SISSON
ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR
820.5
ی هه
S619
A 919,643

ARTES
1817
SCIENTIA
LIBRARY
VERITAS
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
PLURI
KIBUS UNUM
TCEBOR
SI QUÆRIS PENINSULAM·AMŒNAM.
CIRCUMSPICE
From the Li orary of
Prof. Thomas A. Knott
820.5
5619
*
-
İ
THE
ELEMENTS
OF
Anglo-Saxon Grammar:
TO WHICH ARE ADDED
A
PRAXIS AND VOCABULARY;
BY THE
Rev. J. L. SISSON, M. A.
Of Clare-Hall, Cambridge.
LEEDS:
Printed by Benjamin Dewhirst,
AND SOLD BY LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN,
FATERNOSTER-ROW; & BLANCHARD, CITY-ROAD, LONDON;
DEIGHTON, CAMBRIDGE; AND PARKER, OXFORD.
MDCCCXIX.
.....
From the Libia.
Pay Shemas A Khatt
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Advertisement.
THE following Pages have been compiled with a view of
offering to the Public, in a compressed Form, the principal
Parts of Dr. Hickes's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, a Book now
seldom to be met with.
An increasing research into Works published during the
infancy of English Literature, and the prevailing Taste for
Antiquarian Studies, (neither of which can be successfully
pursued without a Knowledge of Anglo-Saxon) have induced
the Compiler to attempt what he has long looked for from
abler Hands.
In the Arrangement of this Work, the Plan of Dr. Valpy's
excellent Latin Grammar has been adhered to, as closely as
the peculiarities of the two Languages would permit; and
whilst brevity has been throughout consulted, obscurity has
at the same Time been carefully avoided.
A short Praxis and Vocabulary are added for the Exercise
of the Learner.
Wakefield, Nov. 1st, 1819.
ELEMENTS
OF
ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR.
GRAMMAR is the art of speaking and
writing with propriety.
The subject of Grammar is sentences;
sentences consist of words; words of syllables;
and syllables of letters.
The Anglo-Saxon letters are twenty-five.
Power.
Name.
Power.
Name.
KALAOFLA-K-8Z
a
a
B b
C
Ꭰ Ꮪ
b
P P
p
C
Q
q
q
D☺LMA - Y
d
R p
8
e
r
S
f
どん
​i or j
72
F
ph
I
K
L
k
1
in
N n
k
l
m
Other characters are,
for; a period or full stop is marked thus,
or thus, 7.; other pauses in a sentence thus, .
Note. K and Q are seldom used, but in
their stead, c, cp, or cu.
* As the Greek .
Tt
D D X p
t
th*
U u
W p
X
u or v
W
X
Y
ÿ
Y
Z z
62
and; † that;
Þ
6
Of the twenty-five letters, a, e, 1, o, u, are
vowels, the rest are consonants.
J
A vowel can sound alone. A consonant
cannot sound without a vowel, though the
Anglo-Saxons often omit the vowels, particu-
larly at the end of words, as in the following,
Nemft, Lend, Rixl.
A syllable consists of one or more letters
forming one sound.
A diphthong consists of two vowels form-
ing one syllable.
The Anglo-Saxon dipthongs are æ, œ.
A word consists of one or more syllables,
Some letters particularly vowels and diph-
thongs, are used indifferently for each other,
thus,
Æ and a, as Æc or Ac, an oak: Ecep,
or Aceɲ, a field.
A and ea, as E or Ca, water: Ec or
Єac, eternal.
Æ and œe, as Æghpen or œghper, every-
where.
Æ and y, as Ælc or Ylc, each.
Є, i, and y, as Єfel or Yfel, evil: Embe,
imbe or ymbe, about.
Consonants are also sometimes used for
each other.
B, F, and u, as Obeɲ, ofen, or ouer, over :
Ifez or iuez, ivy.
Land k, as Lyning or kýning, a king.
L and q, as Lpen or quen, a queen.
I and i consonant, as Leo or leo, formerly.
77
PARTS OF SPEECH.
The parts of speech are eight. 1. Article,
2. Noun, 3. Pronoun, 4. Verb, 5. Adverb,
6. Conjunction, 7. Preposition, and 8. Inter-
jection.
Articles, Nouns, and Pronouns are de-
clined with number, case, and gender.
There are two numbers, the singular and
the plural,
The singular speaks of one, as Smið, a smith.
The plural speaks of more than one, as
Smiðar, smiths.
There are six cases, the nominative, the
genitive, the dative, the accusative, the voca-
tive, and the ablative.
The nominative comes before the verb.
The genitive has the sign, of.
The dative has the signs, to or for.
The accusative follows the verb.
The vocative calls or addresses.
The ablative has the signs, by, from, in,
with, and than.
There are three genders, the masculine,
the feminine, and the neuter.
Articles are prefixed to nouns to denote
their gender, and are thus declined:
M.
SINGULAR.
F.
N.
N. Se reo þar.
G. þær pæne pir or þar.
D. þam þæne pam.
Ac.pone pa þat.
V.
A. þam þæɲe þam.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
N. Da.
G. þæɲa.
D. þam.
Ac.pa.
V.
A. þam.
8
The article is prefixed not only to appella-
tives, but also to proper names, as, Se Sibba
mid ealle his folce. Sibba with all his people.
The neuter article paz is also frequently
prefixed to masculine and feminine nouns for
the sake of emphasis. Dæne and þene are
often used for pone; Done and pæne are
sometimes put for the dative pam, as in the
following example: Ic Beda rende gretan
þone leofertan Lyninge. I Bede send greet-
ing to the most beloved king.
Dan is often written for þam: þæɲ and
rio for reo; as also æpe for pa, the accu-
sative feminine singular,
The feminine article is also sometimes
used for the masculine, as, Seo Bircop, for
Se Bircop, the bishop.
The pronoun is also often prefixed even to
the article for the sake of greater emphasis,
as, Lped he re Bircop him to.
The bishop
said to him.
De is prefixed to nouns in all cases and
both numbers, in the same manner as the
English the, thus, De heopenlica fæder. and
þe runu. and þe halza zart. The heavenly
Father, and the Son, and the holy Ghost.
Seo is often changed into peo, and pam
into by.
The learner must remember that in Anglo-
Saxon, the prepositive article often assumes
the nature of a demonstrative or relative pro-
noun.
9
OF NOUNS.
There are two kinds of nouns, substantives,
and adjectives.
A substantive is the name of a thing.
Substantives are either simple, as pur, a
house: Æz, an egg: or compound, as,
penne-æz, a hen's egg.
Declension is the change of a noun in its
cases and numbers.
There are four declensions of substantives.
The first declension makes the genitive
case singular to end in er; the dative in e;
the nominative plural in ar, the genitive in a;
and the dative in um, as in the following ex-
ample.
SINGULAR.
N. Smið, a smith.
G. smider.
D. rmide.
Ac. rmið.
V. eala þu rmið.
A. rmide.
PLURAL.
N. Smiðar, smiths.
G. rmiða.
D. rmiðum.
Ac.rmiðar.
V. eala ze rmiðar.
A. rmiðum.
Some nouns of this declension make the
nominative plural to end in u.
SINGULAR,
N. Andzit, a sense.
G. andgiver.
D. andgite.
V. eala þu andzit.
Ac. andgit.
A. andzite.
PLURAL.
N. Andzitu, senses.
G. andzita.
andzitum.
D.
Ac. andgitu.
V. eala ze anzitu.
A. andzitu.
10
The plural termination u is often changed
into o and a, as gemæno and gemæɲa, for
gemænu, boundaries.
Other nouns of this declension make the
nominative case plural the same as the no-
minative singular, thus,
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
N. Wond, a word.
G. porder.
N. Word, words.
G. ponda.
D. poɲde.
Ac. pond.
V. eala þu pond.
A. porde.
D. pondum.
Ac. pond,
V. eala ze poɲd.
A. poɲdum.
The second declension makes the nomina-
tive and vocative singular in a: the other
cases singular in an: the nominative, accusa-
tive, and vocative plural in an, and the other
cases as in the first declension.
SINGULAR.
N. Witeza, a prophet.
G. pitezan.
D. pitegan.
Ac. pitegan.
V. eala þu piteza.
A, pitęgan.
PLURAL.
N. pitegan, prophets
G. pitezena.
D. pitezum.
Ac. pitezan.
V. eala ze pitegan.
A. pitezum.
Proper names ending in a are declined in
the same manner, also adjectives, pronouns,
and participles, having a added to their regular
terminations, as Se ylca for Se ylc, &c.
11.
SINGULAR.
N. Mania, Mary.
G. Maɲian.
D. Marian.
Ac. Manian.
V. eala þu Mania.
A. Maɲian.
The third declension makes the genitive
singular to end in e, and the nominative plu-
ral in a in all other cases it is like the first
declension.
SINGULAR.
N. Wiln, a maid.
PLURAL.
N. Wilna, maids.
G. pilne.
D. pilne.
Ac. piln.
V. eala þu piln.
A. pilne.
G. pilna.
D. pilnum.
Ac. pilna.
V. eala ze pilna.
A. pilna.
In this manner also is declined spurtor,
a sister, which makes in the nominative plu-
ral spurcopa, sisters.
The fourth declension makes the nomina-
tive case singular in u; the genitive in a;
the dative, accusative, and vocative in u;
and all cases plural as those of the third
declension.
SINGULAR.
N. Sunu, a son.
G. runa.
D. runu.
Ac. runu.
V. eala þu runu.
A. runu,
PLURAL.
N. Suna, sons.
G. runa.
D. runum.
Ac. runa.
V. eala ze runa.
A. runum.
12
Many Anglo-Saxon nouns are irregular in
their mode of declining: thus Fæben, a father,
is a monoptot in the singular, but declined in
the plural as nouns of the first declension:
so also Brodon, a brother, and Modor, a
mother, these make in the cases singular
Brodon and Breden; Modor and Meden:
in the nominative, accusative, and vocative
plural Bɲoðoɲ makes Bronu : to these may
be added For, a foot; Man, a man; Æz,
an egg; Lealf, a calf; which in the plural
make Fez, Men, Æznu, Lealfnu.
Latin proper names are used by the Anglo-
Saxons, with their own terminations in all
cases, except the genitive, which must end in
er, as Laiur re Larene oppe naman Iuliuɲ.
Caius Cæsar, whose other name is Julius:
Latin appellations are also written in the
same manner, as, Dy τpelftan dæge kalen-
danum Augustanum. Bede. On the twelfth
day of the kalends of August. But to this
rule one exception occurs in the sacred name,
Lnire, Christ, which is never met with under
the Latin form Lnistur.
For the numerous terminations of Anglo-
Saxon nouns no certain rules can be assigned,
a few of them however are here noticed.
1. Some end in a, as, Lepera, a reeve;
Lempa, a soldier; Oxa, an or; Nama, a
name: of these some become English nouns,
by casting off a, or changing it into e.
2. Many end in ang, ing, ong, ung, as,
13
Biganz, worship; On-brýnding, instinct;
Dotorung, a complaint.
3. Some in, or de, as Mind, mirth;
Lerih, sight; Mæzde, power.
4. Several feminines in erre, ýrre, nerre,
nýrre, as Ðɲinnerre, Trinity; So færτnýrre,
truth, &c.
5. Others in elr, as, Ræbelr, a riddle.
6. Some in eld, as, Fæɲeld, a road.
7. Masculines in en, or ene, denoting the
employment, whose feminines end in erpe,
istre, or ÿstne, as, Sædere, a sower;
Sædýrτne, a female sower;
sower; Bæcepe, a
baker; Bæcerne, a female baker; Sýnzene,
a singer; Sÿnzertɲe, a female singer.
8. Patronymics end in ing, as, Elering,
the son of Eliza; Lenpuring, the son of
Cenfusus.
9. Those substantives which denote want,
privation, or deficiency end in learte or
leste, as, Beaɲn-learte, want of children;
Mete-learte, want of meat.
10. Diminutives in incle, as, Rapıncle, a
small rope; Scipıncle, a little ship.
11. Many others, of which several are
diminutives, end in ling, as, Deopling, a
darling; Lycling, or Lytel-ling, a little one,
&c. This termination is adopted at present,
as hireling, suckling, nestling.
12. Some end in rceart, as pyze-sceaft,
the soul.
The following appear more properly to
H
14
come under the head of compounds, than of
simple substantives.
1. In dom denoting office, dignity, state, or
quality, as, Cyn-dom, or Lynning-dom, a
kingdom; Caldon-dom, earldom; Fɲeo-dom,
freedom; Deop-dom, servitude.
2. In pice also signifying dominion, as,
Lýn-pice, a kingdom; Bircеop-nice, a
bishoprick.
3. In had, denoting state, condition, or
quality, as, Lild-had, childhood; Mæden-had,
maidenhood; Lnihʊ-had, knighthood.
4. In rcin, rcine, scyɲ, or scýne, denot-
ing care, office, business, or occupation, as,
Birceop-rcine, the province of a bishop,
diocese; Tun-rcine, the office of mayor.
5. In rcipe, denoting dignity, office, or
state, as Drihz-rcipe, lordship; Caldon-
rcipe, eldership; Freond-rcipe, friendship.
6 In pædenne, denoting the state or
condition of persons and things, as, Leren-
ɲæbenne, a society; æg-pædenne, con-
sanguinity; pip-pædenne, a household.
The participle of the present tense being
put absolutely and having the final e cut off,
becomes a substantive, as from Demende,
judging; comes Demend, a judge; from
Freonde, freeing, Freond, a friend; Lu-
Fiande, loving, makes Luriand, a lover.
15
OF ADJECTIVES.
An adjective expresses the quality of a
thing.
Every word to which thing may be added
is an adjective, thus good, bad, are adjectives,
because we may say, a good thing, a bad
thing.
There are two sorts of adjectives, 1. Sim-
ple, as, eadiz, rich; æren, even
and
2. Compound, as, eren-ece, co-eternal; tip-
eadig, excelling in wealth or power.
All adjectives are declined after the follow
ing example.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
N.
M.
F.
M. F. N.
N. Lode.
G. zodna.
D. Zodum.
Ac.jodé.
V. Zode zodan
A. Zodum.
N. Lod. zode. 3od, good.
G. zodes. Zodre. Jodes.
D. Zodum. zodre. Zodum.
Ac. zodne. Zode. god.
V. Zoda. Zode. god.
зобе. зоб.
A. Zodum. Zodre. 3odum.
The accusative singular masculine of all
adjectives is formed from the nominative,
by adding ne: the genitive, dative, and abla-
tive singular feminine end in ɲe: the dative
pe
and ablative singular masculine and neuter,
and the dative and ablative plural, end in
um; and the genitive in pa.
Adjectives, participles, and pronouns of
every kind often add a to their termination,
or change their final vowel into a; and then
16
are declined like. substantives of the second
declension, excepting however their genitives
plural, which must always end in pa: thus
from Foɲerpɲecen, comes foɲerpɲecena, in
the following Se Foperpɲecena Lyning, the
before named king: From Lodcunde, comes
Lobcunda, divine: so also Se ylca geri, the
same companion: This rule is most used for
adjectives placed emphatically and demon-
stratively, as Orpals re Listenesta
cyning, Oswald the most christian king.
The following are the terminations of
Anglo-Saxon adjectives.
1. Some end in iz, as, Dreoriz, sad:
Myniz, joyful: Eniz, any: from this is
derived the English termination y, in such
words as dreary, merry, any, &c.
2. Others end in rum, denoting habit or
disposition, as, Lanz-rum tedious; this ter-
mination is still retained, as in tiresome,
wholesome, &c.
3. In ol and ul, also denoting habit or
disposition, as, Frettol, greedy: Diccul,
fat; Dinnul, lean.
4. In bær and tyme, denoting fertility ;
as, Wærtum-bæn, fruitful; þæfiz-tyme,
troublesome, &c.
5. In full, signifying plenty, as Woh-full,
having much trouble, &c. and hence our
woeful.
6. In lear, denoting want, as, Sceam-lear,
void of shame; Blod-lear, without blood;
17
Name-lear, without name; hence our shame-
less, nameless, &c.
7. Denominatives expressing likeness, in
lic or lice, as, God-lic, like a God; peoron-
lic, heavenly; Eop-lic, earthy; Wen-lic,
manly; Lild-lic, childish; Hence also the
English, godlike, &c.
8. Denominatives when they relate to sub-
stances, end in en, thus from Ærc, an ash,
is formed ærcen, ashen, made of ash; of
Stæn, a stone, comes rcænan, stony.
9. In cund, denoting the nature of a
person or thing, as, Lod-cund, divine, of the
nature of a God; World-cund, worldly.
10. In irc denoting the nation, as, Judeisc,
a Jewish man; Romanirc, a Roman by na-
tion; Englirc, an English man; this termi-
nation is also still retained.
Adjectives have three degrees of com-
parison the positive, the comparative, and
the superlative.
The positive declares a thing absolutely.
The comparative is used when one thing
exceeds another.
The superlative when a thing exceeds more
than one.
Adjectives of the positive degree form
their comparatives in an, æn, en, ere, ir, or,
up, and yn and their superlatives in art,
æst, est, ist, ost, urt, and yƒt, as,
Rihtpire, just; Rihtpirene, more just;
Rihtpirert, most just :
C
ን .
18
To this rule there are however some ex-
ceptions, as,
Lod, good; Bezene, better; Berrt, best.
God, good; Selpe, better; Selor, best.
Yrel, bad; Wynr, worse; Wÿrrest,
Wyprz, worst.
Micel, great, much; Dæpe, greater, more;
Mært, greatest, most.
Lýzel, little; Lerr, less; Lært, least.
The words in and zin prefixed to adjec-
Շր
tives increase their signification to the super-
lative degree, as Fært, constant; Tip-fært,
most constant; Meahtig, powerful; Gin-
meahzig, most powerful; Eadiz, happy;
Tip-eadiz, most happy.
The adjective Fært affixed to a substan-
tive changes it into an adjective, and increases
its signification, as, Sod-fært, most true;
Wuldor-fæst, most glorious.
OF PRONOUNS.
A pronoun is used instead of a noun.
The pronouns Ic and Du, are declined with
singular, dual, and plural numbers.
SING.
DUAL.
N. Ic, I. N. Wit, we two.
G. Min. G. Uncep.
PLURAL.
N. We, we.
G. Upe.
Ac. Ur.
D. Me. D. Unc, unge,uncnum D. Ur.
Ac.Me.Ac. Wit.
A. Me.
A. Unc, unge, uncɲum ||A. Ur.
19
For me the Dano-Saxons use Mec, mek,
meh; for We; poe, urih; for
usich, usiz, usih.
Ur; uric,
SINGULAR.
DUAL.
PLURAL.
N. Du, thou.
N. Lyz, ye two.
G. pin.
G. incen.
N. Le, ye.
G. eopen.
D. þe.
D. inc, incɲum.
D. eop.
Ac. þe, pec.
Ac. inc.
Ac. eop.
V. eala þu.
V. eala inc.
V. eala ze.
*
A. þe.
A. Inc, incpum. A. eop.
For y in the dual number incit (inc
zyt) is often used; for eop; geop: The
Dano-Saxons for eop use Iuch, iuh, iph, 1uich,
iuih, eopic, 10pih, geiop: and for eopen;
iper, iuerre, iuoɲ.
SINGULAR.
M.
F.
N.
PLURAL.
M.
N. pe. heo. hit, he, she, it. N. p₁, they.
G. hir. hine. hir.
D. him. hine. hım.
Ac.hine.hi.
hit.
A. him. hire. hit.
F.
G. hipa. heopa.
D. him.
Ac. hi.
A. him.
For hi the accusative feminine singular hiz
is often used; for hi in the nominative and
accusative plural hig, heo, and hio; for hina
and heopa; hiopa, hep, hene; heom for
him, and sometimes for hi.
20
M.
N. Dir.
SINGULAR,
F.
N.
peor. pir, this.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
N. Dar, these.
G. þirrena.
D. pirum.
Ac. par.
G. pirer. pirrepe. pirer.
D. þirum. pirrepe. pirum.
Ac. pirne. par. pir.
A. pirum. pirrepe. pirum. A. pirum.
For pir in the nominative case, the Anglo-
Saxons frequently use dar, der, deor, dat,
or æz; for direr in the genitive irrer,
derer, der; for irum in the dative singular
dir, iron, arrum: for irrepe, in the geni-
tive and dative feminine irre, dæɲe,; for
Sar in the accusative feminine Sær, deor:
for irrena in the genitive plural irra,
Sirr.
=;
The article Se, reo, Yaz, signifies the same
as the demonstrative pronoun ir, deor, dat.
In the ablative singular feminine, the prepo-
sition on, is frequently put after the word it
governs, as, æpon, for on Sæpe, in that.
De affixed to pronouns of all persons becomes
a relative; as, Ic de, I who: Sude, thou who:
re de, he who.
De prefixed to he in all cases, signifies
relatively, as, de hipa naman, whose names.
SINGULAR.
M.'
F.
N.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
N. Sÿlf. rÿlfe. rýlf, himself. N. Sylfe, them-
G. rylfer. rÿlfne. rylrer. G.rylŕna[selves
D. rylfum. rýlrne. rylfum. D. rylfum.
Ac.rýlfne.rÿlfe. rýlf. Ac.rylre.
A. rÿlfum.rÿlfne. rylfum. A. rylfum.
21
Sylf or relf is compounded with other
pronouns, as Ic rylf, I myself; du rylf,
thou thyself; he rýlf, he himself: and
sometimes with nouns, as Pernur rýlf,
Peter himself.
The pronoun relative who is generally ex-
pressed by the article re, reo, dat, as,
Ænear re ofenspiþde Tunnum. Eneas
who overcame Turnus. Se ir, who is. Se
pær, who was.
M.
SINGULAR.
N. Ppilc.
G. hpilcer.
hpilce.
D. hpilcum.
F.
N.
hpilc, who?
hpilcene, hpilcne. hpilcer.
hpilcene, hpilcne. hpilcum.
hpilc.
Ac. hpilene. hpilce.
A. hpilcum. hpilcene, hpilcne. hpilcum.
M. F.
N. Ppilce.
PLURAL.
N.
G. hpilcena, hpilena.
D. hpilcum.
Ac. hpilce.
A. hpilcum.
In the same manner is declined rpa hpılc
rpa, whosoever. And Syllic or Sylc, such.
ppa, who? is thus declined.
M.
N. ppa.
G. hpær.
D. hpam.
F.
N.
hpat.
Ac. hpæne. hpone. hpæt.
A. hpam.
+
22
In the same manner are declined Æg-hpa,
any one; ze-hpa, some one; and also
eller-hpa, another; hpæt-hugu, some little.
Ylc, (when used emphatically ýlca) the
same is thus declined:
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
M
F.
N.
N. Ylc.
ylce.
ylc.
M. F. N.
N. Ylce.
G. ýlcer.
ÿlcne.
ylcer.
G. ylona.
D. ýlcum.
ylene.
ýlcum.
D. ylcum.
Ac.ýlcne. ýlce.
A. ýlcum.
SINGULAR,
N. Ylca.
ylc.
Ac. ylce.
ýlepe.
ÿlcum.
A. ýlcum.
PLURAL.
N. Ylcan.
G. ÿlcan.
G. ýlepa.
D. ÿlcan.
D. ÿlcan.
Ac. ÿlcan.
Ac. ÿlcan.
A. ÿlcan.
A. ÿlcan.
After the same form is declined, re ýlea,
he himself.
M.
SINGULAR.
F.
N.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
N. Enize.
G. ænigra.
D. ænigum.
Ac.ænize.
N. Æniz. ænige. ænız, any.
G. æniger. ænigre. æniges.
D. ænizum. ænigne. ænigum.
Ac. ænigne. ænige. ænig.
A, anzum. ænigne.ænizum. A. ænigum.
For ænig is sometimes used æni; of ne
and ænig is formed næniz, no one, which is
declined like ænig.
23
M.
SINGULAR.
F.
N.
N. Ænlipiz.
G. ænlipizer.
D. ænlipizum.
ænlipize.
ænlipine.
ænlipine.
ænlipiz, each.
ænlipizer.
ænlipizum.
Ac. ænlipizne. ænlipize. ænlipiz.
A. ænlipizum.
ænlipine.
ænlipizum.
F.
N.
M.
PLURAL.
N. Ænlipize.
G. ænlipizna.
D. ænlipizum.
Ac. ænlipize.
A. ænlipizum.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
M.
F.
N.
N. Sum.
rume. rum, some. N. Sume.
G. rumer. rumpe. rumer.
D. rumum. rumpe. rumum.
Ac. rumue. rume. rum.
A. rumum. rumpe. rumum.
G. rumpa.
D. rumum.
Ac. rume.
A. rumum.
Some one is also expressed indefinitely by
Man, as, Lip cyning at
manner ham
Spincæ, if the king should drink at some one's
house. Spelman's Con.
Something, some little, and others of the
same kind are expressed by hpæthuzu,
hpæchpugu, hpæchpega, hpæchpizu, ch-
pæz..
24
!
SINGULAR.
F.
M.
N.
N. An, æn.
ane.
an, æn, one.
G. aner.
D. anum.
anɲe.
aner.
anɲe.
anum.
Ac. anne.
ane,
an, æn.
A. anum.
anɲe. anum.
After this form is declined nan or noan,
none; and ana, the only one.
M.
SINGULAR.
F.
N.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
N. Azen.
G. agener. agenɲe. agener.
D. azenum. azenne. azenum.
Ac. azenne. azene. azen.
A. azenum. azenɲe. agenum.
agene. azen,own. N. Azene.
M.
N. Єal.
SINGULAR.
F
N.
G. agenna
D. azenum.
Ac. azene.
A.
agenum.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
ealle. eal, all, the whole N. ealle.
G. ealler. ealpe. ealler.
D. eallum. ealɲe. eallum.
Ac. ealne. ealle. eal.
A. eallum. ealpe. eallum.
G. ealpa.
D. eallum.
Ac. ealle.
A, eallum.
Eal, eall, æll, or all, in composition signi-
fies excellence, perfection, or plenitude, as,
ællmihtig, almighty.
SINGULAR.
M.
F.
N.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
N. Elc. ælce. ælc, each, all N. Elce.
ælcpe. ælcer.
G. ælcer.
D, ælcum. ælene ælcum.
Ac. ælcne. ælce. ælc.
A. ælcum. ælcpe. ælcum.
G. ælcpa.
D. ælcum.
Ac. ælce.
A. ælcum.
25
The possessive pronouns are declined in
the following manner.
SINGULAR.
M.
F.
N.
N. Min.
niine.
min, mine.
G. miner.
minne.
miner.
D. minum.
minne.
minum.
Ac. minne.
mine.
min.
V. min.
mine.
min.
A. minum.
minne.
minum.
M.
PLURAL.
F.
N. Mine, mine.
G. minɲa.
N.
D. minum.
Ac. mine.
V. mine.
A. minum.
SINGULAR.
F.
N.
M.
N. Uncen.
G. unceɲer.
unceɲe.
uncenper.
uncen, of us two.
unceres.
V. uncer.
D. unceɲum. uncеppe.
Ac. uncenne. uncene.
uncene.
A. unceɲum. uncenɲe.
unceɲum.
uncen.
unceɲ.
unceɲum.
PLURAL.
M.
F.
N.
N. Uncpe, of us two.
G. uncenɲa.
D. unceɲum.
Ac. uncɲe.
V. uncɲe.
A. unceɲum.
26
Uncper and uncɲum are generally used
for uncejer and unceɲum.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
M.
F.
N.
M. F. N.
N. Une.
upe.
G. uper.
uppe. uɲer.
une, our. N. Une, our.
G. upɲa.
D.
unum.
uppe.
unum.
Ac.
unne.
une.
upe.
D. unum.
Ac. une.
V. upe.
upe.
upe.
V.
upe.
A. unum.
uppe.
unum.
A. upum.
Uren and urren are used for une; urrer
for uner; urrum for unum; and urre forunne.
SINGULAR.
M.
F.
N.
N. Ðin.
dine.
G. Siner.
Sinne.
Sin, thine.
diner.
D. Sinum.
Sinne.
Sinum.
Ac. Sinne.
Sine.
Sin.
V. Sin.
Sine.
Sin.
A. Sinum.
Sinne.
Sinum.
M.
PLURAL.
F.
N. Dine, thine.
G. Sinna.
D. Sinum.
Ac. Sine.
V. Sine.
A. Sinum.
N.
27
M.
SINGULAR.
F.
N.
G.
N. Incen.
inceper.
D. incenum.
Ac. inceɲne.
incene.
incepper.
incenne.
incepe,
incen, of you two.
inceper.
inceɲum.
incen.
✓
V. incen.
A. incenum.
incepe.
incen.
M.
N.
M.
inceppe. incenum.
PLURAL,
F.
N. Incne, of you two.
G. incenna.
D. incerum.
Ac. incre.
V. incre.
A. incepum
N. Єopen.
G. eopener.
SINGULAR.
N.
F.
eopene.
eopen, your.
eopener.
eoperne.
D. eopenum.
eopenne.
eoperum.
Ac. eopenne. eopene.
eopen.
V. eopen.
eopene.
eopen.
A. eopeɲum.
eoperpe.
eopeɲum.
PLURAL.
M.
F.
N.
N. Єopene, or eopɲe, your.
G. eoperna.
D. eopeɲum, or eopɲum.
Ac. eopene.
V. eopere.
A. eopeɲum, or eopɲum.
28
The primitive pronoun pe has no decli-
nable possessive, and therefore the possessive
is represented by the genitives of the primi-
tive in all genders and both numbers hir,
hina, hine, heopa, which also are used as
reciprocals; yet the reciprocal is sometimes
expressed by rin, rine, rin, his, hers, &c.
as in the following example, Brezo engla
bereah eazum rinum, the chief of the angels
beheld with his own eyes. Cadm. 23.
29
NOUNS OF NUMBER.
Cardinals from three to a hundred are undeclined.
CARDINALS.
1. An, ane, an.
2. Tpezen, tpa, tpezen.
3. Drý, þreo, dný.
4. Feopen.
5. FiF.
6. Six.
7. Seofon.
8. Eahta.
9. Nizon.
10. Týn.
11. Endluran, ændleɣan.
12. Tpelf.
13. Dreotyne.
14. Feopentýne.
15. Fiftyne.
16. Sixtyne.
17. Sefontýne.
18. Eahtatyne.
19. Nizontyne.
20. Tpentiz.
21. An 7 tpentiz.
30. Drittig.
40. Feopertig.
50. Fiftig.
60. Sixtig.
70. Þundreofontig.
80. Þundeahtatiz.
90. Pundnizontig.
100. Þundteontiz.
D
30
ORDINALS.
Se forma, the first.
Se open, the second.
Se prisda, the third.
Se feoppa, the fourth.
Se fifta, the fifth.
Se rixta, the sixth.
Se reofopa, the seventh.
Se eahteopa, the eighth.
Se nizopa, the ninth.
Se zeopa, the tenth.
Se endlurca, the eleventh.
Se тpelfra, the twelfth
Se preozepa, the thirteenth.
Se feopenteopa, the fourteenth.
Se fifteopa, the fifteenth.
Se rixteopa, the sixteenth.
Se reofonteopa, the seventeenth.
Se eahtateopa, the eighteenth.
Se nizonteopa, the nineteenth.
Se rpenteogopa, the twentieth.
An jrpenteogopa, the one and twentieth.
Se priztizopa, the thirtieth.
Se reopenτeogopa, the fortieth.
Se fifteogopa, the fiftieth.
Se rixteogopa, the sixtieth.
Se hundreopontizopa, the seventieth.
Se hundeahtatizoba, the eightieth.
Se hundnizonteogopa, the ninetieth.
Se hundreonteogopa, the hundredth.
31
:
The reason why pund is prefixed to all
numbers from seventy to a hundred, has
never been satisfactorily ascertained, the
most probable one is this: In the Mæso-
Gothic, (from whence the Anglo-Saxon
derives many of its words) ThN-TAHUNA
Nd
ten times ten, denoted the number. 100; the
length of this term however rendering it
inconvenient for the purposes of conversation,
the former part was rejected in discourse,
though still retained in writing. Negligence
of transcribers might easily remove the
hyphen, so as to make the last syllable,
hind appear an affix to the former
syllables; repeated transcriptions would
again alter the situation of this affir, so as
to make it at last a prefix to the succeeding
word, under which form it has been adopted
by the Anglo-Saxons, though evidently
redundant.
Ba, bezen, batpa, butu, butpu, both; is
thus declined.
N. Ba, bezen, batpa, butpu, both.
G. Bezna.
D. Bam.
Ac. as the nominative.
A. Bam.
醬
​To these may be added Anreald, single;
Tpyreals, two-fold; Dnyreald, three-fold,
&c. expressions still retained in our tongue.
The Anglo-Saxons frequently prefix or
affix to nouns of number the numeral healpe,
32
half; which instead of adding to the number
joined with it, signifies that the half of unity
is to be taken from that number; thus preo
healf, does not signify that half is to be
added to three, but that half of unity is to
be taken from it; the meaning therefore of
þɲeo healf, is not three and a half, but two
and a half; in the same manner reopbe
healre, is not four and a half, but three and a
half.
pu micel, how great; Spa micel, so
great; hu Fela, how many; Spa Fela, so
many.
OF VERBS.
A verb is the chief word in every sentence,
and expresses the action or being of a
thing.
Verbs have two voices :
1. The active, as Ic lurize, I love.
2. The passive, as Ic eom zelurod, I am
loved.
Conjugation is the change of a verb in its
moods, tenses, numbers, and persons.
A mood is the change of a verb to signify
the various intentions of the mind.
Verbs have six moods; the indicative;
the imperative; the optative; the potential;
the subjunctive, and the infinitive.
33
The indicative asserts, as Ic lurize, I
love.
The imperative commands, as lura pu,
love thou.
The optative desires, as eala Fic
nu lurize, I wish I may love; or Oh that
I may love.
The potential declares a power or ability;
as Ic mæ lurian, I may or can love.
ез
The subjunctive has always a conjunction
or some indefinite word going before it in
the same sentence, as bone ic nu lurize,
when I love; or, when I may love.
The infinitive is used as a substantive,
and known also by the sign to, as lufian, to
love.
There are three tenses or times, the pre-
sent, the imperfect and the future.
The present denotes an action now doing,
as Ic lurize, I love; or, am loving.
The imperfect, which also is used as the
preter perfect, and preter pluperfect, ex-
presses an action whether it be done in part,
and not completed; lately done; or done
some time back, as Ic lupode, I was loving,
I loved; or, I had loved.
The future denotes an action that is to be
hereafter, as Ic pille lurian, I will love.
Verbs have two numbers singular and
plural; and three persons in each number.
The first singular, I; the second, thou;
the third, he, she, it, and all singular nouns.
34
The first plural, we; the second, ye; the
third, they; and all plural nouns.
Gerunds and supines have the nature of
substantives.
Instead of gerunds and supines the Anglo-
Saxon verbs have what is called a derivative
infinitive, which also sometimes assumes the
nature of a future participle, as To lupienne,
or, To lurizenne, of loving; in loving; to
love; about to love; to be loved.
Participles have tenses like verbs, and
number, gender, and case like adjectives.
Each voice has a participle of the present
tense, as,
Active. Lufiande, or, lurizende, loving.
Passive. Lufod, or, zelufod, loved.
The passive has also one of the future, as,
To lurizenne, to be loved.
Before other verbs are declined it will be
necessary to learn the verb substantive.
Beon, to be.
Indicative mood.-Present tense.
SINGULAR.
Єom, I am.
eart, thou art.
eart, ÿs, he is.
PLURAL.
Synd, we are.
rynd, ye are.
rýnd, they are.
Eam, and am are often used for eom;
sýnt, sýndon, and sýn, for sýnd.
Preter imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
SINGULAR.
Wær, I was, have, or, had been.
pæɲe, thou wast, hast, or, hadst been.
par, he was, hath, or, had been.
35
PLURAL.
Wanon, we were, have, or, had been.
pæɲon, ye were, &c.
pæɲon, they were, &c.
Wæpum is frequently used for pæɲon;
peard, purde, and puɲdon, (from the verb
poppan or peoppan) are also used for par
and pæɲon.
Future tense.
SINGULAR.
Beo, I shall or will be.
býrt, thou shalt or wilt be.
by and pyne, he shall or will be.
PLURAL.
Beod, we shall or will be.
beod, ye shall or will be.
beod, they shall or will be.
Sometimes the future tense is expressed by
rceal, and the infinitive beon, as Ic rceal
beon, I shall be.
Imperative mood.-Present tense.
SINGULAR.
Si pu, or, riz pu, be thou.
ri he, let him be.
PLURAL.
Beon pe, let us be.
beon ze, be ye.
beon hi, let them be.
Beo Su, and per Su, are sometimes put
for r þu, as also by he, for r he in the
singular: in the plural for beon in all persons
36
are used beo, beod, rin, rien, pere, paraþ;
also perap ze, for beon ge.
Optative, potential and subjunctive moods.
Present tense.
SINGULAR.
Beo, I may be, &c.
byre, thou mayest be, &c.
byd, or, pynde, he may be, &c.
PLURAL.
Beod, we may be, &c.
beod, ye may be, &c.
beod and peoppan, they may be, &c.
Instead of by and beo, are often used
beo, rýnd, and beon: for beo and býst; sý.
Imperfect, perfect and pluperfect tenses.
SINGULAR.
Wæne, I might be, &c.
pæɲe, thou mightest be.
pæne, he might be.
PLURAL.
Wæɲon, we might be, &c.
pæɲon, ye might be.
pæɲon, they might be.
In the optative mood eala gif, I wish; is
prefixed to each person, in both numbers of
each tense, as eala gif ic beo, I wish I may
be; and in the subjunctive mood, ponne,
when; is in like manner prefixed to all per-
sons in each number and tense, as bonne ic
beo, when I may be.
$
37
Infinitive mood.-Present tense.
Beon or peran, to be.
Gerund, or derivative infinitive.
To beonne, of being; in being; to be,
Weondan or pyndan, to be made, or to
become.
Indicative nood.- Present tense.
Weorde, I am made, &c.
peoɲdest, thou art made.
peopdep, he is made.
PLURAL.
Weondap, we are made.
peopdap, ye are made.
peondap, they are made.
The singular number is often written
1. Wuppe, pynpe, punde
2. purþest,
pyndert. 3. peoppe, puppe, pynpe. The
plural 1, 2, & 3, peonpep, peoppon, peaɲdon,
purþaþ.
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
SINGULAR.
Wearp, I have been made, &c.
peappert, thou hast, &c.
peapp, he has, &c.
PLURAL.
Weondon, we have been made, &c.
peoɲdon, ye have been, &c.
peondon, they have been, &c.
Weondan, peorden, peoppon, are used
for peondon. In this verb the future tense
is the same as the present.
38
Imperative mood.-Present tense.
SINGULAR.
Weoppa þu, be thou made, &c.
peoppe he, let him be made.
PLURAL.
Weonpon pe, let us be made, &c.
peopbe ze, be ye, &c.
peoppe hi, let them, &c.
Infinitive mood.-Present tense.
Weoɲþan, or pyɲþan, to be made, to become.
Gerund, or derivative infinitive.
To peoɲðan, or pýrðan, of being made, in
being made, to be made, &c.
Participle.
Worden, made, become.
REGULAR VERBS.
Verbs active are declined after, the follow-
ing example:
The regular active verb lupian, to love.
Indicative mood.-Present tense.
SINGULAR.
Ic lurize, I love.
Su lufart, est, rt, thou lovest.
he lurap, ep, þ, he loves.
PLURAL.
We lurias, we love.
ge lufiad, ye love.
hi lufia's, they love.
39
2
When the infinitive mood ends in an
pure, the persons of the plural end a but
1að:
if it end in eon, then the plurals will end in
eo when a consonant precedes an, the
plurals end in að: 7 before an, in the for-
mation of the tenses becomes h, as pæhp,
from pæzan.
Note. A syllable is called pure, when a
vowel or diphthong immediately precedes it.
The present tense is sometimes formed by
the auxiliary verb eom, and the participle of
the present tense, as Ic eom lufiend, I am
loving.
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
SINGULAR.
Ic lurode, I did love, loved, had loved.
þu lufodert, thou didst love, &c.
he lufode, he did love, loved &c.
PLURAL.
We lupodon, we did love, &c.
ze lurodon, ye did love, &c.
hi lurodon, they did love, &c.
The perfect is sometimes formed by the
auxiliary verb hæbbe, and the participle of
the past tense, as Ic hæbbe lurod, I have
loved; þu hæbbert lufod, thou hast loved;
he hæbbap lufod, he hath loved; pe hæbbaþ
lufode, we have loved, &c.
The pluperfect is also formed by hæƑod,
and the participle in a similar manner, as
Ic hærod lufod, I had loved.
40
The future tense is the same as the pre-
sent, though sometimes the regular form is
changed for that of the auxiliary verb rceal
or pille, and the infinitive mood, as Ic rceal
or pille lupian, I shall or will love, &c.
Imperative mood.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
Lurion pe, let us love.
Lura pu, love thou. lurize ze, love ye.
lufige he, let him love.lurion hi, let them love.
Luriap ze, is frequently used for lurize
ge.
Optative mood.-Present tense.
SINGULAR.
(Ie
Ic nu lurize
Eala gif þu nu lufige
he nu lurize) O
PLURAL.
pe nu lufion, an
Cala F zenu lupion, an
eala gif
hi nu lupion, an
I may love.
thou mayest love.
SI
he may love.
that
(we may love.
ye may love.
they may love
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
SINGULAR.
Ic nu lupode
þu nu lufodert
he nu lurode
O that
PLURAL.
We nu lupodon)
ze nu lufodon
hi nu lupodon
O that
I might love.
Thou mightest love.
he might love.
we might love.
ye might love.
they might love.
41
eala þat eala þat
Future tense.
SINGULAR.
Ic lufige zit
bu lupize zýc
he lufige gyr
We lufion gy
ze lufion zyt
hi lufion gyr
that
I shall have loved.
thou shalt have loved.
he shall have loved.
PLURAL.
O that
we shall have loved.
ye shall have loved.
they shall have loved.
The subjunctive mood is formed in all
tenses as the optative, only changing, eala
gif or par into ponne, as bonne ic nu lurize;
ponne ic lurode; ponne ic lurize zÿt, &c.
The potential mood is declined by adding
the infinitive of the verb, to the auxiliaries
maz, mot, for the present, and to miht,
pold, and rceold, for the imperfect.
Present tense.
SINGULAR.
Ic mæg, or mot lufian, I may love.
þu mægest, or motest lufian, thou mayest love.
he mæg, or mot lupian, he may love.
PLURAL.
We mazon, or moton lurian, we may love.
ze magon, or moton lufian, ye may love.
hi magon, or moton lurian, they may love.
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
SINGULAR.
Ic mihit, pold, nold, Jrceold lupian, Imight, &c.
þu mihtest, &c. lupian, thou mightest, &c.
he miht, &c. lufian, he might, &c.
E
42
1
PLURAL.
Wemihton, &c. lurian, we might, &c.
ze mhton, &c. lurian, ye might, &c.
hi шhton, &c. lurian, they might, &c.
The future tense is formed by adding zyʊ
to the present tense, as Ic mæ zyt lurian,
I may love hereafter.
Though this method of forming the poten-
tial be the most used, yet sometimes the verb
has its tenses in this mood, without the aid
of auxiliaries, as in the following, Det ic
cume, That I may come.-St. Matthew.
Dæτ u oncnape, That thou mayest know.—
St. Luke.
Infinitive mood.
Lufian, or lurizean, to love.
Gerund, or derivative infinitive.
To lufienne, or to lufizenne, Of loving ;
in loving; to love; about to love; to be
loved.
Participle of the present tense.
Luriande, or lurizende, loving.
The final e being taken from this word,
makes it a substantive. Joined with the
auxiliary verb beon, it becomes the present
tense, as Ic eom lupiande, I am loving. It
also is sometimes used for the future partici-
ple of both voices, as well as a gerund.
The perfect tense infinitive, is formed by
the conjunction þat, and the perfect indica-
tive, as, Ic pirt þat þu lufodert God, I
know that thou lovedst God.
43
The participle future is formed by the
infinitive of the verb and rceal, pille, or the
verbs of motion, faɲan and zan, as Ic rceal
lurian, I am about to love; Ic fape huntian,
I am going to hunt.
The initial augments, or inseparable pre-
positions a, be, for, ze, to, &c. are pre-
fixed to verbs, verbal adjectives, and participles,
and frequently words are to be found when
compounded with these augments, which are
not to be met with in a simple form. The
augments a, be, are sometimes, but not often
prefixed to participles of the preter-perfect
tense.
Anglo-Saxon verbs are declined in the
passive voice by the auxiliary verb beon, and
the participle of the present tense, as in the
following examples.
Indicative mood.-Present tense.
Ic eom gelufod, I am loved.
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
Ic pær zelufod, I was loved.
Future tense.
Ic beo, or rceal beon zelufod, I shall be loved.
Imperative mood.
Si þu zelufod, be thou loved.
Optative mood.-Present tense.
Єala 31F ic eom zelufod, O that I may
be loved.
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
Єala zir ic pæne zelufod, O that I might
be loved.
5.
44
Future tense.
Eala gif ic beo gelufod, O that I shall be
loved.
Subjunctive mood.-Present tense.
Donne ic nu eom zelufod, when I am
loved.
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
Donne, or pa pa ic pær zelupod, when I
was loved.
Future tense.
Donne i beo zelurod, when I shall be
loved.
Potential mood.-Present tense.
Ic mæg beon gelufod,
may be loved.
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.
Ic miht, &c. beon gelufod, I might, &c.
be loved.
Future tense.
Ic maz zyr beon zelufod, I shall have
been loved.
Infinitive mood.-Present tense.
Beon gelufod, to be loved.
Future tense.
Beon zelufod zýr, shall be loved.
Participles.-Present tense.
Leluros, loved.
Future tense.
To lurizenne, to be loved.
Note. The augment ze is prefixed in
general to the participle, to distinguish it
from the perfect active.
45
ANOMALOUS VERBS.
Anomalous verbs are those which differ from the regular mode of declining.
The following form their tenses irregularly.
to extinguish.
Acpe can.
adreozan.
to suffer.
æthrinan.
to touch.
agan.
to possess.
to lift up.
to rush.
to rise.
to entice.
to wash.
acpent, acpanc, acpinen, extinct.
adreaz, he suffered, abpuzon, they suffered.
æchran, he touched
ah, he has, or possesses, alit, he had, or
ahor, he lifted up.
ahneor, ahnure, he rushed.
apar, he arose.
[possessed.
arpon, he enticed, arpanen, arponnen,
aharan.
ahɲeoran.
apiran.
arpanan.
aðpean.
appeon.
Beatan.
to reveal.
to beat.
bebyczean.
to sell.
berninan.
to ask.
belgan.
to be angry.
beodan.
to bid.
aðpoh, he washed.
appeah, he revealed.
beor, he beat.
bebohte, he sold.
bernan, berɲune, he asked.
bealy, bealh, he was angry.
bead, bude, he bade.
[seduced.
46
beopgan.
to beware.
bepitan.
biddan.
to preside over.
་
to pray.
bindan.
to bind.
bringan.
to bring.
bɲucan.
to enjoy.
buzan.
to bend.
byczean.
Leoran.
to buy.
to chuse.
cnapan.
to know.
cpapan.
to crow.
cuman.
to come.
cunnan.
to know.
cpæðan.
cydan.
Delran.
to say.
to relate.
don.
dpeccan.
to dig.
to do.
to torment.
beoph, he was wary, he took care.
bepirte, he presided.
bæd, bad, he prayed.
band, he bound, bunden, bound.
brohte, he brought.
bɲeac, bɲæc, he enjoyed.
beah, bizde, buze, he bent, bezd, bezed,
bohte, he bought.
cear, he chose.
cneop, he knew.
cpeop, he crew.
com, cum, he came.
can, I know, cude, he knew.
[bent.
cpirt, you say, cpæde, he said.
cydde, cÿþde, he related.
[dug.
delf, dealf, dalf, dielf, dulf, he dug, dulfen,
do, I do, dert, thou doest, deþ, he does, doþ,
dnohte, he tormented.
[we do, did, he did.
47
drifan.
Syrpan.
Єslæcan.
to drive.
to dare.
to repeat.
emplatian.
to look round.
Fapan.
to go.
Fealan.
to fall.
Fengan.
to take.
Feohtan.
to fight.
findan.
Fleon.
to find.
to fly.
fon.
to take.
Fopleoran.
Tanzan
to lose.
to go.
gelæcan.
to approach.
gelæccan.
to seize.
gemetan.
Zemunan.
geotan.
to find.
to remember.
to pour out.
Spar, he drove.
dorste, durfte, he dared, he durst.
edlæhte, he repeated.
emplat, he looked round.
ferde, for, he went.
Feoll, he fell.
Feng, he took.
feahte, fuhte, he fought.
fand, fund, he found.
fleh, fleah, fleoh, fly, he fled.
Foh, he took.
Foplear, he lost.
eode, he went.
zelihte, he approached.
gelæhte, he seized.
zemerte, he found.
gemune, zemunde, he remembered.
geote, zute, he poured out.
gerean-on.
to see.
geraz, gerap, zereaz, zereah, gereh, he
gerpingan.
getan
to whip.
to obtain.
gepæccan.
to afflict.
gifan.
to give.
grafan.
to engrave.
grindan.
to grind.
pangan.
healban.
to hang.
to hold
helpan.
to help.
hlihan.
hnızan.
to laugh.
to bow.
hpeopfan.
to depart.
Ican.
Liðan.
lixan.
to sail.
to shine.
Mazan.
to be able.
to increase.
[saw, zerepen, seen.
gerpang, he whipped, zerpunzen, whipt.
geot, geotte, he obtained.
gepeahte, zepæhce, he afflicted.
gaf, he gave,
grof, he engraved.
grand, grund, he ground.
heng, hoh, he hung.
heold he held.
hulpe, he helped.
hloh, he laughed.
hnaz, hnah, he bowed.
hpuɲre, he departed.
icte, ihte, he increased, iht, increased.
lað, he sailed.
lixte, he shone.
mihte, he was able, he might.
}
49
Niman.
Of piccan.
ongitan.
Pæcan.
to take.
to oppress.
to understand.
to deceive, to lie.
plætan.
to beat.
plibtan.
to plight.
Reccan.
ridan.
Sacan.
rahτlian.
rapan.
to reckon, to care
to ride.
to contend.
to reconcile.
to sow.
rсippan.
recan.
reczan.
rizan.
ringan.
to create.
to seek.
to say.
to fall down.
to sing.
rittan.
rlitan.
to sit.
to slit.
nam, he took, numen, taken.
of drit, oppressed.
ongeat, he understood.
pælite, he deceived.
plat, he beat.
plihte, he plighted.
for.peahte, pehte, he reckoned.
nad, he rode.
roc, he contended.
ræht, reconciled.
rep, he sowed, rapen, sown.
rceop, he created.
rohte, he sought.
ræczde, sæde, he said.
raz, rah, he fell down.
rang, he sung.
ræt, he sat.
rlat, he slit.
50
to vomit.
Fpap, he vomited.
to depart, to ascend. rtaz, rtah, rih, he departed, he ascended.
to accuse.
rpipan.
rtizan.
stpeccan.
to stretch.
spealtan.
to slay.
spigan.
to be silent.
Tacan.
to teach.
Teon.
bean.
þpean.
to wash.
týþian.
Unnan.
to grant.
to yield.
Wacian.
to wake.
to wash.
pacran.
pedan.
peopcan.
to profit.
to be mad.
to work.
prezan.
preon.
Ynnan.
to accuse.
to conceal.
to run.
repehte, he stretched.
spealt, speolt, he slew.
rup, rupode, he was silent.
tæhte, he taught.
teo, teoh, accuse, teh, tuze, he accused.
pay, pah, he profited.
ppoh, he washed.
tÿþde, tÿdde, he granted.
uþþe, udde, he yielded.
peaht, wakened.
peocr, peohr, he washed.
pedde, he was mad.
poɲhte, he worked.
prehte, he accused.
proh, he concealed.
aɲn, uɲn, he run.
51
ADVERBS.
An adverb is joined to a verb or other
word to explain or qualify its signification.
ADVERBS OF TIME.
A. aà, always.
Lære, last.

ædɲe, immediately.
lange, long.
æfɲe, ever.
late, late.
Fæplice,
æfter, after.
æp, ere, before.
ahpenne, when.
Ecelice, continually.
Fæpinza, suddenly.
Leapa, yore, of old.
lenge, longer.
Micelum, much.
Næppe, never.
nexta,
nyhrea, } next.
nipan, lately.
nu, now.
gefÿnn, formerly.
nu-zena, even now.
gelome, often.
Oft, often.
gena, as yet.
Seldon, seldom.
geo, ago, formerly.
remninga, suddenly.
Zet, zyt just now, as yet ringallice, always.
prædinge,
rnud, directly.
soon.
hɲædlice,
rona, soon.
hɲape, soon.
hpænne, when..
hpile, whilst.
hpilon, whilom.
iu, formerly.
iu-zeɲa, long since.
Instæpe, immediately.
rýmbel, always.
rýmle,
Sahpile, meanwhile.
Benden, whilst.
rpipe, much.
Da, then.
Sapa, then, when.
52
Eala, oh.
OF WISHING.
Eala gif, oh that.
OF ORDER.
Ær-nextan, at length hyndan, behind.
and gehu eller, and Or þam, after that.
[the like.on bæc, backwards.
and гpa Fopp, and soos pir, thus far.
[forth. Sippan, afterwards.
Behindan, behind.
Єrt, again.
Ford, afterwards.
Dæn-ærten, after-
[ward.
Þpýrftum, in turn.
Sæp piht, immediately
UƑon, over.
OF LIKENESS.

Єacrpilce, alike.
Samos, in the same
rpazelice, in the same
[way.
rameýlca rpa, in like Dur, thus.
[manner.rpilce, as if.
[way.pur zenad, in this
rpa, so.
[sort.
OF PLACE.
Abun, abune, down- Ellerhpibden, else-
[wards.
æghpanon, eachway. ellop, elsewhere.
æghpider, every where Fonan, before.
Bezeondan, beyond. Fonneah, near.
beheonon, on this side Irehend, near.
[where.
beneop,
beneath.
beneopan,
!
zehpæne, every where
pæn, here.
binnan, within.
[heonon, from hence.
53

hider, hither.
hpæn, where.
¡гpahpæɲrpa, whereso-
[ever.
hpanon, from whence.
Tohpæn, every where.
hpider, whither.
Sanon, thence.
Innan, within.
Sæp, there.
Neopan, downwards, iden, thither.
[below. Uran, above.
nohpæn, no where.
noɲban, northern.
upp, up.
utan, out.
nýþen, downwards.
Wiburan, above.
Onpez, away.
Supan, southern.
piputan, without.
piþýpan, beneath.
OF AFFIRMATION.
Æninga, altogether. zyre, yes.
Buton peon, doubt-Ppær ponne, so truly.

[less. Ia, yea.
Geznunza, surely.
Solice, truly.
gepirlice, even so.
WiTodlice, indeed.
OF QUALITY AND COMPARISON.

Bet, better.
Ealler, entirely.
Fæpinza, suddenly.
Lenoh, enough.
ealler to spide, im-zeapa, well.
[moderately.heapmælum, in heaps.
ealler to gelange, toohɲador, the more, ra-
[long.
ealler to fæst, too hɲædlice, quickly.
[ther.
[fast. Lycercne, almost.
eallum gemettum, in Ma, more.
[every way. ma ponne, more than.
eallunge, altogether. micclum, much.
F
54
mid ealle, altogether.
Seaple, greatly.
Recene, quickly.
Spide, much.
Topan, so much.
Wel, well.
r
spidon, more.
pypre, worse.
De ma þe, more than. Yrel, badly.
Note. Adverbs of quality are frequently
compared, as, rnotoplice, prudently; rno-
toplicon, more prudently; rnotoplicost,
most prudently.
OF SHEWING AND POINTING OUT.
Eælenze, behold.
erne,
Þær ir, here is.
heonu, lo.
Nu hep, lo here.
Der ir, this is.
OF ENCOURAGING AND WARNING.
Utan, uton, come.
Wanna þat, beware lest.
OF EXCEPTING AND DOUBTING.
Ælcop, else, otherwise.nýmðe pen pæɲe, un-
Buzan, except.
[less, perhaps.
buzon, without.
nymde, unless.
Eller, else.
Đÿ lær, lest.
Foɲan, only.
Tpinizendlice, per-
Naler, unless.
[haps.
nemne, except.
noht þon lær, never-
[theless.
Na, ne, no.
næffre, never.
Wald, pen, penunze, by
[chance.
OF DENYING.
nær, nere, no.
nelles, nalæɲ, no.
nateshpon, by no
[means.
lne ne,
no,
no.
nocht, noht,
nohpæþeɲ, no where.
On nan pirum, in no
[wise.
55
Note. Ne, by cutting off the e, is often
made to coalesce with the following noun, or
verb, and form with them one word, thus,
ne ænigum are contracted into nænizum.
Ne pille are also contracted into nille.
OF COLLECTING.
Erzædere, together. Samod, together.
peap-mælum, in heaps
OF REMITTING, RELAXING, &c.
Æner pana, one less.
Lyclum, by degrees.
Fæzene, gradually. Sorte, gently.
Þpæt-hpeza, Į by little ricce-mælum gra-
hpæt-hpuzu, & little. rund-mælum § dually
hpon, a little.

hpon-licop, somewhat
Wona, pana, less.
[less.
OF ASKING.

Ľpýrt þu, Į what say Pumera, how?
Lpýrtula, § you? how?hpy, why?
Foɲhpy, foɲhpуg, for La hu oft, how often?
[why?To hpan, how long?
Fonhpon, wherefore. to hpy, for why?
Ene, once.
Tuua, twice.
OF NUMBER.
pipa, thrice.
56
CONJUNCTIONS.
A conjunction joins sentences and words
together.
Copulative.
And, and; eac, also; eft, again.
Disjunctive.
Ac, but; æzben, either; apon odde, one
of the two; hpæpen, whether; nana, nor;
ne, not; nehpæpen, neither; ram, whe-
ther.
Conditional.
Gif, if.
Diminutive.
5
Þuɲu, huɲu þinga, hpæza, at least.
Completive.
And, but; hpær þa, yet; rolice, but;
rpilce, in as much as; rpilce eac, moreover ;
uton nu, besides; picodlice, but.
Adversative.
Fundon, also; hpæene, yet; naler—ac,
not only-but; Yeah, though; deah pe,
although; Yeah hpæpepe, notwithstanding;
de ler, lest.
Illative.
Єopnortlice, therefore; fondam, since;
Sær, because; y, wherefore; pizodlice,
therefore.
57
PREPOSITIONS.
A preposition is placed before a substan-
tive, which it governs and connects with a
sentence, or else is joined in composition with
another word.
Some prepositions are used only in com-
position, and therefore are called inseparable
prepositions.
The prepositions following govern an accu-
sative case.
Abuzan, about
Ongean,
against.
azean, azen, against. Teh,
andlan, andlong, along. Suph, through.
Bezeond, bezeondan, Widropan, before.
[beyond. præftan, after.
Єmb, embutan, about. pigeondan, about.
eond, beyond.
pidutan, without.
The following govern an ablative case.
Æften, after.
æn, before.
Lehend, near.
Into, into.
æt, at, by, from.
Mid, with.
ætfoɲan, before.
Neah, near.
amang, among.
OF, of, from, out of.
Be-ærtan, behind.
on-urran, on high:
be, bi, big, by, for, ac-Til, to, to.
[cording to. coroɲan, before.
beheonan, on this side.comibber between.
binnan, within.
Topeaɲd, towards.
buran, above.
Up, above.
Fon, for.
unpeop, near.
Ƒɲa, Ƒɲam, from, by.
58
I
The following prepositions govern both
cases.
Befoɲan, before.
!
butan, buton, except, beyond, without.
betpeox, betpux, betpix, betpih, between.
Fon, for, on account of.
Lemang, amongst.
Innan, into, in.
Ofen, over, beyond.
on, to, amongst, in.
oð, to, as far as.
Tozeaner, against.
Uppan, upon, above.
under, under.
utan, about, without.
Wid, with.
Several of the above prepositions frequently
occur in composition as well as alone; the
following are inseparables, and seldom used
out of composition.
And, as, and-bidian, to wait for; and-
Fenzan, to assume; and-long, at length;
and-rpunnan, to offend; and-rzandan, to
resist; and-rpaɲian, to answer.
Ed, as, ed-ceuning, regeneration; ed-cerr,
return; ed-nipian, to renew ;
Єren, as, eren-eald, co-eval; efen-læcan,
to compare; eren-blirrian, to congratulate;
efen-Spæpe, concordant.
Єrt, as, eft-agyran, to give back; to
restore; eft-anipan, to renen'.
59
Єm, as em-don, to surround, to encompass;
em-leof, equally dear.
Fone, as rope-beon, to be before; foɲe-
zanzan, to precede; Fone-zerettan, to set
before, to prefix.
Mir, as mir-lician, to displease; mis-dæd,
a misdeed, a crime. Mir-hýnan, to disobey;
mis-giman, to neglect.
On, as on-blæde, without blood; on-
zeponden, uncreated; op-pyre, with impu-
nity; op-mærte, immeasurable, immense.
Un, as un-boht, unbought; un-clean,
unclean; un-zinian, to put off. Un-cu,
unknown, uncouth; un-fæge, deformed.
Wider, as prden-reczan, to gainsay, to
contradict; prden-racan, to oppose.
Note. Anglo-Saxon prepositions, when
set alone, become adverbs, as Ic rande
on þar healf, þu onzean, I stand on this
side, and thou on the opposite. They are
also often put after the nouns they govern,
as Se angel hyɲe fram gepat, The angel
departed from her. Luke 1. 38.
60
t
INTERJECTIONS.
An interjection is an exclamation, ex-
pressing a sudden emotion, or passion of the
mind.
OF GRIEF.
Єop, alas! eop me, ah me! pa ir me,
woe is me! pa la pa,
well away.
OF JOY.
Wel, pel la, pel me, oh well! well done.
OF DISGUST.
On pez, fie! away! pala re, out on it.
OF CALLING.
Єala þu, hýrt þu, oh! hist! holloa.
OF WISHING.
Єala JIF, O that! pa la, I wish.
OF PRAISE AND ENCOURAGEMENT.
Do, come, come! uton, well done! pella
pel, very well.
OF ADMIRATION.
Єala hu, oh how.
61
SYNTAX.
Syntax is the proper construction of words
in a sentence.
A simple sentence consists of a nominative,
a verb, and the case of a verb.
There are two parts of syntax: concord,
when words agree together; and government,
when a word requires another to be put in a
particular case or mood.
CONCORD.
There are three concords; the first, be-
tween the nominative case and the verb:
the second, between the substantive and the
adjective: the third, between the antecedent
and the relative.
The nominative case and the verb.
The verb agrees with its nominative case
in number and person, as,
Willelm cyng gear. Chron. Sax.
William the king gave.
Two or more nominatives singular will
have a verb plural, as,
62
panold eonly Leofpine Foɲan to Brýz-
rrope. Sax. Chron.
Earl Harold and Leowin went to Bristol.
A noun of multitude singular may have a
verb plural, as,
Dær role pær geanbidigende I pundro-
don. St. Luke.
The people were waiting and wondered.
apyngede. St. John.
Deor menigeo
This people
hyg sýnt
are cursed.
The substantive and the adjective.
The adjective agrees with its substantive in
gender, number, and case, as,
þen ir min leora runa.
Here is my beloved Son.
pipizende lang gebed.
Pretending a long prayer.
St. Matthew.
St. Luke.
Two or more substantives singular will
have an adjective plural, as,
Elfpic Scor 7 Æzelnic Scot sýnt gef-
neobe. Tes. Manu.
Elfric Scott and Egelric Scott are freed.
A noun of multitude singular will have an
adjective plural, as,
Mycelnýr heofonlicer peneder Lod he-
rigendra, þur cpedendna. Luke.
A multitude of the heavenly host, praising
God, and thus saying.
63
A substantive is often placed between two
adjectives, agreeing with it in gender, num-
ber, and case, as,
Orpio re cýning grimme herzunze j
unaɲærnendlice propade. Bede.
King Oswio suffered grievous and intoler-
able irruptions.
The antecedent and the relative,
The relative agrees in gender, number, and
case with a substantive understood after it ;
and in gender, number, and person with the
substantive going before, called its antece-
dent, as,
Lom Eadpand to Engla-land, re pær
Eadpander bropop. Sax. Chron.
Edward, who was Edward's brother came
to England.
GOVERNMENT.
Words put in the same case, &c.
Two substantives, signifying the same
thing, are put in the same case by apposi-
tion, as,
Willelm cyng. Sax. Chron.
William the king.
Anglo-Saxon verbs are sometimes put in
the same tense, number, and person, by
apposition, as,
64
}
Standað her ute, pylla de zereon. St.
Luke.
They stand here without, who wish to see
thee.
Beon and several other verbs require the
same case after, which they have before
them, as,
God is min gepita. Test. Elfhel.
God is my witness.
Words which govern a genitive.
When two substantives come together, sig-
nifying different things, the latter is put in
the genitive case, as,
Lynning heofoner. Alfredi. Test.
The king of heaven.
This genitive is sometimes changed into a
dative, as,
þým to fultume. Bede.
For a help to him, (his help.)
An adjective in the neuter gender without
a substantive, is followed by a genitive, as,
Micel herizes. Bede.
A great army.
Cal rincer.
Fr. Jud.
All the treasure.
Adjectives which signify desire, knowledge,
or ignorance, are followed by a genitive,
as,
Weonomynda geoɲn. Boca zleap. Boet.
Desirous of honour. Skilled in books.
65
Unpir zodcundan naman
Bede.
geleafan.
Ignorant of the divine name and faith.
The part of time, answering to the ques-
tion when, is put in the genitive, as,
Dær dazer.
Jos.
That day.
Dazer nihter.
By day and night.
Praise, blame, or quality of a thing, are
put in the genitive, as,
Lodne gleaunerre cniht.
A boy of good disposition.
Bede.
Folc hearder moder. Exodus.
People of a hard mind.
The interrogative hpa, requires a genitiv
after it, as,
Þpa pirna monn.
Boet.
Which of the wise men.
Иpæt ýfeler. St. Mark.
What evil.
The substantive verb beon, followed in
English by of, governs a genitive, as,
Da ding de rýnd Loder. St. Matthew
Đa
The things which are God's.
Eart þu urer zeferer. Jos.
Art thou of our company.
Verbs of tempting. asking, helping, tasting,
pitying, &c. govern a genitive case, as,
Ne randa þu diner Loder. Deut.
Tempt not thy God.
G
66
Lip hir runu hine bit hlaper. St. Mat.
If his son ask of him a piece of bread.
God Almihtig helpe une.
God Almighty help us.
M.S. Sax.
Dær piner onbyngde. St. John.
Tasted the wine.
Une gemilerod. St. Mark.
Pity us.
Partitives, numerals, and superlatives, go-
vern a genitive, as,
Sunie Jana bocena. St. Luke.
Some of the scribes.
Tpezen dæna leozena. St. Mat.
Two false witnesses.
Єalna ræða lært. St. Mark.
Ealɲa
The least of all seeds.
Єalna pуnta mært.
St. Mark.
Greatest of all herbs.
DATIVE.
Words compounded of eren, ern, emn, as
also nouns ending in full and lice, have a
dative after them, as,
Єren-læcan þam aportolum. Wan. Cat.
To imitate the apostles.
Єmn-ranız heom. Oros.
Pitying them.
Wun full þam cynningum. Ælf.
To be honoured by kings.
Unareczendlice ænigum.
Not to be told to any one.
Chron. Sax.
67
The verb Fylian or Fylizean, to follow,
governs a dative case, as,
Da rceap hým fylizea. St. John.
The sheep follow him.
Dar tacnu fýlað þam þe zelýrað. St.
Mark.
as,
These signs shall follow them that believe.
Verbs used acquisitively govern a dative,
Lif hpa him pihter bidde. Leges Inc.
If any one demand justice of him.
Dos pel þam pe eop yfel dod. St. Mat.
Do well to them that do evil to you.
Verbs of commanding and obeying govern
a dative, as,
Uncleanum zartum bebyt hi hýpru-
mia him. St. Mark.
He commandeth the unclean spirits and they
obey him.
Verbs of giving, administering, restoring,
serving, rebuking, and forbidding govern a
dative case, as,
Nellan ze rýllan þat halize hundum.
St. Mat.
Give not that which is holy to the dogs.
peo penode him. St. Mark.
She ministered to them.
And brohte þa priztiz reyllingar to
þæna racenda ealdnum. St. Mat.
7
68
And brought back the thirty pieces of silver
to the chief priests and elders.
Ne maz man þeop tpam hlafoɲdum
mæz
peopian. St. Luke.
No man can serve two masters.
Da ciddon hir leonning-cnihtar þam þe
hi bpohton. St. Mark.
His disciples rebuked those that brought
them.
And ne foɲbeode ze him. St. Mark.
And forbid them not.
Verbs of judging and thanking govern a
dative, as,
Demar him be eoppe æ. St. John.
Judge him according to your law.
þým dancode. St. Luke.
He thanked him.
Verbs of favouring, telling, answering,
profiting, and believing, govern a dative, as,
Pilatur polde þa þam folce zecpeman.
St. Mark.
Pilate wished to favour the people.
Spa fæden me ræde. St. John.
What the Father hath told me.
Anspaлart þu spa þam birceope. St. John.
Answerest thou the high-priest [bishop] so.
Þær fremad men. St. Mark.
What shall it profit a man.
Fondam þu minum poɲdum ne zelýfdest.
St. Luke.
Because thou believest not my word.
69
ACCUSATIVE.
All transitive verbs require an accusative
after them, as,
Læsoon hyne co Laiphan. St. Mat.
They led him to Caiphas.
Le-ebalradon hyne. St. Mark.
They reviled him.
Verbs of asking, teaching, and some others,
govern a double accusative, as,
They asked him the parable.
pine axodon
bigrpel. St. Mark.
Le-do hine nihter pynde.
Leges ·Inc.
Let him do him justice.
ABLATIVE.
A substantive with a participle, or two
substantives with the word being, understood
between them, governed by no other word in
the sentence are put in the ablative absolute,
as,
Lebizedum cneopum. St. Mark.
With bended knees, (i.e. knees being bent.)
þým zýt sprecendum. St. Mark.
He vet speaking.
The excess or deficiency of measure, are
put in the ablative, as,
Ðɲým mundum hienna. Men.
Higher by three palms.
70
GOVERNMENT OF DIFFERENT CASES.
Adjectives which signify plenty, want,
likeness, desert, guilt, and the substantive
pana, are followed sometimes by a genitive,
and sometimes by an ablative, as,
Fulle deadpa bana. St. Mat.
Full of dead men's bones.
Feor pana.
Elf.
Want of money.
Din gelica.
Boet.
Like thee.
Meder pуnde.
St. Luke.
Deader reyldig.
St. Mat.
Worthy of reward.
Guilty of death.
When the words pe or ponne, are omitted
after a comparative, the word following is
put in the genitive or ablative, as,
Mane eallum onræzdnýrrum. St. Mark.
More than all sacrifices.
Space, distance, and measure, are put in
the genitive, or accusative, as,
Yncer lang. Leges Elf.
An inch long.
Eahta hund mila lang. Bede.
Eight hundred miles long.
The duration of time, answering to the
question how long, is put in the accusative,
or ablative, as,
Đɲý dazar, or þɲim dazum.
Three days.
71
The instrument, cause, or manner of an
action is put in the genitive, dative, or accu-
sative, as,
Loder tudɲer halizer geraliz. Bede.
Happy in a good and holy offspring,
Canin dær þe he nærp.
næfþ.
Boet.
Wretched for that which he hath not.
Wepan ungelumper. Chron. Sax.
To bewail misfortune.
þe heofode micclum þær Folcer rýnna.
Elf.
He much lamented the people's sins.
Verbs of accusing and depriving, govern a
genitive, a dative, or an ablative of the thing,
as,
Dýnnum zepinzum bezogen. Leges Inc.
Accused of secret crimes.
Beniarian dohtra
Gen.
To deprive of his daughters.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
When two verbs come together, the latter
is put in the infinitive mood, as,
Ne polde him lætan paldan hir eonldo-
mer. Chron. Sax.
Would not allow him to act upon his earl-
dom.
Instead of a nominative case, verbs in the
infinitive mood have an accusative before
72
them, the conjunction that being understood
as,
Ire gereð me habban. St. Luke.
You see that I have.
Seczap hyne libban. St. Luke.
They say that he lives.
The derivative infinitive is used for gerunds
and supines, as,
Lom þu us to forrpillanne.
Art thou come to destroy us.
þýt is eapelic to cpepanne.
It is easy to be said.
byt is time to lufigenne.
It is time for loving.
St. Mark.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
Verbs impersonal are of three kinds.
1st. Those expressed by man and the verb,
as, man brohte, one brought.
2nd. By the pronoun singular hyʊ and the
verb, as, hýr þunnode, it thundered.
3rd. By the verb alone, as, me pincþ, me-
thinks.
Some Anglo-Saxon impersonals require
an accusative of the person, and a dative
of the thing, as,
Done pelezan lyre anpealder. Boet.
The rich man wishes for power.
73
Others have a dative of the person, and a
genitive of the thing, as,
Þær belimpp þir to be. Boet.
What does this concern you.
The impersonal Grebyna, signifying care,
governs a double dative, as,
þým ne zebyɲap to þam rceapum. St.
John.
He careth not for the sheep.
MISCELLANEOUS.
A denial in Anglo-Saxon is often expressed
by two or more negatives, as,
Ne om ic na Lɲirt.
I am not the Christ.
St. John.
Reciprocals are often used by the Anglo-
Saxons, as,
Ic me zenert. Elf. Gr.
I rest myself.
Ondɲæd þe pinne Lod. Lev.
Fear thou thy God.
Prepositions in composition govern the
cases, which they govern when alone, as,
Arreolan pæccum gebedum. Bede.
To be constant in watchings and prayers.
Ɖær land eall Sunh-pop. Chron. Sax.
ðuɲh-for.
He past thro' all that land.
The Anglo-Saxons often take the preposi-
tion from before the noun to which it should
74
be prefixed, and affix it to a word at the end
of the sentence, thus for,
Ofen ealle pa reine ONƉE he rcrife.
Is read,
Open ealle pa rcipe ƉE he ON repire.
Conjunctions couple like cases, moods, and
tenses, as,
Þeɲeman Єaldred foron to Rome.
Chron. Sax.
Hereman and Ealdred went to Rome.
Ɖa feɲdon rumne man ofrlozon. Chr.
Sax.
Then they went and slew a certain man.
Interjections govern an accusative or voca-
tive, as,
Єop me.
Ah me!
Єala þu.
Holloa you. !
1
75
PRAXIS.
Ic lufize.
Du nemrt.
ре срӕр.
We riztap.
Sece ze.
þi nýston.
Se cynning Spincæ.
Speon hine ealne dæg.
Breocene ribbe hærde.
Lod ansparede.
penoder recað þat cild.
Ic ræde rod.
Moses us prat.
þis
Ne pædde ze pis geprit.
Ic rzande on þar healre.
Parmenider re rceop zedode.
Þi bohton pyrt-gemang.
Se he peof offlihp
Lire par to dead fondemed.
Ne com into þam temple.
Ic eom on hyja midlene.
Wylt þu hal beon.
Da rende he puɲh hýɲa midlen.
be anar fende to hir hure.
76
Đu hjc regre
Pilatos pundrude.
Lart is God.
Leonupull pu eart.
Ic Fæder sýnt an.
Þe mihte gif he polde.
Le ne onzytaþ.
Ofen spa manega þeoda.
Acra hine hir pisena.
Apendan of hiere stede.
Þi fluzon oren Tamere.
Ic rend gretan.
Iohanner forbæd him.
Dær ealde is betere.
Ne zyn þu pine neah-gebuɲar.
Du gefilrt Loder hære.
Se miona peaxp 7 pɑnaþ.
Lrist ze-sett þis gebed.
Єant þu Iudea cync.
Goder gyfu pær on him.
Min gepitner is soð.
Þær smeaze ze hetpeox eop,
Sceal ic hon eoperne cyninge.
Ɖa ræde he hým ert open bigspell.
Lif ic me pend to pirer folcer dome.
þer sindon þæra manna naman apritene.
Se hata rumor drygh gearpaþ ræd.
pen rpuzelap on pirre Lnirter bec.
Ne ze ne puppen еoppe meregrotu
toforan eopran грýnon.
77
Spa spa ealle steorran peorðaþ onlihte
I gebishte of dæɲe runnan.
Donne Ic yn be spelc rmealicort þence.
Nan puhτ næɲe pynne þonne ungescead-
pirner.
Lezadenodon pa þezenar hi ealle on
Єоforpic-rcine.
Biddap Srihten hir punoɲpada zer-
picon.
Lom re cynz eft onzean to Engle-
lande.
Þpy do ze peop alyfed nýr on fest-
Sazum.
Lod hynde rÿlp hýr lif for hiɲ
rceapon.
Syppan fon re pælend to Galilea.
Du eart min God and min Dɲihten.
God lufode middan-eard spa he realde
hyr ancennedan Sunnu.
Le rýlfe me rýnd to gepitnesse dac ic
ræde.
Ne eom ic Lɲirt. ac ic eom arend befo-
nan hyne.
Min geoc yr pуnrum 7 min býɲden yr
leoht.
Þрærir þeor anlicnýr þir geprit.
Ne maz ic nan ping don Fram me rýl-
me
fum.
Ne nan man ne rent nipe pin on ealde
bytta.
Se pælend pa arende hýr rterne fork-
fende.
H
78
Lufa þinne nehrtan spa þe rÿlfne.
Lumað to me ealle pe rpincað and gery-
mede rýnt. and ic eop zeblirreze.
Dir yr Fram Drihtne zeponden hit
ýr pundoɲlic on uɲum eazum.
↑
79
VOCABULARY.
Ac, con. but.
acrian, verb, to ask.
alyfan, verb, to allow.
an, noun of number, one.
ancenneda, adject. only-begotten.
and, con. and.
anlicner, sub. likeness.
anrрanian, verb, to answer.
aɲiran, verb, to arise.
arendan, verb, to send.
apendan, verb, to depart.
appitan, verb, to write.
Bec, sub. a book.
befoɲan, prep. before.
beon, sub. verb, to be.
betene, comp. adj. better.
betpeox, prep. between, among.
biddan, verb, to ask, pray.
bigspell, sub. a parable.
Breotene, sub. Britain.
byzan, verb, to buy.
bynden sub. a burden,
býtt, sub. a bottle.
Lild, sub. a child.
80
cuman, verb, to come.
cpæðan, verb, to say.
cyninge, sub. a king.
Dæz, sub. a day.
dead, sub. death.
dome, sub. doom, opinion, decree.
Son, verb, to do.
drihten, sub. a lord.
Spincan, verb, to drink.
dɲyngan, verb, to dry, to ripen.
Eaz, sub. an eye.
eal, adj. all.
eald, adj. old.
eft, adv. often, again.
Єoponpic, sub. York.
Fæder, sub. a father,
fergan, verb, to go.
Fert, sub. a feast.
Flegan, verb, to flee.
Folc, sub. folk.
For, prep. for.
Fonbeodan, verb, to forbid.
fordeman, verb, to condemn.
Fond, adv. forth.
Fondrenan, verb, to go forth.
Fnam, prep. from, of.
Gare, sub. a ghost, a spirit.
gearpian, ver. to ripen.
gebed, sub. a command.
geblirrian, ver. to make light, or joyful.
gebrihtan, ver. to illuminate.
zedon, ver. to make, or do.

81
d
gerillan, ver, to fill.
zezadenian, ver. to collect.
geoc, sub. a yoke.
geopnrnll, adj. careful.
gesettan, ver. to set, or appoint.
gerpican, ver. to cease.
gerýman, ver. to load.
gepitners, sub. a witness, testimony.
gepordan, ver. to be done.
gepritan, ver. to write.
geprit, sub. scripture, inscription.
gif, con. if.
JF,
God, sub. God.
god, adj. good.
gretan, ver. to greet.
gyru, sub. a gift.
pabban, ver. to have.
hælende, sub. a healer, a saviour.
hære, sub. a house.
hal, adj. whole, healed.
hat, adj. hot.
he, pron. he.
healf, sub. side, half.
hep, adv. here.
honan, ver. to hang.
hure, sub. a house.
hpa, inter. pron. who.
hpy, adv. why.
hynde, sub. a shepherd.
Ic, pron. I.
into, prep. into.
Leoht, adj. light.
82
lif, sub. a life.
lupian, ver. to love.
Mæzan, ver. to be able.
man, sub. a man.
manez, adj. many.
mereznot, sub. a pearl.
middan-eard, sub. the world.
midlen, sub. middle, midst.
min, pron. poss. mine.
mona, sub. mas. the moon.
Næpe, for ne pæɲe, ver. see beon.
nama, sub. a name.
nan, for ne an, adj. none, no one.
ne, adv. not.
neah-gebur, sub. a neighbour.
nehrta, sub. a neighbour.
nemnan, ver. to name.
nip, adj. new.
nýr, for ne yr, ver. see beon.
nýstan, nýtan, ver. to be ignorant of.
OF, prep. of, from.
ofer, prep. over.
ofrlean, ver. to slay.
on, prep. on, in.
onzean, adv. again.
ongytan, ver. to know.
onlihtan, ver. to enlighten.
oder, adj. another.
Ræban, ver. to read.
Sæs, sub. a seed.
rceap, sub. a sheep.
rceop, sub. a poet, an artist.
83
rcipe, sub. a shire.
re, reo, þat, article, the.
realdan, ver. to give.
recan, ver. to seek.
rezan, ver. to say, speak.
rendan, ver. to send.
ribbe, sub. peace.
rittan, ver. to sit.
rmeazan, ver. to enquire.
rmealicort, adv. very intently.
rod, adj. true.
rpeonan, ver. to urge, persuade.
standan, ver. to stand.
rred, sub. a place, stead.
ræerne, sub. an institution.
reoppa, sub. a star.
rumon, sub. summer.
runna, sub. fem. the sun.
runnu, sub. a son.
rpa, adv. so.
гpa rpa, adv. like as.
rpelc, adj. such.
грincan, ver. to labour.
rputelian, ver. to be manifest.
rpyn, sub. a swine.
rýlan, ver. to give.
rÿlf, adj. self.
ryan, adv. afterwards.
Temple, sub. a temple.
to, prep. to.
Toroɲan, prep. before.
týnan, ver. to be angry with.
84
Da, adv. then.
þencan, ver. to think.
þezen, sub. a thane, a baron.
þeod, sub. a nation.
þeof, sub. a thief.
þin, pron. poss. thine.
ping, sub. a thing.
pir, pron. dem. this.
þonne, adv. than, that.
ponne, con. then.
bu, pron. thou.
þunoɲada, sub. thunder.
þuɲh, prep. through.
Unzerceadpirner, sub. imprudence.
Wanian, ver. to wane.
pexan, ver. to wax, to increase.
pendan, ver. to go, to wend.
peopdan, ver. to be.
pin, sub. wine.
piran, sub. morals.
prizan, ver. to write.
puht, sub. a thing.
pundoplic, adj. wonderful.
pundɲian, ver. to wonder.
puppan, ver. to cast, to throw.
pynrum, adj. easy, pleasant.
pуnne, adj. worse.
pynt-geman, sub. aromatics.
Ymbe, prep. about.
DEWHIRST, PRINTER, LEEDS:
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