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U.K.J. Nº.º: Vº. Inliminimummitml AJU_\9 UAVACLON MCRO Milliminºritiſmºuntrilliminnºnnºll Cº-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º- Film ####################### # /) é (292 , A45 BY THE SAME AUTHOR AUTOMOBILE FRENCH. 12.10. CLOTH. $1.00 NET. A new and revised edition. All owners of automobiles and all travelers in France will find this little handbook of much value. Each page gives a vocabulary and a few short sentences that are most useful to those who are compelled to speak French. A special feature of this book is the introduc- tion of words and modern terms, hitherto unpub- lished in English and French text books, relating to the army, navy, aeroplanes, and especially to automobiles. MOFFAT YARD & COMPANY WANTED A Young Woman to Do HOUSEWORK BUSINESS PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO HOUSEWORK C. HELENE BARKER Author of “Automobile French” NEW YORK MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY 1917 Copyright, 1915, by C. HéLENE BARKER Entered at Stationers' Hall Second Printimg . F. BRAINARD 'K MAN uſACTURER MºW YORK s f J i PREFACE This little book is not a treatise on Domestic Science. The vacuum cleaner and the fireless cooker are not even mentioned. The efficient kitchen devised in such an interesting and clever way has no place in it. Its exclusive object is to suggest a satisfactory and workable solution along modern lines of how to get one's house- work efficiently performed without doing it one's self. - ... - If the propositions that she advances seem at first startling, the writer begs only for a patient hearing, for she is convinced by strong reasons and abundant experience, that liberty in the household, like social and political liberty, can never come except from obedience to just law. - C. E. B. ºf ‘’’ -- ~... " " ºr z º., ºr S. .” - , , , ; ; , ", { * . . . . “. . *:. . . . . . A la E … * * ' ' … - Y - - * *. * & * R -.' ...?... *s-, *-* ~~~ CONTENTS PART I CAUSES OF THE PRESENT UNSATISFACTORY CONDITION OF DOMESTIC LABOR PAGE Ignorance and Inefficiency in the Home . . . . . . 1 Difficulty of Obtaining Women to Do Housework . . . 11 The Disadvantages of Housework Compared with Work in Factories, Stores, and Offices . . . . . . . 19 PART II BUSINESS PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO HOUSEWORK Living Outside Place of Employment . . . . . . . 31 Housework Limited to 8 Hours a Day . . . . . . 47 Bousework Limited to 6 Days a Week . . . . . . 61 The Observance of Legal Holidays . . . . . . . . 75 Extra Pay for Overtime . . . . . . . . . . 81 PART III EIGHT HOUR SCHEDULES IN THE HOME Eight Hour Schedules for One Employee . . . . . 93 Eight Hour Schedules for Two Employees . . . . . 109 Eight Hour Schedules for Three Employees . . . . . 121 ". PART I CAUSES OF TEIE PRESENT UNSATISFAC- TORY CONDITION OF DOMESTIC LABOR Ignorance and inefficiency in the home. Difficulty of obtaining women to do housework. The disadvantages connected with housework compared- with work in factories, Stores, and Offices. IGNORANCE AND IN EFFICIENCY IN TEIE EIOME IGNORANCE AND INEFFICIENCY IN THE HOME THE twentieth-century woman, in spite of her progressive and ambitious theories about Wom- an’s sphere of activity, has allowed her house- keeping methods to remain almost stationary, while other professions and industries have moved forward with gigantic strides. She does not hesitate to blazon abroad with banners and pennants her desire to share with man the responsibility for the administration of the State, but she overlooks the disquieting fact that in the management of her own household, where her authority is absolute, she has failed to convince the world of her power to govern. When confronted with this accusation, she as- serts that the maintenance of a home is neither a business nor a profession, and that in conse- quence it ought not to be compared with them nor be judged by the same standards. Is it not due perhaps to this erroneous idea l 2 EIOUSEWORK that housekeeping is a failure to-day? For the fact that it is a failure cannot be hidden, and that it has been a failure for many years past is equally true. Recent inventions, and labor saving utensils, have greatly facilitated house- work, yet housekeeping is still accompanied with much dissatisfaction on the part of the employer and the employee. There are only a few women to-day who regard domestic science in the light of a profession, or a business, although in reality it is both. For what is a profession if it be not the application of science to life? And does not Work which One follows regularly constitute a business? Many women, however, do not regard house- keeping even as a serious occupation, and few have devoted as much time, thought, and energy to mastering the principles of domestic economy as of late years women of all classes of society have willingly given to the study of the rules and ever changing intricacies of auction bridge. Some consider their time too valuable to devote to domestic and culinary matters, and openly boast of their ignorance. Outside engagements, INEFIFICIENCY IN TEIE EIOME 3 pleasures, philanthropic schemes, or work, mo- nopolize their days, and the conduct of the house devolves upon their employees. The result is rarely satisfactory. It is essential that the woman who is at the head of any concern, be it a business, a profession, or a home, should not only thoroughly understand its every detail, but in order to make it a success she must give it her personal attention each day for at least a portion of her time. It is a popular impression that the knowledge of good housekeeping, and of the proper care of children, comes naturally to a woman, who, though she had no previous training or prepara- tion for these duties, suddenly finds them thrust upon her. But how many women can really look back with joy to the first years of their housekeeping? Do they not remember them more with a feeling of dismay than pleasure? How many foolish mistakes occurred entailing repentance and discomfort! And how many *s. heart-burnings were caused, and even tears shed, because in spite of the best intentions, every- thing seemed to go wrong? And why? Simply 4 . f TIOUSEWORK because of ignorance and inefficiency in the home, not only of the employee, but of the employer also. - That an employee is ignorant and unskilled in her work is often excusable, but there is ab- solutely no excuse for a woman who has time and money at her command, to be ignorant of domestic science, when of her own free will she undertakes the responsibilities of housekeeping. Nearly all women take interest in the furnish- ing of their homes, and give their personal at- tention to it with the result that as a rule they excel in household decoration, and often produce marvels of beauty and taste with the expendi- ture of relatively small amounts of money. Marketing is also very generally attended to in person by the housewife, but she is using the telephone more and more frequently as a sub- stitute for a personal visit to butcher and grocer, and this is greatly to her disadvantage. The telephone is a very convenient instrument, espe- cially in emergency, or for ordering things that do not vary in price. But when prices depend upon the fluctuations of the market, or when the INEFFICIENCY IN THE HOME 5 articles to be purchased are of a perishable na- ture, it must be remembered that the telephone is also a very convenient instrument for the mer- chant who is anxious to get rid of his bad stock. The remaining branches of housekeeping ap- parently do not interest the modern housewife. She entrusts them very generally to her em- ployees, upon whose skill and knowledge she blindly relies. Unfortunately skill and knowl- edge are very rare qualities, and if the house- wife herself be ignorant of the proper way of doing the work in her own home, how can she be fitted to direct those she places in charge of it, or to make a wise choice when she has to se- lect a new employee? Too often she engages women and young girls without investigating their references of character or capability, and When time proves what an imprudent proceeding she has been party to, she simply attributes the consequent troubles to causes beyond her con- trol. If the housewife were really worthy of her name she would be able not only to pick out better employees, but to insist upon their work being properly done. To-day she is almost 6 - HOUSEWORK afraid to ask her cook to prepare all the dishes for the family meals, nor does she always find some one willing to do the family Washing. She is obliged to buy food already cooked from the caterer or baker, because her so-called “cook’” was not accustomed to bake bread and rolls, or to make pies and cakes, or ice cream, for previous employers, from whom nevertheless she received an excellent reference as cook. Of course in cities it is easy to buy food already cooked or canned and to send all the Washing to the laun- dry, but it helps to raise the “high cost of liv- ing ” to alarming proportions, and it also en- courages ignorance in the most important branches of domestic economy. . In spite of the “rush of modern life,” a woman who has a home ought to be willing to give some part of her time to its daily supervision. Eter- nal vigilance is the price of everything worth having. If she gave this she would not have so many tales of woe to relate about the laziness, neglectfulness, and stupidity of her cook and housemaids. There is not a single housewife to- day who has not had many bitter experiences. INEFFICIENCY IN TEIE EIOME 7 One who desires information upon this subject has only to call on the nearest friend. To the uninterested person, to the onlooker, the helplessness of the woman who is at the head of the home, her inability to cope with her do- mestic difficulties, is often comic, sometimes pa- thetic, sometimes almost tragic. The publica- tions of the day have caricatured the situation until it has become an outworn jest. The pres- ent system of housekeeping can no longer stand. One of two things must occur. Either the house- wife must adopt business principles in ruling her household, or she will find before many more years elapse there will be no longer any woman willing to place her neck under the domestic yoke. - If the principles set forth in the following pages can be popularized in a comprehensive plan of which all the parts can be thoroughly under- stood both by the housewife and her employee, ignorance and inefficiency in the home will be presently abolished. DIFFICULTY OF OBTAINING WOMEN TO DO EIOUSEWORK DIFFICULTY OF OBTAINING WOMEN TO DO HOUSEWORK THE present unsatisfactory condition of do- mestic labor in private houses is not confined to any special city or country; it is universal. Each year the difficulty of obtaining women to do housework seems to increase and the demand is so much greater than the Supply, that ignorant and inefficient employees are retained simply be- cause it is impossible to find others more com- petent to replace them. - There is hardly a home to-day where, at one time or another, the housewife has not gone through the unenviable experience of being finan- cially able and perfectly willing to pay for the services of some one to help her in her housekeep- ing duties, and yet found it almost impossible to get a really competent and intelligent employee. As a rule, those who apply for positions in house- work are grossly ignorant of the duties they pro- fess to perform, and the well trained, clever, and ll J2 HOUSEWORK experienced workers are sadly in the minority. Women and young girls who face the necessity of self support, or who wish to lead a life of in- dependence, no longer choose housework as a means of earning a livelihood. It is evident that there is a reason, and a very potent one, that de- cides them to accept any kind of employment in preference to the work offered them in a private home. Wages, apparently, have little to do with their decision, nor other considerations which must add very much to their material welfare, such as good food in abundance, and clean, well ventilated sleeping accommodations, for these two important items are generally included at present in the salaries of household employees. Concessions, too, are frequently made, and fa- vors bestowed upon them by many of their em- ployers, yet few young girls, and still fewer women are content to work in private families. It is a deplorable state of affairs, and women seem to be gradually losing their courage to battle with this increasingly difficult question: How to obtain and retain One's domestic em- ployees? - DIFFICULTY OBTAINING WOMEN 13 The peace of the family and the joy and 'com- fort of one's home should be a great enough in- centive to awaken the housewife to the realiza- tion that something must be wrong in her pres- ent methods. It is in vain that she complains bitterly, on all occasions, of the scarcity of good servants, asserting that it is beyond her compre- hension why work in factories, stores, and offices, should be preferred to the work she offers. Is it beyond her comprehension? ... Or has she never considered in what way the work she offers differs from the work so eagerly accepted? Does she not realize that the present laws of labor adopted in business are very different from those she still enforces in her own home? Why does she not compare housework with all other work in which women are employed, and find out why housework is disdained by nearly all self sup- porting Women? Instead of doing this, she sometimes avoids the trouble of trying to keep house with incompetent employees by living in hotels, or non-housekeep- ing apartments; but for the housewife who does not possess the financial means to indulge herself 14 Housework thus, or who still prefers home life with all its trials to hotel life, the only alternative is to sub- mit to pay high wages for very poor work or to do a great part of the housework herself. In both cases the result is bad, for in neither does the family enjoy the full benefit of home, nor is the vexatious problem, so often designated as the “servant question,” brought any nearer to a so- 1ution. - The careful study of any form of labor invari- ably reveals some need of amelioration, but in none is there a more urgent need of reform than in domestic labor in private homes. It is more for the sake of the housewife than for her employee that a reform is to be desired. The latter is solving her problem by finding work outside the home, while the former is still un- duly harassed by household troubles. With a few notable exceptions, only those who are un- qualified to compete with the business woman are left to help the householder, and the problem confronting her to-day is not so much how to change inefficient to efficient help, but how to obtain any help at all. DIFFICULTY OBTAINING WOMEN 15 The spirit of independence has so deeply en- tered into the lives of women of all classes, that until housework be regulated in such a way as to give to those engaged in it the same rights and privileges as are granted to them in other forms of labor, the best workers will naturally seek employment elsewhere. THE DISADVANTAGES OF HOUSEWORK COMPARED WITEI WORK IN FACTO- RIES, STORES, AND OFFICES THE DISADVANTAGES OF HOUSEWORK COMPARED WITH work IN FACTORIES, STORES, AND - OFFICES Houseworr, when carefully compared with work performed by women in factories, stores, and offices, shows to a remarkable. degree how many old fashioned ways of conducting her household still cling to the modern housewife. The methods that made housekeeping a success in the time of our ancestors are not adapted to the present needs of a society in which women who earn their own living are occupying so much more important positions than formerly. Large stores and factories, requiring the coöperation of many employees, have done more to open new avenues of work for Women than could have been dreamed of in former times, when it was the cus- tom for each family to produce at home as much as possible, if not all, that was necessary for its own consumption. 19 20 EIOUSEWORK Women, as a rule, are not taught self reliance, and many who hesitate to leave their homes to earn a livelihood, find that by doing work in stores, factories, or offices, they are not utterly separated from their families. The work may be harder than they anticipated and the pay small, but there is always the hope of promotion and of a corresponding increase of wages. Busi- ness hours are frequently long, but they are limi- ted, and after the day’s work is over, the remain- der of the twenty-four hours is at the disposal of the employees, who can still enjoy the happiness and freedom associated with the life of their own social circle. Besides they have one day out of seven as a day of rest, and many legal holidays come annually to relieve the overstrain. With housework it is very different. The woman who accepts the position of a household employee in a private home must usually make up her mind to leave her family, to detach her- self from all home ties, and to take up her abode in her employer’s house. It is only occasionally, about once a week for a few hours at a time, that she is allowed to make her escape. It is a recog- DISADVANTAGES OF HOUSEWORK 21 nized fact that a change of environment has a beneficial effect upon every one, but a domestic ; employee must forego this daily renewal of thought and atmosphere. Even if she does not know that she needs it in order to keep her mental activities alive, the result is inevitable: to one who does nothing but the same work from early morning until late at night and who never comes in contact with the outside world except four times a month, the work soon sinks to mere drudgery. As to promotion in housework it seems to be almost unknown. Considering the many re- sponsible positions waiting to be filled in private families, nothing could be more desirable than to instil into one’s employees the ambition to rise. An employee who has passed through all the different branches of domestic science, from the lowest to the highest in one family, must be far better fitted to occupy the highest position in that family than one who applies for the posi- tion with the training and experience gained only in other families where the mode of living may be very different. Since there is no chance 22 EIOUSEWORK of promotion and in consequence of receiving better pay, the domestic employee is often tempted to seek higher wages elsewhere, and thus the desire “to make a change,” so disastrous to the peace of mind of the housewife, is engendered in her employees. In domestic labor the hours of work are longer than in any other form of employment, for they are unlimited. Moreover, instead of having one day out of seven as a day of rest, only half a day is granted beginning usually about three o'clock in the afternoon, or even later. And legal holidays bring no relief, for they are prac- tically unknown to the household employee. The only way women engaged in housework in pri- wate families can obtain a real holiday is by be- ing suddenly called away “to take care of a sick aunt.” There is an old saying containing Ce]”- tain Words of Wisdom about “all work and no play ” that perhaps explains the dullness so often met with in domestic, help. { - The hardest thing to submit to, however, from the point of view of the woman employed in housework, is the lack of freedom outside of DISADVANTAGES OF HOUSEWORK 23 working hours. This prevents her from taking part in her former social life. She is not al- lowed to go out even for an hour or two every day to see her relatives and friends. To ask them to visit her in her employer's kitchen is not a very agreeable alternative either to herself or her employer, and even then she is obliged to be on duty, for she must still Wear her uniform and hold herself in readiness to answer the bell un- til the family for whom she works retires for the night. . With such restrictions it is not surprising that the majority of women feel that they are los- ing “caste ’’ if they accept positions in private families. There are two more causes to which this feeling of the loss of caste may be attributed. One is the habit of calling household employees by their first name or by their surname without the prefix of “Miss *; the other is the custom of making them eat in their employer's kitchen. These are minor details, perhaps, but neverthe- less they count for much in the lives of women who earn their own living, and anything, how- ever small, that tends to raise one’s self respect, 24 HOUSEWORK is worthy of consideration. Perhaps, too, while the word “servant” (a noble word enough in its history and its moral connotation) carries with it a stigma, a sense of degradation, among the working women, it should be avoided. Briefly summed up, then, the present disad- vantages of housework compared with work in factories, stores, and offices, are as follows: Enforced separation from one’s family. Loss of personal freedom. Lack of promotion. - TJnlimited hours of work. No day of rest each week. Non-observance of legal holidays. Loss of caste. In the present comparison of housework with work in factories, stores, and offices, a recital of the advantages of domestic Service, even under the present method of housekeeping, must not be omitted, for such advantages are important, al- though unfortunately they do not outweigh the present disadvantages. To the Woman whose home ties have been dis- rupted by death or discord, and to the newly ar- DISADVANTAGES OF HOUSEWORK 25 rived immigrant especially, housework is a great boon, inasmuch as besides good wages, all meals and a room to sleep in are given her. More- over housework is the only form of labor where unskilled work can command high Wages. This, however, is much more fortunate for the em- ployee than for her employer. Housework in itself is certainly not worse than any other kind of manual work in which women are engaged; it is often more interesting and less fatiguing. It also helps a Woman more than any other occupation to prepare herself for her natural sphere of life: — that of the home maker. A girl who has spent several years in a well ordered family helping to do the housework, is far better fitted to run her own home intelli- gently and on economic lines than a girl who has spent the same number of years behind a counter, or working in a factory or an office. Again, work in a private house is infinitely more desirable, from the point of view of the in- fluence of one's surroundings, than daily labor in a factory or store. The variety of domestic duties, the freedom of moving about from one 26 - EIOUSEWORK room to another, of sitting or standing to do one's work, are much to be preferred to the work that compels the worker to stand or sit in one place all day long. If it be admitted, then, that housework is in itself a desirable and suitable occupation for women who must earn their living by manual labor, it can not be the work itself, but the con- ditions surrounding it that make it so distaste- ful to the modern working woman. EPART II BUSINESS PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO EHOUSEWORK Living Outside place of employment. Housework limited to eight hours a day. Housework limited to six days a week. The observance of legal holidayS. Extra pay for Overtime. LIVING OUTSIDE PLACE OF EMPLOYMENT LIVING OUTSIDE PLACE OF EMPLOYMENT THERE are many housewives who are very much opposed to the adoption of a plan enabling household employees to live outside their place of employment. They claim that it is Wiser to keep them under constant supervision day and night in order to prevent the introduction of dis- ease or the acquisition of bad habits. There is more risk of disease being introduced into the home, and of bad habits being con- tracted by allowing one’s children to associate with other children in schools, public or private, and by letting them play in the streets and pub- lic parks, where they mingle with more or less undesirable companions, than by having the housework performed by employees who come each day to their work and return to their homes at night when their duties are over. Neverthe- less no sensible parents would keep their chil- dren shut up in the house, only allowing them to go out of doors for a few hours once a week, 31 32 EIOUSEWORK for fear of contagion or contamination, and yet this is just what the housewife has been doing for years with her household employees under the firm impression that she was protecting them - as well as herself. Present statistics, however, upon the morality and immorality of Women who belong to what is at present termed the “servant class,” prove only too clearly that the “protection ” provided by the employer's home does not protect. The shelter thus given serves too often to encourage a life of deception, especially as in reality the housewife knows but little of what takes place “below stairs.” - The “servants’ quarters” are, as a rule, far enough away from the other rooms of the house for much to transpire there without the knowl- edge of the “mistress of the house,” but who has not heard her complain of the misconduct of her employees? Startling discoveries have been made at the most unexpected times and from the most unexpected quarters. One lady found her maid was in the habit of going out at night after the family had retired, and leaving the front door LIVING OUTSIDE º 33 unlocked in order to regain admittance in the early morning without arousing the family. Another housewife discovered one day that her cook’s husband, whose existence until then was unknown, had been coming for several months to her house for his dinner. Every householder finds that in the late evening her “servants’ en- tertain their numerous “cousins” and friends at her expense. Moreover, they do not hesitate to use the best china, glass, and silver for special parties and draw upon the household supplies for the choicest meats and wines. And because they cannot go out in the day time, it is not un- usual to find some friend or relative comes to spend the entire day with them, and in conse- quence the housewife not only feeds her “help ?” but a string of hangers-on as well. Why should she be surprised that she does not get an ade- quate return for the amount of money she spends? And these things take place, not only during the temporary absence of the employer, but even while she is sitting peacefully in the library and listening to a parlor lecture on the relations-of capital and labor. - 34 - -- . EIOUSEWORK Women say tearfully or bravely on such occa- Sions: “What can be done to make servants better? They are getting worse every day.” And the housewife (one might almost call her by Samuel Pepys's pleasing phrase, “the poor wretch ‘’) then pours out to any sympathetic ear endless recitals of aggravating, worrying, nerve- racking experiences. Instead of putting an end to such a regrettable state of affairs that would never be tolerated by any business employer, she seems content to bewail her fate and clings still more steadfastly to obsolete methods. Why does she not adopt the methods of the business man in dealing with his employees? The advisability of having household employees live outside their place of employment is so ap- parent that it ought to appeal to every one. There would be no longer the necessity of putting aside and of furnishing certain rooms of the house for their accommodation : a practice which in the majority of families is quite a serious in- convenience and always an expense. In small homes where only one maid is kept, it may not make much difference to give up one room to her, LIVING OUTSIDE 35 but where several employees are needed, it means very often that many rooms must be used as sleeping apartments for them, frequently too a sitting room or a special dining room is given them. This is not all, for the rooms must be furnished and kept clean and warm, and sup- plied with an unlimited amount of gas and elec- tricity. In many families the boarding and lodg- ing of household employees cause as much anx- .iety and expense to the housewife as to provide for her own family. And why does she do it? Why does she con- sent to take upon herself so much extra trouble for nothing? For, although she offers good food and a bed besides excellent wages to all who work for her, she is the most poorly served of all em- ployers to-day. In the great feudal castles of the Middle Ages it was not deemed safe for women to venture forth alone, even in the daytime, and so those engaged in housework were naturally compelled to live under their Master's roof, eating at his table and sitting “below the salt.” But the Master and the Serf of feudal times disappeared 36 EIOUSEWORK long ago, only the Mistress and her “servants” remain. - To-day, however, “servants’ no longer sit at their employer's table; they remain in the kitchen, where as a rule they are given to eat what is left from the family meals. Some house. wives, from motives of kindness and considera- tion for the welfare of those in their employ, have special meals prepared for them and served in a dining-room of their own at hours which do not conflict with the meals of the family. But this does not always meet with gratitude or even due appreciation; the disdainful way in which Bridget often complains of the food too gener- ously provided for her is well known. A chambermaid came one day to her employer and said she did not wish to complain but thought it better to say frankly that she was not satisfied with what she was getting to eat in her house: she wanted to have roast beef for dinner more often, at least three or four times a week, for she did not care to eat mutton, nor steak, and never ate pork, nor could she, to quote LIVING OUTSIDE - 37 her own words “ fill up on bread and vegetables as the other girls did in the kitchen.” Then, and only then, did her employer wake up with a start to the realization of the true posi- tion every housewife occupies in the eyes of her household employees. They evidently regard her in the light of a caterer; she does the market- ing not only for her family but for them too. She pays a cook high wages, not only to cook meals for herself and family, but for her em- ployees also. " . For the first time in her life, this housewife asked herself the following questions: Why should she allow her household employees to live in her house? Why should she consent to board them at her expense? Why should she continue to place at their disposal a bedroom each, a private bathroom, a sitting room or a dining room? Why should she allow them to make use of her kitchen and laundry to do their own personal washing, even providing them with soap and starch, irons and an ironing board, fuel and gas? Why should she do all this for them 38 EIOUSEWORK when no business employer, man or woman, ever does it? Was it simply because her mother, her grandmother, her great-grandmother had been in the habit of doing it? This awakening was the beginning of the end of all the trouble and expense which she had en- dured for so many years in connection with the boarding and lodging of her “servants.” To- day she has no “servants'; she has household employees who come to her house each day, just as other employees go each day to their place of employment. They take no meals in her house, and her housekeeping expenses have diminished as much as her own comfort has increased. EIer employees are better and more efficient than any she ever had under the old régime, and nothing could persuade her to return to her former meth- ods of housekeeping. - - The cost of providing meals for domestic em- ployees varies according to the mode of living of each individual family, and of late it has been the subject of much discussion. Some important details, however, seem to be generally over- looked, for the cost of the food is the only LIVING OUTSIDE 39 thing usually considered by the average house- wife. To this first expense must be added the cost of pots and pans for cooking purposes; even under careful management, kitchen utensils are bound to wear out and must be replaced. Then there is the cost of the extra fuel or gas or elec- tricity required to cook the food, nor must one forget to count the extra work of the cook to pre- pare the meals, and of the kitchen maid or of some other maid to wash up the dishes after each meal served to employees. There is also the ex- pense of buying kitchen plates and dishes, glasses, cups and saucers, knives and forks, etc. Every housewife is in the habit of providing kitchenware for the use of her employees. The total sum of all these items would aston- ish those who think that the actual expense of giving meals to household employees is not a very great one and is limited to the cost of the food they eat; even this last expense is consid- erably augmented by the careless and wasteful way in which provisions are generally handled by those who do not have to pay for them. When Ways and means are discussed among housewives 40 HOUSEWORK to reduce the present “high cost of living,” it would be well to advise all women to try the ex- periment of having their household employees live outside their place of employment. The re- sult from an economic point of view alone is amazing, and the relief it brings the housewife who is no longer obliged to provide food and sleeping accommodations for her employees is so great that one Wonders why she has been willing to burden herself with these responsibilities for So many years. There was once a time when women did not go out alone to eat in a restaurant, but to-day one sees about as many women as men eating their midday meal in public. If women engaged in general business prove themselves thus capable of self care, there seems to be no reason why household employees, who often receive higher Wages than shop girls and stenographers, should not be able to do the same. They would enjoy their meals more outside, albeit the food given them in their employer's house is undoubtedly of a better quality; the change of surroundings and the opportunity of meeting friends, of leav- LIVING OUTSIDE 41 ing their work behind them, would compensate them. In any event, it is clearly proved by the scarcity of women applying for positions in pri- vate houses that these two advantages only to be obtained in domestic labor — board and lodg- ing — do not attract the Working woman of the present day. The joy of eating the bread of independence is an old and deeply rooted feeling. There is an ancient fable of AEsop about the Dog and the Wolf which portrays this sentiment in a very quaint and delightful manner. (Sir Roger l’Es- trange's translation.) TEIE DOG AND TELE WOLF There was a Hagged Carrion of a Wolf, and a Jolly Sort of a Gentile Dog, with Good Flesh upon’s Back, that fell into Company together upon the King's High-Way. The Wolf was won- derfully pleas'd with his Companion, and as In- quisitive to Learn how he brought himself to That Blessed State of Body. Why, says the Dog, I keep my Master’s House from Thievés, and I have very Good Meat, Drink, and Lodging 42 HOUSEWORK for my pains. Now if you’ll go along with Me, and do as I do, you may fare as I fare. The Wolf Struck up the Bargain, and so away they Trotted together: But as they were Jogging on, the Wolf spy’d a Bare Place about the Dog's Neck where the Hair was worn off. Brother (says he) how comes this I prethee? Oh, That's Nothing, says the Dog, but the Fretting of my Collar a little. Nay, says T'other, if there be a Collar in the Case, I know Better Things than to sell my Liberty for a Crust. * THE MORAL . . . . 'Tis a Comfort to have Good Meat and Drink at Command, and Warm Lodging: But Eſe that sells his Freedom for the Cramming of . his Belly, has but a Hard Bargain of it. In modern business enterprises, there is hardly a single instance of an employer who is will- ing to board his employees, nor would he con- sider for a moment the proposition of allowing them to remain at their place of employment all night and of providing sleeping accommoda- LIVING OUTSIDE 43 tions for them. Neither in consideration of bon- efiting them, nor with the view of benefiting him- self by thus making sure of having them on hand for work early the next morning, would he ever consent to such an arrangement. When he needs some one to watch over his interests in the night time, he engages a night Watchman, a very much more economical plan than to pro- wide lodging for all his employees. Why should the housewife be the only em- ployer to assume the burden of a double responsi- bility toward her employees? Perhaps in the country, where it might be impossible for them to live outside her home, such a necessity might arise, but in cities and suburban towns, there is absolutely no valid reason why household em- ployees should sleep, eat, and live under their employer's roof. It is a custom only, and truly a custom that would be “more honored in the breach than in the observance.” HOUSEWORK LIMITED TO EIGHT EIOURS A. DAY HOUSEWORK LIMITED TO EIGHT HOURS A DAY IN the home Woman's Work is said to be never ended. If this be true, it is the fault of the Woman who plans the work, for in all the posi- tions of life, work can be carried on indefinitely if badly planned. It is the essential thesis of this little volume that the domestic labor of Women should be lim- ited to a fixed number of hours per day in pri- vate houses. It is not unusual at the present day for a Woman to work twelve, or fourteen hours a day, or even longer, when she earns her living as a household employee. A man’s mental and phys- ical forces begin to wane at the end of eight, nine, or ten hours of constant application to the same work, and a woman’s strength is not greater than a man’s. The truth of the proposition, ab- stractly considered, has been long acknowledged and nowadays requires no argument. 47 48 HousBWORK When a woman accepts a position in business, she is told exactly how many hours a day she must work, but when a woman is engaged to fill a domestic position in a family, the number of hours she is expected to give her employer is never specified. She is simply told that she must be on duty early in the morning before the family arises, and that she may consider herself off duty as soon as the family for whom she is working has withdrawn for the night. 'Is it surprising that under such conditions working women are not very enthusiastic over the domestic proposi- tion to-day? - A household employee ought to have her hours of work as clearly defined as if she were a busi- ness employee, and there is no reason why the eight-hour labor law could not be applied as suc- cessfully to housework as to any other enter- prise. - Work in business is generally divided into two periods. Yet this division can not always be effected, and in railroad and steamship posi- tions, in post offices, upon trolley lines, in hotels, in hospitals, and in other cases too nu- EIGHT EIOURS A DAY 49 merous to mention, where work must follow a continuous round, the working hours are divided into more than two periods, according to the na- ture of the Work and the interests of the em- ployer, not however exceeding a fixed number of hours per day or per week. It would be far better for the housewife as well as for her employees, if the housework were lim- ited in a similar way. But with the introduction of the eight-hour law in the home, certain new conditions would have to be rigidly enforced in Order to ensure success. : Firstly, the employee should be made to un- derstand that during the eight hours of work agreed upon, she must be engaged in actual work for her employer. Secondly, when an employee is off duty, she should not be allowed to remain with or to talk to the other employee or employees who are still on duty. When her work is finished, she ought to leave her employer’s house. The non-observ- ance of either of these two points produces a de- moralizing effect. - Thirdly, a general knowledge of cooking, and 50 - EIOUSEWORK serving meals, of cleaning and taking proper care of the rooms of a house, of attending cor- rectly to the telephone and the door bell, of sew- ing, of washing and ironing, and of taking care of children, should be insisted upon from all household employees. t There are many housewives who will state that this last condition is impossible, that it is ask- ing too much from one employee; and since it is hard to-day to find a good cook, it will be still harder to find one who understands other house- hold work as well. But those who jump to these conclusions have never tried the experiment. It is not only possible but practicable. Judging from the ordinary intelligence dis- played by the average cook and housemaid in the majority of private homes to-day, it ought not to seem incredible that the duties of both could be easily mastered by young women of ordinary abil- ity. A woman who knows how to prepare and cook a meal, may easily learn the correct Way of serving it, and the possession of this knowl- edge ought not to prevent her from being capable EIGHT HOURS A DAY 51. of sweeping a room, or making a bed, or taking Care of children. It is above all in families where only a few employees are kept, that the housewife will quickly realize how much it is to her immediate advantage to employ Women who know how to do all kinds of housework, instead of having those who make a specialty of one particular branch. The specialization of Work in private houses has been carried to such an extreme that it has " ' become one of the greatest drawbacks to success- ful housekeeping in small families. Under this system of specialization, a household employee is not capable in emergency of taking up satis- factorily the work of another. Even if she be able to do it, she often professes ignorance for fear it may prolong her own hours of labor, or because, as she sometimes frankly admits, she does not consider it “her place.” The chamber- maid does not know how to cook, the cook does not know how to do the chamberwork, the wait- ress, in her turn, can do neither cooking nor chamberwork, and the annoyance to the whole 52 ; - HOUSEWORK family caused by the temporary absence of one of its regular employees is enough to spoil for the time being all the traditional comforts of home. In hotels and public institutions, and in large private establishments, where the work demands a numerous staff of employees, the specialization of the work is the only means for its successful accomplishment, but in the average home re- quiring from one to four or five employees no system could be worse from an economic point of view, nor less conducive to the comfort of the family. - Specialization produces another bad effect, for it prevents the existence of the feeling of equality among employees in the same house. Each “specialist" speaks rather disparagingly of the other's work, regardless of the relative position her own special “art” may occupy to the unprejudiced mind. An amusing instance of this was recently shown at a country place near New York, when “the lady of the manor.” asked a friend to send- some one down from the city to help with the EIGHT EIOURS A DAY i 53 housework during the temporary absence of her maid. The friend could not find any one at the domestic employment agencies willing to go, but at last through the Charity Organization So- ciety, she heard of a woman temporarily out of employment, who had been frequently employed as scrubwoman on the vacation piers. When the work was offered her, she accepted it immedi- ately. Arriving at her new employer's house, she began at once to scrub the floors, and when the work was completed, she sat on a chair and took no further notice of anything. The next day, having no more floors to scrub, the same general lack of interest was manifested. She was asked to Wash the dishes after dinner. She replied that she was not used to “dishwashing,” and did not know how to do it. She was per- suaded, however, to make the attempt, but per- formed her new task very reluctantly. The fol- lowing morning she said she felt “lonely" and would return at once to the city. As the train came in sight to bear her back to her accustomed surroundings, she gave a snort of relief, and ex- claimed: “I’m a scrubwoman, I am. I ain’t 54 - HousBWORK going to do no fancy dishwashing, no, not for no one ; I’m a scrubwoman.” And she clambered up into the train with the alacrity of a Woman whose dignity had received a hard blow. The above illustration is typical of the spirit subjected to the system of specialization, and shows how unwise it is to encourage it in the home where all branches of housework could be easily made interchangeable. Under the new system of limiting housework to eight hours a day, the housewife must insist that all applicants be willing and able to per- form any part of the housework she may assign, and their duties ought not to be specified other- wise than by the term HOUSEWORK. The em- ployee who refuses to wait on the table dur. ing the absence of the waitress, or to cook, or to do the laundry work, or to answer the tele- - phone, or to carry packages from her employ- er's automobile to the library, because she does not consider it “her place to do these things,” should be instantly discharged. These very important conditions being under- stood and conceded, the choice and arrangement EIGHT HOURs A DAY 55 of the eight hours’ work must necessarily lie with each individual housewife. Each family is dif- ferent and has different claims upon its time. The “rush hours ” Of Social life are SOmetimes in the evening, and sometimes in the afternoon, and again in some families, especially where there are small children, the breakfast hour seems the most complicated of the day. All these details have to be carefully thought of when making an eight hour schedule. At the end of this book a set of schedules is placed. Any in- telligent housewife can understand them, imi- tate them, and in many instances improve them. They are merely given as elementary examples. According to the number of employees she en- gages, the housewife will have eight, sixteen, or twenty-four hours of work to distribute among them, and to meet her peculiar needs she will find it necessary at the outset to devote some hours to a satisfactory scheme. After testing several, she will probably have to begin all over again before she finally succeeds in evolving one that is available. But the problem is interest. ing in itself, and always admits of a solution, 56 HOUSEWORK It may not be amiss to make this final sugges- tion for the woman who is willing to give the new plan a fair trial: she should follow the ex- ample of the business man when he is in need of new employees, and advertise for help, stat- ing hours of work, and requesting that all ap- plications be made by letter. This disposes rap- idly of the illiterate, and in the majority of cases, a woman who writes a good, legible, and accurate hand, is more apt to be efficient in her work than one who sends in a dirty, careless, ill-expressed and badly spelled application. Through adver- tising one comes into touch with many women it would be impossible to reach otherwise. It is also the most advantageous way of bringing the employer and employee together, inasmuch as it dispenses entirely with the services of a third person, who, naturally can not be expected to offer gratuitous service. The plan of limiting housework to eight hours a day is not an idle theory; it has been in suc- cessful operation for several years. Yet it is not easy to change the habit of years. There are many housewives who would loudly declare EIGEIT EIOURS A DAY 57 it impossible to conform to such business rules in the household; and many of the older genera- tion of cooks and housemaids would agree. But When such a plan has been generally adopted, the domestic labor problem will be solved, and it does not appear that in the present state of so- cial organization, it can be solved in any other Way. Housework LIMITED TO SIX T)AYS A WEEK HOUSEWORK LIMITED TO SIX DAYS A WEEK UNDER the present system of housekeeping, there is not one day out of the three hundred and sixty-five that a domestic employee has the right to claim as a day of rest, not even a legal holiday. It is remarkable that this fact, showing so forcibly one of the greatest disadvantages con- nected with housework, should attract so little attention. No One seems to care about the fate of the “servant girl,” as she is so often disdain- fully called. During six days of the week she Works on the average fourteen hours a day, but no one stops to notice that she is tired. On the seventh day, instead of resting as every other employee has the right to do, her work is merely reduced to nine, eight, or perhaps seven hours; and yet she needs a day of rest as much as every other woman who earns her bread. The rights of the domestic employee are ignored on all sides 61 (52 Ar HOUSEWORK apparently. In public demonstrations of dis- satisfaction between employers and employees the most oppressed class of the working people — the women who do housework — has never yet been represented. This is probably due to two causes: the first is because Women dissatisfied with housework are rapidly finding positions in business where they enjoy rights and privileges denied them in domestic labor; and the second is because the great majority of Women engaged in house- work are foreign-born. These women learn Quickly to understand and speak English, but they do not often read, and write it, and as they are kept in close confinement in their employ- er's house, they have rarely the opportunity of hearing about the emancipation of the mod- ern working woman. Most of them are of a very humble origin, and being debarred from business positions on account of their ignorance and inexperience, they are thankful to earn money in any kind of employment regardless of the length of working hours. Their children, however, who are American SIX DAYS A WEEK (33 born and enjoy better educational advantages, do not follow in their footsteps when the time comes for them to earn their living. They be- come stenographers, typewriters, dressmakers, milliners, shirt waist makers, cash-girls, Sales- Women, etc.; in fact any occupation where work is limited to a fixed number of hours a day and confined to six days a week, is considered more desirable than housework. The result is that the housewife is compelled to take for her em- ployees only those who are rejected by every other employer; the capable, independent, intel- ligent American Woman is hardly ever seen in domestic service. In Washington, D. C., a law (the La Follette Eight Hour Law for Women in the District of Columbia) was recently passed limiting to eight hours a day and six days a Week practically all work in which women are industrially em- ployed; “hotel servants’ are included under the provisions of this law, but “domestic servants in private homes" are expressly excluded. f If this new law be considered a just and hu- mane measure for Women Who are business em- 64 HOUSEWORK ployees, and if business houses be compelled to observe it, one naturally wonders why it should not prove to be an equally just and humane law for women who work in private families, and Why should not the home be compelled to ob- serve it too? Instead of being a barrier to prog- ress, the home ought to coöperate with the state in the enforcement of laws for the amelioration of the condition of Working Women. The home, being presided over by a Woman, presumably of some education and intelligence, should be a most fitting place in which to apply a law de- signed to protect women against excessive hours Of labor. Why should housework in private homes be an exception to all other work? Is it because some housewives say, in self justification and frequently without an accurate knowledge of What it is to do housework Week after Week with- Out One day’s release, that housework is easier than other work? Is it easier? Is it not some- times harder? However, it is not a question of housework being harder or easier than other Work, but of the desirability of having it limited SIX DAYS A WEEK 65 to eight hours a day and six days a week. Why should the housewife be allowed to remain in such a state of apathy in regard to the physical Wel- fare of her household employees? “Six days shalt thou labor ’’ has all the sanc- tion of scripture, of morals, and of common ex- perience. It is only fair that women who work in private families should have one day out of seven as a day of rest, even as their more fortu- nate sisters in the business world. If by adopt- ing such a law in the home the housewife found that her work was performed far more efficiently and willingly than at present, would it not be as much to her advantage as to the advantage of those she employs to limit the hours of household labor to six days a week? Many housewives may object to this proposition inasmuch as the work in a home can not be suspended even for a day. But when two or more employees work in a pri- vate home, it is very easy to plan the housework so that each employee may have a different day of the week as a “ day of rest,” without the com- fort of the family being disturbed by the tem- porary absence of one of the employees. It is 66 ~, EIOUSEWORK only in families where one employee is kept that it may make a very serious difference to the . housewife when her “maid-of-all-work” is away for one entire day each week. Nevertheless the comfort of an employer ought not to outweigh justice to an employee. - There are many ways of regulating the house- work, as will be seen in the schedules at the end of this book, in order to give one day of freedom each week to household employees without caus- ing much inconvenience to the housewife. By continuing to refuse this privilege to women em- ployed in domestic, labor, housekeeping is be- coming more and more complicated. Already it is such a common occurrence in some cities and in many parts of the country, not to find any woman Willing to do housework, that many housewives are beginning to think that their fu- ture comfort in all household matters Will de- pend entirely upon new labor saving devices and upon the help of the community rather than upon the increased knowledge and skill of domestic employees. - There exists a prevailing impression; too, that SIX DAYS A WEEE 67 housework has lost its dignity, and that at this period of the world’s social history, it is impos- sible to restore it for Women have stepped above it. But this is not true. The fact is that house- work has remained stationary while other work has gained in freedom and dignity. Without noisy protestations, or indignant speeches deliv- ered in public, women have slowly and silently, one by one, deserted housework as a career on ac- count of the narrowing, servile, and unjust con- ditions inseparable from it at the present day. Let these conditions be removed and new regula- tions based upon modern business principles take their place, and then it will be seen that house- work has never lost its dignity, and the very Women who abandoned it will be the first to choose it again as a means of earning their liveli- hood. - As a proof of this, the following experience may be cited of a New Work woman who wished to obtain a domestic employee for general house- work. She went to several employment agencies and at the end of a week she had seen four ap. plicants; three were foreigners and spoke Eng- 6S - HOUSEWORK lish so brokenly that they could never have been left in charge of a telephone. Not one of the four was worth considering after investigating their references, and these were the only women she could find Willing to do general housework. Upon the advice of a friend, the perplexed house- wife advertised in one of the daily newspapers, but only a few women applied for the position and these were far from being satisfactory. She then inserted another advertisement expressed in the following words: “Wanted: a young woman to help with housework, eight hours a day, six days a week, sleep home. Apply by letter only.” This last clause was added to prevent any one from applying for the position who Could not Write English, as it was absolutely necessary that the person engaged to do the housework should be capable of attending correctly to the telephone. On the same day the advertisement appeared, eighty-five applications by letter were received, and twenty more came the following day. All who wrote expressed their Willingness to fill the position of a domestic employee and to SIX DAYS A WEEK 69 do anything in the way of housework under the new conditions specified in the advertisement. Only one stated she would do no washing. Many who replied to this advertisement had occupied positions, which according to the present stand- ard, were far superior to housework; many, too, were married women, experienced in all house- hold work, and most anxious to accept a position in a private family, a position that did not break up their own home life. - The housewife was bewildered by the unex- pected result of her advertisement: the tables were turned at last. Instead of being one of many looking in vain for a good domestic em- ployee, she found that she had now the advan- tage of being able to choose from more than a hundred applicants one who would best suit her own peculiar needs. The same advertisement has been inserted at different times and has always brought the same remarkable result: from One hundred to one hundred and sixty answers each time. If is true that all who present themselves may not 70 HOUSEWORK be efficient, but efficiency speedily comes to the front. When upon it alone depends a desirable position. - Two very important facts came to light through the help of this advertisement; one was to find so many women eager to do housework when it was limited to eight hours a day and six days a week, and the other was to hear that they were Willing to board and lodge themselves, as well as work, for the same wages that “servants '' are accustomed to receive, although to the latter the housewife invariably gives gratis all food and sleeping accommodations. These two facts alone prove beyond a doubt that by applying business principles to housework all objections to it as a means of earning a livelihood are removed. It is quite likely that for a time the old fash. ioned “mistress,” and the old fashioned “serv. ant” will continue to cling to past customs; but once it is proved that domestic labor limited to eight hours a day and six days a week, brings a better, more intelligent, more efficient class of employees to the home, the most obdurate em- ployer will change her mind. SIX DAYS A WEEK 71 No legislation is needed. If all who are try- ing to solve the “servant question ” will begin to practice the new plan in their own homes, the future will take care of itself and the old ways Will die a natural death, THE OBSERVANCE OF LEGAL BIOLIDAYS IN TEIE EIOME THE OBSERVANCE OF LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN THE EHOME THE pleasure brought by the advent of a holi- day into the lives of the working people can hardly be overestimated, and it is doubtful if holidays would ever have become legalized had they not proved of distinct value to the masses. To have one day each week free from the steady grind of one’s daily work is a great relief, but to have a holiday is something still better, for it usually means a day set apart for general re- joicing. Why do all housewives persistently disregard the right of the household employee to have legal holidays? The reason generally brought for- ward is that many families need their employees more on a holiday than on any other day. In many cases this is quite true on account of family reunions or the entertaining of friends, but very often the housewife could easily dispense with 75 76 EIOUSEWORK the services of her employees on a holiday. She does not do it, however, or only occasionally, be- cause it is not the custom to grant holidays to Women who work in private homes. If it be impossible, on account of the exigen- cies of home life, to grant all legal holidays to household employees, there are many different ways of planning the housework so that other days may be given instead. Sometimes the day before or the day after a holiday will give as much pleasure as the day itself. A woman who is at the head of a home has many opportunities of coming into close contact with her employees; she can easily ascertain their wishes in this re- spect and act accordingly. It is more the fact of being entitled to a holiday than to have it on a certain day that ought to be emphasized. Domestic employees would be benefited by having these extra days of liberty, just as much as all other employees. A trial is all that is necessary to show how much better a household employee will work after having a holiday. She returns to her duties with renewed strength and the knowledge that she is no longer forced to T/EGAL EIOLIDAYS 77 play the rôle of Cinderella gives her a fresh in- terest in life. Unfortunately the housewife has been accustomed for so many years to have her “servants’’ work for her all day long on every day of the week, with only a few hours off duty “on every other Sunday and on every other Thursday,” that she is rather inclined to resent such an innovation as the observance of legal holidays in domestic labor. She fails to per- ceive that by her present attitude she shows her- self in a very unfavorable light as an employer, for the lack of holidays is decidedly one of the reasons for which housework is shunned to-day. Business men have evolved a satisfactory and workable plan by which their employees are neither overworked nor deprived of all legal holi- days, although frequently the work they are en- gaged in can not be suspended day or night even for an hour. It remains for women of the leisure class, and to this class belong all those who can afford to pay to have their housework done for them, to adopt a similar plan in their homes. JEXTRA PAY FOR OVERTIME EXTRA PAY FOR OWERTIME WHEN the plan for limiting housework to eight hours a day is discussed for the first time, the following question invariably arises: What is to be done when anything unusual happens to break the routine of the regular work, as for instance, when sickness occurs, when friends arrive unexpectedly, when a dinner party is given? Sickness, of course, is unavoidable, but as a rule a trained nurse or an extra household assist- ant is called in to help. Many times, however, this is not absolutely necessary, or perhaps the family can not afford to have outside help, and the extra work caused by sickness usually falls upon the domestic employee whose hours of labor are more or less prolonged in consequence. What ought to be done in such an event? There is but one answer: Work that can not be accomplished within the regular working hours 81 82 HOUSEWORK already agreed upon should be paid for as “Overtime.” - - When it is a question of work being prolonged beyond the eight hours a day by the entertain- ing of friends, one can only say that this ought not to happen if the housewife planned her work- ing schedule carefully. She alone is responsible for her social engagements; she alone can make a schedule that will enable her to have her friends come to luncheon or dinner without prolonging the day’s work beyond the hours agreed upon be- tween herself and her employees. When friends arrive unexpectedly, however, or when a dinner party or a big social function takes place in the home, an eight hour schedule may be the cause of great inconvenience, unless a previous agreement has been made to meet just such Occasions. It is certain that some com- pensation is due to all domestic employees for the extra long hours of work caused by unusual events in the home life of their employers, and many ways have been devised already to remu- nerate them. In modern social life a custom of long stand- IEXTRA PAY - - 83 ing still exists which makes it almost compul- sory for this remuneration to come out of the pocket, not of the hostess, but of her guests. The unfortunate custom of giving “tips * is not generally criticised very openly, but when viewed in the light of reason and justice, it seems to be a very poor way of trying to remove one of the present hardships connected with domestic labor. Why should the housewife depend upon the generosity of her guests to help her pay her household employees? She never demurs at the extra expense entailed in giving luncheons and dinners in her friends’ honor, nor in taking them to places of interest and amusement. Why then should she object to giving a little more money to her household employees upon whose work the success of her hospitality so largely depends? There are many women who entertain exten- sively, but they never recompense a household em- ployee for any extra work that may be demanded from her on that account. They consider them- selves fully justified in exacting extra long hours of work because of the high wages they pay, espe- 84 - HousBWORK cially as it frequently happens that while the Work is more on some days, it is less On others, and, they think in consequence that their em- ployees have no cause for complaint. It is a mistake, however, to think that an em- ployee who is obliged to be on duty and has little or nothing to do on one day, is really compen- sated for the extra hours of Work she has been compelled to give on other days. A saleswoman who on certain days has no customers or only a few, is just as much “on duty" as if her work filled all her time, and it is the same with a do- mestic employee. Indeed it is generally con- ceded to be more irksome to remain idle at one's post than to be actively engaged in work. But on the other hand, there are many house- wives who feel that they ought to give their em- ployees more pay for extra work especially when it is connected with the entertaining of friends, and the following ways of rewarding them have been tried with more or less success. One plan that gained favor with several fami- lies was to give ten cents to the cook and ten EXTRA PAY 85 cents to the waitress every time a guest was in- vited to a meal: ten cents for each guest. At the end of a month the ten cent pieces had amounted to quite a sum of money. Another plan that was tried in a small family was to give fifty cents to the cook and fifty cents to each of the two waitresses for every dinner party that took place, regardless of the number of guests. Still another plan was to give at the end of the month, a two dollar, five dollar, or ten dollar bill to an employee who had given many extra hours of satisfactory work to her em- ployer. All these plans are good in a certain sense, in- asmuch as they show that women are awaken- ing to the realization that some compensation is due to household employees for the extra long hours of work frequently unavoidable in family life. But unfortunately these plans lack stabil- ity, for they depend altogether upon the gener- osity and kindness of different employers, in- stead of upon a just and firmly established busi- ness principle. - & S6 EIOUSEWORK And now comes the question: What method of payment for overtime will produce a perma- nently satisfactory result? The only one that appears just and is ap- plicable to all cases is to pay each employee one and a half times as much per hour for extra work as for regular work. In this way each em- ployee is paid for overtime in just proportion to the value of her regular services. For instance, when a household employee receives $20, $30, or $40 per month, that is to say $5, $7.50, or $10 per week, for working eight hours a day and six days a week, she is receiving approximately 10, 15, or 20 cents per hour for her regular work. By giving her one and one half times as much for extra work, she ought to receive 15, 22%, or 30 cents per hour for every hour she works for her employer after the completion of her regular eight hours’ work. This plan has never failed to bring satisfac- tion, and it has the advantage of placing the em- ployer and the employee on an equally delight- ful footing of independence. The performance of extra work is no longer regarded as a matter EXTRA PAY - - S7 of obligation on one side, and of concession on the other, but as a purely business transaction. Some housewives fear that the regular work would be intentionally prolonged beyond all measure if it became an established rule to pay extra for work performed overtime. This could be easily checked, however, by paying extra only for work that was necessitated by unusual events in the family life. In families where only one employee is kept, naturally the occasions for asking her to work overtime arise more frequently than in families where there are two or more employees, especially if there be small children in the family. Yet these occasions need not come very often, if the housewife bears in mind that even with only one employee, she has eight hours every day at her own disposal; she ought to plan her outside engagements accordingly. Her liberty from household cares during these eight hours can only be gained though by having efficient and trust- Worthy assistants in her home, and she can never obtain these unless she abandons her old fashioned methods of housekeeping. She must SS EIOUSEWORK X grant to household employees the same rights and privileges given to business employees; she must apply business principles to housework. A great power lies in the hands of the modern housewife, a power as yet only suspected by a few, which, if properly wielded, can raise house- work from its present undignified position to the place it ought to occupy, and that is in the fore- most rank of manual labor for Women. PART III EIGEIT EIOUR SCEIEDULES IN TELE EIOME Eight hour schedules for One employee. Eight hour schedules for two employees. Eight hour schedules for three employees. EIGEIT EIOUR SCEIEDULES FOR ONE - EMPLOYEE EIGHT HOUR SCHEDULES FOR ONE EMPLOYEE THE schedules given in the following pages have been in actual practice for a sufficient length of time to prove that they can be relied on to produce satisfactory results, although no doubt many housewives will find that some of them must be modified to meet special requirements in their homes. Two very important points must always be borne in mind in order to obtain the greatest ad- vantage from an eight hour schedule, especially in families where only one employee is engaged to do the housework. The first point is this: the housewife ought only to make her working schedule after she has carefully studied her own comfort and conveni- ence in regard to the hours she considers the most important of the day for her to have help in her housework. * The second point is for the housewife to re- 93 94 EIOUSEW OREC serve for herself the entire freedom of the eight hours during which her employee is on duty, for then she can place, or she ought to be able to, the full responsibility of the housekeeping upon her employee. By adhering strictly to these two points, the housewife will soon perceive that she can dis- pense with the services of her employee for the remaining hours of the day without much in- convenience to herself or her family. She may even find it more pleasant than otherwise to be relieved from the sight and sound of household work, for at least a few hours a day, when she is in her own home. Possibly the housewife who has but one em- ployee will not accept with alacrity the proposi- tion of allowing her to be off duty for an entire day once a week, for unless she be willing to do the necessary work herself on that day, she must engage a special person to take the place of her regular employee. But many families engage a woman to come once a week to help with the washing and housecleaning, especially when they have only one household employee. If this SCHEDULES FOR ONE EMPLOYEE 95 woman came on the day the regular employee was away, she could relieve the housewife of all the housework that could not be postponed until the next day. SCHEDULE NO. I When only one employee is engaged in a pri- vale home, her services are needed more at meal time than at any other time of the day, especially if small children are in the family. As the hours for the three principal meals are about the same everywhere, the following schedule is a very use- ful One. From 7 A. M. to 10 A. M. 3 hours From 12 M. to 3 P. M. 3 hours From 6 P. M. to 8 P. M. 2 hours S hours In the morning from seven to ten o'clock, the employee had ample time to prepare and serve breakfast and wash up the dishes afterwards, and do the chamberwork. The three hours from noon until three o’clock were filled with duties that varied considerably each day. Luncheon 96 SCEIEDULES IFOR ONE EMPLOYEIC 97 was served at one o’clock; it was but a light meal easy to cook and easy to serve, therefore the time from two to three o’clock was usually devoted to ironing, or mending, or cleaning silver, or polish- ing brasses, or preparing some of the dishes in advance either for dinner that evening or for luncheon the next day. Two hours were suffi- cient to cook and serve dinner and wash up the dishes afterwards. A Woman came Once a Week, on the day the employee was off duty, to do the family washing and assist with the general house- work. She also did some of the ironing; the rest of the ironing was done the next day by the regu- lar employee. This schedule has been tested, not merely once for a few months, but several times, and not with the same employee, but with different employees, and it has always been most satisfactory. It may seem doubtful to those who have never had their housework done on schedule time that the work can be completed in the time stated, but the greatest incentive that an employee can have to work quickly and well, is to know that hér position is as good as any she can find else- 98 EIOUSEWORK where, and that when her work is over she is free to do exactly as she pleases with the remainder of her time. SCHEDUILE NO. II The following schedule is very different from the preceding one, inasmuch as the housewife did not consider it necessary for her employee to be on duty in the middle of the day. There were no children in this family and as the housewife was alone in the day time, she very frequently Went out for luncheon. She concluded there- fore that it was the best time of the day for her to dispense with the services of her employee, whose working hours were arranged thus: From 7:30 A. M. to 11:30 A. M. 4 hours From 4:30 P. M. to 8:30 P. M. 4 hours 8 hours By half past eleven in the morning, all the usual housework was finished, and the employee went home; she returned at half past four in the afternoon, in time to attend to five o'clock' 99 * A A 100 EIOUSEWORK tea and dinner. Once a week, on alternate Sat- urdays and Sundays, she had a “ day of rest.” On these days the housewife got breakfast ready herself, after which she did as much or as little of the regular work as she chose. It is not diffi- Cult to reduce housework to a minimum on special occasions. The family, which was a small one, consisting of three adults, usually went out to dinner on these alternate Saturdays and Sundays. SCHEDULE NO. III In this schedule, the employee's work is di- vided into two periods, with one hour for rest between. The family consisted of a man and his wife, who lived in an apartment. The hours of Work were as follows: From 12 M. to 3 P. M. 3 hours From 4 P. M. to 9 P. M. 5 hours 8 hours The housewife was very fond of entertaining, and she chose an employee who was an excellent cook and a very good waitress. In consequence she was able to place the entire responsibility of luncheons and dinners on her, and on days when no guests were present all the house-cleaning was done. As the employee did not report on duty before noon, the housewife was obliged to get breakfast herself. However this was a 101 102 EIOUSEWORK very simple matter, for her employee always set the table for breakfast the night before. The next morning it was very easy for the housewife, With the aid of an electric heater on the break- fast table, to heat the cereal, boil the water for the coffee, and broil the bacon or scramble the eggs, or indeed to prepare any of the usual break- fast dishes. The employee did all the Washing, ironing and mending each week, and although she came to her work only at noon, she accomplished as much work during her eight hours as if she began earlier in the day. SCHEDULE NO. IV Many schedules were tried before a really sat- isfactory one was finally chosen for a family of six: mother, father, four small children. The eldest child was seven years old, and there was only one household employee to help with the work. They lived in the country, and breakfast had to be served promptly at 7:30 A. M., on ac- count of taking the early morning train to town. Naturally, with only one employee, the house- wife was compelled to do some of the housework herself, and until the following schedule was adopted, she had been in the habit of rising early, dressing the children, and getting breakfast ready herself. Her employee arrived later in the day and remained until after dinner at night. The comfort and general welfare of the mother were increased to such a remarkable degree by the new schedule, however, that it is well worth special attention. 103 104 EIOUSEWORK The hours Were as follows: From 6:30 A. M. to 10:30 A. M. 4 hours From 11:30 A. M. to 3:30 P. M. 4 hours 8 hours Immediately upon arriving at the house, the employee went to the children and took complete charge of all of them. The two oldest dressed themselves, but of course the other two required help. After dressing them, she prepared break- fast. The cereal was always cooked the day be- fore, and as a gas stove was used for cooking purposes, it was not hard to have breakfast ready promptly every morning at 7:30. Then the employee, having had her own breakfast be- fore leaving her home, worked steadily until 10:30 A. M. During this time, the only work the mother felt she ought to do was to go out with her two youngest children; the other two went to school. She was always home again by 10:30, When her employee stopped working. The em- ployee lived too far away to go home for lunch, and as there was no place in the neighborhood SCHEDULES FOR ONE EMPLOYEE 105 where she could go for lunch, she always brought it with her and ate it in her employer's house. During the hour she was off duty, the mother attended to some household duties herself, and she also bathed the two children, and put them to bed for their morning nap. At 11:30, her employee reappeared on duty, and took full charge of the house and children until 3:30 P. M.; her work for the day was then Over and she went home. This schedule makes the mother stay home after half past three, but by that time all the real housework had been done by her employee. To give the children their supper and to put them to bed leisurely, was much easier work than to rise early and dress them hurriedly in the morning, and to get breakfast ready for the entire family. It was not much trouble to get dinner herself in the evening for her husband and herself only. The house was quiet, the children asleep, and there was no necessity of hurrying as in the morning. When she wished to give a dinner party, or to receive her friends, or to go to any entertainment in the afternoon 106 HOUSEWORK after 3:30, she asked her employee to give her extra hours of work for which she paid extra. Once a week her employee had a “ day of rest,” and on this day another Woman was engaged to take her place. This schedule enabled the mother to have many hours each day absolutely free from the children and household cares. EIGHT EIOUR SCEIEDULES FOR TWO * EMPLOYEES EIGHT HOUR SCHEDULES FOR TWO EMIPLOYEES IT is much easier to plan an eight hour sched- ule for two employees than for one, and there is no limit to the number of different ways in which the sixteen hours of work may be di- vided, subdivided, and arranged to please the individual housewife. With two employees, it is no longer necessary for the housewife to 1.e- main at home while one is off duty, even for an hour, for one relieves the other without any cessation of work. Even on the seventh day, “the day of rest,” the housewife can always ar- range to have her work done without doing it herself, in spite of the absence of one of her em- ployees. When a schedule is finally agreed upon, how- ever, it must be rigidly enforced, for it is more important to keep to the hours specified when there are two employees than when there is only one. Although the housewife may be tempted I09 110 HOUSEWORK to claim the privilege of changing her hours very often to please herself, since she is the employer, if she value her peace of mind, she will refrain from doing it. Only when the inevitable, the unforeseen, occurs should she make a change in her regular schedule. When one employee is off duty all day, the other employee can remain on duty the entire day; naturally this plan necessi- tates more than eight hours of work on that day, probably two or three more hours, but if on the day after or the day before, the employee be al- lowed to work two or three hours less than eight hours, the average of eight hours a day and six days a week is maintained. Another example of what the housewife can do when one of her employees is off duty the entire day, is to make her other employee follow sched- ule No. 1. This enables her to keep to eight hours a day and at the same time the housewife does none of the housework herself. SCHEDULE NO. W With two employees it is a wise plan to ar- range a schedule that makes the work of one employee commence the moment the work of the other ceases. This tends to promote punc- tuality without requiring special supervision on the part of the housewife. The following schedule is admirably adapted to the every day life of the average family with two employees: First Employce From 7 A. M. to 11 A. M. 4 hours From 12 M. to 4 P. M. 4 hours 8 hours Second Employee From 11 A. M. to 3 P. M. 4 hours From 4 P. M. to 8 P. M. 4 hours 8 hours 111 112 HOUSEWORK All the washing, ironing, and mending of the family were done by the two employees, and they also took care of the children when necessary. Besides being good cooks, they were both excel- lent waitresses; in consequence it made no differ- ence which one was on duty at meal time. One employee only was in charge of breakfast; she came at seven o’clock in the morning, and Worked steadily until eleven oclock, when the second employee arrived. She then went out for her lunch, returning at twelve, and remaining on duty until four o'clock in the afternoon. She was then free for the remainder of the day. The second employee, as soon as she arrived at 11 A. M., went through the house and finished any work that was not completed by the first em- ployee. She worked without stopping until 3 P. M., then went away for her lunch; she returned at 4 P. M. to relieve the first employee whose work was over at four o'clock. The second employee remained on duty until 8 P. M.; she cooked and served dinner so quickly and efficiently that the housewife who had always been accustomed to have two employees, a “cook '' and a “waitress,” schEDULES FOR Two EMPLOYEES 113 on duty for dinner every night, found to her great surprise that one efficient household em- ployee, working on schedule time, accomplished in the same time the work of two of her former “Servants.” SCHEDULE NO. WI In this Schedule the housewife Wanted both her employees to help her with her two children. With this end in view, she made all the work of the house interchange with the care of the children; in consequence when one employee was off duty, the other could always be relied on to help with the children. This proved to be a very successful schedule, for it relieved the mother from being obliged to sit in the nursery as she was compelled to do every time her former “nurse ’’ went downstairs to her meals, or had her “ afternoon off.” But when the mother wished to be with her children, and that was very often, the employee who was in the nursery at the time, left the room immediately to attend to other household duties. Both employees were on duty at 7 A. M., a most necessary arrangement where there are small children in a family. The first employee 114 SCEIEDULES FOR TWO EMPLOYEES 115 prepared and served breakfast for the family, while the other employee took full charge of the children, giving them their breakfast in the nurs- ery, and taking them out afterwards for a walk. At 10 A.M., she returned with the chil- dren, and she was then off duty for two hours. The mother generally chose this time to be with her children; if however, she had any other en- gagement, the first employee was on duty until noon and could be called upon to look after them. First Employee From 7 A. M. to 12 M. 5 hours From 5 P. M. to 8 P. M. 3 hours 8 hours Second Employee From 7 A. M. to 10 A. M. 3 hours From 12 M. to 5 P. M. 5 hours 8 hours SCHEDULE No. VII There are many families who may object to all the preceding schedules on account of the early hour in the evening for household em- ployees to be off duty. When the housewife has never had her housework done on schedule time by an efficient employee, she may well think it impossible to have the dinner dishes washed up and everything put away in order by 8 P. M. However some families do not begin dinner be. fore half past seven, or eight o'clock, or even later, but in these families, it is not unusual for the breakfast hour to be very late also. In con- sequence nothing is easier than to make a schedule for the day’s work begin late and end late, without making any other alteration in it. The following schedule, however, combines an early breakfast and a late dinner, in a family where only two employees were kept : 116 SCHEDULES FOR TWO EMPLOYEES 117 First Employee From 7 A. M. to 12 M. 5 hours From 5 P. M. to 8 P. M. 3 hours 8 hours Second Employee From 12 M. to 5 P. M. 5 hours From 7 P. M. to 10 P. M. 3 hours (or from 8 to 11 P. M.) 8 hours EIGHT HOUR SCEIEDULES FOR THREE ** EMPLOYEES EIGHT EIOUR SCHEDULES FOR THREE EMPLOYEES THE greater the number of household em- ployees, the easier it is to make a satisfactory working schedule. But the temptation to spe- cialize the work is greater, and should be care- fully guarded against. It is just as necessary with three employees as with one for the house- wife to insist that each one be capable and will- ing to do all kinds of work in the home, includ- ing sewing and taking care of children. With three employees, the housewife ought to make them take turns in cooking and serving one of the three meals each day. This enables them to become familiar with the dining room and with the different dishes for each course; it also re- moves any feeling of embarrassment which naturally might be felt by an employee who is rarely called upon to cook or serve a meal. To have an expert needlewoman in the house is a great boon to the housewife, and when she l2] 122 EIOUSEWORK bas three employees who can sew in her home, she ought to insist upon a great deal of sewing and mending being done by each one of them. It is rare that the “servant ’’ of to-day is a good sewer; in fact the housewife would hesitate to ask her to do even the ordinary mending, but when One engages household employees on an eight hour schedule, and when there are a hun- dred women to choose from, it is not hard to find several who sew well. SCHEDULE NO. VIII It is so easy to plan the housework for three employees that one schedule as an example seems quite sufficient, and the only thing that the housewife must remember is to make all the work interchangeable. First Employee From 7 A. M. to 11 A. M. 4 hours From 12 M. to 4 P. M. 4 hours 8 hours Second Employee From 11 A. M. to 3 P. M. 4 hours From 4 P. M. to 8 P. M. 4 hours 8 hours Third Employee Trom 2 P. M. to 5 P. M. 3 hours From 6 P. M. to 11 P. M. 5 hours 8 hours 123 CONCLUSION IN conclusion it seems that a few words are necessary about families who need the services of an employee at night as well as in the day time. There are many mothers who do not wish or who are not able to take care of their children at night, and in consequence it is absolutely necessary to have an attendant. The present custom is to have the nurse or maid sleep in the same room as the baby, or in a room adjoining the children’s bedroom, so as to be within call. But a woman who has worked all day, or even eight hours a day, should not have her sleep dis- turbed at night by taking care of children. No woman can be fit for her work the next day if she has not been able to secure the average amount of sleep necessary to health. In many cases it has been proved that when a child does not sleep well at night, the nurse has taken upon herself the responsibility of giving * 124 CONCLUSION 125 it “soothing syrup ’’ so as to keep it quiet. This is hardly to be wondered at when one con- siders the strain under which the nurse is kept day and night by taking care of a small child; besides the average nurse is generally ignorant of the harm caused by so-called “soothing syrups.” If a child be sick, the mother should call in a trained nurse, that is if she can afford it, and when she has several employees, she can usually afford this extra expense. If the child or chil- dren be well, and the mother desires some one to attend to them at night, she should engage a Woman who has no occupation during the day and who is Willing to work at night. She should make a point of choosing one who sews Well, so that the services of a seamstress might be com- bined with the duties of a night nurse. There is always some mending to do in all families and a woman who is clever with her needle might make herself very useful to her employer. Thousands of women sew by artificial light in dressmaking establishments and factories; in all * probability just as many women could be found 126 HOUSEWORK to sew by artificial light in private homes. Per- haps at first the novelty of working at night might deter women from taking a position sim- ilar to the one suggested above, but a woman who was really in need of work would not let the un- usual hours prevent her from accepting it, Many men work at night and it is not unlikely that many women would be willing to do it too. Women are not as timid as they were reputed to be in former years; they would neither scream nor faint nowadays at the sight of a little mouse scampering across the floor. Indeed quite re- cently the newspapers reported that a woman whose husband had just died had accepted the position of a night watchman, and she filled her new rôle so successfully that on one occasion she managed to seize a burglar and handed him over to a policeman. This proposition of engaging a woman to work at night is only a suggestion, however, offered to those who find it absolutely necessary to have a domestic employee in their house at night. It remains to be proved if it could be carried out successfully. CONCLUSION 127 But the great changes in housekeeping de- scribed in the preceding chapters are not mere suggestions nor theories of what might be done: each reform has already been put into actual practice. The result has been so extraordinary that one is impelled to believe that the only Way to solve the Servant Problem is to apply busi- ness principles to housework in private homes. Naturally such a revolution from methods now in vogue can not be wrought in a day, and the transitional period may be one of some diffi- culty and confusion for employer and employee alike who have spent a large portion of their lives under the old régime. But the revolution is imperative, and the ultimate benefit beyond calculation. 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