a strong smell as that of a mouldy barrel. FUSTIAN, ſis'tshām. s. 291. A kind of cloth made of limen and cotton ; a high swelling kind of writings made up of heterogeneous parts, bombast. FUSTIAN, ſº 'tshām. a. Made of fustian ; swell. ing, unnaturally pompous, ridiculously tu- mid. FUSTICK, fºstik. s. A sort of wood brought from the West-Indies. To F. *TIGATE, fús’tè-gāte. v. a. To beat with a Stick. FUSTILARIAN, ſås-tê-lº-'ré-án. s. A low fel- low, a stinkard. FUSTINESS, fös’tè-nēs. s. Mouldiness, stink. FUSTY, fös’té. a. Smelling mouldy. FUTILE, fū'tji. a. 140. Talkative, loquacious trifling, won thless. FUTILITY, fö-tîl'è-té. s. Talkativeness, loquaci {} ; triflingness, want of weight, want of solidity. FUTTOCK3, föttöks. s. The lower timbers that hold the ship together. FUTURE, fū'tshūre. a. 461. That which will be hereafter, to eome. FUTURE, fºl'tshūre. s. Time to come. FUTURELY, fū'tshūre-lè. ad. In time to come. FUTURITION, fū-tshū-rish'ên. s. The state of being to be. FUTURITY, fū-tū'rè-té. s. Time to come ; events to come; the state of being to be, futurition.— See Fortuitous. [[; The reason why future has the t aspirated, and futurity preserves that letter pure, is, that the accent is before the t in the former word, and after it in the latter. 463. Tºzz, făz. v. m. To fly out in small pal- ticles. FUZZBALL, föz'báll, s. A kind of ſungus, which, when pressed, bursts and Scatters dust in the eyes. To melt, to put into FY, fi interj. A word of blame GAI GAL 227 — no, mēve, nér, mēt;-täbe, túb, būll,—&il;--pôānd;—thin, THIs. G. GABARDINE, gāb-ār-dèën ... s. A coarse frock. To GABBLE, gāb'hl. v. n. 405. To make an in- articulate moise; to prate loudly without mean- Ing. tº & GABBLE, gāb'bl. s. Inarticulate noise, like that of brute animals; loud talk without meaning. GABBLER, gāb'bi-àr. s. A prater, a chattering fellow. GABEL, gābél. s. An excise, a tax. GABION, gā'bé-àm. s. 507. A wicker basket which is filled with earth to make a fortification or intrenchment. GABLE, gā'bl. s. 405. building. GAD, gåd. s. A wedge or ingot of steel; a steel r graver. The sloping rocf of a O To GAD, gåd. v. m. To ramble about without} any settled purpose. GADDER, gād'dăr. s. A rambler, one that runs much abroad without business. GADDINGLY, gād'ding-lè. ad. In a rambling Iſa ºf 1621. GADFLY, gād'fli. s. A fly that, when he stings the cattle, makes them gad or run madly about. GAFF, gāf. s. A harpoon or large hook. GAFFER, , gāf'för. s. 98. A word of respect, now obsolete. GAFFLES, gāf"fiz. s. 405. Artificial spurs up- oncocks; asteel contrivance to bend cross-bows. To GAG, gāg. v. n. To stop the mouth. GAG, gāg. s. Something put into the mouth to hinder speech or eating. º GAGF, gādje. s. A pledge, a pawn, a caution; a kind of plum. To GAGE, gādje. v. a. To depone as a wager, to impawn ; to measure, to take the contents of any vessel of liquids. To GAGGLE, gāg'gl. v. n. 405. noise like a goose. GAMETY, gā'ê-iè. s.-See GAYDTy. GAILY, gā’lé. ad. Airily, cheerfully; splendid- Iy, pompously. GAIN, gºne. s. 73,202. Profit, advantage; in- terest, lucrative views; overplus in a compara- tive computation. To GAIN, gāne, v. a. To obtain as profit or ad- To make a vantage; to have the overplus in comparative; computation; to obtain, to procure ; to win; to draw into any interest or party ; to reach, to attain. To gain over, to draw to another party or interest. To GAIN, gāne. v. n. To encroach, to come forward by degrees; to get round, to prevail against; to obtain influence with. GAfNER, game'ºr. s. Gne who receives profit or advantage. Gºś. ne'föl. a. Advantageous, profita- ble; lucrative, productive of money. GAINFULLY, gāne'föl-è. ad. Profitably, ad- vantageously. GAINFULNESS, gāme'föl-nēs. s. Lucrativeness, GAINGIVING, gāme'giv-ing. s. The same as misgiving, a giving against. Gºś, .#. a. Unprofitable. GAINLESSNESS, gāme'lés-nēs. s. Unprofita- bleness. * GAINLY, gāme'lè. ad. Handily, readily. To GAINSAY, gåne-sā’. v. a. To contradict, to oppose, to controvert with. GAINSAYER, gāne-sā'ār. s. Opponent, adver- Sar W. Gºst, gènst. prep. 206. Poetically for àº'àIII.St. GATRISH, garlsh. a. 202. Gaudy, showy; ex- travagantly gay, º GAIRīšāN SS, gā’rīsh-nēs. s. Finery, flaunt- ing gaudiness ; flighty or extravagant joy. GAït. gāte. s. air ºf walking. March, walk; the manner and } |GALA, gā’lā. s. A grand entertainment; splen did amusement. [[j'. I have given this Italian word a place in this Dictionary, as think it has been sufficiently received to make a part of the language. It is a good sounding word; and as we have not an equivalent for it, we ought to give it the same welcome we do to a rich foreigner who comes to settle among us. GALAXY, gåſåkºsé. 8. 517. A luminous zone making a complete circle in the heavens, the brightness of which is owing solely to smali stars; the milky Way. Ferguson's Astronomy. GALBANUM, gāI'bā-măm. s. 503. A gum resin of a bitterish acrid taste and peculiar smell, the produce of a plant which glows in Africa. Edinburgh Dispensatory. LE, gāle. s. A wind not tempestuous, yet stronger than a breeze. J GALEAS, gālyās. s. A heavy low-built vesseſ, with both sails and oars, GALEATED, gā'lé-à-téd. a. 507. Covered as with a helmet : in botany, such plants as bear. a flower resembling a helmet, as the monks- hood. GALIOT, gål'yāt. s. A little galley or sort of brigantime, built very slight, and fit for chase. GALL, gāwī. s. The bile, an animal juice re- markable for its supposed bitterness; the pant which contains the bile ; any thing extremely bitter; rancour, malignity; a slight hurt by fretting of the skim ; anger, bitterness of mind. To GALL, gåwl. v. a. o hurt by fretting the skim ; to impair, to wear away; to tease, to fret, to vex; to harass, to mischief To GALL, gāwl. v. n. To fret. GALLANT, gā’lānt, a. Gay, well dressed ; brave, high spirited ; fine, noble, specious; in- clined to courtship. GALLANT, gāi-lânt'. . s. A gay, sprightly, splendid man; one who caresses women to de- bauch them; a wooer, one who courts a wo- man for marriage. [[# The difference of accent in English answers the same purpose as the different position of the adjective in French. Thus un gallant hon- me signifies a gållant man, and wn homune gallaut, a gallánt man, GALLANTLY, gāi'lánt-lè. ad. Gayly, splendid ly 3_bravely, nobly, generously. GALLANTLY, gāl-lânt'lè. ad. Like a wooer, or one who makes love. GALLANTRY, gāI'lán-tré. s. Splendour of ap. pearance, show ; bravery, generosity; count. ship, refined address to women; vicious love, lewdness. * GALLERY, gål'làr-è. s. 557. A kind of walk along the floor of a house, into which the doors of the apartments open ; the upper seats in a church; the seats in a playhouse above the pit, in which the meaner people sit. * GALLEY, gål'é. s. A vessel driven with oars. GALLEY-SLAVE, gāi'lè-slave, s. A man cou demned for some crime to row in the galleys. GALLIARD, gālyārd. s. A gay, brisk, fively man; a fine fellow ; an active, nimble, spright. ly dance. GALLIARDISE, gålyār-dise. s. Merriment, exuberant gaiety. GALLICISM, gāI'lè-sizm. s. A mode of speech peculiar to the French language. GALLIGASKINS, gāl'lè-gās'kins. s. Large open hose. GALLIMATIA, gāl-lè-mâ'shā. s. Nonsense, talk without meaning. * GALLIMAUFRY, gāl-lè-mâw'frè. s. A hotch, potch, or hash of several sorts of broken meat; flººdley ; any inconsistent or ridiculous med- e GAii.IPOT, gallº-pºt. s. A pot painted and glazed ; a glazed cup or pot, used by apothe- caries. GAN GAR 223 [[3’ 539.-Fāte, far, fall, fit —mè, mét, —pine, plm;— GALLON, gāI'lúm. s. (ituartS. GALLOON, gāl-lóðn'. s. A kind of close lace, made of gold or silver, or of silk alone. To GALLOP, gāj'láp. v. n. To move forward by leaps, so that all the feet are of the ground at once; to ride at the pace which is performed by leaps; to move very fast. GALLOP, gål'löp. s. The motion of a horse when he runs at full speed. G ALLOPER, gāi'íðp-àr. s. lops ; a man that rides fast. GALLOWAY, gāl'ló-wä. s. A horse not more than foul teen hands high, much used in the north of England. To GALLOW, gāI'ló. v. a. To terrify, to fright. GALLOWS, gāI'lús. s. Beam laid over two posts, A liquid measure of four A horse that gal- on which malefactors are liauged. GALOCHE, gā-lóshe'. s. A shoe (without straps or other fastening) made to wear over another sloe. Mason. GALVANISM, gāl'vān-İzm. s. WG’ A system of electricity discovered by Galva- ni, an Italian, in which it is found, that, by placing thin plates of metal together in a pile, and putting between them thin leaves of wet paper, several electrical phaenomena are pro- duced; Cavallo defines it to be that species of electricity which is produced by a peculiar ac- tion of metallick and other electrical conduc- tors upon each other. Its peculiar phaenomema are produced by means of a galvanick battery constructed of thin plates of silver and zinc and pieces of cloth placed alternately. The cloth is previously wet in water or some other G Nº. à de' † : ADE, gām-bāde'. º G AMBADO, #. { s. In the plural Spat- terdashes, a kind of boots. GAMBELER, gāin'bl-àr. s. A knave whose prac- §: it is to invite the unwary to game, and cheat them. GAMBOGE, gām-bóðdje'. s. A gum resin, of a deep orange colour, and slightly acrid taste, used in medicine; and as a pigment. Edinburgh Dispensatory. To GAMBOL, gām'bāl. v. p. 166. To dance, to skip, to frisk. GAMBOL, gām"băl. s. frolick, a wild prank. ºtel, gáin'bril. s. 99. The hind leg of a ł () ºne. GAME. gºume. s. Sport of any kind ; jest, op- posed to earnest; insolent merrºtment, sportive insult ; a single match at play; field sports, as the chase; animals pursued in the field; sol- emn contests exhibited as spectacles to the people. To GAME, game. v. n. To play at any sport; to play wantonly and extrayagantly for money, GAMECOCK, game'kök. s. A cock bred to fight. GAMEEGG, gāme'ég . . s. An egg from which fighting cocks are bred, GAMEKEEPER, gāme'kèëp-àr. s. A person who looks after game, and sees it is not des- troyed. / GAMESOME, gāme'súm. a. Frolicksome, gay, sportive. GAMFSOMENESS, game'sām-més. s. Sportive- ness, merriment. GAMESOMELY, game'sám-lè. ad. Merrily. G AMESTER, gāme'står. s. Que who is vicious- ly addicted to play; one who is engaged at play; a mºrry, frolicksome person; a prostitute. GAMMER, gām'már. s. The cempellation of a woman corresponding to Gaſſer. GAMMON, gām'.uńn. s. 166. The buttock cf a Hog salted and dried; a term at back-gammon foºlwinning the game. G AMU'i, gān'āt. s. The scale of niusical notes. GAN, gān Poetically for Began, as Gin, for A skip, a leap for joy; a |GANTLET, gāntlét. GANDER, gām'dër. s. 98. The male of the goose. To GANG, gång. v. n. To go to walk; an old word not now used, except ludicrously. GANG, gång. s. A number uniting together, a troop, a company, a tribe. GANGLION, gāng'glè-án. s. 166. A tumour in the tendinous and mervous parts. GANGRENE, gång'grène. s. 408. A mortifica- tion, a stoppage of circulation followed by pu- trefaction. To GANGRENE, gång'grème. v. a. To corrupt to mortification. GANGRENOUS, gång'grè-nēs. a. Mortified, or betokening mortification. GANów Y, gāng'wä. s. In a ship, the several . or passages from one part of it to the Oth Cr. GANGWEEK, gāngwěčk. s. Rogation week. GANTELOPE, gānt'lópe. } s. A military pun- ishment in which the criminal, running between the ranks, receives a lash from each man. [[G’ The former of these words is the most proper, but the latter is most in use. GANZA, gān'zā. s. A kind of goose. GAOL, jåle. s. 212 A pri prison. |GAOLíšîăVERY,jälèdèjìv-àr-è, 4. The judi- cial process which, by condemnation or acquit- tal of persons confined, evacuates the prison. GAOLER, jäle'êr. s. Keeper of a prison, he to whose care the prisoners are committed. GAP, gāp. s. An opening in a broken fence, a breach; a hole, a deficiency; any interslice, a vacuity. GAP-TOOTHED, gāp'tóðtht. a. 359. Having interstices between the teeth. To GAPE, gāp. v. n. 75, 92, 241. To open the mouth wide, to yawn; to open the mouth for food, as a young bird ; to desire earnestly, to crave ;' to open in fissures or holes; to stare with hope or expectation; to stare with won- der; to stare irreverently. [[; The irregularity in the pronunciation of this word seems to arise from the greater similitude of the Italian a to the action signified, than of the slender English a-See Cheerful, Fierce, &c GAPER, gā'pár.'s. 98. One who opens his mouth, one who stares foolishly ; one who longs or Craves. GARB, gºirb. s. Dress, clothes; exteriour ap- pearance. GARBAGE, gārbidje. s. 90. The bowels, the offal. GARBEL, går"bil. s. 99. A plank next the keel of a # GARBIDGE, går"bidje. s. 90. Corrupted from GARB AGE. . T) GARBLE, går"bl. v. n. 405. To sift, to part, to separate the good from the bad. GARBLER, går"bl-àr. s. He who separates one part from another. GARBOIL, går"böil. s. Disorder, tumult, up- TOar. GARD, §º S. wardship, custody. GARDEN, gār'd’n. s. 92, 103. A piece of ground enclosed and cultivated, planted with herbs ol fruits ; a place particularly fruitful or delight. ful: Garden is often used in composition, be- longing to a garden. [[G. When the sº in this and similar words is pre ceded by G or K, polite speakers interpose a sound like the consonant y which coalesces with both, and gives a mellowness to the sound thus a Garden pronounced in this manner is nearly similar to the two words Egg and Yar- den united into egguarden, and a Guard is almost like egg ſard-See GUARD. GARDEN:WARE, gārdºn-ware. s. The produce of gardens. GARDENER, går'd'm-àr g He that attends or Begin cultivates gardens. GAS GAZ 229 -nē, móve, nér, nét –tbe, túb, būll,--óil ;-pôānd;—thin, THIs. GARDENING, gār'd'm-ing. s. The act of cultiva- ting or planning gardens. GARGARISM, gārgā-rīzm. s. A liquid form of medicine to wash the mouth with. To GARGARIZE, gārgā-rize. v. a. To wash the mouth with medicated liquors. To GARGLE, går'gl. v. a. 405. To wash the throat with some liquor not suffered immedi- ately to descend ; to warble; to play in the throat. GARGLE, gār'gl. s. A liquor with which the throat is washed. GARLAND, går"länd. s. A wreath of branches of flowers. CARLICK, gār'Iſk. s. A plant. GARLICKEATER, går"lik-&-tūr.s. Amean fellow. GARMENT, går"mént. s. Any thing by which the lºody is covered. GARNER, gårnár. s. A place in which threshed corn is stored up. To GARNER, gār'nār. v. a. To store as in gar- nel'S. #ARNET, går'nét, s. A gem of a small degree of hardness and dark red colour. To GARNISH, går"nish. v. a. To decorate with ornamental appendages; to embellish a dish with something laid round it; to fit with fetters. GARNISH, gār'n?sh. s. Ornament, decoration, embellishment; things strewed round a dish ; in gaols, fetters. GARNISHMENT, går'n?sh-mént. s. Ornament, embellishment. g GARNITURE, gār'hé-tūre. s. Furniture, orna- Iſlønt. ºš, gå'rås. a. Resembling the pickle made of ſish. GARRAN, gār'röm. s. 31. A small horse, a hob- by, a wretched horse. GARRET, gār'rét. s. 81. A room on the highest floor of the house. FARRETTEER, gār-rét-têèr’, s. An inhabitant of a garret. GARRISON, gār'rè-s'n. s. 170. Soldiers placed in a fortified town or castle to defend it ; forti- fiel place stored with soldiers. - To GARRISON, gār'rè-s'n. v. a. To secure by fortresses. GARRULITY, gār-rū'lè-té. s. Incontinence of tongue ; talkativeness. GARRULOUS, går"rā-lès. a. Prattling, talkative. GARTER, går"târ. s. 98. A string or riband by which the stocking is held upon the leg: the mark of the order of the garter, the highest or der of English knighthood; the principal kin at arms. To GARTER, går"târ. v. a. To bind with a garter. GARTH, gårth, properly girth. s. The bulk of the body measured by the girdle. GAS, gås. s. An aerial fluidſ; a solid rendered permanently elastick and ačriform by heat.— Parkes' Clujmistry. GASCONADE, gås-kö-mâde,' s. A boast, a bra- vado. To GASH, gāsh. v. a. To cut deep, so as to make a gaping wound. GASH, gāsh. s. A decp and wide wound ; the mark of a wound. GASKINS, gås'kínz. s. Wide hose, wide breeches. Fe GASP, gāsp. v. n. To open the mouth wide to catch breath ; to emit breath by opening the mouth convulsively ; to long for. ſī" The a in this word has sometimes, and not improperly, the same sound as in Gape, and for the same reason.--See GAP.E. G.ASP, gāsp. s. The act of opening the mouth to catch breath ; the short catch of the breath in the last agonies. To GAST, gåst. v. a. To make aghast, to fright, to shock. GASTRICK, gāstrik. a. Belonging to the belly, GASTRH.QQUIST, gºs-trii S-kvist. s. One who speaks floin the belly. GASTROTOMY, gās-tröt'ö-mè. s. 518. The act of cutting open the belly. GAT, gāt. The preterit of Get. Obsolete. GATE, gāte. s. The door of a city, a castle pa- lace, or large building; a frame of timber up: on hinges to give a passage into enclosed § GATEVEIN, gāte'vâne. s. The Vena Porta; #. great vein which conveys the blood to the 176r. GATEWAY, gāte'wä. s. A way through gates of enclosed grounds. To GATHER, gāTH'âr. v. a. To collect, to bring into one place; to pick up, to glearl; to pluck; to crop ; to assemble ; to heap up; to accumu- late ; to collect charitable contributions ; to bring into one body or interest; to pucker needlework. To GATHER, gāTH'âr. v. n. To be condensed; to grow larger by the accretion of similar mat ter; to assemble ; to generate pus or matter. GATHER, gāTH'âr. s. 98. Pucker, cloth drawn together in wrinkles. GATHERER, gāTH'àr-rár. s. One that gathers, a collector; one that gets in a crop of any ind. GATHERING, gāTH'âr-ing. s. Collection of charitable contributions. GAUDE, gāwd. s. An ornament, a fine thing. To GAUDE, gåwd. v. m. To exult, to rejoice at any thing. GAUDERY, gāw'dér-è. s. luxury of dress. j GAUDILY, gåw'dé-lè. ad. Showily. GAUDINESS, gåw'dè-més. s. Showiness, tinsel appearance. GAUDY, gāw'dè. a. 213. Showy, splendid, os. tentatiously fine. GAUDY, gåw'dé. s. A feast, a festival. GAVE, gāve. The preterit of Give. GAVEL, gāv'íl. s. 166 A provincial word for ground. GAVELKIND, gāv'íl-kind. s. In law, a cus- tom whereby the lands of the father are equal- ly divided at his death amºng all his sons. To GAUGE, gadje. v. a. 217. To measure with respect to the contents of a vessel; to measure with regard to any proportion. GAUGE, gadje. s. A measure, a standard. GAUGER, gājār. s. One whose business is to measure vessels or quantities. GAUNT, gānt. a. 214. Thin, slender, lean, meager GAUNTLY, gānt'lé. ad. Leanly, slenderly, mea- erly. gātistLET, gánt'lét. s. An iron glove used for defence, and thrown down in challenges. GAUZE, gāwz. s. A kind of thin transparent silk. Gºwº, gåwk. s. 219. A cuckoo; a foolish fel- OW. GAUNTREE, gān'trèë. s. 214. A wooden frame on which beer-casks are set when tunned. GAY, gº. a. 220. Airy, cheerful, merry, frolick- some ; fine, showy. tº GAYETY, gā'é-té. s. Cheerfulness, airiness, merriment; act of juvenile pleasure; finery, show. GAYLY, gā'lé, ad. Merrily, chaerfully, show ily. GAYNESS, gā'nés. s. Gaiety, finery. To GAZE, gāze. v. n. To look intently and earn- esity, to look with eagerness. GAZE, gāze. s. Intent regard, look of eagerness or wonder, fixed look; the object gazed on. GAZER, gāzār. s. He that gazes, one that looks intently with eagerness or admiration. GAZEFUL, gāze'fºil. a. Looking intently. GAZEHOUNA), gāzehöänd. s. A hound that pursues not by the scent, but by the eye. GAZET, gā-zét'. s. A sinail Venetian coin ; the price of a newspaper; whence probably arose the name of Guzelle. GAZETTE, gā-zét'. S. A paper of news, a pa. per of publick intelligence Finery, ostentatious GEN GEN 230 [P 559—Fate, fâr, fäll, fat;-mé, mét;—pine, pīn;— &AZETTEER, gāz-Śt-têèr'. s. A writer of news. GAZINGSTOCK, gā'zīng-stók. s. A person gazed at with scorii or abhorrence. GAZON, gāz-Śón'. s.-See ExcoRE. In fortifi- cation, pieces of fresh earth covered with grass, cut in form of a wedge. - GEAR, gèër. s. 560. Furniture, accoutrements, dress, habit, ornaments; the traces by which horses or oxen draw ; stuff. . . . . . GECK, gék. s. 381. One easily imposed upon; a bubble. - - ſlº. This word, like several other old English words, is preserved among the lower order of eople in Ireland, though totally obsolete in prem 4 - I * * * * *||Gºś"...a...ars tº s. The state of ngland. -- GEESE, gèèse. s. 560. The plural of Goose. º: jēlā-bl. a. What may be congealed. quantity of the first syllable of this word, not so much from the short e in the Latin gelabilis, whence it is derived, as from the analogy of English pronunciation. The antepenultimate accent generally shortens every vowel but u, unless followed by a diphthong.—See Princi- les, No. 503, 535, 536. GELATIN, jël’ā-tim. s. Glue, isinglass, exsiccated jelly: when dry, it is a hard, elastick, semitrans- parent substance resembling horn, having a vi- treous fracture. Edinburgh Dispensatory. GELATINE, jël'à-time, 149. . GELATINOUS, jê-lātīn-Ös. a jelly. - w To GELD, géld. v. a. Preter. Gelded or Gelt; Part. pass. Gelded or Gelt. To castrate, to de- prive of the power of generation; to deprive of any essential part. 560. - GELDER, géld'âr. s. One that performs the act of castration. w GELDER-ROSE, gél'dār-róze. s. A plant. - GELDING, gél'ding, s. 560. Any animal cas- trated, particularly a horse. . GELID, jël’Îd. a. Extremely cold, GELIDITY, jê-lídē-té, s. Extreme cold. GELIDNESS, jël’īd-nēs. s. Extreme cold. GELLY, jëllë. s. Any viscous body, viscidity, glue, gluy substance. . - GELT, gélt. Part. pass. of Geld. GEM, jém. s. . A jewel, a ever kind; the first bud. - - To GEM, jém. v. a. To adorn as with jewels or buds. a. Formed into To GEM, jêm. v., n. To put forth the first buds.; GEMELLIPAROUS, jêm-mêl-lip'pā-rås. a. 518. Bearing twins, . . To Gºñinºff, jºintme-nāte. v. a. 91. To double. - GEMINATION, jêm-mè-nā'shān. s. Repetition, reduplication. 3. * * GEMINI, jêm'è-ni. s. The twins; the third sigm in the zodiack. JMason. GEMINY, jêm'mè-nē. s. Twins, a pair, a brace. GEMINOUS, jêmmè-nās. a. Double. - GEMMAR, jêm'már. a. Pertaining to gems or jewels. ...t - GEMMEOUS, jêmimè-às. a. Tending to gems; resembling gems. GENDER, jën'dār. s. A kind, a sort, a sex; a distinction ºf nouns in grammar. To GENDER, jën'dár. v. a. To beget; to pro- duce, to cause:, . To GENDER, jën'dár. v. n. To copulate, to breed. -- - GENEALOGICAL, jë-nē-ă-lädje'é-kāi. a. Per- taining to descents or families, GENEALOGIST, jë-nē-ă'ö-jist. s. traces descents. GENEALOGY, jè-nē-ăl'ö-jë. s. 518. History of the succession of families. t - |3° Common speakers, and those not of the low- er order, are apt to pronounce this word as if written Geneology; but those who are ever so little attentive to propricty, prescrye the a in have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the |GENERATöß, jénérºtör. s. 166, 521. | powe . |GENERICAL, jë-nēr'é-kál. |GENERICK, jë-mér'rik. 509. precious stome of what- He who its fourth sonind . GENERABLE, jën'ér-à-bl. a. That may be {}} " GEODAETICAL, jë-ó-dété-kál. a. p Relating to the art of measuring surfaces. |GEOGRAPHER, jë-ög'grá-fôr. s. 116, 257. One who describes the earth according to the posi- tion of its different §. GEOGRAPHICAL, jë-ó-gráf'é-kál. a. Relating to geography. f GEOGRAP łóALLY, jè-ö-gráf'é-kāl-ć. ad. In a geographical manner. GEOGRAPHY, jè-öggrä-fé. s. 116,257. Know- ledge of the earth ; a description of the earth. GEOLOGY, jè-61%-jé. s. The science which treats of the earth in general, and of the vari- ous relations that the different masses of which it is composed bear to each other. Phillips's JMineralogy. Giºr, jë'ö-mân-sår. s. A fortumeteller, a caster of figures. The act of GEOMANCY, jê'ö-mân-sè. s. 519. foretelling b figures. Głºśāntik. a. Pertaining to the art of casting figures. GEOMETER, jë-öm'é-tár. s. One skilled in Gɺf , a geometrician. OMETRAL, jë-öm'ê-trál. a. #### A. GEQIMETRICAL, jë-ó-mêt'trè-kál. GEOMETRICK, jë-ó-mét’trík. taining to geometry; prescribed or laid down by geometry ; disposed according to geome- try. GłóMETRICALLY, jè-ö-mét’trè-kāl-ć. ad. Ac- $93 ing to the laws of geometry. GEOMETRICIAN, jè-öm-è-trish'âm. s. One skilled in geometry. To GEOMETRIZE, jè-öm'ê-trize. v. h. To act according to the laws of geometry. GEOMETRY, jêºm mºtº. s. 116, 257, 518. The science of quantity, extension, or magni- tude, abstractedly considered. GEOPONICAL, jë-ó-pón'ê-kál. a. Relating to agriculture. GEOPONICKS, jë-6-pôm'íks. . s. The science of cultivating the ground, the doctrine of agricul- ture. GEORGE, jörje. s. A figure of St. George en horseback, worm by the knights of the garter ; " a brown loaf. GEORGICK, jörjik. s. 116. Some part of the science of husbandry put into a pleasing dress, and set off with all the beauties and embellish- ments of poetry:-See CoNSTRUE. GEORGICK, jörjik. a. Relating to the doc- trine of agriculture. Głºck, jè-ötik. a. 508. Belonging to the €aſil. GERENT, jê'rênt. a. Carrying, bearing. &ERMAN , jér'mām. s. 88. Yº. cousin GERMAN, jér'mán. a. Related. GERMANDER, jér-mân'dár. s. A plant. GERME, jërm. s. A sprout or shoot. e Gºn. jér'min. s. A shooting or sprouting See Ol. To GERMINATE,jér'mé-nāte. v. n. To sprout, to shoot, to bud, to putförth. GERMINATION, jêr-mè-mâ'shôn... s. The act of sprouting or s cºin; owth. GERUND, jër’ând. s. In the Latin grammar, a kind of verbal noun, which governs cases like a verb, GEST., jëst. S. Pertaining to a. Per- A deed, an action, an achieve" GIB GIN 232 [[G 559–Fâte, far, fall, ſāt;—mè, mét;—pine;—pin, ment, show, representation ; the roll or journ- al of the several days, and stages prefixed, in the progresses of kings. GESTATION, jés-tä'shôn. s. ing theº in the womb. To GES ɺ. jés-tík'ê-lāte. play antick tricks, to show postures. GESTICULATION, jás-tik-\-lāshān. tick tricks, various postures. GESTURE, jës'tshire. s. 461. Action or pos- i. expressive of sentiment; movement of the body. To GET, gét, v. a. 381. Pret. I Got, an- ciently Gat; Part. Pass. Got or Gotten. To procure, to obtain; to beget upon a female ; to gain a profit; to earn, to gain by labour: to receive as a price or reward; to procure to be ; to prevail on, to induce: To get off; to sell or dispose of by some expedient. To GET, gét, v.m. 560. To arrive at any state or posture by degrees with some kind of labour, effort or difficulty; to find the way to ; to move; to remove to ; to have recourse to ; to go, to repair to ; to be againer; to receive advantage The act of bear- To An- W. Il, S. by. To get off; to escape. To get over; to pass without being stopped. To get up ; to arise from repose, to rise from a seat. To get in, to enter. GETTER, gét’tär. s. One who procures or obtains ; one who bagets on a female. GETTING, gét’ting. s. Act of getting, acqui- sition, gain, profit GEWGAW, gā'gåw. s. 381. A showy trifle, a toy, a bauble. GEWGAW, gigaw. a. Splendidly trifling, showy without value. Głºś. gåst'föl. a. 390. Dreary, dis- mal, melancholy fit for walking spirits. GHASTLINESS, gāst'lé-nés. S. Horrour of countenance, resemblance of a ghost, paleness. GHASTLY, gåst'lè. a. Like a ghost, having horrour in the countenance; horrible, shocking, dreadful. GHASTNESS, gāst'nās, s. rour of look. GHERKIN, gér"kin. s. A pickled cucumber. GHQST, göst. s. 390. The soul of a man ; a spirit appearing after death. To give up the host ; to die, to yield up the spirit into the lands of God: the third person in the adorable Trinity, called the Holy Ghost. GHOSTLINESS, göst'lé-nés. s. Spiritual ten- lºy. quality of having reference chiefly to the $Oll!. GHOSTLY, göst'18. a. Spiritual, relating to the soul, not carnai, not secular; having a character from religion, spiritual. GIANT, jī'ānt. s. A man of size above the or- dinary rate of men, a man unnaturaſly large. GIANTESS, jī'ān-tés. s. A she giant, GIANTLIKE,.jī'ānt-like. GIANTLY, ji'ānt-lè. vaSt. GIANTSHIP, ji'ānt-ship. s. Quality or charac- ter of a giant. GlBBE, gib. s. 382. Any old worn-out animal. To GIBBER, gib'bár. v. n. 382. To speak in- articulately. GIBBERISH, gib'bār-ish. s. 382. Cant, the private language of rogues and gipsies, words without meaning. GIBBET, jíb'bft. s. A gallows, the post on which malefactors are hanged, or on which thcir car- casses are exposed; any transverse beam. To GIBBET, #. bit. v. a. To hang or expose on a gibbet.; te hang on anything going transverse. GIBBOSITY, gºb-bês'é-lè. s. Convexity, promi- mence, protuberance. GIBBOUS, gib'hôa. a. 382. Convex, protuberant, swelling into inequalities; crookéd-backed. GrêBöjšNěšš, "ºs" . Coºexity, 'grominence. Ghastliness, hor- à. Gigantick, ! GIBCAT, gib'kát. s. 382. An old worn-out cat To GIBE, jibe. v. n. To sneer, to join censori- ousness with * To GIBE, jibe. v. a. To scoff, to ridicule, to treat with scorn, to smeer, to taunt. GIBE, jibe. s. Sneer, hint of contempt by word or looks, scoff. GIBER, ji'bār;. s. A sneerer, a scoffer, a taunter, GIBINGLY, ji'bing-lè. ad. Scornfully, contem; tuously. GIBLETS, jíb'léts. s. The parts of a goose whics are cut off before it is roasted. GIDDILY, giddé-lè. ad. With the head seeming to turn round; inconstantly, unsteadily; caré: lessly, heedlessly, negligently. GIDDINESS, gld'dé-nās, s. The state of being giddy. ; inconstancy, unsteadiness; quick rota: tion; inability to keep its place. GIDDY, ; a. 382, 560. Having in the head a whirl, or sensation of circular motion; whii i- ing ; inconstant, unsteady, changeful; heed- less, thoughtless, uncautious ; intoxicated. GIDDYBRAINED, gid'de-brån'd. a. Careless thoughtless. 4- GIDDY HEADED, gid'dè-héd-8d. a. Without steadiness or coastancy, GIDDYPACED, gld'dé-paste. a. Moving with Out $º GIER-EAGLE, jér'é-gl. s. 405. An eagle of a articular kind. GIFT, gift. s. 382. A thing given or bestowed; the act of §§ offering; power, faculty. GIFTED, giftéd. a. Given, bestowed ; endow. ed with extraordinary powers. GIG, gig. s. 382. Anything that is whirled round in play. GIGANTICK, gi-gān'tik. a. 127. Suitable to a giant, big, bulky, enormous. To GIGGLE, giggl. v. m. 382 To laugh idly, to titter. GIGGLER, giggl-âr. s. A laugher, a titterer. GIGLET. gig'gi-ft. properly Gigglet. A wanton, a lascivious girl.—See CoolE. GIGOT, jig'àt. s. The hip joint. To GILD, gild. v. a. 382. Pret. Gilded or Gilt. To wash over with gold ; to adorn with lustre to brighten, to illuminate.—See GUILT. GILDER, gil'dár. s. One, who lays gold on the surface of any other body; a coin, from one shilling and six-pence to two shillings sterling. GILDING, gil'ding. s. Gold laid on any surface by way of ornament. gºls. gfiz. s. 382. The aperture at each side of the fish's head; the flaps that hang below the beak of a fowl ; the flesh under' the chin. GILL, jil. s. A measure of liquids containing the fourth part of a pint ; the appellation of a wo. man in ludicrous language; the name of a plant, ground-ivy; malt liquor, medicated with ground-ivy. gºść, jíl'hôāse. s. A house where gill is sold. GILLYFLOWER, jii'iè-flöär. s. Corrupted from Julyflower. GILT, gilt. s. 382. Golden show, gold laid on the surface of any matter. º GILT, gilt. 560. The participle of Gild—whica See. G1M, jīm. a. Neat, spruce. An old word., GIMCRACK, jim'krák s. A slight or trivial mes chanism. GIMLET, glm'lét. s. 382. A borer with a screw at its point. © GIMP, glimp. s. 382. A kind of silk twist or lace. GIN, jin. s. A trap, a snare; a puriſp. worked by sails; the spirit drawn by distillation from juniper berries. GłNGER, jinjär. s. An Indian plant; the root of that plant. º º GINGERBREAD, j'n'jār-bréd. s. A kind of bread or cake made of dough and flavourial with ginger. GIV GLA ~------ 233 —uð, mêve, nãr, mēt;—túbe, tib, būll;—öfl;—päänd;—thin, This GłNGERLY, jìnjór-lè. ad. Cautiously, nicely.ſ GingeBNES$, jìnjūr-nēs. a. Niceness, tender- YleSS. - w GINGIVAL, jinjë-vál. a. Belonging to the gums. To GINGLE, jing'gl. v. n. 405. To utter a sharp clattering noise; to make an affected sound in periods or cadence. To GINGLE, jing'gl. v. a. To shake so that a sharp shrill clattering noise should be made. GINGLE, jing'gl: s. affectation in the sound of periods. - GINGLYMOID, ging'gle-mêfd. a. Resembling a ginglymus, approaching to a ginglyinus. , . GişGEYMUS, ging'glè-mâs. s. A mutual in- denting of two bones into each other's cavity, of which the elbow is an instance. GINNET, jin'nét. s. A nag, a mule, a degenera- ted breed e GINSE.NG, jin'sèng. s. A perennial plant, the root of which is used in medicine. It is of a whitish yellow colour, and sweet aromatick taste, slightly bitter. - GIPSY, jíp'sè.'s. 438. A vagabond who pretends to toll fortunes, a reproachful mame for a dark complexion; a name of slight reproach to a WGYūºll. t GIRASOLE, j}'rå-såle. s. The herb turnsol; the opal stone. - To GIRD, gérd. v. a. 382. Pret. Girded or Girt. To bind round ; to invest ; to cover round as with a garment; to enclose, to encircle. 569. [jº We may observe that the g in this and si- milar words has the same liquid sound as in those where it is followed by a arid i fong, and it may be accounted for in the same manner. 92, 160. The short e, which is the true sound of i in these words, it has been frequently ob- served, is not realiy the short sound of that let- ter, but of a slender, 66; and as r followed by another consonant has a tendency to lengthen the e as it does the a, 77, 81, we find the same effect produced; that of interposing the sound of e nearly as if written egg-yurd, &c.—See GUARD. º To GIRD, gérd. v. n. To break a scornful jest, to gibe, to sneer. GHRDER, gèr'dër. s. In architecture, the larg- est piece of timber in a floor. GIRDLE, gér'dl. s. 405. Any thing drawn round the waist, and tied or buckled; enclosure, cir- cumference ; a belt, the zodiack, a zone. To GIRDLE, gér'dſ. v. a. To gird, to bind as with a girdle ; to enclose, to shut in, to environ. GIRDLEBELT, gér'dl-bélt. s. The belt that en- circles the waist. GIRDLEłł, gér'dl-âr. s. A maker of girdles. GIRE, jire. s. A circle described by any thing in motion. '- GIRL, géri. s. 382. A young woman or child. GIRLISH, gérl'ísh. a. Suiting a girl, youthful. §§ gér'lish-lè. ad. In a girlish manner. GIRT, gért. 382. Part. pass. from to Gird.—See | r IRI). To GIRT, gèrt. v. a. To gird, to encompass, to encircle. GHRTH, gèrth. s. 332. The band by which the saddle or burden is fixed upon the horse ; the compass measured by the girdle. To GIRTH, gérth. v. a. To bind with a girth. To GIVE, giv. v. a. 157, 382. Preter. Give; Part. pass. Given. To bestow, to confer without any price or reward; to pay as a price or reward, or in exchange ; to grant; to allow ; to yield without resistance ; to permit, to commission; to exhibit, to express; to exhibit as the product of a calculation; to exhibit; to addict, to ap- ply; to resign, to yield up;. To give way; to alienate from one's self. To give back; to re- turn, to restore. To give the hand; to yield pre-eminence, as, being subordinate or inferi- our. To give over; to leave, to quit, to cease; to addict, to attach 'g to conclude lost; to A shrill resounding noise, abandon. To give out; to proclaim, to pub- lish, to utter; to show in false appearance. To give up ; to resign, to quit, to yield; to aban- don ; to deliver To GIVE, giv. v. n. To grow moist, to melt or soften, to thaw ; to move. To give in ; to go back, to give way. To give into; to adopt, to embrace. To give off; to cease, to forbear. To give over ; to act no more. To give out; to publish, to proclaim, to yield. To give way; to make room for. Gi VER, giv'Ér. s. One that gives, bestower, dis- tributer, granter. GIZZARD, giz'zārd. s. 38, 382. The strong musculous stomach of a fowl. - GLABRITY, glāb'rè-té. s. Smoothness, baldness. GLACIAL, glä'shē-ăl. a. 113. Icy, made of ice, frozen To GLACIATE, glä'shē-ăte. v. m. To turn into ICe. GLACHATION, glä-shē-ă'shām. s. The act of turning into ice, ice formed. GLACIS, glä'sis, or glā-sèze'. s. 112. In fortifie cation, a sloping bank. • [[: Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Barclay and Bailey, place the accent on the first syllable of this word; and Mr. Nares, and Entick only, on the second. Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott give the a the sound it has in glaze, and Dr. Kenrick gives it the sound of a in glass. The great majority of suffrages for the aceent on the first syllable, which is the most agreeable to the analogy of our own language, are cer- tainly sufficient to keep a plain Englishman in countenance for pronouncing the word in this manner; but as it is a French word, and a mi- litary term, a military man would blush not to pronounce it & la Françoise ; and notwithstand- ing the numbers for the other manner, I cannot but think this the most fashionable. GLAD, glād. a. Cheerful, gay; pleased, eleva- ted with joy; pleasing, exhilarating ; express- ing gladness. To Gł, AD, glád. v. a. to exhilarate. To GLADDEN, glád'd’m v. a. 103. To cheer * to delight, to make glad, to exhilarate. GLADE, gläde. s. A lawn or opening in a To make glad, to cheer, wood. } GLADFULNESS, glād'föl-nēs. s. Joy, glad IłęSS. GLADHATOR, glād-dè-ā'túr. s. 534. A sword- player, a prize-fighter. GLADLY, glād'ié. ad. ment. GLADNESS, glád'nés. s. Cheerfulness, joy, exultation. - GLADSOME, glád's&m. a. lighted ; causing joy. GLADSOMELY, glād'sām-lè. ad. With gaiety and delight. GLADSOMENESS, glād'sām-més. s. Gaiety showiness, delight. * GLALRE, glāre. s. The white of an egg; a kind of halbert. w To GLAIRE, gláre. white of an egg: GLANCF, glänse. s. 78, 79. A sudden shoot of light or splendour ; a stroke or dart of the beam of sight; a snatch of sight, a quick view. To GLANCE, glänse. v. n. To shoot a sudden ray of splendour; to fly off in an oblique direc- tion; to view with a quick cast of the eye; to censure by oblique hints, o To GLANCE, glänse. v. a. To move nimbly, to shoot obliquely. GLANCINGLY, glän'sing-lè. ad. In an oblique broken manner, transiently. GLAND, gländ. s. A smooth fleshy substance in animal bodies, which separater some particut. lar fluid from the blood - Joyfully, with merri- Pleased , gay, de' v. n. To smear with the GLE 23.4 ° GEO [[j'559–Fâte, far, fall, fat;--mê, mét;—pine, pīn;– GLANDERS, glän'dārz. s. to horses. GLANDIFEROUS, glān-diffé-ris. a. Bearing mast, bearing ačorns. GLANDULE, glán'dèle. s. A small gland serv- ing to the secretion of humours. GLANDULOSITY, glān-dû-lós'ê-té. s. A col- lection of glands. GLANDULOUS, glān'dú-läs. a.294. Pertaining to the #"; subsisting in the glands. To GLARE, gläre. v. m. To shine so as to daz- zle the eyes; to look with fierce piercing eyes; , to shine ostentatiously. To GLARE, gláre. v. a. To shoot such splen- dour as the eye cannot bear. GLARE, glāre. s. Overpowering lustre, splen- gour, such as dazzles the eye; a fierce piercing ook. GLAREOUS, glá'ré-ás. a. Consisting of viscous transparent matter, like the white of an egg. GLARING, glū'ring. a. Applied to any ăng yery shocking, as, a glaring crime. GLASS, glás. s. 79. An artificial transparent brittle substance, formed by fusing flint or si- lex with potash or soda ; a glass vessel of any kind ; a looking-glass, a mirror: a glass to help the sight; an hour-glass, a glass used in measuring time by the fux of said ; a cup of glass used to drink in ; the quantity of wine usually contained in a glass; a perspective lass. Głºś, glás. a. Vitreous, made of glass. To GLASS, glás. v. a. To case in glass ; to co- ver with glass, to glaze. GLASSF ACE, gläs'för-nis. s. A furnace in which glass is made. GLASSGAZING, gläs'gå-zing. a. Finical, often contemplating himself in a mirror. GLASSGRINDER, gläs'grind Ör. s. trade is to polish and grind glass. GLASSHOUSE, gläs'hôāse s. A house where glass is manufactured 88. Rºwan, glás'mán. s. 3.SS. GLASSMETAL, gläs'mēt-tl. s. Glass in fusion. ULASSWORK, glās'wärk. s. Manufactory of lass. Głºśwort, glás'wirt. s. A plant. GLASSY, glás'sè. a. Made of glass, vitreous; resembling glass, as in Smoothness, or lustre, or brittleness. GLASTONBURY THORN, gläs-s’n-bêr-ē-thórn'. s. A species of medlar ; a kind of thorn which blossoms in winter. GLAUCOMA, glāw-kö'mā. s. A fault in the eye, which changes the crystalline humour into a grayish colour. GLAVE, giàve. s. A broad sword, a falchion. To GLAZE, glaze. v. a. To furnish with win- dows of glass; to cover with glass, as potters do their earthen ware; to overlay with son.e- thing shining; pellucid. GLAZIER, glā'zhër. s. 283, 450. One whose trade is to make glass windows. GLEAD, glède. s. A kind of hawk. Gl.EAM, gième. s. 227. Sudden shoot of light, lustre, brightness. To GiżAMſ. glême. v. n. To shine with sudden flashes of light ; to shine. One whose One who sells GLEAMY, i.e. a. Flashing, darting sudden l shoots of light. To GLEAN, gléne., v. a. 227. To gather what the reapers of the harvest leave behind ; to gather any thing thinly scattered. GLEANER, glè'nār. s. One who gathers after "he reapers; one who gathers anything slowly and laboriously. GLEANING, glé ming. s. The act of gleaning, or thing gleaned. t; LEBE, glébe. 5. Turf, soil, ground; the land possessed as part of the revenue of an ecclesias- tical benefice. A disease incident 1 GLEBOUS, glé'bās. GLEBY, glè'bè. ; a. Turfy §º. i. A kite. glée. S... Joy, gaiety, a kind of gon §§ iº. a. Merry, cheerful. s Giºk, gº. s." Musicº; GLEET, glèët. s. A thin ichor running from a sore ; a venereal disease. To GLEET, glèët. v. n. To drip or ooze with a thin sanious liquor; to run slowly. GLEETY, glèë'té. a. Ichory, thinly sanious. GLEN, glén. s. A valley, a dale. GLEW, glū. s. . A viscous cement made by dis- solving the skins of animals in boiling water, and drying the gelly. GLIB, glib. a. Smooth, slippery, so formed as to be easily moved ; smooth, voluble. To GLIB, glºb. v. a. To castrate. GLIBLY, glib'lé. ad. Smoothly, volubly. GLIBNESS, glib'nés. s. Smoothness, slipperiness To GLIDE, glide. v. n. To flow gently and si- lently ; to pass gently and without tumult; to move swiftly and smoothly along. GLIDER, gli'dār. s. One that glides GLIKE, glike. s. A sneer, a scoff. To #####. glim'már. v. m. To shine faint- ly 3 to be perceived imperfectly, to appear faintly. GLIMMER, glim'már. s. Faint splendour, weak light; a kind of fossil. Giſſºsº, gimps. s. A weak faint light; a quick ſlashing light; transitory lustre; short, fleeting, enjoyment; , a short transitory view - the exhibition of a faint resemblance. To GLISTEN, glis's n. v. n. 472. To shine, te sparkle with Jight. To GLISTER, glis'tár. v. m. To shine, to be bright. To GLITTER, glittàr. v. n. To shine, to ex hibit lustre, to gleam; to be specious, to be striking. GLITIER, glittàr. s. Lustre; bright show. GLITTERINGLY, glittàr-ing-lè. ad. With shin ing instre. To Giò AR, glöre. v. a. To squint, to look askew. To GLOAT, glöte. v. p. To cast side-glances as a timorous lover. GLOBATET), gló'b%-têd. a. Formed in shape of a globe, spherical, spheroidical. GLOBE, glöbe. s. A sphere, a ball, a round body, a body of which every part of the sur- face is at the same distance from the centre; the terraqueous ball ; a sphere on which the various regions of the Carth are geographically depicted, or on which the constellations are laid down according to their places in the sky. GLOBOSE, glö-bèse’. a. , Spherical, round. GLOBOSITY, gló-bès'é-té. s. Sphericalness. GLOBOUS, glö'bás. a. 314. Spherical, round. GLOBUTAR, glöb'ê-lär. a. 535, Round, spherical GLOBULE, glöb'âle. s. Such a small particle of matter as is of a globular or spherical fig- ure, as particles of quicksilver. GLORUP.OUS, glöb'l-lāS. a. In form of a small sphere. round. To Gj.OMERATE, glöm'êr-āte. v. a. To gather into a hall or sphere. GLOMERATION, glóm-ér-à'shôn. s. The act of forming into a ball or sphere; a body form ed into a ball. GLOMEROUS, glöm'êr-às. a. 314. Gathered into a small ball or sphere. GLOOM, glööm. s. 306. Imperfect darkness, dismalness, obscurity, defect of light ; cloudi- ness of aspect; heaviness of mind, sullensess. To GLOOM, ſº v. m. To shine obscure- ly, as the twilight; to be cloudy, to be dark; to be melancholy, to be sullen. ſº GLOOMILY, glööm'é-lè. ad. Obscurely, dimly, without perfect light, dismally ; sullenly, with Joudy aspect, with dark intentious * " ...A. ** GLU * 235 GO —né, móve, nár, mēt;—tlibe, túb, ball;-&il;—pöðnd;—thin, this. & LOOMINESS, glööm'è-nēs. s. Want of light, obscurity, imperfect light, dismalness; cloudi- mess of look. GLOOMY, glööm'é. a. Obscure, imperfectly illuminated, almost dark; dark of complexion; sºlº melancholy, cloudy of look, heavy of eart. Gººled, giò'rid. a. 282. Illustrious, honour- able. GLORIFICATION, glö'rè-ſé kä'shôn. s. The act of g. ving glory. To GLORIFY, glò'rè-fl. v. a. 183. To pro- cure houour or praise to one ; to pay honour or praise in worship; to praise, to honour, to extol ; to exalt to glory or dignity. GI.ORIOUS, gló'rè-às. a. 314. Noble, illus- trious, excellent. GLORIOUSLY, glö'rè-ás-lè. ad. Nobly, splen- didly, illustriously. GLORY, gló'ré. S. Praise paid in adoration : the felicity of heaven prepared for those that please God ; honour, praise, fame, renown, celcbrity; a circle of rays which surrounds the heads of saints in pictures ; generous pride. To GLORY, gló'ré. v. m. To boast in, to be proud of. To GLOSE, glöze. v. a. 437. collogue. GLóšš, glós. S. 437. A scholium, a comment; an interpretation artfully specious, a specious representation ; superficial lustre. To GLOSS, glös. v. n. To comment, to make sly remarks. To GLOSS, glós. v. a. To explain by com- ment; to pailiate by specious exposition or re- presentation ; to embellish with superficial lus- tre. GLOSSARY, glós'sá-rè. s. A dictionary of ob- scure or antiquated words. GLOSSER, glös'sèr. s. A scholiast, a com- mentator; a polisher. GLOSSINESS, glós'sé-nēs. s. Smooth polish ; superficial lustre. GLOSSOGRAPHFR, gläs-sóg'grä-fôr. A scholiast, a commentator. GLOSSOGRAPHY, glös-sàg'grá-fé. s. 518. The writing of commentaries. GLOSSY, glós'sè. a. Shining, smoothly polished. GLOTTIS, glöttº. s. The head of the wind- pipe, the aperture of the larynx. Gł,0VE, glāv. s. 165. Cover of the hands. GLOVER, glāv’ār. s. One whose trade is to make or sell gloves. "To ºut, glöät. v. n. 313. To pout, to look Słłłłę). To GLOW, glö. v. n. 324. To be heated so as to shine without flame ; to burn with vehement heat; to feel heat of body ; to exhibit a strong bright colour; to feel passion of mind, or ac- tivity of fancy ; to rage or burn as a passion. To GLOW, gló. v. a. #. make hot so as to shine. GLOW, gló. s. Shining heat, unusual warmth; vehemence of passion ; brightness or vividness of colour. Gl,0W-WORM, glö'wºrm. s. A small creep- ing insect with a tail, luminous by night. To GLOZE, glöze. v. n. To flatter, to wheedle, to fawn ; to comment. GLOZE, glöze. s. Flattery, insinuation ; spe- cious show, gloss. GLUE, glū. s. A viscous body;commonly made by boiling the skins of animals to a gelly, a ce- ment. To GLUE, glū. v. a. To join with a viscous cement ; to hold together; to join, to unite, to inviscate. GLUEBOILER, glú'böll-àr. s. One whose trade is to make glue. GLUER, glā'ār. s. 98. One who cements with To flatter, to glue. GLUM, glöm. a. Sullen, stubbornly grave A. done cant word To GLUT, glāt. v. a. To swallow, to devour to cloy, to fill beyond sufficiency; to feast or delight even to satiety ; to overfill, to load. GLUT, glāt. s. That which is gorged or swal- lowed ; plenty even to loathing and satiety more than enough, overmuch. GLUTINOUS, glū'té-nēs. a. Gluy, viscous, te Iła C+OùS. GLUTINOUSNESS, glū'té-nès-nēs. s. Viscosity, tenacity. GLUTTON, glött'n. s. 170. One who indulges himself too much in eating; one eager of any thing to excess ; an animal remarkable for a voracious appetite. tº Though the second syllable of this word sup- Dresses the o, the compounds seem to preserve it. This, however, is far from being regular; for if we were to form compounds of Cotton, Button, or Mutton, as Cottony, Buttony, JMuttony, &c. we should as certainly suppress the last o in the compounds, as in the simples. See Prin- ciples, No. 103. To GLUTTONISE, glättön-ize. v. a. To play the glºttºn, GLUTTONOUS, . . cessive feeding. GLUTTONOUSLY, glāt’tān-ès-lè. ad. With the voracity of a glutton. GLUTTONY, glättöm-è, s. Excess of eating, luxury of the table.—See GLUTTon. GLUY, glä'é. a. Wiscous, tenacious, glutinous. GLYN, glin. s. A hollow between two moun- tainS. To GNARL, närl. v. n. 384. To growl, to mur- mur, to snarl. GNARLED, nár'éd. a. Knotty. To GſNASH, näsh. v. a. 384. To strike together, to clash. To GNASH, näsh. v. m. To grind or collide the teeth ; to rage even to collision of the teeth. GNAT, nāt. s. 384. A small winged stinging insect; any thing proverbially small. GNATFLOWER, nätºfföö-ár. s. The bee-flower. GNATSNAPPER, nät'snáp-pâr. s. A bird so called To GNAW, nãw. v. a. 334. To eat by degrees, to devour by slow corrosion; to bite in agony or rage; to wear away by biting ; to fret, to waste, to corrode ; to pick with the teeth. To GNAW, nãw v. n. To exercise the teeth. GNAWER, nãw'âr. s. 98. One that gnaws. GNOMON , mó'môn. s. 384. The hand or pin of a dia!. GNOMONICKS, nô-mön?ks. s. 509. The art of dialling. To GO, gö. v. n. Pret. I went, I have gone. To waſk, to move step by step; to walk leisurely, not run; to journey a-foot; to proceed ; to depart from a place; to apply one's self; to have recourse; to be about to do ; to de- cline, to tend towards death or ruin ; to escape . to tend to any act; to pass ; to move by mechanism ; to be in motion from whatever cause ; to be regulated by any method; to pro- ceed upon principles; to be pregnant ; to be expended ; to reach or be extended to any de. gree ; to spread, to be dispersed, to reach far- ther; to contribute, to conduce ; to succeed ; to proceed in train or consequence. To go about ; to attempt, to endeavour. To go aside; to err, to deviate from the right; to abscond. To go between ; to interpose, to moderate be- tween two. To go by ; to pass unmoticed; to observe as a rule. o go down ; to be swal- lowed, to be received, not rejected. To go in and out ; to be at liberty. To go off; to die, to decease; to depart from a post. To go on ; to make attack; to proceed. To go over, to revolt, to betake himself to another party. To go out; to go upon any expedition; to be ex- tinguished. To go through; to perform tho glåt’tān-às. a. Given to ex- roughly, to execute; to suffer, to undergo. *r- G{}G 236 º º GOD [[G’ 559-Fāte, far, ſall, fat;-mé, mét;—pine, pin ;- GO-TO, gö-töö'. interject. Come, come, take the right course. A scornful exhortation. GQ-BY, gö-bi'. s. Delusion, artifice, circumven- tion. GO-CART, gö'kärt. s. A machine in which chil- dren are enclosed to teach them to walk. GOAD, göde. s. 295. A pointed instrument with which oxen are driven forward. To GQAD, göde. v. a. To prick or drive with a oad; to incite, to stimulate, to instigate. GOAL, göle. s. 295. The landmark set up to bound a race; the starting post; the final pur- pose, the end to which a design tends. sº gère. s. 295. Any edging sewed upon Cloth. GOAT, göte. s. 295. An animal that seems a middle species between deer and sheep. GOATBEARD, götebèrd. . s. A plant. GOATCHAFER, göte'tshā-fúr. s. A kind of beetle, vulgarly Cockciſ AFER. GóATÉÉāfī, göte'hérºl. s. One whose employ- ment is to tend goats. GOATMARJORAM, göte'már-jār-àm. s. Goats- beard. GOATS RUE, º s. A plant. GOATS-THORN, göts'thèrm. s. A plant. GOATISH, göte'ísh. a. rankness or lust. To GOBBLE, göb'bl. v. a. 405. hastily with tumult and moise. GOBBLER, göb'bl-ār s. One that devours in haste. GO-BETWEEN, göbé-twéén. s. One that trans- acts business by running between two parties. GOBLET, göb'lét. Properly Gob BLET. A bowl or cup.–See Cople. GOBLIN, göb'lin. s. An evil spirit, a walking spirit, a frightful phantom ; a fairy, an elf. GOD, göd. s. The Supreme Being ; a false god, an idol; any person or thing deified, or too much honoured. GODCHILD, göd'tshild. s. The child for whom one became sponsor at baptism. GOD-DAUGHTER, göd"dāw-tár, s. A girl for whom one became sponsor in baptism. GODDESS, göd"dés. s. A female divinity. GODIDESS-LIKE, göd"dés-like. a. Resembling a §ºf ſiODFATHER, göd'ſá-Triâr. s. The sponsor at the font. GODHEAD, göd'héd. s. Godship, divine nature, a deity in person, a god or goddess. GODLESS, göd"lés. a. Without sense of duty to God, atheistical, wicked, impious. GODLIKE, göd"like. a. Divine, resembling a divinity. GODLINESS, göd"lé-més. . s. Piety to God; ge. neral observation of all the duties prescribed by religion. GQDLING, göd"ling. s. A little divinity. GOl) LY, göd"lé. a. Pious towards God; good, righteous, religious. * GO’M.V., göd"lé. ad. Piously, righteously. GODLYHEAD, göd'é-héd. S. Goodness, right- 80th BlºieşS. GOD-MOTHER, göd'mºth-ör. s. A woman who has become sponsor in baptism. * GODSHIP, göd'ship. s. The rank or character of a god, deity, divinity. GODSON, göd'sän. s. One for whom one has been sponsor at the font. GODWARD, göd"wärd. ad. Toward God. GODWIT, göd'wit. s. A bird of particular deli- CŞıCY. Göß, gö'àr. s. One that goes, a runner, a walker. To GOGGLE, gög'gl. v. n. 405. To look asquint. §§§§§ gög'gl-lde. a. 283. Squint- eyed, not looking straight. 271. GöGößs, gög'gélz. s. Covers for weak eyes, somewhat resembling spectacles; they are i used also to correct the habit of squinting. sº Resembling a goat in To swallow GOING, göſing. s. The act of walking; preg nancy ; departure. t GOLA, gölä. s. The same with Cymatium. |G* That is a term in architecture signifying a member or moulding, one half of which is con- vex and the other concave. GOLD, göld, or gööld. s. 164. A bright yellow metal, the heaviest (except platina,) the purest, and most precious of all the metals; it is not very elastick, nor very hard, but exceedingly malleable and ductile. Parkes' Chymistry. Mo- ney, riches. [[P It is much to be regretted that the secons. sound of this word is grown much more fre- quent than the first. It is not easy to guess at the cause of this unmeaning deviation from the general rule, but the effect is to impoverish the sound of the language, and to add to its ir- regularities. . It has not, however, like some other words, irrevocably lost its true pronuncia- tion. Rhyme still claims its right to the long open o as in bold, cold, fold, &c. “Judges and senates have been bought for gold “Esteem and, Love were never to be sold. “Now Europe's laurels on their brows behold, “But stain'd with blood, or ill exchang'd for gold.” ope. And solemn speaking, particularly the language of Scripture, indispensably requires the same sound. With these established authorities in its favour, it is a disgrace to the language to suffer indolence and vulgarity to corrupt it into the second sound.—See WIND.—But since it is generally corrupted, we ought to keep this cor- ruption from spreading, by confining it as much as possible to familiar objects and familiar oc- casions: thus Goldbeater, Goldfinch, Goldfinder, Golding, and Goldsmith, especially when a pro- per name, as Dr. Goldsmith, may admit of the second sound of 0, but not Golden, as, the Gold- en Age. GOLD, göld. a. Made of gold, golden. GOLDBEATER, göld'bé-tàr. s. One whose oc- cupation is to beat gold. GOLDBEATER'S SKIN, göld'bè-törz-skin. s. Skin which goldbeaters lay between the leaves of their metal while they beat it. GOLDBOUND, göld'böänd. a. Encompassed with old. GOLDEN, göl'd'm. a. 103. Made of gold, con- sisting of gold ; shining ; yellow, of the colour of gold ; excellent, valuable ; happy, resem- bling the age of gold. GOLDENLY, göld'n-lè. ad Delightſully, splen- didly. GOLDFINCH, göld'finsh. s. A singing bird. GOLDFINDER, göld'find-ör. s. One who finds gold. A term ludicrously applied to those that empty a ja kes. GOLDHAMMER, göld'hām-már. s. A kind of bird. GOLDING, göld?ng. s. A sort of apple. GOLDSIZE, göld'size. s. A glue of a golden colour GOLDSMITH, göld'smith. s. One who manu- factures articles of gold; a banker, one who keeps money ſor others in his hands. GOME, göine. s. The black and oily grease of a cart-wheel ; vulgarly pronounced Coom. GONDOLA, göm'dó-lä. s. A boat much used in Venice, a small boat. GQNDOLIER, gön-dò-lèër'. s. A boatman. GONE, gön. Part. pret. from Go. Advanced, for ward in progress; ruined, undone ; past 3 lost, departed ; dead, departed from life. GQNFALON, göm'fá-lèn. 166 GONFANON, gön'ſé-mân. 5 °. An ensign, a standard. GóSöß. ôn-ór-réâ. s. §§ of venereal hurts. GOOD, É. a. 307. Comp. Better, Superl. Best. Having such physical qualities as are A morbid run GOS GRA 237 —nö, mêve, nár, nāt;—tübe, túb, bill;-öil ;—pôānd;—thin, This. expected or desired; proper, fit, convenient ; -incorrupted, undamaged; wholesome, salu- brious; pleasant to the taste; complete, full ; useful, valuable; sound, not false, not falla- cious; legal, valid, rightly claimed or held; well qualified, not deficient; skilful, ready, dex- terous ; having moral qualities, such as are wished, virtuous; benevolent; companionable, sociable, merry; not too fast; really, serious- ly. To make good; to maintain, to perform, to supply any deficiencies. GOOD, º s. That which physically contri- butes to happiness, the contrary to evil; moral qualities, such as are desirable; virtue, righ- teousness. GOOD, güd. ad. Well, not ill, not amiss, as ood, not worse. göößionED, güd-kön-dish'tin'd. a. 362. Without ill qualities or symptoms. GOODLINESS, güd'lé-nés. s. Beauty, grace, elegance. GOODLY, göd"lé. a. bulky, swelling ; hººpy, gay. GOODNOW, güd'nóñ. interject. In good time. GOODMAN, gād'mán. s. slight appellation of civility; a rustickterm of compliment, gaffer. GOODNESS, güd'més. s. Desirable qualities, either moral or physical. GOODS, güdz. s. Moveables in a house ; wares, §º merchandise. GOODY, güd'dé. s. A low term of civility used to mean old women; corrupted from Goodwife. GOOSE, gööse. s. A large waterfowl proverbially moted for foolishmess; a taylor's smoothing-iron. GOOSEBERRY, gööz'bér-è. s. A tree and fruit. GOOSEFOOT, gööse'föt. s. Wild orach. GOOSEGRASS, gööse'grás. s. , Clivers, an herb. GORBELLY, gör'bél-lè. s. A big paunch, a swell- ing belly. gº PELLIED gör'bél-líd. a. 283. Fat, bigbel- ICCI. GORD, görd. s. An instrument of gaming. * GORE, göre. s. Blood; blood clotted or con- gealed; a long marrow piece. - To GORE, göre. v. a. To stab, to pierce; to pierce with a horm. GORGE, görje. s. The throat, the swallow; that which is gorged or swallowed. To GQRGE, görje. v. a. To fill up to the throat, to glut, to satiate; to swallow as, the fish has gorged the hook: - GöRGEOUS, görjãs. a. 262. Fine, glittering in various colours, § GORGEOUSLY, görjúš-lè. ad. Splendidly, mag- nificently, finely. GORGEOUSNESS, görjás-nés. s. Splendour, magnificence, show. Göß görjét. s. defends the throat. GORGON, görgán. s. 166. A fabulous monster with snaky hairs, of which the sight turned be- holders to stone; any thing ugly or horrid. GORMAND, gör'mänd. s. A greedy eater. To GORMANDIZE, gör'mām-diz v. n. To feed ravenously. GORMANDIZER, gör'mān-di-zár. s. cious eater. GQRSE, görse. s. Furze, a thick prickly shrub. GORY, gö'ré. a. Covered with congealed blood; bloody, murderous. GOSHAWK, gös'hāwk. s. A hawk of a large kind. GOSLING, göz'lfng. s. not yet full grown; a catkin. GOSPEL, gès pél. S. God's word, the holy book of the Christian revelation; divinity, theology. GOSPELLER, gös'pël-àr. s. A name given to the followers of Wickliffe, who professed to preach only the Gospel. Głºść, gós'sä-mâr. s. The down of plants; the long white cobwebs which float in : the air about harvest time, Beautiful, fine, splendid; The piece of armour that A vora- A young goose, a goose ſ * \. GOSSIP, gös'sſp. s. One who answers for the child in baptism; a tippling companion; one who runs about tattling. To GOSSIP, gös'sip. v. n. To chat, to prate, to be merry 3 to be a pot companion. GOT, göt. Pret. of To get. GOTTEN, gött'n. Part pass. of Get To GOVERN, göv'àrn. v. a. To rule as a chief magistrate ; to regulate, to influence, to direct, to manage, to restrain : in grammar, to have force with regard to syntax; to pilot, to re- gulate the motions of a ship. To GOVERN, gāv'àrn. v. n. 98. To keep supe- riority. GOVERNABLE, gāv’ār-nā-bl. a. Submissive to authority, subject to rule, manageable. GOVERNANCE, gāv’ār-mânse. s. Government, rule, management. GOVERNANTE, gö-vār-nānt'. s. A lady who has the care of young girls of quality. GOVERNESS, göv'àr-més. s. A female invested with authority; a tutoress, a woman that has the care of young ladies ; a directress. GOVERNMENT, göv'àrn-mént. s. Form of a community with respect to the disposition of the supreme authority ; an establishment of legal authority, administration of publick, af fairs; regularity of behaviour ; manageable- mess, compliance, obsequiousness: in grammar, influence with regard to construction. GOVERNOUR, gºv’ār-nēr. s. 314. One who has the supreme direction; one who is invested with supreme authority in a state; one who rules any place with delegated and temporary authority a tutor; a pilot, a manager. GOUGE, göödje, orgöödje. s. A chisel having a round edge. GOURD, # rd, or göörd. s. 318. A plant, a bottle. [[; Mr. Elphinstone, Mr. Nares, W. Johnston, and Buchanam, pronounce this word in the first manner; and Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry, in the last. The first is, in my opinion, the most agreeable to En- § analogy. º GöURDINESS, gör'dè-nés. s. A swelling in a horse's leg. GOURNET, går'nét. s. 314. A fish. GOUT, göät. s. 313. A febrile disease principally § the feet, and attended with great pain. GOUT, göö. s. 315. A French word signifying taste ; a strong desire. GOUTWORT, göät'wºrt. s. An herb. GOUTY, göö'té. a. Afflicted or diseased with the gout; relating to the gout. GOWN, gööm. s. A long upper garment; a wo. man's upper garment; the long habit of a man dedicated to arts of peace, as, divinity, medi- cine, law; the dress of peace. GOWNED, göön'd. a. 362. Dressed in a gown, GOWNMAN, göän’mām. s. 88s. A man devoted to the arts of peace. To GRABBLE, grâb'bl. v. a. 405. To grope. To GRABBLE, grâb'bl. v. m. To lie prostrate on the ground. GRACE, grâs". s. 560. Favour, kindness; fa vourable influence of God on the human mind, virtue, effect of God's influence; pardon ; fa- your conferred; privilege; a goddess, by the heathens supposed to bestow beauty; beha- viour, considered as decent or unbecoming; . adventitious or artificial beauty ; ornament, flower, highest perfection; the title of a duke, formerly of the king, meaning the same as your goodness or your clemency; a short prayer. ' said before and after meat. * GRACE-CUP, gráseköp. s. The cup or health drunk after grace. e To GRACE, grase. ...v. a. To adorn, to dignify; to embellish, to dignify or raise by an act of favour; to favour. GRACED, gräst. a. 359. Beautiful, graceful virtuous, regular, chaste. t GRA GRA 238 [[G 559–Fâte, ſār, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—plme, pīn;— GRACEFUL, gräse'föl. a. Beautiful with ele- 8||108. gāºšFULLy, gräse'föl-lè. ad. Elegantly, with #. dignit GRACEFULNESS, of manner. GRACELESS, gräse'lés. wicked, abandoned. GRACES, grâ'slz. s. 99. Good graces, for fa- your: it is seldom used in the singular. QRACILE, grås'sil. a. 140. Slender, small. GRACILENT, gräs'é-lènt. a. Lean. GRACILITY, grä-síl'é-té. s. Slenderness. GRACIOUS, grâ'shôs. a. 314. Merciful, benev- glent; favourable, kind; virtuous, good; grace- ful, §§ GRACIOUSLY, grâ'shôs-lè. ad. Kindly, with kind condescension; in a pleasing manner. GRACIOUSNESS, grâ'shôs-nēs. s. Kind con- descension ; pleasing manner. GRADATION, grā-dà'shön. s. Regular progress from one degree to another; regular advance step by step ; order, arrangement ; regular rocess of argument. GRADATORY, grádá-têr-é. s. 512. Steps from the cloister into the church. GRADIANT, grâ'dè-ánt, or grâjë-ànt. a. 293. Walking. GRADUAL, grád'à-ál, or grádjū-ál. a. 293, 294, 376. Proceeding by degrees, advancing step by step. GRADUAL, grád'à-ál, s. 88. An order of steps. GRADUALITY, grād-à-ál'é-lè. s. Regular pro- #º GRADUALLY, grád'à-āl-lè. ad. By degrees, in regular progression. To GRADUATE, grád'à-āte. v. a. To dignify with a degree in the university, to mark with degrees ; to raise to a higher place in the scale of metals ; to heighten, to improve. GRADUATE, grád'à-āte. s.91. A man dignified with an academical degree. GRADUATION, grád-à-à'shôn. s. Regular pro- gression by succession of degrees; the act of conferring academical degrees. GRAFF, gráf. s. A ditch, a moat. GRAFT or GRAFF, gräft or gráff. s. 79. A small branch inserted into the stock of another tree. To GRAFT or GRAFF, gräft or gráff. v. a. To insert a scion or branch of one tree into the stock of another; to propagate by insertion or inoculation; to insert into a place or body to which it did not originally belong ; to join one thing so as to receive support from another. [[j' Nothing can be cláarer than that Graff is the true word, if we appeal to its derivation from the French word Greffer; and accordingly we find this word used in Scripture, and several of the old writers; but nothing can be clearer than that it is now obsolete, and that the word Graft- ed has been long used by our most respectable modern authors; and that it ought to be used exclusively. GRAFTER, grāftār s fruits by grafting. GRAIN, grâne. s. 202. A single seed of corn; corn; the seed of any fruit; any minute parti- cle ; the smallest weight; any thing proverbi- ally small. Grain of allowances; something indulged or remitted; the direction of the fibres of wood, or other fibrous matter; dyed or stain- ed substance; temper, disposition, humour; the form of the surface with regard to roughness and smoothness. GRAINED, grän'd. a. 359. Rough, made less smooth. GRAINS, gränz. s. The husks of malt exhausted in brewin GRAINY, or kernels. GRAMERCY, grä-mêr'sé, interj. An obsolete ex- pression of surprise. y. gräse'fāl-nés. s. Elegance a. Without grace, One who propagates Évae. a. Full of corn; full of grains GRAMINEQUS, grä-min'é-ºs. a. Grassy. GRAMINIVOROUS, grâm-è-nív'ó-rūs. a. 518. Grass-eating. GRAMMAR, grām'már. s. 418. The science of speaking correctly, the art which teaches the relation of words to each other; propriety or justness of speech ; the book that treats of the various relations of words to one another. GRAMMAR SCHOOL, grām'már-skööl. s. A school in which the learned languages are gram. matically taught. GRAMMARIAN, grâm-mā'rè-án. s. One who teaches grammar, a philologer. GRAMMATICAL, grâm-mátē-kál. a. Belonging to grammar; taught by grammar. GRAMMATICALLY, grām-mâté-kāl-è. ad. Ac cording to the rules or science of grammar. GRAMPLE, grâm'pl. s. 405. A crab-fish. GRAMPUS, grām'pës. s. A large fish of the whale kind. GRANAM, grán'âm. s. A ludicrous word for grandam. O??. GRANARY, grān'ā-ré. s. 503. A storehouse for the threshed corn. [[j'. We sometimes hear this word pronounced with the first a like that in grain ; but all our orthóepists mark, it like the a in grand. The first manner would insinuate, that the word is derived from the English word grain : but this is not the case: it comes from the Latin grama- Tium ; and, by our own analogy, has the ante- enultimate vowel short. GRANATE, grān'āt. s. 91. A kind of marble so called, because it is marked with small variega- tions like grains. GRAND, gränd. a. Great, illustrious, high in power; splendid, magnificent; noble, sublime, lofty, conceived or expressed with great digni- ty. It is used to signify ascent or descent of consanguinity. GRANDAM, grân'dām. s. Grandmother, one's father's or mother's mother ; an old withered WOIIlain. GRANDCHILD, gränd'tshild. s. The son or daughter of one’s soil or daughter. GRANDDAUGHTER, gränd'dāw-tár. s. The daughter of a son or daughter. DEE, grām-dèë'. s. A man of great rank, ower, or dignity. Głº DEUR, gränjär. s. 376. State, splen- dour of appearance, magnificence ; elevation of sentiment or language. GRAND FATHER, gränd'fá-THär. s. The ſa- ther of a father, or mother. GRANDIFICK, grân-dif'ik. a. 509. Making great. GRANDINOUS, grân'dè-nēs. . a. Full of hail. GRANišMöffieß, gränd mara-Śr. s. "The father's or mother’s mother. GRANDSIRE, gränd'sire. s. Grandfather any ancestor, poetically. GRANDSON, gränd'sún. s. or daughter. GRANGE, granje. s. A farm : generally, a farm with a house at a distance from neighbours. ' GRANITE, gränſit. s. 140. A compound, gra- nular, aggregated rock, composed of felspar, uartz and mica, mostly in distinct crystals. hillips's JMineralogy. e GRANIVOROUS, grä-nîv'vö-rås. a. 518. Eating 9:Talºl. GRANNAM, grán'nām. s. 88. Grandmother. To GRANT, grânt. v. a. 78, 79. To admit that which is not yet proved; to bestow something which cannot be claimed of right. e GRANT, grânt. s. The act of granting or be. stowing; the thing granted, a gift, a boon : in The son of a son law, a gift in writing, of such a thing as cannot aptly be passed or conveyed by word only ; ad- mission of something in dispute. . . GRANTABLE, grânt'à-bl. a. That which may be granted GRA GRA 239 —mö, móve, mêr, mēt;—túbe, túb, būll;—öll;-pôānd;—thin, This. GRANTEE, grân-téé'. s. He to whom any grant is made. G#ANTOR, grânt-tór'. s. 166. a grant is made. GRANULARY, grān'ā-lár-8. a. Small and com- pact, resembling a small grain or seed. T6 GRANULATE, grān'ā-lāte. v. m. To be formed into small grains. To GRANULATE, grán't-lāte. v a. To break into smalf masses; to raise into small asperi- ties. 91. Git ANULATION, grām-tº-lä'shān. . s. The act of pouring melted metal into cold water so as it may congeal into small, grains; the act of breaking into small parts like grains. GRANULE, grân'êle. s. A small compact par- ticle. GRANULOUS, grān'ā-lås. a. Full of littlegrains. GRAPE, grºpe. s. The fruit of the vine grow- ing in clusters. . - GRAPHICK, gráf'ik. a. Weil described, de- Well delinea- lineated. , ish. . A- SRAPHICAL, gráf'è-kál. a. ted. GRAPHICALLY, gráf'é-kāl-A. ad. In a pic- turesque mammer, with good description or delineation. GRAPNEL, gráp'nél. s. A small anchor belong- ing to a little vessel; a grappling-iron with which in fight one ship fastems on another. Io GRAPPLE, gráp'pl. v. n. 405. To contend by seizing each other; to contest in close fight. To GRAPPLE, gráp'pl. v. a. To fasten, to fix ; to seize, to lay fast hold of. GRAPPLE, gráp'pl. s. Contest in which the combatants seize each other; close fight; iron instrument, by which one ship fastens on an- other. GRAPPLEMENT, gráp'pl-mént. s. Close fight. GRASSHOPPER, gräs'hôp-àr. s. A small in- sect that hops in the summer grass. GRASIER, grâ'zhër, s. 283. See GRAzrer. To GRASP, gräsp. v. a. To hold in the hand, to gripe; to seize, to catch at: To GRASP, gräsp. v. m. To catch at, to en- deavour to seize ; to struggle, to strive ; to gripe, to encroach. * tº GRASP, gräsp. s. The gripe or seizure of the hand; possession, hold ; power of seizing. GRASPER, gräsp'êr. s. 98. One that grasps. GRASS, grås. s. 78, 79. The common herbage of fields on which cattle feed. GRASS-PLOT, grås'plôt. s. rered with grass. GRAššíNÉšš, grás'sè-nēs. s. abounding in grass. GRASSY, grás'sé. a. Covered with grass. GRATE, gräte. s. Partition made with bars placed near to one another ; the range of bars within which fires are made. To GRATE, gräte. v. a. To rub or wear any thing by the attrition #: rough body; to of. fend by any thing harsh’or vexatious ; to form a harsh sound. To GRATE, gräte. v. n. To rub so as to injure or offend ; to make a harsh moise. GRATEFUL, grâte'föl. a. Having a due sense of benefits ; pleasing, acceptable, delightful, delicious. He by whom A small level co- The state of GRATEFULLY, grâte'föl-ć. ad. With willing-H mess to acknowledge and repay benefits; in a leasing manner. GRATEFULNESS, grate'föl-nēs. s. Gratitude, duty to benefactors; quality of being accepta- ble, pleasantness. GRATER, gråte'âr. s. A kind of coarse file with which soft bodies are rubbed to powder. GRATIFICATION, gråt-ê-fé-ká'shôn. s. The act of pleasing , pleasure, delight, recompense. To GRATIFY, grât'é-fl. v. a... To indulge, to please by compliance; to delight, to please; to requite with a gratification. GRATINGLY, gråte' ing-lè. ad Harshly, of fensively. GRATIS, grâ'tis. ad. 544. For nothing, without FeCOIIloeil Se. GRATITUDE, grât'é-têde. s. Duty to benefac tors; desire to return benefits. GRATUITOUS, grä-tū’é-tês. . a. Voluntary, granted without claim or merit; asserted with: out proof. GRATUITOUSLY, grä-tū’é-tás-lè. ad. Without claim or merit; without proof. GRATUITY, grä-tū’é-té. s. A present or ac- knowledgment, a recompense. To GRATULATE, grâtsh'-lāte, or grât'é-lète V. a. 461. To congratulate, to salute with de- clarations of joy; to declare ; for. *. Głºść , gråtsh-à-lä'shān. s. Saluta- tions made by expressing º GRATULATORY, grätsh’à-lä-tār-e. a. gratulatory, expressing congratulation. For the o, see Dom ESTICE. 512. GRAVE, grâve. s. The place in which the dead are reposited. Con- GRAVE-CLOTHES, grave'klöze. s. The dress of the dead. GRAVE-STONE, The store àve'stème. s. that is laid over t; grave. To GRAVE, grâve. v. a. Preter. Graved: Part. pass. Graven. To carve on any hard substance; to copy writing or painting on wood or metal; to impress deeply; to clean, calk, and sheathe. a snip. To GRAVE, grâve. v. m. To write or delineate on hard substances. GRAVE, grâve. a. Solemn, serious, sober; of weight; not showy, not tawdry ; not sharp of sound, not acute. GRAVEL, grâv'él. s. 99. Hard coarse sand; sandy matter concreted in the kidneys. To GRAVEL, grâv'él. v. a. To cover with gra- vel; to stick in the sand; to puzzle, to put to a stand, to embarrass; to hurt the foot of a horse with gravel confined by the shoe. GRAVELESS, gravelés. a. Without a tomb, unburied. GRAVELLY, grâv'él-lè. a. §§ with gravel. GRAVELY, grävelé. ad. Solemnly, seriously, soberly, without lightness; without gaudiness Or SIt OW. GRAVENESS, grâve'nés. Seriousness, solem- nity and sobriety. GRAVEOLENT, grā-vé'ö-lént. a. 3trong scented. GRAVER, grâ'vár. s. 98. One whose business is to inscribe or carve upon hard substances, one who copies writing or pictures upon wood or metal to be impressed on paper; the stile or. tool used in graying. sº GRAVIDITY, fºº, s. Pregnancy. GRAVING, grâ'ving. s. Carved work. To GRAVITATE, grâv'è-tate. v. m. To tend to the centre of attraction. GRAVITATION, grāv-e-tá'shôn. s. Act of tend- ing to the centre. GRAVITY, grâv'è-té. s. Weight, heaviness, ten- §§ to the centre; seriousness, solemnity. GRAVY, grâ'vé. s. The juice that runs from flesh not much dried by the fire, the juice of flesh boiled out. GRAY, grâ. a. White with a mixture of black; white or hoary with old age; dark like the opening or close of day. Full of gravel, GRAY, grâ. s. A badger. GRAYBEARD, grâ'béérd. s. An old man, GRAYLING, grâſſing. s. The umber; a fish. GRAYNESS, grâ'nés. s. The º of being gray To GRAZE, grâze. . v. n. To eat grass, to feed on grass; to supply grass; to touch lightly on the surface. To GRAZE, grâze. v. a. To tend grazing eats tle; to feed upon ; to touch lightly the surface. to rase. GRE GRI 240 [I3° 559.—Fâte, far, fall, fit 5–mē, mét;—pine, plm;— GRAZIER, grâ'zhër, s 283, 484. One who feeds cattle, GREASE, grèse... s. 227, 560. The soft part of the ſat ; a º and gourdiness of the legs, which generally happens to a horse after his Journey, To GREASE, grèze. v. a. 437. To smear or anoint with grease ; to bribe or corrupt with resents. GREASINESS, grè'zè-més. s. Oiliness, fatness. GREASY, grè'zè, a. Oily, fat, unctuous; smear- ed with grease; fat of body, bulky. GREAT, gräte. a. 240, 241. Large in bulk or number; having any quality in a high degree ; considerable in extent or duration; important, weighty ; chief, principal ; of high rank, of large power; illustrious, eminent; noble, mag- manimous; familiar, much acquainted; preg- nant, teeming: it is added in every step of ascending or descending consanguinity, as, #ºn is the son of my grandson. GREAT, gräte. s. The whole, the gross, the whole in a lump. GREATBELLIED, grâte-bêl'id. a. 283. Preg- nant, teeming. GREATHEARTED, grâte-hărtăd. a. High spirited, undejected. GREATLY, grâte'lé. a. In a great degree; no- bly, illustriously; magnanimously, generously, , bravely. GREATNESS, gråte'nés. s. Largeness of quan- tity or number ; comparative quantity; high degree of any quality ; high place, dignity, power, influence ; merit, magnanimity, noble- ness of mind ; grandeur, state, magnificence. GREAVES, grévº. s. Armour for the legs. GRECISM, grè'sizm. s. An idiom of the Greek 1anguage. - To GRECIZE, grè'size. v. m. idiom of the Greek language. GREECE, grèse. s. A flight of steps. GREEDILY, grèë'dé-lè. a. Eagerly, ravenous- ly, voraciously. GREEDINESS, gréé'dè-nēs. s. Ravenousness, hunger, eagerness of appetite or desire. GREEDY, grèë'dé. a. Ravenous, voracious, hun- gry, eager, vehemently desirous. GREEKLING, grèëk'ling.s. A smatterer in Greek. GREEN, gréén. a. Having a colour formed by compounding blue and yellow ; pale, sickly; flourishing, fresh ; new, fresh, as, a greem wound ; not dry ; not roasted, half raw ; un- ripe, immature, young. Gº , grèën. s. The green colour; a grassy plain. To GREEN, grèën. v. a. To make green. GREENBROOM, grèën-brööm'. s. This shrub grows wild upon barren dry heaths. GREENCLOTH, grèën'klóth. s. A board or court of justice of the king's household. GREENEYED, grèën'ide. a. 271. Having eyes coloured with green. GREENFINCH, grèën'ſ insh s. A kind of bird; a kind of fish. GREENGAGE, gréén-gāje'. s. A species of plum. GREENHOUSE, grèën'hôāse. s. A house in which tender plants are sheltered. *GREENISH, grèënish. a. Somewhat green GREENLY, *. a. With a greenish colour; newly, freshly. GREENNESS, grèën'nés. s. The quality of being green ; immaturity, unripeness; freshness, vigour; newness. G#. ROOM, grèën'rööm. . s. A room near the stage to which actors retire during the in- tervals of their parts in the play. GREENSICKNESS, grèën-sik'nés. s. The dis- ease of maids, so called from the paleness which gºššºn EENSWARD, . g ūfīānswóññ. } grèën'swärd, 2 s. The turf on which grass grows. To imitate the w GREEN WEED, grèën'w8éd. s. Dyer's wead. GREENWOOD, grèën'wiłd. s. A wood consider- ed as it appears in the spring or summer: wood growing, or newly cut. To GREET, gréét. v. a. To address at meeting ; to salute in kindness or respect; to congratu- late ; to pay compliments at a distance. To GREET, grèët, y. a. To wail. Mason. GREETING, gréét’īng, s. Salutation at meet. ing, or compliments at a distance. GREEZE, grèëze. s. A flight of steps. GREGAL, grè'gål. a. Belonging to a flock. GREGARIOUS, grè-gā'rè-às. a. Going in flocks or herds. GREMIAL, grè'mē-ăl, a. Pertaining to the lap. GRENADE, gre-nāde'. s. A little hollow globe or ball about two inches in diameter, which, being filled with fine powder, as soon as it is kindled, flies into many shatters; a small bomb, GRENADIER, grèn-ā-dèër'. s. 275. A tall foot- soldier, of whom there is one company in every regiment in Eurºpe, - GRENADO, grè-nā’dó. 3 JUMBAGo. GREW, grº. The preterit of Grow. GREY, grâ. a. See GRAY. . GREYHOUND, grâ'hôānd. s. A tall fleet dog that chases in sight. -- To GRIDE, gride. v. m. To cut. GRIDELIN, grid'ê-lin. s. A colour made of white and red. GRIDIRON, grid’i-àrn. s. broil meat on. GRIEF, grèëf. s. 275. Sorrow, trouble for some- thing past; grievance, harm. GRIEWANCE, gréé'vänse. s. 560. A state or the cause of uneasiness. To GRIEVE, grèëy. v. a. To afflict, to hurt. , To GRIEVE, grèëv. v. n. To be in pain for something past, to mourn, to sorrow, as for the death of friends. GRIEWINGLY, grèëv'ing-lè. ad. In sorrow, sor- rowfully. GRIEWOUS, grèëv'às. a. Afflictive, painful, hard to be borne; such as causes sorrow ; atrocious, heavy. GRIEWOUSLY, grèëv’ās-lè. ad. Painfully; ca- lamitously, miserably 3, vexatiously. . 77. See GRENADE and A portable grate to GRIEVOUSNESS, gréévès-nēs. s. Sorrow, pain. §§§ { griffin. } s. A fabled animal, said to be generated between the lion and eagle GRIG, grig. s. A small eel; a merry creature. To:GRILLgril. v. m. To broil on a gridiron , to harass, to hurt. GRILLADE, gril-lāde'. s. the gridiron. GRIM, grim. a. Having a countenance of ter. ror, horrible; ugly, ill-looking. Hº GRIMACE, grè-mâse'. s. A distortion of the countenance, from habit, affectation or inso- lence; air of affectation. GRIMALKN, grim-măl'kin. s. An old cat. GRIME, grime. s. Dirt deeply insinuated. To GRIME, grime. v. a. To dirt, to Sully deeply. t; * - GRIMI.Y., grim'lé. ad. Horribly, bideously; sourly, sullenly. 3. GRIMNESS, grim'més. s. Horrour, frightfulness of visage. To GRIN, grin. v. n. To set the teeth together and withdraw the lips, so as to appear smiling, with a mixture of displeasure; to fix the teeth as in anguish. GRIN, grià. s. To GRIND, Part. pass. * powder by friction; Any thing broiled on The act of closing the teeth. rind. v. a. Preterit, I #." ; round. To reduce any thing to to sharpen or smooth; to rub one against another; to harass, tº ºppress; To GRINT), º: v. n. To perform the act of | grinding, to be moved as in grinding _- GRU - GRO - 241– -nē, mēve, nér, nét – tilbe, tib, būil,—éil,—pôānd;—thin, THIs. GRANDER, grind'âr. s. 98. One that grinds; the instrument of grinding; one of the double teeth. w gîEESTQNE, gººd-stºne. , the GRINDSTONE, grind'stème. y “ 5 * > stone on which edged instruments are sharp- eneč. GRINNER, grim'nār. s. 98. He that grims. GRINNINGLY, grin'ning-lè. ad. With a grin- ming laugh. - GRIP, grip. s. A small ditch. To GRIPE, gripe. v. a. To hold with the fingers closed; to catch eagerly ; to seize; to close, to clutch ; to pinch, to press, to squeeze. l To GRIPE, gripe. v. m. To pinch the belly, to give the colick GRDPE, gripe. S. Grasp, hold; squeeze, pressure; oppression ; pinching distress.". GRIPES, gripes. s. Belly-ache, colick. GRIPER, gripúr. s. 98. Oppressor, usurer. GRIPINGLY, gripfng-lè. ad. With pain in the UltS. GäisäMBER, gris'ām-bär. -s. Used by Milton for ampergrise. - - GRISKIN, gris'kin. s broiled. * - GRISLY, griz'lé. ad. Dreadful, horrible, hideous. GRIST, grist. s. Corn to be ground; supply, provision. GRESTLE, gris's]... s. 472. A cartilage. GRISTLY, gris'slé. a. Cartilaginous. GRIT, grit. s. The coarse part of meal; oats husked, or coarsely ground; sand, rough hard particles; a kind of fossil ; a kind of fish. GRITTINESS, gritté-nēs. . s. Sandiness, the quality of abounding in grit. GRITTY, gritté. a. Full of hard particles. GRIZELIN, griz'ſſm. a. More properly GRIDE- LIN. Having a pāle red colour. - GRiZZLE, griz'zl. s. 405. A mixture of white - and black; gray. GRIZZLED, griz'zl’d. a. 359. with gray. GRIZZLY, griz'zlé. a. Somewhat gray. To GROAN, gröne. v. n. 295. To breathe with a mournful noise, as in pain or agony. GROAN, gröne. S. Breath expired with a noise and difficulty ; a hoarse dead sound. GRQANFUL, gröme'fºil. a. Sad, agonizing. GROAT, grâwt. s. 295, A piece valued at four- pence ; a proverbial name for a small sum ; groats, oats that have the hulls takém off. GROCER, grö'sör... s. 98. . A man who buys and sells tea, sugar, spices, &c. - [[; Mr. Nares observes, that this word ought to be written Grosser, as originally being one who dealt by the gross or wholesale. There is not, however, he observes, much chance that Grócer will give place to Grosser ; especially as they no longer engross merchandize of all kinds, nor insist upon dealing in the gross aione. The other derivation of this word, from grossus, a fig, is not worth notice. - GRÖCERY, grö'sār-e. s. Grocers’ ware. º g- Stuff woven with a large woof and a rough pile. GROIN, gröfn. s. The part next the thigh. GROOM, grööm. s. A servant that takes care of the stable; a man newly married. GROOWE, grööv. s. A deep cavern or hollow; a channel or hollow cut with a tool. To GROOVE, grööv. v. a. To cut hollow. To GROPE, grºpe. v. m. To feel where one can- In ot See. - To GROPE, gröpe. v. a. To search by feeling in the dark GROSS, gröse. a. 162. Thick, corpulent; shame- ful, unseemly ; intellectually coarse; inelegant; thick, not refined; stupid, dull; coarse, rough, opposite to delicate. # tº This word is #sºlar from a vanity of imi- The vertebrae of a hog Interspersed gróg'röm. S. tating the French. In Scotland they pronounce this word regularly so as to rhyme with moss. Pope also rhymes it with this word : - ‘. 3%all only man be taken in the gross 2 . “Grant but as many sorts of mind as moss.” This, however must be looked upon as a poetical license ; for the sound seems now irrevocably fixed, as it is marked, rhyming with jocose, ver- hose, &c. GROSS, grèse... s. The main body; the main force ; the bulk, the whole not divided into its several parts : the chief part, the main mass; the number of twelve dozen. GROSSLY, grèse'lé. ad. Bulkily, in bulky parts, coarsely ; without subtilty, without art; with. out delicacy. . - GROSSNESS, grèse'nés. S. Coarseness, not sub- tilty, thickness ; inelégant fatness, unwieldy corpulence; want of refinement ; want of deli C3: CW. - GRÖT, gröt. s. and pleasure. GROTESQUE, grö-tésk’. a. ar; natural. - GROTTO, gröt’tó. s. A cavern or cave made for coolness. - GROVE, grève. s. A walk covered by trees meet- ing above. - rº To GROVEL, gröy'v'l. v. n. 102. To lie prone, to creep low on the ground; to be mean, to be . without dignity. - GROUND, größnd. s. 313. The earth, considered. as solid or as low ; the earth as distinguished . from air or water; land, country; region, ter- ritory; farm, estate, possession ; the floor or level of the place; dregs, lees, faeces; the first stratum of paint upon which the figures areaf- terwards painted ; the fundamental substance, that by which the additional or accidental parts are supported ; first hint, first traces of an in- vention; the first principles of knowledge; the fundamental cause ; the field or place of action, the space occupied by an army, as they fight, advance, or retire ; the state in which one is . with respect to opponents or competitors; the foil to set a thing off. - - To GROUND, größnd. v. a. To fix on the ground, to found as upon cause or principle ; to settle in first principles or rudiments of knowledge. GROUND, gröänd. The preterit and part. pass, of Grind. - GROUND-ASH, größnd-āsh'. s. A sapling of ash taken from the ground. GROUND-BAIT, gröömdbäte. 3. A bait made of barley or malt boiled, thrown into the place where you angle. GROUND-FLOOR, story of a house. Gºnpavy, gröänd-l'vé. s Alehoof, or turn- oof. ,- ~ GRQUND-OAK, größnd-öke'. s. A sapling oak GRQUND-PINE, größnd-pine'. s. A plant. GROUND-PLATE, größnd'plate. s. In architec- ...ture, the outermost pieces of timber lying on or near the ground, and framed into one another with mortises and temons. GROUND-PLOT, größnd'plói. s. The ground on which any building is placed ; the ichnogra- phy of a building. GROUND-RENT, größnd'rémt. s. Rent paid for the privilege of building on another man's roumd. GROUND-ROOM, gröänd'rööm. s. A room on . the level with the ground. GROUNDEDLY, gröünd'éd-lè. ad. Upon firm principles. A cave, a cavern for coolness Distorted in figure, gröänd'flöre. s. The lower GROUNDLESS, gröändlés. a. Without cause, void of reason. GROUNDLESSLY, größnd'lès-lè. ad. Without reason, without cause. GROUNix}, ESSNESS, größnd'ſés-nēs. 5 Want of jnst reason. G}{U GUE 242 [[3° 559.-Fāte, fīl, fall, fat;-mê, mét;—plme, pīn;– GROUNDLING, größnd'ling. s. A fish which GRUME, grööm. s. 339. A thick viscid consist keeps at the bottom of the water ; one of the vulgar. GROUNDIY, größnd'lè. ad. Upon principles, solidly. GROUNDSEL, grööm'síl. s. round ; a plant. GROUNDWORK, gröänd'wörk, s. The ground, the first stratum ; the first part of an umdel tal.- ing, the fundamentals; first principle, ori- inal reason. GROUP, grööp. s. 315. huddle. To GROUP, grööp. v. a. To put into a crowd, to huddle together. §3. This word is now more properly written Groupe, like the French word from which it COmēS to us. * GROUSE, gröäse, s. 313. A kind of fowl, a heathcock. | GROUT, grööt. s. 313. Coarse meal; pollard; that which purges off; a kind of wild apple. To GROW, grö. v. n. 324. Preter. Grew ; Part. pass. Grown. To vegetate, to have vegetable motion; to be produced by vegetation ; to in crease in stature; to come to manhood from infancy ; to issue, as plants from a soil ; to in- , crease in bulk, to become greater; to improve, to make progress ; to advance to any state ; to come by degrees; to be changed from one state to another; to proceed as from a cause ; to adhere, to stick together ; to swell, a sea term. GROWER, gró'âr. s. 98. An increaser. To GROWL, größl. v. m. 323. To snarl or mur- mur like an angry cur; to murmur, to grum- A crowd, a cluster, a ble. GROWN, gröme, the participle passive of Grow. Advanced in growth ; covered or filled by the growth of any thing; arrived at full growth or stature. GROWTH, gröth. s. 324. Vegetation, vegetable life; product, thing produced ; increase in number, bulk, or frequency; increase of sta- ture, advanced to maturity; improvement, ad- Vancement. To GRUB, grâb. v. a. To dig up, to destroy by digging. GRUB, grâb. s. A small worm that eats holes in bodies; a short thick matt, a dwarf. To GRUBBLE, grâb'bl. v. n. 405. To feel in the dark. GRUB-STREET, grâb'stréét. s. The name of a street in London, formerly much inhabited by writers of small histories, dictional ies, and tem- porary poems ; whence any mean production is called Grub-street. To GRUDGE, grädje. v. a. To envy, to see any advantage of another with discontent; to give or take unwillingly. To GRUDGE, #e. v. n. To murmur, to re- pine ; to be unwilfing, to be reluctant; to be envious. GRUDGE, grädje s. Old quarrel, inveterate malevolence ; anger, ill-will; envy, odium, in- vidious censure ; some little commotion, or fore- runner of a disease. GRUDGINGLY, grãdjing-lè. ad. Unwillingly, malignantly. GRUEL, grâ’īl. s. 99. Food made by boiling oatmeal in water. GRUFF, gräf. a. Sour of aspect, harsh of man- TheTS. GRUFFLY, gräflè, ad. Harshly, ruggedly. GRUFFNESS, gráf'nés. s. Ruggedness of mien. GRUM, m a. Sour, Suriy. To GRUMBLE, grâm'bl. v. n. 405 . To murmur with discontent; to growl, to snail to make a hoarse rattle. GRUMBLER, giàin'bl–ár. s. One that grumbles, a. In UHFIYlure!". GRUMBLING, grün'bl-ing. s. A murmuring *** *** discontent. t # |GRUMQUS, A timber next the 'l GRUMOUSNESS, gröö'más-nēs. s. yār'dè-ān-ship. s. The of. ence of a fluid. ... GRUMLY. grâm'lé, ad. Sullenly, morosely. GRUMMEL, grām'mél. s. An herb. - gróð'mås, a. 339. . Thick, clotted. Thickness of a coagulated liquor. GRUNSEL, grân'sil. s. 99. The lower part of the building. To GRUNT, grânt. To GRUNTLE, gröm'tl. 405. ; V". Il. To murmur like a hog. GRUNT, glämt. s. The moise of a hog GRUNTER, grân'tár. s. 98. He that grunts; a kind of fish. GRUNTLING, grânt'ling. s. A young hog To GRUTCH, gråtsh. v. n. To envy, to repine. GRUTCH, grâtsh. s. Malicc, ill-will. GUAIACUM, gwā'yā-kārn. s. 340. A gum resin, used it, medicine, produced from the guaiacum or lignum vitae tree of the West Indies. Thach- er's Dispensatory. GUARANTEE, gār-rán-té'. s. 332. A power who undertakes to see stipulations performed. To GUARANTY, gir'rán-te. v. a. 92. To under- take to secure the performance of a treaty or stipulation between contending parties. To GUARD, gyárd. v. a. 92, 160. To watch, by way of defence and security; to protect, to de- fend; to preserve by caution ; to provide against objections ; to adorn with lists, laces, or orna- mental borders. To GUARD, gyård. v. m. 332. To be in a state of caution or defence. GUARD, gyárd. s. 92. A man, or body of men, whose business is to watch ; a state of caution, a state of vigilance ; limitation, anticipation of objection ; an ornamental hem, lace, or bor- der; part of the hilt of a sword, [[F This word is pronounced exactly like the moun yard, preceded by hard g, nearly as egg- yard. The same sound of y consonant is obser vable between hard g and a in other words.- Nor is this a fanciful peculiarity, but a pronun- ciation arising from euphony and the analogy of the language. 160. GUARDAGE, gyár'dāje. s. 90. State of wardship. GUARDEſt, gyár'dár. S. 93. One who guards. GUARDIAN, gyár'dè-án, or gyár'jē-ăn s. 293, 294, 376. One that has the Care of an orphan, one to whom the care and preservation of any thing is committed: GUARDIAN, gyár'dè-án. a. 293, 376. Perform, ing the office of a kind protector or superin- tendent. GUARDIANSHIP, fice of a guardian GUARDLESS, gyård'ſés, a. Withou’ defence GUARDSHHP, gyárd'ship. s. Protection; a king s ship to guard the coast. GUBiºFN ATION, gü-bér-nā’shān. S. Govern- ment, superintendency. GUDGEON, gādjún. s. 259. A small fish found in brooks and rivers; a person easily imposed on; something to be caught to a man's own disadvantage. GUERDON, gèr'dán. s. 166, 560. A reward, a recompense, 336. [If I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the first syllable of this word, which he spells gwer. I have made the u mute, as in guess, not only as agreeable to the French guerdon, but to our own analogy. . The authority of Mt Nares confirms me in my opinion. Ben Jonson classes thegu with the same letters in anguish, but as these letters are unaccented in the last word, the analogy is different, and the sound I have given remains still more agreeable to rule. º To GUESS, gés. v. n. 336. To conjecture, to judge without any certain principles of judg ine...t; to conjecture rightly. . ~ 2: GUI - -- 243 GUS —né, mêve, nár, nét;—täbe, tºb, bū!! ;-&fl;—pöänd;—thin, THIs. ‘ro GUESS, gés. v.a. To hit upon by accident, GUESS, gés. s. 560. Conjecture, judgment without any positive or certain grounds. GUESSER, gés'sár. s. , Conjecturer, one who judges without certain knowledge. . GUESSINGLY, gés'sing-fé. ad. Conjecturally, uncertainly. º º GUEST, gést. s. 336. One entertained in the house of another; a stranger, one who comes newly to reside. GUESTCHAMBER, gèst'tshām-bär. s. ber of entertainment. To GUGGLE, gāg'gl. v. n. 405. To sound as water running with intermission out of a nar- row vessel. * GUIACUM, gwé-ā'kåm. s. An improper spelling and pronunciation of Guaiacuit, which see. GUIDAGE, gy]'dàje. s. 90. The reward given to a guide. GUIDANCE, gyi'dānse. S ment. To GUIDE, gyide. v. a. 160. To direct; to gov- ern by counsel, to instruct; to legulate, to su- perintend. e • GUIDE, gylde. s. One who directs another in his way; one who directs another in his com- duct ; director, regulator. º ſ: As the g is hard in this word and its com- pounds, it is not easy to spell them as they are pronounced ; y must be considered as double e. and must articulate the succeeding vowel as much as in yield. See GUARD. GUIDELESS, gylde'lés. a. Without a guide. GUIDER, gyi'dár. s. 93. Director, regulator, Cham- Direction, govern- guide. > GUILD, gild. s. 341. A society, a corporation, fraternity. e - tº - is GUILE, gyile. s. 341. Deceitful cunning, insidi- ous artifice. GUILEFUL, gyile fūl. a. Wily, insidious, mis- chievously artful ; treacherous, secretly mis- chievous. © Tº º GUILEFULLY, gylle'fül-è. ad. Insidiously, treacherously. GUILEFULNESS, gylle'föl-nēs. s. Secret treachery, tricking cunning. tº , tº GUILELESS, gyi.e'lés. a. Without deceit, with- out insidiousness. GUILER, gylle'êr. s. One that betrays into dan- er by insidious practices. - GUILT, gilt. s. 341. The state of a man justly charged with a crime; a crime, an offence. , , {{* It is observed in Principles, No. 92, that wheri g comes before short a, the sound of e so medes- sarily intervenes, that we cannot pronounce these letters without it; but that when the a is Hong, as in regard, we may pronounce these two Hetters without the intervention of e, but that this pronunciation is not the most elegant.— The same may be observed of the g hard, and the long and short i. We may pronounce guide and guile nearly as if written egg-ide and egg-ile, though not so properly as egg-yide and egg-ſile, but that guild and guilt must necessarily adınit of the e sound between hard g and i, or we can- not pronounce them. GUILTILY, gilt é-lè. ad. Without innocence. GUILTINESS, gilt'é-nēs. s. The state of being guilty, consciousness of crime. GUILTLESS, gilt'iés. a. Innocent, free from CI’IIIlê. GUILTLESSLY, gilt'lès-lè. a.d. Withost guilt, § *º GUILTLESSNESS, gilt'lès-nēs. s. Innocence, freedom from crime. GUILTY, giltſtè. a. crime, not innocent; wicked, ‘corrupt. - GUINEA, gin'rº... s. 341. A gold coin valued at twenty-one shillings sterling. O Hø GUINEADROPPER, gin-nē-dróp'për. s. S GUINEAHEN, gin'né-hén, s. A small Indian hen. Justly chargeable with a who cheats by dropping guineas. GUINEAPEPPER, gin'né-pép'për. s. A plant GUINEAPIG, gin'né-pig. s. A small animal with a pig's snout ; a kind of naval cadet in an East Indiaman. CUISE, gyize, s. 160,341. Manner, mien, habit 3ractice, Custom, property; external appear. ance, Ciress. GUITAR, git-tár'. s. 341. of musick. GłJLES, gºiz. a. Red. A term used in heraldry GULF, gülf. S. A bay, an opening into and ; an abyss, an unmeasurable depth ; a whirlpool, a sucking eddy , any thing insatiable, GULFY, gål'ſé. a. Full of gulfs or whirlpools. To GULE, gāl. V a. To trick, to cheat, to de- fraud. GULL, göl. s. A sea-bird ; a cheat, a fraud, a trick; a stupid animal, one easily cheated. GULLCATCHER, gāi kātsh-àr. s. A cheat. GULLER, gèl'Hér. S. 93. A cheat, an impostor. GULLERY, gāi làr-è. s. Cheat, imposture. G}}i, LET, gāl'Ét. s. 99. The throat, the meat- pºpe ; the tube through which food passes to the stomach. To GºjJ.E.Y., gül'ſé. v. m. To run with noise. GUAE.LYHOLE, gül'lè-hôle. s. The hole where the gutters empty themselves in the subterra- R}{2OttS SéW e?”. GULOSITY, gú-iös'ê-té. S. Greediness, gluttony, voracity. To GULP, gülp. v. a. To swallow eagerly, to Suck downs without intermission. GULP, gāip. s. As much as can be swallowed at OAlce. GUM, gām. s. A vegetable substance, differing from a resin in being uninflammable, more vis- cid, and dissolving in aqueous menstruums; the fleshy covering that coutains the teeth. To GUM, gúm. v. a. To close with gum. GUMMINESS, göm'mè-nés. s. The state of being A stringed instrument gummy. GUMMOSITY, gām-mês'sè-té. s. The nature of gum, gunlimineSS. GUMMOUS, gām'más. a. 314. Of the mature of gum. GUMMY, gām'mé. a. Consisting of gum, of the nature of gum ; productive of gum; over- grown with gum. N, gān. S. The general name for fire-arms, the instrument from which shot is discharged by fire. GUNN EL, gān'nil. s. 99. Corrupted from gun- Wäie. GUNNER, göm'nār. s. 98. Cannonier, he whose ºnployment is to manage the artillery in a ship. GUNNERY, gún'nār-e. s. The science of artil- lery. GUNPOWDER, gānpöß-dár. s. The powder put into guns to be fired. GUNSHOT, gām'shôt. s of a gun GUNSºot, gún'shôt. a. Made by the shot of a gun. GUNSMITH, gān’smith. s. A man whose trade is to make guns. GUNSTICK, gān'stik. s. GUNSTOCK, gān'stók. s. the barrel of a gun is fixed. GUNSTONE, gön'stöne. s. The shot of cannon GEN WALE on GUNNEL, of a ship, gān'nfl. s That piece of timber which reaches on eithel side of the ship from the half-deck to the fore Castle. GURGE, gārje. s. Whirlpool, gulf. GURGHGN, gāi jām. s. 259. The coarser part of meal, sifted from the bran. The reach or range The rammer. The wood to which To GURGLE, görgi v. n. 405. To fall or gush with noise, as water from a bottle. §º ; gür'nit. S. 99. A kind of sea- 4. 7 fish. To GUSH gèsh, w n. To flow or rush out with GYV HAG “” 2,44 [[s' 559.—Fâte, ſār, fall, fat;-alé, mét;—pine, plu;— violence, not to spring in a small stream, but in a large body ; to emit in a copious effluxion. GUSH, gāsh. s. An emission of liquor in a large quantity at Olice. GUSSET, gās'sit. s. 99. Any thing sewed on to cloth, in order to strengthen it. GUST, güst. s. Sense of tasting; height of per- ception; love, liking ; turn of fancy, intellectual taste ; a sudden violent blast of wind. GUSTABLE, güs’tā-bl. a. 405. To be tasted; pleasant to the taste. GUSTATION, gös-tà'shān. s. The act of tasting GUSTFUL, gāst'föl. a. Tasteful, well-tasted. ‘āUSTO, güs’tó. s. The relish of any thing, the power by which any thing excites sensations in the palate; intellectual taste, liking GISTY, gās’té. a. Stormy, tempestuous. GUT, gāt. s. The long pipe reaching with many Convolutions from the stomach to the vent ; the stomach, the receptacle of food; proverbially, giuttony, love of gormandizing. To GUT, gāt. v. a. To eviscerate, to draw, to take out the inside ; to plunder of contents. GUTTATED, gāt’tà-téd. a. Besprinkled with drops, bedropped. GUTTER, gāt’tär. s. 93. A passage for water. Tº GUTTER, göttör. v. a. To cut in small hol- OWS. To GUTTLE, göttl. v. n. 405. To ſeed luxu- riously, to gormandize. A low word, To GUTTLE, göttl. v. a. To swallow. GUTTLER, göttl-ūr. s. 98. A greedy eater. GUTTULOUS, göttshū-lás. a. 463. In the form of a small drop. GUTTURAL, *hººl. a. 463. Pronounced in the throat, belonging to the throat. GUTTURALNESS, göttshū-rál-nēs. s. The §§ of being guttural. GUTWORT, götwºrt. s. An herb. To GUZZLE, göz'zl. v. n. 405. To gormandize, to ſeed immoderately. To GUZZLE, güz'zl. v. a. To swallow with im- moderate gust. GUZZLER, göz'zl-àr. s. A gormandizer. GYBE, jibe. s. A sneer, a taunt, a sarcasm. To GYBE, ilbe, v. p. To sneer, to taunt. GYMNASTICALLY, jīm-nāstè-kāl-ć. ad. Ath- hetically, fitly for strong exercise. GYMNASTICK, jīm-nās’tik. a. athletick exercises. ſº. In this word and its relatives we not unſic- quently hear the g hard, as in Gumlet, for this learned reason, because they are derived from the Greek. For the very same 1 eason we ought to pronounce the g in Genesis, Geography, Geo- Relating to ?netry, and a thousand other words, hard, which would essentially alter the sound of our lan- guage. Mr. Sheridan has very properly given the soft g to these words; and Mr. Nares is of the saune opinion with respect to the propriety of this pronunciation, but doubts of the usage, there can be no doubt, however, of the absurd- ity of this usage, and of the necessity of curb- ing it as much as possible.—See Principles, No.350. GYMNICK, jīm'nik. a. Such as practise the athletick or gymnastick exercises. GYMNOSPERMOUS, jīm-nó-spér'más. a. Hav- ing the seeds naked. gºióján. . any thing about. GYRE, jire. s. . A circle described by any thing oing in an orbit. GYVES, jiva. s. Fetters, chains for the legs. iſſ’ Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott make the g in this wond hard; but Mr. Elphinstone, Dr. Ken- rick, and Mr. Perry, with more propriety make it soft as I.have marked it. Mr Nares makes the sound doubtful: but this majority of autho- rities and agreeableness to analogy have re- moved my doubts, and made ine after my for- Jºhéſ CºlliiOQ. To GY''E, jive. v. a. To ſetter, to shackle. ~ The act of furning H. IIA, hā, interject. An expression of wonder surprise, sudden question, or sudden exertion, an expression of laughter, when often repeated, HAAK, hâke. 5. A fish. HABERDASHER, hâb'ār-dāsh-àr. s. sells small wares; a pedlar. HABERDINE, hāb-ār-dèën'. s. Dried salt cod. HABERGEON, hā-bérjè-ón. s. Armour to co- Ver the neck and breast. Gº This word is analogically accented on the second syllable ; but Johnson, in all the editions of his bictionary, has the accent on the first, though his authorities are against him. HABILIMIENT, hä-bilé-mênt. s. Dress, clothes, garmont. To HABILITATE, hā-bīl'è-täte. v. a. To qualify, to entitle. HABILITATION, hā bil-e-tà'shôn. s. Qualifica- tion. HABILITY, hā-bíl'è-té. s. Faculty, power. HABIT, hâb'ſt. s. State of anything, as habit of body; dress, accoutrement. Habit is a pow- er or ability in man of doing any thing by fre- uent doing.; custom, inveterate use. To HABIT, hâb'it. v. a. To dress, accoutre. HABITABLE, hāb'é-tá-bl. a. Capable of being dwelt in. HABITABLENESS, hâb'é-tá-bl-nēs. s. Capacity of being dwelt in. HABITANCE, hāb'é-tänse. s. HABITANT, hâb'é-táut. s. lives in any place. HABITATION, hāb-ê-tà'shām. s. The act of dwelling, the state of a place receiving dwel- lers; a place of abode, dwelling, HABITATOR, hâb'è-tá-tár.s. Dweller, inhabitant. HABITUAL, hā-bitsh'º-āl, a 461. Customary, accustomed, inveterate. HABITUALLY, hā-bitsh'ê-āl-ć. ad. Customari- ly, by habit. HABITUDE, hâb'é-tūde. s. Familiarity, con- verse, frequent intercourse; long custom, habit, inveterate use ; the power of doing any thing acquired by frequent repetition. HABNAB, hāb'nāb, ad. At random, at the mer- cy of chance. To HACK, hâk. v. a. To cut into small pieces, to chop 5 to speak unreadily, or with hesitation. To HACK, liāk. v. m. To turn hackney or pros- titute. HACKLE, hâk'ſ;]. s. 405. Raw silk, any ſilmy Substance unspun. #. º häkki. v. a. To dress flax. ####, hâk'mé. A hired horse ; a hureling, a prostitute ; any thing set out for hire; much used, common. p To HACKNEY, hak'mè. v. a. To practise in one thing, to accustom to the road. HAD, hād. The preterit and part, pass of Have. HADDOCK, hād'dāk. s. 166. A sea fish of the cou kind. HAFT, häft. s. 78, 79. A handle, that part of an instrument that is taken into the hand. To HAFT, häft. v. a. To set in a haft. HAG, hâg. s. A fury, a she-monster; a witch, an enchantress; an old ugly woman. To HAG, hāg. v. a. To torment, to harass with tertour. HAGGARD, hâg'gård. a. Wild, untamed, ir- reclaimable; lean ; ugly, rugged, deformed. HAGGARD, hāg'gård. s. Amy i. wild or irre- claimable ; a species of hawk. HAGGARDLY, hāg'gård-lè. ad. Deformedly, wildly. Hºsh, hâg'gish. a. Of the nature of a hag, deformed, horrid. To HAGGLE, hāg'gl. v. a. 405. To cut, to chop, to mangle. One who Dwelling, abode Dweller, one that Il All jº I.A.I.Y. 245) —pó, móve, nér, mêt, túbe, túb, būll —éil;-pôānd;—thin, THIS. To HAGGLE, hāg'gl., v. m. To be tedious in a bargain, to be long in coming to the price. HAGGLER, hāg'gi-ár. s. 98. One that cuts ; one that is tardy in bargaining. HAH, hä. interject. An expression of some sud- den effort. HAIL, hâle. s. falling. -- - To HAſi, hâle. v. m. To pour down hail. HAIL, hâle. interject. A term of salutation. To HAIL, hâle. v. m. To salute, to call to. HAILSHOT, hâle'shôt. s. Small shot scattered like hail. HAILSTONE, hâle'stöne. s. A particle or single bail of hail. HAILY, hä'lé. ad. Consisting of hail. HAIR, häre. s. One of the common teguments of the body; a single hair, anything proverbial- ly small. , , HAIRBRAINED, härebrān'd. a. 359. Wild, ir- regular. , HAIRBFLL, häre'bél. s. The name of a flower, the hyacinth. . . HAIRBREADTH, häre'brédth. s. A very small distance. - HAIRCLOTH, häre'lclóth. S. Stuff made of hair, very rough and prickly, worn sometimes in mortification. HAIRLACE, häre'läse. s. The fillet with which the women tie up their hair. HAIRLESS, häré'lés. a. Without hair. HAIRINESS, hä'rè-nēs. s. The state of being covered with hair. - HAIRY, hä'rè. a. Overgrown with hair; con- sisting of hair. HAKE, hâke. s. A kind of fish. * HAKOT, hâk'öt. s. 166. A kind of fish. HALBERD, hâll’bàrd. s. 98. A battle-axe fixed on a long pole. - HALBERDIER, hâll-bār-dèèr'. s. armed with a halberd. HALCYON, hâl'shē-ăn. s. 166. A bird that is said to breed on the sea, and that there is al- ways a calm during her incubation. HAºyon, häl'shē-ăn. a. 357. Placid, quiet, Střil. HALE, hâle... a. Healthy, sound, hearty. To HALE, hâle, or hâwl. v. a. To drag by force, to }. violently. . - [* This word, in familiar language, is corrupted beyond recovery into haul; but solemn speak- ing still requires the regular sound, rhyming with pale ; the other sound would, in this case, be gross and vulgar.—See To HAUL. HALER, hā’lār, or hâw!'âr. s.93. He who pulis and hales. HALF, häf. s. , 78, 401. A moiety, one of two equal parts: it sometimes has a plural signifi- cation when a number is divided. HALF, häf, ad. In part, equal. - HALF-BLOOD, häf'blåd. s. One not born of the same father and mother. HALF-BLOODED, häf'blåd-éd. a. Mean, de- generate. . . . . - Hāfā’īāCED, hāſ'faste. a. 362. Showing only art of the face.